Lu Shin Thin Chei

aus;Zl;wifv$m “vl&SifocsdKif;rsm;ta}umif;” trnf&Sd usaemf@.axmifwGif; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;orm;b0 tawG@t}uHK rsm;ta}umif; a&;om;xm;onfh pmtkyftm; pDpOfxkwfa0ay;aom EdkifiHjcm; a&;&maumfrwD/ ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJhcsKyftm; vnf;aumif;/ ,if;pmtkyftwGuf rtm;vyfonfh}um;rS trSmpma&;om; ay;onfh q&mOD;wifhaZmftm; vnf;aumif;/ ,ckpmtkyftwGif;Youfqdkifonfh tcef;u¾rsm;Y ‚if;wdk@. axmiftawGt }uHK rsm;tm; 0ifa&mufulnDa&;om;ay;=uonfh udkom;nGef@OD;/ udkaX;atmif/ udkbkef;jrifhxGef; ESifh udkpnfolxGÉf tm;vnf;aumif;/ pmtkyftm;jyifqifwnf;jzwfay;onfh udkarmifarmifaxG;tm; vnf;aumif;/ pmtkyftwGuf vdktyfonfh yef;csDyHkrsm; a&;qGJonfh udkausmf0if;tm; vnf;aumif;/ rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif;tm; a&;qGJay;onfh udktdrfa'gif;eDtm; vnf;aumif;/ Tpmtkyf a&;om;xkwfa0Edkif&eftwGuf tzufzufrS 0dkif;0ef;ulnDyHhydk;=uolrsm; tm;vHk;tm; aus;Zl; txl;wif&Sdygonf? aevif; (t²u²o) q&m@ Oa,smZOf 1988ckESpf &Spfav;vHk;ta&;awmfyHkumvESifh &Spfav;vHk;udk aoG;acsmif;pD; owfjzwf+zdKcGJ tm%modrf;vdkufaom e0wppftpdk;& qef@usiaf &;vSkyf&Sm;rSk wav#mufvHk;wGif tajccH ausmif;om;rsm;or*~/ twdkaumuftm;jzifh tuoonf twufºuGqHk;aom tzG@Jtpnf; jzpfonf?xdk@a=umifhvnf; e0w/ etz ppftpdk;&vufxufY zrf;qD;ESdyfpufjcif;/ ESpf&Snfaxmif '%fcsrSwfjcif;cH&olrsm;xJwGif tuoESifhywfoufolrsm;rSm trsm;tjym;yg0ifaeonf? ausmif;om;or*~rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~rS pwif ay:aygufcJhjcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomf or*~emrnfudkcHxm;aomfvnf; vlrSK@a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ taysmftyg;tpDpOfrsm;udkom tm&Hkpl;pdkufcJhojzifh 1923ckESpfrS pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhaom &efukef wuUodkvfor*~udk vlrSK@a&;toif;tzGJ@ tjzpfom rSwfwrf;wifxm;=uonf?

EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csuf&Sdonfh &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~udk 1931ckESpf wGifpwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf/ ausmif;om;xkxJwGif or*~onf EdkifiHa&;ESifh yufoufoifh/ roifh jiif;cHkr_ ESpftwef=umjzpfyGm;cJh+yD;rS jAdwdefEdkifiH/ jyifopfEdkifiH/ tdENd,EdkifiHwdk@ yg0ifaomEdkifiH trsm;tjym;&Sd ausmif;om;or*~rsm;udk avhvm+yD;rS ausmif;om;or*~onf EdkifiHa&;ESifh ywf oufzdk@vdktyfonf/ odk@rSom wdkif;jynftusdK;udk aqmif&Gufaom tzGJ@jzpfrnfqdk+yD; wuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (wuo) Rangoon University Students Union ( RASU ) z@GJpnf;yHkudka&;qGJum ausmif;om;xk tpnf;ta0;rS twnfjyK+yD;rS wuoudkpwif zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?

1935-36 ckESpfwGif wuo OuUX udkEkESifh tdk;a0r*~Zif;t,f'Dwm udkatmifqef; wdk@udk wuUodkvf tm%mydkifrsm;u ta&;,lonfh udpPESifh ywfoufI 'kwd, t=udrfajrmuf

ausmif;om;oydwf jzpfyGm;cJhonf? (1920 ckESpf ausmif;om;oydwfudk yxrt=udrf ausmif;om;oydwf[k ac:onf?) 'kwd,t}udrfausmif;om;oydwfwGif oydwfpcef;udk a&$wd*Hkbk&m; tv,fypP,H wpfae &mwGifxm;cJh.? wuUodkvfausmif;om;oydwfjzpfaomfvnf; oydwfpcef;wGif vkyfudkifp&m rsm;udk txufwef;ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;uom vma&mufaqmif&Guf=u&onf? txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;om ryg0ifygu oydwfaumfrwD. vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; tcufawG@bdk@aocsmonf? oydwfudk vlxkaxmufcHr_&atmif pnf;&Hk;v_H@aqmf&mwGifvnf; txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;. yg0ifr_ut"du jzpfcJhonf? 'kwd,t}udrfausmif;om;oydwf. tawG@t}uHKudk,l+yD; wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif txufwef; ausmif;om; or*~rsm;zGJhpnf;zdk@vdktyfonf[k oabmwlqHk;jzwfum txufwef;ausmif;rsm;Y ausmif;om;or*~rsm; zGJ@pnf;=uonf? +Adwdo# tpdk;&uvnf; cGifhjyKxm;cJhonf? 193637ckESpfxJwGif txufwef;ausmif;om; or*~rsm;. udk,fpm;vS,frsm; tpnf;a0;udk usif;y+yD; ArmEdkifiHqdkif&mausmif;om;or*~ (Auo)udkpwifzGJ@pnf; vdkuf}uonf? yxrqHk; OuUXtjzpf udkvSarmifudk a&G;aumufwifajrSmuf}uonf? aemufwESpfwGif udkatmifqef; OuUX jzpfvm onf? tzGJcsKyfudk ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~(Auo) All Burma Students'Union [kac:onf? ausmif;wausmif;csif;tvdkuf/ +rdK@e,for*~/ c&dkifor*~ponfjzifh tqifhqifhzGJ@pnf;onf? or*~emrnfrsm;udk Oyrmtm;jzifh Adkvfwaxmiftxufwef; ausmif; om;rsm;or*~[k ausmif;trnfwyfI ac:jcif;rStpjyK+yD; +rdK@e,ftrnf/ c&dkifwyfI tqifhqifh ac:qdk=uonf? xdkor*~rsm;onf tajccHynm txufwef; ausmif;om;rsm; or*~jzpf aomfvnf; xdkpOfu tajccH[laom trnfudk toHk;jyKjcif;r&SdcJh? AuowGif wuUodkvfESifh aumvdyfor*~rsm;onf tzGJ@0ifr[kwf=u? Auoonf wpfEdkifiHvHk;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKonfh tzGJ@jzpf&rnf? xdk@a=umifh wuUodkvf/ aumvdyfor*~rsm; yg0ifvmEdkif atmif zGJ@pnf;yHkOya'jyifqifr_&Sd&rnf[k qHk;jzwf+yD; 1951-52 ckESpfwGif ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om; or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf(Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf) All Burma Federation of Students' Unions (ABFSU)[ktrnfajymif;cJh=uonf? odk@aomf wuUodkvfor*~rsm;onf Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf. w&m;0iftzGJ@jzpfzdk@twGuf oufqdkif&m or*~rsm;. zGJ@pnf;yHkOya'udk ajymif;&OD;rnfjzpf&m vufawG@wGifjyifqif& cufcJojzifh zJ@Gpnf;yHk pnf;rsOf;jyifqifr_rsm; ,aehwdkif+yD;qHk;jcif;r&Sdao;yg? AuowGif 1962 ckESpfu acgif;aqmifjzpfcJh=uaom OuUXudkouf/ taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_;udkwifxGef;wdk@rSm wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm; jzpf=uaomfvnf; wuoudk,fpm;r[kwfyJ wpfOD;csif;tae wif ajrSmufcH=u&jcif;jzpfonf? txufwef;ausmif;rsm;. ynma&;udk wuUodkvfynma&;[kac:aom txufwef; ynmESifh a&maxG;r_jzpfavh&Sdjcif;a=umifh tajccHynmtxufwef;[k toHk;jyK&ef t}uHOm%fudk ausmif;om;rsm;u pwifay;cJh=ujcif; jzpfonf/ 1958ckESpf =o*kwfvtwGif;u oef@&Sif;

zqyvtpdk;&vufxuf wuo taqmuftOD;tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGif usif;ycJhaom “ jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;rsm; ynma&; ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ ”wGif pwift}uHay;cJh=ujcif; jzpfonf? xdkESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrS xGufay:vmaom pmwrf;rsm;onf 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek.tpdk;& tzGJ@uyif csD;usL;pum; ajymcJh&onftxd jynfhpHkcJhonf? tqifhjrifhcJhonf? odk@aomfausmif; om;rsm; ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ +y;DqHk;Iwpfvausmft=umwGif AdkvfcsKyf ae0if;acgifaqmif aomppfwyfu OD;Ekudkt=uyfudkif+yD; tdrfapmifhtpkd;&zGJ@cJhojzifh xdkynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,f yGJrScsrSwfaom pmwrf;rsm;rSm vspfv#LjyKjcif; cHoGm;&onf? xdkpmwrf;xJrSm tcsuftvufwcsdK@udk rqvvufxufwGif ynma&;0ef}uD; a'gufwmnDnDu 1964ckESpfYpwifaom ynma&; pepfopfwGif ,loHk;cJh&mrS tajccHynma&;/ tajccHynmtxufwef; ponfh toHk;tESHk;rsm; acwfpm;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

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EdkifiHa&;tusOf;orm;qdk&if axmifxJrSm aumif;aumif;rGefrGefae&w,f/ pm;&w,fvdk@ oabmaygufxm;=uwJh jynfolawGudk ,Hk=unfcsufa=umifh tusOf;axmifawGxJrSm Eke,f vSwJhb0awGudk&if;+yD; wdkufyGJ0ifae=uwJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;orm;awGta=umif;/ qdk;&Gm;vSwJh e0wtusOf;axmifawGta=umif; trSeftwdkif;awG@&Sd&avatmif tckvdk pmtkyfwtkyftaeeJ@ jyKpka&;om;xkwfa0&jcif;yJjzpfygw,f? usaemfaxmifxJrSm&SdaepOf usaemf@tdrfrSm axmif0ifpm twGuf rylryif&aomfvnf; usaemf@rdwfaqGxJujzpfap/ u|efawmf&yfuGufxJu usaemf@udk cifrifwJhrdwfaqGawGxJujzpfap/ usaemf@,Hk=unfcsuftwGuf tm;ay;pum;wcGef;=um;&pOf twdkif;rod usaemfaysmf&$ifcJh&w,f? usaemfa&S@quf&r,fh vrf;awGtwGuf cGeftm;opfawG wdk;cJh&w,f? 'gha=umifh usaemfawG@}uHKcJh&wJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;orm;b0eJ@ axmifta=umif;udk pmzwfolawGem;vnfpGmjzifh zwf&Sk+yD;wJhtcg ,ckxufxd jrefrmjynf ppftpdk;& tusOf;axmif awGxJrSm,Hk}unfcsufa=umifh b0udkpGef@v$wfae=uwJ@ &[ef;oHCmrsm;/ ausmif;om;vli,f rsm;/ tv$maygif;pHkrS ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk qef@usifawmfvSef&if; axmifusae=uwJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;tay: pmemem;vnf+yD; wufEdkifwJhaxmifhwae&mav;u pum;av; wcGef;eJ@ yJjzpfap/ tm;ay;ulnDr_wpfckckeJ@jzpfap/ ulnDaxmufcH oGm;apzdk@ &nf&G,f&if; 'Dpmtkyf udk a&;om;&jcif;jzpfygw,f? ,ck pmtkyfwGifyg0ifonfh tcsuftvufrsm; tm;vHk;eJ@yufouf+yD; wm0ef,la=umif;ajym=um;vdkygw,f? 'ghtjyif u|efawmfwdk@awG@ }uHKcHpm;cJh&wmudk a&;om; xm;jcif;jzpfI jynfhpHkrnf[krcH,lyg? tm;enf;csufrsm;&Sdrnfqdkonfudkvnf; &dk;&dk;om;om; 0efcHa=umif; ajymcsifygw,f? “tm;rav#mheJ@? qufomvkyf? igwdk@tjrJtm;ay;aer,f”qdkonfh toHrsm;onf tusOf;axmifrsm;wGif usaemf=um;cJh&pOf jrefrmjynf 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf tm;tifrsm; tppftrSefjzpfcJha=umif; xyfrHajymcsifygao;w,f? EdkifiHa&;tusOf;orm;rsm; tjrJvkd awmifhwonfrSm olwdk@udkaxmufcHtm;ay;onfh vlxk. oabmxm;/ vlxk. toHrsm;yif jzpfygw,f//

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ta=umif;t&m pmrsuEf mS aus;Zl;wifv$m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5) q&mh&Jh Oa,smZOf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7) pma&;olajymcsifwJhpum; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (13) tcef;(1) (u) ausmif;om;xk nDvmcH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (15) (c) tuo wdk@&Jh qdkif;bkwfjzKwfyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (16) (*)wdrf;a&Smif+yD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (17) (C)rzrf;rcH&cif wpf&uftvdk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (19) tcef;(2) (u) oajyrSm tzrf;cH&+yD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(22) (c) ppfa=uma&;udk jzwfoef;pOf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (24) (*) eH&HawGay:u aยบuG;a=umfoHawG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (29) (C) tdrfomxJu aomufa& . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (32) (i)a,mufzudk =uufOwdkufjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(34) (p) tr_wGJawGeJ@ twltcsKyfodk@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (39) tcef;(3) (u) tcsKyfaxmifrSmvlpHk+yD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (42) (c) pwD;0yfrSm &Hk;xkwfwJhae@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (44) (*) 5(n)awGudk cdk;r_yk'frwyfawmh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (47) (C) jcifaxmifawG/ arG@,mawG&wJhaxmif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(49) (i)b0oHo&meJ@ 5(n)awGb0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(50) (p) &ref,l+yD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(52) (q) ppfcHk&Hk;rSm wdkif;jynfudkcspfwJholawG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(53) tcef;(4) (u) tyfxnftvkyfcH&jcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(55) (c) usD;uef;rsdK;awG&Jh awmif,mavbm tefwkyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . .(57) (*) ppfacG;wdkufu i&Jcef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (59) (C) ppfacG;wdkufrSm ae@pOf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (63) (i)ppfacG;wdkufu tjyef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (66)

ta=umif;t&m pmrsuEf mS tcef;(5) (u) rpm;oifhwJh toD;pm;rdvdk@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (68) (c) axmifwGif; edpP"l0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (69) (*) tm;vHk;aumif;ygw,f q&m}uD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(72) (C) tdk;pm;ta=umif;/ +*dKvfta=umif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (73) (i)+*dKvfzrf;enf; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(75) (p) +*dKvfjzpfatmifvkyfjcif; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(77) tcef;(6) (u) axmifwGif;AdkvfvkyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (80) (c) oGm;emaevdk@ vlowfwm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (82) (*) }udK;rdef@eJ@raoyJ aygufjym;eJ@ ao&ol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(85) tcef;(7) (u) axmifaq;&HkqdkonfrSm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (90) (c) vlowfq&m0ef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(93) tcef;(8) (u) tdwfcsftdkifAGDa&m*g ydk;ysH@ESH@yHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(96) (c) &efukef+rdK@ &Jhbdef;pcef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(98) tcef;(9) (u) uGyfpdyfq&m r[mbkwf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(101) (c)axmiftwGif; bk&m;wnf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(103) (*) a&'D,dk0,fay;rdvdk@ axmifusvmwm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(105) (C) axmifwGif;aiGa=u; vJvS,fpepf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (106) (i)axmifpm&if;awGcdk;xkwfawmh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (108) tcef;(10) (u) axmifajymif;+yD; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(115) (c) o&ufaxmiftoGm; vrf;c&D;rSm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(122) (*) [if;aumif;vdk@xrif;awmif;wm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(126) (C) axmifw&m;pD&ifcef; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(129) tcef;(11) (u)axmif0ifpmwdkufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(131) (c) axmif0ifpmyHkpHwdkufyGJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(137)

ta=umif;t&m pmrsufESm tcef;(12) (u) o&ufaxmifwGif; oufaoxGufqdkcsuf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(142) (c) tnmc&D;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(155) tcef;(13) (u) axmifwGif;owif;pm/ twdktxGm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(167) (c) udktdkufudk aoqHk;r_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(169) tcef;(14) (u) &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; acgif;jzwfowfr_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(174) (c) trsdK;om;nDvmcHeJ@ wdkufydwf'%f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(176) tcef;(15) wGJzufaxmifoHwdkif=um;u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (184) tcef;(16) a'geawmifrSm aewJh awmifay:om;awG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(191) tcef;(17) ydร duwfudkzsufwJh ยบuGufpkwf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(201) tcef;(18) usaemfodcJhzl;wJh olawGxJu trSwfw&rdwfaqGrsm; (u) OD;tkef;jrifh (ocifOD;tkef;jrifh/ wdk;wufa&; ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(213) (c) OD;pdefvS(AdkvfpdefoHr%d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(215) (*) q&mawmfOD;a&0w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (216) (C) &JausmfpGm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(224) tcef;(19) (u) o&ufaxmifu vGwfwJhae@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(226) (c) xGufawmfrl eef;ucGm+yD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(227) rSwfwrf;"mwfyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (230) o&uftusOf;axmifyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(231) o&uftusOf;axmifwGif a&qGJavbm yef;csDyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(232) o&uftusOf;axmif. taqmifyef;csDyHk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(233) wdkufyHkpHrsm; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(234)s

