Who Kill Aung San

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,f o l o wf o vJ

wwd , t}ud r f ðyjyifwnf;jzwfxw k af 0jcif; 1 1

2 2

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

© rlyidk f= OD;cifatmif ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Ö rsufESmzHk; tjyiftqif cifOD;atmifESihf xGef;vSatmif

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,f o l o wf o vJ pma&;ol

OD;cifatmif

Ö uGeyf sLwm &efEkdifpkd; Ö jrefrmbmom (wwd,t}udrf) 2004 jynfhESpf/ atmufwkdbmv Ö xkwfa0ol a':cifrsKd;at;/ ‘acwfòydif’ *sme,f?

The New Era Journal P.O Box (115) Raminthra P.O Bangkhen, Bangkok 10220 E-mail : newera@ksc.th.com

jref r mbmomjyef o l a'guf w mwif h a 0 a'guf w mat;ausmf

Printed in Thailand

Ö pmwnf;jzwfol jr0wD&Jacgif Ô

ISBN 974-87617-4-6

á *sme,fwu kd rf S xkwaf 0onf?

3 3

4 4

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

19/ 7/ 47 Ô jynfjrefrm a&$tdrfwGif;rSmjzihf rowDp&m ayGvdrfwJh tcif;&,fa-umifh (Adv k cf sKyfa&æ) a&wdrftwGif;rSmrS epf&onf? ? Ô a=omfætcif;ppfvkdufjyefawmh twGi;f wESprf mS avsmu f efwehJ nf;awGe‹J awmfveS t f +yD;rSm jrefjynfvw G &f efz‹kd }uHpnfrc|wfoaemf tm;tifoHk;vdk‹&,f ykef;vsufppfcsDæ? ? Ô ±kdif;vdkufav rsKd;rppfwJh tcif;ayxifh *dk%f;rdkufawG qdk;npfwJh tcsif;&,feJ‹ rsKd;cspfwoif;udkawmh owfcJh+yDæ? wyfzŒJG ZmenfawGrmS awmh ajcmufewf&Gmodk‹ jref;ºuG+yDwum;æ? jrwfwhJ omuDawG[mrd‹k aemufxyfvmzdk‹ wrf;wonftrsm;æ? ? Ô jzpfa=umif;i,f!¸ef ESpaf [mif;uG,v f eG af yr,fh q,fu h ;kd ˜cGe˜f av;cGe-f ESpu f akd wmh zefcgcg jyefumppfygv#ijf zifh t+rJwdkif oJqdkifepfvdk‹&,f arhypfroGm;æ? ? jr0wD&Jacgif (vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if yxrqifh) 1959=ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 5 5

6 6

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

rmwdum Oa,smZOf pma&;ol.ed'gef; bmomjyefo. l trSm Zmwfvrf;0ify*k Kd~ vfrsm; ○

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aumvm[vaygif;ac|;cH tjrifxufykdxl; okcZmwfa-umif;jyef pyfpHxGef;.om; OD;b0if;.om; a-u;rHkOD;aomif;xkwfazmfajymqdk_yD wuUokdvfae0if; pufqkyfzG,fvlrsKd;a&;vlowfr+avm ○

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tcef; (1) Akv d cf sKyfvyk }f uHc&H jcif; tcef; (2) t"duacgif;aqmifrsm; tcef; (3) w&m;qdik jf cif; tcef; (4) v#KdŒ0Suq f ef;-u,fjcif; tcef; (5) tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm; + arG tcef; (6) t-urf;zufrt tcef; (7) &v'f

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7 7

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tmZmenfrsm; vlowform;rsm; Oya'qkdif&myk*~dKvfrsm; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; ukdvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm; olwdk‹b,folawGvJ jrefrmtrnfrsm;ESihf ywfoufaom rSwfcsuf

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11 17 21 25 25 26 28 30 34 36 37 41 63 107 131 153 181 205 206 214 222 227 229 234 240 246

tu,fI ,cktcsdeftxd OD;atmifqef;omtoufraobJ&SifaecJhaomf ed*kH;csKyf

pmwGJ

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vkyf}uHr+ESihf ±Hk;wifw&m;pGJqdkr+wdk‹ESifhywfoufaom a-u;eef;pmtcsKdŒ &nf!¸ef;csufrsm; jrefrmpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; t*Fvdyfpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh tpdk;&xkwfjyefjcif; ○

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rSwfcsufrsm;

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Zmwfvrf;0ifyk*~dKvfrsm; vlowform;rsm;ESifhOya'qkdif&myk*~dKvfrsm; tcef; (1) AdkvfcsKyfvkyf}uHcH&jcif; tcef; (2) t"duacgif;aqmifrsm; tcef; (3) w&m;qkdifjcif; tcef; (4) v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fjcif; tcef; (5) tajzr&ao;aomar;cGef;rsm; tcef; (6) t-urf;zufr+tarG tcef; (7) &v'f pmwGJ (vkyf}uHr+ESihf ywfoufaom a-u;eef;pmtcsKdŒ)

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255 263 273 273 303 303 304 306 307 307 307 307 311 322 325 332 337 351 358

8 8

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

&efukefòrd›awmf= 1947 -opa-w;vsjynf/ uifbm&mòrd›/ trsKd;om;wuUodkvf/ ajryHkqGJynm okawoe,lepf/ ypdzdwf=tm&S avhvmr+qdkif&mXmerS a&;qGJay;onf?

9 9

10 10 10

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

Oa,smZOf 1951 ckESpftwGif;wGif yxrOD;qHk; -opa-w;vsoHwref udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ ±Hk;zGifhvSpfay;&ef u|efawmf &efukefòrdo › dk‹ qdkufa&mufcJhygonf? xdktcsdefonf wdkif; jynfudk *syefvufatmufrS jyefvnfu,fwifcJh_yD; _Adwdo#wdx k‹ HrS udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf a&; &,laqmif&u G af y;Edik cf o hJ nfh acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; vky}f uHc&H _yD;p wwdik ;f jynf vH;k wxdww f vefE‹ iS hf ,lóuH;r&cHpm;ae&onfh tcsed v f nf;jzpfayonf? 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹ tpdk;&tzGJŒ tpnf;ta0;wGif OD;atmifqef;ESifhtwl ol. vkyfazmfudkifzuf tukefeD;yg;r# pufaoewfajymif;0wGif toufpaw;cHcJh&onf? þod‹k jzifh &Jabmfo;kH usdypf pfacgif;aqmifEiS hf jynforl sm;tay: qGaJ qmifr+ xufjrufvS onfh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;wOD; qHk;±+H;cJh&onf? xdt k‹ jyif _Adwdo# udkvdkeD u|ef oayguf vufatmufcHb0rS vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHawmfb0odk‹ ul;ajymif;aeonfh pyful;rwful;umvwGif a&S›wef;tcef;u¾rS yg0ifacgif;aqmifr+ ay;Edkifonfh tjcm;^m%fynm t&Sdeft0g xufjrufvSonfh acgif;aqmifajcmufOD;yg qHk;±+H;cJh& ayonf?

OD;apmESifh taygif;tyg ig;OD;wdk‹tm; acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; vkyf}uHr+twGuf aemufydkif;wGif w&m;pD&ifonfhtcg tjypfxif&Sm;awGŒ&Sdr+a-umifh tjypf'%fcsrSwf ay;tyfcjhJ im;vnf; tqdyk gvky}f uHr}+ uD;onf v#KdŒ0u S q f ef;-u,frt + wdjzifh ¹yGr;f wD; vsuf &Sad eygao;onf? OD;cifatmif. pmtkyo f nf vky}f uHrZ+ mwfvrf;tjynft h pHk udk azmfxw k af y;&ef ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm pdw&f n S &f n S jf zifh óud;yrf;cJjh cif;jzpfI rsm;pGm pdwf 0ifpm;zG,f&m aumif;vSygonf? _Adwdo#tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&; aemufqHk;ae‹rsm; ta-umif; OD;cifatmifrS xifxif&Sm;&Sm; rD;armif;xdk;jyonfhtvm; r_idrfrouf &Sd vSonfh tqdkygae‹&ufrsm;twGif; v+yf&Sm;cJh-uaom t"duZmwfaumifrsm;. yif udk,fp±dkufESifh pdwf&if;&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk twGif;usus *Ce% azmfxkwfwifjy xm;onf? tu,fIom OD;atmifqef;ESihf a&mif;&if;ajcmufO;D wd‹k rusq;kH cJyh gv#if aemuf ydik ;f jzpfay:vmrnfh jrefrmhordik ;f onf rsm;pGm jcm;em;uGjJ ym;oGm;ayvdrrhf nf? ppf_yD; 11 11

p tcsdeu f qdyk gv#if vGwv f yfonfEh ikd if aH wmf ay:aygufvm&ef taetxm;rsm;pGm aumif;rGecf o hJ nf? xdt k csdeu f tjcm;tm&SEikd if rH sm;ESihf Edi+ ;f ,SO-f unfyh gu jrefrmEdik f iH. vlaer+tqift h wef;rSm jrifrh m;vSonf? {&m0wDjrpfa-umif;wav#muf jrpf0 u|e;f ay:w0S r;f qefa&pyg; oD;ESrH sm; wd;k wufpnfyif0ajymvSonf? xdrk w S yg; ayg rsm;onfrqdkEdkifaomfjim;vnf; a&eHESifh ajratmufo,HZmwwdrk‹ Smvnf; tawmf toif&h ydS g.? jrefrmjynfow l . ‹kd ynma&;tqift h wef;onfvnf; usef tm&Swu kd f 0ef;usifwcdkwGif pmaywwfu|rf;r+E+ef;xm; tjrifhrm;qHk;pHcsdefrsm;wGif yg0ifyg.? 'kw, d urBmppfwiG f ‚if;.tusKd;quftjzpf vlom;taygif; 'kuo Q u k Q awmf awmfcpH m;cJ-h u&onft h avsmuf jrefrmjynfonfvnf; _Adwo d #/ w±kwEf iS hf *syefppf wyfrsm; ppfwvif;cif;usif;&mwGif ajrpmyifjzpfc&hJ onf? udv k ekd eD ,fcsJa› cwfrS tp ysKd;cJah om aoG;cGt J yk cf sKyfa&;pepfa-umifh 'kw, d urBmppf}uD;t_yD; vGwv f yfa&;&p tcsdef jynfwGif;ppfjzpfvmum rD;[kef;[kef;awmufygavawmhonf?þodk‹ jzpf&onf rSm tjcm;tjcm;aom t&if;&Sief ,fcsJp› epfrsm;uJo h y‹kd if _Adwo d #wdo ‹k nfvnf; aoG;cJG tkyfcsKyfa&; rl0g'udk usifhoHk;cJhjcif;a-umifh jzpfonf? vufeufudkifppfwyfrsm;wGif Armr[kwaf om wkid ;f &if;om;tkypf rk sm;udo k m t"duxm; ppfoifwef;ay;_yD; yg0if apcJ±h rkH u ‚if;ppfom;rsm;jzifh wkid ;f jynfukd xde;f xm;cJo h nf? Armrsm;u rausreyf jzpfonfrmS vnf; rqef;-u,fvyS g? jrefrmjynfrS _Aw d o d #wyfw‹kd qkwcf mG cgeD;pJpw J iG f ArmESifh &S rf;/ u&if/ ucsifwdk‹ oabmuGJvGJr+ jyif;xefvmygawmhonf? topfjyefvnfwnfaqmufonfh jrefrmEdik if t H aejzifh trsK;d om;acgif;aqmif }uD;rsm;udk qHk;±+H;cJh&aomfvnf; 1950 ckESpfwGif 'Drdkua&pDjzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf aom tpdk;&tm; wnfaxmifEdkifcJhygonf? rajyrvnf&SdcJhonfh vlrsKd;pkrsm;twGif; wGiv f nf; twwfEidk q f ;kH jyefvnfaygif;pnf;a&;udk tm;xkwEf ikd cf yhJ gonf? &Sr;f vlrsK;d pkrsm;ESihf txl;ojzifh yl;aygif;Edik cf _hJ yD; &S r;f ud, k pf m;vS,f awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmvnf; jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &twGi;f ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾wGif yg0ifc-hJ uonf? wkid ;f jynf pD;yGm;a&;udk jyefvnfjr‡ifhwifum tbufbufrS jyefvnfxlaxmifI tm&Swdkuf w0S r;f pHcsdet f jrifrh m;qH;k qefpyg;udk a&mif;csjzef‹ jzL;Edik cf o hJ nf? wdik ;f jynfuv kd nf; urBmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;twGuf jyefvnfvrf;zGifhay;cJhonf? omarmzG,f&m awm vufaus;&Gma'orsm;/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;r+ tcsut f csmXmersm;/ yk*òH rda› [mif;&Sd ordik ;f 12 12

13

Oa,smZOf

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

0ifxif&Sm;onfh bk&m;ykxdk; taqmufttHkæponfrsm;tm; urBmvSnfhc&D;onf rsm; avhvmEdkif&ef tpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf? oda‹k omf 1962 ckEpS w f iG f Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;onf jynfow l ‹kd a&G;cs,w f ifajrm‡ uf cJo h nfh 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k &udk ðzwfcs_yD; Edik if aH wmftm; ppftm%m&Sipf epfjzifh jyefvnf wnfaqmufvdkufonfhtcgwGifrl tqdkygpGrf;aqmifcsufwdrk‹ Sm &p&mr&Sdatmif t bufbufY ysujf y,fc&hJ onf? xda‹k -umifh 1947 ckEpS f vky}f uHrt + wGi;f Edik if aH &;acgif; aqmif}uD;rsm; usqH;k cJ&h jcif;onf tem*wfumvY ppfwyf. t"rR t-urf;zufr+ atmifjrifa&;twGuf vrf;cif;ay;ouJhodk‹ ta&;ygaom tcsufwcsuf jzpfvm onfrSm ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpf&ef rvdkawmhacs? tjcm;tcsufwcsufrSmrl jynfwGif;ppf udk trSDo[JðyI jrefrmEdkifiHY ppftm%m&Sif vlwef;pm;w&yf aygufzGm;vmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ppfAv kd cf sKyf}uD;wd‹k tm%m,pfr;l rd_yDqv kd #if xkt d m%mudk tvG,w f ul vufv$wfay;±dk; xHk;pHr&Sdyg? ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;onf tcsdef-umjrifhvmonfESifhtr# tcGifhxl;cHvlwef;pm;rsm; jzpfoGm;vsuf rdrdwdk‹ udk,fudkvnf; txufwef;v$m vl wef;pm;w&yftjzpf ,HkrSwfvm-uaomfvnf; ppfAdkvfcsKyf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmrl ynmt&nftcsif;tm;jzifh !Hzh sif;olrsm; jzpfjcif;a-umihf acwfopfurBm}uD;wGif 0if qHhEdkifonfh tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr+qdkif&m ±+yfaxG;eufeJ cufcJr+rsm;. twdrfteufudk óudwifodjrif qifjcifem;vnfEdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm; r[kwfacs/ odk‹ESifhyif ppfAdkvfcsKyfwdk‹ onf vG,&f mvrf;udk vdu k -f uawmhonf? ‚if;rSm wkid ;f jynfukd jyifyurBmESihf tquf toG,jf zwfawmufvu kd jf cif;yif jzpfygonf? ‚if;tjyif jynfow l . ‹kd 'Dru kd a&pDpepf wnfaqmufa&;qENwu kd‹ dkvnf; acszsufvdkufavawmhonf? oda‹k omfjim;vnf; jrefrmjynfow l . ‹kd arG;&myg &ydik cf iG rhf sm;jzpfaom vlt ‹ cGihf ta&;wdo ‹k nf xm0& jiif;y,fc&H rnfum; r[kwyf gacs? OD;atmifqef;.orD; a': atmifqef;pk-unfonf jynfwGif;'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdka&; v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;udk acgif; aqmifr+ay;aeygonf?þpma&;aecsdefwGif olronf ppftm%m&Sifwkd‹. tdrfwGif; tcsKyf ðyvkyfjcif;udk cHae&jim;vnf; pdwf"mwfrus/ vlxkw&yfvHk; awmifhwae onfh taESmiftzGrJ‹ S vGwfajrmufa&; ar#mfrSef;csufudk wdkufyGJ0ifum &yfwnfvsuf yif &Sdygonf? jynfya&muf jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;tjyif urBmw0S rf;vHk;&Sd ppftm%m &Sipf epfukd pufqyk I f vlt ‹ cGit hf a&; csKd;azmufonfh rormr+rsm;udk &GrH ek ;f aom Edik f

iHwumrS vlrsK;d pHyk *k Kd~ vfrsm;uyg a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; axmufct H m;ay;vsuf &Syd gonf?þpmtkyaf &;ol OD;cifatmifonf jrefrmjynfow l . ‹kd vlrt + cGit hf a&;twGuf -opa-w;vsjynfwGif;rS wufwufºuGºuG wdkufyGJ0ifaeolrsm;wGif twufºuGqHk; yk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfygonf? ‚if;onf jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; aumfrwD/ -opa-w;vstzGJŒwGif 1988 rS 1992 ckESpftxd OuU@wm0efESifh EdkifiH wumqdik &f m aumfrwD. 'k=OuU@wm0efukd xrf;aqmifcyhJ gonf? 1991 ckEpS w f iG f vnf; jynfya&muf jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJŒ jzpfaom trsKd;om;!Gefa‹ ygif;tpdk;&. -op a-w;vsEdkifiHqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,fvnf; jzpfcJhygonf?

OD;cifatmifEiS hf ZeD; yufx&pf&mS wdo ‹k nf jrefrmhordik ;f wGif xif&mS ;cJo h nfh rsKd; ±dk;pOfqufrS aygufzGm;vm-uolrsm;jzpf-uI OD;cifatmif.zcifrSm uG,fvGefol &J Adv k cf sKyf OD;xGe;f vSatmifjzpfvsuf olZ‹ eD;. zcifrmS vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;acwf/ w&m; ±H;k csKyf w&m;ol}uD;vnf;jzpfum tdE, Nd òrdj› ytkycf sKyfa&; yËdnmOfc0H efxrf; ICS t zGŒJ 0ifwOD;vnf; jzpfco hJ nfh OD;aomif;pdejf zpfygonf? OD;cifatmifonf Armhvw G v f yf a&;wyfrawmfEiS hf Armha&wyfrawmfww ‹kd iG f wm0efxrf;aqmifc_hJ yD; ppf_yD;acwfwiG f yifv,fu;l oabFmukr% ` w D ckY xl;c|efatmifjrifpmG tr+xrf;cJo h nf? olEiS hf olZ‹ eD; wdk‹onf tar&duefEdkifiHwGif (12) ESpf-um aexdkifcJh-u_yD; -opa-w;vsEdkifiH/ uif bm&mòrdY› 1983 ckEpS rf pS I tajccs aexdik v f mcJ-h uolrsm; jzpfygonf? pma&;olOD;cifatmifrSm OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif yg0ifcJholtcsKdŒESifh ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ xdktcsdefu tjzpftysuf tajctaet&yf&yfwEdk‹ Sifh ywf oufIvnf;aumif; udk,fwdkif tawGt ‹ óuH&SdcJh±Hkru a&S;a[mif;ordkif; taxmuf txm; pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;udv k nf; _Adwo d #armfueG ;f wdu k rf S ud, k w f ikd f okawoeðy cJhojzifh þacwfopfjrefrmhordkif;Y ta&;ygvSaom jzpfysufr+tpOfudk jyefajymif; ajym&ef toifhawmfqHk;yk*~dKvfwOD; jzpfcJhygonf? od&k‹ mwGif vlrodao;bJ usef&pf aeonfh tcsKŒdtcsKŒdaom v#KŒd0u S q f ef;-u,fr+ uGi;f qufrsm;um; use&f adS umif; usef &Sad eygOD;rnf? Oyrm þTr#-urf;ñuwfvaS om vlowfr}+ uD;udk OD;apmusL;vGe&f mY rnfonfhta-umif;tcsufwu dk‹ v+aH‹ qmftm;ay;wkdufwGef;cJh-uoenf; qdkonfudk ,ckwdkif em;vnf&efcufcJvSonfhtajc &SdaeqJyif jzpfygonf? odk‹&mwGif Tpm tkyfonf ppf_yD;acwfaemufydkif; jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;udk twGif;usus avhvmvdkuf

13

14 14

Oa,smZOf

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

pm;vdkol okawoDynm&Sifwdk‹twGuf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifatmif taxmuftulðyyg vdrrhf nf? *syefacwf t"dywd a'gufwmbarmfa&;om;_y;D ppf_y;D acwfwiG f xkwaf 0onfh ‘jrefrmjynfwiG ;f atmifjrifr}+ uD;’ trnf&pdS mtkyw f iG f pma&;olu jrefrmjynfEiS yhf wf oufaom ordkif;qdkif&mtrSefw&m;rsm;onf jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk‹ udk,fwdkif jyefrajym jyor# umvywfvHk; rnfonhftcgr# ±kyfvHk;yDjyifpGm ay:vGifvmrnfr[kwfacs[k a&;om;cJhygonf? ‚if;uyif qufvufI 'kwd,urBmppfESifh ppfóudacwf jrefrmh ordkif;udk xdkacwfwGifyg0ifaom jrefrmwdu k‹ dk,fwdkif ra&;om;&ao;a-umif; 0efcH cJh_yD; ta-umif;t&m cdkifcdkifvHkvHkudk twGif;ususodxm;aom yk*d~Kvfwdk‹u ra&; om;ao;or# jrefrmjynfwiG jf zpfymG ;cJah om ta-umif;&if;rsm;. trSew f &m;udk od &Sed m;vnfEikd rf nfr[kwaf cs[k a&;om;cJyh gonf? acwfwacwf. ta&;ygvSonfh tjzpftysufrsm;udk euf±+dif;pGm od&Sdem;vnfap&ef a'gufwmbarmf a&;om;azmf jyouJhodk‹ OD;cifatmif. pmtkyfrSmvnf; tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom taxmuftulwck jzpfayawmhonf?

(35) ESpfwkdifwkdif xrf;aqmifcJh_yD; t_idrf;pm;,lcJh&m (ruG,fvGefrD) tESpf (20) umvtwGif; “uifbm&mwkdif;pf” owif;pmwGif tywfpOf -oZmanmif;aom aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;cJhonfhtjyif “aemufqkH;uufzJcsyf” ac: pmtkyfvnf; a&;om; cJhonf? rmvfuGefESifh a&mufZmemwkt d‹ m; EkdifiHjcm;a&muf jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;pGmwkd‹ u t_rcJ spcf ifpmG owd&-uvsu&f rdS nf? txl;tm;jzihf 'Dru dk a&pD jyefvnfxal xmif &ef ¯ud;yrf;vsu&f o dS rl sm;onf olwE‹dk pS Of ;D ckid rf mpGm tqufrjywf axmufct H m;ay;cJh -ujcif;ukd aus;Zl;wifowd&-urnfjzpfygonf?

Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

rmvfuGef bGwfum; · uif b m&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vs Ed k 0 if b mv/ 1992 ck E S p f ?

· rpPwmþrmvfueG þf bGwu f m; (Mr. Malcolm Booker) onf 1998 ckEpS /f Zlvidk f v (15) &ufae‹/ touf (82) ESpfwGif rdrdaetdrf uifbm&m-rdY› uG,fvGefcJhonf? ol‹ZeD; a&mufZmem (Roxana) rSmvnf; xkdae‹wGifyif aq;±kHY a&m*ga0'em -um &Snpf mG cHpm;&_yD; em&Dom apmIaoqk;H oGm;&Smonf? olwE‹dk pS Of ;D pvk;H rSm oHwref0efxrf;rsm;jzpf-uonf? rmvfueG f bGwu f m;onf 1951 ckrS 1953 cktxd jrefrmjynfqidk &f m oHtrwftjzpf ceft ‹ yfjcif;cH&I yxrOD;qk;H -opa-w;vsoH±;Hk ukd (88) urf;em;vrf; (Strand Hotel Annex) wGif zGiv hf pS cf ahJ om a-umifh xkdtaqmufttkHY ,ae‹wkdif wnf&Sdvsuf&Sdonf? xkdaemuf tDwvD/ ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m;/ ±kad r;eD;,m;ESihf blvaf *;&D;,m;jynfrsm;wGif oHtrwf}uD;wm0ef aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1976 ckEpS w f iG f uifbm&m-rdo › ‹dk jyefvm-u_y;D Ekid if jH cm;a&;oHwref 15 15

16 16

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

u|efawmfhZeD;. uG,fvGefav_yD;aomzcif}uD; w&m;ol}uD;a[mif; OD; aomif;pdefonf ‚if;aexdkif&m rJvfbkef;òrdr› S uGsefawmfwrdk‹ dom;pk. uifbm&mtdrf odk‹ 1989 ck/ Zlvdkifv oluG,fvGefcsdeftxd wESpfwacgufcef‹ vma&mufvnfywf avh&ydS gonf? touf&pS q f ,fausm_f yD qdak omfjim;vnf; zswv f wf-unfvif trSwf onmaumif;onfh OD;aomif;pdeo f nf olb ‹ 0oufwrf;wav#muf tr+xrf;cJo h nfh tawGŒtóuH taxGaxGukd jyefajymif; pm;òrHj› yefwwfonf? xdt k xJY acwfopf jref rmhordkif;wGif ta&;ygonfh tjzpftysufrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfaponfh ta-umif; t&mrsm;pGmwdk‹vnf; ygwwfonf? OD;aomif;pdefonf ,cifwcsdefu vlwef;pm; tv$mwckjzpfaom tdENd, òr›djytkyfcsKyfa&; yËdnmOfcH0efxrf;tzGJŒ0if (I.C.S) wOD; jzpfonft h jyif w&m;a&;Xme twGi;f 0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tusOf;axmifrsm; OD; pD;csKyf (axmifrif;}uD;) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1947 ckESpfwGif wòydifwnf; wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJh&ygonf? _Adwdo#wdk‹xHrS 1948 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; csdew f iG f w&m;±H;k csKyf w&m;ol}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ aemufyikd ;f wGif Edik if yH ikd f odr;f ydkufa&;aumfr&SifESifh a&G;aumufyGJ t,lcHaumfr&SiftzGJŒwdk‹. OuU@tjzpfvnf; aumif; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJŒu txl;a&G;cs,fI wm0efay;tyfjcif; cHcJh&onf?

OD;aomif;pde. f trSww f &tawGŒtóuHrsm;xJrS ol ESpEf pS òf cduòf cduf ajymjyavh &Sdaom tjzpftysufwckrSmrl uG,fvGefol u|efawmhfzcif AdkvfcsKyf (&Jwyf) OD;xGef; vSatmifEiS hf wdu k ±f u kd yf wfoufaeygonf? xdt k csed u f u|eaf wmhzf cifrmS &mZ0wfr+ h jyif t&Sed t f pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;Xme t}uD;tuJ ( Dy. Inspector General ) jzpfonft 0g}uD;vSonfh t*Fvef bk&ifh&Jwyfrawmf}uD;. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;tjzpfvnf; 1940 ck aESmif;ydkif;wGif wm0efxrf;cJh&oljzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ‚if;.0ef}uD; tzGJŒ0ifrsm;tm; 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhr+a-umifh OD;apmtm; tif;pdet f usO;f axmifwiG f xde;f odr;f xm;csed Yf 'k=&JcsKyf OD;xGe;f vSatmif ESifh w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdefwdk‹tm; OD;apm. vHkòcHa&;twGuf yl;wGJwm0ef ay;cJhygonf? xdka-umifhvnf; ‚if;wdk‹ESpfOD;onf ae‹pOfvdkvdk &efukefrS tif;pdef axmifodk‹ um;jzifh twloGm;avh&Sd-u&m c&D;wav#mufwGifvnf; ,m,D ‘jynfol‹

ppfwyf’ yHkpHjzifh zGJŒpnf;xm;aom jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒ0iftcsKd‹wdk‹ apmifh-uyfaeonfh ppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;pGmwdk‹udk jzwfoef;&avh&Sdonf? xdktcsdefu jynfol‹&Jabmf tzGŒJrmS vnf; OD;atmifqef;r&So d nfah emuf (tjzL/ t0g) ESpzf ŒJGuaJG e_y;D rnfonft h zGŒJ u rnfol‹vufatmufY opPmcHxm;onfudk twdtusrod&ao;acs? odk‹ESifhyif 1947 ckESpfaemufydkif;/ wnaewGif ‚if;wdu k‹ m;udk &yfwefa‹ p&ef ppfaq;a&;pcef; wckrS cyfxefxef trdea‹f y;wm;qD;vdu k u f m a&mifpakH jymufusm;ppf0wfpkH 0wfqif xm;onfh &JabmftcsKŒd/ ±dik zf ,faoewfajymif;rsm;jzifh csed x f m;vsuf olwx ‹kd aH jy;vm -uonf? xdt k cg u|eaf wmfzh cif OD;xGe;f vSatmifonf um;armif;ae&mrS &yfI qif; oufvdkuf_yD; ‚if;wdrk‹ nfolrnf0gjzpfa-umif; ajymjyvsuf ,if;aoewfudkifvlwpk . acgif;aqmifvufxJrS aoewfudk ykwfcsvdkufonf? ‚if;aemuf olwdk‹ a-umif trf;trf;-unfah eqJrmS yif um;ay:jyefwufI armif;xGuv f mcJo h nf? tqdkygtjzpftysufrsm;ta-umif; jyefajymif;ajymqdkor#udk u|efawmf-um; od&_yD;aemuf xdt k csurf sm;. v+a‹H qmfra+ -umifh xdt k csed u f tuif;raoao;aom jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;Zmwfvrf;tzHkzHkudk u|efawmf pwif pdwf0ifpm;rdawmhonf? wEdkifiH vHk; vdkufemusifhoHk;-u&rnfh _Adwdo#bk&ifhOya'ESifh acwfay:vufeufudkif a'o cHrsm;. Oya'rJhjzpfaer+rsm; a&maxG;,Sufwif v+yf&Sm;aer+udk u|efawmf txl; owdðy avhvmrSwo f m;&awmhonf? xdt k cgu tajctaet& jynfwiG ;f Edik if aH &; orm;rsm;. ud, k yf ikd pf pfwyfrsm;twGi;f tm%mudt k a-umif;ðyI xGuaf y:vmaom tusKd;pD;yGm; yÉdyuQrsm; r-umc%ay:aygufvmavh&Sdonf? tqdkyg ta-umif; t&mrsm;xJwiG f *VKefwyftjzpf (0g;&if;wkwu f Akd ef;jyvsuf) v#KdŒ0u S v f ufeufuikd f wyfzGJŒxm;aom emrnfqdk;jzifhausmf-um;vSonfh *VKefOD;apmudkrl u|efawmf pdwf t0ifpm;qH;k jzpf&ygonf? u|eaf wmfEiS t hf wl u|eaf wmf. om;i,fEpS Of ;D jzpfaom cifO;D atmifEiS hf xGe;f vS atmifav; (*sLeD,m) wdu ‹k vnf; tbd;k jzpfot l m; tqdyk gZmwfvrf;rsm; jyefajymif; qufvufajymqdk&ef r-umc% wdkufwGef;-uavh&Sdonf? trsKd;om; acgif;aqmif }uD;rsm; vky}f uHc&H r+EiS hf ywfoufI OD;apmESihf ‚if;.taygif;ygwdt ‹k wGi;f pum;0Suf ESihf a&;aompmrsm;udk ae&mowfrw S I f v#KŒd0u S pf mG vJv, S cf jhJ cif;rsm;ta-umif; ajym jyonft h cg u|efawmfwt ‹kd m;vH;k rde;f armawGa0oGm;rdawmhonf? xdt k a-umif;t &mrsm;udk wpGef;wp azmfjy&aomf ‘ajcqGHŒaeonfh raumif;qdk;0g;}uD;’/ ‘iSufaysm oD;pdrf;jzifh {nfhcH’/ ‘oHyk&m&nfudkóudufw,f’/ ‘a&uefxJrSm ig;r&Sd’/ ‘t&yfjrifhjrihf

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pma&;ol. ed'gef;

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18

19

ed'gef;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

vl}uD;’æponfæponfjzifæ h ? (t&yfjrihjf rihv f o l nf rnfoel nf;qdo k nfrmS ya[Vd) odE‹k iS hf OD;atmifqef;wdt ‹k m; vky}f uHr}+ uD;onf OD;apmESihf ‚if;. taygif;ygrsm; vuf csufomru w&m;Oya'a&SŒarSmufodk‹ rnfonfhtcgur# ra&mufvdkuf&bJ vGwf ajrmufqJ/ vGwfajrmufoGm;-uaom tjcm;tr+tcif;rsm;qdkif&m tcsKdŒ yk*~dKvfrsm; vnf; &Sdaumif;&SdavOD;rnf[k u|efawmf oHo,ruif; jzpfvmrdawmhonf? xdk‹ a-umifh u|efawmfha,muQr}uD;. ajymjycsufrsm;udk aemifvmaemufom;rsm;t wGuf pmjzifhrSwfwrf;wifxm;oifhonf[k u|efawmfcHpm;rdcJhonf? odk‹ jzpfonfht avsmuf u|eaf wmf. pmwdpk mprSww f rf;rsm;udk pkpnf;I t-urf;tm;jzifh pmwapmif wzGŒJ tjzpf a&;om;vdu k af omtcg OD;aomif;pdeu f aocsmpGmzwf-unh_f yD; oabm wlco hJ nf? þTwGif u|eaf wmfwE‹kd pS Of ;D . jyefajymif;owd&r+rsm;udk u|eaf wmf. xyf qif&h mS azG avhvmrSwo f m;r+rsm;ESihf aygif;pyfI jznf;jznf;csi;f wd;k csŒJa&;om;cJo h nf? u|efawmfu, kd w f ikd v f nf; xdo k ‹kd tke;f tke;f u|ufu|uf ±ke;f &if;qefcwf jzpfymG ;aecsdef tcgu xdkvkyf}uHr+}uD; jzpfyGm;cJh&m twGif;0ef±Hk;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif wbufjcrf; &Sd a&wyf (urf;em;XmecsKyf) ðyvkyx f m;aom pdea‹f ygvfausmif;0if;twGi;f Y vli,f a&wyft&m&Sw d OD;tjzpf wm0efusaeqJjzpfonf? xd‹k jyif u|efawmht f m; þta-umif;t&mrsm;udk a&;om;&ef v+a‹H qmfay;cJo h nfh tjcm;ta-umif;w&yfrSmrl u|efawmf. OD;av;awmfol OD;a&$abmfjzpfonf? ‚if; rSm tdENd,òrdj› ytkyfcsKyfa&; yËdnmOfcH0efxrf; tzGJŒ0if (I.C.S) wOD;jzpfvsuf vGwf vyfa&;r&ao;rD ,m,Dtpd;k &tzGŒJ . twGi;f 0efwOD;jzpf_yD; vky}f uHrj+ zpfymG ;pOfu OD;atmifqef;. vuf0b J ufwiG f uyfvsufxikd af ecJ&h mrS th-H ozG,af umif;avmuf atmif usnfqefu a&Smifxu G o f mG ;jcif;a-umifh ab;roD&efrcbJ vGwaf jrmufc&hJ olwOD;jzpfygonf? OD;a&$abmfudk,fwdkif xdka-uuGJbG,f&m tjzpftysuf/ ol‹ rsuf jrifu, kd af wGŒZmwfa-umif;udk u|efawmft h m; jyefvnfajymjycJyh gonf? xda‹k -umifh Tpmtkyo f nf vky}f uHr}+ uD;ESiyhf wfoufI tajzwpHw k &may;&ef xuf OD;apmaemufrmS b,foal wG&ydS gvdr[ hf al om tawG;ESit hf wl oda‹k vmoda‹k vm ar;cGef;rsm;om xyfrH ay:aygufaumif; ay:aygufvmapygvdrfhrnf? u|efawmf. &nf&G,fcsufrSmrl OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHr+ESifhywfoufI v#KdŒ0Sufr+tcsKdŒudk óud;pm; ajz&Sif;vsuf u|efawmfwdk‹EdkifiH. uH-urRmudk 0rf;enf;zG,f&m ajymif;vJoGm;apcJh onfh þjzpf&yfqdk;}uD;udk topfwzefjyefvnfI tao;pdwfavhvm&efjzpfygonf? u|efawmfESifhtwl jrefrmjynfoltrsm;pktaejzifh ,cktcsdefom OD;atmifqef;

touf&iS af ecJyh gv#if u|efawmfw‹kd ,ckcpH m;ae-u&onfh uH-urRmqd;k wdu ‹k kd a&Smif &Sm;Edkifayvdrfhrnf[k cdkif_rJpGm,Hk-unf-uyg.? Tta-umif;w&yfwnf;ESifhyif t qdyk g vky}f uHrZ+ mwfa-umif;udk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm avhvmoifah yawmhonf? xdt ‹k wl vGef cJah om (45) ESpw f mumvu Ekid if AhH o d u k m}uD; usqH;k oGm;_yD;aemufyikd ;f / xdw k acwf . tarGtESpt f jzpf usef&pfco hJ nfh Ekid if aH &; a&pD;a-umif;wav#muf }uD;pk;d cJo h nfh avmb/ a'gowdk‹ jzifh ¹yGef;wD;aom t-urf;zufr+rsm;. tajccH t&if;tjrpfwdk‹ udv k nf; avhvmoifv h aS yonf? ,if;tarGukd tomw-unfvufc&H ef jiif;y,fweG ;f vSecf ahJ om yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf r_yD;qHk;ao;aom jrefrmEkdifiH. vGwfvyfa&;/ 'Drkdua&pDta&;ESifh o[Zmwjzpf a&;wdt ‹k wGuf owW&d pdS mG wdu k yf 0JG ifaeolrsm;twGuf Tpmtkyu f kd &nf&, G af &;om; &jcif;jzpfygonf?

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armif c if a tmif uif b m&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vs Ek d 0 if b mv/ 1992 ck E S p f ?

Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

20

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

"Who Killed Aung San ?" (atmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ) pmtkyfa&; om;ðypkol OD;cifatmiftm; vGefcJhaom (13) ESpf/ 1986 ck/ pufwifbmvwGif rdwaf qGwOD;u rdwzf ŒJGay;pOf uifbm&mòrda› wmf/ jrefrmtdrw f ckY yxrOD;qH;k t}udrf awGŒqHkcGihf&cJhygonf? aqmif;tukef/ aEGtul;rdk‹ &moDomarmonfh TvwGif ‘uifbm&m’ Y yef;yGaJ wmf usi;f y_rjJ zpfojzihf t&yf&yfrS vma&mufvnfywf-uaom {nfo h nfrsm;jzihf pnfum;avh&o dS nf? u|efawmfrh w d af qGu OD;cifatmiftm; jrefrm ppftm%m&Sif Akv d af e0if;tpd;k &udk ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm awmfveS af eolwOD;tjzpfvnf; D mxH aumif;/ ‘The Canberra Times’ (uifbm&mwkid ;f pfowif;pm}uD;) . t,f'w ay;pmrsm; tcef;u¾wGif jrefrmppftpkd;&. vSnfhuGufjy±kyfrsm;udk azmfxkwf_yD; ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk;}uD;udk uavmifjzifh rSefrSefxdk;ESufwHk‹ jyefaeolwOD;tjzpf vnf;aumif; rdwq f ufay;cJyh gonf? OD;cifatmif. t*Fvyd pf may Edik ef if;u|r;f usif r+/ [mo^m%fºuG,0f r+/ tm0Z…e;f &$irf w + o ‹kd nf ol. xufjrufaom ^m%fynmudk a&mifjyef[yfaeonf[k u|efawmfrw S cf sufcsrdonf? aemufaemif olEiS fh &if;ES;D vm aomtcg AkdvfcsKyfae0if; wdkif;jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk twif;t"rR odrf; ydu k cf ahJ om 1962=ckEpS Of ;D umvtcsderf pS I ,ae‹xufwikd f worwfwnf; ppftm %m&Sipf epfukd awmfveS af eol rsKd;cspfwOD;tjzpf ydI k av;pm;vmcJyh gonf? xdak‹ emuf 1988=ckESpf/ jrefrmjynfwGif; vlxktHkºuGr+}uD;ay:aygufvmaom tcg ppftpk;d &. &ufpufpmG ESyd u f yG o f wfjzwfra+ -umifh jrefrmjynfol toufaygif; axmifEiS cfh sDI qH;k ±+;H cJ&h onf? jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&; Adou k m}uD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. orD; a':atmifqef; pk-unf. wnf-unfajzmifhrwfaom acgif;aqmifr+atmufwGif jynfolwdk‹ wnD w!Gwfwnf; pkpnf;I jrefrmjynf. 'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;udk awmif;qdkcJh-uonf? ppftpkd;&onf a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; (6) ESpfwdkifwdkif tdrfwGif;tusOf;csxm; cJh_yD;/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESihf ppftpkd;&udk qefu ‹ sifolrsm;tm; pepfwus acsr+ef;cJhygonf? TonfhumvwGif jynfya&muf jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;u vnf; EkdifiHt&yf&yfwGif ppftpkd;&qef‹usifa&; qENjyyGJrsm; usif;ycJh-uonf? 'Drkd

ua&pDusihfoHk;aom tpdk;&toD;oD;tm; csOf;uyfvsuf jrefrmppftpkd;&udk,fwdkif OD;pD;usif;yay;cJhaom 1990=ck/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif tEkdif&&SdcJhonfh trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJ csKyftm; olwu ‹kd wdtwkid ;f tm%mv$aJ jymif;ay;&ef zdtm; ay;a&;twGuf óud;yrf;cJ-h uonfrmS ordik ;f rSww f ikd w f ck jzpfvmonf? -opa-w;vs &Sd jynfwGif;v+yf&Sm;cJh-uonfh jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;twGif; OD;cifatmifrSm a&SŒwef;rS yg0ifcyhJ gonf?

OD;cifatmif. ‘atmifqef;udk b,foo l wfovJ’ t*Fvyd b f momjzifh pmtkyf ðypkaecsdefwGif -opa-w;vsjynfwGif twlwuG EkdifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;ae-uonfjzpfI u|eaf wmfEiS fh r-umc% pmtkyyf g ta-umif;t&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifc-hJ uonf?

Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm; usq;kH onft h csed u f OD;cifatmif. zcifrmS jrefrmjynf. 'k=&JcsKyfjzpfaeIvnf;aumif;/ OD;cifatmifZeD;. zcifrmS vnf; w&m; a&;Xme. twGif;0efwOD;taejzifh vnf;aumif;/ axmifrsm;udk }uD;-uyftkyfcsKyf &onfh OD;pD;csKyftaejzifv h nf;aumif; aqmif&u G af e-u&aoma-umihf OD;cifatmif onf xdyk *k Kd~ vf}uD;ESpOf ;D xHrS OD;apmESifh taygif;tygrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom ta-umif; t&mrsm;tm; twGif;usus owif;tcsuftvufrsm; wkduf±dkufod&SdcGifh&cJhonf? xkd‹a-umihf OD;cifatmif. xdktcsdefu udk,fawGŒrsufjriftjzpftysufrsm;udk ESpf aygif;rsm;pGm pepfwus okawoeðypkxm;onfrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfvu kd af omtcg ckid f vHkaom orkdif;taxmuftxm;wcktaejzihf ydkrdkwdusjywfom;vmygawmhonf?

Tae&mwGif OD;cifatmifonf ta-umif;jcif;&m trSeu f o kd m wifjy_yD;/ ta-umif; tusKd; qufEG,fr+rsm;udk pmzwfy&dowfrsm;uom qufvufI pl;prf; qifjcif awG;ac:Ekdif&ef csefvSyfxm;cJhonf? ta-umif;jcif;&m trSeftuef wifjyr+Y OD;cifatmifonf twGif;pnf;rS teD;uyfavhvmcJholjzpfI ol. tcsuftvuf rsm;onf w&m;Oya'tjrifwGif yDjyifwdusvSygonf? orkdif;okawoDrsm; quf vufavhvm&ef tajccHtw k jf rpfcsay;cJo h nfEiS v fh nf; wlygonf?

OD;cifatmif. pmtkyft*Fvdyfrl&if;onf tqifhtwef;jrihfvSonf? odak‹ omf jrefrmjynfot l rsm;twGuf &nfp;l I jrefrmbmomjyef&ef vH;k yef;aomtcg tcuf tcJrsm;awGŒ I aESmifah ES;cJ&h onf? u|eaf wmfonfvnf; jrefrmpmayESifh uif;a0;ae onfrSm ESpftwef-umcJh_yDjzpfonfhtjyif ,cifu bmomjyefqdkonfh tawGŒtóuH vnf; r&SdcJhygacs? OD;cifatmifudk (pDtm'DbD) jrefrmjynf'Drdkua&pD jyefvnfwnf aqmufa&; OD;pD;aumfrwD (tjynfjynfqkdif&mESifh -opa-w;vs) . em,u}uD; tjzpf av;pm;vsuf/ ol. ta&;ygvSaom Tpmtkyfudk jrefjrefqefqef jrefrm

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bmomjyefo. l trSm

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22

trSm

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

bmomjzifh xkwaf 0vdak oma-umihf bmomjyeftjzpf wm0ef,rl yd gonf? uHaumif; onfrSm jr0wDOD;&Jacgif -opa-w;vsodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmojzifh pmwnf;jzwfay;&ef OD;&JacgifrS wm0ef,_l y;D / tcef;vdu k f txl;óud;pm;wnf;jzwfay;jcif;twGuf aus;Zl; wifz, G &f mjzpfygonf? txl;ojzifh rar#mv f ifb h J u|eaf wmf. vkyif ef;qkid &f mtykid ;f wGif wm0efyv d m onfhtcgrsm;Yvnf; u|efawmfhnD a'gufwmat;ausmf (atmifoef‹ausmf) tm; tultnDawmif;_yD; olESihftwl tcsKdŒtcef;rsm;udk bmomjyefygonf? tcsKdŒtcef; rsm;rSm a'gufwm at;ausmfbmomjyefqkd_yD;/ u|efawmfu wcsKdŒae&mY jyifqif jznfph u G v f suf OD;&JacgifrS xyfrw H nf;jzwfygonf? bmomjyefq&kd mYvnf; t*Fvyd pf mrS wdu k ±f u dk b f momjyefqrkd u + kd ta&;xm; I trsm;qk;H tok;H ðyaomfvnf; tcsKdt ‹ csuftvufrsm;wGif jrefrmpmzwfy&dowf ESifh ydkrdkqDavsmfap&ef jr0wDOD;&Jacgif. t}uHðycsuft& pma&;ol OD;cifatmif. oabmwlnrD j+ zifh tenf;tusOf; ðyjyifa&;om;cJo h nfrsm; &Scd o hJ nf? odk‹ jzpfI yl;wGJbmomjyefol a'gufwmat;ausmfESifh u|rf;usifpGm pmwnf; jzwfol jr0wDO;D &Jacgifwt ‹kd m; txl;aus;Zl;wif&ydS gonf? bmomjyefq&kd mY trSm; t,Gi;f &Scd yhJ gv#if u|efawmfw h iG o f m wm0ef&ydS gonf?

a'guf w mwif h a 0 qpf ' eD ò rŒ/ =opa=w;vs (9/ 9/ 99) yl ; wG J b momjyef o l a'guf w mat;ausmf qpf ' eD ò rŒ/ =opa=w;vs

23 23

24 24

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

1

Zmwfvrf;0if yk*Kd~ vfrsm; tmZmenf r sm;

OD;tke;f armif (34) ESpf/ o,f,lyadk‹ qmifa&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;Xme/ 'kwd, twGi;f 0ef (I.C.S)/ tpD&ifcpH mwckukd vma&mufwifoiG ;f aepOf vlowform;rsm;. usnfqefrsm; xdreS o f mG ;jcif;cH&onf? ae&mwGiyf if yGcJ sif;_yD;aoqH;k onf?

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; (c) Adv k af wZ (32) ESp/f jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+y&f mS ;r+. acgif; aqmif}uD;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpD. 'k=OuU@ (odk‹ ) wu,fhvufawGŒtm;jzihf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ. 0ef}uD;csKyf/ ‚if;tjyif xdktpdk;&tzGJŒ. umuG,f a&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ usnfqef (13) csufoifhaom '%f&mjzifh ae&mwGif yif yGcJ sif;_yD;aoqH;k cJ&h onf?

udak xG; (18) ESpf/ OD;&mZwf.oufawmfapmifh/ rEœav;teD;&Sd awmifjyif ody`H&yfrS rlqvifvil ,fwOD;jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGi;f rS aoewforH sm;-um;&ojzifh teD;&Sd±Hk;cef;rS ajy;xGufvmpOf qkwfcGmajy;oGm;aeaom vlowform;rsm;. ypfcwfjcif;udkcH&onf? '%f&m (4) csuf&&Sd_yD; aq;±HkwGif aoqHk;onf?

'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd (54) ESp/f pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mESihf 'D;'kw*f sme,f. t,f'w D m/ jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;/ olt ‹ ouft&G,fESifh OD;aESmufxJ0ifoGm;aom usnfqef tyg t0if usnq f ef (5) csu&f &So d nfw h ikd f ae‹v,fyikd ;f txd &efuek jf ynfoa‹l q;±H}k uD;wGif touf&iS v f suf &Sad eao;onf?

vl o wf o rm;rsm;

ocifjr (49) ESp/f vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;-um;wGif touft&G,}f uD;&ifah om Edik if H acgif;aqmif/ b¾ma&;0ef}uD;/ tqkwfudk xGif;azmufoGm;aom aoewf'%f &mjzifh ae&mwGif yGcJ sif;_yD;aoqH;k onf?

OD;tAŠ'&l mZwf (49) ESpf/ rEœav;°rd› rlqvifacgif;aqmif/ ynma&;ESifh trsKd;om; pDrHudef;0ef}uD;/ '%f&m (6) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf?

OD;b0if; (46) ESpf/ OD;atmifqef;.tudk/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh axmufyHha&; 0ef}uD;/ usnfqef'%f&m (8) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf?

25

pyfpx H eG ;f (40) ESp/f &S r;f jynfe,frS rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;}uD;/ e,fjcm;a'oqdik &f m twdik f yifcH0ef}uD;/ OD;acgif;wGif '%f&m (2) csuf&&Sd_yD; (20) &ufae‹ rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif &efuek °f rd/› jynfoa‹l q;±H}k uD;Y aoqH;k oGm;onf?

OD;apm/ 1900=jynfEh pS w f iG f om,m0wD°rdY› arG;zGm;onf? vlowform;rsm;. acgif; aqmif[k tpGyfpGJcH&ol/ orBm&ifh vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. t"du°ydifbufjzpfonf? ol&d,owif;pmudk pwifxlaxmifolESifh rsKd;cspfygwD acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? 1940=ckESpf/ pufwifbmvrS 1942=ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd eef;&if;0ef/ 1942=rS 1946=txd ,l*E<mjynfwiG f txde;f odr;f cHc&hJ onf? 1947=ck ESp/f Zefe0g&DvwGicf sKyfqakd om atmifqef;=tufwvD pmcsKyfukd todtrSw«f y&ef jiif;qefco hJ jl zpfI OD;atmifqef;ESihf olt ‹ r+aqmifaumifpD vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufrsm;tm; owfjzwfr+jzifh 1947=ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&vsuf/ pGJqdkxm;onfh twdkif; tjypfay;cH&_yD;/ 1948=ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGif tif;pdefaxmifY ¯ud;ay;cH&onf?

ref;bcdik f (43) ESpf/ [oFmwrS u&ifvlrsKd;wOD;jzpf_yD; *syefodrf;ydkufxm;pOfu jyefvnfcck aH wmfveS &f mY yg0ifco hJ nf? pufrv + ufrX+ meESihf tvkyo f rm;Xme0ef}uD;/ usnfqef (15) csufxrd eS cf o hJ nf? ae&mwGiyf if yGcJ sif;_yD;aoqH;k onf?

armifp;dk / aoewform;/ rif;vS-rd›rS *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpf_yD; OD;apm. teD;uyf aemufvkdufjzpfI ol‹ _cHtwGif;Y apmpD;pGmuyif aexkdifcJholjzpfonf? ao'%fay; cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGifyif tif;pdefaxmifY ao'%ftpD &ifc&H onf?

25

26 26

Zmwfvrf;0ify*k Kd~ vfrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

oufESif;/ aoewform;/ usKdufvwf-rd›rS *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifa[mif;jzpf_yD; ,if;-rd› rsKd;cspfygwD. twGif;a&;rª;jzpfonf? OD;apmukd txl;-unfndK_yD; vkH;0O\kH,kH -unfukd;pm;oljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf arv (8) &ufae‹wGif yif tif;pdeaf xmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&H onf?

xGuftajy;wGif vGwfajrmufEkdif&ef tultnDay;a&;twGuf ajcmufvkH;jyL;ao ewfwvufjzifh twGif;0efrsm;±kH; txGuf*dwfaygufrS apmifhaecJh&onf? ao'%f tay;cH&aomfvnf; tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&_yD; ,if;owif;ukd okcESiw hf -ydief ufwnf; today;cHc&hJ onf?

armifped /f aoewform;/ ¯udŒyifaumuf-rdr› jS zpfI ppftwGi;f u Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;.

Armhwyfrawmfom;jzpfc_hJ y;D aemuf jynfo&‹l aJ bmftzGŒJo‹dk 0ifa&mufco hJ nf? olr‹ b d rsm; rSm rsKd;cspfygwDukd vkdvm;ESpfoufolrsm;jzpfI olu ‹ kd OD;apm. aemufvkdufjzpf&ef odr;f oGi;f qGaJ qmifc-hJ uonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckEpS /f arv (8) &ufae‹ wGif &efuek t f usOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&H onf?

r_e}f u;D / }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGŒJ EiS hf vku d yf goGm;cJo h nf? tkwzf -dk rdt › eD;rS aus; &Gmom;jzpf_yD; tvkyf-urf;orm;wOD;jzpfonf? OD;apmu ol‹ukd tapcHwOD;uJhokd‹ ckdif;cJhonf? 0ef}uD;tzGJŒpnf;a0;aea-umif; vlowform;rsm;ukd olu tcsufjycJh &onf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGif tif;pdefaxmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&H onf?

&ef}u;D atmif/ touf (18) ESpo f m&S. d ? toufti,fq;Hk aoewform;jzpfonf?

OD;apm w0rf;uGn J .

D om;jzpfonf? pwkwaˆ jrmufaoewform;? vkt d yfvmonfh aemufqkH;tcsdefusrS ol‹ukd a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ol. waZmufuef;tusifh a-umifh aoewform;tjzpf tH0ifciG u f sjzpfco hJ nf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckEpS /f arv (8) &ufae‹wGif &efukeftusOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifcH&onf?

b!Ge‹f / }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGŒJ wiG f yg0ifonf? OD;apm.vl,aHk wmf t"du aemufvu dk af cgif;aqmifjzpf_yD; olwOD;om OD;apm.tdrt f wGi;f aexkid cf iG &hf onf? tod^m%f&SdI tkd;onfukef;w&m;±kH;wGif pma&;jzpfcJhonf? ocifEktm;owf&ef wm0eftay;cH&onf? bk&ifhoufao (azmfaumif) tjzpf bufajymif;xGufqkd&ef oabmwlco hJ jl zpfonf? xka‹d -umifh tajctaet& olt ‹ m; tjypfrcS iG v hf w $ rf + tay; cH&vsuf tvkyf-urf;ESifh jyif;xefaomaxmif'%f (10) ESpfESifh (6) v csrSwfcH cJ&h onf?

okc/ vlowform;rsm;tm; twGif;0ef±kH;okd‹ *spfum;jzifh armif;ykda‹ y;cJholjzpfonf? &efukef-rd›&Sd tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;rS (9) wef;atmifjrifcJhonf? ppf_yD;aemuf usKdufvwf-rd› zqyvtzGJŒ. aiGxdef;jzpf_yD; ukefonfwOD;jzpfonf? oufESif;u ol‹ukd OD;apmESifh rdwfqufay;cJhonfhtjyif rsKd;cspfygwDwGJzuftwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf pm&if;wifay;cJhonf? OD;apm. _cH0if;okd‹ vkyf}uHr+rwkdifrD aemufqkH;a&muf&Sdvm oljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&aomfvnf; ¯ud;ay;rnfhae‹ rwkdifrDae‹ naeykdif;wGifrS tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&onf? cifarmif&if/ }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGJŒpD;aom zkd'‹ fqefx&yfum;ukd armif;ol jzpfonf? OD;apmZeD;onf. wlawmfonf? 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tpnf;ta0;xkid af ea-umif; v#Kd‹0SufoauFwjzifh owif;ay;_yD; vlowform;rsm; xGufcGmvm&ef tcsufjycJh onf? ao'%ftay;cH&aomfvnf; aemufykdif;wGif tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&onf?

27

Oya'qd k i f & myk * ~ d K vf r sm; w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;ausmjf rif/h 1898 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 0wfvkHawmf&rif;ESifh w&m;v$wfawmf w&m;ol}uD;rif; (1946 ckESpfrSpI)? OD;apmukd ppfaq;pD&ifcsuf csaom txl;ckH±kH;awmf.OuU@/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf. w&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfvmonf? xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aom nDtukdav;OD;jzpfonfh Adkvfr;ª csKyfwifxGÉf (t}uD;qkH;)/ w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;jrifhodef;/ a'gufwmxifatmif wkw ‹d iG f 'kw, d ajrmufjzpfonf? 1988 ckEpS f arvwGif uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf?

armife/D }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGJŒESifh vkdufygoGm;cJhonf? vlowform;rsm;

OD;atmifomausm/f tqifhjrifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rif;/ OD;apmudk ppfaq;aom txl;cHk±Hk;awmf. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfI/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmf

27

28 28

Zmwfvrf;0ify*k Kd~ vfrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

w&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfvsuf/ xdk‹aemuf w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf w&m;ol}uD;rif; jzpf vmonf?

Amwefe (pf)˜ bif*srif&maz;&,f (Vertannes,Benjamin Raphael)/ ,cifu ppfwyfrS Adkvf}uD;wOD;jzpfI/ xdka‹ emuf &efukef°rd&› Sd w&m;v$wfawmfwGif a&SŒaejzpf vm_yD;/ OD;apmtwGuf ckcHumuG,fay;cJhonfh ti,fwef; Oya't}uHay;jzpfcJhonf? rlvZmwdtm;jzifh jrefrmEdik if rH jS zpfaomfvnf; vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;onft h cg t_idr;f pm; ,lI _Adwed Ef ikd if o H ‹kd a&$Œajymif;oGm;cJo h nf? bwfpf (cf) / rdu k u f ,f tD; (Busk, Michael E.)/ 'kwd,urBmppfwGif ‘csif;'pf’ (exS rf sm;. aemufyikd ;f wGif &efuek °f rd&› dS &JwyfzŒJG Chindit) rS ppfjyefwOD;jzpfI/ 1940=ckEp wGif vufaxmufaumfr&Sifemrif;}uD; jzpfvmum/ vufeufudkifykvdyfwyfzGJŒ (Armed Police) twGuf jrpf}uD;em;wGif ucsifwi kd ;f &if;om;rsm;jzifh wyf&if;w&if; zGJŒcJhonf? uy`wdef a';ApfADAD,ef; (Capt, David Vivian) ukd olu zrf;cJhonf? (atmufwGif±+)?

OD;pDb;l / tqifhjrifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfI/ OD;apmudk ppfaq;aom txl;cHk±Hk; awmf. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfI/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol }uD;rif;wOD; jzpfvmonf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pde/f 1906=ckESpfwGif oHvsifY arG;zGm;onf? tdENd, yËdnmOfc0H efxrf; (ICS)/ w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. twGi;f 0efEiS hf tusOf;axmifrsm; OD;pD;csKyf wm0efrsm;udk 1947=ckEpS w f iG f w°ydiw f nf; xrf;aqmifc&hJ onf? 1948=ck ESpf vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcsdefrS 1962=ckESpfwGif tem;,lcsdeftxd w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol}uD;rif;wOD;jzpfI/ 1975=ckEpS w f iG f -opa-w;vsEdik if o H ‹kd ul;ajymif;aexdik f f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf? cJo h nf? rJvb f ek ;f °rd› (Melbourne) wGif 1989=ckEpS Yf uG,v Adv k cf sKyfxeG ;f vSatmif/ 1902=ckESpfwGif &efukef°rd›YarG;zGm;cJhonf? t*Fvdyftpdk;& vufxuf bk&ifh&JwyfzGJŒ0ifESifh r+cif;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme. 'k=&JcsKyf/ OD;apmESifh ol‹vlrsm;udk vsifjrefpGm zrf;qD;EdkifcJhonfhftwGuf EdkifiHawmf. av;pm;r+udk cHcJh& onf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdeEf iS hf twlwI JG OD;apm. vk°H cHa&;wm0efukd ,lchJ &onf? vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;aemuf &JcsKyfjzpfvmcJ_h yD;/ 1948=ckEpS f vGwv f yfa&;&_yD; aemuf -o*kwv f wGif Adv k cf sKyf&mxl;jzifh 'k=OD;pD;csKyftqifo h ‹kd wd;k jri‡ jhf cif;cHc&hJ onf?

1960=ckEpS w f iG f &efuek °f rdY› uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf? umwpf/ bifepf˜ qm z&uf'&pf [ife&D ('J&uf) aupD (Curtis- Bennett, Sir Frederick Sw f iG f arG;zGm;cJo h nf? bk&ifOh ya't}uHay;yk*Kd~ vfjzpfI Henry (Derek) KC./ 1904 ckEp &mZ0wfr+cif;rsm;wGif atmifjrifausmf-um;aom _AdwdefEkdifiHom; a&SŒaewOD;jzpf onf? txl;ckH±kH;awmfwGif w&m;-ydif&mY ol‹ukdumuG,fckcH&ef t}uD;wef;t}uH ay;tjzpf OD;apmu iSm;&rf;cef‹tyfcJhonf? 1956 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (23) &ufae‹wGif olaexkdif&m vef'efwkdufcef;xJwGif aoqkH;vsuf&Sdonfukd awGŒ&onf? &ifcGJppf aq;olq&m0efu vGefcJhonfh (4=5) &ufuyif olt ‹ aejzifh aoqkH;_yD;jzpfonf[k xifjrifcsuaf y;onf? ok‹djzpfv#if olaoqk;H &ufonf emrnfq;dk jzifh ausm-f um;vsuf ao'%fuscHcJh&aom ol.tr+onf usL;vGefcJhaom Zlvkdifv (19) &uf tr+ (9) ESpjf ynfah jrmufonfh ae‹&ufcefw ‹ iG f jzpfaeayawmhonf?

29 29

f iG f arG;zGm;cJo h nf? 1933= ckEpS rf S wGwcf ˜f aumvif; ( Tooke, Colin)/ 1913=ckEpS w pI jrefrmhyv k yd w f yfzŒJGwiG f wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1945–46=ckEpS w f ‹kdY om,m 0wDc±dkif &J0efaxmufjzpfI/ OD;apmtr+udk v#Kd‹0SufpHkprf;axmufvS rf;aecJhol[k ,H-k unf&_y;D / OD;apmESiyhf wfoufaom olz‹ ikd w f rJG sm; tcd;k cHc&hJ onf? 1948=ckEpS w f iG f ±kww f &uf aoqH;k oGm;cJo h nf? cef;˜ tdyf (cs)f (Khan,H)/ pD;yGm;a&;orm;wjzpfvJ t_idrf;pm;-unf;wyfAkdvf}uD;? &efuek f at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;apmaetdrEf iS hf rsufEmS csif;qkid w f iG f aexkid o f /l r+cif;pkpH rf;ppf aq;a&;Xme 'k=&JcsKyf. arwWm&yfccH suft& OD;apm. _cH0if;tm; rsufjcnfrjywf apmif-h unfu h n l cD o hJ nf? w&m;vkjd youfaotrSwf (39)?

Ed k i f i H a &;orm;rsm; Adv k af tmif}u;D / aygif;wnf°rdY› 1919=ckEpS w f iG af rG;zGm;onf? 1945=ckEpS w f iG f *syef qef‹usifa&;v+yf&Sm;r+Y jrpf0u|ef;ay:ESifh zsmyHkc±dkiftwGif; Adkvfae0if;. vuf±Hk; t&m&Sw d OD;tjzpf yg0ifvyk u f ikd v f mcJo h nf? xdk‹aemuf vGwfvyfa&;&tHhqJqJ wyfrawmfudk jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;vdkufaom 30 30

Zmwfvrf;0ify*k Kd~ vfrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

tcg trSwf(4) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;wGif Adkvfae0if;vufatmufY tr+xrf; cJo h nf? qd&k , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwD. pnf;±H;k a&;rª;wOD;jzpfonf? 1962=ckEpS Yf Adv k f csKyfae0if; tm%modr;f onft h cg awmfveS af &;aumifp0D ifwOD;jzpfvmonf? 1963 =ckESpfwGif xkwfy,fcH&_yD; 1988=ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif EdkifiHa&;avm uod‹k jyef0ifvmcJo h nf? a'guw f mbarmf/ c&pf,mefro d m;pkrþS 1897=ckEpS w f iG þf arG;zGm;cJo h nf?þtmareD,efaoG; wpdww f ydik ;f ygonf[q k o kd nf? ude;f b&pfwuUov kd w f iG f ynmoif-um;cJ_h y;D / abmf kd rf S yDtyd cf s'f D (Ph.D) bGŒJ&cJo h nf? a&S;OD;tp ausmif;q&m 'l;cfþ( Bordeaux) wuUov b0ESifh xdk‹aemuf 0wfvHkawmf&jzpfvmonf? qif;&Jom; 0HomEkygwDudk zGJŒpnf;cJh onf? 1936=ckEpS rf S 1939=ckEpS t f xd eef;&if;0efjzpfonf? xda‹k emuf 'kw, d urBmppf twGi;f þ*syefppfwyfuþzGŒJay;aomþtpd;k &tzGŒJ.þt"dywdjzpfc_hJ y;D /þ1947=ckEpS þf vGwv f yf a&;r&rDtcsed w f iG þf txde;f odr;f cH&onf?þ1977=ckEpS þf arvwGiþf uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf?

wOD;jzpfI/ xda‹k emuf *syefawmfveS af &;t_y;D / vGwv f yfa&;r&rD qd&k , S v f pfygwDukd pwifxlaxmifcJhol tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfum/ 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif OD;Ek. tpdk;&tzGJŒ twGif; wm0eftrsm;tjym;,lcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh 1962=ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm%modr;f onft h cg tzrf;cH&vsuf/ 1966=ckEpS w f iG f jyefvw G v f monf/ 1985= ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif uG,v f eG o f nf?

OD;ausm+f ird ;f / ysO;f rem;°rdY› 1915=ckEpS w f iG þf arG;zGm;onf?þ&efuek w f uUov kd w f iG þf ynm oif-um;cJh_yD;/þ1930=ckESpfrsm;wGifþausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhI/þ1946=ck ESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ruG,fvGefao;rD (zqyv) tzGJŒcsKyf. taxGaxG twGif;a&;rª;csKyftjzpfrS xkwfy,fjcif;cHvdkuf&onfh uGefjrLepfygwDrS ocifoef; xGe;f . ae&mudk qufccH &hJ onf? xda‹k emuf OD;Ek 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfcsdew f iG f jynfxaJ &; ESifh w&m;a&;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ qdk&S,fvpfygwD. 'kwd,t}uD;qHk; acgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJh&I/ 1962=ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm %modr;f onft h cgYþtzrf;cHc&hJ _yD;þ1966=ckEpS w f iG f jyefvw G v f monf? 1986=ckEpS /f ZGev f wGif &efuek °f rdY› uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf?

ocifApde/f 1910=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? &efukefwuUodkvfwGif ynmoif-um;cJh onf? ocifAaomif;wdE‹k iS t hf wl uGejf rLepf0g'udk OD;pGm avhvmcJah om ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf/ xdka‹ emuf 1930=ckESpf wdkA‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;udk a&S;OD;xl axmifcJholrsm;xJwGif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; 0if±dk;wef; tiftm;pkrsm;tay: vdv k m;cJo h jl zpfonf? xda‹k -umifh *syefacwfY olt ‹ m; refcsL;ud;k odk‹ jrefrmEdkifiH. oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf ceft ‹ yfjcif;udk cH&onf? 1947=ckESpfwGif vef 'efo‹kd OD;atmifqef;ESit hf wl vdu k yf goGm;cJo h nf? vufsmEdik if aH &;orm;jzpfonf?

OD;AaqG/ xm;0,f°rdY› 1915=ckEpS w f iG af rG;zGm;onf? &efuek w f uUov kd w f iG f ynmoif -um;cJo h nf? 1930=ckEpS rf sm;wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfco hJ nf? 1945=ckEpS f wGif qd&k , S v f pfygwD. OuU@tjzpf wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aomfvnf; ocifjrudk OD;pm; ay;onft h aejzifh Ekwx f u G cf o hJ nf? xda‹k -umifh ocifjr vky}f uHc&H _y;D aemufrS qd&k , S f vpfacgif;aqmif jzpfvmjyefonf? (1956–57) ckESpfwGif c%wm 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf cJah o;onf? od&‹k mwGif 1962=ckEpS f Adv k af e0if; tm%modr;f vdu k o f nft h cg tzrf;cH &_y;D / 1966=ckEpS w f iG f jyefvw G v f monf? 1987=ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvwGif uG,v f eG o f nf?

31

OD;Ek (c) ocifE/k 0g;c,fr°rd›Y 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1930=ckESpfrsm;wGif wdA‹k rmtpnf;t±H;k udk pwifxal xmifco hJ rl sm;xJwiG f wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 1947= ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf trsm;oabmwl wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&vsuf jref rmEdik if .

H 'Dru kd a&pDumvrsm;twGi;f qlyal omif;use;f r+rsm; jzpfymG ;aeonf-h um;rS zGŒJpnf;cJah om tpd;k &tzGŒJrsm;wGif olomv#if 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf t-umqk;H aqmif&u G cf hJ &oljzpfonf? oda‹k omf 1962=ckEpS w f iG f Adv k cf sKyfae0if;u olt ‹ m; &mxl;rSz,f&mS ;cJ_h y;D zrf;qD;axmifcsco hJ nf? 1966=ckEpS w f iG f jyefvnfvw G v f m_yD; Adv k cf sKyfae0if; ppft pd;k &udk qefu ‹ siaf wmfveS af &;twGuf pnf;±H;k &ef jynfyodx ‹k u G cf mG cJo h nf? 1980=ckEpS f vGw_f ird ;f csr;f omcGiahf y;&mwGif jrefrmEdik if o H ‹kd jyefa&mufvm_y;D ol 0ef}uD;csKyfb0u vkyv f ufp ydËuwf bmomjyefvyk if ef;udk jyefvyk af eqJwiG f 1988=ckEpS f 'Dru kd a&pD ta&;awmfyw kH iG f yg0ifum pufwifbmv (9) &ufae‹wiG f olu, kd w f ikd f 0ef}uD;csKyf tjzpfESifh -um;jzwftpdk;&tzGJŒudk a-unmcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh tpdk;&u ol‹tm; 1989=ckEpS f 'DZifbmvrS 1992=ckEpS f {_yDvtxd tdrw f iG ;f tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif; cHc&hJ onf? xda‹k emuf 1995=ckEpS f azazmf0g&DvwGif &efuek °f rdY› uG,v f eG o f mG ;onf?

Adv k cf ifarmifuav;/ awmifil°rdY› 1912=ckESpfwGifþarG;zGm;onf/þ&efukefwuUodkvfY ynmoif-um;cJhonf? a&S;OD;tp ausmif;q&mvkyfcJh_yD;/ wyfrawmfwGif t&m&Sd

ocif±_armif/ (c) Adkvfae0if;/ jynf°rd›teD;&Sd aygif;wvnf°rd›Y 1910=ckESpfwGif

31

32 32

Zmwfvrf;0ify*k Kd~ vfrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

arG;zGm;onf? &efuek °f rd/› *syq f ifaumvdyYf ynmoif-um;cJah omfvnf; 1931=ckEpS f wGif bGJŒr&bJ ausmif;rSxGufcGmcJh&onf? pmwdkufpma&;rS &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if jzpfvm_yD;aemuf 1943=ckESpfrS 1945=ckESpftxd jrefrmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf. ppfOD;pD;rª;jzpfonf? wzef 1949=ckESpfrS 1972=ckESpftxd wyfrawmf. umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf aqmif&Gufum/ 1962=ckESpfwGif ppfwyfjzifh EdkifiH awmftm%mudk odrf;,lcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh 1962=ckESpfrS 1974=ckESpftxd awmfveS af &;aumifp.

D OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1974=ckEpS rf S 1981=ckEpS t f xd qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHþorRwtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1962=ckESpfrS 1988=ckESpftxd jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwD. OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ °ydi0f o hH rl &Sd aqmif&u G cf I hJ / ,cktcsdefwGif (rqv) ygwDudk zsufodrf;vdkufaomfjim;vnf;/ ,ae‹txd ol.

-oZmESifhtm%mrSm ppfwyfxJwGif euf±+dif;pGm pl;0ifaeqJ[k ,lqaecJhaomfvnf; ol.wefckd;tm%m !SdK;rSdefvmonf? 2002 ckESpf/ rwfvwGif ajr; (3) a,mufESifh orufwkd‹ EkdifiHawmfopPmazmufr+jzifh zrf;qD;jcif;cH-u&_yD;aemuf olukd,fwkdifyif tus,fcsKyfcHae&pOf 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae‹wGif &efukef-rd› aetdrfY uG,fvGef oGm;onf?

wGif Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}uD;wm0efþxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1948=ckEpS f -o*kwv f wGif Adv k f rª;csKyf&mxl;jzifh t&efwyfzŒJGrsm; OD;pD;&ef 0ef}uD;tzGŒJrES w k x f u G _f yD; ol tkycf sKyfwnf; k af &SŒwiG f pufwifbmv jzwfvsu&f adS om (The New Burma Times) owif;pmwdu twGi;f vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&onf? ol.tpfurkd mS w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyf/ w&m; 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;ausmfjrifjh zpfonf? ocifxeG ;f tky/f 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ &efukefESifh udkvHbdk°rd›wdk‹wGif ynm oif-um;cJhI wdkA‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;. tjcm;ppftkyfpk. acgif;aqmif (ocif ApdefESifh twl/ Adkvfae0if;vnf; xdktkyfpkwGifyg0ifonf) olonf [pfwvm (Hitler’s) . ‘rdkifuef‹’ (Mein Kampf) vrf;a-umif;twdkif; a&;om;xm;aom u|Ekfyfwdk‹ pGef‹ pm;cef;’ (Our Exploits) udk a&;om;oljzpf_yD;/ 1940=ckESpfwGif *syefodk‹ vdkufyg oGm;cJo h nf?

1940=ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif twdkuftcH vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm; b0Y &yfwnf&if; 1970=ckEpS f Zefe0g&DvwGif uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf?

ocifoef;xGe;f / ysOf;rem;°rd›Y 1915=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? ausmif;q&mtjzpf vkyfudkifcJhI *syefacwf a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;&tzGJŒ Y 0ef}uD;&mxl;vufcHcJh_yD;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. ZeD;a':cif-unf. tpfrjzpfol a':cifcif}uD;udk vufxyf ,lcJhonf? 1949=ckESpftxd (zqyv)tzGJŒcsKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf vnf;aumif;/ uGefjrLepfygwD ESpfjcrf; uGJoGm;_yD;aemuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (BCP) . acgif;aqmif jzpfvmygonf? ,if;ygwDonf 1948=ckESpf rwfv wGif ajratmufygwDtjzpfjzifh A[dktpdk;&udk v+yf&Sm;wufºuGpGm ykefuefcJhonf? aemufq;kH 1968 ckEpS w f iG f yJc;l ±d;k rawmxJY olv ‹ , l akH wmf &JabmfjroD;. vky}f uHjcif; cHc&hJ onf?

33

udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm; tufwvD/ tm;vfuvDrif/h tm/ (Atlee, Earl Clement R.) 1883 ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJo h nf? 1945=55 ckEpS w f iG f avbmygwD. 0ef}uD;csKyf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒukd vef'efokd‹zdwfac:I 1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (13) &ufae‹rpS I awGŒqaHk qG;aEG;cJo h nf? Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufae‹wiG f atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqkdtqkH;owfEkdifcJhonf? OD;apmtay: _Adwdo# 0ef}uD;csKyf. tptOD;tjrifrsm;rSm *k%, f zl , G rf &Syd g? jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;ESihf ,if;ESihf qufE, G af eaom udp&P yfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI aemufyidk ;f wGif Ek=tufwvDpmcsKyfudk vef'efwGif 1947 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;csKyfqkdEkdifcJhonf? tufwvDonf 1967 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf?

