Pon Kan Thu Lay

jref r mbmomjyef x k w f a 0ol . trS m pm T " ykeu f efoal v; " trnfay;xm;onfph mtkyif ,fonf wESpaf v;}udrf xkwaf 0aom e,l;-b&ef0pfcf ,leAD mpDw. D (1986)ckEpS f rd;k OD;us"0da&m"d" pmapmifrS " The Little Conspirator " tm; bmomjyefqdkjcif; jzpfygonf?1 ,if;aqmif;yg;onf &drk ef/ trf/ abmfa&ud;k ESihf tif'&D,ma0: wd@k u rl&if; ydkvef bmomrS t*Fvdyfbmom jyefxm;jcif;jzpfygonf?2 t=urf;rzuf 'Drdkua&pDta&;}udK;yrf;ae=uaom jrefrmjynfolvlxk twGuf taxmuftuljyKrnf[k ,lqygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf Tpmtkyfu tm%m&SifawGudk qef@usifzdk@ t=urf;rzufwJhenf;vrf;awG udk oHk;zdk@ wdkufwGef;xm;ayonf? wwfEdkif xdk@jyif pmtkyfxJwGif 'zwf zwf+yD;&if vufqifhurf;yg'/ 'wwf zwfyg' 'zwf 0yg' qdkwJh trSmvnf; yg ygonf? &if oifhzmomoif yHkESdyfxkwfa0yg odk@&mwGif Oya'/ yk'fr rsm;onf ydkvefOya'rsm;om jzpfygonf?3 1

Journal of the Center for Conflict Studies, University of New Brunswik The little conspirator translated by Roman M. Boreyko and Andre YaDeau

2

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2

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3

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10

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"EdkifiHom;ESifh v#dK@0Sufykvdyf" tcef;uvnf; NOWa u tJ'DemrnfeJ@bJ t&ifu xkwaf 0cJzh ;l wmudk tajccHxm;wmvd@k vnf;od&ygw,f? NOWa (1970) ckESpfrsm;twGif; yHkESdyfxkwfa0jzef@csda&;vkyfief;awGvkyfcJhwJh t}uD; qHk;ajratmufxkwfa0a&; tpkyg? usaemfwdk@&Jh =um;cHyk*~dKvfrsm;u CND udkwnfaxmifol *sL; trsd K ;om;Ad o k u m Creslaw Priecki (Maciej Poleski) vd k @ vlodrsm;ol&JhuH=urRm ta=umif;udk vlod&Sif=um;vkyfzdk@ cGifhawmif;cHcJhyg w,f? ol[m (1981) 'DZifbm (13)rSm p a&Smifc&hJ +yD;/ (1985) {+yD (13)rSm tzrf;cHcJh&ygw,f? (1985) atmufwdkbm (13) xJu tpmiwfcHaewm/ twif;t=uyftpmcHG@cH&ayr,fh/ (1986) Zefem0g&DvukefrSm udk,ftav; csdef aygif (60) avmuf usoGm;yg+yD? AdkvfcsKyf}uD; Zm&lZJpuD;11 &Jh tpdk;&udk jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zef wdkufcJholjzpfwma=umifh ‘ykefuefolav;’&Jh yxrtcef; ‘b,fvdkykefuef& rvJ’udk a&;cJw h hJ ol[m oljzpfvrd rhf ,fv@kd ,H=k unf&ygw,f? uGejf rLepfawG udk ‘teD’ awGv@kd oH;k wwfwhJ ol@"avhu 'gu! kd e$ jf yaew,fav? ‘ykeu f ef olav;’ udak &;om;zd@k trde@f ay;cJo h [ l m olbjJ zpf+yD; olra&;wJt h ydik ;f awGukd udk,fwdkifwnf;jzpfcJholjzpfw,fvdk@ ajymjycJhygw,f? ‘ykeu f efoal v;’udk ta&twGuf b,favmufxw k af 0cJw h ,f 11

General Jaruzelski

yk e f u ef o l a v;

7

qdkwm&,f/ xkwfa0a&;tpkb,favmufu xkwfa0cJhw,fqdkwmawGu awmh rSef;qzdk@cufygw,f? pmtkyftawmfrsm;rsm;rSmawmh ‘zwfyg’/ ‘zwf+yD;&if vufqifhurf;yg’‘wwfEdkif&if oifhzmomoif yHkEdSyfxkwfa0yg’ qdkwJh trSmawGeJ@csnf;yg?

'Dpmapmif[m ydkvef&Jh (1982) aqmif;OD;&moDrSm tay:vGif qHk;pmapmifwck jzpfcJhygw,f? av#mhav#mhayghayghcef@rSef;&ifawmif aomif; *%ef;/ odef;*%ef; txd jzef@csdEdkifcJhw,fvdk@ rSef;&ygw,f? taemufOa&myrSm tenf;qHk; rlESpfrl &dkufEdSyfxkwfa0cJh+yD;/ yHkrSeft&G,feJ@ t&G,fao;qdkufawGudk ydkvefjynfwGif; cdk;oGif;EdkifcJhygw,f?

'D bmomjyef[m Roman M Boreyko (trnf0Suf)eJ@ Andre Ya Dean wdk@&Jh yl;aygif;}udK;yrf;r_jzpfygw,f? bmomjyefr_udk wdusatmif +Adwed Ef ikd if rH mS &Sw d hJ ydv k efvrl sKd ;todik ;f t0dik ;f xJuwOD;u ulnD cJyh gw,f? 'Dvu l vnf; emrnf raz:vdyk g? bmbJjzpfjzpf ol@&t hJ zd;k wefvw S hJ tultnDeJ@ axmufcHtm;ay;r_udkawmh aus;Zl;pum; qdkcsifygw,f? usaemfwdk@[m rl&if;a&;om;ol&Jh pdwf"gwfeJ@tmabmfudk trD vdkufcsifayr,fh t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGmbJ tcuftcJawG@cJh&ygw,f? bmvdk@ vJqdk ‘ykefuefolav;’&Jh ta&;tom;[m cyfjrL;jrL;/ cyfavSmifavSmif a&;xm;wma=umifhyg? [mo [m³³³ 'Dpmapmif&Jh cGJjcm;r&EdkifwJh tpdwf tydik ;f jzpfaewma=umifh 'guakd wmh usaemfw@kd wwfeikd o f avmuf xde;f odr;f cJyh gw,f? bef;pum;awG tvGeftu|HoHk;xm;wmudkvnf; teD;pyfqHk; tar&duef bef;pum;awGe@J zvS,x f m;ygw,f? wcsKd @ae&mawGrmS &Si;f vif; csuaf wG/ xifjrifcsuaf wGxnfah y;zd@k vw kd mudv k nf; tcgtm;avsmpf mG awG@& wwfwma=umifh pmzwfow l @kd tusKd ;twGu(f vufonf;uGi;f )twGi;f xnfh 8

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12 jrefrmjyefwi G f @-@ ESihf * wd@k jzpfonf?

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10

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How to conspire: A Guidebook for both beginners and the advanced.

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11

• • • • • • • • •

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The Citizens VS the Secret Police The Interrogation Game 16 The Biblography 15

12

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13

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Underground (Organization)

14

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UB (ydkvefv#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@)21u ol@ta=umif;bmrSrodolom jzpf& r,f? t&yf0wf v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd w f yfz@JG 0ifawGe@J wtdrx f J txyfcaJG e+y;D / tvkyf vkyfEdkifolomjzpf&r,f? ajratmuftpnf;t&Hk;av;wckudk oif pwifwnfaxmif+yD qdkwmeJ@ ta&;t}uD;qHk;u yxr oifeJ@twlwGJzuf}uHpnf(ykefuef)r,fh olawGudkoifh&Jht&if; ESD;qHk;rdwfaqGawGxJu &SmazGyg? 'DvlawG[m oif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmodcJhol aemufa=umif;&Sif;olawGjzpf&ygr,f? oifhajr atmuftaqmuftOD;av;udk tajccHwnfaqmufrd+yDqdkwmeJ@ aemuf vkyf&rJhtvkyfu tjcm;ajratmuftpkrsm;eJ@qufoG,frdzdk@yg? wu,f ppf rSefwJhajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;wckr&SdbJeJ@ q&m}uD;*dkuf rzrf;ygeJ@? tJ'Dvdk vkyfrd&if wu,fr&SdwJh pdwful;,OfqefwJh ajratmuftaqmuftOD;udk zefwD;rdvsufom;jzpfaevdrfhr,f? oifhvdkbJ pdwful;xJrSmom ajratmuf taqmuftOD;&SdwJholawGeJ@ qufoG,frdvsufom;jzpfaevdrfhr,f? vdw k mu vH@k v/ 0D&, d &Sw d /hJ &d;k om;r_&w dS hJ vlwa,mufyg? 'Dvkd vlrsKd ;u ajratmuftaqmuftOD;udk wnfaqmufrzd @kd vykd gw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'Dt&m&Sdvm+yDqdkwmeJ@ tcsdefeJ@pGrf;tm;awGtrsm;}uD;oHk;+yD;/ tppf trSefeJ@ pdwful;,Ofr_udk cGJjcm;Edkif&r,f? tvkyfjzpfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpf vmatmif }udK;yrf;&r,f? qmrmqD,mwdu k yf }JG uD;22udv k al wGrarh=uao;ayr,fh wu,f 21

Polish Secret Police Samosierra (pydefu$sef;qG,fppfyGJrSm

ydkvefjrif;wyfu qmrmqD,m awmif=um;u tcdik t f cef@vyk x f m;wJt h ajrmufpcef;awGukd wdu k cf u kd w f phJ pfy)JG 22

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15

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16

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The Company

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17

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Flying University

18

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Merchandise

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19

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20

yk e f u ef o l a v;

'gayr,fh OD;‘u’u OD; ‘c’udk awG@csiw f t hJ a=umif;ajymwJt h cg awG@z@kd tcsed af e&mudk wcgwnf;ajymvdu k yf g? tcsed af e&mwckck tqif rajy wm&Sd&if xyf+yD;twnfjyKcsuf,lzdk@ rvdkyg? 'grsdK;udka&Smif&Sm;Edkifzdk@ t&H ae&meJ@tcsdefudk oif yxrqufoG,f&r,fhyk*~dKvfudk ajympOfuwnf;u wcgxaJ y;xm;vdu k yf g? 'Dawmh 'Dvt kd pnf;ta0;rsKd ;twGuf erlem owif; ydk@csufyHkpHu -- "OD; ‘u’onf OD; ‘c’udk =umoyaw;ae@ nae(5)em&D (10)rdepf/ orw 0Dvfqifvrf;/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m owif;axmufuvyf a&S@/ ,cif yJ&pfbHktzGJ@&ifjyif awG@qHkrnf/ olonf b,fzuf*sdKif;=um;wGif jynfol@oHawmfqifhowif;pm26udk nSyfvmrnf? t&Hae@&ufrSm aom=um ae@jzpfonf?" b¾ma&; 27 ud, k u f sKd ;pGe@f wmwd@k / apwemh0efxrf;vkyt f m;ay;wd@k qw kd mawG [m uGefjrLepfpepf&Jh ajcmuftdyfrufawGbJ? vHk;0O\Hk udk,fusdK;rzufbl; qdw k m vufawG@e@J ajAmif;jyefb?J 'g[m yHzk sux f m;wJh &nfreS ;f csuw f ckxuf bmrSrydkbl;/ udk,fusdK;=unfhr_&Jh tqdk;qHk;yHkpHvnf;jzpfw,f? odrfi,fpdwf &S+d yD; xHx k ikd ;f wJo h w l OD; oH;k wJh rsuEf mS zH;k bJ? 'Dvv kd rl sKd ;rSm qifajcawGtrsm; }uD;bJ? tvkyaf emufus&if "wae@v;kH wnvH;k [d[ k 'kd 'D D ajy;v$m;ae&vd@k yg Asm"vd@k ajymr,f? yHEk ydS w f m[efrus&if "usaemf [mu|r;f usiw f hJ pufq&m rS r[kwfwmAsm"vdk@ajymr,f? tpnf;ta0;wckudk aumif;aumif;rpDpOf Edik &f if "usaemfu pm;zd@k aomufz@kd aiG&mS &ao;w,fAs"vd@k qifajcay;r,f/ 26 27

People's Tribune Finance

yk e f u ef o l a v;

21

'DvdkAsL&dkua&pDtao;pm;^mOf&SdwJhol[m'kuQbJay;vdrfhr,f? rm&S,fyDvf qwfpuD; (Marshal Pilsudski)u wcgajymzl;w,f "olwdk@[m ydkvef jynf}uD;vGwv f yfz@kd aiG(2)qifeh @J aoG;(2)puf avmufbu J sr,fqrkd S 'Dwu kd yf JG xJ ygvrd rhf ,fw?hJ " ajratmufvkyfief;rSm tE W&m,f=um;oif v_yf&Sm;ae&wm [m rsdK;cspfpdwfa=umifhbJ? tvkyfvkyfwmuawmh 0rf;a&;twGufjzpfae& r,f? uGefjrLepfawG[m usaemfwdk@EdkifiHrSm tvkyfusifh0wfudkzsufqD;ypfcJh =u+y?D vlawGukd oDcsi;f av;wyk'af vmuf/ ausmav;wcsuf oyf&akH vmufe@J twif;t=uyftvkyfvkyfcdkif;=uw,f? tusdK;qufuawmhvlawG[m tvkyfudk b,fvdk}udK;}udK;pm;pm; vkyf&r,fqdkwm arhoGm;=uwmbJ? usaemfw@kd vGwv f yfwhJ ukr% ` &D hJ uvyfpnf;awGuawmh tckvkd vle@J ypPn;f awGudk tavvGifhrcHEdkifbl;? aiGa=u;eJ@ywfoufvdk@ aqmifh=uGm;=uGm;EdkifvSwJht,ltq/ taygpm;qefwhJ ajymqdrk u _ -- "usaemfw@kd u tjrwf&zd@k vyk af ewm r[kwf bl;"qdkwmbJ? 'gu tusdK;rJ@wJh/ obm0ruswJhudpPbJ? wae@vHk; aumif; aumif ; tvk y f v k y f + yD ; &if xk d u f o if h w J h v k y f c awmh &oif h w maygh ? vl wa,muftaeeJ@ aexdkifEdkifzdk@vHkavmufwJh0ifaiGawmh&Sd oifhwmaygh? teDawGuawmh usaemfw@kd ukd CIA u axmufyahH ew,fv@kd t+rpJ yG pf JG aewm bJ? wu,fawmh jynfwiG ;f eJ@jynfyuydv k efvrl sKd ;awGu vGwv f yfa&;ta&; awmfyt kH wGuf usaemfw@kd uakd xmufyahH ewmyg? olw@kd uusaemfw@kd ukd ajypm awG =unfch siw f ,fv@kd vJ rajymbl;? yHpk aH wGu(kd 3)rlpD jznf&h r,fvnf; rajym bl;? aiGawGudk tusdK;&SdatmifoHk;zdk@eJ@ r#r#ww oHk;zdk@bJajymw,f? olwdk@ awmif;qdkwmu &dk;om;r_&Sdzdk@bJ? usaemfwdk@&Jh udk,fydkifrSwfwrf;twGuf +rDpm;+rD&Sifvufusef&Sif;wrf;wck vkyfxm;zdk@avmufbJajymw,f?