tcef;(1) (u)

ausmif;om;xknDvmcH

tcsdefumvu 1990 ckESpfxJrSmayg@? arvu ppftpdk;&u usif;yay;wJhygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJ &v'f tajzxGufvdk@ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG csdefcGif tav;omaecsdefyJ jzpfygw,f? usaemfwdk@ jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ &moDOwkawGxJu rdk;wGif;umv[m 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkawG&J@ oauFwvuQ%mwpfckvdk@ qdk&rvdkygyJ? rdk;wGif;umveJ@ jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDvSkyf&Sm;rSk[m qufpyfaeygw,f? e0wppftpdk;&&Jh nSif;yrf;/ ESdyfpuf/ zrf;qD;rSka=umifh rif;udkEdkiftygt0if ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; zrf;qD;cHae&ovdk/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; &J@ nSif;yrf;ESdyfpufrSk'%fawGudk rcH&yfEdkifawmhvdk@ e,fpyfa'orsm;qDudk wdrf;a&SmifoGm;=uwJh ausmif;om; rsm;vnf;&SdcJhygw,f? jyeff@}uJaewJ@ausmif;om;rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk &efukefrsufESmpmrSm pkpnf;Edkifzdk@twGuf rEWav;+rdK@ av;jyifav;&yf oHCmor*~DtzGJ@ OuUX OD;a&0wESifhAuo(txufArmjynf) rSausmif;om;/ vli,fudk,fpm; vS,frsm;jzpf=uonfh rdk;ausmfOD;/ udkpef;,k/ udkrif;rif;OD;/ rcifOrRmjrifh/ rjrifhjrifhcdkif pwJJhrEWav;uausmif;om; xkrsm;&Jh yHhydk;/ ulnD/ }udK;yrf;rSkjzifh &efukefjrdK@ &Sdausmif;om;tzGJhtpnf;rsm;pkpnf;um uspfvpfcdkifrmaom ArmEdkifiHqdkif&m ausmif;om;r*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (atmufArmjynf) udkjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;I ArmEdkifvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;xk nDvmcH}uD;udk 1990ckESpf/ZGefv(28)&ufae@rS Zlvdkifv(2)&ufae@ txd rEWav;+rdK@ jrawmif bkef;}uD;ausmif;wkdufrSm usif;yjyKvkyfcJhw,f? tJ'DnDvm}uD;uae+yD; ausmifom;xkrS awmif;qdkcsuf(6)csuf/ twnfjyKcsuf(3)&yf/ a&S@vkyfief;pOf (3)&ufcsrSwfEdkifcJhygw,f? tJ'DtxJuyg0ifwJhtcsuf (1)csufuawmhAuorsm;tzGJ@csKyf&J@ 1960ckESpfrSm usif;ycJhwJh qXrt}udrfausmif;om;xk nDvmcH}uD;uae twnfjyKcsrSwfxm;cJhwJh rl(5)csufudk qufvuf udkifqGJ+yD; txufArmjynfausmif;om;rsm;eJ@ atmufArmjynfausmif;om;rsm; [efcsufnDnDyl;aygif;+yD; ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wdkufyGJ0ifoGm;zdk@ ausmif;om;xku oH"dXmefawGcsrSwfcJ@w,f? tJ'Dae&mrSm AuotzGJ@csKyf&Jh csrSwfxm;wJhrl(5)csufuawmh......

(1)? ausmif;om;xktcGifhta&;umuG,fa&; (2)? 'Drdkua&pDynma&; (3)? 'Drdkua&pDa&; (4)? jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; (5)? trsdK;om;a&; ...wdk@yJjzpfw,f?

tuowdk@&Jh qdkif;bkwfjzKwfyGJ (c)

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“rif; oH&Hk;awGudk b,fvkdyHkpHeJ@ owif;ay;wmvJ” “oH&Hk;u owif;Xmeudk 'Dtwdkif;yJoGm;ay;ygw,f” “olwdk@u 'Dtwdkif;yJvufcHovm;” “[kwfuJh/ vufcHygw,f” “bmowif;awGrif;ydk@cJhovJ” “ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ owif;rSefor#ydk@ cJhygw,f” “b,fESpf}udrfavmufydk@jzpfvnf;” “usaemfta&twGuf aoaocsmcsm rrSwfrdygbl;” “'gqdk trsm;}uD;jzpfrSmaygh” “usaemfc%c% roGm;&Jygbl;/ oH&Hk;tjyifzufrSm axmufvSrf;a&;awG &Sdaew,fqdkvdk@yg” “tJ'Dvdk rif;u oH&Hk;awGudk owif;ay;awmh oH&Hk;awGu rif;udkbmjyefay;vJ” “bmrSjyefray;bl;” “a[haumif ayghayghqq rajzeJ@/ oGm;usdK;oGm;r,f/ igajymwm oH&Hk;urif;udk OyrmuGm tar&duef a':vmrsdK;/ 'gr[kwfrodrom rif;udkowif;ay;vdk@ jyefay;wJhyHkpHrsdK; r[kwfyJ rif;twGufvufaqmif vdkaxmufyHhwmrsdK; bmay;zl;vJ” “usGefawmfbmrSr&ygbl;/ usaemfu0g'jzef@ &HkoufoufygyJ/ bmtaxmuftyHhrSr&ygbl;/ urBmudk odatmif 0g'jzef@ wmwckwnf;ygyJ” “bmvdk@urBmudkawmfawmftm;udk;ae&wmvJ/ rif;wdk@u qlqlylyljzpfatmifvkyf/ igwdk@u rjzpfoifhwmawG rjzpfatmif udkifwG,f&if rif;wdk@u r[kwfrrSefwmawG owif;ay;/ urBmuigwdk@udk todtrSwf rjyKatmifvkyf/ [kwfvm;/&w,f/ igwdk@ubmrSrjzpfbl;/ rif;wdk@yJ'kuQa&mufrSm/ urBmu tqufjzwfawmhvJ bmjzpfvJ/ a[haumif 26ESpfvHk;vHk; b,fol@taxmuftyHhrS r,lyJaecJhwmuG/ 8888 aemufwcg jzpfawmhaum 0efxrf;awG&Sdor#/ aumfydka&;&Sif;&Sdor# tukeftukef oydwfarSmuftHk;/ wdk@rSm wyf&Sdw,f/ 'dk@wyfrawmfrSm q&m0efawG&Sdw,f/ tif*sifeD,mawG/ todynm&Sif twwfynm&Sif wyfrawmf om;awG&dSw,f/ tpdk;&,EW&m; &yfoGm;r,frxifeJ@/ wufwufpifvGJoGm;r,f/ aemufigwdk@ tpdk;&vl}uD;awG tkyfcsKyfwkef; 8888vdkyHkpHrsKd ; xyfrjzpfap&bl;/ rSwfxm;?” “.........” “rif;wdk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf qdkwmuvnf; wdkif;jynftwGuf bmwpfckvkyfay;cJhwm&SdvJ/ rif; pOf;pm;=unfh/ ol@tazt&SdefeJ@/ AdkvfcsKyfqdkwmuGm rif;wdk@u pmtkyfav;zwf/ tmZmenfae@a&mufrS tav;jyKzl;wmyg? igwdk@wyfrawmfxJrSm ae@wdkif; tav;jyKopPmqdkaewmuG/ rif;wdk@xufydkcspfw,f/ wdkif;jynftwGuf bmwpfckrS tepfemcHcJhwm r&SdyJeJ@ ol@taraeraumif;wmvm&if; zsm0ifcif;wm/ ay:wif}uD; yguGm” a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ yufouf+yD; pmeJ@a&;jyzdk@ roifhawmfaom pum;vHk;rsm;jzifh quf+yD; ajym qdkygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk yk*d~Kvfa&;t& ykwfcwf+yD; atmufwef;usaom toHk;tE_ef; rsm;jzifh apmfum; ajymjyefygw,f? tm;&atmif ajymqdk+yD;rS usaemfhudk ppfaq;aewm jyefpygw,f? “rif;oH&Hk;awGudk owif;ydk@awmh oH&Hk;urif;udk owif;wyk'f b,favmufay;vJ” “usGefawmfwpfjym;rSr&ygbl;” “rif;vdrfaewm” qdk+yD; 'Dar;cGef;udkyJ xyfwvJvJ jyefar;ygw,f? usaemfuvnf; jyefjiif;ygw,f?

(2)}udrfavmuf jiif;+yD;wJhtcgusawmh aemufwa,mufu usaemfhyg;udk bmrajym/ nmrajymeJ@ 0if&dkuf ygawmhw,f? usaemfvnf; &kwfw&uf}uD; cHvdkuf&wmrdk@ rsufvHk;awG jymqif;oGm;ygw,f?

acsG;ap;awGjyefvm+yD; touf&_usyfvmygw,f? &dkufESufr_[m c%av;yJ =umw,fqdkayr,fh 0dkif;+yD; xdk;ESuf=uwma=umifh aysmhacGoGm;ovdk jzpfoGm;ygw,f? xdk;ESufr_u wpfa,mufwnf; r[kwfwmuawmh usdef;aoygw,f? “oH&Hk;urif;udk b,favmufay;vJ” “wpfjym;rSray;ygbl;” usaemfqDu tajzjyef&awmh usaemfhvufESpfzufudk aemufjyefypf+yD; rsufESmudk tkwfeH&HeJ@ jym;aeatmif uyfcdkif;ygw,f? rif;udkuyfcdkif;wm tJ'DvdkyHkpHr[kwfbl;uG vdk@qdk+yD; usaemfhcE<mudk,fudk aemufuae wtm;aqmifh+yD; zdvdkufygw,f? usaemfhrsufESmudk tkwfeH&HeJ@ awhqdkifxm;+yD; qHyifudk aemufuae aqmifhqGJ xm;vdkufw,f “rif;rSefrSefajzrvm;/ rajzbl;vm;” “igwdk@udk a'goxGufatmif vmrprf;eJ@/ rif;udkoH&Hk;u bmjyefay;vJ” “wu,f bmrSray;ygbl;” usaemfh toHawG wkef&Daewmudk owdxm;&if;uyJ jyefajzvdkufygw,f? usaemfh qHyifudk qGJxm;&if;u tkwfeH&eH J@ wpfcsufaqmifhcHvdkuf&ygw,f? “a[haumif/ acgif;rrmeJ@” “usaemftom;temcH+yD; ayuyfuyfvdrfaewm r[kwfygbl;/ um,uH&SifawGtodqHk;yJ/ wu,fudk wpfjym;qdk wpfjym;rSr&bl;/ olwdk@uvnf; usaemfhudkray;zl;bl;/ cifAsm;wdk@ auseyfatmifvdrf +yD;xGufqdk ay;&rSmvm;/ 'gqdk cifAsm;wdk@u oH&Hk;uusGefawmfudk bmawGay;w,fvdk@ xGufqdkapcsifvJ/ usaemfajymr,f” tJ'DrSm eH&HrSmuyfxm;wJholu usaemfhcE<mudk,fudk jyefcGm+yD; ppfaq;zdk@ taetxm;twdkif; 'l;auG;/ ajccGJ/ vufajrSmufcdkif;ygw,f? awmfawmfeJ@ rppfaq;ao;ygbl;/ aemufrS “a[haumif/ tarausmf a'G;awmf vGrf;w,fqdkwJh pum;vHk;udkem;vnfvm;” “[kwfuJh/ em;vnfygw,f” “-D; em;vnfwmvm;/ rif;em;vnf&if 'Dudka&mufvmp&m ta=umif;r&Sdbl;/ igwdk@vnf;rif;udk ppfaq;p&mr&Sdbl;/ rif;wdk@udk tcsdefawGukef/ vlawGukefeJ@ rjzpfoifhwmawG rjzpf&atmif zrf;&/ qD;&/ xdef;odrf;&eJ@ vl}uD;awGu tem*gwf EdkifiHawmfwnfaqmufwJh tvkyfawGudk vkyfaewmuG/ rif;wdk@vdk zsufqD;wJh aumifawG&Sdvdk@ wdk;wufa&;vkyfief;awG aESmifhaES;ae&wm/ uJajymprf;ygOD;/ tar ausmfa'G;awmf vGrf;w,f qdkwmudkrif;od&if” “rdcift&if;udk ausmf+yD; rdaxG;udk wrf;wwmudk ajymwmyg?” “at;/ rif;wdk@u tJ'gxufawmifqdk;ao;w,f/” “a,mufzudk =uufOwdkufwJhaumifawG/” “a,mufzudk =uufOwdkufw,fqdkwm rif;odvm;/ a,mufzudk =uufOwdkufawmh rif;nDryJ emrSmaygh?” “.........” “rif;rSmnDr&Sdvm;” “r&Sdygbl;” “tr&Sdvm;” “r&Sdygbl;” “tarawmh&Sdw,fr[kwfvm;” “&Sdygw,f” “.........” “at;/ rif;tarae&mrSm rdaxG;xm;=unfhprf;/ rif;vufcHrvm;”

“.........” “rat-dk;ykqdef&dk;awG/ a[haumif rif;wdk@'Davmufawmif oH&Hk;awGudk tm;udk;+yD; owif;awG[dkydk@/ 'Dydk@vkyfaewm rif;wdk@tusdK;tjrwfwpfckckawmh&vdk@jzpf&r,f? bmawG&vJ/ rSefrSefajzprf;/” “usaemfwu,fajymwmyg/ bmrSr&ygbl;” “-D;bmrSr&yJ 'Dtvkyfudkvkyfrvm;uG/ apmuft"dy`g,fr&SdwmawG vmajymraeeJ@/ a[haumif 'DaumifawG rif;wdk@udkbmawGckdif;ao;vJ” “bmrSrcdkif;ygbl;” “a[haumif/ apmufwvGJawG ajymraeeJ@/ rif;tar/ rif;ESrawGudk 'Dukvm;jzLawGeJ@ qufqH&rSmudk rif;wdk@u vdkvm;w,faygh/ rif;udkigwdk@ tckv$wfay;vdkuf&ifvnf; rif;yaxG;awGqDudk oGm;+yD; &ifzGifhOD;r,f r[kwfvm;/ ajymprf;ygOD;” “rajymygbl;” “at;/ rif;rajymvJ/ v$wfray;bl;/ rif;wdk@awGu wdkif;jynfudk zsufqD;aewJh aumifawGyJ/ rif;wdk@udk,fcsif;rpmwJhaumifawG/ rif;wdk@t&G,f oli,fcsif;awGxJrSm at;at;csrf;csrf; ynmoif=um;csif=u wJh olawG&Sdw,f? rif;wdk@awG tckvdkt"dy`g,fr&Sd av#mufvkyfvdk@ olwdk@av;awG trsm;}uD;xdcdkufw,f? qefukefajrav;awG/ vrf;ray:rSm t"dy`g,fr&Sd [kdygwDvl}uD;ucdkif;/ [dkoH&Hk;ucdkif;eJ@ rif;wdk@t[kwf}uD; atmufarh+yD; av#mufvkyf/ tzrf;cH&awmh rif;wdk@yJ t&ifqHk; tzrf;cH&wm/rif;wdk@udk cdkif;wJhvl}uD;awGurygovdk/ rqdkifovdk ESyfae=uwm/ rif;wdk@u bmrSrodwJh ajrZmyifawG/ cdkif;or# av#mufvkyf/ igwdk@utay:uae tukefjrifw,f/ odw,f/rif;wdk@aemufrSm bmawG&Sdw,fqdkwmodw,f” “aumif;+yD/ rif;wdk@ atmfcsif&if atmfvdk@&atmif/ awmif;csifwmawmifvdk@ &atmif/ rif;wdk@eJ@oifhawmfwJh ae&mydk@ay;r,f/ tJ'Dae&ma&mufrS rif;wdk@ vdkcsifwmtukefawmif;/ =um;vm;” zufqpfwyfrawmf&Jh aumif;rGefr_awGudk csD;rGrf;cef;zGifh+yD;(7)&ufajrmufwJhae@rSm usaemfhacgif;u rsufESmzHk;udk csGwfcdkif;ygw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfh&Jh xGufqdkcsufawGudk vufESdyfpufeJ@ &dkufxm;wJh pm&GufawGrSm vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;ygw,f? tJ'Dpm&GufxJrSm bmawGygw,f/ bmawGa&;xm;w,fqdkwm jyefvnfzwfcGifhray;yJ vufrw S fudkyJ xdk;cdkif;wmyg? olwdk@a&;xm;wJh pm&GufawGay:rSm vufrSwfxdk;aepOf olwdk@&JhrsufESmawGudk usaemfrjrif&atmif usaemfhacgif;udk pm;yGJcHkeJ@ eD;eD;uyfuyf iHk@cdkif;xm;ygw,f? usaemfhudk ppfaq;wJh axmufvSrf;a&;wpfa,muf olzwfzdk@,lvmwJh r*~Zif;pmtkyfudk usaemfvSrf;=unfhrdygw,f? tJ'Dr*~Zif;pmtkyfausmzHk;u a&$ykZGefudwfrkef@ a=umfjimay:rSm pnf;wHqdyf wpfckudk awG@&vkd@ trSwfrxif =unfhvdkufawmh “trSwf(7)wyfrawmfaxmufvSrf;a&;wyf/ pm=unfhwdkuf” qdkwm udkawG@ &ygw,f? tr_wGJawGe@J twl tcsKyfodk@ (p) naexrif;udk jrefjrefpm;cdkif;aeuwnf;u usaemfhudk axmifudk ydk@awmhr,fqdkwm &dyfrdvdkufygw,f? jrefjrefvkyf/ ydwfoGm;OD;r,f qdk+yD; olwdk@tcsif;csif; ajymqdkaeoHawG cyfwdk;wdk; =um;ae&ygw,f? 'Daxmuf vSrf;a&;pcef;uae vGwfajrmuf+yD; axmifudkoGm;&awmhrSmrdk@ pdwfxJrSm usdwf+yD; 0rf;omaerdygw,f? axmufvSrf;a&;pcef;&Jh nSif;yrf; ESdyfpufr_awGudk usaemfwkefv_yfrdygw,f? axmufvSrf;a&;i&Jcef; uaevGwfajrmufawmhrSmrdk@ axmifudkom jrefjrefydk@ygawmhvdk@ qkawmif;aerdygw,f? axmufvSrf;a&;qDrSm (1)&ufae&wm touf(1)ESpfwdkoGm;ovdk cHpm;&wma=umifhrdk@yg? &Jarmfxl;tcef;qDrS tpfudk/ xrif;