OD;wifxÉG /f 1895=ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;onf? 'g;vf0pfcsf aumvdyf (Dulwich College) ESifh udef;b&pfwuUodkvf ( Cambridge University) wdw k‹ Gif ynmoif-um;cJhonf? f uUov kd . f 'k=t"dywd (VicetdE, dN yËdnmOfc0H efxrf; (ICS) wOD;jzpf_y;D / &efuek w hJ nf? 'dik t f mcDacwfEiS hf (91) Xmeacwfrsm;Y 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tawmf Chancellor) jzpfco rsm;rsm;wGif twGi;f 0efcsKyftjzpf aqmif&u G cf &hJ _yD;/ 1948=ckEpS f vGwv f yfa&;&csdef

a':refprpf/ qm–&D*sief ,f [sL; ( Dorman-Smith, Sir Reginald Hugh) 1899=ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJ_h y;D (1935–41) ckEpS rf sm;wGif uGeq f maA;wpf (ConhJ / _Adwo d #0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ0if servative MP) trwfjzpfcI

33

34 34

Zmwfvrf;0ify*k Kd~ vfrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1941–46) ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f jrefrmEdik if .

H bk&ifcw H OD;jzpfum OD;apmESiv hf nf; rsm;pGm tu|r;f 0ifow l OD;jzpfonf? xdak emuf _Aw d o d # trsK;d om;a&; jynfo0‹l efxrf;od‹k jyefr0ifaomfvnf; [ef±‹ id+ ;f ,m;e,f wm0ef,&l aom tqifjh rif&h rJ ;ª (High Sheriff of Hampshire) ESifh ajy_idrf;a&; wm0efcH (JP) tvkyfrsm; vkyfudkif ygonf? 1977=ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf? vdw0f w d /f qm*|e*f ;D vfbwf/ ( Laithwaite, Sir John Gilbert) 1894=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 1919=ckESpfwGif tdENd,EdkifiHqdkif&m EdkifiHjcm; a&;Xmeodk‹ 0ifa&muftr+xrf;cJhI (1939–43) wGif bk&ifcH. udk,fa&;twGif; 0eftjzpf tr+xrf;aqmifcJhonf? (1945–48) ckESpfrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeY jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m vufaxmuftwGif;0ef ( Deputy Under Secretary of State) tjzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ nf?

&ef‹/ Adv k cf sKyf qm/ [sL;bwf (Rance, Major-General Sir Hubert) 1898=ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;onf? (1943=45) ESprf sm;wGif ,lau taemufyikd ;f ppfOD;pD;XmeY wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; (1945=46) ESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m òrdj› ya&;&mþ!¸e-f um;a&;rª;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ wzef 1946=ck/þ-o*kwv f rSþ1948=ck/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd jrefrmEdik if .

H aemufq;Hk bk&ifct H jzpfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmEdik if .

H txl;xl;taxGaxG vlrsKd;a&;a&m 0g'a&;yg uJGjym;ae-uonfh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm; t-um;wGif bufrvdkufbJ ajzmifhrwfpGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJholwOD;jzpfonf?

(1950=54) wGif x&ifheif'ufESifh wdkbmudk;EdkifiH. bk&ifcHESifh ppfaoemywdcsKyf wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1974=ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf?

vpfw0kd v J /f (5) qufajrmuf tm;vfatmhzf (0Dv, D H z&ef‹ppf[, J m;) th

( Listowel, the 5 . Earl of (William Francis Hare)

1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1947=ckESpf {_yDvrSpI EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeY tdENd,EdkifiHESifh jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1947=ck/ -o*kwf vrS 1948=ck/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd) jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1997=ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf? armifb h ufwef/ Apfaumifh armifb h ufwef atmhzf bm;rm; (a&wyfAv kd cf sKyf avmh-vl0pf-z&efppf-tJvb J wf-Apfwm-eDuv kd ufp)f (Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma (Rear-Admiral Lord Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas)

1900=jynfEh pS w f iG f arG;zGm;onf? (1943=46) ESprf sm;wGif tm&S. r[mrdwf wyfaygif;pk ppfaoemywdcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJh&oljzpfonf? xdk‹aemuf (1947/ rwfvrS -o*kwfvtxd) tdENd,EdkifiH. bk&ifhtkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mykdif (Viceroy) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ bk&ifcHcsKyf (Governor-General) tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhjyefonf? txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; av;pm;vsuf vGwf vyfaom jrefrmjynf.acgif;aqmiftjzpf rsm;pGm ta&;ay;cJo h jl zpfonf? 1979=ck/ -o*kwv f wGif owfjzwfjcif;cH&onf?

35 35

olwdk‹b,folawGvJ bif*av/ *|epf wsL;0yf ( Bingley, John Stewart ) 1899=ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJo h nf? (1946=47) ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f jrefrmEkid if w H iG f _Adwdo#aumifpD ( British Council) . udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf &efukef-rd›Y aexkdifcJh onf? OD;apmu tif;pdefaxmifxJrS pmtcsKd‹ olx ‹ Ha&;om;_yD; aiGawmif;cHcJhonf? axmufvSr;f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif ol yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k ocifE/k OD;ausm_f ird ;f ESihf tcsKdy‹ k*~dKvfrsm;u t}uD;tus,foHo,jzpf-uonf? 1947=ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (4) &ufae‹wiG f jrefrmEdik if rH S tavmok;H q,f xGucf mG oGm;cJo h nf? 1979=ckEpS w f iG f _AdwdefEdkifiH/ qa&; (Surrey) e,fwGif uG,fvGefoGm;onf? 'de;f / Adv k rf ;ª yDwmtm;euf vef‹pfavmh ( Daine, Major Peter Ernest Lancelot) 1923=ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJo h nf? tdE, dN tcsujf yqufo, G af &;wyfY 1944=rS pwifI t&m&Sdtqifhudk &&SdcJhonf? 1947=ckESpfwGif ArmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf axmuf vS rf;a&;wyfY wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf/ r*Fvm'kH ajrmufbuf&Sd yifr cJ,rf;rD; ausmufwdkuf. wyfr;ª vnf;jzpfonf? OD;apmwynfhrsm; xkwf,loGm;aom vuf eufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI olt ‹ m; zrf;qD;jcif;r&Sd? rd;k / Adv k rf ;ª a*s/ at (Moore, Major J.A) 1908=ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;onf? tdE, dN wyfrawmf. vufeuf}uD;wyfrS t&m &Sw d OD;jzpf_y;D / Adv k w f axmif&dS yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwu kd . f wyfr;ª jzpfygvsuf OD;apm 36 36

Zmwfvrf;0ify*k Kd~ vfrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

wynfrh sm; xkw, f o l mG ;onfh vufeufrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI olu ‹ kd zrf;qD;cJah omfvnf; jypf'%fusc&H jcif;r&S?d

(Twentieth Century Impressions of Burma) ‚if;. “orki d ;f / jynfo/l ukeo f , G rf /+

OD;aratmif u|efawmhfbcifbufrS tzkd; OD;aratmif a&;om;cJhonhf “enf;[efESifh "avhxkH;pH” (Manners & Customs) aqmif;yg;rS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ukd atmuf ygtwkid ;f azmfjyygrnf? Taqmif;yg;onf v+u d *f &dww f m _Aw d ed pf mtkyf xkwaf 0a&; ukr% ` v D rd w d ufrS 1910 ckEpS w f iG f xkwaf 0cJo h nfh “jrefrmEkid if .

H 20 &mpktjrifrsm;”

pufrv + ufrv + yk if ef;rsm;ESihf o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;” *sme,fwiG f xnfo h iG ;f xm; jcif;jzpfonf? (pmrsufEmS =77 ESihf 88)? “arG;zGm;jcif;ESifhuav;b0? tjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS uav;i,frsm;uJhokdy‹ if jrefrmuav;i,frsm;rSm vla‹ vmutwGif;okd‹ aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;jcif;rsm;pGmjzifh aºuG; a-umf0ifa&mufvmcJo h nf?æ uav;arG;zGm;_yD; (7) &ufajrmufonfhwkdif vma&mufowif;ar;jref;ol {nfhonfrsm;tm; wae‹ywfvnfvkH; {nfhcHavh&Sdonf?ææt"duajymqkdonfh ta-umif;t&mrSm uav;i,fta-umif;jzpfonf? olarG;zGm;vmonfh &ufESifh vwkd‹ESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG;-uonf? ol‹tem*wfESifhywfoufI aysmf&$ifzG,f aumif;aom edrdwfzwfr+rsm;ukd «yvkyf-uonf? 0gqkdv (ZGef/ Zlvkdif) wGifarG;aom a,musfm;av;ESifh jymokdv (Zefe0g&D/ azazmf0g&D) wGifarG;aom rdef;uav;wkrd‹ Sm vla‹ vmu. aumif;cs;D axmyemt00ukd cHpm;&rSmused ;f aoonf? Ak'[ < ;l om;onf csrf;omrnf/ aom-umom; pum;rsm;rnf ponfponfwt kd‹ jyif tjcm;ta-umif; t&mrsKd;pkHukd uav;i,fwa,muf arG;zGm;csdefwGif rvGJraoGajym-uqkd-uonf? ykÀm;uJo h a‹dk om q&mwyg;yg; (ausmif;q&m okr‹d [kwf ynm&Sw d OD;OD;)þukþd yifzh w d _f y;D uav;arG;zGm;vmonfh euQwt f csdeu f dk rSwo f m;apum uav;i,f. trnfemr a&G;cs,&f mY uln!

D e¸ jf yaponf? jrefrmvlrsK;d wkw ‹d iG f (&ckid v f rl sK;d wkr‹d v S I JG )þrdbrsK;d ±k;d emrnftpOfudk ,l±;dk r&Sad cs? rnfonft h &yfwumwGirf qkþd emrnfwr‹dk mS þwykpH w H nf; jzpf_yD;þrdbrsKd;±k;d pOfqufudk jyo±k;d r&Sad cs? trsm;pkrmS emrnf (2) rsKd;&S_d yD; wrsKd;rSm euQwt f vkt d & ZmwmwGif xnfo h iG ;f aomtrnfemrjzpfI tjcm;wrsK;d rSm oifo h vkd a&G;vku d jf cif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ rdbrsm; pdwu f ;l rdovkv d nf;aumif;/ ajymifavSmif ac:&if;rS rGr;f rHjyifqifIaomfvnf;aumif; rSnahf c:vku d o f nfh trnfemrjzpfonf? yxremrnfrsK;d rSm a&S;±k;d pOfvmtok;H «yvmonfh emrnfrsm;jzpfI ,if;uk-d unfjh cif; jzifh uav;i,farG;zGm;vmonfh &ufowWywftwGif;rS ae‹&ufukd rSefuefpGmajym qkEd idk o f nf? jrefrmtuQ&mrsm;rS pum;vk;H rsm;ukd &ufowWywf (7) &ufrS (1) &uf pDtm; tcsKd;csay;xm;onf? u/ c/ */ C/ i wko ‹d nf wevFmae‹twGu?f p/ q/ Z/ ps/ n wkd‹onf t*Fgae‹twGuf/ y/ z/ A/ b/ r wkd‹onf -umoyaw;ae‹twGuf pojzif?h ok‹djzpfI t*Fgae‹om;onf armifped f (okr‹d [kw)f armifaZmf/ -umoyaw;ae‹ orD;onf rjzL (okd‹r[kwf) rjr pojzifh jzpfvmonf? armifESifhr pum;vkH;wkd‹rSm (Master or Mister and Miss) wkd‹ESifh wlnD_yD; a,musfm;/ rdef;rvdifukd !¸efjyonfh

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ADA, D ef;/ uy`wed f a';Apf (Vivian, Captain David) 1932 ckESpfwGif pwif t&m&Sdjzpfvmonf? tdENd,wyfrawmfrS jrefrmvuf eufuikd yf v k yd w f yfzŒJGo‹kd vufeuft}uHay;yk*Kd~ vftjzpf aqmif&u G &f ef v$aJ jymif;jcif; cH&vsuf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&_yD; vufeufrsm; a&mif;csr+jzifh pJGcsuf wifc&H onf? axmif'%f (5) ESpEf iS hf ±ly;D ig;axmif aiG'%f (2) ck yl;wGJ tjypfay;cH& onf? oda‹k omf 1949=ckEpS f tif;pdeu f kd u&ifvufeufuikd o f yl ek w f yfrsm; odr;f ydu k &f m wGif vGwaf jrmufco hJ jzifh u&ifah wmfveS af &;orm;rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;cJo h nf? xda‹k emuf tv,f±;dk rrSwqifh ta&S±› ;dk rawmwGi;f vufeufuikd f u&ifpcef;rsm;od‹k a&mufomG ; &mrS 1950=ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif xdkif;e,fpyfteD;&Sd aumhu&dwfe,fajrtwGif; v,fwJwckY u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl acwWpcef;cs aecdu k f ArmhwyfrawmfEiS hf wdu k yf jGJ zpfum towfc&H onf[k jrefrmtm%mydik rf sm;u ,lqcJah omfjim;vnf; trSepf ifppf xdak e‹u xkad e&mwGif olr&Scd yhJ g? 1950=ESpv f ,f cef‹Y xdik ;f Edik if rH w S qifh _Aw d ed Ef ikd if o H ‹kd jyefomG ;onft h csed t f xd olonf ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm u&ifawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh vGwfajrmufe,fajrrsm;twGif; aexdkifcJhonf? xdak‹ emuf (1980) ckESpftwGif; a0ve,f/ qGrfpD;òrdw › Gif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? &ef;/ Adv k rf ;ª pD[ife&D ( Young, Major C. Henry) tdE, dN wyfrawmf v#ypf pfEiS hf pufrt + if*sief , D m tvky±f w Hk yfc.

GJ wyfr;ª wOD; jzpfI OD;apmudk vufeufay;urf;cJhr+jzifh 1947=ck/ -o*kwfv (24) &ufae‹wGif tzrf;cH&_yD; axmif'%f (2) ESpf tjypfay;cH&aomfvnf; toem;cHpmwifojzifh v$waf y;cJo h nf? jrefrmEdik if rH S csufcsif; xGucf mG oGm;cJyh gonf?

jrefrmtrnfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom rSwfcsuf

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Zmwfvrf;0ify*k Kd~ vfrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

,Ofaus;odraf rGŒpmG tok;H «yaom emrnfa&Sp› nf;rsm;jzpf-uonf? emrnfa&Sp› nf;ukd xnfrh wGuv f #if ESpv f ;Hk wGt J rnfrsm;jzpfonfh armifomcif/ armifz;dk wuf/ armifb&Si/f rpef;ar/ raiGbiG /hf rzGm;jrpfwr‹dk mS tok;H rsm;_yD; ok;H vk;H wG/J av;vk;H wGJ emrnfrsm;rSm &ckid v f rl sKd;wkr‹d v S I JG tok;H enf;onf? jrefrmpmrSm Asnf;wvk;H pDtoHxu G _f yD; emrnf . pum;vkH;wkdif;wGif t"dy`m,f&Sdonf? okad‹ omfvnf; emrnfqkdonfrSm t"dy`m,f oufa&mufapcsifovkd a,bk,s okr‹d [kwf vkt d yfovkd &nf!e¸ ;f rSnahf c:xm;jcif; jzpfonf[k tcsKdp‹ ma&;olrsm; a&;ouJo h ‹dk ,lqrnfqv dk #ifvnf; rSm;,Gi;f ygonf? oka‹d omfvnf; tcsKda‹ e&mrsm;wGif xku d o hJ ‹dk rSnahf c:avh&-dS ujyefonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh armifbcspf (zcif.tcspf) okd‹r[kwf rzGm;ouf (tzGm;.touf) pojzifh/ ,ckacwfwGifrl uav;i,fwOD;.emrnfukd oihfovkd ¯uHovkdvnf;aumif; okd‹r[kwf vlwOD;wa,muf pdwful;rdovkdvnf;aumif; okd‹r[kwf xif&Sm;ausmf -um;aom yk*Kd~ vfwOD;OD;. trnfemrukd ,ljcif;jzifah omfvnf;aumif; rSnahf c: -u onf? vlwOD;wa,muf. b0aemufykdif;wGif armif (okd‹r[kwf) r [lonfh emrnfa&SŒpnf;onf ajymif;oGm;onfudk Tae&mwGif azmfjy&efvadk yonf? t-urf; zsif;tm;jzifh touf (20) ESifh (35) ESpft-um; a,musfm;wOD;ukd emrnfa&SŒpnf; “ukd” (tukd) [k okH;E+ef;_yD; touf (30) ESpftxuf vlwOD;ukd “OD;” (OD;av;/ OD;}uD;) Oyrmtm;jzifh ukdbckdif/ OD;omvl pojzifh ac:a0:ayvdrfhrnf? tvm;wlyif vlvwfykdif;trsKd; orD;wOD;ukd “a':” (ta': ) wyfac:ayvdrfhrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh a':apm? ,if;wkr‹d mS ,Ofaus;odraf rGŒ pGmok;H aom emrnfa&SŒpnf;rsm;jzpf_yD; touf t&G,f}uD;rm;olESifh vlaer+tqifhjrifhrm;olrsm;. trnfemrukd &nf!¸ef;&mY ok;H pG&J ef vk;H 0O\kv H t dk yfygonf? tvm;wl a&SŒpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh zk;d (tzk;d ) ESihf zGm; (tzGm;) wku ‹d rdk l ,cktcg jrif&cJygonf? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;wOD;onf vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;_yD;aemuf olremrnfukd ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdbJ b0wav#mufvkH; ukd,fykdifem rnftjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;ESifh t*FvdyftokH;jzpfonfh rpPpf (Mrs) ESifh tvm;wl jrefrmpum;vk;H r&Sjd cif;onf xl;jcm;csufw&yfjzpfonf?” jrefrmemrnfa&SŒpnf;rsm;tok;H ukd ykrd jkd ynfph aHk p&ef atmufygwku ‹d dk xyfrjH znfh pGuyf gonf? _Adwdo#ukdvkdeDe,fcsJŒtkyfcsKyfolrsm; okH;pGJonfhtac:ykHpH (Master, Mistress) (ppftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHukd 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufxm;pOfu *syefrsm;yifv#if rmpwm Master [k olwu ‹dk dk ac:a0:apcJo h nf) ukd tefwo k nft h aejzifh wkA‹d rmtpnf;t±k;H 0if trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzifh ocifESifh ocifr (Master and Mistress) [lI

1930 ckESpfrsm;twGif; ukd,fhukd,fukd ac:a0:okH;pGJvm-uonf? tpnf;t±kH;. em,u}uD;jzpfol ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;u ociftjyif ukd,fawmf[lonfhtokH;ukd rª;rwf (a lord) jzpfonfhtaejzifh xyfwkd;um txl;«yokH;pGJcJhonf?

Akdvf[lonfhtokH;ukd ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;rSmuJhokd‹yif ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf pwifzŒJGpnf;pOfupI t&m&Scd eft ‹ yfc&H olrsm; okr‹d [kwf ceft ‹ yfc&H onf[k ,lqolrsm;u ‚if;wk. d‹ emrnfa&SŒpnf;tjzpf xifxifay:ay: okH;pGJvmcJh-uonf? 'k=Akdvf/ Adkvf}uD;/ Adkvfr;ª ESifh AdkvfcsKyf &mxl;tpOftwkdif;wkdr‹ Sm t_rJwrf; vufeuf ukdifwyfzGJŒ OD;pD;Xme (2nd Lieutenant rS General) txd tpOfvkduf tac:ta0: jzpfonf? b&Da*h', D m (Brigadier) rSm tu,fpifppftm;jzifh wyfrif;}uD; (wyfrrª;) ukd owfrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? okd‹aomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm; (Generals) tjzpf tac:cHvkdaom ppfwyft&m&Sd tqifhqifhf taejzifh _Adwdo#pepfrS tar&duefpepf h þdk ajymif;vJc, H cl -hJ u ok‹d ajymif;vJ_yD; Adv k rf ;ª csKyf (Brigadier General) &mxl;tqifu jcif;jzpfonf? vlxk. -unfndKav;pm;cH&aom OD;atmifqef;twGufom AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (Great Supremo) qko d nfh trnfacgif;pOfonf wcsed af omtcgu oD;jcm;jzpfco hJ nf? oka‹d omfvnf; ol.orD;jzpfol 'Dru dk a&pDcseyf , D t H m; qefu ‹ si&f mY rnfor‹dk # xdcu dk f I r&onfh OD;atmifqef;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;[lonfh trnfemrwkd‹tm; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rsm; trsm;tjym;ukd ckefysHausmfv$m;zefwD;vkduf_yD; omreftrnfemrw&yftjzpf e0w u txiftjrifa&mufapcJhonf? ukd,fhvlrsKd;ukdomowfjzwf_yD; rnfonfh ppfyGJrS rqifE$Jzl;onfh qkwHqdyf zJ¯ud;rsm; &iftjynfhxkd;vsuf ppfAdkvftm%m&Sif rsm;taejzifh xl;jcm;_yD; tjrifhqkH;jzpfonfh AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; (Senior General) &mxl;}uD;ukd zefwD;vkduf-ujyefonf? &S rf;rif;om; tEG,ft0ifrsm;url olwkd‹ trnfa&SŒwGif ‘pyf’ (Oyrmtm;jzifh pyfa&$ou dk )f [k ok;H pG-J uvsuf yk;d u&ifrsm;u ref; (Oyrm=ref;0if;armif) [ko;Hk pGu J m paumu&ifrsm;u apm (Oyrm=apm[efwmomar$;) [k okH;E+ef;-uygonf? (*VKefOD;apmuJhoakd‹ om jrefrmemrnf apmESifh rvGJrSm;&ef vkdygonf?) ucsift}uD; tuJrsm;url 'l;0g;[laom acgif;pnf;ukd ok;H -uonf? (Oyrmtm;jzifh qrm;a'o&Sd ucsift}uD;tuJ qrm;'l;0g; qif0g;aemif)?

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Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

40

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

,ae‹onf jrefrmjyuQ'ed t f vkt d & 0gacgifv.ae‹wae‹ jzpfonf?þTvonf Ak'<bmom0iftaygif;wdk‹ 0gqdkouFef;uyfv_ª rJjzpfonfh 0gwGif;oHk;vywf. vw vjzpfay.? jrefrmjynfwiG ;f qefa&pyg;/ aumufyo J ;D ESH jynfv h #Hw;kd atmif rkwo f Hk rdk;wdk‹ onf;}uD;rnf;}uD; &Gmavh&Sdaom v wvvnf; jzpfygonf? Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ eHeuf a0vDa0vif;tcsdew f iG f rkwo f rHk ;kd qifI avjyif;rkew f ikd ;f usa&mufawmh rnfh t&dyfta&mifwdk‹ ay:pðyaeay_yD? xdktcsdefwGif EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;wOD; jzpfol OD;apm. trSwf (4)/ at'Dvrf;&dyfomjyifyY vli,fwodkuf pk±Hk;vsuf&Sd aeonf? OD;apm. oyf&yfaom_cH0if;onf &efuek òf rda› wmfajrmufyikd ;f / qifajczk;H t xufwef;pm; &yfuGufwcktwGif; at;csrf;qdwf_idrfvSonfh tif;,m;uefu|ef; qG,w f ck txufem;wGif wnf&adS eonf? OD;apmud, k w f ikd v f nf; apmapmpD;pD; tdyf &mrSxvsuf wynfih ,fom;rsm;udk aemufq;kH rSm-um;csufrsm; rSm-um;aeygonf? r-umrD OD;apm apv$wf&mokd‹ oGm;-uawmhrnfh olwdk‹tzGJŒonf jrefrmjynf}uD;. uH-urRmudk xm0&ajymif;vJomG ;apawmhrnf? OD;apm.wynfw h yef;xJwiG f olZ‹ eD; . wlawmfarmift&G,f cyfi,fi,f cifarmif&ifvnf;ygonf? cifarmif&ifonf ppf tpdr;f a&mif zd'‹k q f efx&yfum;ay:od‹k wuf_yD; um;armif;&ef jyifvu kd af omtcgwGif OD;apm. tjcm; wynfo h ;kH OD;wdv ‹k nf; um;ay:od‹k ckew f ufvu kd -f uonf? olw ‹ ‹kd xGuf cGmoGm;csdefrSm eHeuf (8) em&D (30) rdepf &Sdacs_yD? ‚if;wd. ‹k um; &efuek òf rdv › ,facgifo‹kd OD;wnfarmif;ESiv f monfurkd l rnforl # *±krpdkufrdvdkuf-uacs? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD; _yD;pjzpfI òrda› wmf}uD;twGif; ppfyHkyef; o¿mef um;}uD;um;i,f toG,o f , G w f ‹kd armif;ESiaf e-uonfrmS rqef;-u,fv?S em&D0ufcef‹t-umwGif zdk‹'fqefx&yfum;onf &efukefòrd›v,faumif&Sd teDa&mif tkww f ‹kd jzifh aqmufvyk pf jD c,fxm;_yD; cefx ‹ nfvaS om 0dw&kd , d acwf ESpx f yfwu kd f taqmufttHk}uD;jzpfonfh twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;}uD;teD; 'gv[dkZDvrf;ESifh (42) vrf;

axmifhwGif &yfwef‹vdkufonf? um;xJwGif ‚if;wdk‹tzGJŒxJrS armifeDwOD;om um; apmifhtjzpfaecJhvsuf cifarmif&ifESifh taygif;ygESpfOD; (b!GefE‹ Sifhr+ef}uD;) wdko ‹ nf twGif;0efrsm;±Hk; taqmufttHktwGif;odk‹ uif;axmuf&ef av#mufoGm;-uonf? tqdkygae‹ eHeufaESmif;ydkif;wGif bk&ifcH. tr+aqmifaumifpD tpnf;ta0; vkyf jzpfrnf/ rvkyjf zpfrnfukd olw‹kd odv-kd uonf? tpnf;ta0;vkyjf zpfonf[k odv#if odcsif; cifarmif&ifonf ‘ol&d,’ owif;pmykHESdyfwkdufrS w,fvDzkef;wckudk toHk; ðyvsuf ol‹q&mocifxHodk‹ pum;0Suf owif;ydk‹csufwckudk wdkwdkawmif;awmif; ydv ‹k u kd af wmhonf? “ypPwifuiG ;f rsm; &&S_d yD;yg_yDæ”? pum;0Sufjzifh twnfðycsuf&&Sd_yD;v#if_yD;csif; at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;apm.aetdrf rS *spfum;wpif; t&Sdefjyif;pGmarmif;ESifI xGufvmcJhonf? tcsdefrSm eHeuf (10) em&D? um;armif;ol okc.eHab;wGif touf (30) twGif;&Sd t&yf&Snf&Snf armif pdk;qdkolvnf; vkdufygvmonf? um;aemufydkif; uif;bwfpf tzHk;}uD;atmufwGif ykef;vsuf/ auG;vsuf vdkufygvmol (3) OD;rSm aoewfudkifxm;olrsm;jzpf-uaom armifped /f oufEiS ;f ESihf &ef}uD;atmifw‹kd jzpf-uonf? armifp;kd / armifped Ef iS hf oufEiS ;f wdk‹ wOD;csif;wGif awmfrD*ef;aoewf wvufpD&Sd-uonf? vlysKdt&G,f i,f&G,fol &ef}uD;atmifwiG rf l wcsucf si;f armif;jyef (Semi-automatic) pwif;*ef; aoewfw vuf udik af qmifxm;onf? *spfum;ajceif;jyifay:wGif twGi;f 0ef±;Hk Y óudwifapmifh qdik ;f aeaom b!Get ‹f wGuf awmfr*D ef;aoewfwvuf yg&Sv d monf? ‚if;wdt ‹k m;vH;k onf awmwGif;ppfpdrf;a&mif ppf0wfppfpm;rsm; 0wfqifxm;-uvsuf aysmhaysmif; onfh awmwGif;aqmif; ppfOD;xkyfrsm; aqmif;xm;-uonf? 1 ‚if;wdk‹. ppf0wfpHk ycHk;ay:wGif jrefrmEdkifiHY ppftwGif;u &Sd&if;pGJjzpfaom t*Fvdyfacwf òrda› pmifhwyf trSwf (12) aoewfudkifwyf&if;. trSwfwHqdyfudk wyfqifxm;-uonf? teD a&mifESifh tjzLa&mif tvHi,fESpfckwdko ‹ nf um;ta&SŒrSef. b,fbufaxmifhpGef; 0,f avwdkufwdkif; wzsyfzsyf±dkufcwfI ygvm_yD; ‚if;wdk‹pD;eif;vmonfh *spfum; onf &efuek òf rdv › ,faumifw±l o l ‹kd tjyif;armif;ESiv f mawmhonf? tqdkygtcsdefESifh ra&S;raESmif;wGifyif AdkvfcsKyfb0rS EkwfxGufxm;cgpjzpf aom OD;atmifqef;onfvnf; &efuek f uefawmf}uD;apmif;&Sd olaexdik &f m pdr;f vef; pdkjynfvSonfh wm0gvdef;vrf;aetdrfrS um;armif;ol tr+xrf;wOD; armif;ESifay; onfhum;udk pD;eif;vkdufygvsuf xGufcGmvmcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfrSm touf (32) ESpf t&G,f&Sd jrefrmhtrsKd;om;v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;. acgif;aqmifESifh bk&ifcH. tvkyftr+ aqmifaumifpD 'k=OuU@jzpf_yD; trSeq f ykd gv#if vGwv f yfa&; tóudacwf tpd;k &tzGŒJ

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tcef; (1) Adv k cf sKyfvyk }f ucH &H jcif; &efukefòrd›/ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ paeae‹

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Adv k cf sKyfvyk }f ucH &H jcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

. 0ef}uD;csKyfwOD;vnf; jzpfygonf? OD;atmifqef;onf Adv k cf sKyftaqmifta,mif ppf0wfwefqmwdu ‹k kd pGey‹f ,fc_hJ yD;jzpfvsuf xdak e‹u vnfuwH;k tjzLa&mif&yS t f us/ô awmufajymifawmifhwif; tcsKd;usonfh ydk;wdkufyHktusôESifh a&$0ga&mif ydk;vHkcsnf æponfjzifh t&yf0wft&yfpm;rsm; 0wfqifxm;ygonf? OD;atmifqef;. aetdrf rSm OD;apmaexdik o f nfh at'Dvrf;tdrEf iS phf mv#if twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k ESihf ra0;vHvaS om t&yfwGif &Sdaeonfhtavsmuf vlowform;rsm; ra&mufvmrDtcsdefuyif olu óudwifI twGif;0ef±Hk;odk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;cJhygonf? tjcm;aumifpD0ifrsm;onfvnf; vGwv f yfa&;tóudacwf jrefrmtpd;k &tzGŒJ vky±f ;kd vkypf Of tpnf;ta0;yGw J ckukd wuf a&muf&ef &nfreS ;f vsuf twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k od‹k ra&S;raESmif; a&muf&v dS m-uygonf? jrefrmEdkifiH tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkif vGwfvyfcGifh&&Sda&;twGuf _Adwdo#tpdk;&ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;cJ_h yD; jzpfonft h avsmuf udv k ekd t D yk cf sKyfa&;pepfatmufrS t_yD;tydik f vGwaf jrmuf&efrmS ajcmufvr#yif ra0;awmhaom tcsdet f cgvnf; jzpfayonf? xdktcsdefwGifyif b!Gef‹onf vufeufudkifaqmifxm;jcif; r&Sdjim;vnf; ol vky}f uH&rnfh om;aumifukd twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k / y&d0% k t f wGi;f Y vdu k v f &H mS azGvsuf &S. d ? xdo k rl mS tjcm;olr[kwaf cs/ OD;atmifqef;. a&mif;&if;wOD;jzpfol vGwv f yf a&;r&ao;rD wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf (Constituent Assembly) . OuU@jzpfol ocifEkjzpfygonf? b!Gefo ‹ nf A[dktaqmufttHk}uD;twGif; tv,faumifwGif wnf&Sdonfh jrifhrm;vSaom ukef;o¿mef trdk;rsm;atmufrS aygif;ul;vrf;rw av#muf (high-arched through way) jzwfav#mufvsuf&Sdonf? ocifEk. ±Hk; cef;onf v$waf wmftopf taqmufttH. k taemufbuftaqmiftwGi;f yxr OD;qHk;tcef;jzpfonf? twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;twGif; av;ajr‡mifho¿mef taqmufttHk rsm;twGif;rS tcef;wcef;jzpfacsonf? ‚if;tcef;twGif;odk‹ b!Gef‹ waphwapmif; tuJcwf-unfh±+vdkuf&mwGif tcef;wGif;Y xdkifaeolwOD;ukd awGŒvkdufI olowf& rnfo h [ l k olxifvu dk o f nf? oljzwfav#mufomG ;_yD; jyefvn S v hf mum twGi;f oku ‹d yf vsuf -unfv h u dk jf yefonf? tqdyk gyk*Kd~ vfrmS ocifEk r[kwyf gacs? odE‹k iS hf b!Gev ‹f nf; ‚if;taqmufttHkrS xGufcGmIvmcJh.? x&yfum;&Sd&modk‹ taomhESifI av#muf vm_yD;v#if teD;tem;&Sd vufzuf&nfqdkifwckxJokd‹ 0ifxdkifvdkuf.? xdkpOfwGif teD;tem;Y vrf;ovsm;vsuf&Sdol cifarmif&ifonf vufzuf&nfaomufvsuf &Sdonfh b!Gefu ‹ dkjrif_yD; teD;odkc‹ sOf;uyfvmum olwdkq ‹ &mocifxHodk‹ ay;ydk‹ _yD;jzpf aom pum;0Sufudk ajymjyvdkufonf? “tm;vHk;tqifacsmarm_yD; t}uHtpnft wdik ;f yDyjD yifjyif jzpfvsuf&adS eyg_yDæ”?

‚if;aemuf cifarmif&ifonf teD;tem; rvS rf;rurf; tcsuftcsmusaom ae&mY &yfxm;onfh zdk‹'fqefx&yfum;&Sd&modk‹ qufvufav#mufvmonf? xdk tcsdefwGif ±kwfw&ufqdkovdkyif vufeufudkifaqmifxm;onfh ol‹&Jabmf&Jbuf rsm;udk wifaqmifvmaom *spfum;udk vS r;f jrifvu kd af wmh.? olwa‹kd &mufvmukef -u_yD[k b!Gef‹odk‹ vS rf;Itcsufjyvdkufaomtcg b!Gef‹onf vufzuf&nfyef; uefudk tomt,mEdS rfhcsvdkufI ol.0ef;usifodk‹ pdk;&drfw}uD; vdkufvH-unfh±+aerd .? tqdyk g*spu f m; twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k . A[drk ck Of ;D 0od‹k csO;f uyfvmcsed w f iG f tcuft cJwcktjzpf óuHawGŒ&onfrmS ‚if;wdu ‹k m;a&SŒwnfw h nfrh S tjcm;x&yfum;wpD; armif; ESiI f oGm;aejcif;yifjzpfygonf? ‚if;wd*‹k spfum;onf t&Sed o f wfvu kd v f suf xdx k &yf um;}uD; ta&SŒraS rmif;ESix f u G o f mG ;onftxd apmifah ecJ-h uonf? r-umrD vrf;&Si;f oGm;acs_yD? rnfolwOD;wa,mufur# ‚if;wd*k‹ spfum;udkvnf;aumif;/ twGif;wGif vdu k yf gvmolrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; &yfwef&‹ mS azGppfaq;&ef róud;pm;cJ-h uygacs/ Ttcsed Yf yif ‚if;taqmufttH}k uD;. taemufaqmif tay:xyfwiG f wnf &Sdonfh OD;atmifqef;. cef;raqmif}uD;twGif;odk‹ bk&ifcH. tvkyftr+aqmift zGŒJ aumifp0D ifrsm; 0ifa&mufae&m,l xdik v f u kd -f uyg_yD? tcef;us,f}uD;twGi;f wGif pma&;cHkwef;&Snf}uD;rsm;tm; ‘U’ pmvHk;. ajymif;jyeftoGifo¿mefjzifh cif;usif; xm;_yD; tcef;. awmifbuftydkif;wGif aumifpD0ifwdk‹twGuf ae&moD;oef‹cif; usif;xm;ygonf? r-umrD tqdyk gcHw k ef;}uD;. OD;ydik ;f A[dak e&mwGif OD;atmifqef; xdkifvdkuf_yD; ‚if;.vkyfazmfudkifbuf 0ef}uD;rsm;tm; E+wfqufvdkufygonf? xdkt csdefu atmifqef;. b,fbufwGif uyfvsufxdkifaeolrSm u|efawmf. OD;av; awmfol OD;a&$abmfyif jzpfygonf? OD;a&$abmfrmS tvkyt f r+aqmifaumifp.

D twGi;f a&;rª;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;.nmbufwGif xdkifaeolrSm 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ. 'k=twGif; 0efjzpfol OD;tke;f armif (I.C.S) jzpfygonf? ‚if;wdk‹ESifh uyfvsuf&Sdaom cHkwef;vsm;}uD;. nmbufjcrf;wGif xdkifaeol rsm;rSm b¾ma&;Xme aumifpD0ifjzpfol qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmif ocifjr/ rlpvif bmom0if ausmif;tkyf}uD;/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif/ ynma&;ESifh trsKd;om;pDrHudef; Xmersm;. aumifpD0ifjzpfol OD;tAŠ'l&mZmwf/ OD;atmifqef;. tpfudkawmfol pD;yGm;a&;ESifh axmufyHha&;Xme aumifpD0if OD;b0if;/ owif;pmq&mESifh 'D;'kwf r*~Zif;t,f'w D m/ jyef-um;a&;Xme aumifp0D if OD;bcsKd/ u&ifvrl sKd;pkacgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfI tvkyo f rm;a&;&mXmeaumifp0D if ref;bcdik w f ‹kd jzpf-uygonf?