22

yk e f u ef o l a v;

tpnf ; ta0;rsm; 28 yHkrSeftm;jzifh tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk rdrd ae&mr[kwfonfh =um; aet&yfwckwGifom jyKvkyfoifhonf? oif aumif;pGmodaomae&m/ oif ,H=k unfpw d cf s&olrsm; &So d nfah e&mjzpfygap? oift h rd yf wf0ef;usiYf tpnf; ta0;jyKvkyfjcif;onf trSm; wckjzpfonf? ‘rodfwmudk razmfEdkif’qdkonfh qdk&dk;pum;onf ,ckwdkifrSefuefqJjzpfonf? udpP&yfwckcsif;twGuf =um; cHtquftoG,rf sm;udk tenf;qH;k jzpfap&rnf? qdv k o kd nfrmS oif OD;‘u’ ESifhvrf;av#mufoGm;pOf rawmfwq OD;‘c’ESifh qHkonfqdkygpdk@? ol@udk ESKwfquf&ef/ awG@a=umif;jy&ef rvdyk g? OD;‘u’onf OD;‘c’ESihf od&ef rvdyk g? tvm;wlvrf;ay:&SdwpHkwOD;ESifh rar#mfvifhbJqHkrdonfqdkygpdk@? xdkoludk vnf; ajr atmufv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifaeonf[k oifodxm;onfqdkygpdk@? olu zdwfac:onfh vuQ%m xifxif&Sm;&Sm;rjybJ/ ol@tem;udkruyf yg ESi?hf 'gro S m olonf udp&P yfwckEiS o hf mG ;aeonf (od@k ) aemuf a,mifcv H u kd cf H ae&onfudk oif odrnfjzpfonf? a,bl,stm;jzifh tpnf;ta0;rwdkifrD vlxlaomae&mrSm ueOD; rsufvHk;csif;qHkrdatmifvkyfyg? oifhudk ol rSwfrd+yDqdkwm aocsmrS bwfpfum; (odk@) "gwf&xm;udk wufpD;yg? olu oifhaemufudk vdkufvm vdrrhf nf? tajymif;tvJtaejzifh oifu vrf;avsmufoGm;vdk[ef aqmifI bwfpu f m;rSww f ikd rf S xGuv f u kd yf g? tquftoG,u f oifah emuf udkvdkufvmvdrfhrnf?

28

Meetings

yk e f u ef o l a v;

23

ta&;}uD;aomtpnf;ta0;rSefor#at;aq;IvHk+cHKaom ywf0ef;usif/ pdwfcs&aom tdrf vdktyfonf? rSwfpkvdkufEdkifaom/ ypPnf; vJEdkifaomae&mjzpf&rnf? vlwdkif;u cdk;em;axmifwJhu&d,mudk a=umuf =uw,f? 'gu wu,fawmh v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd w f yfz@JG [m yHrk eS t f m;jzifh trsm;od +yD;wJh pk&;kH wwfwahJ e&mawGrmS bJ xm;wwfygw,f? 'Dvakd e&mawGukd roH;k oifhwmxif&Sm;vSygw,f? bmbJjzpfjzpfcdk;em;axmifwJhud&d,mwyfxm;apOD; ta&;}uD; wJh tpnf;ta0;awG vkyfEdkifygw,f? vdktyfwmu }udKwifowd&Sdzdk@ygbJ? 'g pmwdkav;awG ('grSr[kwf) omrefpum;av;awGeJ@ vkyfEdkifygw,f? "'g av;ud k ol @ qD , l o G m ;vd k u f y gg"// "ol ol tJ ' D r S m &S d r ,f v d k @ ol r ud k ajym vdkufyg"³³³³³ pwm rsdK;ayg@? 'D vdkenf;eJ@ emrnfawG/ vdyfpmawGudk cdk;em; axmifwhJ ud&, d mawGwyfxm;wJ=h um;u vufqifu h rf;Edik yf gw,f? tawG@ t}uHKt& 'Dud&d,mawGuwqifh olwdk@odoGm;wm enf;enf;av;yg? v#dK@ 0SufykvdyftzGJ@u 'D[mudkoHk;wJh t"du&nf&G,fcsufu owif;tcsuf tvufpkaqmif;&zdk@xuf pdwf"gwfa&;&mt& ajcmufjcm;atmif vkyfzdk@ &nf&G,fwmyg?

'Dvdkud&d,mawGoHk;ae&ifvnf; &dk;&Sif;wJhpum;0SufawGudk aumfzDqdkifrSm"vdk@ toHk;jyKEdkifygw,f? tpnf;ta0;wckvkyfzdk@vdk&if "aumf ajym&if&ygw,f? 'Dqdkif[m t&ifuvnf;qHkzl;+yD;om;rdk@ oifhtquf toG,fu tvG,fwul odEdkifygw,f? tvm;wlbJ oifu "t*F g" vd@k ajymvdu k &f if "aom=um"ae@ udk qdv k kd rSe;f oloyd gw,f? "rGe;f wnf"h qkw d m "noef;acgif"ayg@? tvm;wl "'kw, d " qdw k m "yOPr"ayg@?

24

yk e f u ef o l a v;

uae@ ydv k efrmS vlwikd ;f vdv k u kd ud, k ehf nf;ud, k [ f efe@J ajratmuf vkyfief;vkyfae=uwmrdk@ v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@[m 'Dvdk &Sif;vif;vG,fulwJh tajccH=uwJh twdk0SufawGudk razmfEdkifygbl;? quf o m; 29 qufom;eJ@ ypPnf;ydk@orm;awG[m b,fpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rSm rqdk 'GefwJGwnf&SdaewJht&mawGbJ? olwdk@udk yHkrSefpmydk@wm/ ypPnf;ydk@wm awGrmS oH;k wmyJ? qufom;udk v$waf wmhr,fq&kd if ajratmufuvyfpnf; acgif;aqmifu aoaocsmcsm aqG;aEG;rSm=um;&r,f? b,fypPnf;udk b,f ae&m/ b,ftcsdef ,loGm;&r,fqdkwm wdwdusus ajym&r,f? !$ef=um;csuf&+yD;wmeJ@ qufom;aumif;[m oloGm;&r,fh vrf;a=umif;udk tjyefjyeftvSefvSef ppfaq;&r,f? ol@tvkyf[m yHkrSef ‘&Sif;’ae&r,f ’ vkyfief;bJjzpfoifhw,f? tcsdefwdkif;rSm olwdk@[m‘&S ? qdkvdkwm u o,f&r,fh ypPnf;[m tenf;qHk;jzpf&r,f? 'grS =um;jzwf zrf;rd&if vnf; v#dK@0SufajratmuftaqmuftOD;udk ray:atmif xdrf;Edkifr,f? uvmyfpnf;eJ@qufom;&J@vHk+cHKa&;udk xdcdkufapr,fh b,f t&mrqdk tvG,fwulzsufqD;EdkifwJh/ pGef@ypfEdkifwJh taetxm;&Sd&r,f? ajratmufv#Kd @0u S t f zG@J uzkd suq f ;D zd@k v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd w f yfz@JG o;kH wJh tvG,q f ;kH eJ@tatmifjrifq;kH enf;uqufo, G af &;uGe, f ufxu J w kd ;kd 0ifwm bJ? Oyrmtm;jzifh³³³³v#dK@0SufykvdyfwyfzGJ@[m ajratmuftpkacgif;aqmif wa,mufukd tylwjyif;zrf;csiaf e+yDq&kd if ajratmuftzG@J &@J qufo, G af &; pepfxJrSm owif;rSm;awGjzef@+yD; axmifacsmufqifawmhwmbJ? 29

Messengers

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25

'Dtvkyu f kd yHpk rH sKd ;pHek @J vyk w f wfw,f? OD;‘q’&J@uav; uifqm jzpfae+yDqw kd meJ@ ‘p’ vdu k w f ,f? 'gukd csucf si;f rppfaq;Edik &f if/ ('grrS [kw)f v#dK@0Sufykvdyf&J@ypfrSwfqDudk tcsdefrDta=umif;r=um;Edkif&if/ ylyefpdwf}uD; aewJ@ OD;‘q’u ol@trd u f kd qufom;v$waf wmhr,f? 'gqkd ol@uvmyfpnf; awmhysuf+yD? qufom;udk tom aemufa,mifcHvdkufoGm;&HkbJ? uvmyfpnf;acgif;aqmifu ol@rdom;pkudk oludk,fwdkifquf oG,v f @kd r&wJh vH+k cHKa&;tpDtrHawG&rdS S 'Dtcsed rf mS qufom;oH;k &r,f? Edik if H a&;rSmyk*Kd~ vfa&;(vlvcl si;f )xdawG@r[ _ mta&;}uD;qH;k qdw k moabmaygu&f r,f? vlvcl si;f qufqaH &;r[kww f hJ ppfwyfqefwyhJ pkH u H kd ajratmufvyk if ef; aoG;pnf;cspf rSm roHk;&bl;? ul±Gef(Kuron) wcgu a&;zl;ovdkbJ³³³³ "aoG =unf r _ [ m ta&;awmf y H k x uf ta&;}uD ; w,f ? " aoG;pnf;cspf=unfa&;qdkwm vlom;csif; aoG;pnf;cspf=unf a&; udk ajymwmyg? 'gudk qufom;v$wf+yD; wnfaqmufvdk@r&bl;? rS w f p k p mtk y f r sm; 30 ajratmuftzGJ@0ifawG b,folrS vdyfpm pmtkyfaqmifrxm; &bl;vdk@wm;jrpfxm;&r,f? udk,fhtcef;udk,fxm;wm/ udk,fhudk,fay:rSm xm;wm udprP &Sw d efaumif;ygb;l vd@k xifaumif;xifvrd rhf ,f? ppfa=uma&; 'g usaemf h r d w f a qG a [mif ; yg a&mufrS³³³ "'g yg"/ "olu usaemfi,fi,f uwnf;u odwJh trsdK;orD; rdwfaqGyg?" qdkwmavmufeJ@ r&awmhbl;? cifAsm; vdyfpmpmtkyfxJygwJh vlwdkif;&J@emrnf/ vdyfpmawGudk 30

Notebooks

26

yk e f u ef o l a v;

ppfaq;zdk@qdkwm ykvdyftvkyfbJ? 'Dvdkvkyfzdk@ olwdk@rSm tcsdef;vnf;&Sdw,f? ykvyd pf pfaq;csuu f xGuv f mwJt h ajz[m oift h wGuf tH=h op&mawG jzpf vmvdrfhr,f? oifu &Sufwwfa=umufwwfwJh/ rvkyfwwf rudkifwwfvdk@ odxm;wJh uav;b0u trsKd ;orD;rdwaf qG&@J tcef;rSm v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd w f yfz@JG u w&m;cHajy;wa,mufukd oGm;awG@wmjzpfcsijf zpfr,f? 'Dvu l vnf; rde;f uav;&J@ ouFmruif;jzpfp&mr&SdwJhtaetxm;udk}udKuf+yD; ykef;zdk@ae&m a&G;cJhwmayg@? tJ'DvdkbJ cifAsm;udktjypfuif;pifwJh i,fb0upm;azmftjzpf odxm;wJh tjcm;olwdk@&J@ tysif;xlr_a=umifh cifAsm;vnf; 'kuQa&mufEdkif wmbJ? ajratmuft0ef;t0dik ;f [m vlawGtrsm;}uD;&Sad yr,fh wu,f awmh 'DurBm[musOf;usOf;av;yg? 'gudk ar#mfvifhxm;&r,f? 'kwd,urBm ppftwGi;f u tky*f al wGay:u urŠn;f pmawGukd =unfyh g? rdom;wpkv;kH ao usaemfwdk@Edkifw, oGm;rSawmh/ b,fppfjyefu "usaemf ,f"vdk@ ajymvdk@&rSmvJ? cif Asm;udkcifAsm; 'DvdkrjzpfygapeJ@? tjzpftysufwdkif;[m ao;zGJwJh/ trSwf wrJhjzpfwJh/ rawG;awmrpOf;pm;rdwJh udpPi,fav;awGu pcJhwmcsnf;bJ? 'ga=umifh owif;udk 0Supf moGi;f zd@k vw kd ,f? 0Supf moGi;f xm;wJh pmwdkav;wpfapmif/ vdyfpmpmtkyfav; wtkyfa=umifh ouFmruif;jzpfcH &rSmudk rylyge@J ? 'D0u S af wGukd b,ftcsed rf qdk oif 'Dvkd ajymqdEk ikd yf gw,f³³³³ "usaemhf oli,fcsif;awGudk usaemfhvdk i&JrcH&apcsifvdk@ygAsm"³³³ vdk@? tdrf (odk@) tcef;wcef;&J@eHywfudkbJ a&;yg? vrf;eJ@ wjcm;[m awGudk acgif;xJrSmbJrSwfxm;yg? vdktyfor#om cJwHeJ@a&;xm;wm taumif;qHk;bJ? udpP+yD;&if tvG,fwulzsufvdkufvdk@&wmayg@? rSif roHk; yk e f u ef o l a v;

27

yge@J ? oif abmyife@J a&;xm;wmudt k ay:u [djk cpf'jD cpf av#mufjcpfxm;&Hk eJ@ atmufrSma&;xm;wmu ysufoGm;wmr[kwfbl;?

0SufpmeJ@a&;xm;ayr,fh oifhrSwfpkpmtkyfudk tcgtm;avsmf pGmjyefa&;yg? rvdkwJhvdyfpmawGudk qkwfypfyg? a,bl,stm;jzifah wmh pmwdak wGukd ao;Edik o f r#tao;qH;k pm &Guaf y: rSma&;yg? 'grS udpaP y:wJt h cg zsuq f ;D zd@k yg;pyfxx J nf0h g;zd@k v, G rf ,f? ayg@qr_[m emem usifusif cHpm;&apvdrfhr,f? (1970)ckESpfrsm;u 'DvdkbJ ajratmuftzG@J 0ifwOD;[m owif;wyk'u f rkd mausmwJu h eG jf yLwmu'fjym; ay:rSma&;wJh trSm;wckuu kd sL;vGecf zhJ ;l w,f? ykvyd v f mzrf;awmh tE &W m,f &SdwJh owif;wdkav;wyk'fudkom rsdKcsEdkifvdkufw,f? ykvdyfu ol@udk eHywf wkwef @J ESv H u kd v f @kd ? w,f v D z k e f ; tquf t oG , f 31 w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f[m enf;avav aumif;avav bJ? w,fvDzkef;tquftoG,f[m oifh&J@ v#dK@0Sufvkyfief;awGudk axmuf vSr;f zd@k v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd t f wGuf tvG,q f ;kH enf;bJ? w,fvzD ek ;f oH;k &r,fq&kd if trsm;oH;k zke;f ('grrS [kw)f oift h vkyw f u kd u f tvG,w f ulo;kH Edik w f zhJ ek ;f udk oH;k wm taumif;qH;k bJ? ody, f Ofaus;zd@k vnf;rvdyk gb;l ? ouFmruif;zG,f usaemfydk@vdkufwJhig;awG &+yD jzpfr,fh pum;0SufawGudkvnf; roHk;ygeJ@? "usaemf vm; [k w f w ,f a v bD & d k x J x nf h x m;wm [m r[kwfbl;/ a& vm;"?"[k m;wm?" "[m cJaowWmudkajymwm jymwm?"'grsdK;awGu ykvdyfudkteH@&ap&Hkrubl;/ taumif 31

Phone calls

28

yk e f u ef o l a v;

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32

Dead drops

yk e f u ef o l a v;

29

csuu G af oudk c%c% roH;k bl;qdjk yef&ifvnf;/ csuu G af orSm wm0ef,o l l eJ@ tjcm;tquftoG,frsm;qufoG,fr_[m crf;ajcmufoGm;Edkifw,f? b,folrS wvudk pmav;(3)apmif vufcHzdk@ wywfudkESpf}udrf em&Daygif; rsm;pGm csuGufaorSm xkdifrapmifhcsifbl;? csuGufaorSm aumif;rGefwJh tH0SufawGvkyfxm;wm/ 'grS r[kwf wjcm;vHk+cHKwJhtdrfwtdrfqD tvG,fwul ul;oGm;EdkifwmawG[m tE W&m,fr&Sdygbl;? csuGufaoudkwm0ef,lol[m 'gawGudkem;rvnf&if/ vHk+cHKa&;tpDtrHawGvkyfrxm;&if wjcm;wa,mufudk &Sm+yD;cdkif;wm taumif;qHk;bJ? cyfvef@vef@vu l w kd m0efay;&wmeJ@pm&if csuu G af otopf w ckukd pDpOf&wmydv k , G yf gw,f? ol@csuu G f aoudo k ;kH wdik ;f vnf; pdwcf s&w,f? ydv k efe@J Zm±lqpJ uD;&J@wu kd yf rJG mS &mZ0ifwiG o f w l OD;&Scd zhJ ;l w,f? ajratmuf yHkESdyfwdkuf[m ypPnf;awGvmydk@oludk wHcg;zGifhay;+yD;/ tJ'DpmapmifawG vm ,lolawGudkawmh ESifxkwfw,f? tJ'Dvdkta&;}uD;+yD; vl}udKufrsm;wJh ukepf nf twGuf olp;kd &drw f ,fav? 'grS wu,fh csuu G af obJ? (ol@ypPn;f u b,frS ra±G@ awmhbl;?) ±H k ;rsm; ; rsm; 33 +rdK@[zkd ufxyd ef @J 'Dzufxyd f ajy;v$m;+yD; rqH;k Edik w f t hJ pnf;ta0; awG rwufcsif&if/ w,fvDzkef;tqufrjywf qufae&wm rjzpfcsif&if/ qufom;eJ@ wcsdefvHk; eyef;vHk;raecsif&if/ oifhrSm ±Hk;w±Hk;&Sdzdk@vdkygw,f?