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ausmukef;wpfckvHk;pyf zsOf;zsOf; jzpfoGm;+yD; wkwfawGtqufrjywf ausmay: a&mufvmygw,f? cg;u aumhueJjzpfoGm;+yD; aemufxyf tqufrjywfwkwfawG ae&mtESHh0ifvmygw,f? acgif;udkrxdrdatmif umxm;wJh usaemfwdk@&Jh vufawGudk jzwf&dkufvdkufygw,f? vufawGu rusdK;,Hkwr,fjzpfoGm;+yD; a0'emudk ododomom cHpm;vdkuf&ygw,f? acgif;udkvufe@J rum&JawmhyJ wwfEdkifoa&GŒ atmufudkom iHk@xm; vdkuf ygw,f? “'kwf . . .'kwf . . . 'kwf” “ajzmif;” “t. . .” usaemfwdk@tcef;u(6)a,mufpvHk;udk tm;yg;w& &dkufESuf+yD;rS wdkufyHkpHudk parmif;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@ ajcaxmufawGrSm a'gufawG/ ajcusif;awG cwfxm;wma=umifh vGwfvGwfvyfvyf v_yf&Sm;vdk@r&ygbl;? 'gudk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; “acG;rom;awG/ aES;w,f/ jrefjrefvkyf”qdk+yD;atmfajymygw,f? ajcusif;awG/ a'gufawGeJ@ 5(n)awG[m om;ydkufaumifawGvdk ckefqGckefqG jzpfaeawmh 'gudk=unfh+yD; ppfacG;0efxrf;awG uoabmus+yD; &,f=uyg w,f? yHkpH/ yHkpH}uD;/ wdkufyHkpH awGudk rrSm; rSm;atmif tjrefvkyfcdkif;+yD; enf;enf;av;rSm;wmeJ@ xyf&dkufjyefygw,f? wpfcef;xJu vlawGeJ@ tcef;csif;nSd+yD; nDatmifvkyfcdkif;/ rnD&ifxyf&dkuf/ aES;&if vnf;&dkufjyefygw,f? wpfcgwpfcg olwdk@cdkif;wJhyHkpHu t&rf;jrefwma=umifh usaemfwdk@ ajcaxmufawGrSm cwfxm;wJ@ ajcusif;eJ@ a'gufawGu vdrfoGm;+yD; vlu0kef;ueJ+ydKvJusygw,f? ajcusif;awG/ a'gufawGwpfckvHk;eJ@ wpfck &_yfaxG;oGm;&if; yHkpH}uD;xdkifvdk@ r&jzpfoGm;ygw,f? tJ'Dtcgusjyefawmh yHkpHrusbl;qdk+yD; xyf&dkufjyefygw,f? awmif,mtvkyfudpPjzpfwJh usaemfwdk@vltkyfu (60)ausmf&Sdygw,f? usaemfhcE<mudk,fay:rSm usa&mufcJhwJh wkwfta&twGuf[m rSwfrSwf&&(64)csuf&Sdygw,f? 'D&dkufESufr_rsdK;udk reufrdk;vif;uwnf;uae naeaxmifydwfwJhtxd ppfacG;wdkufjypf'%fuswJh (1)vtxd ae@pOf&dkufESufcH&ae&ygw,f? wpfae@vHk; &dkufESufcH&+yD; naewdkufxJ jyefa&mufawmh wifyg;eJ@ ausmjyif wpfckvHk;udk acG;&dkuf/ EGm;&dkuf/ t&dkufcH&wma=umifh ndKrnf;+yD;ykwfaeygw,f? wdkufyHkpH}uD;xdkif&wJhtcg (10)rdepfavmuf =umvm+yDqdk&if ajcaxmufawGaumif;aumif;&yfvdk@ r&awmhygbl;? ajcawG/ vufawG wqwfqwfwkefvm+yD; wpfudk,fvHk; rcHr&yfEdkifavmufatmifudk emusOfvmygw,f?'Dvdkjzpfaewmudk ppfacG; 0efxrf;awGu tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; “at;/ cg;uav;udk'Dvdkaumhxm;/ [kwf+yD/ at; . . . 'Dvdk av,mOfysHaeovdkjzpf&r,f” “'kwf” “tifh” olwdk@vufxJrSmtoifhudkifxm;wJh wkwfeJ@ taetxm; rSm;,Gif;aewmudk jyifay;ygw,f? (t/ u/ p)0efxrf;awG[m ociftm;& usGefyg;0jzpfae+yD; 5(n)EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGudk vlrqefpGm &dkufESuf =ujyefygw,f? bdkbdkxGef;qdk&if tom;jzLwma=umifh ol@wifyg;eJ@ ausmukef;rSm ta&jym;awGpkwf+yD; vefae ygw,f? ol@cENmukd,fay:u t&_d;&mawGay:rSm aoG;awGpkd@wufaeygw,f? 'DacG;rom;awG igwdk@udk rw&m; vkyfwm axmif0ifpmvm&if wdkifr,fqdk+yD; pDpOf=uygao;w,f?'gayr,fh ratmifjrifygbl;? usaemfwdk@5(n)jypf'%f orm;awGudk wdkufydwfwpfveJ@ axmif0ifpmyg ydwfvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? ppfacG;wdkufuae axmifusaqmifqDudk jyefoGm;zdk@ &ufaphawmh usaemfwdk@ wpfOD;csif;pD&Jh wpfudk,fu '%f&mawGudk aoao csmcsm ppfaq;+yD; aq;xnfhay;ygw,f? '%f&mawGtm;vHk; cE<mudk,fuae aysmufoavmuf&SdrS wdkufuae usaemfwdk@udk xkwfygw,f? usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; ppfacG;wdkufuae jyefxGufawmh t&_d;&mawG wa,mufrS rusefawmhygbl;? 'gayr,fh

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tcef;(9)

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axmiftm%mydkifawGu r&dyfrdwm&,f/ pdk;vGif wm0efausyGefwm&,fa=umfifh 'DudpPu +yD;oGm;cJhygw,f? r=umcifrSmyJ tukodkvfawG twHk;vdkuf twpfvdkuf 0ifvmygawmhw,f? pdk;vGifwdk@udpP+yD;oGm;ayr,fh (4)aqmifu tajccHausmif;om;wpf,muf jzpfwJhrESJav;u axmifajryHkudk aoaocsmcsma&;qGJ+yD; tjyifudkxkwfzdk@ }udK;pm;aewJh tcsdefrSmyJ axmifwGif; wvmpDwJhtcgrSm rdoGm;ygawmhw,f? axmifajryHkudkjrifawmh axmiftm%mydkifawG rsufvHk;jyL;oGm;ygw,f? axmifajryHk[m pau;udkuf+yD; aoaooyfoyf a&;qGJxm;um tao;pdwf azmfjyxm;wma=umifh a=umufvef@oGm;ygw,f? csufcsif; axmifwGif; &SmazGa&;awG qufwdkuf0ifygawmhw,f? axmifajryHkcdk;xkwfwJh rESJav;udkawmh a'gufeJ@jypf'%fwyf+yD; oD;oef@wdkufudkydk@vdkuf+yD; 5(n)awG&Jh v_yf&Sm;r_rSefor#udk rsufvHk;a'gufaxmuf =unfhaeygawmhw,f? usaemfwdk@vnf; axmifwGif;tajctae at;csrf;atmif apmifh=unfhae&if; &moDaumif;vm+yD; tenf;i,f om,mvmcsdefrSmawmh (4)aqmifu ausmf0ÀxHudk pm&if;oGif;,lzdk@ rwfoD;udk v$wfvdkufygw,f? ausmf0Àuvnf; axmifajryHkudpPa=umifh taqmifwGif;pm&Guf/ abmvfyif=uyfwnf; aevdk@ pm&if;jyKpkvdk@r+yD;ao;wma=umifh c%aezdk@ ajymygw,f? 'ga=umifh (5)aqmifu nDaxG;cdkifxH ta=umif;=um;awmh tacsmowfaevdk@ (1)&ufapmifhygvdk@ apmifhaepOf rwfoD;u azmufjyef vmygawmhw,f? jzpfyHku rwfoD;[m axmif0ifpmtcef;rSm q&morm;wpfqlvdk pm;csifwdkif;pm;/ aomufcsifwdkif; aomuf+yD; atmufajcvGwfvmygw,f? aemuf rl;,pfaq;oHk;ygao;w,f? axmif0ifpmrSm wm0efuspOf rwfoD;aq;oHk;wmudk axmifr_;}uD;vSjrifhawG@oGm;+yD; taqmifjyify rxGuf&qdk+yD; a'gufcwfjypf'%f ay;vdkufygw,f? tJ'DrSm rwfoD;u Zmwd&kyfjyvmygw,f? ol@&Jhajcaxmufu a'gufeJ@jypf'%fvGwfzdk@ vGwfajrmuf&mvrf;twGuf usaemfwdk@zufudk jrm;OD; csdefvmygawmhw,f? usaemfwdk@uvnf; rwfoD;tajctae rlrrSefwma=umifh udpP/ 0dpPawGtm;vHk; azsmufzsufzdk@ owday;vdkufcsdefrSmawmh (5)aqmifyJ tcsdefrSDvdkuf+yD;(4)aqmifu ausmf0À&Jh EdkifiHa&;orm; pm&Gufpmwrf;[m rwfoD;&JhvufxJ a&muf&SdaeESifh+yD; jzpfygawmhw,f?

1991 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv 'kwd,tywfxJrSm jy\emu pwifygawmhw,f? rwfoD;u ol@&Jha'gufcwfjypf'%f vGwfvdkvGwfjim; rdef;a*s;&Hk;rSm usaemfwdk@udpPwdkifwef;+yD; ausmf0Àu usaemfhudkay;vdkufwJh pm&if;pm&Gufudk oufaotjzpfeJ@ &Hk;wifvdkufygw,f? xifxm;wJhtwdkif; usaemfhemrnfeJ@ axmifusyk'frudk &Gwf+yD; rdef;a*s;vfwm0efus wyfom; 0if;jrifhu vmac:ygw,f? rdef;a*s;vfa&mufawmh &Hk;cef;xJrSm xdkifcdkif;+yD; axmifr_;}uD;vSjrifhu par;ygw,f? “rif;wdk@ axmifxJrSm aumif;aumif;rGefrGef raebl;? [dkwdkif/ 'DwdkifeJ@ Z,m;vm¶_yfaew,f? rif;bmawGvkyfaevJ ighudkajymprf;” usaemfu bmrSrvkyfygbl;? axmifucdkif;wJh awmif,mudk vkyfaeygw,f? usaemfaxmifxJrSm aumif;aumif;rGefrGefaewm tusOf;om;wdkif; odygw,f vdk@jyefajymvdkufygw,f? “rif;uom axmifxJrSm aumif;aumif;rGefrGef aexdkifaew,fav;/ bmav;eJ@? axmifxJrSm rif;bmawGvkyfaew,fqdkwm 'dk@odvdk@ rif;udk apmifh=unfhaewm =um+yD? 'grif;odvm;” “rodygbl;” “rif;pm&Gufpmwrf;awGpk/ [dktaqmif 'Dtaqmifu 5(n)pm&if;awGawmif;/ axmiftjyifxkwf+yD; ra&mufoifh/ ra&mufxdkufwJhae&mawGudkydk@zdk@ }udK;pm;aew,fqdk&if rif;bmjiif;rvJ” “usaemfaxmifr_;}uD; ajymwmawG bmrSem;rvnfbl;” “rif;udk &Sif;&Sif;yJajymr,f? rif;rwfoD;udk tultnDawmif;+yD; 5(n)taqmifu pm&if;awGjyKpk+yD; axmiftjyifxkwfzdk@eJ@ owif;pm zwf¶_ŒcGifh&atmif pnf;&Hk;cJhw,fqdk” “'gvHk;0r[kwfygbl;? wrifvkyf}uH+yD; usaemfhudk remvdkwJh acsmufwGef;csifwJholawGu jyKvkyfwmyg”

“bmwrifvkyf}uHrSmvJ? rif;udk,fwdkif rwfoD;udk tJ'DtultnDawG rawmif;cJhbl;vm;” “rawmif;cJhzl;ygbl;” “'gqdk ausmf0Àu rif;qDudkydk@vdkufwJh 5(n)pm&if;pm&Guf/ a[m'DrSm (pm&Gufwpfckudk usaemfhudk jyygw,f? tJ'Dpm&Gufu ausmf0ÀusaemhqD rwfoD;uwqifhydk@vdkufwJhpm&Gufyg) rif;u axmiftjyif xkwfzdk@ awmif;vdk@ ausmf0Àua&;+yD; rwfoD;uaewqifh ydk@cdkif;wmqdk&ifaum rif;bm jiif;OD;rvJ” “usaemf 'DudpPawG vHk;0rodbl;? tckaxmifr_;}uD; ajymrS tHh=ordygw,f? ausmf0ÀeJ@ usaemf tquftoG,fr&Sdygbl;” “ausmf0ÀeJ@ rif;eJ@tr_wGJvm;” “r[kwfygbl;” “rif;a&SŒrSm oufaocHypPnf;awGe@J wuG rdaewm rif;bmjiif;rSmvJ” “usaemfhvufxJrSm rdwmr[kwfygbl;? 'DudpPudk usaemfvHk;0rodygbl;? usaemfhudk remvdkwJhol wpfOD;OD;u vkyf}uHZmwfcif;+yD; ajymwmjzpfygw,f” “aumif;+yD? rwfoD;udkoGm;ac:prf;? (rdef;a*s;vf0efxrf; wpfOD;udk (3)aqmifrSm a'gufcwfjypf'%feJ@ aeaewJh rwfoD;udkoGm;ac:cdkif;ygw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfhzufvSnfh+yD;) axmifxJrSm aumif;aumif;rGefrGef raecsifbl;? [kwfvm;” c%t=umrSm a'gufwyfxm;wJh rwfoD; rdef;a*s;vf&Hk;cef;a&SŒ a&mufvmygw,f? axmifr_;}uD; vSjrifhu “rwfoD;? aevif;u rif;udkbmajymovJ” rwffoD;u rsufESmxm;rmrmeJ@ usaemhudk 5(n)pm&if; axmiftjyif xkwfay;zdk@eJ@ owif;pm zwf¶_ŒcGifh&&ef owif;pm awmif;ygw,fvdk@ ajymvdkufygw,f? axmifr_;vSjrifhu“at; . . . rif;jyefvdk@&+yD” qdk+yD;rwfoD;udk “taqmifjyefydk@vdkuf”vdk@ cdkif;vdkufygw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfhzufvSnfh+yD; “uJJ . . . rif;bmjiif;rSmvJ” “rif;rSm pm&if;pm&GufawG&Sd&if xkwfay;? tom;temrcHeJ@? rwfoD;uvnf;xGuf qdk+yD;+yD? a[m'DrSmvnf; ausmf0Àuay;vdkufwJh 5(n)pm&if;” “'DudpPudk usaemfvHk;0rodygbl;? rwfoD;ajymoGm;wJhpum;u b,fvdkrSrjzpfEdkifygbl;? jypf'%feJ@ tusOf;om;wpfa,muf&Jh xGufqdkcsufu &mcdkifE_ef;jynfhrSefuef Edkifyghrvm;qdkwm axmifr_;}uD; pOf;pm;=unfhyg? tck rwfoD;[m axmifxJrSmpnf;urf;azmufvdk@ ol@udka'gufcwf jypf'%fay;xm;wmudk olvGwf&mvGwfa=umif;&SmwJh taeeJ@ usaemfhtay: tuGufqif+yD; 5(n)pm&if;ygwJhpm&GufeJ@ &Hk;rSm vmwdkifwef;wm rjzpfEdkifbl;vm;cifAsm? tckavmavmq,frSm rwfoD;[m jypf'%fjzpfaewJh tusOf;om; jzpfae+yD; usaemfu omreftusOf;om; jzpfaeygw,f? b,fpum; rSefEdkifw,fqdkwm axmifr_;}uD; pOf;pm; =unfhyg” “rif;vHk;0 rodbl;vm;” “rodygbl;” “nDaxG;cdkifudkaum rif;odvm;” “odygw,f” “b,fvdkywfoufovJ” “usaemfhwdk@ tr_wGJawGyg” “tquftoG,f&Sdvm;” “usaemfeJ@ axmifusuwnf;u uGJoGm;wm tquftoG,f r&Sdawmhygbl;” “at;/ aumif;+yD? vdktyfvdk@ xyfppfaq;p&m&Sd&if ac:vdkufr,f”