OD;atmifqef;. b,fbufjcrf;wGif xdkifaeolrsm;rSm jynfov l‹ kyfief;aumif

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Adv k cf sKyfvyk }f ucH &H jcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

pD0if vli,ftpnf;t±H;k OuU@ OD;A*srf;/ vlra+ &;vkyif ef;rsm; aumifp0D if OD;atmifZH a0/ aumufyJoD;ESHXme aumifpD0if ([oFmw) OD;jrESifh e,fjcm;a'orsm;qdkif&m aumifpD0ifjzpfol &S rf;jynfe,frS rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD; apmpHxGef;wdk‹ jzpf-uygonf? rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;}uD;onf wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;aexdik &f m e,fjcm;a'orsm;ESihf jynfr}uD;wdk‹ aygif;pyfEdkifa&; óud;yrf;r+wGif ta&;ygt&ma&mufaom tcef;u¾ rS yg0ifcyhJ gonf? tpnf;ta0;udk eHeuf (10;30) tcsdefwGif pwifzGifhvSpfvdkuf&m tvkyftr+ aqmiftzGJŒ0if tm;vHk;wdk‹onf OD;atmifqef;&Sd&m a&S›wl±lwGif tcef;twGif;buf odk‹ rsufESmrlvsuf xdkifae-uygonf? odk&‹ mwGif xdktcsdefY o,f,lydka‹ qmifa&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;Xme 'k=twGi;f 0efjzpfol OD;tke;f armifonf tcef;twGi;f od‹k 0ifa&mufvmojzihf tpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm tcdkuftwef‹ &yfem;oGm;&onf? ‚if;0ifa&mufvm&onfh udp&P yfrmS xdak e‹eeH ufu txufjrefrmEkid if o H ‹kd c&D; vGeaf eol 0ef}uD;apmpHz;kd oif.ud, k pf m; ta&;ay:udpw P &yfukd &Si;f vif;wifjy&ef vdo k nft h wGuf wufa&mufvm&jcif;jzpfygonf? c&D;a&mufrqdu k yf if OD;tke;f armif onf ‚if;wifjyaqG;aEG;&rnfh udp&P yftm; OD;pGm wifjyaqG;aEG;cGiðhf yyg&ef yef-um; vku d o f nf? xkad e‹wiG f OD;tke;f armifonf trSew f u,f wm0efusaeol r[kwo f nfh tjyif ol‹ Y tjcm;ta&;}uD;onfh vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&ef&SdonfhtwGuf ,ck uJo h ‹kd cGiafh wmif;&jcif;jzpfygonf[k wifjyvku d yf gonf? tcef;}uD;twGi;f &So d r#aom wHcg;rsm;udv k nf; tcef;. ajrmufbuf&dS jynf olv ‹ kyfief;Xme aumifpD0if. ±Hk;cef;ESihfuyfvsuf rsufESmcsif;qkdif&Sd wHcg;aygufw ckrSvGJI tm;vHk;ydwfvkduf-u_yD; twGif;rS csufrsm;xdk;xm;-uonf? ‚if;tcef; wHcg;0Y rif;apaomif;pdef apmihf-uyfvsuf&Sdonf? aomif;pdefrSm vufeuf udkif aqmifrxm;yg? ol0wfqifxm;aom ppfpdrf;a&mifabmif;bDrSvGJI xdkvli,fav; wGif -oZmtm%m. t&dyfta,mif[lI tjcm; bmr#r&Sdygacs? jyify avomaqmif vloGm;vrf; (corridor) wGifrl tr+aqmifaumifpD. vufaxmuf twGif;0efjzpfol OD;wiftHk;onf rdwfaqGwOD;ESihf &yfwefp‹ um;ajym vsuf&Sd.? ±kwfw&ufqdkovdkyif OD;wiftHk;onf aoewfajymif;0csif;±dkufcwfoH/ !d;k !d;k nHnt H oHrsm;ESihf ajcoHjyif;jyif; eif;wufvmoHrsm; -um;vdu k &f ojzihf vSnhf -unfrh &d mwGif avSum;ay:ok‹d tajy;wufvm-uonfh vufeufuikd f vl (4) a,muf udk jrifvu kd &f awmh.? OD;atmifqef;&S&d m tpnf;ta0;cef;r}uD;od‹k ‚if;wd‹k taomh ESi_f yD; ajy;av#mufomG ;-uonfukd twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k ok‹d rdwaf qGwa,mufEiS hf vku d f

ygvmol ukeo f nfwOD;jzpfonfh OD;xifabmfonfvnf; awGŒ jrifvu kd o f nf? a&SŒq;kH rS OD;aqmifomG ;olrmS armifp;kd jzpfonf? olu t&yfjrifjh rihEf iS fh rsufEmS &Sn&f n S rf ‹kd olu ‹ kd vG,v f , G u f u l l rSwrf Ed ikd yf gonf? vlysKdv&l , G af v;jzpfonfh &ef}uD;atmifrmS vnf; ol. ysKrd spEf ek ,faom ±kyo f iG af -umihf ay:vGiaf eonf? twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k tpnf;a0; cef;rteD;Y eHeuftapmydik ;f uyif vma&mufapmihq f idk ;f aeol r+e}f uD;onf aoewf udik af qmifxm;aom olwv ‹kd l vlowform;rsm;tm; tpnf;a0;}uD; pwifae_yDjzpf a-umif; acgif;ndwt f csufjyvdu k o f nf? wckwnf;aom zGix fh m;onfh wHcg;teD;od‹k armifp;kd csO;f uyf oGm;onft h cgwGirf l rif;apav;armifaomif;pderf mS -uuftw hH ao jzpfaerdawmh.? xkd‹aemuf olonf owd&_yD; tcef;t0if0udk ydwfqdk‹wm;qD;&ef óud;pm;vdkufygao;.? 2 odk‹aomf armifpdk;ESihf oufESif;wdk‹u olwdk‹. awmfrD*ef; aoewfrsm;udk ol‹tm; csdef&G,fvdkuf.? xdk‹aemuf ol‹udk ab;odk‹wGef;vdkuf&m ol vnf; ',dr;f ',dik jf zpfomG ;pOfYyif aoewform;rsm; tcef;wGi;f od‹k wd;k 0ifomG ;ojzihf armifaomif;pdev f nf; taemufrS &J0phH mG ajy;vdu k o f mG ;ygao;onf? oda‹k omf olbmr# rwwfEikd af wmh? xkt d csed w f iG yf if aoewform;rsm;onf olwa‹kd oewfrsm;udk tpnf; ta0;cef;twGif;&Sd 0ef}uD;rsm;bufodk‹ csdef&G,f_yD; vS rf;atmfvkdufonf? “rajy;eJ/‹ rxeJæ ‹ ” xkt d wGi;f tH-h ooifah eaom OD;atmifqef;u rwfwyf&yfvu kd o f nft h cg armifp;kd u trdea‹f y;vdu k af wmhonf? “ypfæypfæ ypf” [laom trdefa‹ y;oHESihftwl aoewfoHrsm; qlnHoGm;_yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;vnf; -urf;ay:odk‹ yHkvJoGm;vsuf aoewf'%f&m (13) csufjzifh aoG; tdkifxJwGif vJavsmif; _idrfoufoGm;&Smawmhonf? xkdtcsdefY armifpdk;/ armifpdefESifh oufESif;wdk‹onfvnf; 0ef}uD;rsm;&Sd&modk‹ awmfr*D ef;aoewfrsm;jzifh w&pyfypfcwfaecdu k f &ef}uD;atmifonfvnf; 'l;axmuf csvkdufvsuf ol. pwif;*ef;aoewfjzifh vJavsmif;usoGm;_yD;aom yk*~dKvfrsm;ESihf cHkatmufwGif0yfI ykef;v#Kd;uG,fv#Kd; tumtuG,f,laeonfh yk*~dKvfrsm;xHodk‹ w &pyf pwif;*ef;jzifh ypfaeonf? Todk‹ rem;wrf;puUef‹ (30) cef‹ ypf_yD;aomtcg wGif armifp;kd u olv ‹ rl sm;tm; typf&yfI qkwcf mG &ef xyfrt H rdea‹f y;vdu k af wmh.? xkdtcsdefonf eHeuf (10) em&D (37) rdepfjzpfI OD;atmifqef;. udk,fa&; vufaxmufjzpfol Adv k x f eG ;f vSonf 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJwiG f tqkyd g jrifuGif;okd‹ yxrOD;qkH; a&mufvmonfhyk*~dKvfjzpfonf? twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;twGif;&Sd tjcm;jcm;aom yk*~dKvfrsm;onfvnf; r-umrD zGihfxm;aom wHcg;ayguftwGif;odk‹ tajy;tv$m;0ifvm-u.? eHapmfvo S nfh aoewf,rf;cd;k ,rf;aiGŒ tcd;k tv#w H o ‹kd nf

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Adv k cf sKyfvyk }f ucH &H jcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

cef;r}uD;tjynfh &Sdaeaomfvnf; tqdkyg tcdk;tv#Hrsm;twGif;rS tpaw;cHyk*~dKvf rsm;. cE<mudk,frsm;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;jrifae&ygonf? pm;yGJukvm;xkdif tawmf rsm;rsm;rSm arSmufcHkaZmufxkd;jzpfaevsuf ‘U’ pmvHk; ajymif;jyefyHk pm;yGJab;ywf vnfwGif aoG;tkdifrsm;jzihf npfayvsuf&Sdacs.? u|efawmfwdk‹. trsKd;om;acgif; aqmif/ zufqpfawmfveS af &; ol&aJ umif; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;atmifqef;rSmrl toufq;kH yg;vsuf -urf;jyifay:wGif vJavsmif;vsuf&adS cs_yD? olaoqH;k csdew f iG f touf (32) ESpfom &Sdao;onf? ocifjr. tqkwfrSm aoewfusnfqHrsm; azmufxGif;oGm; cJo h nfh '%fa-umifh ausrGvsuf&_dS yD; olonfvnf; pm;yGcJ }kH uD;wckatmuf aoG;tdik f xJwGif vJavsmif;aoqHk;ae&Smonf? OD;&mZwfwGif aoewf'%f&m (6) csuf&&Sd vsu/f OD;b0if;wGif aoewf'%f&m (8) csu&f &Scd _hJ yD;/ ref;bcdik w f iG f aoewf'%f&m (15) csufr#yif &&SdcJhonf? olwdt k‹ m;vHk; toufr&Sd-uawmhyg? olwd. k‹ toufrJh aom cE<mud, k }f uD;rsm;onfvnf; xkid cf rkH sm;ta&SŒo‹kd idu k pf u kd u f svsu&f adS e-uonf? wckxif&Sm;onfrSm OD;atmifqef;onf vlowform;rsm;. t"duypfrSwf jzpfcJhjcif;jzpfyg.? ‚if;udk ypfcwf_yD;onfhtcgY vlowform;rsm;onf ‚if;. nm buftjcrf;od‹k aoewfajymif;0udk a0S&‹ rf;vsuf aumifp0D ifwOD;csi;f udk ypfcwfc&hJ m aumifpD0iftawmfrsm;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk‹aexdkif&m cHkrsm;ay: Yyif ±kyfao;óud;jywf usqHk;oGm;cJh-u&&Smonf? b,fbuftjcrf;wGif aoewf'%f&m&&Sdol wOD;wnf; aomyk*Kd~ vfrmS rl aoewform;rsm; ypfcwfaeaomae&mESihf teD;qH;k wGif xkid af eol apmpHxeG ;f yif jzpfyg.? olonf olu ‹ v k m;xkid af y:Y xkid v f sut f aetxm;ESiyfh if &Sd aeao;onf?þolEiS þhf wpm;yGw J nf;xkid af eolþtrsm;xJrþS OD;a&$abmfEiS þfh OD;jrþ([oFmw) wdk‹rSm uHtm;axmufrpGmjzihf tpnf;ta0;cef;r}uD;. eHab;buf/ wHcg;0 wckqDodk‹ ajy;oGm;Edkif-u_yD; toufcsrf;om&m&&SdoGm;cJh-uonf? OD;a&$abmfu wHcg;udk zGihfEdkifcJhaomfvnf; -urf;jyifay:okd‹ rl;arhI vJusoGm;cJhonf? OD;atmifZH a0ESifh OD;A*srf;wdr‹k mS rl aoewfypfcwfptcsdeu f ukvm;xkid af y:rS yufvufvefus I -urf;ay: Y _idrfoufpGmvJavsmif;ae&mrS '%f&mt}uD;tus,fr&&SdbJ vGwf ajrmufxGufajy;oGm;EdkifcJhonf? xdka-umifh OD;A*srf;. nbufvufolºuG,fav; wGif aoewf'%f&mwckom &&Scd yhJ gonf? q&m}uD; OD;&mZwfonf aemufq;kH touf±jª cif;tjzpf toufaiGŒaiGŒuav; udk jznf;jznf; nifnifomom ±ªomG ;Edik cf o hJ nf? q&m}uD; OD;bcsKdwiG f aoewf'%f &m (5) csuf&&SdcJh&m wcsufrSm OD;aESmufwGif 0ifa&mufoGm;cJhonf? olESihf apmpH xGe;f wdE‹k pS Of ;D touf&iS v f suf&adS o;onfjzpfI aq;±Ho k ‹kd tjrefyv ‹kd u dk &f onf? apm

pHxGef;wGif OD;acgif;Y '%f&m (2) csuf&&Sdvsuf -urf;ay:wGif ikwfwkwfxdkifae_yD; yg;pyftwGif;rS aoG;rsm; pD;usaeum a&iwf&SmvGef;I oem;pzG,f a&awmif;ae &Smonf? tpnf;ta0;}uD;odk‹ tpD&ifcHpmwck tvsifpvdkay;yd&k‹ ef a&muf&SdcJhonfh twGi;f 0ef OD;tke;f armifcrsmrSmvnf; wud, k v f ;kH wGif aoewf'%f&m A&yGjzifh -urf; ay:Y vJusomG ;cJo h nf? olonfvnf; wcsed w f nf;wGiyf if toufaysmufae&Smyg_y?D owif;pm owif;axmufwOD;jzpfol armifoef;onf owif;Xme±Hk;cef; twGi;f rS qlqn l n H t H oHrsm; -um;v#if-um;csif; tajy;xGuv f mcJ&h m tpnf;ta0; cef;r}uD;rS qkwcf mG vmcJ-h uaom aoewfuikd v f o l wform;rsm;onf olu ‹ kd awGŒ jrif 3 aomtcg &yfwef‹&ef trdef‹ay;vdkufojzihf armifoef;onfvnf; ajrjyifay:odk‹ olu ‹ , kd u f þkd uref;uwef;vJcS svu kd v f suþf armh-unhv f u kd af omtcgþaoewform;rsm; xGuaf jy;aeonfukd wm;qD;&ef tcef;wcef;twGi;f rS ajy;xGuv f monfh OD;&mZwf . ud, k &f aH wmf udak xG;udk vS r;f jrifvu kd &f onf? xdt k csed w f iG f &ef}uD;atmifrmS a&SŒrS OD;aqmifaeonf? &ef}uD;atmifonf owday;vHa‹+ qmfjcif; tvsO;f rðyawmhbJ ol. pwif;*ef;aoewfjzihf qufwu kd yf pfxnfv h u kd o f nf? ud, k &f aH wmfav;rSm aoewf hJ y‹kd if '%f&m (4) csu&f &Su d m -urf;jyifay:od‹k yHv k o J mG ;awmhonf? 4 &ef}uD;atmifuo udkaxG;rSmvnf; vlysKdvl&G,fav;wOD;yif jzpfygonf? xdktcsdefYyif “atmif_yD/ atmif_yD” [k [pfaºuG;vsuf aoewform;rsm; twGif;0efrsm;±Hk; taqmufttHk}uD;twGif;rS ajy;xGufvm-uonf? xdkESihf wcsdef wnf; okconf *spfum;udk twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k twGi;f avSum;ajc&if;teD;xd armif; csvmcJh_yD; um;pufudk E+d;xm;um tqifoifhapmihfqdkif;aeonf? odkE‹ Sifh vlowfo rm;rsm;tm;vH;k um;ay:od‹k ckew f ufvu kd -f uonf? xdt k cgrS okconfvnf; um;udk pufukefarmif;ESifI xGufcGmoGm;&ef jyifqifvdkufonf? odk&‹ mwGif taqmwvsif pdwv f u dk rf mefyg ±ª;±ª;'kid ;f 'kid ;f vkyv f u kd o f nft h avsmuf ta&;xJ um;tif*sifpufu ±kwfw&uf &yfqdkif;oGm;onf? armifpdefonf okcudk ab;odw k‹ Gef;xkwfvsuf um; pufukd óud;pm;IE+d;aeqJ okcu 0dkif;0ef;I *D,mudkxdk;ay;vdkuf&m jyif;xefaom puftm;t&Sdeft[kefjzifh aqmifhxGufoGm;awmhonf? twGi;f 0ef±;kH rS pywfvrf;odt ‹k xGuf *dw0f wGif armifeu D apmihq f idk ;f aeonf? ol.wm0efrSm tu,fI vlowf*dk%f;0ifwdk‹ xGufajy;&mwGif taESmifht,Suf t[eft ‹ wm;&Syd gu ‚if;. ajcmufv;kH jyL;aoewfjzifh 0ifa&mufu,fwifay;&efjzpf onf? od&‹k mwGif rnfonft h Eœ&m,frS rusa&mufcyhJ gacs? od‹k jzpfI armifeo D mv#if trdefu ‹ dk aoGznfvsuf *spfum;ay:odk‹ ckefwuf&ef óud;pm;cJh&m tqdkyg *spfum;rSm

47

48 48

49

Adv k cf sKyfvyk }f ucH &H jcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

wem&Dv#if uDvkdrDwm (50) jzifh armif;ESifoGm;jcif;a-umihf ratmifjrifvdkufyg? tqdyk g tcsif;t&mrsm;udk orm"dyEkH ydS w f u kd rf S 0D&, d aumif;onfh tvkyo f rm;wOD; jzpfol OD;pdefarmifu teD;tem;rS óuHawGŒvdkuf&onfhtwdkif; olvnf; csufcsif;yif *spfum;eHygwfudk ol‹tusôtdwfxJwGif tcef‹oifh&Sdaeonfh b%faiGoGif;vufrSwf pm&Gut f ay:Y a&;rSwx f m;vdu k o f nf? vlowform;rsm; pD;eif;vdu k yf gvmaom *spu f m;onf 'gv[dpk v D rf;twGi;f odk‹ t&Sdefjyif;pGm csKd;0ifvkduf_yD; ta&SŒbufodk‹ qufvufarmif;ESifoGm;&mrS wzef pawmh*w d v f rf;wav#muf ajrmufbufw±l o + ‹kd armif;ESio f mG ;jyef&m armifped o f nf okcarmif;aeonfukd aES;auG;vGe;f onf[k pdwrf &SnEf idk af wmhojzihf um;armif;wm 0efudk v$Jajymif;,lvdkufum t&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGmjzifh ajrmufbuft&yfrsm;odk‹ w& -urf;armif;ESifvm_yD; usOf;ajrmif;aumufauGŒvSonfh at'Dvrf;uav;xJodk‹ csKd; 0ifvu kd o f nf?

OD;apm. tdrfeD;csif;jzpfol uy`wdefcef;onf ol‹ _cHtwGif;rS um;armif;xGuf vmpOf t&Sdefjyif;pGm armif;ESifvmaom xkd*spfum;ESihf acgif;csif;qkdifwdkufvkeD;yg; jzpfomG ;I um;b&dwu f kd twif;tkyv f u kd &f onf? uy`wed cf ef;onf a'gow}uD;jzifh olu ‹ kd wdu k v f ek ;D yg;jzpfomG ;aom um;aemufov ‹kd u kd -f unf&h m ‚if;um;onf vrf;w av#mufqif;oGm;_yD; tif;,m;uefu|ef;qG,fxdyf&Sd OD;apmtdrfwGif;odk‹ auGŒ0ifoGm; onfukd awGŒ jrifvu kd &f onf? olonf jynfvrf;ay:wGif ol‹um;udk &yfxm;vkduf_yD; uefudkjzwfvsuf OD; apm. yef;_cHtwGif;odk‹ vS rf;-unfhaerdonf? OD;apm[k olrSwfrdaeaom abmif; bDwjkd zihf vlwa,muftem; vlawG pk±;kH 0dik ;f &Haeonfukd olawGŒvu kd &f onf? xdt k csdeo f nf eHeuf (11) em&D jzpfonf? xkdtcsdefu tjzLa&mif &Syftusô/ rdk;jyma&mif abmif;bDwdk0wfxm;aom OD; apmonf “ig}uHv#if cHEdkif±kd;vm;” [efjzifh tljrL;aeyHk&onf? ol‹vlrsm;udk vkduf zuf_yD; tvkyfaumif;pGm atmifjrifacsmarmcJhonfhtwGuf csD;usL;pum;ajymae onf? aoewform;rsm;onf vufoD;qkyfrsm;udk avxJa0S&‹ rf;vsuf “atmif_yD/ atmif_yD” [k xyfraH ºuG;a-umf-ujyefonf? olwt ‹kd m;vH;k tpm;taomuf ,rum rsm;ESifh aysmyf cJG -H uonf? ,if;od‹k olw‹kd aysmyf yJG gwDt&Sed t f [keaf umif;aepOf b!Ge/‹f cifarmif&ifESihf armifeDwdkw ‹ okduf olwdk. ‹ zdk'‹ fqefx&yfum;jzifh jyefa&mufvm-u onf? OD;apmESifh yxr jyefa&mufvm-uolrsm;onf tdrf0&efwmokd‹ xGufvm-u _yD; atmifjrifr+twGuf aysmf&$ifpGm olwkd‹tm; E+wfqufaºuGa-umfae-ujcif;ukd

b!Geu ‹f cyf0if0h if0h g0g t*Fvyd v f dk “New Calendar” (jyuQ'ed o f pf) [lI tmarÈdwf oH[pfaºuG;vkdufonf? (w&m;±kH;a&mufrS olu ajz&Sif;jyonfrSm “acwfopf ay: _yD” vkd‹ a-unmonfhoabmjzpfa-umif;?) okd‹aomf ol‹acgif;aqmif}uD;u wzef t*Fvyd b f momESiyhf if “typfc&H wJt h xJrmS ocifEyk g&JŒvm;” vk‹d ar;vku d &f m tajzukd rpOf;pm;wwfatmifjzpfoGm;um jrefrmvkdyif ocifEktm; b,frSmr# &Smr awGŒojzifh ryga-umif; b!Gefu ‹ 0efcHvdkuf_yD; tajctaeudk qufpyf&Sif;jyonf?

OD;apmu acgif;ndw_f y;D &Si;f jyr+ukd vufcv H u kd o f nf? olonf ocifEEk iS yfh wfouf_y;D pdk;&drfw}uD;jzpfyHkr&? atmifqef;udkz,f&Sm;a&; t"duvkyf&yfrSm atmifjrif_yD;pD; cJh_yDjzpfI olpdwfrylawmhyg? jrefrmrsKd;cspf0g'Drsm;. t"duacgif;aqmif vrf;&Sif; oGm;_yDjzpfojzifh _Adwdo#bk&ifcHcsKyf qm[l;bwf&ef‹ (pf) onf olt ‹ m; tcsdefra&G; ac:Edik o f nf? zke;f ac:oHukd olapmihaf r#mf&ayawmhrnf? olu ‹ kd ‘tpd;k &opf tjrefzŒJG yg awmh’ [k awmif;qdv k mvdrrhf nf[k ,H-k unfxm;onf? OD;apmonf OD;atmifqef;. t"duEdik if aH &;òydib f ufEiS fh tm%mvkbufjzpfonf? olonf txufo‹kd aumif;pGm aygufa&muf_yD; tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;twGif;Yomru _Adwdo#ppfwyftwGif;Yyif ol‹vlawG&Sdaeonf? xdktcsdefu tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;rSm touftm;jzifh i,f&G,fvGef;_yD; tawGŒtóuHenf;yg;vSao;onf[k qdkEdkifonf? touf (47) ESpf t&G,&f dS OD;apmonf TyGw J iG f 0g&ihv f ufa[mif;wOD;r[kwyf gavm? olonf ol&, d The Sun owif;pm. ydkif&SifESifh t,f'Dwmvnf;jzpfygonf? rsKd;cspfygwD. acgif; aqmifvnf;jzpf±Hkomru *syefacwfrwdkifrD 1940 rS 1942 ckESpftxd 0ef}uD;csKyf tjzpfvnf; wm0efxrf;aqmifcyhJ gao;onf?

OD;apmtaejzifh wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh olwu ‹dk dk csufcsif;xGuI f c&D;OD;¯udEw + f qufjcif; r&SdcJhacs? ‚if;tjyif olxGufvmaomtcgYvnf; tvGeft-uL; 0rf;om aysmf&i$ af eykrH &acs[k okcu aemufyidk ;f wGif jyefvnfajymqkcd o hJ nf? trSet f m;jzifh olonf vky}f uHowfjzwfro + wif;ukd csucf si;f yif od&_dS y;D jzpfonf[k ,lq&ayrnf? oka‹d omfvnf; ,cktcgwGirf l ,if;udpu P dk _y;D _y;D om;udp[ P k owfrw S v f u dk yf &Hk ygonf? xdktcsdefwGif ol‹taejzifh wkdif;jynfukd tkyfcsKyf&ef tpkd;&opfzGJŒpnf;a&;twGuf tao;pdwt f pDtpOfrsm;ukd pdwu f ;l a&;qGaJ eaumif;aeayvdrrhf nf? ol. oufqidk f &mtcrf;tem;ESihf oufqidk af om 0wfpu Hk dk qm[l;bwf&efE‹ iS hf awGŒq&Hk mY 0wfqif &eftwGuf tdyfcef;xJwGif jzefx ‹ m;vsuf&Sdonf? od&k‹ mwGif xdkae‹u tpdk;&tzGJŒopf zGJŒpnf;&ef qifhac:cH&olrSm OD;apmr[kwf ygacs? (19/ 7/ 47) ae‹u ol‹om;aumiftjzpf owfrSwfxm;cJhaom om;aumif

49

50 50

51

Adv k cf sKyfvyk }f ucH &H jcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

rsm;xJrS wOD;jzpf_yD; vkyf}uHr+jzpfyGm;pOfu twGif;±Hk;twGif;r&SdvdkufbJ uHaumif; axmufrI vGwx f u G o f mG ;cJah om ocifEjk zpfonf? xkad e‹u OD;Ekxo H ‹kd jrefrmhtvif; 5 owif;pm t,f'Dwm OD;wifu ta&;w}uD; xdwfvef‹w-um; eHeuf (11) em&D wGif vS rf;Izkef;qufonf? xkdtcgrS xdkvkyf}uHr+}uD;ta-umif; od&Sd&_yD; twGif; 0efrsm;±Hk;odk‹ oltajy;tv$m;oGm;&onf? xdktcsdefwGif tavmif;rsm;udk &efukef jynfol‹aq;±Hk}uD;odk‹ a&$Œ _yD;ae_yD? ocifEkonf &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;okd‹ vdkufoGm;_yD; ,refae‹uyif olawGŒcJhaom OD;atmifqef;.tavmif;udk -unfhae&if; &ifxJY wpfqdk‹vmvsuf rsuf&nfrsm; vnfvmonf? vl;0pf (pf) vrf;&Sd ol‹aetdrfodk‹ jyef a&mufonfhtcg ae‹v,f (1) em&Dcef‹ &Sdae_yD? xdktcsdefu jrefrmEdkifiH. t"du EdkifiHa&;ygwDjzpfonfh zqyvtzGJŒcsKyf. acgif;aqmifrsm;onf olw±dk‹ Hk;ESihf eD;uyf pGm wnf&Sdaeaom jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒ XmecsKyfwGif ol‹udk apmihfae-ua-umif; ol od&Sd&onf? jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒonf ppfjyefppfr+xrf;a[mif;rsm;. toif;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;udk opPm&Sad om jynfop‹l pftzGŒJ jzpfonf? ocifEk jynfo&‹l aJ bmftzGŒJ ±H;k od‹k a&mufaomtcg ocifwifu a&S;OD;pGm ajym qdkonf? “AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ae&mrSm OD;apmudkom cefv ‹ dkuf&ifawmh wjynfvHk; 'kuQa&mufukefr,f? AkdvfcsKyfae&mrSm cifAsm;0ifEkdifatmif bk&ifcHudk cifAsm;oGm; awGŒ&r,f? 'gudk usaemfwdk‹ aqG;aEG;_yD;-uyg_yD” [k qD;óudE+wfquf ajymqdkvkduf onf? ,cifu bk&ifcH. tr+aqmifaumifpD0if (11) OD;&Sdonfhteuf ,cktcg (5) OD;om usefawmhonf? xkad e‹eeH uf ypfcwfrr+ S &Siu f sef&pfol 0ef}uD; (3) OD; jzpf onfh OD;b*srf;/ OD;atmifZHa0ESihf OD;jrtjyif (ydka‹ qmifa&;ESifh qufoG,fa&;&m 0ef }uD;) aumifpD0if apmpHzdk;oifESihf (jynfxJa&;ESihf w&m;a&;&m0ef}uD;) aumifpD 0if OD;ausmf_idr;f wd‹k jzpf-uonf? ocifEkonf wkH‹qkdif;raeacs? OD;atmifqef;ae&mY ol‹tm; tpm;xdk;&ef twGuf tr+aqmifaumifp.

D 'k=OuU@ae&mtwGuf ocifEt k m; axmufcaH -umif; zqyvtzGŒJcsKyfþtvkyt f r+aqmifaumfrwDuþuefu ‹ u G o f rl &Sþd qH;k jzwftwnfðyay; vdu k o f nf? Twm0efukd ol,&l ygv#if vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;aemuf (6) vt-umwGif olu ‹ kd Ekwx f u G cf iG ahf y;&rnf[al om ¹cGi;f csufjzihf ocifEu k oabmwlvu kd o f nf? ocifEktdrfjyefa&muf_yD;þr-umrD bk&ifcHxHodk‹ roGm;&ao;rD tcsdeftwGif; bk&ifcu H olx ‹ zH ek ;f qufavonf? ocifEt k m; bk&ifcu H 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udk vuf cH&efEiS hf tpd;k &opfzŒJGpnf;&ef w&m;0if zdw-f um;wm0efay;jcif;udk cH&avawmhonf? xkdrSwyg; usqHk;oGm;aom tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. ZeD;/ rkqdk;rwOD;v#if ±lyD;aiG

(100˜000) pDudkvnf; u±k%ma-u;tjzpf axmufyHh&efvnf; bk&ifcHu t}uHðy onf? OD;atmifqef;onf olZ‹ eD;onf a':cif-unfukd vlrr,f uav; (3) a,muf f &G,f ESifh xm;&pfco hJ nf? atmifqef;OD; 6 ESifh atmifqef;vif; 7 om;ESpOf ;D tjyif ESpEf pS t orD;i,f atmifqef;pk-unfwdk‹ jzpf-uonf? ae‹v,fyikd ;f tdyrf uf aemufwuGurf mS rl eHeufu yifyef;cJrh t + pkpw k a‹dk -umihf olwdka‹ omufvkduf-uaom ,rumwdku ‹ OD;apm_cH0if;twGif;&Sd vufoyfarG;xm; aom olv ‹ lrsm;tm; òrdw › Gif;Y bmawGjzpfysufaeonfrsm;udk rodEkdifavmufatmif ae‹cif;ydkif; Z&ufrif;pnf;pdrfESihf tol&mewfrsm;b0 wc%a&mufoGm;apygawmh onf? odk‹aomf nae (3) em&D rxdk;rDuav;wGif tjyifvrf;rrS qlqlnHnH armf awmfum; tif*sifpufoHrsm;u olwu dk‹ dk tol&mtdyfrufrS vefE‹ dk;apcJhonf? ykvdyf ESifh ppfwyft&efwyfzGJŒrsm;u olwdrk‹ ar#mfvifhbJ ±kwfw&ufOD;apmtdrfudk 0dkif;xm; vdkuf-uonf? 8 xkdtcg armifpdk;onf csufcsif;yif ol‹aoewfudk aumufqGJvdkuf aomfvnf; olt ‹ em;&Sd olv ‹ lrsm;u olt ‹ m; aoewfroHk;&ef wm;qD;xm;-uonf? wzef r+e}f uD;uvnf; xdt ‹k wl ola‹ wmfraD oewfukd ajr‡mufvu kd o f nft h csdew f iG f ol‹ 9 vufudk ykvdyfwOD;u aoewfjzifh ypfcsvdkufonf? wjcm;aemufvdkufrsm;rSmrl xkad e‹eeH ufu twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k wGif olwo ‹dk ;kH cJah om aoewfrsm;udk tdraf emufbuf&dS tif;,m;uefxJodk‹ tvsifpvdk ypfcsazsmufzsuf&ef óud;yrf;vsuf&Sdae-uonf? xdk ae&mrSm OD;apmu olwdk‹rdom;pktwGuf a&ueftpyfwGif aqmufwnfay;xm; aom bk&m;ausmif;aqmifav;teD;Y jzpfonf? atmifjrifr+onf wae‹yifrcHvdkufbJ vlowfr+jzifh olwdk‹tm;vHk; vufqkyf vufudkif tzrf;cHvdkuf&aomtcg tjrihfqHk;ae&mrS ðywfusvmaom olrsm;uJhodk‹ OD;apmvlrsm;pkonf pdwfua,mifacsmufcsm; ysufjym;ae-u_yD? odk‹aomfvnf; OD; f eft ‹ hH apmrSmrl &SmrS &Sm;aomol[k qd&k avmufatmif wnf_idrv f yS gonf? 10 xdwv -o0rf;enf;aom trlt&m[lI bmr#r&Sd? ol. tdrfudk ykvdyfwyfrsm; pD;eif;xm; onfhtcsdefumvwav#mufvHk; OD;apm. [efyeftrlt&monf vHk;0rysufjym;/ ol‹tm; apmihfa&Smuf&efvmaom ol‹vufatmufcH wynfhi,fom;rsm;ESihf awGŒ& onfh yHkpHrsKd;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf udpPtm;vHk; qdkif&m=Edkif&m ol‹tquftoG,frsm;t& uGif;qufrdrd xdxda&mufa&muf _yD;pD;oGm;onfhtcg ol‹bufu tav;omvdrfh rnf[k ,Hk-unfr+tjynfh ol‹ Y &SdaeyHk&onf? odk‹aomfvnf; vufxJwGif udkifxm; aom 0DpuDcGufxJrS vufusef,rumudk jznf;nif;pGm pkyfaomuf&if; ol‹ta&SŒrS ykvdyft&m&Sd (Police Superintendent) udk ta&;rpdkufovdk trl&mjzihf &SmazGzrf;

51

52 52

53

Adv k cf sKyfvyk }f ucH &H jcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

qD;ydik cf iG fh 0&rf;pm&Srd &Sd ar;vdu k o f nf? TwGif jy\emwck0ifvmonfrmS 0&rf;pm rygjcif;yifjzpf.? od‹k jzpfI w&m;Oya'ESifh tHacsm_f yD; [efyrkH ay:ojzifh odoo d mom pdwv f y+ &f mS ;aeaom t&m&So d nf olt ‹ xuft&m&Sx d H csufcsif;w,fvzD ek ;f quf_yD; ola&SŒqufvkyfudkifoGm;&rnfh wm0efydkif;qkdif&m E+wfrdefu ‹ dk aocsmpGm &&Sd_yD;aom tcgwGirf S OD;apmu olwt ‹kd m;vH;k udk olt ‹ rd w f iG f &SmazGciG ðhf yvdu k o f nf? ,if;od‹k &SmazG pOftcsed u f mvwav#mufv;kH OD;apmonf 0DpuDukd taomufrysuf jznf;jznf;csi;f qufvufpkyfaomufaecJhonf? jrefrmvlrsKd;zcifwOD;u olu ‹ av;i,frsm;tay: qufqo H nfeh nf;wl olv ‹ rl sm; a-umuf&ŒHGro + ufomoGm;ap&ef t&$wt f aemufrsm; jzifh ajr‡mufyihfacsmharmhr+rsm; ðyvkyf_yD; ykvdyfrsm;ay:wGifvnf; jrefrmjynf eef;&if; 0efb0u qufqHcJhonfh avoHtwdkif; txufpD;udk tydkif,lxm;avonf? r-umrD eHygwf (9) rr qyfr&Sif;*ef;wvuf/ pwif;*ef;wvufESifh usnfqH rsm;udk olŒtdrftwGif;rS ykvdyfu &SmazGawGŒ&Sdonfhwdkif OD;apmonf vHk;0[efrysuf ao;bJ olw ‹ ynfhrsm;ESifh jyufvHk;xkwfaeqJyifjzpfyg.? xkdvufeufESpfckvHk;onf OD;apmydik v f ikd pf ifEiS fh aoewfrsm; jzpfaomfjim;vnf; xdv k ufeufEiS fh usnfqrH sm;udk oufaocHypPn;f tjzpf odr;f vdu k -f uavonf? xkt d csed t f xd OD;apmu tòyH;rysu/f “uJ bmqufvkyfOD;rvJ” [k ar;vdkufonf? xkad‹ -umifh rsufESmxm;wif;wif;ESihf t&m&Sdonf aemufxyfw,fvDzkef;pum; tar;tajzrsm; ðyvkyf_yD; OD;apmqDvm um “'Dtcsdeu f p_yD; cifAsm;udk zrf;vdu k yf g_yD? cifAsm;udk usaemfw‹kd vHòk cHwahJ e&mrSm xdef;odrf;xm;zdk‹ tck csufcsif;ac:oGm;&ygr,f” [k ajymvdkufonf? odkw ‹ dkifatmif rSm;,Gif;onfhbufY ,Hk-unfcsufjyif;xefvGef;ol OD;apmonf wkefv+yfacsmufcsm; r+vHk;0r&Sdao;bJ ola‹ emufvdkufrsm;bufvSnfhum OD;apmu “a[h= rif;wdt k‹ dyf&m vdyfawG xkwf-ua[h? apmifvHkvHkavmufavmuf ,lvmzdkv ‹ nf; rarh-ueJ?‹ igwdk‹ oGm;r,fhae&mu tm%mydkifawGu igwdk‹udk vdkoavmufay;EkdifcsifrS ay;EdkifrSm” [k ajymae&mu wpHkwckudk pOf;pm;[efjzifh “at;avæ(3) &uf 'grS r[kwf (4) &ufavmuf ta0;rSm igwdt ‹k m;vH;k oGm;ae-u&rSmyg? bmrS rpd;k &dr-f ueJ”‹ [k olu bmrS rjzpfovdk xyfajymvdu k jf yefonf?