33

Offices

30

yk e f u ef o l a v;

±H;k [m vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf ajratmuftzG@J 0ifawGe@J awG@z@kd / qufom;udk vufcH awG@qHkzdk@oHk;EdkifwJh ae&mwae&mjzpf&if&yg+yD? ±Hk;[m yHkrSefqufoG,fr_ twGuo f m jzpf&r,f? tjcm; yHrk eS rf [kww f u hJ pd aP wG/ vlra_ &; yGo J bifawG twGufawmh tjcm;ukr`%Dvl}uD;&J@±Hk;rSm tajymif;tvJtaeeJ@vkyfEdkifyg w,f? oifhtpnf;t&Hk;[m vl(7)a,mufrS (10) a,mufom&SdwJh/ b,f avmufbJ ao;i,fwJhtzGJ@jzpfygap/ yHkrSefqufoG,fa&;vkyfief;awG&J@ tvGeftrif;zdpD;wJh '%frcHcsif&if/ ±Hk;w±Hk;&Sdzdk@ vdktyfygw,f?

'Dvv kd yk rf xm;&if omrefy*k Kd~ vfa&;tcuftc/J wkyaf uG;av;rd vdu k &f ifawmifrS uvmyfpnf;&J@v#Kd @0u S v f yk if ef;awG &yfwef@omG ;Edik yf gw,f? ±Hk;[m csuGufaovdkbJ taotcsmumuG,fxm;&r,f? pum;0Suf oHk;&r,f? trsm; tm&HkpdkufrcH&atmif *±kjyK&r,f? tH 0 S u f r sm; 34 oifhudk pGJcsufwifcH&EdkifapwJh b,ft&mudkrqdk zGufxm;yg? "bmrS bmrS r&S d w meJ @ pm&if yk H p H w rsd K ;rsd K ;eJ @ 0S u f x m;wmu yd k a umif ; yg w,f" qdkwJh Oya'oudk owd&yg? ykvdyfu vm&SmwJhyHkpH (3)rsdK;&Sdw,f? yxr wrsdK;u³³³ tdrfrSm b,fol aeovJqdkwm&,f/ tdrfem;ywf0ef; usifrSm bm&SdovJqdkwmudk a0h0J=unhf&Hk avmuf&,f 'DavmufbJ omrefppfaq;wm? bmudkawG@atmif&Smr,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufr&Sdayr,fh/ oifhudk tr_ziG Ehf ikd af vmufw/hJ b,ftaxmuftxm;rqd/k Oyrm³³³ ausmufyEkH ydS &f m 34

Secret compartments

yk e f u ef o l a v;

31

rSmoHk;wJh ydk;p/ opfom;abmifav;avmufudkbJ jzpfjzpf&SmrSmbJ? 'kw, d wrsKd ;uawmh³³³ oift h rd /f tcef;/ tvkyXf mewd@k ukd pepf wus&mS wm? bD&w kd ikd ;f / pmtkyw f ikd ;f / tHqw JG ikd ;f / pm&Guw f ikd ;f udk tukev f eS f avSm&SmrSmbJ? 'guawmh tvGeftcsdef,lwJh/ em&Daygif;rsm;pGm=umwJh/ cufcJwJhvkyfief;bJ? aemufqHk;wrsdK;uawmh³³³ oifhtdrf Oypm wae&m&mrSm ajr atmufvkyfief;oHk; ypPnf;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif;/ yHkEdSyfpufaomfvnf; aumif;/ zGufxm;w,fqdkwm aocsmodxm;vdk@vm&SmwmrsdK;bJ? tJ'gu awmh olwdk@vdkcsifwm rawG@rcsif;&SmrSmbJ? oabmw&m;t&ajym&if vlwa,mufuzGufEdkifwJht&mudk aemufwa,mufuvnf;awG@atmif&SmEdkifwmbJ? }uHKawmifh}uHKcJjzpf&yf awGtay: odyfrrSDcdkygeJ@? vufawG@t&ajym&ifwwd,trsdK;tpm;&SmazGr_ u jzpfcJygw,f? 'kwd,trsdK;tpm;u&Hzef&Hcgjzpfwwfwmyg? ykvdyfu wck c k u d k &S m awG @ oG m ;w,f q d k w J h jzpf & yf & J @ (90µ) u ud k , f h z uf u ayg@avsmhvdk@bJ? ypPnf; udk vljrifoljrifxm;wmrsdK;ayg@? ajratmuftzGJ@0ifawGtwGuf udk,fhvnfyif;}udK;uGif;pGyfrJh t,ltqrsdK;udky,fzdk@vdkr,f? yxrwrsdK;u³³ "ykykvdyfvmvdrfhr,f 'gay r,fh bmrSvkyfxm;p&mrvdkbl;"qdkwJhtjrif? 'kwd,wrsdK;u³³³ "ykykvdyf vmrSm r[kwfygbl;/ ypPnf;awG[dkzGuf 'DzGufeJ@ bmvdk@'kuQ&SmaeOD; rSmvJ"qdkwJht,ltq? [dkzGuf'DzGufvkyfvnf; cH&rSmygbJ/ rvkyfvnf; cH&rSm "[d ygbJ " qdkwJhtjrifu wu,fhudk rSm;ygw,f? tE W&m,f}uD;ygw,f? tE W&m,fudk t&Sdtwdkif; aocsmwGufcsuf&r,f? wcgw&Hawmh ajratmuftzGJ@tpnf;udk 'kuQay;wm ykvdyf 32

yk e f u ef o l a v;

r[kwfbl;? pyfpyfpkpkEdkifvSwJh tdrfeD;csif;a=umifhvnf; jzpfwwfw,f? vHk+cHK a&;tpDtrHawGuo kd m aocsmvdu k ef m&if ppfqifa&;0ifO;D awmh ykvyd v f ckd sif wmudk &roGm;atmif vkyfEdkifygw,f? ta&;t}uD;qHk;jzpfwJh wckwnf;aomtcsufuawmh tH0Suf awG }udKwif pDrHxm;zdk@bJ? wu,f tav;teufxm;vkyfudkifwwfwJh yHkpH trsdK;rsdK;&Sdygw,f? puUef@ydkif;twGif; pm&Gufpmwrf;awGudk tvG,fwul zGuEf ikd w f hJ ao;i,fwhJ tH0u S u f av;awG vkyx f m;Edik yf gw,f? aemuf yd}k uD; wJh ajratmufyEkH ySd pf m&Gupf mwrf;awG zGuEf idk w f hJ 'kw, d tH0u S v f nf; &Sw d wf ygw,f? vdktyf&if 'Dxufydk}uD;wJh tH0Sufvnf;&SdEdkifygw,f? tvGeftusL;tpdk;&drfrvGefzdk@awmh vdkygw,f? w&m;r0if ajr atmufpmtkyfwtkyf (odk@) owif;pmwapmifudk vuf0,fxm;&HkeJ@ tE W&m,fr&Sdygbl;? 'g[m ae@pOf ydkvefjynfoloef;aygif;rsm;pGm vkyfaeus tvkyyf g? ajratmuf y H k E d S y f w d k u f 35 ajratmuf yHkEdSyfwdkufwwdkuf wnfaxmifwm[m b,fbuf u=unfh=unfhtoHk;wnfhwJht&myg? vHk+cHKa&;a=umifh woD;wjcm;pDjzpfae wJh uvmyfpnf;awGtwGuf qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;wck zGifhay;Edkifyg w,f? uvmyfpnf;acgi;f aqmifawGtwGuv f nf; Edik if aH &;t,ltqawG/ ynm&yfqdkif&mta=umif;t&mawGudk rdrdzmom jyefqef;ppfEdkifw,f? owif;pm[m pdwu f ;l pdwo f ef;awGujkd zef@jzL;ay;&Ho k m r[kwf 35

Underground Press

yk e f u ef o l a v;

33

bl;/ owif;tcsut f vuf/ aiGe@J &yk 0f wˆKypPn;f awGtwGuv f nf; taumif; qHk; a&aomufjrpfjzpfw,f? ajratmufvkyfief;vufoifav;awGtwGuf enf;ynmqnf;yl;&m avhusiahf &;uGi;f vnf;jzpfw,f? olw@kd ukd ta=umuf w&m;udk b,fvakd usmv f m$ ;&r,f/ &ifqikd &f r,fqw kd mudk oifay;aewmbJ? vufoifwa,muf b,favmufw;kd wufvmwmud/k jy\emawGukd b,f avmufajz&Si;f Edik v f m+yD qdw k mudk wdik ;f wmEdik w f ehJ nf;wckuawmh ol b,f avmuf toif;tvkyaf wG o,fy;kd ay;Edik rf vJ qdw k m=unf&h if odEikd w f mbJ? ajratmufowif;pmwapmifudk xkwfvkyfjzef@jzL;&wJhjzpfpOf [m ykefuefa&;twGuf tajccHenf;pepfawGtm;vHk;udk oifay;vdkufwm bJ? u¾wckeJ@wck uwWm;jcm;xm;zdk@ (yHkESdyfwdkufeJ@ jzef@csda&;) vdkw,fqdk wm jyaew,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh ³³³ t,f'DwmtzGJ@eJ@ yHkEdSyfwdkufwdk@t=um; qufoG,fzdk@ csuGufao pmwdkufyHk;pepf vdkw,fqdkwm jzpfvmapw,f? vufum;yd@k aqmifa&;eJ@jzef@csad &;udk vufvyD @kd aqmifa&;eJ@jzef@csad &;eJ@ cGjJ cm; xm;zdk@vdkw,fqdkwmudkvnf; em;vnfvmapw,f?

'Dae&mrSmuvmyfpnf;wcke@J wck/ rdwaf qGcsi;f tquftoG,f wd@k &@J tvsm;vdu k f qufqrH u _ ay;Edik w f hJ tE &W m,fawGukd aqG;aEG;csiw f ,f? uvmyfpnf;wck&J@acgif;aqmifu owif;pmjzef@csda&;,lepfwckudk ydwfzdk@ qH;k jzwfcw hJ hJ Oyrmav;udk ajymjycsiyf gw,f? olq;kH jzwfc&hJ wmu 'D,el pf&@J vkyif ef;awGuykd v k yd u f odomG ;+yDv@kd ,=kH unf&vd@k / 'grrS [kwf 'Djzef@csad &;,lepf udk ykvdyfuapmifh=unfhwmcHae&+yDvdk@ ouFmruif;jzpfvmvdk@ pojzifh jzpf Edkifygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'D,lepf&J@qufom; tzrf;cHvdkuf&ygw,f? 'Dquf om;[m ae&mopfudkoGm;zdk@ ajymxm;ayr,fh tE W&m,fudk rodusdK;u|HjyK +yD;/ oleJ@&if;ESD;cifrif+yD;om; uvmyfpnf;acgif;aqmifqDudkbJ oGm;zdk@qHk; jzwfcJhvdk@yg?

34

yk e f u ef o l a v;

yk v d y f 36 ยบuGufawGtay: ajratmufawmfvSef;a&;orm;awGxm;wJh oabmxm;u olw@kd e@J a0;a0;aevdw k mbJ? olw@kd [m wefz;kd te*~&o dS al wG vnf; r[kw/f ae&mtES@H &adS eEdik w f mvnf; r[kwyf g? 'Dvb kd J &ufpufz@kd om odwJh tE<awG vnf; r[kwfyg? ydv k efjynfo@l orRwEdik if &H @J tjcm;,E , W m;rsm;vdb k J ykvyd af wG [mvnf; jynfol@0efxrf;awGygbJ? n (10) em&D rxkd;cif/ rdepfydkif;tvdk 'kwd,qdkif;rSm tvkyfapmapmqif;csif=uolawGcsnf;ygbJ? 'gayr,fh &Hzef&Hcgawmh wu,f trJvkdufrkqdk;Z&SdwJh tvGef }udK;pm;wJh &Jt&m&Sed @J vnf; qH&k wwfygw,f? tJ'v D b kd J wcgwek ;f u +rdK@i,f av;w+rdK@rSm odyfta&;r}uD;vSwJhae&mrSm tvGefar#mfrSef;csuf}uD;wJh &Jt&mi,fwOD;&SdcJhzl;w,f? wae@awmh a'ocHtpdk;&qef@usifa&;orm; awGudkazmfxkwfr,fqdk+yD; olqHk;jzwfvdkufygw,f? 'DvdkqHk;jzwf+yD;wmeJ@ n zuf&yk jf rifo=H um;+yD;csed /f +rdK@v;kH ywfvnfnaewdik ;f vSnyhf gawmhw,f? b,f tdrfu rD;vif;aewkef;vnf;qdkwm ol=unhfw,f? ol@twGufawmh 'Dtdrf awGtm;vH;k [mrouFmp&mawGcsn;f bJ? tdrw f tdrq f eD m; uyf+yD; bmawG ajymae=uovJqdkwm acsmif;em;axmifygw,f? +rdK@i,fav;rdk@ tdrfawG tm;vH;k [m wxyftrd af wGcsn;f jzpfv@kd ol@twGuf tawmfv, G u f o l mG ;yg w,f? 'Dvekd @J v#Kd @0u S v f yk if ef;vkyaf ewJh ajratmufXmecsKyfawGukd ol ajc&m cHrdoGm;ygw,f? usaemfw@kd twGuu f aH umif;wmu 'Dvv kd rl sKd ; ydv k efyv k yd t f zG@J 36