“a[h? ol@udkrdef;a*s;vfu zdk0dkif;xJrSm xnfhxm;vdkuf”vdk@ajym+yD; zdk0dkif;xJrSm usaemfhudk wpfa,mufwnf; xm;vdkufygw,f? rdef;a*s;vfu usaemfeJ@ odwJhbp aZmfvGifudkac:+yD; rwfoD;csGefvdkufvdk@ usaemfjy\em wufae+yDvdk@ owif;ydk@ vdkufygw,f? pdwfxJuvnf; bmyJjzpfjzpf usaemfhvufxJrSm rrdwJhtwGuf jiif;&rSmyJjzpfw,fvdk@ qHk;jzwfygw,f? aemufqHk; ausmf0ÀeJ@ usaemfhudk rsufESmcsif;qdkif qHkay;vnf; jiif;&rSmyJvdk@ awG;+yD; taqmifuae ppfacG;vm;/ wdkufvm;/ oD;oef@vm;/ wpfckckawmhajymif;cH&zdk@ apmifhaevdkufygw,f? aemufawmh(4)aqmifu ausmf0Àudkac:ppfygw,f? ausmf0ÀuvJ axmifr_;}uD;vufxJu pm&Guf[m olrwfoD;udkay;wJh pm&Gufr[kwfa=umif;/ pm&Gufay:u vufa&;[mvnf; ol@vufa&;r[kwfa=umif;/ rwfoD;acsmufcswmjzpfa=umif;/ usaemfeJ@vnf; tquftoG,fr&Sda=umif; xGufqdkoGm;ygw,f? aemufxyfwpfcg(5)aqmifu nDaxG;cdkifudk zdk0dkif;xJrSm ppfaq;r_+yD;wJhtcsdefxd xm;ygw,f? usaemftaqmifudk jyefa&mufawmh taqmifu 5(n)awGeJ@ &mZ0wftusOf;om;awG tm;vHk; usaemf taqmifjyefa&mufvmwmudk tHh=oae=uygw,f? rwfoD;csGefvdkufwJhudpP owif;jyef@aeygw,f? taqmifrSm rwfoD;eJ@jyefawG@awm@ axmifr_;}uD;a&SŒrSmajymwJh rsufEmS rsdK;r[kwfawmhyJ rsufESmcsdK vmaoG;ygw,f? usaemfuvnf; 'Dtr_udpP tjcm;taqmifuppfaewm r+yD;jywfao;vdk@ tjypf'%fray;ao;wmvdk@ pdwfxJrSm xifrdygw,f? 'grSr[kwf tjcm;tpDtpOfawG&Sdvdk@vm;/ naeaxmifydwfrS ppfacG;/ 'grSr[kwf oD;oef@ wpfckckudkydk@ rvm;qdk+yD; awG;um taqmifu &JabmfawGudk E_wfquf+yD; usaemfhtdyf,mvdyfudk jyifqifapmifhqdkif;aevdkufygw,f? axmifwHcg;ydwfwJhtcsdefxd usaemfhudkvmac:wmrawG@&vdk@ usaemfeJ@ usaemfh&JabmfawG xGufqdkcsufuyJ aumif;vdk@vm;/ oufaocHpm&Gufu usaemfwdk@ vuf0,fr&Sdvdk@vm;/ owif;ay; w&m;pGJwJholku jypf'%fjzpftusOf;om;jzpfaevdk@vm;eJ@ vm;aygif;rsm;pGmawG;rdygw,f? 'gr[kwfvJ usaemfwdk@udk ta&;,l&if 0efxrf;awGyg yg0ifyufoufaewmrdk@ axmufvSrf;a&;0ifppfrSmudk a=umufvdk@yJvm;? bmyJjzpfjzpf usaemfwdk@a&SŒrSmpdk;vGifwdk@/ Om%f0if;wdk@udk 5(n)pm&if; axmiftjyifxkwfzdk@ }uHpnfr_eJ@ oD;oef@axmi fajymif;a&GŒcHxm;&wJh om"uu ylylaEG;aEG;av;&Sdaeygw,f? usaemfwdk@u olwdk@xufom+yD; oufaocHypPnf; awmif;rdaewmyg? usaemfwdk@udk bma=umifh ta&;r,lwmvJqdkwJh tajzu aemufrS odvm&ygw,f? usaemfwdk@ tm;vHk;udk 1991 ckESpfEdk0ifbmv (24)&ufae@rSm axmifajymif;a&GŒvdkufygw,f? axmifajymif;tpDtpOf&Sdvdk@ ta&;r,lcJhwm jzpfygw,f? 'grSr[kwf&if aemufr_uyfrvm;/ a'gufeJ@ wdkufvm; wpfckckygyJ?

tcef;(10) (u) axmifajymif;+yD tif;pdefaxmifxJudk 1991 ckESpf bdkuav;wdkufyGJt+yD; axmifusvmolawGa=umifh tif;pdefaxmif twGif; EdkifiHa&;r_awG tqrwef rsm;jym;vm+yD; taqmifwpfaqmifudk tusOf;om;(100)ausmfavmuf &Sdvmygw,f?

'DDvdk EdkifiHa&;r_awG rsm;vmwma=umifh axmifajymif;a&GŒ r,fqdkwJhowif;awG ay:xGufaecJh wmvnf; =umvS+yDjzpfygw,f? b,fae@ajymif;&r,f/ b,fawmha&GŒ&r,f/ b,faxmifudk ajymif;r,f pwm awGudk b,folrS twdtus rodEdkifygbl;? 'geJ@usaemfwdk@vnf; 'DudpPudk rodvdkufzmomae vdkufygw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; txifrSwfwJhtcsdef / tm;vHk; owdrxm;rd=uwJh 1991ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (24)&ufreuftapm}uD;rSm axmifajymif;a&GŒzdk@ jzpfvmygw,f?

reuftapm}uD; taqmifawGudk 0efxrf;awGa&mufvm+yD; pm&if;rSm emrnfygwJholawGudk udk,fh ypPnf;awG,l+yD; tjyifudk xGufcdkif;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@(3)aqmiftjyif (4)aqmif/ (5)aqmifeJ@wdkufcef;/ oD;oef@aqmifawGu 5(n)EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; ta,muf(20)pDeJ@ pkpkaygif; 5(n) wpf&mausmfudk ac:xkwf oGm;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@ ta,muf(100)ausmfudk tjyifudkxkwf+yD; rdef;a*s;vfvrf;r}uD; twdkif; ac:oGm;ygw,f? rdef;a*s;vfvrf;r}uD;udk a&mufawmh usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;&Jh qHyifawGudk av;uGuf=um; !Syfypfygw,f? qHyif!Syfw,fvdk@ ajym&ayr,fh wu,fwrf;=uawmh qHyifudk yHkysufqif;ysufjzpfatmif pufuyfaus; xdk;cs wmyJjzpfygw,f? qHyif!Syf+yD;wmeJ@ csufcsif; ajcusif;&dkufygw,f? +yD;awmh axmifAl;0rSm wef;pDcdkif;ygw,f? wef;pDaecsdefrSm bJO(2)vHk;/ iydenf;enf;ygwJh xrif;xkyfawG wpfa,mufwpfxkyf a0ay;ygw,f? aemuf tup uaewqifh &Jvufudk tyfvdkufygw,f? &J0efxrf;awGu usaemfwdk@5(n)awG ta,muf(100)ausmfudk tif;pdefAl;0udkac:oGm;+yD; axmifAl;0rSm tqifoifh&SdaewJh wDtD;(11)um;ESpfpD;qDudk ac:oGm;ygw,f? tJ'Dum;ay:udk usaemfwdk@ tm;vHk;udk wifaqmif+yD; um;u tif;pdefblwmudk OD;wnfarmif;ESifoGm;ygw,f? usaemfwdk@awGaxmifjyifudk a&mufwmeJ@ rjrif&wm =um+yDjzpfwJh jyify urBm&Jh edpP"l0 v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk wtHhw=o}uD; ai;pdkuf=unfhaerdw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfhajcaxmufu oHajcusif;udk jyefiHk@=unfhvdkufawmh &ifxJrSmqwfueJ emusifoGm;ygw,f? jyifyu yHk&dyfawGudk tirf;r& ai;=unfhaerdygw,f? axmifxJrSm ae@pOf ¶_¶_dufae&wJh aveJh axmif&Jhjyifyuavu twlwljzpf&ufom;eJ@ tjyifuavuydk+yD; vwfqwfoef@&Sif;w,fvdk@ xifrdygw,f? aocsmwmuawmh 'g[m axmifuvGwfao;wm r[kwfygbl;? usaemfwdk@awG tif;pdefaxmifu ajymif;a&GŒcJh&wJh EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG&Jh pm&if;udk azmfjy vdkygw,f?

1991 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (23)&ufae@wGif &efukeftif;pdef A[dk pHjy tusOf;axmifrSm o&uftusOf; axmifodk@ ajymif;a&GŒ cH&onfh pm&if; trnf axmifusESpf (1)r*~ifq&mawmf(OD;a&$omat;) ( & )ESpf r*~ifausmif;wdkuf/ ouFef;usGef;+rdK@e,f (2)OD;yÀ0Ho (OD;jynfausmf)

( & )ESpf owdyXmefausmif;wdkuf/ wmarG+rdK@e,f

(3)OD;tmpm& (axmifwGif;YysHvGefawmfrl)

( & )ESpf o&ufawmem&Dpifausmif;wdkuf/ vrf;rawmf+rdK@e,f

(4)OD;tdEdNu

( 5 )ESpf qm;vif;ausmif;wdkuf/ ykZGefawmif+rdK@e,f

(5)OD;ynm'Dy

( 5 )ESpf odrfawmf}uD;ausmif;wdkuf/ yef;yJwef;+rdK@e,f

(6)OD;eaENmbmo (OD;EdkifxGef;a&$)

( 5 )ESpf rGefausmif;wdkuf/A[ef;+rdK@e,f

(7)udk&if ausmfwifh

( & )ESpf ara';eDausmif;wdkuf/ ausmufukef;/ &efuif;+rdK@e,f

(8)udk&if xl;at;

( 4 )ESpf ok0Àomrausmif;wdkuf/ prf;acsmif;+rdK@e,f

(9)OD;rJarmif

( 7 )ESpf

(10)OD;cifarmif}uD;

( 7 ) ESpf

pvif;+rdK@/ rauG;wdkif;

(11)udk+idrf;csrf;(pma&;q&m nDykav;)

( 10 )ESpf

vlxkwdkuf/ rEWav;+rdK@

(12)udk&J(c)udkodef;atmif

( 10 ) ESpf,if;rmaw;oHoGif;/ ausmufwHwm;+rdK@e,f

(13)udkaZmfrif;(c)AHkwdk

(5)

(14)udk+zdK;a00if;

ESpftxufwef;ausmif;om;/ tkwfzdk/ yJcl;wdkif;

(5)ESpfwwd,ESpf(&lyaA')&efukefwuUodkvfewWvif;+rdK@/ yJcl;wdkif;

(15)udkEdkifvGifcsdK (16)udkapmvGif

(10) ESpf acsmif;acgif;&Gm/ aygufacgif;+rdK@/ yJcl;wdkif; ( 5 )ESpf a&SŒae/ zqyv (A[dk/ rlvtzGJ@csKyf)&efukef

(17)udkausmfrif;Edkif(c)udkeD

( 7 )ESpfaemufqHk;ESpf/ pufr_wuUodkvf(+rdK@jy)/ a&eHacsmif;+rdK@/

(18)a'gufwm cifxGef;

( 3 )ESpfxGef;aq;cef;/ "rRm&Hkausmif;vrf;/ 6rdkifcGJ/ vSdkif+rdK@e,f

(19)udkjrifhOD;

( 5 )ESpf aygif+rdK@/ rGefjynfe,f

(20)udktdkufudk (axmifwGif;aoqHk;)

( 8 )ESpfvkyfom;aumvdyf/ wwd,ESpf(jrefrmpm)/ &efukef+rdK@

(21)udkausmfrif;Edkif

( 4 )ESpf tajccHynmausmif;om;or*~(&efukefwdkif;)/ Adkvfwaxmif+rdK@e,f?

(22)udkcspfudkudk (c) udkatmif'if

( 4 )ESpfaemufqHk;ESpf/ pufr_wuUodkvf (pufr_)/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f?

(23)OD;aZmfrsdK;0if;

( 7 )ESpf A[dkw&m;&Hk;a&SŒae/ &efukef+rdK@

(24)OD;atmifjrifh0if;

( 7 )ESpf Xmer_;/ trSwf(1)pufr_0ef}uD;Xme/ vrf;eDav;/ &efukef+rdK@

(25)udkaX;atmif

( 3 )ESpf wwd,ESpf (jrefrmpm)/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ vSnf;wef;/ urm&Gwf+rdK@e,f

(26)udkaX;atmif

( 6 )ESpf yxrESpf('\eduaA')/ ta0;oifwuUodkvf/ urm&Gwf+rdK@e,f

(27)udkvSaX;

( 4 )ESpfaemufqHk;ESpf ("gwkaA')/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ r*Fvmawmif!Gef@+rdK@e,f

(28)udkcspfnDnD(c) udka&$bkef;vl

( 5 )ESpf 'kwd,ESpf(t*Fvdyfpm)/ &efukefwuUodkvf

(29) udkpdefv_dif (c)udkjynfh

( 3 )ESpf urm&Gwf+rdK@e,f?