OD;apm. ZeD;onf a':oef;cifonf xdak e‹u tdrw f iG rf &Sad cs? &efuek af jrmuf ydik ;f / tif;pde&f dS yxrtdraf xmifonf. OD;av;awmfol aetdro f ‹kd olra&mufaeonf?

Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹ Y &JwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm; a&mufoGm;aomtcgu OD;apm. tdrfwGif cifarmif&if.ZeD;ESihf armifeD.ZeD; trsKd;orD;ESpfOD;tygt0if tdrfapa,musfm; av;wa,mufEiS hf rde;f rav;wa,mufwo ‹kd m usefaecJo h nf?

u|Ekyf . f zcifjzpfol OD;xGe;f vSatmifonf r+cif;axmufvS r;f a&;Xme=ykvyd f wyfzGJŒ }uD; (CID) . 'k=ykvdyfrif;}uD;jzpf_yD; (ykvdyfwyfzGJŒ }uD;udk &JwyfzGJŒ[k trnf rajymif;&ao;rD) xkdtcsdefu jrefrmjynfwGif 'kwd,tqihftjrihfqHk; ykvdyft&m&Sd }uD;jzpfonf? ,if;odk‹v#if zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;udk ykvdyfum;rsm;odk‹ ac:aqmifvm f yf csed w f iG rf S OD;xGe;f vSatmif xdak e&moda‹k &muf&v dS monf? 11 vsijf refvaS om ykvyd w zGŒJ }uD;. ta&;,laqmif&u G rf u + kd oltrdea‹f y;Ekid cf jhJ cif;onf uydw ` efcef;. owif; 12 k‹ *spfum;ESifhou l‹ m; wkdufvkeD;yg;jzpfcJh_yD; ay;r+t&jzpfonf? aoewform;wd. onfhaemufydkif;wGif 0if'grD,mygh(cf) &Sd OD;xGef;vSatmiftdrfodk‹ uy`wdefcef;u awmufav#mufomG ;cJo h nf? OD;xGe;f vSatmifukd tdrw f iG f rawGŒvu kd o f nft h cg cef; onf (CID) r+cif;axmufvS r;f a&;Xme ykvyd rf if;}uD;±H;k cef;od‹k ae‹v,f (1) em&Dcef‹ wGif vS r;f zke;f qufvu kd o f nf? OD;xGe;f vSatmifonf odr;f qnf;xm;aom vufeuf rsm;udk 0rf;enf;a-uuGJaom tawG;rsm;jzihf ppfaq;-unfhcJhonf? OD;apmtdrfwGif tjcm; udk,fydkifud&d,m wefqmyvmrsm;udkvnf; awGŒ&onf? txl;ojzifh r-um ao;rDurS ±kdufESdyfxm;[efwlaom pma&;puULu'frsm;tjyif 0ef}uD;csKyf[laom acgif;pOfESifh OD;apm[laom vufa&;quf wHqdyfwHk; ponfrsm;udkvnf; zrf;qD; &rdcJhonf? (CID) t}uD;tuJonf _cH0if;twGif;&Sd um;rsm;udkvnf; pdwf0ifwpm; -unhrf jd yefonf? *spfum;ESppf ;D &S_d yD; olonf tif*sifpufrsm;udk E+;d -unfo h nf? um; wpD;omv#if trk;d yg_yD; ,if;um;. eHygwfjym;rSm vwfvwfqwfqwf aq;okwf xm;rSe;f -unh±f EkH iS o fh Ed idk o f nf? ,if;um;onf vG,v f , G u f u l El iS fh pufE;d+ aomfvnf; tjcm;um;rSm ±kwfw&ufpufrEd+;ay? xdk‹ jyif zdk‹'fqefx&yfum;udk um;±HkxJwGif &yfxm;onf? &efolòydifbufrsm;udk z,f&Sm;_yD; rudkÉfudk t&,lum eef;wufonfh tpOf tvmudk jrefrmpum;wGif ‘okwo f ifa&;’ [k oH;k onf? OD;apmonf xdo k w k o f ifa&; óud;yrf;csuf}uD;udk tm;wufoa&m tuGufaphaph pDpOfvkyfaqmifcJhjim;aomf vnf; tm;vH;k ±kww f &uf tqH;k owfomG ;onf? bk&ifcx H rH S olt ‹ rd af wmfo‹kd tapmifh ta&Smufrsm;ESihfwuG w&m;0ifvdkufygvm&ef apv$wfvdkufaom wreftzGJŒudk vufcH&rnfhtpm; OD;apmESihf ol‹taygif;tygrsm;onf bvuf rm&D,m (Black Maria) jzifh axmifodk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;udk cH&avawmhonf? TEdkifiHawmf vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif yl;aygif;}uHpnfolrsm;udk xdkae‹aemufydkif; axmifxJxnfh_yD; axmifwcH g;ydwcf sderf mS nae ae0ifcsdef jzpfaeav_yD? twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k }uD;twGi;f &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpmG vky}f uHr+ owif;qd;k }uD;

53

54 54

Adv k cf sKyfvyk }f ucH &H jcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

rSm òrd›awmftwGif; ysHŒESH‹oGm;_yD; wwdkif;wjynfvHk; ylaqG;aomu a&muf-u&av onf? twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;Y (6) a,muf yGJcsif;_yD; aoqHk;I aemufxyf (3) OD; xyfrH aoqHk;cJhonf? OD;bcsKdonf '%f&ma-umihf xdkae‹ ae‹v,fydkif;wGif aoqHk;cJh&_yD; apmpHxeG ;f onf aemufwae‹wiG f uG,v f eG o f mG ;&Smonf? i,f&, G af om ud, k &f aH wmf &JabmfudkaxG;rSmrl aemuf&uftenf;i,ft-umwGifrS uG,fvGefoGm;&Smonf? Ekdif iHa&;orm; wOD;wa,mufwnf;. tm%mavmb&rufudk auseyfr+ay;apEdkif &eftwGuf yk*Kd~ vf (9) OD; toufay;cJ&h avonf? _Adwo d #wx ‹kd rH S tm%mv$aJ jymif; ,la&; óud;yrf;aeqJumvY jrefrmEdkifiH. t&nftcsif;tjrihfrm;qHk; acgif;aqmif rsm;rSm EdkifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtm%m&&Sd_yD; vGwfvyfa&;ra-unmEdkifrDyif usqHk; oGm;cJ&h &Smawmhonf? Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

55 55

56 56

1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (27) &ufae‹wGif cef‹tyfvdkufonfh bk&ifcH. 0ef}uD;tzGJŒæ a&SŒwef; 0JrS,m? ocifbpdef/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;atmifqef;/ bk&ifcH AkdvfcsKyf qm[sL;bwf&ef(pf)/ OD;baz/ OD;wifxGÉf? aemufwef; 0JrS,m? ocifjr/ OD;atmifZHa0ESihf ocifodef;az?

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ppfaoemywd ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf? (1943/ *syefjynf ‘[D±kd[Dwdk’ {u&mZf udk,fwdkif ‘wufae’ bGJŒtyfESif;cJhonf)

57

57

58 58

OD;atmifqef;

59 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKd ocifjr

pyfpx H eG ;f OD;b0if;

OD;&mZwf ref;bckdif

twGi;f 0efO;D tke;f armif &Jabmf ukad xG;

59 vkyf}uHcH&olrsm;?

0ef}uD;tzGJŒ0if (7) OD;ESihf t&m&Sd (2) OD;rSm 1947/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif ypfcwfowfjzwfjcif; cHcJh-u&&Smonf?

vkyf}uHr+t_yD; bk&ifcH. 0ef}uD;tzGJŒESihf {nfhonfrsm;æ æ xkdifvsuf=0JrS,m? OD;ausmfndrf;/ qmbOD;/ av'D&ef(p)/ ocifEk/ qm[sL;bwf&ef(pf)/ The Earl of Listowel (jrefrmjynfqdkif&m twGif;0ef)/ Adkvfvusfm/ qm*vfbwfvdwf0dwf/ OD;wifxGÉf? ta&SŒwef;rwfwyf&yf= 0JrS,m? tmtDr*Gm&m;/ ref;0if;armif/ Adkvfzdk;uGef;/ udk,f&Hawmf (4) OD;/ ocifwif/ [oFmw OD;jr/ Aef;udka[mf/ rpP0dwfzdvf? taemufwef;= 0JrS,m? a*stvfav'if/ aysmfbG,fOD;jr/ qm&vfpwHk;[ef/ OD;b*srf;/ pDtuf (z) oD yD&wf(p) ESihf [,f&pf(p)

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

60 60

atmuf(p) zdk‹'Fòrd›Y emwmvl;yGJcsdef? 1983/ a':atmifqef;pk-unfaetdrfwGif rdom;pkrsm;ESihf rdwfaqGrsm;yg pk±Hk;vsuf? (a':atmifqef;pk-unf ab;wGif xkdifvsuf vufzuf&nfcGufudk vSrf;,laeol a'gufwmausmf0if;. arwWmvufaqmifyHkjzpfygonf?)

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

Adv k cf sKyfw‹dk ZeD;armifESHESifh &ifcGifykduforD;av; atmifqef;pk-unf 1945?

yifvkHòrdŒY/ 0JrS,m?

AdkvfcsKyf/ anmifa&$apmbGm;}uD; pyfa&$okduf/ a':cif-unfESifh AkdvfxGef;vS/ azazmf0g&Dv/ 1947?

61 61

62 62

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif twGif;0ef±Hk;Y oem;!Smwmr+uif;rJh pGm aoewfjzihf ypfcwfowfjzwfjcif;cHvdkuf-u&ol yk*~dKvfrsm;rSm acwfopf jrefrm Ekid if .

H txl;c|eq f ;kH Edik if ahH cgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf-uayonf? _Aw d o d #tyk pf ;kd r+. aemuf qHk;ESpfrsm;twGif;odk‹ jrefrmEdkifiHudk acgif;aqmifr+ay;&ef olwdk‹taejzihf owfrSwf jy@mef;jcif;cHcJh-u&aomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonftxd tqHk;wdkifaqmif&GufcGifh r&&So d mG ;cJ-h u&Smacs? _Adwo d #wo ‹kd nf 1885 ckEpS w f iG f rEœav;-rda› wmfo‹kd csw D ufvm -u_y;D jrefrmEdik if .

H aemufq;kH rif;qufukd tqH;k owfc-hJ uonf? Tod‹kjzifh 1824=26 yxr t*Fvyd =f jrefrmppfyrJG S pwifcahJ omþolw. ‹kd usL;ausmo f rd ;f ydu k rf u + kd tqH;k owf Ekid cf -hJ uonf? xdt k csed rf pS wifcahJ om _Aw d o d #ukd qefu ‹ siw f eG ;f vSe&f ef óud;yrf;cJo h nfh om;pOfajr;quf ±ke;f uefvy+ &f mS ;r+wu kd yf u JG kd ,ckacwfopf jrefrmEdik if aH cgif;aqmif rsm;u qufvufO;D aqmifra+ y;cJ-h ujcif;jzpfonf? jrefrmEdik if .

H bk&ifoaD ygrif;udk zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;_yD; tdENd,EkdifiH/ &wem*D&dodk‹ ydk‹xm;cJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; bk&ifw h yfrawmf/ touf&iS u f se&f pfaecJah om rif;nDrif;om;tcsKŒd/ eef;awmft&m&Sd rsm;/ aus;&Gmol}uD;rsm;ESifh Ak'b < mom bke;f awmf}uD;rsm;yifv#if _Adwo d #ydik f tdE, dN Ekid if .

H jynfe,fwckb0 a&mufomG ;cJ_h y;D jzpfaom wcsed u f jrefrmbk&ifEikd if aH wmf. ae&mtESH‹tjym;wGif "m;udk qGJudkif/ aoewfjzihf ,SOfòydifI tEkdifrcHawmfvSefcJh-u onf? Tta-umif;udk *|eftuf (zf) au'D (John. F. Cady) u ol. ‘acwfopf jrefrmEkid if o H rdik ;f ’ wGif Tod‹k a&;om;cJo h nf?

‘1886 ckESpfESihf 1887 ckESpfrsm;u wav#mufvkH; jrefrmEkdifiH txufjrefrm jynf. c±kid af 'owkid ;f wGif awmfveS x f ºuGrj+ zihf qlyu G v f suf&cdS o hJ nf? ppfpcef;rsm; ESifh ppf,mOfwef;rsm;onf twdkuftckdufcHcJh-u&_yD; aus;&Gmrsm;rS a,musfm;wdkif; vdkvdku wkdufcdkuf&ef tqifoifh&SdaecJh-uonf? EkdifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;u ppf twGif; cufcJusyfwnf;r+rsm;udk vufcHcJh-u_yD; ykefuefv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk a&iHkE+wf

ydwv f suf yl;aygif;uln0D ef;&Hay;cJ-h uonf? jrefrmwdk‹tjrifwGifum; ,if;yk*~dKvfrsm;rSm &JpGrf;owWd&Sdaom rsKd;cspfol&J aumif;rsm; jzpf-uonf? _Adwdo#wdu k‹ rl ,if;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;udk "m;jyrsm;/ vlqdk;olcdk;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwf_yD; tusOf;csKH;w&m;pD&ifum tjypfay;cJhonf? _Aw d o d #wo ‹kd rd ;f ydu k _f y;D wESpt f -umwGif tvGet f rif;-urf;wrf;pGm tkycf sKyfwwfaom H 0ef&iS f qmcsm;vfua&mh (pfo)f 0dwf (Sir Charles Crosthwaite) onf jrefrmEdik if . awmfrif;}uD; jzpfvmcJo h nft h avsmuf olonf ykeu f efxºuGrr+ sm;udk t!Smwmuif; rJph mG ESrd ef if;ypfco hJ nf? xko d ‹dk "m;jy[k owfrw S jf cif;cH&olrsm;ukd tpkvu kd t f òyHvu kd f uGyrf sufco hJ nf? vGwaf jrmufa&;wdu k yf 0JG iforl sm;tay: u±k%moufrad om aus; &Gmwkid ;f udk csucf si;f vufiif; rD;avmifwu kd o f iG ;f ypfvu kd o f nf? rde;f rrsm;ESifh uav; i,frsm;udkyif csrf;omcGihfray;cJhacs? ppfyGJwGif towfcH&olrsm;ESihf zrf;qD;&rdI óud;ay;jcif;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ acgif;jzwfjcif;jzihfaomfvnf;aumif; uGyfrsuf cH&olrsm;udk tm;vH;k aygif;v#if axmifaygif;rsm;pGm &Sad yvdrrfh nf? OD;atmifqef;. rdcifbufrS tbdk;awmfol Akdvfrif;a&mifonf a'ocHawmfvSefa&;wyfrsm;udk acgif;aqmifco hJ jl zpfonf? olonf _Adwo d #. tzrf;tqD;cH&_yD; acgif;jzwfuyG rf suf jcif; cHc&hJ avonf? xdktcgu _Adwdo#wdk‹taejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHY t_rJwrf;wyfrsm;ESihf ppfykvdyf pkpak ygif; (60˜000) udk wyfpx JG m;apcJ_h yD; ajrmufyikd ;f a'o&Sd ykeu f efxºuGru + kd (5) ESpfwdkifwdkif ESdrfeif;cJh&avonf? vltiftm; (500) jzihf rEœav;odk‹ yxrqHk; pwif csDwufvmpOfu jrefrmjynfov l x l u k kd ESyd u f yG o f rd ;f oGi;f &ef Toda‹k om cufcufccJ J ta&;,laqmif&u G &f r+ ðyvky&f vdrrfh nf[k _Adwo d #wt d‹k aejzifh vH;k 0 rawG;rxifrcd hJ -uacs? zrf;qD;&rdor# awmfveS af &;orm; acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vH;k udk okwo f ifz,f &Sm;cJhonfhtwGuf jrefrmwdk. ‹ rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfonf tESpf (20) cef‹ acwW _idrf0yf oGm;cJo h nf? udv k ekd eD ,fcsJŒw. ‹kd toH;k tE+e;f t& jrefrmEdik if o H nf _idr;f csrf;oGm;_yD[k qdk&vifhupm; csif;wGif;ESihf rHk&Gmc±dkifrsm;wGif a'owGif;xºuGr+rsm; &SdaecJh_yD; tif tm;ao;i,faom ajymufusm;wyfzGJŒuav;rsm;. csKHcdkwdkufcdkufr+rsm;um; ESpf aygif;rsm;pGm &yfpo J mG ;jcif; r&Scd ahJ csæ’[l.? xdk‹aemuf 1904 ckESpfwGif acwfynmwwf &efukefaumvdyf ausmif;om; vli,frsm;xJrS trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; pwifay:aygufvmavonf? ,if; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf 1897 ckESpfrS pwif_yD; EdkifiHa&;t& Edk;-um;r+&Sd

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tcef; (2) t"duacgif;aqmifrsm;

63

64

65

t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

aom ‘Ak'b < mom’ toif;tzGŒJ rsm; xlaxmifc-hJ uolrsm;ESit hf wl vufwaJG qmif&u G f rd-uonf? 1906 ckESpfwGif ‘Ak'<bmomuvsm%,k0’ toif; (0dkiftrfbDat) 1 udk aumvdyfausmif;om; (26) OD;jzifh zGJŒpnf;cJh_yD; ‚if;aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif OD;baz/ OD;vSaz/ OD;b'Gef;ESihf trfatbGJŒydkif&Sif OD;armifarmif}uD;wdk‹ yg0ifcJhonf?

1908 ckESpfwGif a':jrar. 2 ‘0dwdk&d,bk&ifr}uD; trSwfw& trsKd;orD; txuf wef;ausmif;’ wGif usif;yaom ‘0kdiftrfbDat’ tpnf;ta0;wckY t*Fvdyf acwfynmwwf vli,f0wfvHkawmf&rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;armifcif 3 (aemifwGif qm k‹ nf usaemf. rdcifESihfzcifbufrS tbdk;rsm; jzpf bGJŒ&&Sdol) / OD;aratmif 4 (‚if;wdo -uonf) OD;odrf;armifESihf tjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm;onf yGJOD;xGuf Eke,fao;aom trsKd; om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf twlvufwGJrd-uawmhonf? xdak‹ emufydkif; r-umrDwGif tpdk;&. t}uD;wef;0efxrf;rsm;ESihf aemufxyf w&m;Oya'orm; 0wfvHkawmf& trsm;tjym;onf tzGJŒ0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJh-uonf? xkd‹a-umihf q,fpkESpfwcktwGif; rSmyif 0dkiftrfbDatonf EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m tzGJŒtpnf;tjzpf tajcwusjzpfvmcJh_yD; ydkrdkcdkifrmawmifhwif;aom pepfusonfh Oya'wGif;v+yf&Sm;r+w&yfjzpfvm&ef rlv &nf&G,f&if;pGJ&Sdonfhtwdkif; ‘jrefrmtoif;rsm; taxGaxGaumifpD’ (*sDpDbDat) tjzpfo‹kd 1917 ckEpS w f iG f ajymif;vJjzpfay:oGm;cJah vonf? xkd‹aemuf 1920 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvwGif &efukef&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;u udkvdkeD tm%mydkifrsm;udk yxrqHk;t}udrf ajAmifpdefac:vdkuf-uawmhonf? ,if;odk‹ jzpf &onfrmS tdE, dN Edik if /H umvuwWm; ,leb D mpDwD vufatmufcjH zpfcahJ om aumvdyf ausmif;ESpfausmif;udk tpm;xdk;_yD; yxrqHk; XmaewuUodkvfwck jrefrmEdkifiHwGif zGifhvSpfrnfh Oya' tqdkðycsufw&yfudk ygvDrefY wifoGif;jcif;a-umihfjzpfonf? wuUodkvf0ifcGihfpmar;yJGESifh ywfoufaom vdktyfcsufrsm;/ pmoif-um;a&;p&dwf rsm;/ ausmif;oH;k pmtkyjf y@mef;csurf sm;ætp&So d jzifh ‚if;Oya'yg tqdðk ycsuþf tao; pdwftcsuftvufwcsKdŒudk ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tjcm;trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;u vufrcHEkdif-uacs? odk‹aomfvnf; _Adwdo#. tpkd;&vufatmufcHESihf tdENd, bk&ifccH sKyf. vufaxmufb&k ifcjH zpfol qm&,f*seD ,f u&ufa'guf (Sir Reginald Craddock) u ,if;awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vspfvsL±+cJh_yD; ,if;Oya'tqdkðycsufudk rl&if;twkdif;yif &efukef,leDAmpDwDtufOya'tjzpf 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae‹wGif twnfðyjy@mef;vdkufavonf? xdk‹a-umihf (4) &uft-umwGif &efukef&Sd ausmif; om; (600) teuf (500) u oydwfwkdufyGJ qifE$Jvkdufonf? xdkoydwfaemufodk‹ &efukefòrd›awmf tjyif rEœav;ESifh tjcm;òrd›rsm;&Sd txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;u

vnf; xdkoydwfudk qifE$Jvdkufygvm-uonf? xdktcsdefu vufaxmufbk&ifcH. _crd ;f ajcmufrr+ sm; &Sad evifu h pm; jynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH u oydwaf rSmufausmif;om; rsm;ukd tm;wufoa&m tultnDay;cJh-uonf? olw. dk‹ awmif;qkdcsufrsm; tm; vHk;um; r&&SdcJhacs? odka‹ omfvnf; ‚if;oydwfonf tqufjzwfI _idrf;owfr&Edkif awmhaom tem*wftwGuf tm;aumif;vSonfh trsK;d om;a&;pdw"f mwf rD;awmuf udk pwifawmufavmifomG ;apcJah vonf? topfwzef jyefvnfarG;zGm;vmcJh_yDjzpfaom jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+ . tke;f tke;f u|uu f |uf yxrESprf sm;twGi;f wGiyf if &[ef;awmfrsm;xJrS trsK;d om; acgif;aqmiftjzpf pwifay:xGufvmcJholum; q&mawmf OD;OwWryifjzpfonf? ol onf &cdkiftrsKd;om; ax&0g' Ak'<bmom oHCmawmfwyg; jzpf±Hkr#ru tdENd, EdkifiHESihf wdkusKdwGif tcsdeftwef-umaexdkifcJhzl;aom t*Fvdyfpmwwf&[ef;wyg; jzpf_yD; jrefrmEdkifiHodk‹ 1919 ckESpfwGif jyefa&mufvmcJhonf? us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹ c&D;pwifxGufcGmcJh_yD; 0HomEk&udQw= trsKd;*k%fapmihfxdef;a&; wdkif;jynfcspfpdwf ta-umif; ajyma[mum ‘0HomEk’ toif;rsm; wwdkif;jynfvHk;tESH‹ OD;aqmif pnf;±H;k zGŒJpnf;cJ&h m t*Fvyd b f &k ift h pd;k &u ppfyv k yd rf sm; toH;k csI ‚if;tpktzGŒJrsm;udk vdu k v f òH zdcjJG cif;jzihf a'gow}uD; wH‹k jyefco hJ nf? xdktcgu ol. &J&Jawmufrdecf‹ Gef;rsm;a-umifh OD;OwWronf 1921 ckESpfwGif tzrf;cH&avawmhonf? wdkif;jynfqlylatmif v+Ha‹ qmfr+jzifh ±Hk;wifw&m;pGJjcif;cH& um q&mawmf &[ef;awmfrsm;xJrS yxrqHk;axmif'%f (18) v tjypfay;jcif; cHcJh&avonf? Ttjypf'%fcsrSwfr+. EdkifiHa&;ESihf bmoma&;vd+if;*,uf ±kduf cwfru + kd wwdik ;f wjynfv;kH cHpm;-u&avonf? t*Fvyd v f ufatmufcH jrefrmEdik if H Y wdkif;jynfqlylatmifvH+‹aqmfr+jzifh trsKd;om;a&;0g'DwOD; vlodewf-um; w&m; pGq J ckd &H jcif;rSm Tt}udro f nf yxrqH;k t}udrjf zpfonft h jyif xif&mS ;onfh Ak'b < m om oHCmq&mawmfwyg;jzpfaejcif;u jrefrmjynfolrsm;twGuf temay: wkwf usovdk cHpm;apawmhonf? TtjzpftysufrSm EkdifiHwEkdifiHvHk;. trsKd;om;a&; *k%o f u d mQ udk pdeaf c:vdu k jf cif;yifjzpfavonf? Todv ‹k #if q&mawmf OD;OwWronf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD t*FvdyfvufatmufcH u|efb0wav#muf pufwifbmv (9) &ufae‹wGif ysHvGefawmfrlonfhwdkifatmif axmifoGif;tusOf;csjcif;udk t}udrfrsm; pGm xyfzefwvJvJ cHc&hJ avonf? xdak‹ -umihfvnf; tjcm;xif&Sm;aom Ak'<bmom &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;onf q&mawmf OD;OwWrudk tm;usum yg&mZduvnf; rus/ oHCab'uuHvnf;

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t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

rxdu k af om Tv+y&f mS ;r+rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G v f mavonf? xdt k xJwiG f q&m awmf OD;0dpm&rSmvnf; wyg;tygt0ifjzpfonf? q&mawmfonf 1888 ckESpfwGif rHk&Gmòrd›Y arG;zGm;cJh_yD;/ touf (20) t&G,fwGif &[ef;abmifodk‹ 0ifa&mufcJh_yD; oH Cor*~DtzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;a&;twGuf pnf;±Hk;aqmif&GufcJhonf? xdk‹aemuf q&mawmf OD;OwWr. tultnDjzifh t*Fvdyfpmudk oif,lvsuf bmoma&;ESihf EkdifiHa&;rsm; udk tdENd,EdkifiHodk‹ oGm;a&mufavhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf? xdka‹ emuf jrefrmEdkifiHodk‹ jyef ºuGvmaomtcg òrd›pGef awm&Gm aus;vufrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJrsm;udk tcGihf oifw h ikd ;f usif;ya[majymcJo h nf? xka‹d -umihf q&mawmf OD;0dpm&onfvnf; tzrf; cH&vdkuf/ jyefvGwfvmvdkuf/ jyefvnftzrf;cH&vdkufESifh tusOf;axmifoHo&mxJ Yom w0JvnfvnfjzpfaecJo h nf? xdt k wGi;f w&m;qdik &f m apmihq f idk ;f aepOf q&m awmfonf &ufaygif; (40) -um tpmiwfcHqENjycJhonfhtavsmuf pdwfydkif;qdkif &mt&r[kwfbJ ±kyfykdif;qkdif&mt& tm;enf;ae_yDjzpfaom q&mawmfonf wESpf ESihfudk;v tvkyf-urf;ESihf axmif'%f csrSwfjcif;udk cH&avonf? xkad‹ -umihf axmift&m&Sdrsm;onf q&mawmftm; ouFef;udk twif;c|wfap _yD; omrefaxmifuswOD;. t0wftpm;udk 0wfcdkif;&m q&mawmfu wif;rmpGm jiif;qefcJh&m q&mawmftm; 0wfvpfpvpfjzifh wOD;wnf; wdkufydwfxm;cJhonf? odk‹ jzifh q&mawmf. tpmiwfcHqENjyjcif;/ wOD;wnf;wkdufydwfxm;jcif;/ twif; t"rR ESmacgif;xJodk‹ ydkufoGif;_yD; Ek&d‹ nfxnfhjcif;æpojzifh &ufpufr+ oHo&mvnf vsu&f o dS nf? xdrk #omru tm%mydik w f ‹kd taejzihf q&mawmftm; t±l;pm&if; oGwf oGif;um emrnfqdk;vSaom &efukefwHwm;uav;t±l;axmifwGif xyfrHcsKyfaESmif xm;onftxd aqmif&GufcJh-uonf? xdka‹ emuf xdkae&mwGif (7) v aecJh&_yD; &ef ukefA[kdaxmif}uD;okd‹ jyefvnfydk‹ jcif;cH&jyefonf? q&mawmfuvnf; vkyfcsif&m vkyf aemufrqkwf[laom cH,lcsufjzifh acgif;rmpGm qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf? aemufxyfwzef tpmtiwfcH qENjy_yD;aemuf q&mawmftm; tvkyf-urf;ESihf axmif'%f (6) ESpf csrSwftjypfay;vdkufjyefonf? OD;0dpm&uvnf; xyfrH tpm iwfcq H ENjyjyefonf? xkt d cg 'um/ 'umrrsm;u r-unf&h ufawmhojzifh vGw_f idr;f cGifh toem;cHpmwifygaomfvnf; xdt k csed u f jrefrmvlrsK;d jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; *sK;d Zuf -o*wfpwyf(pf) armif}uD;u y,fcscJo h nf? xdk‹a-umihf 1929 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (19) &uf ol. tpmiwfcH qENjyr+ (166) &uf jynfhajrmufonfhae‹wGif aemufqHk;Y q&mawmf ysHvGefawmfrlcJh&av onf? ,ae‹wiG rf l &efuek f uefawmfrifyef;_cHEiS fh a&$w*d b kH &k m;teD; tvHv k rf;xdy&f dS

xif&Sm;onfht0kdif;}uD;wckay:wGif xkdacwf ('dk‹Arm tpnf;t±Hk;0if) jrLævl}uD; rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;csefxGef;ESihf OD;baqGwdk‹vufxufY txdrf;trSwf ausmuf wdik }f uD;xdy0f ,f q&mawmf. &yfawmfral -u;±ky}f uD;udk trSww f & ðyvkycf -hJ uav onf? xdkae&modk‹ OD;cdkuf&mvrf;onf ,cifu ‘Tiger Alley’ [k ac:wGifcJhaomf vnf; ,cktcg ,if;vrf;udk OD;0dpm&vrf;[k trnfajymif;vJowfrw S cf ahJ vonf? odk‹ jzpfav&m q&mawmfOD;OwWrESihf OD;0dpm&udk,fawmfwdk‹onf udkvdkeDtpkd;&udk qef‹usifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonfh txift&Sm;qHk; q&mawmfrsm;jzpfa-umif; ordkif;u oufaocHaeygonf? ‚if;wdk‹onf trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+wGif Ak'<bmom &[ef; awmfrsm; 'um/ 'umrrsm;ESihftwl yg0ifvmr+udk vrf;xGifay;cJh-u_yD; Tt csufonfyif trsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+ aemufqHk;atmifyGJqifEdkifjcif;. ta&;yg vmonfh tcsufwcsufjzpfvmayonf? q&mawmf OD;0dpm& ysHvGefawmfrlaom ESpfwGifyif ‘*sDpDbDat’. tzGJŒ0if wOD;jzpfol bkef;}uD;vlxGuf OD;&mausmfqdkolonf ‘*VKeftoif;’[k ac:aom v#KdŒ 0Suftoif;. toif;cGJrsm;udk e,frsm;wGif vdkufvHwnfaxmifvsuf&Sdonf? ,if; toif;rsm;rSm OD;OwWr. 0HomEktoif;rsm;ESihf qifwal omfvnf; olw. ‹kd zGŒJ pnf;yHk ESihf vkyfudkifaqmif&GufyHkrsm;rSm ‚if;toif;tzGJŒrsm;uJhodk‹ ajymifajymiffwif;wif;r [kwb f J v#KŒd0u S rf &+ v dS o S nf? *VKefonf [dELN '¾m&Drsm;wGif tvGet f m;aumif;aom iSufwrsKd;jzpf_yD; ooFu±kduf (ouUw) bmomwGif *±kV[k ac:onf? xdktcsdefu t&if;&Siw f . ‹kd avmbaZma-umihf wae‹wjcm; jr‡iw hf ufvmonfh ukeaf ps;E+e;f rsm; ESihf }uD;us,fcrf;em;aom udkvdkeDpD;yGm;a&;u rnfonfhtcgr# rsufESmomray; aom qif;&JEGrf;yg;onfh awmvufaus;&Gmrsm;ESifh e,fpGefe,fzsm;wdrk‹ S vli,frsm; ESihf aus;&Gmol/ aus;&Gmom; trsm;tjym;udk Ttoif;rsm;u qGJaqmifpnf;±Hk;Edkif avonf? jynfov l x l rk mS pyg;udk ud, k w f idk x f w k v f yk af e&ygvsuf pm;p&m qefr&Sd atmif qif;&JwiG ;f eufae_yD; xGuaf yguf&mS &ef tvkyw f ckcu k dk vky&f ayawmhrnf? xkdtcsdefwGif *sKd;Zuf-o*wfpwyf (pf) armif}uD;rSm ‘qm’bGJŒ jzifh olaumif; tðycH&_yD; rusef;rmI _Adwdefodk‹ cGifhjzifh tdrfjyefoGm;aom qmcsm; (vf) (pf) tif; k pf m; ,m,Db&k ifct H jzpf aqmif&u G cf iG &fh aom euf (pf) (Sir Charles Innes) .ud, yxrqHk; jrefrmvlrsKd;jzpfvmonf? qm*sKd;Zufonf trsm;qHk; qkd;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; xd cdkufonfh a'ojzpfaom &efukefajrmufydkif;&Sd om,m0wDc±kdifodo k‹ Gm;_yD; tjcm;ae &mrsm;wGif ðyvkyfcJhouJhodk‹ ‘'gbm’ yGJawmfudk usif;yavonf? 1930 ckESpf/ 'DZif bmv (21) &ufae‹ vlxkESihfawGŒqHkyGJwGif v,form;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u aus;

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t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

vufa'orsm;wGif tcGefaumufcHjcif;udk zsufodrf;ay;&ef (odkr‹ [kwf) wESpfqdkif; iHhay;&ef ,m,Dbk&ifcHtm; toem;cH-uonf? odak‹ omfvnf; qm*sKd;Zufu ,if; awmif;yefcsufukd csufcsif;yif jiif;y,fvu kd af vonf? xda‹k -umihf aemufwae‹wiG f om,m0wD v,form;olyek x f r+ jzpfay:vmavawmhonf? olw. ‹kd acgif;aqmif rSm ,cktcg q&mpH[k trsm;uac:wGifvmaom jrefrmorm;awmf OD;&mausmf jzpfavonf? olonf okyÀu *VKef&mZm (xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aom *VKefrif;) [laom bGŒJtrnfukd cH,I l olu ‹ , kd o f l bk&iftjzpf a-unmvdu k af vonf? xda‹k emuf aorxl;aerxl;b0Y rausreyfjzpfae-uaom v,form;rsm;jzifh ppfwyfwwyf udk xlaxmifvu kd o f nf? _Adwo d #udv k ekd w D yfrawmf. acwfrv D ufeufrsm;udk vuf csn;f oufoufr#jzihf &ifqidk &f ef olwq ‹kd ;kH jzwfc-hJ uonf? olyek w f . ‹kd vufeufwu dk f wGif&Sdaom vufeufrSm rD;aygufaoewf tvuf (30) xufrydkbJ oHydkufacsmif; rsm;ESihf bdkifpu,favxdk;wHrsm;jzifh ðyvkyfxm;aom vufvkyfaoewfrsm; tm; jznfx h m;avonf? ‚if;tjyif olww ‹kd iG f ta0;ypfvufeuf[I l jrm;/ 'l;av;/ vif; av;/ *GESihf vSHrsm;om &Sdavonf? xdk‹a-umihf tar&duefygarmuQ vlpDtif; 'b k a-umif;ESifh ywfoufI Toda‹k &;om; vsLydik ;f (Professor Lucien W. Pye) u xdt xm;cJah vonf?

‘1930 ckEpS w f iG f ay:aygufcahJ om q&mpHoyl ek x f ºuGro + nf vlrsK;d jcm; t*Fvyd f rif;ae&mY jrefrmvlrsKd;wOD;udk rif;tjzpfwif&ef óud;pm;aom awmfvSefykefuef r+rsm;. jrefrmh±kd;&mpOfvm tawG;tac:ESihf vkyfenf;vkyf[ef EdkifiHa&;/ bmom a&;yHpk EH iS fh udu k n f v D suf&o dS nf? wyGw J ;kd yÌvuf twwfynm&Sirf sm;/ tif;ESifh pr aq;rifa-umifxdk;olrsm;/ "m;_yD;/ wkwf_yD;/ aoewf_yD; wyGJjyefESmESihf aq;a&mif; olrsm;/ taqmifrsm;/ vufzGJŒrsm; taxmuftyHhtultnDjzifh "mwf±dkuf"mwfqif aA'ifudef;cef;tvdkt& q&mpHudk,fwdkif wGufcsufzGJŒpnf;vdkufaom *VKefwyfu acwfa[mif;jrefrmEdik if .

H rif;crf;rif;em; taqmifta,mifjzpfaom xD;jzL ueuU '%fatmuf&Sd &mZyv†ifay:odk‹ q&mpHudk wifajr‡mufay;vdkufavonf? xdktcsdef u q&mpHonf rnfoa‹kd om orm;*k%jf yenf;rsm;jzihf vlxt k m; pnf;±H;k xm;onfr od? _Aw d o d #w. ‹kd acwfraD oewfvufeufrsm; tm;vH;k onf olwu ‹kd kd rxdreS /f razmuf xGif;Edkif[k olwdk‹udk,folwdk‹ xifaecJh-uavonf? ,if;v+yf&Sm;r+onf rodem;r vnfr+/ t,lonf;r+/ p}uFm0Vm. xl;jcm;qef;-u,faom y&avmuESihf yÌvuf twwfynm enf;emed\,rsm;udk vufcH&ef tqifoihfjzpfaer+wdk‹tay:wGif tajcpdkuf}uD;xGm;vmjcif;jzpf_yD; EkdifiHa&;&m atmifjrifr+twGuf tajctjrpfr&Sd

aom pdwfv+yf&Sm;r+qkdif&m tjrifusOf;ajrmif;onfh ar#mfrSef;csufwdk‹tay:wGif tajcwnfvsuf&Sdonfæ’ [k azmfjyxm;.?