Police

yk e f u ef o l a v;

35

xJrSmrsm;rsm;r&SdwmygyJ? ykvdyftzGJ@&J@tiftm;[mtvGef}uD;rm;wJh bwf *suef @J tawG@t}uHKay: wnfygw,f? ykvyd t f zG@J u olw@kd tzG@J tpnf;udk *k%f ,l+yD; cyfºuGm;ºuGm;av;ajymwm &Syd gw,f? olw@kd puf&u kH xkwv f yk v f u kd w f hJ ypPnf;&J@ (90µ) u t&nftaoG;rrSD&ifawmif uGefjrLepf,E W,m;xJrSm ppfwyfeJ@ygwDxuf omao;w,fwJh? 'g rSefygw,f? r=umao;cifuav;uwif tpdk;&0efxrf; tvdkawmf&d 'gZif tawmfrsm;rsm;udk orRmefpm rSm;qif+h yD;/ 0gaqm ykvyd Xf mecsKyfukd ac:cJrh yd g ao;w,f? ykvyd t f zG@J tvkyv f yk af ewm[m qGpZf mvefvyk f em&DwvH;k vdk r[kwfygbl;? qdkAD,ufAsL&dku&uf,E W,m;twdkif; vkyfaewmyg? ajratmuf‘aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJ@’u '%f&m&xm;wJh *sefem&dka[;37udk aq;&Hkucdk;xkwfoGm;wJhtcg ykvdyfuvGefcJhwJh(2)ESpf (1980) uol@qDuzrf;rdxm;wJh vdyfpmpmtkyfudk tajccH+yD;vdkufygw,f? 'gudk=unhf&ifolwdk@[m pepfwuszGJ@pnf;xm;w,f/ t&mtm;vHk;udk armf uGef;wifxm;w,fqdkwm xif&Sm;ygw,f? tE W&m,ftcsufay;acgif;avmif;oH=um;&if *rl;±ª;xkd;rjzpfyg eJ@? tE W&m,fudk aocsmwGufyg? wa,mufa,mufudk ‘ykvdyfowif;ay;’ vd@k rouFm&if ol@ukd v#Kd @0u S v f yk if ef;awGxJ rygapbJ uif;uGmatmif xm; yg? ckvdk uef@owfxm; wmudk =um=umvkyfzdk@vdkygw,f? ykvdyf tvkyfvkyf wm aES;vdk@yg?

37

Jan Narothiale

36

yk e f u ef o l a v;

t+rD ; 38 v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd u f oifu h akd emufa,mifcv H u kd zf @kd enf;rsm;pGm &Syd g w,f? wcgw&H rodombl;? oifhum;udk aemufa,mifcHud&d,mwyf+yD; ta0;u vdu k rf ,f? 'grrS [kwf oift h rd u f kd apmif=h unfah er,f? wcgw&Hawmh ajAmifususbJ aemufa,mifcv H u kd +f yD;/ taESmuft,Suaf y;vdrrhf ,f? &nf &G,fcsufuawmh wckxJbJ? oifhajratmufvkyfief;udk taESmuft,Suf jzpfatmif v_yf&Sm;r_udkuef@owfzdk@eJ@ ae&maysmufatmif vkyfzdk@yg? v#dK@0Sufaemufa,mifcHvdkufwmuawmh oifhtquftoG,f awG tm;vHk;udkajc&mcHzdk@ygbJ? a,bl,stm;jzifh 'Dvdkvkyf&if um;(3) pD;/ (4) pD;/ vl(10) a,mufrS (12) a,mufoHk;wwfygw,f? vrf;av#mufae onfbJ jzpfap/ bwfpf um;ay:rSmbJjzpfap/ oift h &dy[ f m oifah emufa&m a&S@rSmyg &Sdygw,f? ajAmift aESmuft,Sufay;wmu a=umuf±GH@aeapzdk@eJ@ oifhpdwf"mwfudk zsufqD;zdk@bJ? ajratmufvyk if ef;udk orm;&d;k us yHak ovkyaf ewm[m tusK;d &So d vdb k J tE &W m,fvnf;&Syd gw,f? tvky'f %fukd cHEikd &f nf&adS pw,f? pdwzf d pD;r_udkavsmhusap+yD;/ tE W&m,fudk&ifqdkifzdk@ pdwf"mwft& toifhjzpf apw,f? 'gayr,fh wcsed x f rJ mS bJ/ t+rJwrf; Ed;k Ed;k =um;=um;jzpfatmif aeae &wma=umifh vludkyifyef; EGrf;e,f vmapw,f? usaemfwdk@rSmtjiif;yGm;r_wck&Sdw,f? tJ'gu ta&;}uD;wJh ajratmuf acgif;aqmifawGudkbJ ykvdyfu aemufa,mifcHvdkufwm? atmufajcu bmtE W&m,frS r&Sdygbl;qdkwJh tjrifbJ? 38

The tail

yk e f u ef o l a v;

37

oif[mtcsdefra±G;/ ae&mra&G; aemufa,mifcH vdkufcH&Edkif w,fqdkwmudk owdrarhrSom oifhvHk+cHKa&;[m pdwfcs&vdrfhr,f? aemuf a,mifcHtvdkufcH&+yDqdkwmeJ@ oifyxrqHk;vkyf&r,fh tvkyfu tJ'Dt+rD;udk cgcsypfvkdufzdk@bJ? obm0ususvkyfEdkifav aumif; avbJ? aemufa,mifcH tvdu k cf aH e&+yDqw kd mudk oifow d t hJ a=umif; olw@kd rodygapeJ@? 'D enf;eJ@r&&if vSnzhf sm;wJeh nf;udk oH;k yg? *dwaf yguaf wG trsm; }uD;&Sw d hJ 0if;xJ 0ifomG ; yg? tayguaf wGtrsm;}uD;&Sw d /hJ ±_yaf xG;wJh p}uFeaf wG &Sw d hJ taqmuftOD;xJ 0ifomG ;yg? wHwm;ay:u jzwfajy;yg? bwfpu f m;udk tqifhqifh ajymif;pD;yg? igu ('Dtcsed rf mS ) oif&h @J yxrqH;k tawG;u 'Dvjkd zpfoifw h ,f? "ig awmh tzrf ; cH & awmh r ,f (b,f a vmuf = umr,f q d k w m b,f o l r S rod E d k i f ) ? 'gayr,f h 'D t p[m ig@rS m bJ t qH k ; owf & r, r,f " yk v d y f u d k b,fae&mudkrSac:oGm;+yD; jyrdwmrsdK;rjzpfygapeJ@? um;udk wae&mrSm &yf xm;cJh&if oGm;jyef,lzdk@r}udK;pm;ygeJ@? oifh"gwfyHk ykvdyfxHrSm &SdEdkifygw,f? 'gayr,fh oifb,folvJqdkwmudkawmh olwdk@rodygapeJ@? oifh"gwfyHk[m ydv k efvrl sKd ;(36)oef;xJu rsuEf mS wckr#om jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh oifh um; eHygwfuawmh oifb,folvJqdkwm ajymjyvdrfhr,f? td k ; 39 (yk v d y f q if w J h axmif a csmuf ) ykvyd u f ajratmufvyk if ef;oH;k v#Kd @0u S t f rd f (od@k ) &H;k udk awG@+yD 39

The pot (A trap the police set)

38

yk e f u ef o l a v;

qdw k meJ@ axmifacsmufqifxm;vdu k v f rd rhf ,f? &ufaygi;f rsm;pGm tdraf &S@u xkdifapmifhae+yD;/ wHcg;vmacgufol b,fol@udkrqdk zrf;vdrfhr,f?

'Dvkd rESprf sKd @z, G f tvef@w=um;jzpf&r_ukd a&Smif&mS ;zd@k &d;k &Si;f wJ/h rodomwJh/ tcsufay;pepfoHk;+yD;/ wpHkwckjzpfae+yDqdkwmudk tjcm;olawG udk tvG,w f ul owday;Edik yf gw,f? tdr[ f m tm;vH;k udk wHcg;zGix hf m;w,f qdk&if tJ'DtxJrSm ykvdyfvnf;ygw,fqdkwm rarhygeJ@? pD ; eif ; jcif ; 40 &efou l pD;eif;r_ukd oifrar#mv f ifq h ;kH tcsed rf mS vkyaf vh&w dS ,f?

'DtcsdefrSm taumif;qHk;uawmh uGefjrLepfawG&J@ vlzrf;pm&if;rSm ig[m yxrqH;k vnf;r[kw/f aemufq;kH vnf;r[kwq f w kd m oifu h o kd if owday;ae zdk@ygbJ? tJvufZif;'g; qdkZifepfZif&J@41 "The Gulag Archipelago" udk =unfyh g? tzrf;cH&&if b,favmufb, J w k rdW &Sw d hJ ±l;oGyw f [ hJ m jzpfygap/ tcif;jzpfcsdefu oifb,frSm&Sdaew,fqdkwm oufaojyzdk@ tqifoifhvkyf xm;yg? oabmw&m;taeeJ@awmh ykvyd ef @J qufqw H t hJ cg taumif;qH;k u awmh qdwfqdwfaezdk@ygbJ? 'gayr,fh wcgw&Hawmh olwdk@udkwpHkwck ajym vku d w f mydak umif;ygw,f? ykvyd u f oifb,fov l q J w kd meJ@ olw@kd &mS awG@whJ ypPnf;bmqdkwm odcsifrSodr,f? 'DvdktajctaerSm olwdk@zrf;rdol[m wu,fhajratmufawmfvSefa&; orm;wa,mufygvm;qdkwm b,fvdk enf;eJ@rS odroGm;ygapeJ@?

40 41

Busted Alexandar Solzenicsyn

yk e f u ef o l a v;

39

zrf;rd+yD; oif[m olw@kd ukd 'l;axmufrnfo h l r[kwrf eS ;f odwmeJ@ ºuGuaf wGu oifhudk pdwWaA't& zdtm;ay;wmudk &yfvdkufvdrfhr,f? tusOf;om;qDu olw@kd vckd siw f m n‡px f w k v f @kd r&bl;qdw k modwmeJ@ n‡i;f yrf;wmudk &yfvu kd f vdrfhr,f? oHEMdXmefeJ@ydkif;jzwfcsuf&Sd+yD;/ bmr#rajymbJ a&iHkE_wfydwfaecJhwJh olawG&J@pm&if;&Snf}uD; twdwfutawG@t}uHKt& &SdcJhzl;ygw,f? 'Dvdk vl awGukd azmfaumifvyk o f al wGxufawmif apmapmv$wv f u kd w f mudk }uHKzl;yg w,f? tusO;f axmifxJ a&muf+yDqw kd meJ@ jyifyu b0udk arhypfvu kd f yg? 'Dt&mawGtm;vH;k udk oifq;kH ±_;H cJ+h yD? tusO;f axmifxaJ &mufwmeJ@ oifh *k%o f u d mQ eJ@ vlom;obm0tay: oif, h =kH unfcsuu f kd ppfaq;wJh tcufcJ qHk;pmar;yGJ pyg+yD? tusOf ; axmif w G i f ; b0 42 vlom;tm;vHk;eJ@tqufjzwfcHxm;&+yD;/ tjcm;tusOf;om; wOD;waveJ@pum;av;ajymrd&HkeJ@tjypfay;cH&wJh tusOf;cef;av;xJrSm wa,mufxJ txD;useaf e&&ifawmifrS tusO;f axmif0g'gawG&@J OD;a%Smuf aq;rcH&atmifeJ@ rdrd&J@*k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifzdk@ enf;vrf;awG&Sd ygw,f? tiftm;udk rdrd&J@rSwf^m%fxJrSm&SmawG@Edkifygw,f? vGwfajrmuf a&;wdu k yf u JG kd qufvufqifEaJ$ ewJh &Jabmfrsm; tay: ,H=k unfpw d x f m;yg? aemufwcku tusOf;axmifwHcg;0udk jzwf+yD;0ifvdkufwmeJ@ t&m&med*Hk; csKyfoGm;+yDvdk@ rpOf;pm;ygeJ@? t&m&m[m ckrS topf p wmyg? tckxdawmh 42

Prison life

40

yk e f u ef o l a v;

'Dt,ltq ESpfckpvHk;u rSefqJygbJ? b0rSm avhvmoif,lcJh&wJh tjcm; t&mawGvdkbJ/ tusOf;axmifwGif; b,fvdk&Sifoefatmifaexdkif&r,f qdw k hJ t&m[mvnf; oif,&l r,ft h &mwckb?J oif jyifyrSmodcw hJ o hJ w l OD; [m tvkyrf mS aomfvnf;aumif;/ vlra_ &;t&vnf;aumif;/ wdu k yf t JG wGi;f rSmaomfvnf;aumif;/ tawmfqHk;&JabmfwOD;jzpfcJhayr,fh axmifwGif; a&mufwt hJ cg tvGeyf si;f p&m aumif;wJh tcef;azmfjzpfcsijf zpfae vdrrhf ,f? tusO;f axmifqw kd m vl@avmu ti,f pm;av;ygb?J tusO;f axmifwiG ;f b0u tusOf;om;wdkif;udk pdwfcHpm;r_udk xdef;csKyfzdk@/ y&d,g,f&Sdzdk@/ tvGef tu|Hrjzpfzdk@/ rdrdudk,frdrd csKyfwnf;Edkifzdk@ vdktyfw,fqdkwm awmif;qdkae r,f? 'grS pdwfcHpm;r_ v#HxGuf+yD;/ a&qlrSwf ra&mufrSm? +idrf+idrfav;xdkif wwfz@kd e@J / ud, k yhf *k v ~ u d cHpm;r_u tjcm;olawGukd taESmuft,Surf jzpfz@kd oif,l&r,f? ae@pOftcsdefZ,m;qJG+yD; tJ'Dtwdkif; vdkufem&r,f? rdrdtwGif;pdwfudk wnf+idrfatmifxdef;xm;Edkifzdk@/ wHwdkif;jcm; xm;Edkifzdk@ta&;}uD;w,f? 'grStusOf;axmif&J@pnf;urf;awGudk ausmfv$m; &ifqdkifEdkifrSm? axmifxJrSm b,fol@udkrS r,Hk&ygvm;qdkwJh trSefw&m;udk vnf; &ifqdkifem;vnfEdkifvmvdrfhr,f? tusOf;axmifwGif; pdwfzdpD;r_udk ajyapzdk@qdk+yD; rdrdcHpm;csufudk zGifhjyr,fhpmrsdK; rdom;pkqDra&;ygeJ@? tvm; wlbJ wpHkwOD;&J@usef;rma&;tcuftcJudk pdk;&drfylyefa=umif;qdkwJh pmrsdK; vnf ; ra&;ygeJ @ ? oif h p mawG u d k tusOf ; axmif q if q mtzG J @ uom zwfaewm r[kwfbl;? oifhtr_ppfykvdyfpHkaxmufuvnf; zwfaew,f qdkwm rarhygeJ@? oifhudkb,fvdkusdK;oGm;atmifvkyf&r,fqdkwm &Smzdk@u ol@ tvkyfbJ?

yk e f u ef o l a v;