(30)udkausmfpdk;(ykÀm;)

( 3 )ESpf wwd,ESpf (a&eH)/ pufr_wuUodkvf

(31)udkpnfolxGwf

( 3 )ESpf 'kwd,ESpf/ pufr_wuUodkvf/ r*Fvmawmif!Gef@+rdK@e,f

(32) udkxGef;xGef;

( 3 )ESpf aemufqHk;ESpf (ocsFm)/ &efukefwuUodkvf? a'gyHk+rdK@e,f

(33)udkaxG;armf

( 3 )ESpf aemufq;Hk ESpf(jrefrmpm)/ &efukefwuUodkvf

(34)udknDaxG;cdkif(c) udk&uQD;

( 4 )ESpf aemufqHk;ESpf ("gwkaA')/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ prf;acsmif;+rdK@e,f

(35)udkwdwfEdkif

( 3 )ESpf xm;0,f+rdK@/ weoFm&Dwdkif;

(36) udkwdk;wdk;xGef;

( 5 )ESpf wwd,ESpf(¶_yaA')/ ykodrf'D*&Daumvdyf/ ajrmif;jr+rdK@/

(37)udk&JvGifpdk;(c)udk&J

( 5 )ESpf tvkyform;or*~/ v_difom,m+rdK@e,f/ &efukef

(38)udkvSa0

( 3 )ESpf usL&Sifq&m/ urm&Gwf+rdK@e,f

(39)udkarmifarmifjrifh

( 5 )ESpf 'kwd,ESpf (ocsFm)/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f

(40)udk0if;EdkifOD;

( 3 )ESpf aemufqHk;ESpf/ &efukefpufr_wuUodkvf

(41)udkarmifarmifoef;

( 5 )ESpf jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;b%f (ykZGefawmifb%fcGJ)

(42)udkvSrsdK;aemif(c) rSef}uD;

( 5 )ESpf yxrESpf(Oya')/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ ausmufyef;awmif;+rdK@/

(43)udkatmifydkif

( 4 )ESpf =u,fpdrf;vli,ftzGJ@/ ykZGefawmif+rdK@e,f/ &efukefwdkif;

(44) udkausmf0À

( 3 )ESpf yxrESpf/ pufr_wuUodkvf/ 'gyHk+rdK@e,f/ &efukefwdkif;

(45)udkausmf0À

( 3 )ESpf txufwef;ausmif;om;/ yJcl;+rdK@/ yJcl;wdkif;

(46)udkausmfausmfodef;

( 4 )ESpf 'kwd,ESpf/*k%fxl;wef;(ocsFm)/&efukefwuUodkvf/ Adkvfwaxmif+rdK@e,f

(47)udkvS0if;

( 20 )ESpf

(48) udkom;!Gef@OD;

( 5 )ESpf yxrESpf/ aq;wuUodkvf(1)/ &efukef/ ausmufwHwm;+rdK@e,f

bdkuav;+rdK@/ {&m0wDwdkif;

(49)udkaevif;(pma&;ol) ( 5 )ESpf tajccHynmausmif;om;rsm; or*~ (&efukefwdkif;)/ ykZGefawmif+rdK@e,f/ (50) udk&Jarmfxl; vrf;rawmf+rdK@e,f (51) udk&JausmfpGm

( 4 )ESpftajccJynm ausmif;om;rsm;or*~( &efukefwdkif;)/ vrf;opf&dyfom/ ( 3 )ESpf

tajccHynm ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (&efukefwdkif;)/ Adkvfwaxmif+rdK@e,f (52) udkjrifhpdk; (c)udka*smfeD trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyf(A[dk)/ vli,f/ vrf;opf&dyfom/ vrf;rawmf+rdK@e,f (53)udkjrifhqef; ajrmufOuUvmy+rdK@e,f/ &efukefwdkif; (54)udk0if;a&$ enf;jy(t*Fvdyfpm)/ vkyfom;aumvdyf/ wmarG+rdK@e,f (55) udkomjrwfausmf aemufqHk;ESpf/ tydkif;(u)/ aq;wuUodkvf(1) (56) udkat;vGif wwd,ESpf(ocsFm)/ ta0;oifwuUodkvf/ arSmfbD+rdK@e,f (57) udkaZmf0if;xGËf txufwef;ausmif;om;/ omauw+rdK@ (58)udkaZmf0if;xGef; txufwef;ausmif;om;/ 'v+rdK@e,f (59) udkodef;xGef;OD; tajccHynmausmif;om;rsm; or*~/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f (60) OD;aomif;xGef; yJcl;+rdK@ (61)udkrsdK;jrifh aemufqHk;ESpf (ocsFm)/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ omauw+rdK@e,f (62) udkatmifausmfrdk; (c)udkbdkawmuf vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/ anmifav;yif+rdK@e,f/ yJcl;wdkif; (63) udkpdk;Edkif wwd,ESpf (ordkif;)/ ykodrf'D*&Daumvdyf (64)udkpdk;Edkif yef;yJwef;+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@ (65)udkEdkif0if; tajccHynmausmif;om;rsm;or*~/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f (66) udkaZmfaZmfv_dif vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD/ omauw+rdK@e,f (67) udkrsdK;wifhatmif aemufqHk;ESpf/ pD;yGm;a&;wuUodkvf (68) udkausmfaxG; ta0;ajy;Xme/ qufoG,fa&;/ pmwdkufESifha=u;eef;0ef}uD;Xme/ r*Fvmawmif!Gef@+rdK@e,f (69) udkpnfol0if; omauw+rdK@e,f (70) udkpdk;jrifh(c) aygifrkef@ 'v+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@ (71) udkvGifOD; c&rf;+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@

( 17 )ESpf ( 5 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 4 )ESpf ( 15 )ESpf ( 20 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 5 )ESpf ( 7 )ESpf ( 5 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 5 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 5 )ESpf ( 11 )ESpf ( 7 )ESpf

(72) udk=unf0if; c&rf;+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@ ( 73 ) udkcifaZmf a0bm*D/ ajrmufOuUvmy +rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@ ( 74 ) udkeDwGwfausmf txufwef;ausmif;om;/ awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f ( 75 ) udkod*么atmif txufwef;ausmif;om; ( 76 ) udkuHjrifh tvHk+rdK@e,f/ ( 77 ) udkrsdK;atmif=unf ( c ) rsdK;rsdK; ( 78 ) udkxGef;jrifhatmif 'kwd,ESpf/ *k%fxl;wef; ( yx0D )/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ ewfpifvrf;/ =unfhjrifwdkif+rdK@e,f ( 79 ) udkeDudkOD; txufwef;ausmif;om;/ wmarG+rdK@e,f ( 80 ) udkcifarmifxGef; ( c ) udku|d/ 5 ( C ) 'kwd,ESpf/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ }udK@ukef;/ tif;pdef+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@e,f/ ( 81) udkrsdK;atmif 'kwd,ESpf/ ta0;oifwuUodkvf ( 82 ) udkarmifarmifat; tvkyform;or*~ ( 83 ) udkrdk;atmif usL&Sifq&m/ prf;acsmif;+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@ ( 84 ) udkapmausmf+idrf; tvHk+rdK@e,f/ &efukef+rdK@ ( 85 ) udkaomif;aiG txufwef;ausmif;om;/ r*Fvm'Hk+rdK@e,f ( 86 ) udkEdkifrGef enf;jy/ '\eduaA'/ &efukefwuUodkvf/ rGefjynfe,f ( 87 ) udkbdkbdkxGef; ( bdkbdkxGef;- &kyfjy ) awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f ( 88 ) udk&JrGef txufwef;ausmif;om;/ urm&Gwf+rdK@e,f ( 89 ) udkxdef0if;atmif ae0if;ESif;qD pmtkyfqdkif/ tif;pdef+rdK@e,f ( 90 ) udkpdk;jrwf tvHk+rdK@e,f/ &efukefwdkif; ( 91 ) OD;avmt,f ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om; tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 92 ) OD;bifqif ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l )

( 7 )ESpf ( 6 )ESpf ( 9 )ESpf ( 11 )ESpf ( 6 )ESpf ( 7 )ESpf ( 4 )ESpf ( 4 )ESpf ( 5 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 6 )ESpf ( 6 )ESpf ( 5 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 5 )ESpf ( 4 )ESpf ( 3 )ESpf ( 4 )ESpf ( 13 )ESpf woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef;

( 93) udkxl;*G,f ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk;/ (autef,l ) ( 94 ) udkaus;awm ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 95 ) udkcsdKav; ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 96 ) OD;z'dk oef;vS ( Adkvf}uD; ) ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 97 ) OD;aomrwfpf ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 98 ) OD;ref;!Gef@ ( EdkifiHawmf ykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 99 ) qmxl;apm ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l ) ( 100 ) udkwifjrifh ( EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_ ) u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; ( autef,l )

woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef; woufwu|ef;

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“ rif;rwufwufbl;vm;/ 'gqdk 0rf;vsm;arSmufvdkuf/ wufwufoGm;r,f ” “. . . . . . . . . ” “rdausmif;oGm;wm rif;jrifzl;rSmaygh/ 'Dtwdkif;wuf” aZmf0if;xGËfu olajymor# bmwpfcGef;rS jyefrajymygbl;? csufcsif;yJ wkwfeJ@&dkufESufoHawG wAkef;Akef; jrnfoGm;ygw,f? aemufxyf0efxrf; ESpfa,mufu 0if&dkuf+yD;yg;pyfuae qJenf;rsdK;pHkeJ@qJygw,f? rdausmif;wufwufcdkif;oHawG/ aZmf0if;xGËf&Jh jiif;oHawG . . . “'kw.f . 'kwf” “cGyf . . ” “ ajzmif; . . . ” “acG;rom; . . . acgif;rmwJhaumif/ &dkufprf;. . . &dkufprf;” usaemfwdk@awG tm;vHk; a&SŒrSm aZmf0if;xGËfudk acG;&dkuf/ EGm;&dkuf &dkufESufaeygw,f? usaemfwdk@vnf; quf=unfhaezdk@ cGeftm;r&Sdawmhyg? a&qGJwJhtvkyfudk qufvkyfzdk@ tedXm&Hkudk ausmcdkif;vdkufygw,f? usaemfwdk@jrifuGif;rSm r&SdawmhwJhaemufydkif; o&Jr&Jp;D rwuf 0dkif;&dkuf=u+yD; zdka&SŒ ta&mufac:oGm;ygw,f? zdka&SŒa&mufawmh 0rf;vsm;xdk;cdkif;+yD; twif;t"rR rdausmif;wuf wufcdkif;ygw,f? aZmf0if;xGËf[m tifrwefudk csD;usL;p&m aumif;avmufwJh ausmif;om;wpfOD; jzpfygw,f? ol[m ol@&JhcH,lcsufudk vHk;0 twdrf;tapmif;rcHyJ tom;emcH+yD; cdkif;or#udk tmcHtefwk oGm;ygw,f? apmavb,fvfwdk@[m aZmf0if;xGËfudk w&Gwfwdkuf qGJac:+yD; wdkufa&SŒudk jyefo,fvmygw,f? wdkufcef;xJudk av;zufaxmuf rdausmif;wuf 0ifcdkif;+yD; olwdk@uaemufuae acG;vdkufqGJovdk &dkufESufjyefygw,f? axmif0efxrf;awG rw&m;&dkufESufwmudk rcHEdkifawmhvdk@ ab;uae 0ifa&muf ajymqdkwJh olawG udkvnf; wdkufxJoGif;+yD; wdkufydwfvdkufygw,f? wdkufcef;xJudk vlrqefpGma&muf&SdoGm;cJhwJh aZmf0if;xGËfcrsm cE<mudk,fwpfckvHk; jrif&ufp&mr&Sdatmif !dkrnf;ae+yD; &kyfysufqif;ysuf rw&m;vkyfcH&wJh '%f&mawGeJ@ ta&cGHawG pkwfjywfaeygw,f? wpfcsdKŒae&mrSm aoG;awGpdrf@xGufaeygw,f?

'Dta=umif;awGudk tJ'w D kef;u wdkufxJrSm&SdaewJh udk0if;EdkifOD;(,ck-DVBY wm0ef xrf;aqmif aeol) wpfa,muf aumif;aumif;odygw,f?

tcef;(11)

axmif0ifpm wdkufyGJ o&ufaxmifudk a&mufvmwJh tusOf;om;rSefor# a&qGJwJhtvkyfudk t&ifOD;qHk; vkyf&w,fvdk@ ajym=uygw,f? usaemfwdk@vnf; a&mufumprdk@ tajctaeawGudk taotcsm rodao;wma=umifh onf;cHae+yD; ae@wdkif;tnmae ylyljcpfjcpfatmufrSm a&yHk;aygif;(900)ausmfudk qGJaevdkufygw,f?

(4)vausmf (5)v a&mufwJhtxd a&qGJavbmrSm &SdaewJh usaemfwdk@ 5(n)awGudk tjcm; tvkyf bkwf ajymif;ray;ygbl;? usaemfwdk@taqmifu taqmifr_;udk wifjyawmh “rif;wdk@tr_awGu tjyifxGuf+yD; vkyfvdk@&wJh tvkyfr[kwfbl;? 'gha=umifh axmifxJua&qGJ avbmcsay;wmuG ” vdk@jyefajymygw,f? trSefwu,fawmh olwdk@awG[m 5(n)om; wdkuf&dkuf rpm;&vdk@ oG,f0dkuf pm;ae=u+yD; }udwf0rf;omaewJh aumifawGrSef; odomygw,f? a&qGJavbmrSm usaemfwdk@ EdkifiHa&; tr_awGxJrSm wcgwav &mZ0wftusOf;om;(1) OD;/ (2) OD;ygwwfygw,f? usefwmawGuawmh xHk;pHtwdkif; 5(n)awGygyJ? rsufpdvnf vrf;rSm;jyD; a&qGJavbmudk a&mufvmwufwJh &mZ0wftusOf;om; qdkwmuvnf; jypf'%fwpfckudk usL;vGefrdvdk@ wpfywfwefonf jzpfap/ ESpfywfwefonfjzpfap a&qGJzdk@usvm wwfwmrsdK;yJ jzpfygw,f? jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;&Jh jcpfjcpfawmufaewJh aeyl&SdefatmufrSm usaemfwdk@ EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG tuFsDvuf&Snf0wf/ ykqdk;ydkif;awGudk acgif;rSm aygif;+yD; ac|'D;'D;usatmif a&qGJcJhygw,f? a&qGJ&if;0wfwJh usaemfwdk@&Jh Zifom;vuf&Snf tuFsDawG[m ac|;eJ@ aqG;ajrŒ+yD; pkwf+yJwJhtqifhudk awmifa&mufaeygw,f? axmifxJrSm axmifvufpGJ Oya't& (3)vwpfcg yHkpHtuFsDxkwfay;&r,fvdk@ owfrSwfxm;ayr,fh usaemfo&ufaxmifu vGwfwJhtxd o&ufaxmifrSm axmifyHkpH0wfpHk wpfpHkrS r&bl;yg? o&ufaxmif[m usaemfwdk@vdk EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG axmifwGif; tusOf;om;wpfa,muf &ydkifcGifh&SdwJh t&mawGudk awmif;qdkayr,fhvnf; axmiftm%mydkifawG&Jh tajzuawmh wkwfeJ@&dkuf/ jypf'%f cwfvdkufwmygyJ? ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;ay;wmawGr&Sdygbl;? usaemfwdk@ EdkifiHa&;. tusOf;orm;awGudk rSa&G;+yD; }udKwifpDrHr_eJ@ w&m;vufv$wfjyK vkyfaeygw,f? 'DvdkjyKvkyfaewmudk tjyifuvlawG/ tusOf;om;awG&Jh oufqdkif&m rdbawGqD owif;rayguf=um;&atmif axmif0ifpmawG@wJht cgrSm wif;=uyfra_ wG jyKvkyfygawmhw,f?

EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG axmif0ifpmawG@wJhtcgrSm tem;uae 0efxrf;awG(2)OD;avmuf apmifhaeygw,f? axmif0ifpm awG@aewJhtcsdefrSm EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;/ axmifxJu tajctae ta=umif; ajymrd&if axmif0ifpmudk csufcsif;&yfpJypfygw,f? tJ'Dtjyif axmifxJrSm 5(n)wpfOD;OD;u wifjyr_awG/ qifhuJqifhuJ ar;cGef;xkwfr_awG/ vkyfvmvdk@&Sd&ifvnf; axmif0ifpmudk =uyfwnf;wJh pnf;urf; trdef@awG xkwf+yD; t=uyfjyefudkifwwfygao;w,f? &efukeu f aeusaemfwdk@ qDvmwJh rdom;pkawGtzdk@ jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;u o&uf+rdK@udk ESpfywf wpfcg vmawG@zdk@qdkwm rjzpfEdkifygbl;? rdbawGu aiGa=u;wwfEdkifwJh olawGjzpf&ifawmifrS c&D;=urf;vGef;vSwJh ae&mwpfckudk yifyef;vGef;wma=umifh rvmEdkifygbl;? yHkrSef wpfvwpfcgudkawmif tEdkifEdkifvmawG@ ae&wmjzpfygw,f?

'Dvdkawmfwef&Hk rvG,fulvSwJh axmif0ifpmav;udk axmiftm%mydkifawGu uef@owfr_awG jyKvkyfvmygawmhw,f?

'Dae&mrSm axmif0ifpmudpPeJ@ yufouf+yD; o&ufaxmiftwGif; wdkufyGJESpf}udrf wdkufcJh&wmudk wifjyvdkygw,f?

wpf}udrfuawmh usaemfudk,fwdkif ajymjywmxuf tJ'DwdkufyGJudk udk,fwdkifwdkufcJhwJh um,uH&Sifu ajymwm ydk+yD;wduscdkifrmwma=umifh 'Dae&mrSm azmfjyvdkufygw,f?

1988-Auo/ tm%modrf;+yD;awmh trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pD tzGJ@csKyfrSm urm&Gwf+rdK@e,f vli,fqufoG,fa&; wm0efcHtjzpf v_yf&Sm;cJhonf?

1989 azazmf0g&Dv vl@abmifopfygwDodk@ 0ifa&muf+yD; urm&Gwf+rdK@e,f pnf;&Hk;a&;r_;wm0ef,l xrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1989 {+yDv ABSDF ajrmufydkif; wyf&if;(701)odk@awmcdkcJh+yD; 1989 pufwifbmvrSm rlq,f/ r0w&Hk;okd@owif;ykd@I tm%mykdifrsm;rS rdbrsm;xHokd@ StyfESHcJhonf? 1989 Edk0ifbmvrSm Auo jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&; aumfrwDrSm wm0ef,lcJhonf? 1990arvY Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf ( atmufArmjynf ) Y 0ifa&muf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1991 arvY ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;. zrf;qD;r_tm;cH&+yD; yk'fr 5 (n) jzifh axmif'%f(6)ESpf tif;pdefaxmifY uscHcJh&onf?

1995 =o*kwfv o&ufaxmifrS jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvm+yD; Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf (atmufArmjynf) A[dk pnf;&Hk;a&;aumfrwDY qufvufwm0ef,lcJhonf?

1996 'DZifbm ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifcJhr_a=umifh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;. vdkufvHzrf;qD; ojzifh 1997 azazmf0g&DvrSm xdkif;jrefrme,fpyfodk@ qkwfcGm wdrf;a&SmifcJhonf? xdk@aemuf vGwfajrmufe,fajrokd@ ajymif;a&G@vmaom vl@abmifopf'Drdku&ufwpfygwDY wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf?