1930 ckESpfrsm; tapmydkif;u jzpfyGm;cJhaom zdESdyfr+rsm;umvtwGif; jrefrmh aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;rS us,fajymvSaom v,f,majrrsm;udk aiGwdk;acs;pm;ol cspfwD;rsm;ESihf v,fydkif&Sif}uD;rsm;u odrf;,lcJh&m ,if;wdk‹vufrS ‚if;wdk‹ydkif v,f ,majrrsm;udk jyefvnf&,l&ef q&mpH. *VKefwyftwGi;f &Sd wdu k cf u kd o f t l rsm;pku xºuGc-hJ ujcif;jzpfonf? olwo ‹kd nf acwfynmrwwfaom ±d;k ±k;d ttrsm; jzpfaumif; jzpfayrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹. em-unf;cHpm;&r+rsm;um; tppftrSefjzpfav onf? odk‹ jzpfI jrefrmhorkdif;ynm&Sif a'gufwmxifatmifu Todk‹axmufjycJh onf? om,m0wDe,fu vlxktaejzifh Tpdwfrcsrf;ajrhzG,f&m tjzpfqdk;rS vGwf ajrmuf&ef wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm _Adwdo# vlrsKd;jcm;tpdk;&udk ykefuefxºuG &efom &Sad vonf? xdt ‹k jyif e,fcsŒJorm;pk;d rd;k olrsm;atmufwiG f qif;&JwiG ;f eufae onfh tjzpfqdk;Y tiwfiwftjywfjywf touf&Sifae&onfxuf apmapmao& jcif;u jrwfonfr[kwfygvm;? &efukefajrmufbufrS yJcl;±kd;rawmifa-um&Sd tvHv$ihfxl&mawmif[k t"dy`m,f&aom ‘tvHawmif’wGif q&mpHonf ol. pHcsdefukd yxrqHk;t}udrf jr‡iw hf ifco hJ nf? *VKefrsm;udk wdu k cf u kd &f ef _Adwo d # wyf&if;w&yfv;kH udk apv$wcf &hJ m q&mpH. XmecsKyfusoGm;cJh_yD; taotaysmufrSm tvGeftrif;rsm;jym;vSonf? xda‹k emuf ykeu f efxºuGro + nf xdak cwfjrefrmEdik if w H iG f c±kid f (40) &So d nft h euf (12) c±kid o f ‹kd ysŒH Eo ‹HS mG ;cJo h nf? om,m0wD A[dkcsufrrSaeI [Hom0wDc±dkifESihf {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay: wav#muf/ ajrmufbufwGif txufjrefrmjynfESihf &S rf;jynfe,ftcsKdŒae&mrsm;odk‹ yif ysŒHEo ‹HS mG ;cJo h nf? tpd;k &wyfrsm;uvnf; &uf&ufpufpuf ESyd u f yG af csre+ ;f cJo h nf? &Gmrsm;udk &GmvHk;u|wfjymusatmif rD;±+d‹ I pdkufysKd;cif;rsm;udk zsufqD;um a&wGif; rsm;udk zdyk‹ pfonf? oHo,&Sdaom olykefrsm;udk acgif;jzwfowf_yD; vltrsm;jrifom &ef vljrifuGif;wGif jyoxm;onf? ESvHk;emzG,ftjzpftysufwckrSm jynfòrd&› Sd vuf axmufaumfr&Sifemrif;}uD;±Hk;a&SŒwGif tjzwfcHxm;&aom acgif; (15) vHk;udk jyoxm;jcif;jzpfonf? TaoG;pGe;f aom jyyGrJ sm;. "mwfyrkH sm;udk (om,m0wD olyek f awmrS tmZmenf *VKefapm) trnfcH OD;apmydik q f ikd w f nf;jzwfaom ‘ol&, d ’ ‘The ‹ Jhonf? 5 Sun’ owif;pmwGif azmfjycJh_yD; rdwWLrsm;udk _Adwdo#v$wfawmfodk‹ ay;ydkc ,if; ykeu f efxºuGru + kd t_yD;wdik f acsr+e;f _yD;aomtcg olyek f (10˜000) ausmf

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t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

aoqHk;cJh_yD;/ (9˜000) rSm tzrf;qD;cH&um axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHcJh-u&onf? q&mpHudk,fwdkifESihf ol.t&if;ESD;qHk; vkyfazmfudkifbufESpfOD;jzpfonfh q&m^m%f ESihf AE<uac: &aohwOD;wdk‹ tygt0if (128) OD;rSm óud;ay;owfjzwfjcif;cHcJh-u& onf? 1931 ckEpS f Zefe0g&DvwGif bk&ifcw H m0efudk jyefvnfxrf;aqmifco hJ l qmcsm; (vf) tif;euf(p) (Sir Charles Innes) u olykefrsm;ukd ±kH;wifppfaq;&ef zGJŒpnf; ay;cJhaom txl;ckH±kH;u ao'%frsm;ukd csrSwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; uef;vpf(zf) (Justice Cunliffe) rSm ckH±kH;obmywdjzpf_yD; w&m;v$wfawmf w&m; ol}uD;rsm;tjzpf aqmif&Gufae-uaom rpPwm 'g0k('f) (Dawood) ESifh OD;bOD; (aemifwGifqmbGJŒ&vsuf jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf orRwjzpfol) wkrd‹ Sm tzGŒJ0ifrsm;jzpf-uonf? ao'%ftjypfay;cH&aom q&mpHudk 1931 ckEpS f -o*kwv f (28) &ufae‹wGif ¯ud;ay;owfcJhonf? olu t,lcHcJhaomfvnf; y,fcscHcJh&onf? q&mpHonf ¯ud;pifay:ok‹d OD;acgif;ukad rmhvsuf wufomG ;cJo h nf? xkt d csed Yf olonf om,m0wDaxmiftwGif; (3) v&SdcJh_yDjzpfonf? tpkd;&bufwGifrl -rdj› y&JESifh t&m &Sdrsm;tygt0if aoqkH;olrSm vl (50) xuf rykdcJhacs? qlylaomif;usef;r+jzpfyGm;cJhaom c±kdifrsm;wGif tr+zGifhI w&m;qkdifjcif;rsm; «yvkyfcJhonf? w&m;cHtrsm;pkrSm acwfynmrwwfaom omrefaus;awmol aus;awmom;rsm;jzpf-uonft h avsmuf olwt ‹dk m; xkacsumuG,&f ef rsKd;cspfpw d f &So d nfh a&SŒaetrsm;tjym;u tca-u;aiGr,lbJ pdwt f m;xufoefpmG vku d yf gaqmif &Guaf y;cJ-h uonf? om,m0wDO;D yk/ a'gufwmbarmf/ ocifjrwkr‹d mS vlox d if&mS ;pGm aqmif&GufcJh-uolrsm;jzpf_yD; armifapmrSmvnf; xkd‹twljzpfcJhonf? armifapmrSm xkt d csdeu f vli,fa&SŒaeav;wOD;omjzpfonf? olonf om,m0wDe,fom;wOD; jzpf±o Hk mru q&mpHudk tvGet f rif;csD;usL;av;pm;oljzpfavonf? w&m;qkid &f m wGif yg0ifc&hJ aom ol.tcef;u¾ESifh _Adwo d #Ekid if jH cm;a&;twGi;f 0efxaH y;yda‹k om tdwzf iG afh y;pmyHpk jH zifh xkwaf 0aom vufurf;pmapmifrsm;a-umifh olonf vsifjref pGmemrnfausmI f xifay:olwOD; jzpfvmavonf? q&mpH*VKefrsm;. xGe;f ajymifr+ udk qufvufjr‡iw hf ifxm;Edik &f eftwGuf touf}uD;vm_yDjzpfI OD;apmjzpfvmaom armifapmonf q&mpH. edru hf somG ;aom v,form;olyek t f zGŒJ. emrnfukd cH,_l y;D 1938 ckESpfwGif olu ‹ dk,fydkifwyfzGJŒ udk w&m;Oya'abmif0ifatmif xlaxmifcJhav onf? ,if;wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;onf tpdrf;a&mif,leDazmif;udk 0wfqif-u_yD; OD;atmif aZ,sacwf xputwkdif; 0g;&if;wkwfrsm;udk udkifaqmif-uonf? Todk‹ jzifh ‘*VKefwyf’ topfonf arG;zGm;vmcJah vonf?

xkd‹aemufykdif;wGif txrajrmufcJhaom v,form;ykefuefxºuGr+a-umifh ppfEkdifol ‘udkvdkeD’ tkyfpdk;olrsm;onf jrefrmjynftESH‹ olwdk‹. uvyfrsm;wGif aysmf &$ifjrL;wl;ae-uavonf? olwo dk‹ nf t,lonf;aom olykefrsm;. ±kd;tr+ESihf odyH` enf;jzifh ppfaq;I r&aom olyek w f . ‹kd yÌvufenf;rsm;pGmudk &,forG ;f aoG;-u_yD; olykefrsm;tm; vG,fulpGm ESdrfeif;EdkifcJhjcif;tay: yDwdaomre\jzpfae-uav onf? oda‹k omfvnf; &efuek Ef iS fh tjcm;ae&mrsm;&Sd ynmwwfvil ,frsm;twGuu f m; q&mpHoyl ek x f r+onf ajymufusm;ppfqifrt + wwfynm. tzk;d rjzwfEikd af om enf; y&d,m,frsm;xkwf,l&m oifcef;pmw&yfjzpfcJhavonf? &efvdkr+rsm; tqHk;owf oGm;&efum; a0;avpG? aemuf (10) ESpfr#-um_yD;onfhaemuf olwdkt ‹ m; om,mr+ udk ay;cJhaom urBmhtajctaeonf vHk;0ajymif;jyefjzpfoGm;vdrfhrnfudkum; olwdk‹ ud, k o f w l ‹kd ,H-k unfcsuftjynf&h adS e-uaom udv k ekd t D m%mydik rf sm;taejzifh óudwif odjrifEidk pf rG ;f r&Scd -hJ uacs? v,form; olyek rf sm; towfc&H _yD;onfw h ikd f av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;awG; ac: -uaom vli,frsm;onf _Adwo d #wu ‹kd kd vufeufuikd af wmfveS &f ef rnfop‹kd nf;±H;k aqmif&Guf&rnfudk pwifaqG;aEG;vm-uavonf? ,if;vli,frsm;onf 1920 ck ESpf ausmif;om;oydwjf zpfay:_yD;aemuf wnfaxmifcahJ om trsK;d om;ausmif;rsm;rS aomfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmpum;udk oif-um;a&; bmompum;tjzpf vufct H oH;k ðyaom t*Fvdyf=jrefrm ESpfbmom oifausmif;[k ac:onfh tpdk;&ausmif;rsm;rS aomfvnf;aumif; vm-uolrsm; jzpf-uonf? Oa&mypnf;rsOf;rsm;twkdif; waoG rwdrf; AdkvfqefpGm oif-um;vmcJh-u&aom ausmif;rsm;rS ynmqnf;yl;vmcJh& onfholrsm;ESihfpmv#ifum; ,if;vli,ftrsm;pkonf jrefrmhorkdif;/ jrefrmpmayESihf Ak'b < momwdu ‹k kd ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef idk f ausnufpmG od&-dS uavonf? xkdodk‹ xif&Sm;vmaom ausmif;om;wOD;um; ‘udk}uD;’ [k tac:cH&onfh udkEkjzpfavonf? olonf &efukefwuUodkvfrS 1929 ckESpfwGif 0dZ…mbGJŒ&&SdcJhonf? xkdpOfu olESihf rsm;pGm&if;ESD;aom ol. vkyfazmfudkifbufwOD;rSm aemifwGif urBmh ukvor*~}uD;. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyfjzpfvmrnfh OD;oef‹ jzpfavonf? ol . ynmoifESpf (1934=35) ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif olx ‹ uf (8) ESpfi,f_yD; olv ‹ kdyif rsKd;cspfpdwfjyif;xefaom udkatmifqef;tm; udkEk awGŒqHkcJh&avonf? aemufxyf jrefrmEdik if YH ‘'dik t f mcD’ESifh ‘91 Xme’ tkycf sKyfa&;pepf acwfajymif; tcsdefumvrsm;twGif; ausmif;om;rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;pGm EkdifiHa&;udk yHkrSefaqG;aEG; &ef awGŒqHkjzpf-uavawmhonf? r-umrDrSmyif &efukefwuUodkvfwGif uHhaumfyif

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t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

&dyfrsm;atmufY tvGwfoabm EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;avh&Sdonfh tkyfpkav;wpk ay: aygufvmcJhavonf? xkdtkyfpkav;wGif udkEk/ udkatmifqef;wdt k‹ jyif jrefrmjynft v,fyikd ;f / ysO;f rem;òrdr› S vli,fwOD;jzpfonfh udak usm_f ird ;f / rmhupf f pmayrsm;udk us,f us,fjyef‹ jyef‹avhvmzwf±+xm;aom ^m%f&nf^m%faoG;xufjrufonfh (aemif aomtcg uGefjrLepfjzpfvmrnfh) udkodef;azESihf tdENd,EG,fzGm; rlqvifbmom0if uk&d m&Spw f v ‹kd nf; yg0ifavonf? ,if;ig;a,mufpvH;k yif 1935=36 ckEpS f ynmoif ESpftwGuf &efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~. tvkyftr+taqmifaumfrwD 0ifrsm;tjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&avonf? xkdtcsdefY udkEku OuU@ESihf udk&m&Spfu 'k=OuU@jzpfvmonf? udkatmifqef;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. trsKd;om;txdrf;trSwf wHqyd w f ckjzpfaom a'gif;iSu. f wGeu f sL;oHukd ,lxm;aom td;k a0trnf& or*~ r*~Zif;. t,f'w D mtjzpf ceft ‹ yfjcif;cH&avonf?

1936 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&DvwGif ay:aygufcahJ om jrefrmEdik if .

H 'kw, d ausmif; om;oydwfudk Tvli,f (5) OD;tzGJŒu OD;aqmifr+ay;cJh&avonf? TwGif udkEk onf tpd;k &udk a0zefaom rdec‹f eG ;f rsm;ajyma[mr+jzifh ausmif;rS ,m,Dxw k yf ,fjcif; cHc&hJ avonf? xka‹d emufrsm;r-umrDyif udak tmifqef;onfvnf; tk;d a0r*~Zif;wGif yg&Sdaom aqmif;yg;wyk'ftm; a&;om;ol aqmif;yg;&Sif. trnfudk (t,f'Dwm yDyD) xkwfazmf&ef jiif;qefojzihf ausmif;rS txkwfcH&jyefavonf? i&JacG;}uD; d *Fvyd af qmif; vGwaf eonf (Hellhound at Large) 6 [k acgif;pOfwyfxm;aom xkt yg;u wuUodkvftm%mydkifrsm;udk vufoHajymifpGm jyuf&,fðyxm;avonf? xkd tcg &efuek w f uUov kd rf S ausmif;om; (700) ausmfEiS hf ,k'\efaumvdyf (Judson k ‹kd &mZ0wfom;qefqef College) rS &m*%ef;ausmfaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf xdo ausmif;xkwcf &H olrsm;tm; jyefvnfvufc&H ef awmif;qd_k yD; ausmif;om;oydwu f kd pwifvu kd &f m xkad usmif;om;oydwo f nf rEœav;aumvdyEf iS fh wEdik if v H ;kH &Sd txuf wef;ausmif;rsm;od‹k r-umrDyif ul;pufysHŒEo ‹HS mG ;avawmhonf? Oa&mypnf;rsOf;nD omoemðyausmif;rsm;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh _Adwdo#udk axmuf cH-uolrsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm ‚if;ausmif;rsm;omv#if jrefrmEdkifiHwGif xkdtcsdef u qlyu G af e_yDjzpfaom vlxv k y+ &f mS ;r+rsm;Y ryg0ifc-hJ uacs? aemufqHk;wGif udkEkESihf udkatmifqef;wdku ‹ dk wuUodkvftm%mydkifrsm;u jyef vnfvufccH &hJ aomfvnf; xdyw f u kd &f ifqikd af wGŒru + m; _yD;qH;k roGm;cJah y? wEkid if v H ;Hk tES‹H jzpfymG ;cJah om Toydw. f tusK;d &v'ftjzpf ‘ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om; rsm; or*~’ (Auo) (All Burma Students' Union) udk zGJŒpnf;EdkifcJh_yD; udk&m&Spfu

yxrqH;k OuU@ESifh udak tmifqef;u 'k=OuU@jzpfvmcJo h nf? xka‹d emuf wuUov kd yf &d 0%ftwGif;Yom usifvnfae-u&aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf wuUodkvfjyify&Sd toif;tzGŒJ tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;od‹k ajcqefr‹ -d uawmhonf? ‘wdA‹k rmtpnf;t±H;k ’ (Our Burmese Association) udk &efukefwuUodkvfrS enf;jyq&mwOD;jzpf_yD; t*Fvdyf bmomudk vGefpGm xl;c|efvsuf/ rdrdemrnfa&SŒwGif ocifwyfxm;aom rsKd;cspfwOD; jzpfonfhtjyif pma&;q&mwOD;vnf; jzpfaom ocifAaomif;. OD;aqmifr+jzifh pwifzGJŒpnf;cJhavonf? [if'DbmomwGif&Sdaom q[pf (Sahib) uJhodk‹yif jrefrm pum;wGif ‘ocif’ [lonfrSm t&Sifocif (Master) [k t"dy`m,f&&Sd_yD; t*Fvdyfvl rsKd;wOD;ESifh pmay/ pum;/ a&;om;ajymqkd&mwGif jrefrmwdk‹taejzihf rdrdukd,fudk ‘ocif’ [k oHk;E+ef;&efjzpfavonf? oludk,fwdkifESihf tpnf;t±Hk;tzGJŒ0ifwdkif;udk ‘ocif’ [k ac:qdak &;om;apjcif;tm;jzifh ocifAaomif;u jrefrmEdik if .

H t&Sio f cif wdr‹k mS _Adwo d #wdr‹k [kwb f J olEiS fh usefwikd ;f &if;om; jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;om jzpfa-umif; jyovd&k if;jzpfavonf? rsm;r-umrD jrefrmjynftv,fydkif; a&eHacsmif;/ acsmufæpaom a&eHajr rsm;wGif 1937 ckESpfY tvkyform; ta&;tcif; jzpfyGm;cJh&m TEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m us,fjyefv ‹ Sonfh v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf wdAk‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;onf rdrdtiftm;ESihf pnf;±Hk; v+yf&Sm;r+udk jyo&ef yxrqHk; prf;oyfonfhyGJjzpfvmcJhonf? ‘wdkA‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;’ onf xkt d a&;tcif;Y yg0ifywfoufc_hJ yD; vli,fociftrsm;tjym;onf xdo k ydwf orm;rsm;udk tultnDay;&eftwGuf &efuek òf rdr› S txufjrefrmjynfo‹kd c&D;xGucf mG cJh-uonf? tvkyform;rsm;uvnf; olwdk. ‹ awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk ydkrdk zdtm;ay; awmif;qdak &;twGuf &efuek òf rdt › xd ajcvsifcsDwuf&ef qH;k jzwfc-hJ uonf? &efuek f òrda› wmfo‹kd vlxck sw D ufro + nf 1938 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvwGif pwifc_hJ yD; e,frsm;ukd ajc vsifjzwfoef;vmcJh&m v,form;rsm;u u±k%mw&m;a&SŒxm;I tvkyform; rsm;ukd tpm;taomufESihf em;aep&mrsm; ay;cJh-ujcif;tm;jzihf EkdifiHwck. t}uD; rm;qHk; vlwef;pm; (2) &yfjzpfaom tvkyform;tiftm;pkESihf v,form;tiftm; wdk‹rSm uGif;qufrdoGm;-uonf? odk‹ jzpfonfhtavsmuf 'DZifbmv/ yxrtywf twGif; jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;&Sd rauG;òrd›Y a&eHajrrS csDwufvrf;av#mufvmol rsm;tm; ykvdyfrsm;u wm;qD;vsuf acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;um usefaom ol rsm;rSm vrf;ab;&Sd ,m,Dpcef;wckwiG f xde;f odr;f cHvu kd -f u&onf? xkt d cg tvkyf orm;rsm;u tpmiwfcHqENjy-uvsuf tvkyform;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD; xm;onft h wGuf &efuek òf rdr› S ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tvkyo f rm;rsm;udk

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t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

tiftm;jznfhwif;&ef 7 tvsiftjref rauG;odk‹ wufoGm;-uonf? ‚if;ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; tzrf;cH-u&jyefonf? ykvyd rf sm;. eHygwfww k rf sm;jzihf ±du k f ESurf u + kd owW&d pdS mG &ifqikd af usmfvm$ ;_yD; tu,fI qufvufomG ;ygu aoewfjzifh ypfcwfrnf[laom _cdrf;ajcmufr+rsm;ukdyif tefwkI tvkyform;rsm;onf quf vufcsw D ufEikd cf -hJ uonf? &efuek òf rda› wmfwiG rf l twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k udk oGm;a&mufqEN jy-uonf? 8 xdktcg tpdk;&tm; wpxufwp tefwkvmaom qENjyr+rsm;udk acs r+e;f ypf&ef ykvyd rf sm;udk wae&mrS wae&mod‹k ajymif;a&$ŒtoH;k cscJ&h onf? twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;udk ydwfq0dk‹ dkif;&Hxm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf 'DZifbmv (20) &ufae‹ rGef;vGJcsdefavmufwGif twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;rS xGufcGmvmcJh-u_yD; olwdk‹ acgif;aqmifrsm; a[majymonfukd em;axmif&eftwGuf pywfvrf;ESifh za&Zmvrf; wdk‹qHk&mY pka0;ae-uonfh xkdvltkyfudk jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm;u eHygwfwkwfrsm;jzihf 9 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u dk -f u_yD; ajrjyif&dS ykvyd rf sm;uvnf; vufo;D jzifh xd;k olx;kd / 0g;&if; wkwjf zifh ±du k o f u l ±ku d þf jzpfuek -f uonf? yxrqH;k t±du k t f ESucf -H u&olrsm;rSm vl trsm;. a&SŒqHk;rScsDwufvm-uol trsKd;orD;uav;rsm;ESihf txufwef;ausmif; olausmif;om;uav;rsm; jzpf-uonf? ,k'\efaumvdyfrS ausmif;om;vli,f wOD;jzpfol udkatmifausmfrSm owdarhatmif t±dkufcHvdkuf&_yD;aemuf rsm;r-umrD wGifyif aq;±HkY aoqHk;oGm;cJhavonf?

Ttiftm;oHk; wdkufcdkufr+onf OD;apm &S,f,mtrsm;qHk;ydkifqdkifxm;onfh ol&d, (The Sun) owif;pmwdkuf ta&SŒwnfhwnfhavmufwGif jzpfyGm;cJhjcif;jzpf onft h wkid ;f olo ‹ wif;axmufrsm;ESihf tjcm;owif;pmrsm;rS owif;axmufrsm;u vnf; ausmif;om;rsm;. qENjyr+ESifh ykvdyftzGJŒ. &uf&ufpufpufvkyf&yfrsm;udk "mwfyHkrsm; ±dkuf,lxm;cJh-uonf? xkdnwGifyif owif;pmwkdufonf ykvdyftzGJŒ.

0ifa&mufp;D eif;jcif;udk cH-u&_y;D zvifrsm;ESihf tjcm;rSww f rf;wifypPn;f rsm; todr;f qnf;cHcJh-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif Ttjzpftysufudk ppfaq;&ef zGJŒpnf;vdkufaom ‘txl;pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD’ . a&SŒarSmufwGif ,if;"mwfyHkrsm;udk oufaocHypPn;f tjzpf toH;k ðycJo h nf? xkd‹aemuf 'DZifbmv (27) &ufae‹wGif ðyvkyfcJhaom udkatmifausmf. psmyerSm ol&Jaumif;wOD;. psmyetjzpf *k%fðycHcJh&_yD; jynfol (3) odef;ausmf (0rf;enf;yef;enf;) wufa&mufc-hJ uonf? xdt k crf;tem;Y olu ‹ kd ‘aersK;d oD[ Akv d f atmifausmf’ [k Adkvf (t&m&Sd odk‹r[kwf acgif;aqmif) bGJŒtyfESif;vdkuf_yD; olao vkarsmyg; '%f&m&cJhaom pywfvrf;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm -umaomtcgwGif ole‹ m

rnfwyfI ‘Adkvfatmifausmfvrf;’ tjzpf ,ae‹wdkif ajymif;vJac:a0:cJh-uonf?

1939 ck/ Zefe0g&Dv (8) &ufae‹wiG f &efuek òf rda› wmfo‹kd aemufq;kH Y a&muf&v dS maom a&eHajrtvkyo f rm;ESifh v,form;wyfzŒJG }uD; ESpcf rk S acgif;aqmifrsm;onf }uHawm ok\ef&Sd Akdvfatmifausmf*lodk‹ yxrqHk; oGm;a&muf*g&0ðycJh-uonf? xdk‹aemuf csDwufvmolrsm;onf ppfa-umif;tvkduf &efukefòrd›wGif;odk‹ 0ifa&mufvm-uI olwdk‹tm;vHk;aygif;qHk&m ‘qHk&yf’ onfum; &efukefòrd›awmf. ajrmufbuf t0if *dwfjzpf_yD;/ ,ae‹wGifrl urm&Gwf&Jpcef;wnf&Sd&m tif;pdefESihf jynfvrf;wdk‹qHk&m vrf;qHjk zpfavonf? oydwo f rm;rsm;ESifh qENjyolrsm;. yxrqH;k tiftm;pkrmS vl (4˜000) ausmf &SdcJh_yD; olwdku ‹ dk óudqdk&ef &efukefòrdw › Gif;rS vl (2˜000) ausmfxGufvm-uum olwdk‹ ESihf yl;aygif;cJh-uonf? vl (6˜000) tiftm;&Sdaom xdkvlxk}uD;onf 10 ppfa&;jy bifc&mwyfzGJŒu a&SŒqHk;rSaevsuf &efukefòrd›awmftwGif;odk‹ 0ifa&mufvmcJhav onf? olwdko ‹ nf vGefcJhonfh (12) &ufurS usqHk;oGm;cJhaom Adkvfatmifausmfudk *g&0ðy-u_yD;aemuf &efukefòrd›wGif;odk‹ qufvufcsDwufoGm;-u_yD; a&$wd*Hkbk&m; taemufbufapmif;wef;ESihf awmifbufapmif;wef;t-um;/ atmufypP,H qif ajcavsmrsm;wGif qufvufcsDwufoGm;-u_yD;aemuf tpnf;ta0;rsm; usif;ycJh -uonf? xkdtcsdefwGif wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;ESihf OD;apm. *VKefwyfwdk‹rS udk,fpm; vS,frsm;u rdecf‹ Gef;rsm; ajym-um;-uonf? &efukefodk‹ tvkyform;ESihfv,form; tiftm;pk}uD;rsm; csDwufvmr+. aemufyikd ;f &v'ftjzpf vlaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm tzrf;cH-u&avonf? rnfr#avmuf zrf;qD;cJh-uoenf;udkrl tzrf;cHqENjyolrsm;tm; ae&may;Edkifa&;twGuf &efukef ESihf tif;pdefaxmif&Sd tusOf;us &mZ0wfom;rsm;tm; axmifajymif;I z,f&Sm;ypf cJh&avonf? odak‹ omf Tv+yf&Sm;r+}uD;. wdkuf±kduftusKd;quftjzpf rsm;r-umrD ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m v,form;tpnf;t±Hk;ESihf ArmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m tvkyform; or*~ uGef*&ufwdk‹udk zGJŒpnf;EdkifcJhavonf? tar&duefEdkifiHom; ordkif;ynm&Sif z&ifh xa&*g (Frank Trager) u Tv+yf&Sm;r+. aemufqHk;&v'fudk atmufyg twdik ;f tusOf;csKyfazmfjycJo h nf? ‘tusOf;csKH;qd&k v#if ,cif (YMBA) ESihf (GCBA) trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; rsKd;qufu rpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonfrsm;udk ocifrsm;u atmifjrifpGm taumift xnfazmfEkdifcJhonf? tvkyform;ESihfv,form; tajccHvlxk}uD;ESpf&yfudk wck wnf;aom OD;wnfcsut f & twlwuG vufwrJG ad p_yD; pnf;±H;k nD!w G o f mG ;aponfh

75

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t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

tjyif acgif;aqmifru + ykd g olwu ‹kd ay;Ekid cf o hJ nf? olwo ‹kd nf Ttiftm;pk}uD;ESp&f yf . _y;D jynfph rkH t + wGuf vdt k yfaom tpdwt f ydik ;f w&yftjzpf olwu ‹kd , kd o f w l ‹kd cHpm;rdchJ -u_yD; ,if;tiftm;pk}uD;ESpf&yftwGuf oGufvufcsufcsmaom ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdol rsm; jzpfvmcJo h nf? &efukefòrd›Y avmavmq,f tcdkuftwef‹tm;jzihf Tv+yf&Sm;r+onf t&Sdef aooGm;vifhupm; ‚if;. A[kdqGJiiftm; "mwfa-umrsm;onf bk&ifheef;òrda› [mif; jzpfaom rEœav;od‹k a&$Œajymif;oGm;cJo h nf? od‹k jzpfonft h avsmuf pmoifwu dk t f oD; oD;Y tpkta0;jzifh &Sdae-uaom Ak'<bmom &[ef;awmf tajrmuftjrm;onf qENjyr+rsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifvmcJ-h uonf? tcsKŒd qENjyr+rsm;wGif vl (40˜000) cef‹ tiftm;&Sd_yD; ,if;onf }uD;rm;aom tiftm;w&yfjzpfcJhonf? Todk‹ q&mawmf OD;OwWrESihf OD;0dpm&wdk‹ aus;Zl;a-umifh &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; yg0ifv+yf&Sm;vm r+rsm;wGif us,fjyef‹aom tawG;tac:rsm;ESihf xda&mufaom enf;vrf;rsm;u wdik ;f &if;om;aygif;pHk yg0ifvmatmif qGaJ qmifonfv h uQ%mudk tm;jznf&h ma&muf oGm;ayonf? xkd‹a-umifh azazmf0g&Dv (10) &ufae‹wGif oduQmjrihfrm;aom oHCmawmf trsm;tjym;ESihf a'oqkdif&m ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; zrf;qD;xm;r+udk uef‹ uGuq f ENjyonft h aejzifh rEœav;òrdY› vlxpk nf;a0;yGrJ sm; usif;ycJo h nf? tdraf wmf &mbk&m;tjyifbufY vl (50˜000) &Sad om vlx}k uD;onf rsK;d cspyf *k Kd~ vfw. ‹kd arwWm &yfccH sufukd pka0;em;axmifc-hJ uonf? ae‹v,f (1) em&DwiG f a&SŒq;kH rS oHCmawmf rsm;u tvHrsm;udk a0S&‹ rf;vsuf vlx}k uD;onf òrdv › ,faumifo‹kd pwifa&$Œvsm;vm cJ-h uonf? xdt k cdu k f ±kwjf cnf;qdo k vdyk if _Adwo d #'kw, d aumfr&Sief mrif;}uD;uk, d f wdik f }uD;-uyfvsuf&adS om vufeufuikd yf v k yd rf sm;u olwo ‹kd mG ;&mvrf;tm; ydwq f ‹kd xm;onfukd awGŒ jrif-u&onf? a&SŒq;kH rS acgif;aqmifvmaom oHCmawmfrsm;u 'kwd,aumfr&Sifemrif;}uD;udk olwdk‹tm; OD;aqmif!¸ef-um;ol y"meq&mawmf ESifh aqG;aEG;yg&ef arwWm&yfc-H uonf? xdt k csed Yf y"meq&mawmfonf csw D uf&ef pwifonfah e&mYyif vltrsm;tjym;ydrk ydk g0ifvm&ef pnf;±H;k cefc‹ t JG vkyrf sm;vsuf&dS onf? 'kw, d aumfr&Sief mrif;}uD;onf ,if;arwWm&yfccH sufukd tav;wrl ta&; ,l&ef jiif;qefvu kd u f m ykvyd rf sm;. ae&mwGif t_rw J rf;ppfwyfzŒJG0ifrsm;tm; tpm; xk;d vsuf 0ifa&mufae&m,lxm;aponf? rsm;r-umrD Armh±kdifz,fwyfrS ucsifwkdif;&if;om; ppfom; (8) OD;teuf (4) OD;onf rwfwyf&yfvsuf/ (4) OD;onf ajrjyifwGif 'l;axmufxkdifum tqifoihf

ypfrnfh taetxm;jzifh toihjf yifxm;vdu k -f u_yD; olwo ‹kd nf wu,fu h snfqefrsm; tjynfx h nfx h m;aom ±dik zf ,faoewfrsm;tm; qENjyolrsm;. wyfO;D od‹k wnfw h nfh csdef&G,fvdkuf-uonf? ra&S;raESmif;Yyif t&m&SdwOD;u a&SŒwdk;vm_yD; aºuG;a-umf oHrsm; atmf[pfae-uaom vlx}k uD;udk owday;vdu k o f nf? xka‹d emuf ppfc&moH -um;vkduf&_yD; ppfom;rsm;u pwifypfcwfavawmhonf? av;csufypfcwf_yD; aemuf vlwef;}uD;. a&SŒqHk;rS tcsKdŒoHCmawmfrsm; ajrjyifay:odk‹ vJusoGm;-u onf? aemufxyfppfom;rsm;u aoewfrsm;udk xyfrHcsdef&G,f-uaomtcg vlxk }uD;onf tESH‹tjym; tkyfpkuGJoGm;vsuf toufvkajy;-uawmhonf? Todk‹ xdef; rEdkifodrf;r& y&rf;ywm qkwfcGmxGufajy;ae-uaom qENjyolrsm;t-um; usnf qefrsm;uvnf; qufwkduf xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufoGm;cJhonf? &ufpuf-urf;ñuwf vSaom xdv k o l wfy}JG uD;_yD;oGm;onft h cgYum; zket f vdr;f vdr;f xaeaom vrf;ay: wGif aoG;rsm;tdkifxGef;vsuf aoaeolrsm;/ '%f&m&olrsm; wHk;vHk;yufvuf vJvsuf &Sdae-uayawmhonf? oHCmawmf (7) yg; tygt0if (17) OD;aoqHk;_yD; (13) OD;rSm jyif;xefpGm '%f&m&cJh-uonf? rEœav;òrd. › awmifbuf (5) rdkiftuGm tr&yl&vrf;ay:wGif&Sdaom tmZm enfAdrmefwGif e,fcsJŒ. om;aumif (17) OD;wdk‹tm; aemufwywft-um azazmf 0g&Dv (17) &ufae‹ Y trSwfw& jr‡KyfESHoò*õ[fvdkuf-uaoma-umihf ,if;tokb tcrf;tem;odk‹ rEœav;ESihf ywfywfvnf&Sd e,frsm;rS xdwfvefw ‹ kefv+yfvsuf 0rf; enf;ylaqG;r+rsm; cHpm;ae-u&aom jynfolvlxkaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm wufa&muf vmcJ-h uavonf? rEœav;Y psmyerusi;f yrD w&uftvdw k iG yf if &efuek &f dS a'gufwmbarmf}uD; rª;aom !Gea‹f ygif;tpd;k &tzGŒJ onf atmufvw $ af wmf (House of Representatives) Y OD;ykESihfOD;apmwd. k‹ t,Hkt-unfr&Sdtqdkudk ±+H;edrfhoGm;cJhonf? qif;&Jom;0HomEk (Nationalist Proletarian) ygwD.acgif;aqmifESihf q&m pH*VKefoyl ek rf sm;udk yxrqH;k xif&mS ;pGm tumtuG,af y;cJo h l a'gufwmbarmfonf jrefrmEdkifiH. (91) XmetkyfcsKyfa&;acwfY yxrqHk; eef;&if;0eftjzpf 1937 ckESpf/ {_yDv (1) &ufae‹wGif usrf;opPmusdefqdkcJh&avonf? odk‹aomf aemuf (2) ESpft -umwGif olvnf; ausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHka-umihf EkwfxGufay;cJh&avonf? xkd tcg om,m0wDrS 0g&ihf (*sDpDbDat) tzGJŒ0ifa[mif;wOD;jzpfol OD;yku a'gufwm barmfae&mudk qufcHcJhonf? OD;yk&mxl;vufcHcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtygt0if wurBmvH;k Y 'kuo Q u k w Q ‹kdjzihf yifv,fa0ae_y;D taemufbufwiG o f mru ta&SŒbuf

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t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

wGifyg zufqpfESihf emZDrsm; wefcdk;tm%m }uD;xGm;pðyvmcsdefjzpfonf? 'kw, d urBmppf jyuQ'ed rf sm;t&æpufwifbmv (1) &ufae‹wiG f [pfwvm u ydkvefudk usL;ausmf0ifa&mufonf? xdka‹ emuf ESpf&uf-um_yD;aemuf _AdwdefESihf jyifopfwu ‹kd *smreDtay: ppfa-unmvdu k o f nf? 'kw, d urBmppfum; jzpfymG ;cJah v _yD? ,if;odk‹ jzpfyGm;vdkufjcif;onf vGwfvyfa&;udk qmavmifrGwfodyfaeaom jref rmjynftwGufum; }uD;rm;aom tcsKd;tauGŒ/ tvSnfhtajymif;}uD;jzpfavonf? xkdtcsdefwGif OD;ykonf &efukefòrd&› Sd atmufv$wfawmfY _AdwdefEkdifiHtm; jrefrmEdkifiH u axmufcHtm;ay;oihfa-umif; xI axmufcHtqdkðyavonf? ajcmufv-um _yD;aemuf atmufv$wfawmfu qHk;jzwfcsufw&yfudk csrSwfcJhonf? ,if;qHk;jzwf csufrSm _Adwdef. ppfr+a&;&mrsm;udk tultnDtaxmuftyHhay;a&;onf udkvdkeD tkyfpdk;olrsm;u jrefrmEkdifiHtm; "eo[m, twGif; ‘'dkrDeD,ef’ tqihftwef;ay; rnfh uwday:wGif rlwnfaeonf[k awmif;qdv k u dk o f nf? od&‹k mwGif OD;yku vlóuduf rsm;aom awmif;qdkcsufudk at;wdat;pufwHk‹ jyefcJhjcif;onf 1940 ckESpf/ puf wifbmvwGif olu ‹ kd usqHk;cef;odk‹ a&mufoGm;apayawmhonf? xdkppfóudacwfumv vydkif;r#twGif; ‘wdAk‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;’ESihf ‘ausmif;om; or*~’rsm;onf awmif;qdkr+rsm; ydkrdkðyvkyfvm-uonf? olwdk‹u udkvdkeDtm%m ydkifrsm;. zdESdyfr+enf;vrf;tm;vHk;udk &yfwef‹&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? ‚if;tjyif ,ckwnf&adS eqJjzpfaom v$waf wmftrwf wpdww f ydik ;f tm; jynfou l a&G;cs,_f y;D / usefv$wfawmftrwfwpdwfwydkif;tm; bk&ifcHESihf tpdk;&u wkduf±kdufceft ‹ yfonfh Oya'ðyzGJŒpnf;yHktpm; tm;vHk;wajy;nDrJay;a&G;cs,f-u&onfh wkdif;jynfðy v$wf awmfudk pwifjcif;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDudk jynfhjynfh00 csufcsif;taumiftxnfazmfay; &efvnf; olwdku ‹ awmif;qdkvdkuf-uonf? xdktcsdefY OD;yk. tpdk;&tzGJŒwGif opf awma&;&m0ef}uD;tjzpf aqmif&u G cf ahJ om OD;apmonf olu, kd w f ikd f eef;&if;0ef t opfjzpfvmaomtcg tkyfpktrsKd;rsKd;-um;wGif&Sdaeaom 0da&m"donf ydkrdkqdk;qdk; &Gm;&Gm;jzpfvmavonf? OD;apm. tm%mt&Sed jf rihw f ufvmjcif;onf ol.&nfreS ;f csu}f uD;rm;_yD; vGepf mG ^m%frsm;aom ud, k yf idk o f ±kyo f uefukd xyf[yfvsu&f o dS nf? olonf 1936 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJtwGif;u tm%mrJh EdkifiHa&; tzGJŒ tpnf;rsm;tm; r[mrdwfzGJŒ jcif;jzifh ol‹ae&mol tEdkif&cJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk‹aomf vnf; (3) ESpf-um_yD;aemuf OD;yktpdk;&tzGJŒwGif 0ifa&mufyl;aygif;_yD; wzef OD;yk0ef }uD;csKyfjzpfvmcsdefwGifvnf; ol‹aysmhnHhr+rsm;a-umifh OD;yktm; vlóudufenf;vm_yD qdo k nfukd OD;apmoabmaygufvmavonf? xda‹k -umihf 1940 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f wGif