41

emusif j cif ; 43 vlawG[m olwdk@b0rSm ta=umufqHk; ESpfckbJ&Sdw,f? wcku emusifjcif;eJ@ aemufwcku xGufaygufrJhoGm;jcif;wdk@bJ? 'DESpfckvHk;[m txD;usefjzpfjcif;u vmwm? vlvlcsif;qufqHa&;udk zsufqD;ypfvdkufwJh t&mbJ? &dk;&Sif;wJhcE<mudk,femusifr_udk tvG,fwul pnf;pm;=unfhvdk@ & Edik w f ,f? 'guv kd w l ikd ;f }uHKzl;ygw,f? t&d;k usKd ;wke;f ujzpfjzpf/ oGm;pku d q f &m 0efqDwkef;u jzpfjzpf/ cGJpdwfcH&wkef;ujzpfjzpf }uHKzl;=uwmbJ? tusOf; axmifxJrSm }uHK&wJhemusifjcif;u 'geJ@jcm;em;w,f? emusifjcif; yxr wrsKd ;u ud, k u f rpd;k ydik w f /hJ rwm;qD;Edik w f /hJ uH=urRmuay;wJh emusijf cif;? 'kwd,wrsdK;jzpfwJhtjypfay;cH&jcif;/ &dkufESufcH&jcif;/ n‡Of;yef;cH&jcif;/ vl@ odumQ ndK‡ ;EGr;f atmif vkycf &H jcif;(bmvkyv f @kd bmudik &f rSe;f rodatmif/ bm jzpfaerSef;rodawmhatmif) xGufaygufrJhoGm;jcif;³³³ pwJh axmifxJrSm }uHK awG@&wJeh musijf cif;uawmh vGwv f yfpmG (rdrzd mom)a&G;cs,cf w hJ hJ t&mjzpf w,f? vlwa,muf[m tusO;f axmifxrJ mS olcpH m;ae&wJh emusijf cif;udk oufomatmif azmfz@kd q;kH jzwfc&hJ if 'g[mtod&pdS mG qH;k jzwfwmbJ? olvyk f p&mvdkwmu odor#udk tomav; azmfajymvdkufzdk@ ygbJ? vlrqefpmG n‡O;f yef;EdyS pf ufc&H wJt h cg/ vufocJ t HG cGgc&H wJt h cg b,forl qdk OD;usKd ;oGm;Edik yf gw,f? 'Dvu kd sKd ;oGm;olukd *&k%mw&m;a=umifh yifqdkapOD;awmh cGifhv$wfygw,fvdk@ tvG,fwulrajymoifhbl;? uHqdk;csif awmh v#dK@0Sufykvdyft&m&Sdu ,Of,Ofaus;aus;pum;ajym+yDqdk&if ud, k o f o d r# tuket f cH swo hJ u l vnf; trsm;om;? 'Dval wG[m v_y&f mS ;r_ukd 43

Pain

42

yk e f u ef o l a v;

opPmazmuf&o kH m r[kw/f rdru d , kd rf rd ed @J rdr&d @J ,=kH unfcsuu f ykd g opPmazmuf =uolawG jzpfw,f?

'DvdkvlrsdK;[m aemufydkif;rSmolwdk@vkyfcJhor#rSefa=umif;qifjcif usaemf h r S m rd e f ; reJ @ uav;awG e J @ Asm vJ w wf = uw,f ? "usaemf Asm"vd k @ ajym aumif;ajymvdrfhr,f? 'Dtvkyfudk rvkyfcifuwnf;u 'DvdkjzpfvmEdkifw,f qdkwm olod+yD;om;? ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_rSm jynfolcsif;aoG;pnf;cspf=unfa&; vky&f w,fqw kd m cifAsm;vdk rde;f rawG/ uav; awG&w dS o hJ al wGe@J vky&f wmyg? qd k A D , uf y H k p H o G i f ; jcif ; ud k qef @ usif j cif ; 44 uGejf rLepfpepfuw kd u kd zf suw f ,fqw kd m jzpfEikd o f r#tus,jf yef@ qH;k ajym&&if qdAk , D uf,Ofaus;r_ukd qef@usiw f mjzpfw,f? ta&S@(Oa&my) rSm vlwdkif;[m twdkif;twmwckxd qdkAD,ufyHkpH toGif;cHxm;&wmbJ? b,folu jrefjreftoGif;cH&w,f/ b,foluaES;w,fqdkwmbJ jy\em &Sw d ,f? abmf&AdS pf0g'45u uif;pifapcsi&f if ^m%fynm&S&d r,f? zefw;D Edik pf rG ;f &S&d r,f? ajymif;vJaewJt h ajctaeeJ@tnD wke@f jyefaqmif&u G Ef ikd pf rG ;f &Sd&r,f? qdkAD,uf0g'udk opPmazmuf&r,f? (J. Kachersabi . "tjzL a&mifZmpepfrS teDa&mifZmpepfodk@46"udk =unfhyg?)

44

Fighting Sovietization Bolshevism 46 From White to Red Czarism 45

yk e f u ef o l a v;

43

&efou l kd av#mrh wGuyf ge@J ? olw@kd &@J a&S;&d;k usjcif;eJ@ &ufpufru _ olw@kd &@J ±l;oGyf D uf rdu k rf rJ u _ kd jywmr[kwb f ;l ? ydv k efv#Kd @0u S yf v k yd w f yfz@JG (UB) [m qdAk , KGB &J@niD ,fyg? uGejf rLepfAsL&du k &uf,E , W m;[m tm;enf;csuef @J tm; omcsufESpf&yfvHk;&J@ A[dkcsufrbJ? usaemfw@kd u wDxiG zf efw;D Edik o f rl sm;jzpf&if ,Ofaus;r_e,fy,f rSm 'Dt&mawGukd ausmv f m$ ;Edik yf gw,f? ykeu f efz@kd twGuf enf;vrf;opfawG udk t+rJ&mS ae&r,f? teDawGukd tvpftidu k rf mS +cHKcdw k u kd cf u kd &f r,f? olw@kd udk ynmoHk;+yD;&ifqdkifEdkifygw,f? 'grsdK;udk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;Zm±lZJpuD;eJ@ ydkvef jynfoal wG&@J wu kd yf rJG mS wpHw k OD;u oyfoyf&yf&yf vkyo f mG ;zl;ygw,f? olu aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;tzG@J ukd zdEydS w f mawG&yfz@kd trde@f twkawG xkwcf w hJ ,f? }uD;rm;vSwJh qdkAD,uf ,E W,m;}uD;udk oJr_efav;wyGifhu &yfoGm;atmif vkyfEdkifcJhw,f? a=umuf ± G H @ jcif ; 47 ydkvefjynfeJ@ Zm±lZJpuD;wdk@t=um; qifE$JaewJhppfyGJrSm jycJhwm uawmh ‘aoG;pnf;a&;’wHqyd u f x kd ;dk xm;zd@k e@J wjcm;olrsm;eJ@ trSew f u,f csp=f unfz@kd vakd =umif;ygb?J wpHw k a,mufu oift h m; ol@trd u f kd csuu G af o tjzpf oH;k zd@k ajymwJw h csed w f nf; "b,favmuf=umrSmvJ"vd@k ar;vdrrhf ,f? 'gq&kd if ol[m &ufowWywf tenf;i,ftwGi;f pdw"f gwyf sujf ym;p jyKvm awmhr,fqdkwm aocsmae+yD? enf;enf;av;=umvmwmeJ@ usaemft h rd af wmh apmif=h unhcf aH e 47

Fear

44

yk e f u ef o l a v;

&+yD? usaemfhtdrfem;rSmvnf; rouFmp&m vlawGtrsm;}uD;bJvdk@ wD;wdk; wD;wdk; ajymawmhr,f? 'DvdkvlrsdK;u "usaemfawmh a=umufae+yDAsm/ quf rvkycf siaf wmhb;l "vd@k ajAmif ajymrSmr[kwb f ;l ? ajratmufvyk if ef;udk vkyf zdk@ a=umuf'l;wkefaewJh'DvdkvlrsdK;u ol@ol&Jabma=umifr_udk zHk;uG,fzdk@ ol rsm;udk tjypfajymvdrfhr,f? vkyfazmfudkifzufawGudk ‘olcdk;-ykvdyf’ upm; ae=uwmvd@k pGypf v JG rd rhf ,f? aemufwrsKd ;u 'Dval wG[m at;at;aq;aq; xdkif+yD;/ wckvHk;tajctaeudktuJjzwfzdk@ tcsdefav;awmif r&Sd=ubl;? 'grSr[kwfvnf; 'DvlawG[m wnvHk; xkdifpum;ajym+yD;/ ykvdyfvmzrf;rSm udk xkdifapmifhae=uwmvdk@ ajymvdrfhr,f?

'Dvdk w0ufwysufrsdK;cspfawG[m wdkif;jynf&J@ yg&rD&Sif t!Gef@ tzl;av;awGukd xde;f odr;f xm;zd@k vw kd ,fv@kd awmufav#mufbJ tav;ay; ajymvdrfhr,f? olwdk@udk,folwdk@vnf; 'DtpkxJuvdk@xif+yD; tem*gwfrSm tzEdkifiHawmf[m olwdk@r&SdbJ r&SifoefEdkifbl;vdk@ jrif=uvdrfhr,f? olwdk@u ajym=uvdrfhr,f³³³ toifhawmfqHk;wdkufyGJyHkpHu rjrifEdkifwJhpdwf"mwfa&; t& ckcu H muG,rf ³_ ³³ vd@k ? (qdv k w kd mu wdik ;f jynf&@J t!Ge;f tzl;av;awGukd xde;f odr;f umuG,zf @kd ygb?J ) 'grrS [kwf ajratmufvyk if ef;&J@ vdrv f nfvn S hf zsm;r_awGudkusifh0wft&=unfh&if &efolvdk@jrifvdrfhr,f? vlwdkif;[m ckvdk a=umuf±@HG ra_ wGuw kd efjyefz@kd toifjh zpfxm;=u&r,f? 'Da=umuf±@HG ru _ jznf; jznf;csif; jzpfvmwmyg? wa,mufa,mufu tpdk;&eJ@aygif;oGm;wJh EdkifiHa&; jynfhwef qmtvdkawmf&dwa,mufudk acgif;wHk;&dyfypfr,fvdk@ [efaqmifyefaqmif &ufowWywfaygif;rsm;pGmajymvm&if r,HkygeJ@? wzufu oluvnf; t=urf;zufwmudk bk&m;ocifr}udKufb;l vd@k ajymcsiaf ewmyg? uufovpf bmom0ifaumif; wa,muftaeeJ@ ol 'grsdK;rvkyfEdkifbl;wJh? yk e f u ef o l a v;

45

wu,fh ykeu f efopl pfppfawG[m xdwv f ef@a=umuf±@HG ru _ kd }uHKzl; cJh=uwmcsOf;ygbJ? 'gayr,fh a=umuf±GH@r_udk zHk;uG,fzdk@xuf tjcm;olawGeJ@ aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfr_udkwnfaqmuf+yD;/ a=umuf±GH@r_udk ausmfv$m;Edkifzdk@ }udK; pm;=uygw,f? ajratmufvkyfief;rSm a=umufp&maumif;wmu ol&Jabm a=umifoal wG r[kwb f ;l ? ta=umuftvef@ r&Sw d o hJ al wG? awmfao;wmayg@ 'DvdkvlrsdK;uvnf; odyfrrsm;vdk@? tcsuf j yrsm yrsm; 48 (tcsuf j yud k yd k @ yg? nH o H u d k ryd k @ ygeJ @ ?) ta&;}uD;wmu oifbmvkyEf ikd w f ,fqw kd m wwfEikd o f r# &Si;f &Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwfxm;zdk@ygbJ? OD;‘u’/ OD;‘c’/ OD;‘*’wdk@eJ@ pum;ajym ae&if; olwdk@xJrSm b,folut}uD;tuJqdkwm/ b,folu bmvkyf&r,f qd k w m/ ol w d k @ zmom ol w d k @ rqH k ; jzwf E d k i f b l ; qd k w m od v m&if bmrSqufrvkyfwm taumif;qHk;ygbJ? tJ'Dvdk tajctaersdK;rSm ‘udk,f rodwmudk razmfEikd ’f qdw k hJ Oya'oudv k u dk ef m&if rSm;vdrrhf ,f? 'Dvv kd yk &f if em;vnfr_v$JrSm;EdkifwJh tE W&m,f&Sdw,f? oifhudk,foifa&m tjcm;olrsm; udkyg vSnfhzsm;&ma&mufvdrfhr,f? avxJrSm wdkuftdrfraqmufygeJ@?49 aemufjy\emwcku vHk+cHKa&;ta=umif;jycsufeJ@ owif;vdk r[kwfbJ nHoHawGydk@rdwmygbJ? owif;awG [m wdk&r,f? Za0Z0g rjzpf 48 49

Signals (Send signals, not noise) Kazimierz Brandy &J@ "Rondo" udk =unfy h g?

46

yk e f u ef o l a v;

ap&bl;? txl;ojzifh vH+k cHKa&;eJ@qikd &f ifayg@? 'Dvrkd [kw&f if 'Dowif;awGukd &Sif;atmifvkyfae&wm tcsdefeJ@*Gif;qufawGukefvdrfhr,f? Oyrm³³³ "v#dK@ 0SufykvdyftzGJ@u OD;‘u’. ta=umif; tukefodaeonf"qdkwJh twif;rsdK; [m wefz;kd r&Sb d ;l ? bmudrk aS jymrjyEdik yf gb;l ? OD;‘u’twGuo f m tvkyv f yk f &wm ydktcuftcJawG@apygvdrfhr,f? pd w W Z rsm; 50 usdK;a=umif;rqDavsmfwJh a=umuf±GH@r_yHkpHrsdK;pHkudk wenf;tm; jzifh pdwZW awGukd ajratmufvyk if ef;oufwrf;rSm óuH&wwfygw,f? v#K@d 0u S f ykvdyf&J@ apmifh=unhfcH&wmudka=umufwm&,f/ txif}uD;vGef;wm&,fwdk@ u ay:vmwJt h 0dik ;f cHae&+yDv@kd xifw(hJ rvH+k cHKwJ)h pdw[ f m pdwZW ygb?J tvm; wl a=umufp&maumif;wJh aemufpdwWZu ESdrfpufn‡Of;yef;cH&rSmudk a=umufwphJ w d yf g? 'gvnf; tckvkd tprf;oyfcaH e&wJu h mvrsKd ;rSm em;vnf Ekdifygw,f? tvm;wl óuH&wwfwhJ aemuftpGu J t&mtm;vH;k udk ‘&efp’ wmvd@k csO;f jrifaewmyg? axmifxrJ mS r&Sb d J tjyifrmS vGwaf ewJo h l rSeo f r# udk tm%m&Siaf wGurzrf;csiv f @kd v$wx f m;wmvd@k jrifw,f? 'Dvkd a=umuf±@HG r_rsdK;[m udk,fhudk,fudk ‘oif;’ypfwmeJ@ twlwlbJ? 'Dvdkjzpf&if ykvdyftul tnDawmifrvdkbJ usaemfwdk@tvkyfudk zsufqD;wwfw,f? tvGe}f uD;us,w f yhJ ek u f efro _ abmw&m;awG[m trSew f &m; udk yHkysufyef;ysufjzpfatmifvkyfxm;=u+yD; 'gawGudk pdwWZawGvdk@ trnf 50

Manias

yk e f u ef o l a v;

47

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'DvdkbJ ppfwyfuvnf; bmnmqdk+yD;ajymwJh &efpr_ oabmw&m;tm;vHk; [m twlwlbJ? trSefw&m;eJ@uif;uGmwJh tpGJawGcsnf;bJ? 'D ykeu f efre_ @J &efpr_pw d ZW awG[m vkyo f ifv h yk x f u kd w f t hJ &mudk rvkyfwmrSefw,fvdk@xifvmapw,f? "usaemfwdk@vkyfor# uGefjrLepfawG tusK;d &Szd @kd csn;f jzpfaeawmh bmvd@k vyk af eOD;rSmvJAsm"qdw k mrsKd ;ayg@? ESyd pf uf n‡Of;yef;cHae&rSmudka=umufwJh pdwWZuawmh ydk+yD;tcH&cufw,f? 'Dvdk vlrsKd ;[m ol@tzd@k ae&mwumrSm v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd cf sn;f bJjzpfae+yD;/ wajy;xJ ajy;ae&vdk@bJ? od z d k @ vd k o n nff 51 twif;tzsif;ajymwJh tdrfeD;csif;[m ykvdyfowif;ay;xuf ydk tE &W m,f&w dS ,fqw dk hJ qd&k ;kd pum;a[mif;&Sw d ,f? twif;tzsi;f qdw k m rsKd ; uvnf; olajymor#twGuf bmrSwm0ef,lp&m rvdkbJudk;? tusdK;quf taeeJ@ajym&&if tjrifzvS,w f t hJ cg oifu h vmyfpnf;&J@z@JG pnf;yHek @J bmvkyf aew,fqw kd mawGukd rajymrdygapeJ@? b,fvt kd a=umif;a=umifeh @J rS emrnf awG/ vdypf mawGukd rajymyge@J ? ta&;}uD;qH;k u t&if;ES;D qH;k rdwaf qG r[kwf wJh olawGeJ@ tmracsmifygeJ@?