1988 =o*kwfvY Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;&m aumfrwDwGif tckcsdefxd wm0efxrf;aqmifaeqJ jzpfonf? 1999 'DZifbmvY EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;ulnDapmifha&Smufa&; toif;( jrefrmEdkifiH )Yvnf; yg0ifaqmif&Gufae+yD; jrefrmjynf 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf wufยบuGpGm v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Guf aeqJjzpfonf?

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tpDtpOftwdkif; Oya'abmiftwGif;u wifjy&if b,ftusOf;om;rqdk &w,f? +yD;pvG,f/ vufvGwfpy,f tm%mydkifawGu rvkyfbl;? vmrajymeJ@? rif;ajymovdkqdkrSjzifh axmifydkifwef;pDqdkwm axmifxJrSm vkyfp&mawmif rvdkawmhbl;? tusOf;om;awGaezdk@/ xdkifzdk@/ pm;zdk@udpPawGudk wpfywfwpfcg tcuftcJawGudk ajz&Sifay;zdk@ xm;wm? bmrS vkyfray;Edkifbl;qdk&ifuGm . . igajymovdk axmifydkifu wpfywfwpfcg vSnfh=unfh p&mawmif rvdkawmhbl;? rif;wdk@vnf; at;at;aq;aq;ae/ igwdk@vnf; udk,fhtcef;xJudk,fae+yD; tcsdefwef vpm,l&HkyJ? rif;wdk@ tusOf;om;tcsif;csif; vlowfr_yJjzpfjzpf/ tEdkifusifhr_yJjzpfjzpf 'dk@eJ@rqdkifbl;? aevdk@&w,f? r[kwfwmawG vmrajymeJ@ ” “ tckvdkajymwm/ jzpfcJhwmawG[m vdrfwmr[kwfygbl;/ trSefawGyg? tjcm;tcef;u tusOf;om; awGvnf; odygw,f” “awmfyg/ rif;wdk@tcsif;csif; 'Dvdkajymr,fqdk+yD; !Sdxm;=urSmaygh/ 'dk@vmwm odaerSmyJ r[kwfvm; ” tJ'DrSm usaemfhudk ppfaq;aewkef; tcef;xJudk o&ufaxmifydkif OD;aomif;!Gef@ t&yf0wft&yfpm;eJ@ 0ifvmygw,f? +yD;awmh ol@&Hk;cef;xJu rD;cHaowWmudk zGifh+yD; [dk[m&Sm/ 'D[m&Smvkyfaeygw,f? wpfcsuf wpfcsuf usaemfhudkvnf; rsufapmif;xdk;+yD; tuJcwfvdkufygao;w,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm OD;jrifhodef;u “[if;aumif;vdk@ xrif;awmif;wm/ 'D[if;udk zsuf+yD;csufvdk@ b,foluajymwmvJ ” “axmifydkifu ajymwmyg ” “axmifydkifqdkwm axmifydkif}uD;vm;/ axmifydkifav;vm;? udk,f@axmifu axmifydkifemrnfudkawmif rodbl;vm; ” “axmifydkif Adkvf}uD;aomif;!Gef@yg ” tJ'DtcsdefrSm axmifydkifpm;yGJrSm &SdaewJh o&ufaxmifydkifaomif;!Gef@u usaemfhudk =unfh+yD; wpfcsuf +yHK;vdkufygw,f? ol@t+yHK;uat;puf+yD; aumufuspf,kwfrmr_awG tjynfhygygw,f? usaemfh ausmxJ pdrfhueJat;oGm;ygw,f? “rif;wdk@axmifxJrSm xrif;awGtydkawmif;/ +yD;&iftjcm;tusO;fom;awGudk aq;vdyfeJ@ vJvS,f w,fqdk ” “r[kwfygbl;/ b,folrS xrif;tydkr&ygbl;? xrif;pm;&wmr0vdk@ axmif0ifpmuaewqifh tdrfawG udkrkef@qef;rSm+yD; pm;&wmawG&Sdygw,f? axmifxJrSm0efxrf;awGom xrif;udk tdrfawGudk,loGm;wm &Sdygw,f ” “ a[haumif/ rif;jrifvdk@vm;/ rjrifyJeJ@ xifa=u;awGeJ@ 0efxrf;awGudk vmrajymeJ@/ udk,fh ta=umif;udkajym/ rif;udkar;wJh ta=umif;yJajz/ udk,feJ@rqdkifwJhudpPudk rajymeJ@/ =um;vm; ” “ [kwfuJh ” “ rif;wdk@ xrif;awGtydkawmif;+yD; rukefvdk@ yef;uefaq;bkwfrSm xrif;usefawGoGefypfxm;wJh tdk;awG jynfhaewmyJqdk/ 'grsdK;vkyfzdk@ raumif;bl;? axmifxJrSm tJ'Dvdk v$ifhjypfawmh tvum;oufoufrJh EdkifiHawmfydkufqHudk jzKef;wD;&m usw,f? +yD;awmh tJ'Dvdk pnf;urf;r&Sd xrif;usefawG v$ifhypfawmh ºuGwf vmr,f/ jcif/ ,if/vmr,f? +yD;&ifaxmifxJrSm ul;pufa&m*gjzpfr,f? rif;wdk@twGuf wpfudk,fa& oef@&Sif;a&; vn;f xdcdkufw,f ” “ usaemfwdk@awG xrif;usefawG v$ifhypfwm/ pGef@ypfxm;wJh ykef;awGrSm jynfhv#H+yD; trsm;}uD;jzpf aew,fqdkwm r[kwfygbl;? wcgwav axmifuau|;wJh xrif;awGxJrSm oJawG/ cJawG trsm;}uD;ygvdk@ bmrSrpm;Edkifvdk@ xrif;udk v$ifhypf&wmyg? usaemfwdk@awG[m xrif;udk t"dutpm;tpmtjzpf pm;&+yD; tvkyfvkyf&wmyg? aemuf v$ifhypfxm;wJh xrif;usefawGudkvnf; axmifrSmarG;xm;wJh 0ufawGtwGuf ae@wdkif;0ufbkwfu vm,laevdk@ wdkif;jynfaiGudk jzKef;ypfw,fvdk@ rqdkEdkifygbl; ” “ uJ...aumif;+yD? 'gqdk&if rif;wdk@udk tck xrif;00au|;+yD r[kwfvm; ” “ [kwfuJh au|;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh a&&Snfau|;r,f/ rau|;bl;qdkwm rajymwwfygbl; ”

“ au|;rSmyg? tckrif;wdk@udk 00au|;w,f r[kwfvm;? igwdk@&SdaewJh ypPKy`efudkyJ ajymyg? igwdk@awG rif;wdk@ axmifydkifeJ@ axmifrSL;awGudka&m tckvdkxrif;00au|;zdk@ rSmcJhr,f? [kwfvm;? tckawmh rif;u axmifxJrSm xrif;00vifvif pm;&ygw,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ xGufqdkaygh ” “ usaemf't D csufudk jiif;ygw,f? rajzqdkEdkifygbl;? axmifxJrSm xrif;00vifvif pm;&wmrS (1)&uf/ (2)&ufyJ &Sdygao;w,f? xrif;00vifvif pm;&ygw,fvdk@ vdrfvnf+yD; rxGufqdkEkdifygbl;? usaemf wifjywJh tcsufawGu trSefcsnf;yJ jzpfygw,f? tcktwdkif;yJ xGufqdkEkdifygw,f? ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@u rSmcJh ygw,fqdkwJh pum;vHk;eJ@ jyefoGm;rSmyg? axmifxJrSm usefcJhrSmu usaemfwdk@ tusOf;om;awGe@J axmifydkifawGyJ usefcJhrSmyg? a&&SnfrSm au|;w,f/ rau|;bl;qdkwm rodao;ygbl;? 'gha=umifh ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@u xGufqdkcdkif;wJhtwdkif; usaemfrxGufqdkEkdifygbl; ” tJ'DtcgusrS ppfaq;a&;tzGJ@awG acgif;csif;qdkifvdkuf=uygw,f? +yD;rS usaemfajymwJhtwkdif; vufESdyfpuf &dkufzdk@ jynfaxmifrSL;udk OD;jrifhodef;u trdef@ay;vdkufygw,f? “ rif;axmifrSm xrif;00vifvif pm;&ovm; ” “ rpm;&ygbl; ” “ axmifydkifudka&m wifjyta=umif;=um;zl;vm; ” “ [kwfuJh wifjyzl;ygw,f? 'gayrJh axmiftm%mydkifu vdkufavsmr_r&SdcJhyg ” ( 'Dae&mrSm OD;jrifhodef;u “ axmifydkifu [if;aumif;vdk@ xrif;awmif;wm/ [if;udkzsufypf ” qdkwJh pum;vHk;udk jzKwfay;zdk@ arwWm&yfcw H ma=umifh rxnfhoGif;EdkifcJhyg? ) “ rif;'Davmufqdk auseyfw,f r[kwfvm; ” “ 'Davmufqdk vufcHygw,f ” “ axmifxJrSm rif;a&qGJzl;ovm; ” 'Dta=umif;udk olwdk@rar;cifrwnf;u usaemfajzcsifwm ,m;aeygw,f? “ qGJcJhzl;ygw,f ” “ wpf&ufudk b,favmufqGJ&ovJ ” “ wpf&ufudk a&yHk; ( 900 ) avmufqGJ&ygw,f ” “ b,ft&G,ftpm; avmufyHk;rsdK;vJ/ w*gvHykH;t&G,fvm; ” “ r[kwfygbl;? a&yHk;u tawmf}uD;ygw,f? ayyguwW&mcGHeJh vkyfxm;wJh oHxnfjzpfygw,f? yHk;&Jh tom;wif tav;csdefwif awmfawmfav;ygw,f? a&*gvH ( 20 )cef@ qef@ygw,f? vl ( 5 )a,muf/ ( 6 ) a,mufavmufrS qGJwifEdkifrSmyg? a&yHk;udk=unfhr,fqdk&if usaemfwdk@ taqmifrSm&Sdygw,f? vdkuf=unfh vdk@&ygw,f ” OD;jrifhodef;eJ@ axmifrSL;awGu olwdk@tcsif;csif; wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf =unfhvdkuf=uygw,f? tHh=ow}uD; jzpfaewJh rsufEmS eJ@ =unfh+yD;rS OD;jrifhodef;u pum;jyefpygw,f? “ a[h...[kwf&J@vm;uGm/ =unfhvJvkyfygOD;/ 'dk@udkvmvdrfraeeJ@/ rif;av#muf+yD; yg;pyfxJ awG@u&m awG rajymeJ@? rif;udk tJ'Davmufrcdkif;ygbl; ” OD;jrifhodef;u ol@a&S@pm;yGJ cHkay:u pm&Gufwpf&Gufudk ,lvdkufygw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfhudk axmifjy ygw,f? “ a[haumif/ rif;oli,fcsif;awG 0if;EkdifOD;wdk@/ aZmf0if;xËf/ vS0if;wdk@ rif;odw,fr[kwfvm; ” “ odygw,f ” “ at;/ olwdk@ajymawmh rif;vdkr[kwfbl;/ rif;ajymwJh a&yHk;ta&twGufeJ@ wjcm;pDyJ? rif;igwdk@udk vmvdrrf aeeJ@? a&yHk; ( 900 )qdkwm b,fvdkenf;eJ@rS rjzpfEdkifbl;? [dkaumifawGajymawmh ( 400 ) vm;/ ( 500 )vm;/ 'DavmufyJ? rif;usrSydkqdk;aew,f? aeprf;ygOD;/ rif;a&aum qGJ&vdk@vm;? yHk; ( 900 )qGJ&w,fvdk@ rif;b,fvdkajymEkdifvJ/ rif;udk,fwdkif a&wGufxm;wmvm; ”

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(c) tnmc&D; r=umcifrSm usaemfwdk@ axmifajymif;ta,muf(100)xJu EdkifiHa&;tusOf;orm;(5)a,muf axmifajymif; cHvdkuf&ygw,f? axmifajymif;cHvdkuf&wJh olawGuawmh udkjrifhqef; 5(n)/ 17(1) rEWav;axmif udkom;!Gef@OD; 5(n) rHk&Gmaxmif udkaZmfrif;(AHkwdk) 5(n) yckuULaxmif udkarmifarmifjrifh 5(n) a&$bdkaxmif udkEdkifrGef 5(n)/ 17(1) rdwWDvmaxmif wdk@yjJ zpfygw,f? tJ'DxJu rHk&Gmaxmifudk ajymif;a&$ŒcHvdkuf&wJholwpfOD; jzpfwJh udkom;!Gef@OD; udk,fwdkifwifJjyxm;wJh ol@&JhaxmiftawG@t}uHK udk rl&if;twdkif;azmfjyvdkufygw,f? om;!Gef@OD; yxrESpf aq;wuUodkvf (1) 1988rSm aq;wuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~eJ@twl wufwufºuGºuG v_yf&Sm;cJhw,f? 1988puf wifbmvY ppfwyfrS tm%modrf;csdefwGif autef,l vGwfajrmufe,fajrodk@ awmcdkcJhw,f? 1988 'DZifbm vwGif &efukefodk@wm0efjzifhvnf; a&mufvmcJhonf? xdk@aemufAuorsm; tzGJ@csKyfwGif yg0ifaqmif &GufcJhonf?

1989 azazmf0g&DvwGif tif;pdeftusOf;axmifY wpfvcef@ xdef;odrf;cH&+yD; jyefvGwfajrmufvm onfhaemuf Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;aumfrwDY wm0ef,lcJhonf?

1990 {+yDvwGif Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf (atmufArmjynf)udk zGJ@pnf;&mwGif OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhonf?

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1994 'DZifbmvY axmifrS jyefvGwfajrmuf+yD; Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf A[dkpnf;&Hk;a&;aumfrwDwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1996 'DZifbmausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhojzifh ppftpdk;&. vdkufvHzrf;qD;r_a=umifh 1997 Zefe0g&DwGif xdkif;-jrefrm e,fpyfodk@ xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcJhonf? vl@abmifopf 'Drdku&ufwpfygwDwGif A[dkaumfrwD0iftjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf? xdk@aemuf 1988 =o*kwfvwGif Auorsm;tzG@JcsKyf EdkifiHjcm;a&;&maumfrwDtm; pwifzGJ@&mYyg0ifcJh+yD; vuf&Sdwm0efxrf; aqmif aeqJjzpfonf? 1999'DZifbmvwGif EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; ulnDapmifha&Smufa&;toif; (jrefrmEdkifiH) wGif EdkifiHa&;tusOf;orm;a[mif;taejzifh yg0ifv_yf&Sm;qJ jzpfonf? tcef;axmifhrSm [if;cdk;csufwkef; “yHkpH” qdkwJhtoHa=umifh usaemfbmvkyf&awmhrSef; rodbl; jzpfoGm;w,f? tem;rSm tqifoifhvkyfxm;wJh oJawGudk yvwfpwpfcGHawG&_dŒxm;wJh rD;yHkay: oGefcsvdkuf w,f?

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“}udKufwma&G;prf;? tom;remcsif&if ykqdk;0wfvdkuf? cifAsm;[m tcktcsdefup+yD; vljzpfoGm;+yD? cifAsm;wdk@uouFef;0wfawG/ oHHCmtwkta,mifawG”qdk+yD; q&mawmfudkpGyfpGJ+yD; “cifAsm;ppfcHk&Hk;rSm 0efcH&ifESpfenf;r,f? 0efrcH&ifESpfvnf;rsm;r,f/ t&dkufvnf; cH&r,f? touf}uD;rS t&dkufrcHcsifprf;ygeJ@? touf}uD;rS rdkuf=uwmudk; “ }uD;rdkuf ”awG&J@ ” &kyf&if;=urf;wrf;wJh pum;vHk;awGeJ@ q&mawmfudk apmfum;ygw,f? q&mawmfrSm ppfcHk&Hk;rSm wpfvHk;wpfyg'rS jyefvnfacsy ajymqdkcGifhr&yJ &efukefwdkif;twGif; uHaqmif oydwfarSmufr_ jzpfatmif v_Haqmifr_tjzpf tvkyf=urf;eJ@ axmif'%f ( 15 )ESpf &ifh&ifhoD;oD; trdef@csvdkufygawmhw,f? e0wppfbDvl;awGu oHHCmawmfawGudk zrf;qD;/ twif;t"rR vl0wfvJap+yD; oduQmcsayr,fhvnf; &[ef;wdk@taeeJ@ pdwftwGif;rS oduQmcsjcif;/ vltjzpf todtrSwfrjyKygu &[ef;t&majrmufqJyJjzpf+yD; q&mawmf}uD;awGtm;vHk; axmiftwGif;rSm vnf; &[ef;wdk@&J@ oduQmyk'f/ 0denf;awG apmifhxdef;=uygw,f? q&mawmfudkzrf;qD;axmifcst+yD;rSm 1990 ESpfrSm q&mawmfausmif;wdkufu oHHCmwpfyg;u oHHCmhpmar;yGJrSm yxrausmf&&SdcJhayr,fh uHaqmifoydwfarSmufr_xJyg0ifwJh ausmif;wdkufjzpfwma=umifh qkudkray;yJ xm;cJhjyefygw,f? q&mawmf[mtzrf;rcH&cif tcsdeftxd urBmat;omoemh wuUodkvfrSm tbd"rRm ygarmuQcsKyfeJ@ EdkifiHawmfoHCmh0efaqmiftzGJ@rSm yg0ifcJhygw,f? q&mawmfudk tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; (1)ESpfeD;eD;zrf;qD;+yD;t=umrSm q&mawmfudk cH0efcsufawmif rxdk;cdkif;awmhyJ csufcsif; jyefv$wfay;vkdufygw,f? q&mawmf[m axmifu jyefvnfvGwfajrmuf vm+yD; ,cifvkyfaqmifae=u omoemhwm0efawGudk qufvuf xrf;aqmifygw,f? axmifuvGwfajrmufvm+yD; (1)ESpfeD;eD;tcsdeftxd e0w&J@ taxmuftyHhukd vHk;0r,lyJ ausmif;wdkuf&Sd oHHCmtyg; (500) ausmf. aexdkifa&;/ pmoif=um;a&;wdk@udk OD;aqmifvkyfudkifcJhw,f?