OD;yktm; t,Hkt-unfr&Sdtqdkudk wifoGif;cgeD;wGif OD;apmonf tpdk;&tzGJŒrS Ekwx f u G _f yD; OD;ykukd qefu ‹ sifqENraJ y;cJo h nf? Tod‹k jzifh tpd;k &tm%mcsdecf iG ! f mS udk apmif;oGm;ap_yD; OD;yktpd;k &tm; ðywfusoGm;apawmhonf? od&‹k mwGif eef;&if;0efjzpfvmaom OD;apmonf ‘aemufvmwJh armifyv k J 'kid ;f 0efxufu’J qdo k uJo h ‹kd twdu k t f cHrsm;udk pepfwuszEd ydS o f nfh tm%m&Siq f efaom rl0g'rsm;udk usiho f ;kH cJo h nf? Tod‹k olðyvkyyf idk cf iG &fh oGm;jcif;rSm xdt k csdeu f _Adwo d # tm%mykdifrsm;onf olwdk‹. udkvdkeDtpdk;&rsm;tm; (waoG;woHwrdef‹ ) tm%m tm;vH;k eD;yg;r# ay;tyfxm;onfh topfjy@mef;xm;vdu k af om ppftwGi;f Oya'w &yfjzpfonfh Defence of Burma Rules (jrefrmhpnf;rsOf;Oya'orsm;udk umuG,f onfOh ya') udk olu tcGiahf umif;,lcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? od‹k jzpfonft h avsmuf OD;apm onf wdkA‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;. v+yf&Sm;r+rSefor# w&m;r0ifa-umif; a-unmvdkuf_yD; xif&Sm;aom ociftrsm;tjym;tygt0if ol. EkdifiHa&;òydifbuftm;vHk;eD;yg;udk zrf;qD;_yD; wdkif;jynfqlylatmif v+HŒaqmfr+jzifh w&m;pGJqdkcJhonf? ,if;wdk‹xJwGif *syefESihf tquftoG,f&Sdonf[k oHo,t0ifcH&aom a'gufwmbarmfESihf a'gufwm odr;f armifwt ‹kd jyif ocifE/k ocifp;kd ESifh ocifApdew f v ‹kd nf; yg0ifavonf? xkd‹ jyif atmufajctqifhrsm;wGif olu ‹ dk vlóudufrsm;aprnfh tajccHvkyfief;&yfrsm; csrSwf&ef &nf&G,f_yD; wcsdefwnf;wGif jrefrmjynftESo H‹ dk‹ OD;apmonf c&D;xGufcJh_yD; olt ‹ m; axmufcaH -umif; jyoolreS o f r#tm; pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekid if aH &;wdE‹k iS fh ywfoufaom tcGihfta&;t&yf&yftjyif tpdk;&tr+xrf;jzpfygv#ifvnf; &mxl;rsm;jzifh &uf&uf a&ma&m qkcsvdkufavonf? bk&ifcH qmtmcsDabm aumhcf&def; (Sir Archibald Cochrane) 1941 ckESpf wGif jyefomG ;_y;D ola‹ e&mudk qm&Jv*f seD ,fa':refprpf (Sir Reginal Dorman-Smith) u qufcHaomtcg OD;apmESihf tqihfjrihf _Adwdo#tm%mydkifwdk‹ qufEG,fr+rSm ydkrdk cdkifrmoGm;avonf? qm&Jvf*sDe,frSm touf (42) ESpfom &Sdao;_yD; OD;apmxuf wESpfcef‹om }uD;avonf? r-umjrihfrD olwdk‹ESpfOD;onf wu,fh rdwf&if;aqG&if; f iG f usif;y&rnfjzpfaom taxG rsm;jzpfomG ;-uavonf? 11 xka‹d -umifh 1941 ckEpS w axGa&G;aumufyGJudk a&$Œqdkif;vdkufjcif;jzihf qm&Jvf*sDe,fu ol. vkyfydkifcGihft& OD;apm. oufwrf;udk aemufxyf (5) ESpf oufwrf;wcko‹kd wd;k ay;vdu k af vonf? xkd‹aemuf OD;apmudk ‘qm0ifpwefcsmcsD’ (Sir Winston Churchill) tjyif tjcm; _Adwo d #acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awGŒqakH qG;aEG;&eftwGuf vef'efo‹kd zdwaf c:vdu k af v onf? OD;apm. &nf&, G cf sufrmS 'kw, d urBmppfwiG f _Adwo d #wd‹k atmifycJG _H yD;aemuf

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t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

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OD;wifxÉG o f nf udr;f A&pfwuUov dk Yf ynmqnf;yl;cJ_h y;D &efuek w f uUov dk . f 'k=t"dywdEiS hf *k%o f a&jrifrh m;vSaom tdE, dN yËdnmOfcþH 0efxrf;wOD;vnf; jzpfay onf? eef;&if;0eftaejzifh ,cifu Oa&myok‹d ra&mufz;l acs? Oa&mywwku d v f ;Hk um; ppfrD;awmufavmifvsuf&Sdonf? olwkd‹ESpfOD;vkH; atmufwkdbmv (10) &ufwGif t*Fvefokd‹ acsmacsmarmarmqkdufa&mufoGm;-uonf? (18) &ufae‹wGif qm0if pwefcsmcsu D 0ef}uD;csKyftrd af wmfwiG f ae‹v,fpmpm;yGjJ zifh wnfcif;{nfch &H ef OD;apm ukd zdwf-um;cJhonf? jrefrmeef;&if;0eftaejzifh Tyk*~dKvf}uD;tm; rdrdvkdvm;csuf buf ,dr;f ,kid v f map&ef pnf;±k;H odr;f oGi;f Ekid pf rG ;f r&Scd ahJ cs? 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f u ppf±;H+ vkqq J t J ajctaerS aemufq;Hk atmifyq JG ifonftxd _Aw d o d #vrl sK;d rsm;omru taemufwkdif; 'Drkdua&pDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh zGJŒxm;aom r[mrdwftiftm;pk}uD; twGi;f wGiyf g r,dr;f r,dik af usmufpmwkid u f o hJ ‹dk acgif;aqmifra+ y;Ekid cf o hJ nft h wGuf csD;usL;axmyem«yjcif;cH&aom 0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh ppfyGJqifE$Ja&;vkyfief;rsm;u om olu ‹ dk ywfvnf0idk ;f vsu&f o dS nf? _Aw d o d #tifyidk , f m ukv d edk eD ,frsm;ukd vGwv f yf a&;ay;&ef qefu ‹ siaf om ol&‹ yfwnfcsuu f v dk nf; trsm;uod_yD;jzpfonf? ok‹d jzpfI

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Ekd0ifbmvukefykdif;wGif olonf t*FvefrS jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;onf[kqkd onf? ar#mfvifch sufuif;rJv h suf pdwpf Ek;d paemifh jzpfaeaom OD;apmonf tjyefc&D; ukd tar&duefEkdifiHbufrS jzwfjyef_yD; orRw z&efuvif/ 'D/ ±l;pAJh (vf) (Franklin d #ukv d edk eD ,fwck D. Roosevelt) ukd 0ifawGŒonf? tar&dueforRwtaejzihf _Adwo . ta&;t&mrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef vufwGef‹aeonfukd awGŒcJh&onf? aemufq;Hk c&D;pOftjzpf olwE‹dk pS Of ;D ypdzw d u f jdk zwfI ava-umif;jzifh jrefrmEkid if b H uf OD;wnfjyefvmcJo h nf? tar&duefEidk if rH S rxGucf mG rD OD;apmonf *syef&dS jrefrmynm awmfoifrsm;. tajctaersm;ukd pkpH rf;&ef &nf&, G cf sufjyI *syefaumifppf0efudk d af & oGm;a&mufawGŒqcHk o hJ nf? ykvq J yd u f rf; (Pearl Harbour) &Sd tar&duef ypdzw wyfukd *syefav,mOfwifoabFmrS av,mOfrsm;ESifh a&ikyfoabFmrsm;u vkH;0eD; yg;eD;eD; wkdufckdufzsufqD;_yD;onfh aemufw&uf 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae‹wGif olwkd‹ pD;vmaom av,mOfu [m0kdif,D&Sd [kdEkdvlvlokd‹ qkdufa&mufoGm;jcif;rSm xl;xl; jcm;jcm;wku d q f idk rf w + &yfjzpfacsonf? ok‹d jzpfI olwa‹dk v,mOfonf aemufa-umif; jyefvSnfhcJh&onf? tar&duefEkdifiHESifh twWvefwdwfyifv,fukdjzwf_yD; ta&SŒbuf ysHoef;vm&if; ay:wl*D vpfpbGef-rdY› olwkd‹ -uef‹ -umaecJhjyefonf? OD;apmu tcGifh aumif;,l_yD; xkdae&mY *syefaumifppf0efukd awGŒ jyefonf? olz‹ mom wOD;wnf; oGm;a&mufcjhJ cif;jzpfaomfvnf; olwa‹dk jymqko d r#udk wku d sKo d ‹dk pum;0Sujf zifh owif; ay;yk‹d jcif;cH&onf? _Adwo d #axmufvS r;f a&;u ,if;owif;ay;ykc‹d sufudk -um;jzwf zrf;,l_yD; pum;0Sufrsm;ukd azmfxkwfcJhonf? owif;ay;ykd‹csuf. tusOf;csKyfrSm *syefu jrefrmEkid if u H dk usL;ausm0f ifa&mufv#if jrefrmwku ‹d _Aw d o d #udk xºuGyek u f ef aumif;ykefuefvdrhfrnf? xkdtcsdefwGif olt ‹ aejzifh *syefukd wwfEkdifor# tultnD ay;rnf[lIjzpfonf? _Adwdo# EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;u olwkd‹ESpfOD;ukd zrf;&efqkH; jzwfvu dk _f y;D [kid zf m-rdo › ‹dk av,mOfqif;onfEiS hf zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f vku d o f nf? OD;apm ESifh OD;wifxGÉfukd ,l*ef'gjynfokd‹ykd‹vkduf_yD; OD;apmtaejzifh ppftwGif;umv wav#mufvkH; txdef;todrf;cHxm;&onf?

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

OD;wifxÉG u f rdk l jyefvw $ af y;cJ_h y;D 1945 ck arvwGif jrefrmEkid if rH S qkwcf mG vsuf tdENd,EkdifiH qif;rvm;-rd›Y zGJŒpnf;aom qma':refprpf. ppfajy;tpkd;&tzGJŒukd oGm;a&mufy;l aygif;aponf?

ODapmonf 'drk eD , D eftqifu h kd awmif;qd&k ef vef'efo‹kd wcrf;wem; xGucf mG roGm;rD vtenf;i,fcefu ‹ yifv#if eef;&if;0ef OD;apm rod&&dS ao;aom ocifatmif qef;onf olEiS fh pdwo f abmxm;wlno D nfh ppfaoG;ppfrmef pdwx f ufoefonfh rsKd; cspfvli,fyk*~dKvfrsm;ESihftwl *syefjynfodk‹ oabFmjzifh xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? xkd tcsdefu olwdk‹taejzifh udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;ESihf aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh ar#mfvifh csurf sm; jynf0h oGm;vdrrhf nf[k r,H-k unf-uawmh? rsK;d cspv f il ,f rsK;d qufopftae jzihf 'dkrDeD,eftqifh tygt0if _Adwdo#bk&ifhtifyg,mESihf qufoG,fv+yf&Sm;/ EkdifiH udk xlaxmifomG ;&rnft h vkyrf sK;d udk rvdv k m;awmhbJ vH;k 0vGwv f yfa&;udk wdu k cf u kd f &,l&ef qH;k jzwfc-hJ uonf? vufeufuikd x f ºuGa&;enf;vrf;jzifo h mv#if olw&‹kd nf rSe;f csuf txajrmufEikd rf nf[k olw, ‹dk -kH unfc-hJ uonf? xkdtcsdefu udkatmifqef;onf touf (20) ausmfausmfom &Sdao;onf? odka‹ omfvnf; EkdifiHa&;0gtm;jzifh &ifhusufaeav_yD? wdkA‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;. taxG axGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJh_yD; a'gufwmbarmfOuU@tjzpf aqmif&Guf onfh us,fjyef‹aom r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk}uD;jzpfonfh xGuf&yf*kd%f; (Freedom ‹ nf tultnD&,l Bloc) udk pwifwnfaxmifcJholwOD;vnf;jzpfayonf? olwdko a&;twGuf taemufxuf ta&SŒudk ar#mf-unfh-uonf? 1940 ckESpfqef;wGif wkA‹d rmtpnf;t±k;H ok‹d tdE, dN trsK;d om;uGe*f &ufygwD &rf;*g(&f) (Ramgarh) nDvm cHo‹dk uk, d pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ vma&mufavhvm&ef zdw-f um;pm vufc&H &Syd gonf? xku d hJ ok‹d zdw-f um;jcif;ukd 0rf;omtm;&pGmvufc_H yD; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rª; ocifatmif qef; acgif;aqmifvsuf ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifA[def;ESifh tjcm;toif;0ifrsm; yg0ifonfh uk, d pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ onf rwfvwGif tdE, dN jynfo‹dk ‚if;tpnf;ta0;wuf a&muf&ef oGm;-uygonf? xkduGef*&ufnDvmcHwGif -unf!kdav;pm;tyfaom r[wWr*E<DESifh wjcm;ausmf-um;aom uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;jzpfonfh y¾pf*s0g[mvm(vf) ae±l;/ qlb(pf)cse'f &m bk(d pf) pojzifh awGŒ ¯uHpum;ajymcGi&hf -uygonf? y¾pfae±l;qkv d #if ocifatmifqef;onf ausmif;om;b0upI cs;D rGr;f ESpfoufcJholjzpf_yD; xkdyk*~dKvf}uD; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;cJhor# pmayrsm;ukd pdwt f m;xufoefpmG zwf-um;avhvmrSwo f m;cJo h nf? 1936 ckEpS w f iG f ukad tmifqef; onf ArmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~OuU@ wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&csdefwGif

pdwyf idk ;f jzwfum tquftoG,yf ifr&Scd ahJ om rpPwmae±l;tm; jynfv;Hk u|wf rEœav; ausmif;om;nDvmcHudk 1937 ckEpS w f iG f pDpOf&mwGif wufa&mufcs;D jri‡ &hf ef owW&d pdS mG zdwf-um;vkdufonf? y¾pfae±l;uvnf; jrefrmausmif;om;acgif;aqmif atmif qef;qkdol. *k%foduQmta-umif;rsm;ukd -um;od_yD;jzpfojzifh zdwf-um;jcif;ukd vufcH_yD; olukd,fwkdif nDvmcHwufcJhonf? ae±l;vma&mufjcif;jzifh trsKd;om; ta&;tm; txl;jrifhwufapcJhonf? acgif;aqmif csef'&m bkd(pf) 0g't& wjcm; wbufrS t-urf;zufru l , dk -Hk unfojl zpf_y;D jrefrmjynftm; vlprd ;f wa,mufr[kwf awmhyg? jypfr+Oya' yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+jzifh w&m;pGJqkdcH&vsuf olESifh awmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmif (16) a,mufwkd‹tm; rEœav;axmifwGif 1924 ckrS 1927 ckESpftxd tusOf;csjcif;cH-u&onf? y¾pfae±l;onf jrefrmvli,fukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; txl;{nfh0wfausyGef pGm -unfh±+xm;um nDvmcHt_yD;wGif olwko d‹ abmt& wjcm;ae&mrsm;ukdyg oGm; a&muf-unfh±+avhvmcsifonfhqEN &Sd-uygovm;[k ar;jref;&mwGif ocifatmif qef;uyif taemufajrmufa'oac: tuf(zf)*ef e,fpyfo‹dk oGm;a&mufvadk -umif; ukd arwWm&yfcHonf? xkdtcg c&D;pOfvkyfay;cJhonfrSm Ak'<*g,mrS t-rd›-rd›rsm;okd‹ 0ifa&muf-u_y;D a'vD-rda› wmfrw S qifh tdE, dN wku d if ,fujdk zwfausmu f m ywfv#m;0g; -rd/› ukid b f mawmif-um;uae bkaH b-rdr› S umvuwWm;-rdo › ‹dkjyef-u&ef pDpOfay;ygonf? taemufajrmufa'owGif ocifatmifqef;qENtwkid ;f xl;uJpmG “e,fpyf*E<”D bGŒJ& yxef=rlqvifacgif;aqmif}uD; cef/ tuf'l *gzm/ cef ESihf awGŒqaHk qG;aEG;cJ-h uonf? xkad cgif;aqmif}uD;onf a'otvku d f _Aw d o d #rsm;ukd awmfveS cf sio f nfph w d f jyif;xef pGm&Sad omfvnf; t-urf;rzufa&;oabmw&m; tjrif0g'ukd cH,x l m;oljzpfonf? oljrefrmjynfjyefa&mufvmaomtcgwGif udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;u ol‹udk zrf;0&rf;xkwx f m;a-umif;udk olo&d avonf? xka‹d -umihf olonf wdik ;f jynftwGi;f rS wdwfwqdwfxGufcGmoGm;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufI olESihf&if;EDS;aom rdwfaqGwOD;jzpf fh wl w±kwjf ynfo‹kd yxrxGuaf wmhrnfh w±kw=f ,d;k ',m; onfh ocifvòS rdif 12 ESit vdkif; [dkifvDoabFm (China-Siam Line, Hai Lee) ay:odk‹ &efukefqdyfurf;rS cdk; wufum vkdufygoGm;avonf? olt ‹ dwfuyfxJ&Sd ±lyD; (200) tjyif olw ‹ Gif pdwful; ,Oftdyfrufwckom ygoGm;avonf? ol‹taejzihf wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdu k cf u kd v f pdk w d &f _dS yD; tjcm;ppfvv kd m;aom ocifrsm;uvnf; ‘&Se[ f ikd ;f ’ odo ‹k mG ;_yD; ‘armf’ uGejf rLepfrsm;ESifh qufo, G rf &+ ,l&ef olu ‹ kd wdu k w f eG ;f cJ-h uonf? oda‹k omf ol‹ b0rSm tajctaet& tvsifpvdjk zpfvsuf&o dS nf? [oFmwc±kid f &J0efaxmufjzpf

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

ol aZ;AD;,m;qdo k u l atmifqef;udzk rf;rdv#if (5) ±ly;D csD;jr‡irhf nf[k vlo&d iS -f um; qkaiGxw k x f m;onf? od‹k jzpfI olEiS hf udv k òS rdiw f u ‹kd yxrqH;k awGŒonfh w±kwjf ynf odk‹ oGm;rnfhoabFmjzihf vkdufygoGm;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? olwdk‹onf olwdk‹udk,folwdk‹ oabFmuke;f ywfay:rS vdu k yf gvmonfh w±kwcf &D;onf ‘wefvt l if&eS ;f ’ ESifh ‘wefqk awmif’ wdt ‹k jzpf ±kyzf sufc-hJ uonf? xdak e‹&ufum; 1940 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (8) &ufjzpfonf? oabFm OD;wnfcw k f armif;aeonfum; trGdKifòrd›odk‹ jzpfonf? ‘trGdKif’ òrd›onf w±kwfurf;±kd;wef;&Sd òrdw › òrdj› zpf_yD; *syefwu ‹kd odr;f ydu k x f m;um ,cktcg ‘ZD&mrif;’ [k ac:ae-uav_yD? 1940 ckESpf ESpfv,favmufwGif rDemrDrql,kd 13 emrnfcHvsuf &efukefokd‹a&muf &Sdvmaom Adkvfrª;}uD; uif*sDqlZluD;ukd ArmhxGuf&yf*kd%f;rS a'gufwmbarmf. a&mif;&if;wOD;jzpfol a'gufwmodrf;armifu (6) ywfcef‹t-umwGif oGm;a&muf awGŒqcHk o hJ nf? trGKd ifwiG f aomifwifaeaom jrefrmrsKd;cspfvil ,f (2) OD;ukd *syefo‹dk oGm;Ekdifa&;twGuf pDpOfay;yg&ef olu qlZluD;ukd tqkd«ycJhonf? Adkvfrª;}uD;u csucf si;f yifoabmwlvu dk _f y;D a'gufwmodr;f armifu vli,f (2) OD;. "mwfyrHk sm;ESihf rdwfqufpmwapmifukd olu ‹ kday;vkdufonf? qlZluD;onf ol.vufaxmufwOD; jzpfol ql*sDtDrufql,lESifhtwl *syefokd‹ r-umrDyif jyefoGm;cJhonf? tjcm;vuf axmufwOD;jzpfol rpfZw l meDteD mtku d rdk l &efuek w f iG x f m;&pfco hJ nf? wkid af ywGif c&D;waxmufem;pOf azmfrq dk m (wkid 0f rf) &Sd *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmf rS tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdwOD;ukd Adkvfrª;}uD;u jrefrmESpfa,muf pwif&SmazG&efESifh wkdusKdwGif olx ‹ Hokd‹ apmifh-uyfac:aqmifvm&ef rSm-um;cJhonf? trGKd ifwiG f ocifatmifqef;ESihf ocifv-S rdiw f ‹dk ta&SŒajrmuf{&d,m&Sd uGejf rL epfykdife,fajr ukef;wGif;ykdif;okd‹ c&D;oGm;vmEkdif&ef tultnDay;Ekdifrnfh wOD; wa,mufudk tquftoG,&f a&;twGuf (3) veD;yg;cef‹ &SmazGaomfvnf; tcsn;f tESD;omjzpfaeonf? olwkd‹rSm aiGa-u;vnf;ukef ar#mfvifhcsufvnf; cef;ajcmuf vsu&f o dS nf? xkt d csed w f iG f uifaywkid rf S Adv k rf ;ª uef'gu ulvefqu l |e;f rS Ekid if w H um d‹ kd ajc&mcHrdoGm;onf? olwkd‹ ykdifpcef;wGif;&Sd wnf;ckdcef;av; (Inn) wckwGif olwku rSm tHt h m;woifh jzpfonfEiS t hf r# a'gufwmodr;f armif.pmukd zwf&onfEiS hf pdwf vufayghyg;oGm;-uonf? *syefokd‹ qufvufoGm;&efom taumif;qkH;[lIvnf; awG;awmrdcJh-uonf? olwkd‹onf *syef=zdvpfykdif ujym;rsm;tjzpf tkdrkd'grGef*sD ESihf tDw'dk gwDtcD sD 14 [laom emrnfrsm;jzifh taxmuftxm;pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;ukid f aqmifum Ekd0ifbmv (8) &ufae‹wGif zlultkdtmavqdyfokd‹ qif;oufcJh-uonf?

wku d sKda&mufonfEiS hf Adv k rf ;ª }uD; qlZu l ;D u olwu ‹dk dk avqdyw f iG f vma&muf ¯udqcdk o hJ nf? jrefrmhta&;twGuf bk&ifw h yfrawmfO;D pD;XmecsKyfrsm;u pdwrf ygw yg jzpfaeonfhtwGuf qlZluD;u olt ‹ dwfrS aiGpkdufxkwfI olwkdu ‹ kd -unfh±+xm;& 15 onf? rsm;r-umrD Armvrf;r}uD; (Burma Road) jyefvnfzGifhvSpfvkdufjcif;u olwkd. ‹ pdwfyg0ifpm;r+ukd jyefvnfEkd;xapcJhonf? -unf;wyfESifh a&wyfXmecsKyf ppfOD;pD;rª;rsm;u v#Kd‹0SuftzGJŒwzGJŒ zGJŒpnf;a&;tpDtpOfukd yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifvm _yD; aemufq;Hk Y 1941 ckEpS f azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae‹wiG f rDemrDuu D eftzGŒJ jzpfay: vmcJo h nf? rDemrDuDuefukd Adkvfrª;}uD; uif*sDqlZluD;u OD;aqmif_yD; *syef-unf;wyf a&wyft&m&Srd sm;tjyif t&yfom;rsm;jzifh ±k;H zGŒJ pnf;xm;onf? jrefrmok;H OD;jzpfonfh atmifqef;/ vS-rdifESifh ukdaqmif; 16 (‘uD&D,l’ pufr+txufwef;ausmif;wGif wufa&mufynmoif-um;aeol) wku ‹d dk *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmf. ppfO;D pD;XmecsKyfrsm; . wku d ±f u dk u f yG u f rJ a+ tmufwiG f xm;&Sv d u dk o f nf? uDueftaejzifh tqifh (3) qifh yg0ifaom azazmf0g&Dv pDrHudef;jzifh ol‹ppfqifa&;vkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd csufcsif;yif pwifcJhonf? yxrqkH;tm;jzifh jrefrmrsKd;cspf (30) OD;ukd [kdifeef (okrd‹ [kwf) azmfrkd qmwGif ppfoifwef;ay;&eftwGuf ac:xkw&f ef/ 'kw, d taejzifh oifwef;_yD;onf ESifh jrefrmjynfwGif;jyef0if_yD; _Adwdo#wkd‹ukd qef‹usifaom vufeufukdifxºuGr+ twGuf pnf;±kH;v+yf&Sm;um _Adwdo#wkdu ‹ kd armif;xkwf_yD; vGwfvyfa&;&,lEkdifa&; twGuf vufeufEiS ahf iGa-u; taxmuftyHah y;&ef/ wwd,taejzifh jrefrmrsKd;cspf rsm;ukd vufcEH idk af &;/ jynfwiG ;f jyef0ifEidk af &;ESihf befaumufraS e_yD; e,fpyfujdk zwf ausmfum vufeufrsm; o,faqmif_yD; _Adwo d #qefu ‹ sifa&;wyfzŒJG rsm;ukd axmufyhH Ekdifa&;twGuf ,kd;',m;=jrefrme,fpyf tcsuftcsmusaom ae&mrsm;wGif v#Kd0‹ u S t f ajccHpcef;rsm; wnfaqmufxm;&efw‹dk jzpfonf? yxrOD;qkH;aom ppfqifa&;trdef‹ukd vufcH&&Sdolrsm;rSm atmifqef;ESifh ‹f dk azazmf0g&Dv (14) &uf ql*sDtDrpfql,l (Sugii Mitsuru) wk‹d jzpfonf? ,if;trdeu ae‹pw JG yfxm;_yD; u0gqmuDqyd u f rf;rS aemufae‹xu G rf nfh 'gtDwo dk abFmyka‹d qmif d yf gI ykord /f &efuek o f o ‹dk mG ; a&;ukr% ` yD idk f “&Sew f if rm±l;” (Shunten Maru) jzifh vku &efjzpfonf? olwv ‹dk yk af qmif&rnfw h m0efrmS topfppk nf;xm;olrsm;ukd oabFmjzifh ckd;xkwf_yD; oifwef;&Sd&mae&mokd‹ ykd‹ay;&eftjyif axmufvS rf;a&;owif;opfrsm; pkaqmif; &efjzpfonf? olwkdu ‹ kd oabFmom; vufrSwfwkrsm; xkwfay;_yD; ql*sDrSm oabFm aiGpm&if;ukdifESifh tkdrkd'grGef*sDrSm pma&;jzpfoGm;onf? tkdrkd'gtaejzifh

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t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

±kyfzsuf0wfqifxm;&_yD; oGm;wkyg wyfqifxm;&onf? atmifqef;onf “&Sefwifrm±l;” ykodrfuyfonfESifh ukef;ay:okd‹ vGwfvGwf uif;uif; ta&mufwufoGm;EkdifcJhonf? trdajray: jyefeif;&onfhtwGuf ol‹rSm 0rf;omvsuf&Sd_yD; &efukef&Sd ocifjrxH owif;ay;ykd&‹ ef qufvufxGufcGmcJhonf? “&Sefwifrm±l;”u olu ‹ kefrsm;jzpfonfhqefukd xyfrHjznfhqnf;Iwif&ef &efukefokd‹ a&mufonft h csdew f iG f &Jabmf (4) OD;ukd a&G;cs,f_yD;jzpfonf? oka‹d omfvnf; atmif qef;ESifhtwl olwkd‹oabFmay:wufrnfhnwGif oabFmtv,f twuftqif; avSum;wGif ykvdyftapmifht-uyfrsm; wif;usyfpGmcsxm;onfhtwGuf ,if;rS wuf&ef rjzpfEkdifonfhtwGuf oabFmaemufykdif;wGif tcsufjya&ay:abmESifh csnx f m;aom oH¯ud;rS pGep‹f eG p‹f m;pm;wufc-hJ u&onf? Tyxr rsK;d cspt f okww f iG f 17 yg0ifolrsm;rSm ocifvSaz/ at;armif/ b*srf;ESifh ukdxGef;&Sdef wkd‹ jzpf-uonf? atmifqef;/ vS-rdifwkd‹ESifhtwl olwkd‹ukd wkdusKdrS azmfrkdqmpcef;okd‹ av,mOfjzifh ykda‹ y;cJh_yD; olwkd‹ jrefrm (6) OD;jzifh ppfoifwef;ukd pwifcJhonf? *syefoifwef;om; topftcsKdv ‹ nf; aemufykdif;wGif wufa&mufvmcJhonf? tvm;wl wm0efay;cH&olrSm tDemtkdrDZlwmeD (Inao Mitzutani) jzpf_yD; ol onf tkq d mumrS rwfv (25) &ufae‹wiG f &efuek o f ‹dk xGucf mG aom qefwifoabFm 'gtDwkdykd‹aqmifa&;ukr`%Duyif “ukdif±l;rm±l;” (Kairu Maru) oabFmjzifh vkdufyg oGm;cJh&onf? olonf &Sifrifemrnfjzifh oabFmaiGpm&if;ukdiftjzpf [efaqmif oGm;&onf? olonf vli,f (7) OD;ukd (3) OD;w}udrf/ (2) OD; ESpf}udrfwkdifwkdif tvnfxGufcGifh&_yD; jyefvmaom oabFmom;rsm;ESifh a&maESm_yD; oabFmay: ta&muf wifay;Ekid cf o hJ nf? wv-um_yD;aemuf oabFmaiGpm&if;ukid f ql*st D o D nf olwa,mufwnf; aemufxyf (3)OD;ukd “ukad q;tDrm±l;” (Kosai Maru) oabFmjzifh o,faqmifvmEkid cf jhJ yefonf? ZGev f wGif aemufq;Hk wacgufY &Sirf ifu xyfr_H y;D (11) OD;ukd “ukd±lrm±l;” (Koreyu Maru) oabFmjzifh xkwfvmEkdifcJhjyefonf? ‚if; (11) OD;wGif aemufqkH; (6) OD;rSm ocifApdef/ ocifxGef;tkyf tkyfpkrSjzpf_yD; ocifxGef; tkyfukd,fwkdif acgif;aqmifxm;onf? ocifxGef;tkyfESifhtwl ygvmolrSm tjcm;ol r[kwf aemufykdif; Adkvfae0if;jzpfvmrnfh ocif±+armifjzpfonf? rpfqlwmeD (c) oabFmaiGpm&if;ukid f &Sirf ifonf rsKd;cspf&aJ bmf (27) OD;teuf (18) OD;ukd yifv,f jzwfI o,faqmifvmEkdifcJholjzpfonf? ,dk;',m;=jrefrme,fpyfrS jzwfausmfvm ol ocifatmifoef;ESifh ocifoef;wifwkd‹tjyif ukdaqmif;ukdyg xyfaqmif;vkduf aomtcg emrnfausmf “&Jabmfo;Hk usdy”f t_yD;owfjzpfay:vmcJo h nf?

ociftkyfpk (2) ckt-um; r-umrDyif rausvnfr+rsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf? 18 “ukd±lrm±l;” oabFmjzifh &efukefrStxGuf pifumyloGm;onfh c&D;pOfwGifyif ocif xGe;f tky. f oabmxm;a-umifh jzpfymG ;onfh rausvnfrr+ mS tapmqk;H jzpfonf? tjcm;xif&mS ;onfw h ckrmS Adv k af usmaf Zmajymjycsujf zpf_y;D bmwD;vfvifem. a'grmef[ek w f iG f uk;d um;xm;csufjzpfonf? ‘udkatmifqef;ESifh udkae0if;wdk‹ ‘[kdifeef’wGif r-umc% tcsif;rsm;-uonf? udkatmifqef;onf vl±dk;vlajzmifh ajAmiform;jzpfI udkae0if;u tvGef^m%frsm; vsuf wGufcsuf_yD;rS vkyfwwfonf? odka‹ omfvnf; udkatmifqef; t"du róuduf onfu udak e0if;. tusiphf ±du k f raumif;r+jzpfonf? olonf avmif;upm;orm; jzpfonfhtjyif rdef;rvnf; tvGef±+yfayGonf? xkad‹ -umihf tusifhpm&dwW aumif;rGef r+udk txl;tav;xm;aom udkatmifqef;ESihf usefaom u|efawmfwdk‹ &Jabmfrsm; uvnf; ,if;tcsufudk rESpfòrd-› ujcif;jzpfonf? odka‹ omf tem*wfudk ar#mfawG;I pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf u|efawmfwdk‹ wwfEdkifoavmuf tnDt!GwfaecJh-u ygonf?’ xdkrSwyg; atmufyg ‘bmwD;vfvihfwfem’ a&;om;csufudkvnf; owdrloihf ayonf? ‘&efukefwGif udkatmifqef;onf oabFmrSm;pD;rdcJhjcif;oufoufa-umihf *syefESihf qufoG,fvdkuf&jcif;um; r[kwfacs? *syefwdk‹. v#KdŒ0Sufvkyfief;rsm;udk olwdk‹. olv#Kdrsm;u &efukefESihf tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif vkyfaqmifvsuf&SdcJhonf?