51

Need to know

48

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(1981) 'DZifbm (13) &ufae@u rm&S,af vm jyXmef;vdu k w f m 52

Freedom

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49

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50

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The Citizen VS The secret police Thr summons

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51

ta&;r,lEdkifyg? vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u 'DvdkorRefpmrsdK;[m rvdkufembJ aevdk@&w,fqdkwm odxm;wmawmifrS ykvdyfeJ@jy\emrjzpfcsifvdk@qdk+yD;/ ykvdyfXmecsKyfudkoGm;=uw,f? 'Dvdkta=umif;jycsufrsdK;[m rcdkifvHkygbl;? 'g[m aemifrmS ykvyd u f kd Oya'twdik ;f rvdu k ef mzd@k vrf;cif;ay;vdu k w f mbJ? wa,mufa,mufu olemrnf/ ol@tdrfvdyfpmwyf+yD; orRefpmwapmif vufc&H +yDq&kd if "ykvyd f usaemfu h rkd supf u d svmrSm rvdv k m;bl;Asm"vd@k ajym wm[m t"dy`g,fr&Sdbl;? xHk;enf;ruswJh orRefpmudk ‘jrifhjrwfwJh+idrf;csrf;a&;’ twGuf ykvdyfeJ@qufqHa&;aumif;aeapcsifwmtwGufqdk+yD; vdkufavsmvdkuf&if/ 'Dvl[m taES;eJ@tjrefqdkovdk ykvdyfeJ@oleJ@yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@ajymwm cH& zdk@aocsmae+yD? 'Dvekd nf;ruswhJ orRepf mawG[m vloal v;pm;jcif;cH&wJh Edik if H om;wOD;udk ykvyd o f wif;ay;jzpfatmifvyk zf @kd v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd &f @J yxrajcvSr;f bJ? r=umcif 'Dvdkxdwfvef@a=umuf±GH@aewJhvl[m ykvdyfu vuf zuf&nfqikd w f ckrmS ‘tvGwo f abmpum;pjrnfajym’zd@k zw d af c:wmudv k uf cHawmhr,f? 'Dvpkd um;pjrnfajymqdrk u _ jzpfEikd w f m(2)ckb&J w dS ,f? ykvyd ef @J yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufzdk@ jiif;qefvdkuf+yD;/ aqG;aEG;yGJysufoGm;wm&,f/ ykvdyf owif;ay;vkyfzdk@ vufcHvdkufwm&,f³³³ 'D(2)ck wckckjzpfrSmbJ? jiif;vkdufrd &ifawmh ykvdyfu+idKjiifrSmbJ? ykvdyfubmbJjzpfjzpf olwdk@udk pum;rajym csio f u l kd olw@kd uvnf; pum;rajymcsiyf gb;l ? tcsed u f ek ±f b kH J &Sw d ,f? olw@kd &Smwmu vlaysmah wGyg? owif;n‡px f w k v f @kd &wJo h al wG/ t=uyfuikd v f @kd &wJh olawGukd olw@kd e@J y;l aygi;f zd@k qGo J iG ;f wmbJ? 'Dvkd rcdik v f w kH o hJ rRepf mawGtjyif tckvdk &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'ta=umif;rodolawGudk txif}uD;atmif 52

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53

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Detention

54

yk e f u ef o l a v;

awmh ydkvefjynfol@orRwEdkifiH&J@ EdkifiHom;wOD;udk pGJcsufrwifbJ (48)em&D txd zrf;csKyfxm;Edkifygw,f?

'Dvdk }udKwifumuG,fwJhxdef;odrf;r_&J@&nf&G,fcsufu rouFm olwOD;udk aysmhoGm;atmifvkyfzdk@bJ? OD;usdK;oGm;atmif vkyfzdk@bJ? ykvdyfu ouFmruif;cH&olukd cifAsm;[m ESp&f n S v f rsm; usO;f usomG ;zd@k vufwurf; bJ vdw k ,fqw kd m odapcsiw f ,f? tpd;k &a&S@aevufxJ tr_a&mufroGm;zd@k u,fwifEdkifol[mvnf; olwdk@bJjzpfw,fqdkwm odapcsifw,f? bmbJjzpfjzpf ouFmruif;cH&olu pum;ajymvm+yD;/ olw@kd e@J yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvm+yDqdk&if/ }udKwifumuG,fwJh xdef;odrf;r_umv t uef@towf (48) em&Drausmfcif v$wfypfEdkifw,f? jynfo@l ppfubJjzpfjzpf/ v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd 56f ubJjzpfjzpf rouFmol wa,mufudk v$wfypfEdkifwJhtm%m&Sdw,f? 'gayr,fh (48) em&DtwGif; v$wyf pf&r,f? (48)em&Dausm&f if tpd;k &a&S@aeqDtr_uv kd aJ$ jymif;ay;&r,f? vufawG@rSmawmh rm&S,favma=unm+yD;uwnf;u 'Dtcsdef umv[m tuef@towfr&Sad wmhb;l ? xde;f odr;f w,f/ rac:awmhbJ wm; qD;xm;w,fv@kd baJ jymawmhw,f? ykvyd u f usaemfw h @kd t,ltqawGe@J ae yH/k xdik yf akH wGukd r}uKdu&f if usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k tcsed rf a&G; ud, k Ehf ikd if x H rJ mS bJ ppfoHk@yef;jzpfoGm;Edkifw,f?

Oya't& ykvyd t f &m&Su d vlwOD;wa,mufukd xde;f odr;f r,f qd&k if bmha=umifx h ed ;f odr;f w,fqw kd m azmfjy&r,f? wcgw&Hawmh tvGef tE W&m,f}uD;wJh &mZ0wfaumifeJ@ &ifqdkifae&ovdk qifjcifuefwwf w,f? "usaemfu h kd 'Dvv kd yk cf ikd ;f vd@k yg/" 'grrS [kwf "a[haumif続続続 pum;odyf 56

The MO or SB (People's Militia, Secret Police)

yk e f u ef o l a v;

55

r&Snef @J u?G rif;rsuEf mS udk xd;k cJG ypfvu kd &f rvm;" pojzifah yg@? jyefvw G v f m &ifawmh tpd;k &a&S@aeqDukd uef@uu G pf mwapmif a&;ukad &;&r,f? 'Dvu kd pd P awGrSm tawmfrsm;rsm;u pmjyefrvmayr,fh/ tm%mydkifawG&J@ Oya'rJh vkyf&yf udk rSwfwrf;wifzdk@ vkyfudkvkyf&r,f? &S m azG j cif ; 57 &mZ0wfusix hf ;kH Oya'yk'rf (181) tyd'k (f 1)t& &SmazGciG t hf rde@f udt k pd;k &a&S@aeuaomfvnf;aumif;/ w&m;&H;k uaomfvnf;aumif;/ pmeJ@ a&;om;+yD;xkwaf y;&r,fv@kd qykd gw,f? rnfo@kd yifqakd p ta&;w}uD; aqmif &Guf&efvdktyfaom tr_udpPrsm;wGif &mZ0wfusifhxHk; Oya'yk'fr(191)/ tydk'f(2)t& &SmazG&eftrdef@udk jynfol@ppfwyfzGJ@. wyfrª;u ay;Edkifonf? od@k wnf;r[kwf ykvyd t f &m&Su d ‚if;.pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;udjk yo+yD;/ aqmif &GuEf ikd o f nfv@kd &ydS gw,f? pmjzifah &;om;xm;aomtwnfjyKcsuu f akd wmif; cHvmv#if tpd;k &a&S@aeonf (7)&uftwGi;f xkt d wnfjyKcsuu f kd xkwaf y;& rnf? TusifhxHk;onf vludk&SmazGjcif;/ tcef;/ tdrf/ um;/ um;*dka'gif³³³ ponf tm;vHk;udk &SmazGjcif;udpP&yftm;vHk;ESifh oufqdkifonf? od@k aomf &mZ0wfusix hf ;kH onf ‘ta&;w}uD;aqmif&u G &f ef vdk tyfaomtr_upd rP sm;Y’qdo k nfEiS yhf wfoufI uef@owfru _ &kd iS ;f vif;wdus pGmzGifhqdkxm;jcif; r&Sday? tusdK;qufu ykvdyftzdk@ xdktrdef@tm%mudk tvGJoHk;pm;vkyf&ef tcGifhta&; &oGm;wmygbJ? wzef &mZ0wfusifhxHk; (182)u &SmazGjcif;udk eHeuf(6)em&DrS n (9) em&DtcsdeftwGif; pwifjyK 57

Searches

56

yk e f u ef o l a v;

vky&f rnfv@kd azmfjyxm;+yD;/ &SmazGjcif;vkyif ef;udk wnvH;k qufvufjyKvkyf Edkifygw,f? ‘ta&;ay:udpP&yfrsm;’wGifawmh ae@ae@nn b,ftcsdefrqdk vkyfEdkifygw,f? @'gu³³³ &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'u qdkxm;wmudkajymwmyg? vaygif;rsm;pGm rm&S,favmatmuf aevmcJh&wJh usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; tzdk@ awmh jynfol@ppfujzpfjzpf/ vHkxdef;ujzpfjzpf58/ bmta=umif;jycsufeJ@ jzpf jzpf/ bmta=umif;jycsufrS rjybJjzpfjzpf usaemfwdk@tdrfawGxJ tcsdefra&G; usL;ausmfvmwm[m txl;tqef;r[kwfawmhyg?olwdk@u rm&S,favm atmufrmS Oya'rJrh u _ kd tcGiahf umif;,lrmS bJ? 'gayr,fu h saemfw@kd u ckv&kd ef pusL;ausmfwmudk ra=umufrvef@/ xdwfxdwfysmysm rjzpfbJ wkef@jyefzdk@ vdw k ,f? ykvyd u f oift h rd w f cH g;vmacgu&f if csucf si;f zGirhf ay;vdu k yf ge@J ? pdwfat;at;xm;yg? 'grS olwdk@wHcg;udkzsuf+yD;0ifvmwJhtcgoifhrSm tE W &m,fay;Edik rf ,fh ypPn;f / pm&Gupf mwrf;/ vdypf mpmtky/f ajratmufowif; pm 'grSr[kwf oifhpdwfxJay:vmor# ypPnf;tm;vHk;udkzsufqD;zdk@ tcsdef& +yD;jzpfygvrd rhf ,f? (pm&Gupf mwrf;awGuzkd suq f ;D wJt h cg a&csKd ;ZvHu k kd toH;k jyKyg? jymawGudk b,folu *&kpdkufrSmvJ? v#Kd@0Sufykvdyfu oifhtdrf wHcg;udck sKd ;zsu+f yD; 0if+yDq&kd if 'g[m rawmfwqr[kwyf g? oifv h y_ &f mS ;r_ukd wpHw k &molw@kd o+d yD;jzpfygonf? od@k aomf a&csKd ;ZvHx k w J iG jf ymawGawG@&jkH zifh awmhoifu h w kd &m;rpGEJ ikd yf g?) wHcg;udx k &k u kd +f yD; usaemfrar#mv f ifw h {hJ nfo h nf awGa&mufvmwma=umifah =umuf+yD;owif;pma[mif;awG/pm&Guaf [mif; awG udk rD;±_d@wmygvdk@ ajym&HkygbJ?@59 58 59

The MO or ZOMO (People's Militia, Riot Police) @_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwaf 0onfh rltxJrp S myd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?

yk e f u ef o l a v;

57

&SmazGolt&m&Sd[m pmjzifha&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;&ygr,f? odrf;qnf; ypPn;f tm;vH;k udk pm&if;vkyaf zmfjy&r,f? &SmazGc&H oltaeeJ@vnf; xkrd w S f wrf;rSm &SmazGonfhenf;vrf;/ &SmazGolt&m&Sd. tjyKtrl/ odrf;qnf;cH& onfhypPnf;twGuf rdrd&J@wkef@jyefr_ pwmawGudk rdrd&J@oabmxm;rSwfcsuf taeeJ@ azmfjycGifh&Sdygw,f? w&m;0ifrSwfwrf;rSm tenf;i,fr#aomuGJvGJcsufudk awG@cJh v#ifyif vufrSwfxdk;zdk@jiif;qefyg? oif.uef@uGufcsufudk xdkrSwfwrf;wGif csa&;yg? oifu h kd w&m;pJcG v hJ #if xdu k ef@uu G cf suu f oifu h kd w&m;pD&if&mwGif tumtuG,fay;Ekdifygvdrfhr,f? (}udKwifumuG,fr_twGuf xdef;odrf;jcif;) wkef;uvdkbJ &SmazGcH&+yD;wJhtcg tajctjrpfr&SdwJh&SmazGr_twGuf tpdk;&a&S@aexH wdkif =um;pm wapmifa&;yg? u|Ekfyfwdk@v_yf&Sm;r_onf ydkvefjynfol@orwEdkifiH. Oya' abmiftwGif;rSjzpfonf? vufESdyfpufwvHk;/ a&'D,dkwvHk;/ yHkESdyfpm&Guf wcsKd@ydkifqdkifwmudk b,folrSwm;qD;EdkifcGifhr&Sdyg? &SmazGcH&wJhtcg 'DypPnf; rsKd;awG &SmazGodrf;qnf;cH&avh&Sdygw,f? tpdk;&a&S@aexH wdkif=um;pmrSm 'D odr;f qnf;cHypPn;f awGukd jyefay;zd@k awmif;qdw k mudv k nf; wygwnf; azmf jyyg? @v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd ef @J yxrt}udrq f w kH t hJ cg taumif;qH;k AsL[m u ±l;csif[efaqmifzdk@ygbJ? 'gwu,fudk trSefbJ? oifhrSm ‘EdkifiHa&;aemuf a=umif;’ r&Sd? ykvdyfeJ@ ckvdk awG@wmvnf; rawmfwqbJ? oifh‘jypfr_’ t wGuf wckwnf;aom taxmuftxm;onf oifhudk,fay:wGifawG@aom t&myif jzpfonf?