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1998 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;ae@rSm e0wu olwdk@udk,fwdkif vGefcJhwJh ESpfydkif;av;twGif;urS ouFef;c|wf/ vl0wfvJap+yD; ouFef;0wfawG/ &[ef;wk/ &[ef;a,mifawGvdk@ r=um;0Hh remom ykwfcwfapmfum;cJh+yD; tvkyf=urf;eJ@ axmif'%f (15)csrSwfcJhwJh q&mawmf OD;wdavmubd0Houdk omoema&;rSm 'kwd,tqifh&Sd “ t*~r[my¾dw ”bGJ@udk qyfuyfvdkufjyefygw,f? e0w&J@ bmoma&;rsufvSnfhjyyGJudk usaemftaeeJ@ b,fvdkrS em;rvnfwwfatmif jzpfrdygw,f? e0w ppfAdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ( uG,fvGef )ajymcJhzl;wJh pum;wpfcGef;&Sdygw,f? “ Ak'< bmom0ifawG ,Hk=unfxm;wJhtwdkif; uH/ uH.tusdK;udk wynfhawmf,Hk=unfygw,f ” wJh? omoemudk zsufqD;/ bk&m;omoem&[ef;rsm;udk !Sif;yrf;ESdyfpuf owfjzwf/ ouFef;0wfawGvdk@ &ifh&ifhoD;oD;ykwfcwfcJhwJh e0wwdk@ olwdk@vkyfcJhwJhtvkyf ( uH )eJ@yufouf+yD; wpfcsdefcsdefrSm olwdk@cHpm;=u&rSm aocsmygw,f?

1989/ 1990 ESpf0ef;usifwkef;uvnf; t*FvefEdkifiHrSm aexdkifwJh q&mawmf a'gufwmOD;a&0wu e0wtpdk;&[m rif;usifhw&m;(10)yg; eJ@rudkufnDwJh tpdk;&jzpfa=umif; trsdK;/ bmom/ omoeudk ao;odrfn_d;i,fatmif jyKvkyfaeygw,f vdk@bDbDpD/ AGDtdkat owif;XmeawGeJ@ awG@qHkajym=um; cJhygw,f? tJ'gudke0wu olwdk@ydkif owif;pmawGuae q&mawmftm;apmfum;onfh toHk;tE_ef;awGeJ@ ykwfcwf apmfum;ygawmhw,f? q&mawmf[m t*FvefEdkifiHrSm qGrf;udpP tcuftcJjzpfvdk@ bDbDpD/ AGDtdkatwdk@eJ@ awG@qHk+yD; qGrf;/ uGrf; zefwD;aewmjzpfw,f/ q&mawmf&Jh a'gufwmbGJ@ qdkwmuvnf; aq;ukvdk@ &r,frxifygeJ@ vdk@tremy pGyfpGJajymqdkygw,f?

'DudpPawGudk e0w taeeJ@vdrfvnf zHk;uG,fxm;vdk@ r&ygbl;? tJ'DESpfydkif;u owif;pmawGxJrSm a&;om;xm;wmawG[m e0wudk,fwdkif usL;vGefxm;wJh omoema&; apmfum;r_awGjzpf+yD; ordkif;pmrsufESmpmrSm t&kyfqdk;pGm wifusefcJhr,fh t&mawGjzpfygw,f? aemufr=umcif 1994-1995ckESpfxJrSm q&mawmf a'gufwmOD;a&0wudk olwdk@awG apmfum;csifwdkif; apmfum;vdk@tm;&awmhrS e0wAdkvfr_;}uD; oef;a&$udk,fwdkif t*FvefEdkifiHrSm wnfxm;r,fh apwDawmftwGuf vdktyfwmrSwfor# ulnDaqmif&Gufay;yghr,fvdk@ ajym=um;vdkufygw,f? bmoma&; oydwf qifEGJr_a=umifh jrefrmjynf tESH@tjym; xif&Sm;ausmf=um; wJh Ak'< bmom bkef;awmf}uD;awGudk t"rRzrf;qD;aewJhtxJrSm &efukefuif;+rdK@e,frSm &SdwJh ara';eD ausmif;wdkufu wdkuftkyfq&mawmf}uD; wpfyg;vnf; yg0ifygw,f? tJ'Dq&mawmf}uD;udk 1991ckESpfrSm &efukeftif;pdefaxmifrSm vl0wfvJ+yD; axmifcscJhygw,f? q&mawmf}uD;vnf; taqmif(5)rSm aexdkif+yD; axmif'%fESpf&Snfudk &ifqdkifcJh&ygw,f? q&mawmf}uD; axmifrSrvGwfajrmufcifrSm q&mawmfoDwif;oHk;wJh ausmif;wdkufu 'kwd,ausmif;xdkifudk e0wu aoG;cGJpum;awGajym+yD; wdkuftkyfae&mudk odrf;,lzdk@

aoG;xdk;ay;ygw,f? q&mawmfaxmifu vGwfajrmufvmwJhtcgrSm ausmif;wdkufrSm wdkuftkyfq&mawmftopf a&G;cs,fwifa¹rSmufxm;+yD; jzpfwma=umifh 'Dausmif;wdkufeJ@ roufqdkifawmha=umif; ajymum q&mawmfudk ausmif;wdkufrSm aexdkifoDwif;oHk;cGifh r&atmif e0wt&m&SdawGu }udK;pm;=uygw,f? 'k-wdkuftkyfq&mawmfudkvnf; jywfom;pGm vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufzdk@eJ@ vdktyfygu omoema&;OD;pD;Xmeu tm%mpuf toHk;jyKay;r,fqdk+yD; oHCmxkt=um; aoG;cGJaqmif&Guf cJhygw,f? e0w[m Ak'<bmom wpfckwnf;udkyJ csdK;azmufapmfum;wmwif r[kwfao;ygbl;? tjcm;bmomawGudkvnf; zdESdyfacsr_ef; aeygao;w,f? usaemftif;pdefaxmifrSm &SdaepOf 1991 ckESpfwGif;rSm jrpf0u|ef;ay:rSm wdkufyGJawGtrsm;tjym; jzpfcJh+yD; u&ifvlrsdK;trsm;tjym;udk EdkifiHawmfykefuefr_qdk+yD; axmif'%f(25)ESpf toD;oD;csrSwfcJhygw,f? e0wu bdkuav;+rdK@ ypfcwfr_awGrSm }udKwifpDrHcsufawG[m c&pf,mef bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;awGu acgif;aqmifpnf;a0; cJh=uw,fvdk@ owfrSwf=uygw,f? tJ'DvdkowfrSwf+yD;aemuf bdkuav;+rdK@e,ftwGif; c&pf,mefbmom0if awG/ toif;tkyfq&mawGudk zrf;qD; axmifcscJhygw,f? c&pf,meftoif;tkyfq&m awG[m axmifus+yD; tif;pdefaxmifu usaemfwdk@&SdaewJh trSwf(3)tdyf aqmifudk a&mufvmygw,f? olwdk@udkar;jref; =unfhawmh bmqdkbmrS rod&yJ e0wppfwyfu rJrJjrifor# tukefzrf;qD;+yD; axmifcsaewm jzpfw,fvdk@ u&ifvlrsdK; toif;tkyfq&mwpfOD;u ajymjyygw,f? axmifxJa&mufwJhtxd &Jpcef;eJ@ ppfa=uma&;pcef;awGu wkwfeJ@&dkufESufxm;wJh '%f&mawG/ ppfzdeyfeJ@ uefa=umufxm;wJh '%f&mawG raysmufao;wmudk awG@&ygw,f? c&pf,mef oif;tkyfq&mawG[m olwdk@udk axmif'%f csrSwf+yD;onfhwdkif a=umuf&GH@r_awG raysmufuG,fao;yJ &Sdae+yD; pum;wpfcGef;rS jyefrajymEdkifatmif !Sif;yrf;ESdyfpuf cHcJh&ygao;w,f? usaemftckwif jyxm;wJhtcsufawG[m 1991 ckESpfu &efukeftif;pdeftusOf;axmif trSwf(3)tdyfaqmif twGif;}uHKawG@cJh&wJh tjzpftysufawGudk wifjyxm;wmawG jzpfygw,f? usaemfhudk 'Djzpf&yfawG ajymjycJhwJh q&mawmf}uD;rsm;/ wifjycJhwJh ta=umif;t&mawGxJrSm yg0ifcJhwJh q&mawmf}uD;rsm;[m tckwdkif &efukef+rdK@rSm oufawmfxif&Sm; &Sdae=uqJjzpf ygw,f?

'Dvdkomoemudk csdK;azmufapmfum;wJh e0w[m 'Djypfr_awGudk vdrfvnf;zHk;uG,fxm;ovdk/ aemufxyf oHCmawmfawGudk ESdyfpuf!Sif;yrf;r_awG &Sdaeao;w,fqdkwm trsm;jynfol odatmif usaemhftaeeJ@ wifjyjcif;jzpfygw,f? 'Djzpf&yfawGudk roda,mifjyK+yD;. . . “ NLDeJ@ tjcm;EdkifiHa&; ygwDawGu bmoma&;udk ckwHk;vkyf+yD; wdkif;jynfpnf;vHk;r_udk +ydKuGJysufqD;atmif vkyfaeygw,f ” “ NLD tzGJ@0ifawG[m uwHk;wHk;/ ouFef;0wf+yD; oHCmxkawG=um;xJ aoG;cGJoyfv#dKr_awG jyKvkyfaeygw,f ” “ trsdK;/ bmom/ omoemudk rormolvlawGu ao;odrfatmif vkyfaeygw,f ” vdk@ w&m;cHb,folawGrSef;rodatmif e0wu rsufvSnfhjy wwfygw,f? trSefuawmh e0w[m olwdk@usL;vGefxm;wJh jypfr_awGtwGuf aoG;&l;aoG;wef; a=umufvef@w=um;

zHk;uG,fzdk@ }udK;pm;&if; olwdk@&Jhvufudkifwkwf ppfwyfudk zufqpfpepfqdk; a&mifawmfjyefv$wfzdk@ aqmif&Gufaeygawmhw,f? trsdK;/ bmom/ omoem xGef;vif;awmufyapzdk@ &nf&G,f&if; wifjyvdkufygw,f?

udkbkef;jrifhxGef; oHk;a&mifjc,f ausmif;om;tzGJ@ bkef;jrifhxGef;(oHk;a&mifjc,f ausmif;om;tzGJ@) 1988ckESpf ta&;tcif;rsm;Y wufºuGpGm v_yf&Sm;yg0ifcJh+yD; pufwifbmvY oHk;a&mifjc,fausmif; om;tzGJ@odk@ 0ifa&mufcJh+yD; a':atmifqef;pk=unf. vHk+cHKa&;tm; wm0ef,lcJhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. e,fvSnfhpnf;&Hk;a&; c&D;pOfrsm;Y vdkufygcJh+yD; vHk+cHKa&;wm0ef,l cJhonf? 1989ckESpf arvY oHk;a&mifcs,fausmif;om; tzGJ@eJ@twl v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;Y wufwufºuGºuGyg0ifcJhonf? 1989/ 1990 v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;Y ausmif;om;or*~rsm;Y v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif wyfOD;rS yg0ifcJhonf?

1990{+yDv atmufArmjynf Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf zGJ@pnf;&mY oHk;a&mifcs,fausmif;om; tzGJ@ESifhtwl yg0ifcJhonf? xdk@aemuf atmufArmjynf (Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyf) nDvmcHrsm; / qENjyv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif yg0ifcJhonf?

1990 pufwifbmvY AvoESifh Auorsm;tzGJ@csKyfY pnf;&Hk;a&;ESifh jyef=um;a&; wm0efcHtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1991 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(14) &ufae@wGif aetdrfY ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;. zrf;qD;r_udkcHcJh&+yD; tif;pdef wGJzufaxmif(oD;oef@axmif)Y axmif(4) ESpfuscHcJh&onf?

1995 ckESpfwGif axmifrS jyefvnfvGwfajrmuf vmcJhonf? xdk@aemuf ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm; r_twGuf wufEkdifoa&G@ ulnDaxmufyHhcJ@onf?

2000 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvrSpI “+idrf;” trnf&Sd pmapmiftm; *syefEkdifiH&Sd 'Drdkua&pD tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;um xkwfa0cJhonf? ,cktcgY *syefEdkifY aexdkif&if; jrefrmh'Drdkua&pD wdkufyGJtwGuf wufºuGpGm aqmif&GufaeqJ jzpfonf?

tcef; ( 18 )

usaemfodcJhzl;wJholawGxJu trSwfw& rdwfaqGrsm;

usaemftckwifjycsifwJhtydkif;uawmh usaemfaxmifusaepOfumveJ@ jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDa&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufaepOfumvrSm awG@}uHK/ qHkpnf;cJh&wJh &Jabmf rdwfaqGawGxJu tcsdK@&J@ta=umif;ukd ajymjycsifygw,f? usaemfodoavmufyJ ajymygr,f? usaemfjrifcJhoavmuf ajymygr,f? (u)

OD;tkef;jrifh ( ociftkef;jrifh/ wdk;wufa&; )

OD;tkef;jrifhqdkwm jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; }udK;yrf;v_yf&Sm;cJholrsm;xJrSm xif&Sm;ausmf=um; vSwJh ociftkef;jrifh (c) wdk;wufa&; OD;tkef;jrifh jzpfygw,f? touf (85)ausmfavmuf&Sdr,fvdk@ cef@rSef;&ygw,f? usaemfwdk@uawmh av;pm;aoma=umifh tbvdk@yJ ac:ygw,f? tbOD;tkef;jrifh[m 1991 ckESpfxJrSm tif;pdefaxmif wdkufxJuae+yD; usaemfwdk@trSwf (3)tdyfaqmifudk a&muf&Sdvmygw,f? tbOD;tkef;jrifh[m tom;a& jzLazG;vS+yD; ydefydefyg;yg;eJ@ oGufvufwJh toGif&Sdygw,f? tbOD;tkef;jrifh[m a':=unf=unf (vGif-rqvmpuf) eJ@ yufouf+yD; axmif ( 5 )ESpfusvmol jzpfygw,f? axmifxJrSm reufrdk;vif;+yDqdkwmeJ@ bm,mwef;rSm a&aomufvdkuf/ vrf;av#mufvdkufeJ@ t+rJvdk awG@&ygw,f? 'Dvdk a&aomuf/ vrf;av#mufwm ae@pOfvdkvdk jyKvkyfwmjzpfygw,f? usaemfvnf; oleJ@twlvrf;av#muf&if; pum;pjrnf ajymjzpfcJh=uw,f? trSeftwdkif; 0efcH&&if tJ'Dtcsdeftxd tbOD;tkef;jrifhqdkwm b,fvdkvlrSef; usaemf rodcJhao;yg? tb&J@ ajymjycsufawGt& tb[m vGwfvyfa&;Adokum}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J@ tifrwef&if;ESD;vSwJ@ vkyfazmfudkifzuf wpfa,mufqdkwm od&ygw,f? tbudk usaemfwdk@ ydkav;pm; cspfcifrdoGm;ygw,f? tb[m vGwfvyfa&; }udK;yrf;pOfumvu AdkvfcsKyfeJ@twl v_yf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJhwmawG/ jrpf0u|ef;ay:oGm;c&D;pOfeJ@ ykodrfrSm usif;ywJh ( Auo ) uGefz&ifh ta=umif;awG ajymjyygw,f? tb[m usrf;rma&;vdkufpm;+yD; vrf;av#mufwJhtcgrSm zsufvwfoGufvufvSwJh twGuf vli,fav;wpfa,mufeJ@ tvm;o他efwlygw,f? tb&J@ajymjycsufeJ@ usaemfhxifjrifcsuft& tb[m *sif;abmif;bDudk ESpf+cdKufwuf+yD; tjrJvdk 0wfqifwwfwm awG@&ygw,f? tbudk ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u vmzrf;pOfwkef;u *sif;abmif;bDeJ@ jzpf+yD; acgif;pGyfpGyfum ppfa=uma&; pcef;rSmxm;ygw,f? aemuf&ufusawmh tbudkppfaq;r,fh axmufvSrf;a&;u *sif;abmif;bD0wf+yD; acgif;pGyfpGyfxm;cH&wJhtbudk vli,fxifrSwf+yD; qJqdk }udrf;armif;&dkufESufygw,f? +yD;rS acgif;pGyfc|wfvdkufwJh tcgrSm acgif;wpfckvHk; qHyifawGjzLazG;aewJh touf (80)ausmf tbdk;}uD;jzpfaewma=umifh axmufvSrf;a&;awG tHhtm;oifh oGm;=uygw,f?