58

yk e f u ef o l a v;

oifZh mwfvrf;u olw@kd u, kd =kH unfapzd@k rvdyk g? 'gayr,fh jzpfEikd f p&m ta=umif;awmh &Sd&r,f? 'DvdkbJ pGJpGJ +rJ+rJqkyfudkifxm;&r,f? Oyrm³³³ oifhudkvrf;rSm or*~pm=unfhwdkufu iSm;vmwJhpmtkyfawGeJ@ &yfwef@ppf aq;cH&+yDqdkygpdk@? "rm&S,favmOya'u jyif;xefvGef;wma=umifh a=umuf +yD; 'Dajratmufpm&Gupf mwrf;awGukd zsuq f ;D rvd@k vyk af ewke;f cifAsm;wd@k e@J awGwmyg" vd@k ajymyg? pmtkyaf wG b,fu&w,f/ pm=unfw h u kd rf ;ª u b,f olqw kd m pwmawG bmrSajymzd@k rvdyk g? pmtkyaf wGvuf0,f&w dS m &mZ0wf r_ r[kwfyg? &Sif;jy&efvnf;rvdkyg? tqHk;awmh "'D[mawG&Sdaewmudk odyf a=umufae+yD; 'gawGudk &Sif;ypfrvdk@yg? =urRmiifcsifawmh cifAsm;wdk@eJ@ckvdk awG@vdkuf&awmh rvkyfvdkuf&awmhbl;ayg@Asm" vdk@ ajymyg? ppfa=uma&;t&m&Su d oifZh mwfvrf;[m vHñuwfqw kd m odyg w,f? 'gayr,fh 'DZmwfvrf;udkbJ taoqkwfudkif+yD; ajymaeoa&G@ tE W &m,fu a&SmifEdkifygvdrfhr,f? oifhajratmufcef;xJrSm yHkEdSyfzdk@vkyfxm;wJh pm&Gufpmwrf;udk ykvdyfu awG@oGm;+yDqdkygpdk@? tvG,fqHk;&Sif;jyEdkifwmu "'g rm&S,favm r a=unmcifu pm&Gufpmwrf;awGyg" vdk@ajymvdkufyg? 'DZmwfvrf;u ±l; a=umifa=umifawmhEikd yf gw,f? 'gayr,fh ykvyd u f akd wmh vSnphf m;Edik yf gw,f? oifht,ltqawG/ ,Hk=unfcsufawGudk ykvdyfeJ@ taqG;aEG;rcHygeJ@? ‘ajr atmufv_yf&Sm;r_’qdkwmudk vHk;0jiif;yg? ‘v_yf&Sm;wufºuGol’ qdkwmrsdK; vnf; rjzpfygapeJ@? oif[m ajratmufvyk if ef;oH;k a0g[m&awGukd vH;k 0rodo[ l ef aqmifyg? csuGufao/ qufom;/ axmufyHha&;vrf;a=umif;³³³ ponf tm;vHk;udk ‘bmawG vmajymaewmvJqdkwJh *dkufzrf;xm;yg? oif[m omreft&yfom;wa,muf/ wckckudk ‘rawmfwqoGm;awG@w,f’/ ‘tck yk e f u ef o l a v;

59

wdik ;f jynfuxGuo f mG ;+yDjzpfwhJ rdwaf qGwa,mufe@J twl vGecf w hJ hJ (10) ESpf u awG@cJhwJholu 'D[mudkay;vdkufwm’/ tck csdef;xm;wJhae&mrSm 'Dvludk oGm;awG@+yD; 'Dtxkwu f akd y;rvd@k / olu 'Dtxkwu f jkd rif&if usaemfu h kd rSwrf d r,fvdk@xif&wmbJ’?

Zmwfvrf;u jzpfEdkifp&mawmhjzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh tla=umif a=umifawmhEdkifw,f? taumif;qHk;Oya'ou enf;enf;bJajymav aumif;avbJ? v#K@d 0Suyf v k yd u f awmh b,fvrkd S ,Hrk mS r[kwb f ;l ? 'gayr,hf w&m;&Hk;u (w&m;&Hk;a&mufcJh&ifayg@av) oifhrSmtjypfxif&Sm;a=umif; r awG@&ao;or# tjypfuif;pifw,fvdk@ ,lq&rSmbJ? vGefcJhwJhvtenf;i,f tawG@t}uKHawGt&awmh Zmwfvrf; wckxu J kd pJpG +JG rJ+rJ xyfwvJvJ ajymae&if/ tjynft h 0rSew f m r[kwOf ;D awmh vlwa,muf vGwfvmwmudk }uKHzl;ygw,f? "rouFmol. &Si;f vif;wifjycsuo f nf jzpfEikd pf &m&So d nf" qdk wm ppfcHk&Hk;w&m;vdka&S@aeu tr_ydwfwJhtcg oHk;wJhpum;vHk;yg?@60 ppf a =uma&; 61 oufaotjzpfjzpfap/ rouFmol/ w&m;cHtaeESifhjzpfap/ ppfa=umzdk@qifhac:wm cH&Edkifygw,f? &mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr (61) u 'Dvdkqdkygw,f? "rouFmolqdkonfrSm ykvdyf.pGyfpGJr_udk cH&oljzpfonf? w&m;cHonf w&m;&Hk;u enf;vrf;wus pGJcsufwif ppfaq;cH&oludk qdv k o kd nf?"

60 @_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwaf 0onfh rltxJrp S myd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?

61

Interrogation

60

yk e f u ef o l a v;

@ppfa=uma&;twGuf qifhac:wJhorRefpmrSm oifhudkbmtr_eJ@ac:w,f

qd k wm &S i f ; &S i f ; vif ; vif ; azmf j yxm;&r,f ? rouF m ol t aeeJ @ / oufaotaeeJ@ ac:wJhtcg tr_wGJeHygwfudkazmfjy&r,f? ‘yk*~vdutr_’/ ‘&S i f ; vif ; wif j y&ef qif h a c:onf ’ qd k w J h rS w f c suf r sd K ;awG y gvm&if / tr_wGJeHygwfudk csefvSyfxm; &if/ &Hk;wHqdyfwHk;ryg&if orRefpm[m ysufygw,f? 'Dvdk orRefpmrsKd;udk vufcH vdkufemp&mrvdkyg?@62 ar;cG e f ; awG rpcif wm0ef c H p pf a =umol t&m&S d u tr_ ta=umif;t&mudk w&mcHudkajymjyzdk@wm0ef&Sdygw,f? (vufawG@rSm jzpfcJ ygw,f?) @ar;cGef; wdkif;udk pmeJ@a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifzdk@awmif;qdkyg? +yD;rS arcGef;udkajzzdk@ jiif;qefyg?@63 oufaou ol@ujkd zpfap/ aqGrsK;d &if;csmwOD;udjk zpfap ta&;,l tjypfay; Edkifaomar;cGef;udk jiif;qef&ef Oya't& tcGifhta&;&Sdygw,f? (&mZ0wfusifhxHk; yk'fr 166) @ppfa=uma&;umvrSm oufao[m oufaocHtcsuf t vufuakd y;tyfz@kd rjiif;qefEikd yf g? od@k aomf ol@ujkd zpfap/ aqGrsKd ;&if;csm wOD; udkjzpfap ta&;,ltjypfay;EdkifwJh tcsuftvufrsKd;udkawmh ta=umif; wpHkw&mrjybJ jiif;qefcGifh&Sdygw,f?64 ar;cGef;awGudk ajzzdk@ jiif;qefwm[m ta&;}uD;w,f? bmvdk@ vJqdkawmh oufaou rouFmoljzpfoGm;Edkifw,f? oufaocHxGufqdkae wke;f tcsut f vufwcsKd @[m aemifrmS oifu h w kd &m;pGw J ifEikd w f mrsKd ; rawmf 62

@_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwaf 0onfh rltxJrp S myd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?

63

@_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwaf 0onfh rltxJrp S myd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?

64

(&mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'yk'fr 165 ESifh 166 udk n$ef;) yk e f u ef o l a v;

61

wq xGufqdkrdwwfw,f? tcsuftvufrSm;udk xGufqdkwmxufpm&if rajymbJ yg;pyfyw d x f m;wmu ydak umif;ygw,f? oufaovdrx f u G &f if (5) ESpftxd axmifcsEdkifygw,f?@65 'gawGu=kd unf&h if v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd ef @J qufqw H t hJ cg/ ppfa=uma&; 0if&wJhtcg/ wckwnf;aom avsmfuefwJhenf;y&d,m,fu wcsKd@aomar; cGef;rsm;udk rajzrdzdk@ygbJ? rouFmoltaeeJ@jzpfap/ w&m;cHtaeeJ@jzpfap ar;cGef;tar;cH&wJhtcg/ &mZ0wfusifhxHk; Oya'yk'fr(63)t& oufaocH csuaf y;zd@k jiif;qefciG &hf ydS gw,f? 'Dy'k rf u w&m;cH&@J tcGit hf a&;udk &nf!e$ ;f ay r,fh yk'fr(61)t& rouFmoluvnf; cHpm;cGifh&Sdygw,f?)*66 (ra=umufyge@J 67? usaemfw@kd cka&mufaewm ‘a*:rlumacwf’68 r[kwyf g? olu‘cE<mud, k n f O‡ ;f yef;ESyd pf ufr’_ udk qef@usiyf gw,f? tckacwf rSmawmh v#Kd@0Sufykvdyfu ppfa=uma&;umvrSm +cdrf;ajcmufwm/ tiftm; oH;k wm r=umc% vkyw f wfygw,f? wa,mufuqdk olw@kd t&m&Scd si;f ajym aewJh ‘'Daumifh yg;pyfyiG v hf matmif 'Daumifrh suEf mS udak v;ig;csuaf vmuf xkd;vdkufprf;uGm’qdkwmudk =um;cJh&ygw,f?

'Dvdk +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsKd;udk vufawG@vnf;vkyfwwfygw,f? pdwf "mwfa&;&mt&toifjh zpfatmif usaemfw@kd u, kd u f kd usaemfw@kd toifjh yif& ygr,f? uHaumif;wmu‘pwmvifacwf’r[kwfawmhwmyg? tJ'Dacwfu 65 @_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwaf 0onfh rltxJrp S myd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?

66 * rS pmrsm;onf jyifqifxw k af 0onfh rltxJrS pmyd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?

67

Don't be intimidated Waldslow Gomulka

onf 1956-70 uGefjrLepfygwDA[dkaumfrwD. yxrtwGi;f a&;rSL; jzpfonf?

68

62

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@_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwaf 0onfh rltxJrp S myd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?

Don't get alarmed

yk e f u ef o l a v;

63

rvef@vdkufygeJ@? ppfa=uma&;&J@enf;wenf;u jypfr_udk yHk}uD;cs@JwmbJ? 'D awmhrS pGypf cJG &H olu owdvufvw G jf zpf+yD;/ bmawGjzpfvmOD;rSmvJv@kd awG; +yD; a=umufvmw,f? 'DawmhrS 'DudpPrSm wu,fwef;usawmh olb,f avmufbJygcJhwmygqdk+yD;ajymawmhr,f? 'DvdkudpPrsKd;rSm e*dkpGyfpGJcsufudk jyef &kyfodrf;vdkuf+yD;/ ydkqdk;wJhtajctaexJudk ckefqif;rdvsufom; jzpfaeawmh w,f? ppfa=umolbufu=unf&h if oifu ckawmh pum; p˜ajymae+yDjzpfv@kd 'Denf;u atmifjrifwmbJ? ppfa=umol[m omreftm;jzifh rouFmcH&olxuf Oya'udk ydkem;vnfw,f? vG,fvG,fululbJ vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;Edkifw,f? 'DvdkbJ r ouFmcH&ol[m ol@tcGit hf a&;udk rodwmrsm;w,f? 'guo kd &d zd@k vnf; ppf a=umoludk tm;udk;vdk@r&bl;? Oyrm³³³ ppfa=umolu oif'Dar;cGef;udk bm vd@k rajzovJqw kd m r&ruar;vdrrhf ,f? wu,fwef;u oifrh mS 'Dvkd tcGihf ta&;&Sw d ,fqw kd m olaumif;aumif;odw,f? "cifAsm;rajzwm[m rajz csiv f @kd rajzwmr[kwv f m;"/ "'Dxu G cf suu f cifAsm;udk &mZ0wfre_ @J &H;k wif ppfaq;Edkifw,fqdkwm odvdk@r[kwfvm;"?

'Dvdktr_rsKd;rSm ppfa=umolu "'DxGufcsufu cifAsm;udkjyef ywfEdkifw,fqdkwm cifAsm;ubmvdk@xif&wmvJ"vdk@ ar;aumif;ar;vdrfh r,f? oif pum;ajymvmvdrrhf ,fqw kd hJ ar#mv f ifch suef @J ar;wmbJ? tajzu awmh &Si;f &Si;f av;bJ? "'Dxu G cf suu f usaemfu h jkd yefywfvrd rhf ,fxifv@kd "vd@k jyefajzvdkufyg? 'g[m vHkavmufwJhtajzbJ? aemufwqifhuawmh +cdrf; ajcmufwmbJ? rajzbJae&if w&m;pGJzdk@ cGifhjyKcsufawmif;&vdrfhr,f qdkwm rsKd;ayg@? 'grSr[kwfvnf; "'gav;ajzvdkuf&if cifAsm; jrefjrefvGwfrSmyg"vd@k ajymvdrfhr,f?

64

yk e f u ef o l a v;

'g[m olwwfEdkifwmxuf ydkajymwmbJ? 'DvdkqHk;jzwfcsufrsKd; ay;zdk@ ol@rSmtm%mr&Sdbl;? (ppfa=umol[m rouFmcH&oludk yxr(48) em&DtwGi;f rSmbJvw $ yf pfEikd w f ,f? tpd;k &a&S@aeqDucGijhf yKrde@f r&&if't D csed f xufausmf+yD; xdef;odrf;xm;vdk@ r&bl;?)*71 ppfa=uma&;umvwav#mufvHk; ppfa=uma&;t&m&Sdzufu t+rJwrf;t}uD;tus,t f ompD;&aewmcsn;f bJ? ol@zufu emp&mu eJeJ av;? usaemfwdk@u vGwfvyfr_eJ@ tavmif;tpm;vkyfae&wm? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd [m ppfa=uma&;rSmoH;k avh&w dS ehJ nf;vrf;awGukd eJeb J jJ zpfjzpf od xm;zdk@aumif;ygw,f? zsm;roGm;ygeJ@72 ? cifAsm;b0ta=umif; awmfawmftao;pdwf uswmav;awGudk ajymvdkufvdk@ zsm;roGm;ygeJ@? "'gawmifodaerSawmh³³³ tukefvHk;odaeavmufa&mayg@uGm"vdk@ tvG,fwul aumufcsuf rcs vdu k yf ge@J ? olw@kd rodygb;l ? oifu h kd ‘aysmo h mG ;atmif’vkyzf @kd enf;a[mif;}uD; udk oHk;wmyg? oifhta=umif; wcsKd@w0uf oifhrdwfaqGawGudk ppfa=um&if; &oGm;wm jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygw,f? oifhrdwfaqGuvnf;tr_eJ@bmrS rqdkifwJh 'DtcsufawG udkajym+yD;/ ppfaq;oludk acgif;±_yfoGm;atmif }uKd;pm;cJhwmyg? 'Denf;eJ@ wzufom;udk wywf&dkufEdkifvdrfhr,fvdk@ xifcJh wmyg? oifrh w d af qGwOD;OD;&J@ ud, k af &;ud, k w f m b0tao;pdyu f kd b,f awmhrS pum;pjrnfvyk +f yD;rajym&bl;qdw k m owd&yg? 'Dtcsut f vufawG u olw@kd u'kd u k aQ &mufapEdik w f ,f? oifu h v kd w l pke@J w&JG u kd x f m;wJh oif"h mwfykH 71 72

* rS pmrsm;onf jyifqifxw k af 0onfh rltxJrS pmyd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?