aemufawmh “tbdk;}uD;u i,frljyefaeao;w,f? *sif;abmif;bDeJh bmeJ@” vdk@ajym+yD; ykqdk;vJcdkif;ygw,f? tb[m aq;vdyf/ t&ufudk vHk;0roHk;pGJyJ axmifxJrSmaepOf wpfudk,fa& usef;rma&;udk *&kpdkufygw,f? tb[m touft&G,f }uD;&ifhaeayr,fh pdwf"gwfuawmh oHr%dvdk rma=umvSygw,f? tbOD;tkef;jrifh[m AdkvfcsKyf&J@ orD;i,fjzpfwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfudkvnf; yk*~dKvfa&;t& oHa,mZOf }uD;rm;vSygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; tbtay: rdbozG,f apmi@fa&Smufw,fvdk@ od&ygw,f? tb[m axmifxJrSm pnf;pepfeJ@ tnDaexdkifol jzpfygw,f? usaemf[m tbudk cspfcifav;pm;wma=umifh usaemfaxmif0ifpmvmwdkif; ygvmwwfwJh tvif;a&mifOD;oef;aqG tpma=uaq;udk tbudk t+rJay;avh&Sdygw,f? usaemfo&ufaxmifudkajymif;&awmh tbeJ@ a0;cJh&ygw,f? o&ufaxmifrSm usaemf&SdaepOf tdrfuaxmif0ifpmrSm tbOD;tkef;jrifhu usaemfhtwGuf tvif;a&mif OD;oef;aqG tpma=uaq;awG xnhfay;vdkuf+yD; owd&v#uf&Sda=umif;/ usaemfaxmifu jyefvGwfvmrnfh&ufudk oltjyifuae apmifhar#mfaer,fhta=umif; owif;yg;vdkufygw,f? usaemftwdkif;rod 0rf;omoGm;ygw,f? usaemfaxmifuvGwfawmh tbeJ@oGm;awG@ygw,f? tbxHu usaemfwdk@ wpfcgrSrjrifzl;/ rawG@cJhbl;wJh a&S;a[mif;ordkif;0if"gwfyHktcsdK@eJ@ pm&Gufpmwrf;tcsdK@ &&SdcJhygw,f? tbudk,fwdkifa&;om;wJh vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_qkdif&m ordkif;tcsuftvufawG jzpfygw,f? "gwfyHkuawmh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ udkA[def;eJ@ tbwdk@ wGJ&dkufxm;wJh &Sm;yg;"gwfyHk jzpfygw,f? tbeJ@ usaemf 1996 ckESpf cGJcGmcJh&+yD;aemuf 1997 ckESpfrSm tbwpfa,muf aemufwpf}udrf axmifjyefusoGm;w,fvdk@ =um;&ygw,f? tb[m jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppftpdk;&&Sdaeor# axmifxJa&mufaeOD;rSm jzpfygw,f? 1989 ckESpfrSm tbaxmif (5) ESpfuswkef;u tbZeD;onf&J@ psmyeudk axmifxJuyJ vdkufydk@&w,f? 'Dwpfacguf tbaxmifusoGm;wm[m &Snfv#m;vSwJh axmif'%f}uD;eJ@ jzpfwma=umifh tb&J@ usrf;rma&;udk usaemfpdk;&drfrdygw,f? axmifxJrSm tbwpfa,muf usef;usef;rmrm&Sdaeygapvdk@ ta0;wpfae&mu om;wpfa,muf qkawmif;vdkufygw,f? tb usrf;rmygap. . . . (c)

OD;pdefvS ( AdkvfpdefoHr%d )

tbpdefoHr%d[mvnf; tbOD;tkef;jrifheJ@ touft&G,f rwdrf;r,drf;jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tbOD;tkef;jrifhavmuf usef;rma&;raumif;wJhtjyif ausmaxmufaemufcH aumif;aumif;vnf;r&SdvSyg? tbOD;pdefvS[m usaemfwdk@trSwf ( 3 )aqmifukda&mufvmawmh

tb[m cg;tenf;i,fukef;ae+yD; acsmif;tenf;i,f qfdk;aeygw,f? aq;vdyfudkvnf; }udKufESpfouf+yD; pum;ajym&if; vrf;av#muf&if; &,farmaewwfygw,f? 'gayr,fh tbOD;pdefvS[m usef;rma&;odyfraumif;vSayr,fh pdwfuawmh emrnfeJ@ vdkufatmifrmygw,f? tbOD;pdefvS[m vGwfvyfa&; }udK;yrf;pOf umvu udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;udk v_yfcg+cdrf;ajcmufcJhwJh ykvdyfoydwfwyfrSm OD;aqmifv_yf&Sm;cJhwJhol wpfOD; jzpfw,fvdk@ od&ygw,f? tckvnf; ae0if;rqvtpdk;&udk jywfjywfom;om; a0zefjypfwif &_wfcscJhwma=umifh tif;pdefaxmifwGif; ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fuscHae&wm jzpfygw,f? tb[m axmifxJa&mufvmwJhtcgrSm ae0if;tpdk;&&J@ ,kwfrmnpfywfr_awGudk oljzwfoef;awG@}uHK&wJ@ jzpf&yfawGeJ@ ordkif;eJ@csD+yD; oifcef;pm,l&ef 'Dae@acwfvli,fawGudk vufqifhurf;ajymjyygw,f? tbOD;pdefvS[m touft&G,fu }uD;&ifhvmwJhtjyif usrf;rma&; uvnf; ,dk,Gif;vmwma=umifh e0w&J@vufatmuf tif;pdefaxmif}uD;xJrSm oljrwfEdk;vSwJh vGwfvyfr_twGuf wdkufyGJ0if&if; uG,fvGeftedpP a&mufoGm;ygw,f? tbOD;vSpdefvdk a&S@rSD/ aemufrSdD ordkif;0ifvl}uD;awG uG,fvGeftedpPa&mufcJhwm tifrwefrS ESajrmwo jzpfvSygw,f? txl;ojzifh tbvdk av;pm;zG,faumif;wJh awmfvSefa&; ordkif;0ifyk*~dKvf}uD;awG axmifxJrSm uG,fvGefcJhwm woo ,l}uHK;r& jzpfrdygw,f? tb a&muf&mb0rSm vGwfvyf/ r#wr_udk axG;ayG@Edkifygap. . . . (*)

q&mawmf OD;a&0w

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1990 jynfhESpfawGrSm rEWav;+rdK@rSm ae@pOf/ tywfpOf 'Drdkua&pD ae@xl;ae@jrwfawGrSm ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&;udk tiftm;aumif;aumif; jyKvkyfaewmudk usaemfrsufjrifawG@&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh rEWav;&J@ v_yf&Sm;r_awGudk urBmu odyfrodcJhovdk/ e0wuvnf; &efukef+rdK@avmuf tm&kHrpdkufEdkifcJhygbl;? 'ga=umifh rEWav;+rdK@ oHCm/ ausmif;om;/ jynfol/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG&J@ ppftpdk;&qef@usifa&;awG/ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_awGta=umif; jrefrmwpfjynfvHk;eJ@ urBmuyg od&Sdatmif usaemf}udK;yrf;cJhygw,f? rEWav;+rdK@twGif; oHCmawmfrsm;t=um; e0w&J@ aoG;cGJoyfv#dKr_awG/ bk&m;0wWu ajrawGukd twif;tusyfodrf;,lwmawG/ omoemhajrtwGif; ppfzdeyfpD;wmawG pwJh ta=umif;awGudk tao;pdwfjyKpk+yD; &efukef&Sd oHwreftodkif;t0dkif;udk ay;ydk@cJhygw,f? aemufydkif; EdkifiHwumowif;pmawG/ owif;XmeawGrSm rEWav;+rdK@ v_yf&Sm;r_/

jzpf&yfawGta=umif; yg0ifvmygw,f? EdkifiHwumuvnf; rEWav;+rdK@udk pdwf0ifpm;vm cJhygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefwkef;u usaemf[m &efukefrSm usaemftwGufvHkjcHKr_uif;rJhvmwma=umifh rEWav;+rdK@udk a&muf&Sdae+yD; oH&Hk;vdk@ wifpm;ac:a0:cJh=uwJh bkef;}uD;ausmif;wdkufawGrSm aexdkifcJhygw,f? bkef;}uD;ausmif;wkdufawGudk oH&kH;vdk@ac:&jcif;u ppfwyfeJ@ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wdk@&J@ 0ifa&mufzrf;qD;r_ab;rS ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;udk bkef;}uD;ausmif;wdkufawGrSm tumtuG,fay;xm;cJhvdk@ jzpfygw,f?

1990 jynfha&G;aumufyGJrwdkifcifrSm tar&duefoH&kH;u yxrEdkifiHa&;twGif;0ef rEWav;udk a&mufvm+yD; rEWav;+rdK@u oHCmudk,fpm;vS,fawGeJh awG@csifw,fvdk@ usaemfhudk ajymygw,f? usaemfvnf; bk&m;}uD; 'udQ%&mrausmif;wkdufrSm q&mawmfOD;a&0weJ@ awG@qHkay;cJhygw,f? +yD;aemufjrefrmEdkifiHwGif; bmoma&;tajctae qdk;&Gm;aer_awGudk tao;pdwf avhvmygw,f? 1990 jynfh =o*kwfv ( 8) &ufae@ tcrf;tem;udk &efukef+rdK@ ykZGefawmif+rdK@e,f r[manmifukef;ausmif;wkdufrSm tajccHynmausmif;om;or*~ (&efukefwdkif;)u OD;aqmifusif;ywma=umifh usaemf&efukefudkoGm;+yD; tcrf;tem;udk wufa&mufcJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm rEWav;+rdK@ ppfwyfuypfcwfr_awGa=umifh oHCmhaoG;ajr usyGJjzpfcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfvnf;rEWv;udk csufcsif;jyefwufoGm;+yD; q&mawmfOD;a&0weJ@ awG@qHkum tjzpftysufudk ar;jref;cJhygw,f? tJ'Dae@u jzpfyGm;cJhwJh aoG;ajrusr_eJ@yufouf+yD; q&mawmfu oufaocHtaxmuftxm;awG usaemfhudkjyygw,f? ppfwyfu armif;jyefaoewfawGeJ@ ypfcwfvdk@ oHCmtrsm;tjym; xdrSefaoqHk;yHk/ '%f&mjyif;xefpGm&&dSyHkeJ@ aoG;pGef;aewJh ouFef;awmfawG/ tJ'Dtjyif xl;jcm;tHh=ozG,faumif;wJh oydwfwpfvHk;ukd jyygw,f? oydwf[m oHoydwftrsdK;tpm;jzpf+yD; twGif;eJ@tjyif ESpfckpvHk;udk ppfap;okwfvdrf; xm;ygw,f? ppfwyfu ypfcwfvdkufwJh usnfqef[m oydwf&J@ tv,fydkif;azmif;&pf&Sd ppfaq;eJ@oHudk azmufxGufoGm;+yD; oydwftwGif;rSm usnfqef'kwd, rD;usnf&dkuf&m trm&Gwf}uD;}uD;/ wwd,usnf&dkuf&m trm&Gwftvwf/ pwkwWusnf&dkuf&m trm&Gwftao;eJ@ yOPrusnf&dkuf&m trm&Gwftao;av;udk jrifawG@&ygw,f? ypfcwfr_rSm&&SdwJh usnfqefudk ausmif;u udk&ifav;wpfyg;u a=umufvef@+yD; ukËD(tdrfom)xJ v$ifhypfcJhvdk@ r&Sdawmha=umif; q&mawmfuajymjyygw,f? e0w[m oHCmxkudk aoapEkdifwJhtxd csdef&G,fypfcwfcJhwm xif&Sm;a=umif;/ Ak'<&J@om;awmf &[ef;wdk@udk um,uHajrmuf usL;vGefowfjzwfwJhtjyif/ Ak'<&J@ y&dabm* apwDudkvnf; zsufqD;wJholawG jzpfwma=umifh r=umcifrSm }uD;}uD;rm;rm;ta&;,lzdk@ 'DudpPudk aqmif&GufrSm jzpfa=umif; q&mawmfu quf+yD;ajymygw,f? usaemfvnf; q&mawmfcGifhjyKcsufeJ@ rEWav;+rdK@ 84vrf;r}uD;u vlxkwdkufa&S@rSm jzpfyGm;cJhwJh jzpfpOf tao;pdwfudk rSwfom;+yD; oufaocH"gwfyHk/ oydwfawGudk ,l+yD; &efukefudk qif;vmcJhygw,f? &efukefu oHwreftodkif;t0dkif;eJh owif;XmeawGudk jyoygw,f? e0wu b,fvdkyJ

vdrfnmcJhayr,fh taemufEdkifiHppfoHr_;awGu atau 47 'grSr[kwf *sD-o&D;uJhodk@ t&Sdefjyif;xefwJh aoewftrsdK;tpm;eJ@ ypfcwfwmjzpfa=umif;/ oydwftwGif;&Sdaeaom usnfqef,rf;r_ef@ rsm;udk "gwfcGJ=unfh&mrSm olwdk@ppfaq;csuft& aoapEdkifwJh usnfrsm;eJ@ ypfcwfwm jzpfw,fvdk@ twnfjyK ajym=um;ygw,f? rEWav;+rdK@rSm q&mawmfOD;a&0wwdk@ “ywWedukZ…euHaqmif” oydwfarSmufyGJrusif;ycif usaemfvnf; ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;wdk@&J@ zrf;qD;r_udk cHvdkuf&ygw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD; q&mawmfeJ@usaemf jyefrawG@jzpf =uawmhygbl;? q&mawmfOD;a&0w[m trsdK;/ bmom/ omoemtwGuf a&S@wef;uae OD;aqmifr_ay;EdkifcJhwJh oHCmtmZmenfwpfyg; jzpfygw,f? oHCmxktrsm;&J@ =unfndKav;pm;r_udk cH&ovdk oHCmxktwGif; nD!$wfr_&apcJhwJh av;jyifav;&yfpvHk;u oHCmawmfawGudk pkpnf;EdkifcJhw,f? rEWav;+rdK@wGif; q&mawmf OD;u0dEN/ q&mawmfOD;a&0weJ@ tjcm;aom oHCmawmfawG[m t"rR0g'DawGudk atmifEdkifcJh=uw,f? q&mawmf}uD;awG[m oHCmxktwGif;rSmomru ausmif;om;xktwGif;/ or*~rsm;twGif;/ ygwDrsm;twGif; nD!$wfa&;&&Sdatmif jyKvkyfay;EdkifcJhygw,f? q&mawmfOD;a&0wu usaemfwdk@ ausmif;om;awGudk rSwfom;p&m pum;wpfcGef;ajymcJhygw,f? q&mawmftygt0if oHCmawG/ ausmif;om;awG jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;/ 'Drdkua&pDta&;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;aepOf q&mawmfu . . . “ igvnf; igwufEdkifwJh 0efudkxrf;r,f? igodoifhodxdkufwJh ta=umif;t&mawGyJ ighudkajym=u/ igrodoifh rodxdkufwJhudpPudk ighudkvnf;rajymeJh/ igha&S@rSmvnf; rajymeJ@? igodvdk@ wpfae@axmufvSrf;a&;u zrf;vm;qD;vm;vkyfcJh&if olwdk@uenf;trsdK;rsdK;eJ@ESdyfpuf+yD; ar;rSmyJ? igvnf;ykxkZOf jzpfwma=umifh =um=umcHEdkifrSmr[kwfovdk rkom;vnf;rqdkEdkifbl;? trSeftwdkif;ajym&rSmyJ? bmrSrodwJhudpPudk olwdk@b,favmufyJ&dkuf&dkuf/ toufom aooGm;r,f olwdk@bmrS od&rSmr[kwfbl;? 'gha=umifh igrodoifhwJhudpP/ ta=umif;t&mudk rajym=ueJh ” vdk@ajymcJhygw,f? e0w&J@ vufcsufa=umifh omoemajrawG ppfwvif;jyif jzpfcJhygw,f? bk&m;om;awmfawGudk &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcJhw,f? Ak'<omoemawmf}uD; wpfckvHk; wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;apwJh jzpf&yfawG e0wuzefwD;cJhw,f?

1990 =o*kwfvwGif oHCmawmfawG owfjzwfcJhwJhjrifuGif;udk rEWav;+rdK@ol/ +rdK@om;awG ,ae@wdkifrsufvHk;xJu rxGufEdkif=uao;? rarhazsmufEkdif=uao;? +yD;awmh oHCmxkawG&Jh &J&Jawmuf uHaqmif oydwfarSmufyGJ}uD;awG . . . .? (q&mawmfOD;a&0w ysHvGefawmfrloGm;a=umif; od&wJhtwGuf oHCmhZmenfudk *k%fjyKa&;om;rdygw,f? )

(C)

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