Don't panic

yk e f u ef o l a v;

65

xkwjf yvd@k ta=umif;rJv h ef@roGm;yge@J ? "mwfy/kH wdyaf cG/ tpD&ifcpH m³³³ pwm awG[m ykvyd o f wif;ay;&J@ yHrk eS v f yk if ef;tcsut f vufawGyg? ykvyd u f 'grsK;d udk yHkrSefpkaqmif;&w,f? 'gayr,fh 'gawGu w&m;&Hk;rSm oufaocHr0ifyg? oifu h kd +cdr;f ajcmufz@kd / axmifacsmufqifz@kd e@J tEdik t f xufvyk +f yD; xGucf suf ,lz@kd bJ toH;k usygw,f? (pmeJ@) xGuq f +kd yD;+yDq&kd ifawmh usew f mawGrvdak wmhyg? w&m; cGifwav#mufvHk;rSm oifhudk'kuQtay;EdkifqHk;u ckvdkpmeJ@a&;xm;wJh ouf aocHcsuf ygbJ?@73 b,f[mudrk S 0efrcHyge@J 74 ? cifAsm;ta=umif;xGucf suaf y;r,f/h oufaoeJ@ &ifqdkifawG@ay;&ifawmif bmudkrS0efrcHygeJ@? pdwf"mwft& t !Gef@usKd;aewJh 'DvdkoufaoawGudk "olwdk@udkrodygbl;? olwdk@eJ@twl &mZ 0wfru _ sL;vGecf w hJ mr&Syd gb;l "vd@k worwfwnf;jiif;+yD;&ifqikd &f if ppfa=um a&;umvrSmjzpfjzpf/ tr_ppfaq;aepOfrSmjzpfjzpf olwdk@xGufcsufawGudk jyef&kwfodrf;oGm;wwfygw,f? oifrh w d af qGtenf;pku oifvnf; ygygw,fv@kd quf+yD;xGuq f kd ae&ifawmif oifrh mS 0efczH @kd tcsed t f rsm; }uD;useyf gao;w,f? ‘&mZ0wfr’_ udk usL;vGefcJhygw,fvdk@ 0efcHzdk@qHk;jzwfw,fqdk&if oifha&S@aea&S@rSm 0efcHyg? ydkaumif;wmu w&m;&Hk;rSm0efcHyg? ppfa=uma&;umvtwGif; v$rf;rdk; t EdkifusifhcH&&if/ xifa&mifxifrSm; jzpfatmiftvkyfcH&&if/ a&S@ae&J@t}uH ^m%f&,lzdk@ (&mZ0wfusifhxHk;Oya'eJ@qef@usif+yD;) jiif;y,fcH&&if E_wfydwf aeyg? 'grSr[kwf bmrSrywfoufcJhygbl; vdk@jiif;yg?

73 @_@ rS pmrsm;onf rl&if;xkwaf 0onfh rltxJrp S myd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?

74

Do not admit anything

66

yk e f u ef o l a v;

rouFmolwa,mufxufydk+yD; ppfa=umcHae&wJh umvrsKd;rSm ykvdyfudk ausmzd@k tcGit hf vrf;vH;k 0r&Sb d ;l qdw k mem;vnf&r,f? qdyk gp@dk ³³³ rouFmol wa,mufu(kd ykvyd u f ar;vd@k )tjcm;rouFmolwa,mufe@J aumfzq D ikd rf mS pum;ajymcJhwmudk jyefajym+yDqdkygpdk@? ykvdyfudkvrf;v$Jzdk@ tr_eJ@rqdkifwJh tao;pdwt f a=umif;t&mav;awGukd pajymvdrrhf ,f? 'D tao;pdwaf wGukd 'kw, d rouFmcH&olukd oGm; ajymwJt h cg "[m³³³ 'Daumifawmh azmf+yD"vd@k xif+yD; pajymawmhrSmbJ? vlwpkukd ppfa=umcH&&if ykvyd u f v kd n S phf m;Edik zf @kd qw kd m rjzpfEikd f yg? olwdk@rSm wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cGifhvnf;r&Sd/ b,ftcsufudk azmfajymr,fqdk wmvnf; n‡dE_dif;cGifhr&Sdvdk@ygbJ? ppfa=umolawGu rouFmolawGukd &ifqikd &f mrSm oH;k avh&w dS hJ vufoHk;pum;u "rif; udk,fhudk,fudk tjypfr&Sdbl;qdk+yD; pum;ajymzdk@ jiif; ae&if ud, k u hf , kd u f kd 'kuaQ y;wmjzpfrmS bJ? &d;k &d;k om;om;eJ@ tjynft h pHak jym rS tjypfr&Sd&ma&mufrSmayg@"? 'gu bmrS rSm;wmawmhr[kwfbl;? ydkvef orwEdik if &H @J Oya'ta=umif;tcsut f &ajym&if w&m;cH[m tjypfr&Sb d ;l qdw k , hJ q l csuu f kd tajccHw,f? qdv k w kd mu jypfru _ sL;vGeaf =umif; oufao xif&mS ;rjyEdik o f r#/ Edik if o H m;wdik ;f [mtjypfuif;rJw h ,fv@kd qv kd w kd mbJ? ppf a=uma&;vkyif ef;&J@&nf&, G cf suef @J wnf&&dS wJt h a=umif;&if;[m rouFmol [m jypfr_usL;vGefa=umif; oufaoxif&Sm;jyzdk@bJ? tjypfuif;rJha=umif; oufaojyzdk@ r[kwfbl;? oifhudkulnDcsifwJh ‘oabmaumif;wJh OD;av; }uD;’&J@ t&l;vkyw f mudrk cH&ygapeJ@? ol@&@J t&if;cHapwemudjk iif; y,fr+d yDv@kd xifrda,mifrSm;rjzpfygeJ@? tcsdefom vHkvHkavmufavmuf&ygap? tjypf r&Sdbl;vdk@ajymwJh oufaojycsufwdkif;udk (t+rJwrf;awmh w&m;0ifwJhenf; vrf;r[kww f )hJ enf;eJ@ v#K@d 0u S yf v k yd u f rrSeaf =umif;oufaojyEdik w f mcsn;f yk e f u ef o l a v;

67

bJqdkwm rarhygeJ@? bmbJjzpfjzpf tr_u w&m;&Hk;a&mufoGm;+yDqdk&ifawmh v#Kd@0SufykvdyftwGuftcsdefuenf;oGm;yg+yD?*75 w&m;&H;k rSm vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;wJh oufaocHcsu[ f m cdik v f kH ygw,f? 'g@a=umifhbJ ppfa=uma&;rSwfwrf;awGudk ppfa=uma&;+yD;vdk@ em&D tawmf=umrS r=umc% csa&;=uwmbJ? rouFmcH&olarmyef;ae+yD/ ouf aocHcsuu f kd tao;pdwjf yefvnf rppfaq;Edik af wmhb;l qdw k t hJ csed =f urS 'Dvkd vkyw f mbJ? ppfa=umolu ppfa=umcH&ol rajymwJh tcsut f vufwcsK@d ukd vnf;xnfhzdk@ }udK;pm;aumif; }uKd;pm;vdrfhOD;r,f? tpuwnf;u ar;cGef;wdkif;udk aocsmpGma&;zdk@awmif;qdkyg? ra&;&if qufajzzdk@jiif;qdkyg? rSwfwrf;xJrSmb,fvdktao;tzGJudk csefxm; cJw h mrsK;d udrk S vufrcHyge@J ? oifx h u G q f ckd suef @J uGv J w JG mjzpfjzpf/ wvGw J acsmf a&;wmjzpfjzpf/ b,favmufbJao;i,fygap/ rSwfwrf;xJrSmvdktyfovdk &Sif;vif;csufxnfhay;zdk@ awmif;qdkyg? vufrSwfxdk;zdk@ jiif;qefyg?76 EdkifiHa&;tr_awGrSm tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf tzrf;cH&wJhtcg/ ppf a=umolawGvkyfwwfwmu tcsif;csif;=um;aoG;pnf;a&;udk +zdKcGJypfzdk@bJ? tzrf;cH&oltcsi;f csi;f aw@ay;+yD;vnf; upm;wwfw,f? r=umc% olw@kd vkyfwwfwmu }uH&mygwa,muf ay;xm;w,fvdk@xif&wJh xGufcsufxJ rSm tcsut f vufopfwcsKd @ wDxiG x f nfo h iG ;f wmbJ? ,H=k unf&atmif xGuf csuu f kd rSww f rf;xJxnfx h m;wwfao;w,f? ud;k um;xm;wJh tcsuu f rSef w,fq&kd ifawmif &nf&, G cf suu f ‘wjcm;olawGazmfuek +f yD’vd@k xifapcsif awmhwmbJ? 'Dvdkxifrd+yDqdkwmeJ@rouFmcH&ol[m p ajymawmhwmbJ?h 75

* rS pmrsm;onf jyifqifxw k af 0onfh rltxJrS pmyd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?

(yd k v ef j ynf w &m;Oya't& rouF m cH & ol e J @ ouf a oawG [ m ppfa=uma&;rSww f rf;rSm vufrw S x f ;kd zd@k Oya't& wm0efr&Syd g?)

76

68

yk e f u ef o l a v;

cke udk;um;csufygwJh xGufcsufrSwfwrf;[mvnf; w&m;&Hk;a&mufrvm awmhbJ pkyfpjrKyfp aysmufoGm;awmhwmbJ? aemufxyf SB oH;k wwfwhJ ta[mif;rsO;f qH;k vSnphf m;enf;u -- oif vkyfaewJhvlr_vkyfief;awG[m taemuf*smr%D jyKjyifa&;orm; opPmazmufawG/ tpPa&;v#Kd @0u S af xmufvrS ;f a&;tzG@J e@J CIA pwmawGu aiGa=u;axmufyHhaewmvdk@ ,Hk=unfvmatmifvkyfwmbJ? rouFmcH&ol u 'D&HyHkaiGxJrS udk,fusdK;twGuf wjym;wcsyfrSr&bl;qdkapOD;/ (olu odyf ao;wJh e,f&kyfav;jzpfaevdk@) 'DEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSmygaewJh wjcm;olawG uawmh aiG&vdk@vkyf=uwm/ olwdk@u qGpfZmvefb%fpm&if;awGrSmvnf; aiGawGtrsm;}uD;tyfxm;w,fvdk@ ajymvdrfhr,f? olwdk@oHk;cJhwJhenf;awGxJu tatmifjrifqHk; wckuawmh (1968)u oHk;cJhwJhenf;bJ?77 olwdk@enf;u qef@usifykefuefr_&Jh ppfrSefr_eJ@ ta&;ygru _ kd jiif;y,fxm;wmbJ? 'DxyJ gwv hJ t l m;vH;k udk "rif;wd@k toH;k csc&H wm/ jc,fvS,fcH&wm" vdk@ajymr,f? "rif;wdk@q&m}uD;awGu*sL;awGeJ@ t aemuf*smrmefjyKjyifa&;orm;awGb?J olw@kd uolw@kd u, kd u f sKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf rif;wdk@udkajrSmufay;aewm"? udk,fhudk ppfa=umaewJholeJ@ pum;rajym& raeEdkif&if/ oleJ@ pum;pjrnfajymzdk@qHk;jzwf+yD;+yDqdk&if wckrSwfxm;&rSmu ol[moifhudk t+rJwrf;awmh wdkuf&dkufar;cGef;awG ar;rSmr[kwfbl;? pD;u&ufwvdyf/ vbuf&nfwcGufay;+yD; &if;&if;ESD;ESD; i,faygif;}uD;az:vdk pum;ajymr,f? ol[m ol@tvkyo f v l yk af ew,fqw kd m owd&ydS g? ppfa=uma&;rSmoH;k wJh enf; vrf;wcku ppfa=umcH&oleJ@ rdwfaqGzGJ@zdk@ bJ? zGifhajymvmatmif pdwf"gwf 77

(1968 rwfvrSm ausmif;om;ykeu f efrw _ ck jzpfcw hJ ,f?)

yk e f u ef o l a v;

69

a&;&mt& zdtm;ay;zdk@bJ? ppfa=uma&;eJ@oifh=um;rSm b,fvdktqufqH rsdK;rS rxm;ygeJ@? oifhtaetxm; ydkcufoGm;vdrfhrnf?*78 @vaygif;tawmf=um ppfaq;ar;jref;cH&+yDqdk&if ppfa=umcH &ol[m usKd ;oGm;+yD;zGiahf jymawmhrmS bJv@kd v#Kd @0u S yf v k yd f (SB)u t+rJwrf; ar#mv f ifx h m;w,f? 'ga=umifb h J olw@kd [m(ajcmufvu kd /f acsmv h u kd /f avaysmh av;eJ@qufqHvdkufeJ@) olwdk@enf;awGudkt+rJwrf;ajymif;aewm? wcgw&H awmh vlEpS af ,mufutvSnu hf svyk v f mwwfw,f? wa,mufu tquf rjywf qJqakd tmf[pfaew,f? aemufwa,mufu at;at;aq;aq; odrf odrfarG@arG@eJ@ oifhudkem;vnfzdk@ }udK;pm;aeoa,mif/ ulnDcsifoa,mif aqmifr,f? oifhudk ppfa=umzdk@ac:oGm;+yD; b,folurS bmrSrajymbJ em&D aygi;f rsm;pGmxm;csix f m;r,f? ppfa=uma&;udk oifw h u kd cf ef;usO;f av;xJrmS vkycf siv f yk rf ,f? Edik if aH &;tr_awGrmS awmhoifw h u kd cf ef;usO;f usO;f av;xJrmS owif;ay;wa,mufudk a&mxm;wwfw,f? ('Dvlu axmifu ae aemufxyfppfaq;p&m&Sdvdk@ac:vmwJhol/ 'grSr[kwf w&m;&Hk;rSm tpdk;& oufaotjzpf xGufqdkr,fholjzpfwwfw,f? ) yHkaojzpfavh&Sdwmu 'Dvl [m ‘oufawmifo h ufomaevdk wJ’h / tvky=f urf; rvkyv f w kd /hJ qd;k &Gm;vSwhJ axmifwGif;'g%fudk rcHEdkifwJh/ tJ'Dtpm; ppfa=umcHzdk@ oufouftwGuf tzrf;cHvdkolomjzpfwwfw,f? ol 'Dvdktm%mydkifawGeJ@ yl;aygif;aqmif &Guf&if apmapmvGwfr,f/ axmif0ifpmrsm;rsm;&r,f? axmif0ifpm c% c%awG@&r,f? pm tquftoG,f&r,f-- ponfjzifh uwday;xm;wm rsKd ; jzpfwwfw,f? ol[m ppfa=umcHae&wmeJ@wcsed x f rJ mS oifu h pkd pfa=um aewJh ppfa=uma&;t&m&Sed @J vnf; tquftoG,&f w dS ,f/f bmvd@k vq J akd wmh 78

* rS pmrsm;onf jyifqifxw k af 0onfh rltxJrS pmyd'k rf sm;jzpfonf?

70

yk e f u ef o l a v;

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71

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75

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