1930 ckESpfrsm;avmufuyif ‘±+dZdk=udkulbl’ (Shozo Kokubu) [k ac:aom *syef a&wyft&m&Sdwa,mufonf ocifApdefšocifxGef;tkyf tkyfpkESifh qufoG,fr+& cJhonf? xkd‹ jyif &efukef&Sd *syefolv#KdwOD;jzpfaom a'gufwm ‘qlumpm qlZluD;’ pDpOfay;cJo h nft h wGuf tjcm;rsKd;cspfy*k Kd~ vfwOD;jzpfonfh a'gufwmodr;f armifonf vnf; 1940 ckEpS w f iG f wdu k sKdo‹kd tvnfc&D;oGm;cJzh ;l onf? udak tmifqef;tygt0if ocifudk,fawmfrd+if;. aemufvdkufrsm;rSm *syefrsm;tay:Y ta-umif;a-umif;udk axmufqI oHo,&S-d uonf? wenf;tm;jzifv h nf; ratmifjrifaom w±kwjf ynf c&D;pOfonf jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;v+yf&Sm;r+twGuf tultnD&rnfh ae&mudk óud;pm;&Sm}uHjcif;w&yf[k jrif&ayrnf? odka‹ omf ,if;óud;yrf;r+ ratmif rjrifjzpfomG ;onft h cg jrefrmvli,frsKd;cspfrsm;twGuf (olwv ‹kd ckd sifonfh vGwv f yf a&;udk E+wu f wday;aeonf)h *syefomv#if a&G;cs,fp&m &So d mG ;ayawmhonf?’ *syefwt ‹kd aejzihf Ttcsufukd aumif;pGmoabmaygufxm;-uonf? od‹k jzpf

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t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

I olwdk‹onf olwdk‹. ppfoifwef;tpDtpOfwGif ‘0if±kd;wef;’ vdkvm;aom vusfm tpGe;f a&muf0g'D ocifApdešf ocifxeG ;f tkyf tkypf u k kd xnfo h iG ;f I vuf0o J rm;rsm; tm; xdef;xm;&ef qHk;jzwfcJh-ujcif;jzpfonf? xkd‹a-umihfvnf; wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk; udk pwifwnfaxmifcJh&mY yg0ifcJhol wOD;jzpfaom ocifApdefonf ocifxGef;tkyf G cf o hJ nf? 0g&ifEh idk if aH &;orm; ESit fh wl 1938 19 ckEpS cf efr‹ pS I *syefukd pwifqufo, rsm;xJrS Ekid if jH cm;om;rdwaf qGrsm;þcsOf;uyfrw d zf ŒJG orl sm;rSm ocifApdeEf iS hf ocifxeG ;f tkyfwkdu ‹ þpcJh-uonfr[kwf? OD;apmomv#if yxrjzpfygonf? olonf owif;pm q&mwOD;taejzifh uk, d pf m;«yum *syefEidk if o H ‹dk 1935 ckEpS w f iG f tvnfomG ;cJo h nf? olonf xkcd &D;rStjyefwiG f &efuek -f rdw › iG f owif;pm}uD;wapmifjzpfaom “ol&, d ” owif;pm. t"du tpkydkif&Sifjzpfvmjcif;rSm wkdufqkdifr+w&yfjzpfykH&onf? olu vlra+ ygif;oif;qufqaH &;taejzifh *syefot H &m&Srd sm;ESihf tvnftywfvmolrsm;ukd azsmaf jz{nfch cH o hJ nf? ,if;oka‹d om {nfch yH rJG sm;ukd *syefEidk if t H a-umif; aqmif;yg;rsm; tm; rSerf eS yf EHk ydS af zmfjyavh&adS om olo ‹ wif;pmwGif tjynft h pko H wif;tjzpf a&;om; azmfjycJo h nf? aemufrS ay:aygufvmaom b0. oa&mfuu G w f &yfrmS *syefwE‹dk iS hf txufyg twkid ;f qufo, G cf o hJ nfh ocifApdet f m; *syefwu ‹dk yif t}uHay;r+a-umifh 1942 ckEpS f atmufwb dk mvwGif e,fpyfuae_yD; ,k;d ',m;Ekid if b H ufo‹dk jzwfu;l &ef ¯ud;pm;&m zrf;qD;cH&_yD; tusOf;cscH&jcif; jzpfayonf? rnfodk‹yifjzpfap ocifxGef;tkyfwdk‹ aemufqHk;tokwf a&muf&Sdvm_yD;onfh aemufwGifum; udkatmifqef;wdk‹ t&if *syefodka‹ &mufESihfaeaom udkaqmif;tyg t0if pkpkaygif; rsKd;cspfvli,f (30) OD;&SdoGm;av_yD? odk‹ jzpfI olwdku ‹ dk jrefrmhordkif; wGif ‘&Jabmfo;kH usyd ’f [k ac:a0:cJah vonf? olw. ‹kd *syefwyfr;ª rSm Akv d rf ;ª }uD; ‘au tD*sD=qlZluD;’ jzpfonf? olonf udkatmifqef;ESihf udkvSòrdifudk ‘trGdKif’ wGif zrf; qD;cJhol t&m&Sdjzpfavonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if ocifudk,fawmfrd+if;tkyfpk. wck wnf;aom &nfreS ;f csufyef;wkid rf mS jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;jzpfaomfvnf; Adv k rf ;ª }uD; qlZluD;ESihf *syefaxmufvS rf;a&;wdk‹ tzd&k‹ mYum; tjcm;&nfrSef;csufrsm; &Sif; &Sif;vif;vif;&Sdaeav_yD? 1938 ckEpS w f iG f *syefwo ‹kd nf w±kwjf ynf ajrmufyikd ;f ESihf ta&Sy› ikd ;f wdu ‹k kd usL; ausmf0ifa&mufcJhonf? od&k‹ mwGif *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmf. w±kwfjynftwGif;ydkif; ESihf aemufqHk;wGif tdENd,jynftxd xdk;azmufrnfh taemufbufcsD ppfqifa&; r[mAsL[mudk csefau&SdwfOD;aqmifaom (w±kwfjzL) ulrifweftpdk;&u tpGrf;

ukefqefu ‹ sifwGef;vSefae&m ,if;udk r[mrdwfu ulnDyHhydk;vsuf&Sdonf? xdktcsdef Y armfpDwkef;wdk‹. w±kwfeDuGefjrLepfrsm;vnf; tjyif;txef awmfvSefaejcif; a-umifh csefau&Sdwf ulrifwefwyfrsm; ajcukyfpcef;wckjzpfaom w±kwfjynf taemufawmifbufjynfe,fwckjzpfonfh ‘,leef’ od‹k r[mrdww f . ‹kd ppfypPn;f wef aygif;rsm;pGmudk tusOf;tusyfrsm;-um;rS ay;ydk‹ae&onf? &efukefqdyfurf;rS jrefrmjynftv,fyikd ;f tylyikd ;f uEœm&udk jzwfausmfvsuf &S r;f awmifwef;rsm;txd/ xkrd q S ufvufI ,leefjynfe,fo‹kd 0ifa&mufaom jrefrmvrf;r}uD; (Burma Road) onf xdktcsdefu vGefpGm ta&;}uD;_yD; *syefppfOD;udk wm;qD;Ekdifa&;twGuf wck wnf;aom axmufyahH &;vrf;a-umif;jzpfonf? xka‹d -umifh *syefwt ‹kd aejzihf jrefrm jynfudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf_yD; ,if;qufoG,fa&;vrf;a-umif;udk jzwfawmufvdk onf? xdkodðk‹ yvkyfEkdif&eftwGuf olwdk‹ ppfqifa&; atmifjrifacsmarmapjcif; tvdk‹ iSm ±kyjf yaumif;aom jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om; wdu k cf u kd af &;wyfwwyf tckid t f rm&S&d ef *syefwdk‹u vdktyfaecJhonf? TaxmufvS rf;a&;tpDtpOfudk ‘rDemrDuDuef’ (Minami Kikan) [k v#KdŒ0Sufemrnfay;xm;cJhonf? odk‹ jzihf *syefa&muf jrefrm vli,frsm;rSm TtpDtpOf. t"dutoufaoG;a-um}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf? odk‹ jzpfonfhtwdkif; 'DZifbmvwGif &JabmfoHk;usdyfrS (28) a,mufudk bef aumufodk‹ a&$Œajymif;vdkufonf? ukdaqmif; (okdr‹ [kwf) Adkvfxdef0if;ukd ,kd;',m; Ekid if &H dS *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmf. 0g'jzefc‹ sda&;Xmeok‹d wm0efcsxm;cJo h nf? ‘[kid ef ef’ wGif tpysKd; ppfa&;avhusifrr+ sm; ðyvky_f yD;aemuf ppfoifwef;udk ‘azmfrq kd mu|ef;’ od‹k a&$Œajymif;cJ&h m jrefrmvli,fwOD;jzpfonfh ocifoef;wifonf ,if;ae&mY iSuf zsm;a&m*gjzifh uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? xkd‹aemuf 'DZifbmv (26) &ufae‹wGif bef aumufY ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (Burma Independence Army) udk w&m; 0ifzŒJG pnf;vdu k af vonf? Tta-umif;ESiyfh wfoufI ocifvaS z (Adv k v f usfm) u aemufyikd ;f wGif Tod‹k jyefvnfajymjycJo h nf? “tJ'aD e‹u orm;awmf}uD; OD;vGe;f aztdrrf mS vlawGtm;vH;k [m wtm; pdwf xufoefae-uw,f? vlwdkif;qDu vufarmif;aoG;udk azmuf,l_yD; aoG;aomuf opPmqdk-uw,f? tJ'DnrSm *syefppfoifwef;pcef;u jyefvm-uwJh olawGtm;vHk; pk_yD; pnf;a0;-uw,f? udkatmifqef;u u|efawmfwdk‹pdwfóuduf twdwfedrdwf aumif;r,fh emrnfwckpD a&G;oifhw,fvdk‹ t}uHðyw,f? 'Demrnfu u|efawmfwdk‹ udk *k%v f &J adS pr,f? ,H-k unfrv + J ay;Ekid rf ,f? vkyif ef;_yD;pD;atmif aqmif&u G &f r,fh todpdwf"mwfvJ 0ifapr,f? aemuf u|efawmfwdk‹ csDwufr+udk qufvufo,f

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t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

aqmifay;r,fh emrnfrsK;d jzpf&r,fv‹kd olu ajymw,f? 'Dt}uHtpnf[m u|eaf wmf wdk‹ pkaygif;pOf;pm;xm;-uwmvJ r[kwfbl;? t&ifxJu t-um}uD; pOf;pm;xm;cJh -uwmvJ r[kwfbl;? 'g[m udkatmifqef;&JŒ t}uHtpnfyJ jzpfw,f? u|efawmf wdk‹udk tJ'Dvdk csjyawmh u|efawmfwdk‹tm;vHk; tJ'Dt}uHtpnfudk oabmusoGm; -uw,f? tJ'DrSmyJ u|efawmfwdk‹ emrnfawG a&G;-uw,f? prf;ac: -unfh-uw,f? oabmus-uw,f? emrnftopfe‹J ud, k u hf , kd u f kd eJeaJ wmif t&yfjriho f mG ;w,fvk‹d cHpm;-u&w,f” xdkae‹wGifyif olwdk‹tm;vHk;. emrnfa&SŒ Y Akdvfwyfvdkuf-uonf? Akdvf[l onfrSm vltaygif;/ av;pm;cH&r+ESihf -oZmtm%m&Sdr+udk jyqdk_yD; t&m&Sdtqifh&Sd olwdkif;. emrnfa&S›Y (OD;/ armif/ udk) tpm; wGJoHk;oGm;&onfh a0g[m&wckjzpf ayonf?

Tod‹kjzifh udak tmifqef;u (Adv k af wZ) jzpfvmonf? udv k aS zu (Adv k v f usmf ) emrnfcH,lonf? ocifatmifoef;u (Adkvfp}ufm) ESihf udk±+armifu (Adkvfae0if;) pojzihf jzpfvm-uonf? wckwnf;aom ¹cGif;csufrSm ocifxGef;tkyfjzpfonf? ol u *syefemrnfudk cH,lvdkufonf? Ttkyfpk. wyfr;ª jzpfol Adkvfr;ª }uD; qlZluD;udk ‘Adv k rf ;kd óud;’ [k emrnfay;vdu k -f uonf? *syeft&m&S}d uD;rsm;uvnf; jrefrmemrnf &,lcsifonf? odk‹ jzifh TAdkvfrdk;óud;[laomemrnfudk udkatmifqef;udk,fwdkif a&G; cs,af y;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? oda‹k omf rd;k óud;wGi&f adS om pmt"dym` ,foufouftjyif Adv k f rª;}uD;qlZluD;udk ,if;jrefrmemrnfay;&mY vdrRmyg;eyfI av;eufaom t"dy`m,f udkvnf; aqmifayonf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf æ_Adwdo#wdk‹ tkyfpkd;pOfuyif “xD;±k;d ukd rd;k óud;ypfr,f” [laom wabmifpum;onf ysHŒEx ‹HS u G af y:vsuf&o dS nf?

Twabmif. t"dy`m,frSm æbk&ifheef;pOf ueuU'%f ‘xD;’ wnf;[laom (_Adwdo# tcsKyftjcmtm%m) onf ‘rdk;óud;’ wnf;[laom aumif;uifrS usvm onfh vufeufa-umifh usKd;ysufaom tajcod‹k {uefqu kd af &mufomG ;vdrrfh nfæ[k qdkvdkonf? TwGif Akdvfrdk;óud;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ‘rDemrD’ (Adkvfrª;}uD; qlZluD;) [l aom &mxl;tqihfESihf emrnfcH,lum bDtkdifat ppfXmecsKyfudk uGyfuJvdkufum AkdvfcsKyf ‘rl&mumrd’ (uy`wdef Ekd'g) u ppfOD;pD;csKyf tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ AkdvfcsKyf ‘tdkrdk'g’ (udkatmifqef;) u tqihfjrihfppfOD;pD;t&m&Sd (jrefrmrsm;xJwGif &mxl;t }uD;qHk; tqifhtjrihfqHk;) tjzpfvnf;aumif; ceft ‹ yfjcif;cH&onf? tjcm; jrefrmt &m&Sd (8) OD;rSm 'k=Adv k rf ;ª }uD; &mxl;rS Adv k }f uD;tqift h xd &mxl;rsm;jzifh ppfO;D pD;Xme csKyfESihf tjcm;oD;jcm;wm0efrsm;wGif ceft ‹ yfcH-u&onf? Akdvfae0if;tm; ceft ‹ yfr+

rSm pm&if;. atmufajcwGifrS yg&Sdvmonf? jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd &efolwyfzGJŒrsm;udk 'kuQa&mufap&ef pDpOf!¸ef-um; vkyfudkifoGm;&rnfhwyfrSm 'k=Adkvfrª;}uD;±+armif &mxl;emrnfjzifh OD;pD;uGyfuJ&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&onf? *syeft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;. vlucJ wfru + m; rqd;k vSyg? olw ‹ iG f &Sad om yifu, dk t f &nftaoG;ESifh xdw k m0efonf 20 ododomomyif oihfavsmfvSayonfæ[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf?

1942 ckEpS f apmapmykid ;f wGif bDtikd af tonf *syefwyfrawmfEiS t fh wl jrefrm jynfwGif;odk‹ 0ifa&mufcJhonf? tpueOD; (28) OD;rSvGJ_yD;v#if jrefrmtrsm;tjym; onf xkdif;EdkifiHwGifvnf;aumif;/ wu,fhe,fpyfwav#mufwGifvnf;aumif; bD tdkifatwyfxJodk‹ 0ifa&mufvmcJh-uonf? 21 arG;&yfajray:wGif a&SŒodk‹csDwuf&if; olwdk‹ *k%f,l0ifhºuGm;pGmjzifh jrihfjrifhrm;rm; v$ihfxlcJhonfhatmifvHrSm t0g/ tpdrf;/ teD oHk;a&mifjc,f/ tv,frS ua'gif;jzpfonf? 22 xdyfqHk;rS t0ga&mifvdkif;onf bmoma&;,H-k unfru + kd azmfjyonf? tv,frS tpdr;f a&mifrmS aygrsm;ºuG,0f aom ajr,mESifh aumufyo J ;D ESt H xGuu f kd jyqdo k nf? atmufajcrS teDa&mifrmS rl a-umuf &GHŒr+uif;aom &JpGrf;owWdudk azmf!¸ef;vsuf&Sdonf? tv,fA[dkwGif tjzLa&mif aemufcHjzifh puf0kdif;twGif;rS rmefrmetjynfht0jzifh ab;taygif;rS vGwfajrmuf apaom (arm& y&dwaf wmf) udk ud, k pf m;ðyonfh jrefrmh u˜a'gif;udk jyoxm;onf? ,if;onf EkdifiH. *k%fusufoa&wihfw,fr+ESihf xGef;ajymifr+wdk‹udk trSwftom; ðyxm;jcif;jzpf_yD; jrefrmbk&ifrsm; vufxufrSpI wdkŒArmtpnf;t±Hk;ESihf (BIA) acwftxd oH;k pGv J mcJah om tvHjzpf.? bDtidk af t. tiftm;rSm tpwGif (2˜300) om&Sad omfvnf;þr-umrDþjrefrmjynftv,fyikd ;f od‹k a&muf&o dS mG ;onft h csed Yf þtiftm; (30˜000) odk‹ wdk;wufoGm;avonf? 1942 ckESpf/ rwfv (7) &ufae‹wGif *syefwdk‹ u bDtidk af ttultnDjzifh &efuek òf rdu › kd acsmarmpGm odr;f ydu k Ef idk cf o hJ nf? xda‹k emuf _Adwo d #wo ‹kd nf a&$awmifY jyif;xefpmG ckcI H taemufbuf&dS tdE, dN od‹k ‘wrl;’vrf; rS pnf;urf;wus qkwcf mG oGm;cJo h nf? Ttcsed Yf urBmh 6 yH/k 1 yHu k kd pd;k ydik x f m;aom _Adwdo# t&Sifocifrsm;tm; rnfolr# rvSefEdkif[laom tawG;txifonf vGihfpif d uJh aysmufu, G o f mG ;cJo h nf? oda‹k omfvnf; wrif;ajymif;rS wrif;ta-umif;od qko od‹k jrefrmEdik if t H m; *syefrsm; odr;f ydu k &f mwGif &ufpufrE+ iS hf ywfoufI pHwifavmuf aom tppftrSefo±kyfouefrsm;udk r-umrD jrefrmrsKd;cspfwdk‹ pdwfysufzG,f&m awGŒ &Sdvm&awmhonf? 23 -rd›awmfokd‹ jyef0ifonfh tcsdefykdif;avmufuyif ol‹taejzifh *syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf pnf;±kH;&ef ¯ud;pm;cJha-umif;/ ppf_yD;aemuf AkdvfcsKyf atmifqef;u xkwfazmfajymqkdcJhonf? tcsdefapmvGef;ao;onfhtwGuf ‚if;tpD

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

tpOfukd ol±kyfodrf;vkduf&onf? *syefbk&ifhwyfrawmfu ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf (BIA) ukd zsufodrf;&ef qkH;jzwfcJh_yD; ysOf;rem;wGif tajccsxm;aom wyf&if; (3) &if;r#jzifh 1942 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f rSpI ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf (BDA) ukd zGJŒpnf;cGifh«ycJhonf? bD'Datukd Adkvfrª;}uD; &mxl;jzifh Adkvfatmifqef;u uGyfuJcJhonf? 1943 ckESpf rwfvwGif a'gufwmbarmf/ ocifjrESifh AdkvfcsKyfwkdu ‹ kd wku d sKo d ‹dk zdw-f um;cJo h nf? xka‹d emuf a'gufwmbarmfu 0ef}uD;csKyf a['Duw D *dk sKEd iS hf aqG;aEG;cJ_h yD; wk*d sKdu “jrefrmEkid if H vGwv f yfa&;twGuf vrf;!¸epf nf;rsOf;rsm;” [k ac:onfh taxmuftxm;pmwrf;ukd a'gufwmbarmfokd‹ ay;tyfcJhonf? ukd,f pm;vS,ftzGJŒacgif;aqmifrsm;ukd *syef{u&mZfbk&ifukd,fwkdif taqmifta,mif bGJŒwHqdyfrsm; qifjref;ay;tyfcJh_yD; OD;atmifqef;rSm AdkvfcsKyf (ar*sm*sife&,f) &mxl;okd‹ wkd;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&um wwd,wef; wufaetxdrf;trSwfbGJŒwHqdyf tyfESif; jcif;cH&onf? a'gufwmbarmfonf jyefa&mufa&mufcsif; “jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyf a&;jyifqifr+aumfrwD” ukd zGJŒpnf;vkdufonf? aemufqkH;Y 1943 ckESpf -o*kwfv (1) &ufae‹wGif jrefrmEkdifiHukd vGwfvyfaomEkdifiHtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ a'gufwm barmfuv dk nf; Ekid if aH wmft"dywdtjzpfvnf;aumif; a-unmvku d o f nf? bD'aD t ukd ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf (BNA) tjzpf emrnfajymif;vkduf_yD; umuG,fa&;0ef }uD;&mxl; ,lxm;aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Adkvfr;ª ae0if; (Adkvfr;ª }uD;&mxl;okd‹ vsifjrefpGm wkd;jr‡ifhcH&onf) ukd bDtifat. umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,f cJo h nf? oka‹d omfvnf; umuG,af &;0ef}uD;Xmeukd _Adwo d #pepftwkid ;f jyefvnfjyif qifzŒJG pnf;cJ&h m aemufwESpt f apmykid ;f wGif _yD;pD;oGm;onft h cg Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; u OD;pD;aoemywd &mxl;ukd jyefvnf&,lvkduf_yD; Adkvfrª;}uD;ae0if;ukd ppf±kH;okd‹ ppfO;D pD;csKyftjzpf ajymif;a&$Œvu dk o f nf? vGwv f yfa&; ESpyf wfvnfae‹wiG f Adv k cf sKyf atmifqef;tm; *syef {u&mZfbk&ifu yxrwef; jrifhjrwfaom &wembGJŒwHqdyf (First Class Order of the Sacred Treasure) jzifh tyfESif;csD;jr‡ifhvkdufjyefonf? xkt d csed w f iG f pdw}f uD;0ifaeaom *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmfEiS hf olw. ‹dk a-umufrufz, G f uifaywkdif axmufvS rf;a&;,Eœ&m;wkd‹tay: rauseyfr+rsm; qlyGufvsuf&Sdae av_yD? tjzpftysufrsm;aygif;pkHaeonfh Ttcsdefukd u|efawmf a&;om;ae&mwGif rdrt d csKyftjcmtm%mukd vk;H 0O\kjH yefvnf&,lvo dk nfh zufqpfqefu ‹ siaf &; jrefrm rsK;d csprf sm;u usL;ausmo f rd ;f yku d x f m;onfh *syefwyfrsm;ukd jyefvnfawmfveS o f nfh v+y&f mS ;r+udk pdw0f ifpm;zG,f tusOf;csKyfjyefvnfwifjyvkad yonf?

ta&;}uD;aom trsKd;om;EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD; (3) ck yl;aygif;_yD; “ArmhxGuf &yf*kd%f;” tjzpf 1939 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv (1) &ufae‹wGif jzpfay:vmcJhonf? ol. OD;wnf&nfrSef;csufw&yfrSm jrefrmEkdifiH. ukd,fykdifqkH;jzwfEkdifonfh tcGihft a&;ukd _Aw d o d #tpk;d &u todtrSw«f y_y;D v#if vGwv f yfa&;ay;&eftwGuf awmif;qkd &efjzpfavonf? tvm;wl &nfrSef;csufrsm;xm;&Sdaom “Armhta&;awmfykHygwD” [k ac:aom ajratmuftzGJŒwzGJŒukd ,if;u arG;xkwfay;cJhonf? tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ukd ocifrsm;/ qkd&S,fvpfrsm;/ uGefjrLepfrsm;-um;rS a&G;xkwfcJh _yD; ‚if;tzGJŒ. xif&Sm;aom acgif;aqmifrsm;tjzpf OD;ausmf_idrf;/ OD;AaqG/ ocif atmifqef;ESihf ocifoed ;f azwk‹d jzpfvmcJo h nf? tcsKa‹d omEkid if aH &;orm;rsm;u *syef ta-umif; tom;ay;ajymjyaomfvnf; uGefjrLepfw±kwfukdrl trsm;u ykdrkdvkdvm; -uonf? odef;azurl zufqpf*syefESifh yl;aygif;a&;ukd tjyif;txefuef‹uGuf oljzpfonf?

1942 ckEpS f tapmykid ;f wGif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u *syefb&k ifw h yfrsm;ESit hf wl Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfudk OD;aqmifum trdajray:ok‹d atmifjrifpmG 0ifa&muf vmcsdefwGif odef;azu ajratmufqufoG,fa&;uGef&ufuwqifh *syefqef‹usif a&;pm&Gurf sm;ukd jzefa‹ 0tvkyrf sm;aecJo h nf? TwGif orkid ;f wGirf nfh uH-urRmw&yf jzpfvmcJhonf? Armhta&;awmfykHygwDu odef;azukd tdENd,okd‹v$wf&ef tm;vkH; oabmwlvu dk -f uonf? olwo ‹dk rd ;f oGi;f xm;ol rmhupf 0f g'Drsm;. aoG;aqmifpnf; ±kH;r+ pGrf;&nfay:wGif ar#mfvifhcsufxm;&SdonfESifhtnD wzufuvnf; r[mrdwf wkx ‹d rH S tultnDudk ,cifu rdwaf qGwOD;taejzifh &SmazG&ef qk;H jzwfvu dk -f ujcif; jzpfonf? ulrifwefwyfrsm;. tultnDu&dk ,lum ode;f azu wifa&$EiS t hf wl uom ukjd zwfI taemufajrmufvrf;a-umif;twkid ;f oGm;&ef ¯ud;pm;cJah omfvnf; xkad 'o wGif *syefwkd&‹ SdaeonfhtwGuf jyefvSnfhvmcJh&onf? xkdtcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmif qef;ESifh Adkvfvusfmwkd‹u jrefrmjynftv,fykdif;&Sd a&$bkdwGif &Sdae-u_yD; olwkd‹ESifh tHh-op&maumif;avmufatmif rar#mfvifhbJ awGŒqkHrdcJh-uonf? tHhtm;woifh jzpfae-uaom ,cifa&mif;&if;ESpOf ;D rSm xkt d csdew f iG f Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf . tqifhjrifht&m&Sdrsm; jzpfae-u_yD; *syeft}uHay;rsm;teD;wGif vkdufyg&Sdaevifh upm; aESmifhaES;jcif;r&SdbJ olwkdE‹ SpfOD;ukd tumtuG,fay;vsuf olwkdc‹ &D;ukd jzpf ajrmufatmif aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf? odef;azESifh wifa&$onf ajcvsifjzifhwoG,f avSjzifhwwef &ckdifukdjzwfI 1942 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif b*FgvDokd‹ a&mufoGm;cJh-u

93

94 94

95

t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

onf? olw. ‹dk v+y&f mS ;r+udk t}uD;tus,o f o H ,0ifvsu&f adS om _Aw d o d #tm%mykid f rsm;u olwku d‹ kd csufcsif;yifzrf;qD;vkduf-uonf? qif;rvm;wGif ckdv+Hae&aom ta0;a&muf_Adwdo# jrefrmtpkd;&taejzifh jrefrmhawmfvSefa&;v+yf&Sm;r+. ±kd;om;r+ukd tcsdefwkdtwGif; em;vnfvmonfh tavsmuf odef;aztaeESifh ta0;a&muftpkd;&tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESifh awGŒcGifh&vmonf?

1943 ckESpf tapmykdif;wGif olwkd‹ukd w±kwfjynfokd‹ oGm;cGifh«yvkdufaomfvnf; (7) vcef‹ -um_y;D aemuf olwo ‹dk nf a'vDo‹dk vufcsn;f oufoufjzifh jyefvmcJ-h u&onf? ulrifwefa&m/ uGejf rLepfrsm;uyg ±ky0f wˆKypPn;f tultnD wpkw H &mrygbJ oem; -uifemr+ oufoufuo dk m ay;cJ-h uonf? _Adwdo#wkd‹taejzifh oabmxm;ajymif;_yD; olwkd‹bufygvmum v#Kd‹0Suf,l epfwckjzpfonfh trSwf (136) wyfzGJŒtopf zGJŒpnf;ay;vkdufonfhtwGuf olwkd‹ t}uD;tus,f 0rf;omyDwdjzpfae-uonf? xkdwyfzGJŒtaejzifh ta&S›awmiftm&S&Sd &efole‹ ,fajrrsm;ukd xkd;azmuf0ifa&muf/ vJAD;wyfrsm;ukd xlaxmifoifwef;ay;/ ajymufusm;ppfukd pnf;±kH;_yD;/ &Sd_yD;jzpfaom zufqpfqef‹usifa&; awmfvSefa&; v+y&f mS ;r+rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&u G &f efjzpfonf? ok‹d jzpfI wifa&$udk a&ikyo f abFm ESifh ac:aqmifoGm;_yD; &ckdifurf;ajcwGif 1943 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif csxm;ay;cJh onf? aemufwESpf azazmf0g&DvusrS tzkd;rjzwfEkdifaom owif;rsm;ESifhtwl ol‹ukd oGm;a&mufac:,lEkdifcJhonf? odef;azu tdENd,wGif qufaecJhonf? olu r[mrdwfXmecsKyfESifh jrefrmhvGwfajrmufa&;v+yf&Sm;olrsm;t-um; qufoG,fa&; t&m&St d aersKd;aqmif&u G _f yD; wcsdew f nf;rSmyif jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. 0g'jzef‹ csda&;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd aqmif&u G af y;aecJo h nf? xkdtcsdefY 1943 ckESpf -o*kwfv (1) &ufae‹ Y jrefrmEkdifiHukd vGwfvyfa&; &&Sd_yDjzpfa-umif; a-unmvkdufonf? t"dywd a'gufwmbarmfu ocifacgif; aqmif (4) OD;ukd tpkd;&tzGJŒ0if0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf cef‹tyfvkdufonf? ocifjrukd 'k=0ef}uD;csKyf/ ocifEk=EkdifiHjcm;a&;/ ocifatmifqef;=umuG,fa&;ESifh ocif oef;xGef;=qufoG,fa&;wkd‹ jzpfonf? Tcef‹tyfr+rsm;rSm *syefwkd‹u aemufqkH; twnf«y&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; TuJhokd‹ -oZmwduUr&Sdaom yk*~dKvfrsm; ukd,fpm;«y yg0ifjcif;ukd vG,fvifhwul oabmwl_yD;jzpfayonf? olwkd‹tm; jyefvnfqef‹ usifawmfvSef&mwGif ‚if;wkd‹ (4) OD;pvkH; acgif;aqmifyg0ifrnfqkdonfukdum; ol wkd‹ rod&Sm-uacs? ocifoef;xGef;rSm xkdv+yf&Sm;r+. acgif;aqmifjzpfcJhonf? atmifqef;. &mxl;wm0efESifh ywfouf_yD; Ttajctaeukd Akdvfrª; tdyf(csf)/ yD/

qD;*&if; (Major H.P. Seagrim) u trSwf (136) wyfzGJŒokd‹ (3) vt-umwGif owif;ay;yk‹d _y;D jzpfonf? yxrqkH;vGwfvyfa&; ESpfywfvnfae‹wGif qef‹usifawmfvSefa&;acgif; aqmifrsm; pkHnDpnf;a0;rd-uonf? zufqpf*syefrsm;ukd rvkdvm;a-umif;ESifh tcGi&hf onfEiS hf olv ‹ ufatmuf&dS vufeufuidk w f yfzŒJGrsm;u olwu ‹dk dk xºuGqefu ‹ sif rnfjzpfa-umif; twdtvif; atmifqef;. ajym-um;csufu xkad e‹udk rSwrf w S &f & jzpfapcJhonf? EkdifiHa&;ygwDtm;vkH;taejzifh pkpnf;nD!GwfpGm &yfwnf-u_yD; zufqpfqef‹usifa&; jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJŒcsKyf (AFPFL) wnf;[laom emrnfukd vkdufavsmnDaxGpGm a&G;cs,fcJh-uonf? ygwDrsm;taejzifh zufqpf pepfudk acsr+e;f &efEiS hf jynfot ‹l pk;d &w&yf xlaxmif&eftwGuf tzGŒJ csKyfY yg0ifjcif; jzpfa-umif; tpnf;ta0;rS xkwfjyefvkdufaom a-unmcsufwGif yg0ifvmcJhonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. t_rJwrf;vufeufukdifwyfzGJŒrsm;ukd tiftm;&Sdaom r[mrdwrf sm;tjzpf wGux f m;aomfvnf; *syefwr‹dk a&mufEidk o f nfh jrefrmjynfajrmuf ykid ;f awmifwef;rsm;&Sd ucsi/f csi;f / em*ESihf vl&;DS vlrsK;d rsm;rSvnf; vJA;D wyfzŒJGrsm;ukd _Adwdo#u xlaxmifcJhonf? u&ifvlrsKd;wkdr‹ Sm vlrsKd;pkajymufusm;rsm;wGif t"du tiftm;pkjzpfonf? ,dk;',m;EkdifiHe,fpyf oHvGifc±kdif u&ifawmifwef;rsm;ukd toufaoG;a-ume,fajrtjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf? tb,fa-umifhqkdaomf ,if; e,fajrwGif _Adwdo#ukdvkdvm;_yD; trsm;pkrSm c&pf,mefrsm;jzpf-uaom u&ifrsm; aexkdif-uaoma-umifhjzpfonf? Adkvfrª; qD;*&if; taejzifh xkda'oY aemufcsef usef&pfaecJh_yD; vJAD;rsm; pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh avhusihfoifwef;ay;jcif;[lonfh txl;vkyif ef;&yfrsm;ukd pnf;±k;H aqmif&u G &f ef rdrpd w d q f ENt& oabmwlncD o hJ nf? _Adwdo#vlrsKd; (2) OD;/ u&ift&m&SdwOD;ESifh tjcm;opPmapmifhodaom _Adwdo# tpk;d &0efxrf;rsm;ESihf vJA;D rsm; yg0ifonfh tkypf w k pkudk olu OD;aqmifra+ y;_y;D 1943 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvrS 1944 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvtxd ,if;awmifwef;rsm;wGif aqmif&GufvkyfukdifaecJhonf? *syefuvnf; olwku d‹ kd trdt& &SmazGzsufqD;&rnfh ppfqifa&;ukq d ifE_J$ yD; aemufq;Hk wGif qD;*&if;tkypf u k dk z,f&mS ;Ekid cf o hJ nf? qD;*&if; ESifhtwl&Sdaeaom _Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm; owfjzwfcHcJh&_yD; vlxktay:ESdyfuGyfr+rsm; &yfwef‹oGm;ap&ef olukd,fwkdif vufeufcscJhonf? qD;*&if;ESifh ol‹vl (8) OD;rSm &efukefwGif aemufykdif;Y uGyfrsufjcif;cH&onf? 'k=Adkvfrª;}uD; a*s/ c±kdrmwD= wl;avmh(cf) (Lt. Col. J. Cromarty-Tulloch) tygt0if trSwf (136) wyfzŒJG0ifrsm; ukd u&ifawmifwef;rsm;ay:ok‹d avxD;jzifch say;cJ_h yD; aemufq;Hk xk;d ppfajymufusm;

95

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t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

v+y&f mS ;r+rsm;ukd jyefvnftouf0ifapcJo h nf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. taetxm;ukd qD;*&if;u owif;ay;ykd‹cJh&mwGif taxmuftxm;tcsufwcsufrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ay:xGufvmcJh_yD; bufwmpAD. d mcJo h nf? ,if;tcsufudk arm&pf pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; (Battersby Papers) wGif yg&Sv aumvpf (Maurice Collis) u ol. “jrefrmjynfY aemufqkH;ESifh yxrqkH; 1941=1948” [laom pmtkypf mrsufEmS (205) wGif uk;d um;azmfjycJo h nf?

“1943 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif Adkvfrª;qD;*&if;ESifh ¯ud;rJha-u;eef;tquf toG,f«yvkyfEkdifcJhonf? ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfrS atmifqef;u tajctae ay:aygufonfESifh *syefukd olw ‹ yfjzifh jyefvnfwGef;vSef&ef pDpOfaea-umif; azmfjy onfh ol. tapmqk;H owif;ay;ykc‹d sufw&yfrmS rSwo f m;p&maumif;vSonf?”

1945 ckESpfwGif _Adwdo#wkd‹ jrefrmjynfxJ jyefvnf0ifa&muf_yD; *syefukd tEkdifwkduf_yD;rS atmifqef;u xkdokd‹vkyfaqmif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfa-umif; t*FvdyfvlrsKd;trsm;tjym;u rSm;,Gif;pGm,kH-unfaecJh-uonf[k bufwmpAD (trSwf 136 wyfzŒJG/ txl;ppfqifa&;tr+aqmif) u jznfph u G x f m;jyefonf? “u|Eyfk f ukd,fwkdif jrifawGŒcJh&aom Adkvfrª;qD;*&if; owif;ay;ykd‹csuf. ckdifrmr+ukd u|Ekfyf tmrcH&Jonf? xkd‹xufrapm&ifawmif tenf;qkH; 1943 ckESpfwGif atmifqef; taejzifh *syefwu ‹dk dk u,fwif&iS rf sm;tjzpf xifrw S cf jhJ cif;ukd aemifw&cJ_h y;D awmfveS f a&;tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfcJh_yD; jzpfonfqkdonfukd ocifEk.pmtkyf “*syefvufatmuf jrefrmjynf” wGif taxmuftxm;trsm;}uD; wifjycJhonf?

1944 ck ESpfukefcgeD;wGif atmifqef;u r[mrdwfwyfzGJŒrsm;ESifh qufoG,fr+ &&S_d yD;jzpfonf? ,cktcg rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf (Patriotic Burmese Forces-PBF) jzpfvmaom ArmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmfu 1945 ckESpf rwfv (27) &ufae‹wGif *syefwb ‹dk ufo‹dk olw. ‹dk aoewfajymif;ukd jyefvnfvn S chf ahJ wmhonf? “,if;pwif aygufurJG Y+ Adv k cf sKyf}uD; (2) OD;tygt0if *syef (700) cefu ‹ dk olwo ‹dk wfjzwfco hJ nf? aemufykdif; ppfqifa&;rsm;wGif &efukefokd‹ OD;wnfcsDwufvmaom _Adwdo#wyfukd ydwq f w ‹dk m;qD;rnfh wyfzŒJG tawmfrsm;rsm;ukd olwu ‹dk rv+yEf idk af tmif «yvkyEf idk cf -hJ u onf” [laom armifhbufwefrSwfpkrsm;ukd arm&pfaumvpfu “jrefrmjynfY aemufq;Hk ESihf yxrqk;H ” pmtkyf pmrsufEmS (236) wGif xyfru H ;dk um;xm;jyefonf? tdENd,&Sd r[mrdwfwyfzGJŒrsm;u ta&SŒbufokd‹ zdqif;vm_yD; arvtpykdif;wGif *syefwt ‹dk aejzifh &efuek rf S qkwcf mG ay;vku d &f awmhonf? *syefrsm; qkwcf mG oGm;aomtcg _Adwo d #wd‹k jyefa&mufvmavonf? xkt ‹d wl

jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;uvnf; (AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;udk &aeygvsuf) wyfrS xGuv f u kd af om OD;atmifqef;acgif;aqmifrj+ zifh jyefvnftpðyvmonf? vH;k 0vGwf vyfa&;udk wESpftwGif;[laom uef‹oef‹csuft& jywfjywfom;om; zdtm;ay; awmif;qdkvmaom vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm; &efukefòrd›wGif topfwzefusif;y-ujyef onf? tdENd,EkdifiH/ qif;rvm;òrdw › Gif ppftwGif; ESpfrsm;Y ta0;a&muftpdk;& (0g) jynfajy;tpd;k &tjzpf oGm;a&mufaexkid cf &hJ aom _Adwo d #bk&ifcH qm&,f*sDe,f a': refprpfonf 1945 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (16) &ufae‹wGif &efukefodk‹ jyefvnf a&muf&Sdvmonf? odk‹aomf xdkrwdkifrD -o*kwfv (19) &ufae‹wGif *syefacwfu ajratmuftzGJŒtpnf;b0rS ajray:tzGJŒtpnf;tjzpfodk‹ OD;atmifqef;OD;aqmif_yD; jyefvnfpnf;±H;k v+y&f mS ;cJah om ‘zufqpfqefu ‹ siaf &; jynfoŒlvw G af jrmufa&;’tzGŒJcsKyf (zqyv) . rsKd;cspfacgif;aqmifrsm;u &efukefòrd&› Sd aeol&def±kyf&Sif±Hkcef;r}uD;wGif vlxpk nf;a0;yG}J uD;w&yf usi;f y_yD;v#if "eo[m,jyify&Sd vH;k 0vGwv f yfaom jref rmEdkifiHtjzpfudk awmif;qdkvdkuf-uonf? odk‹&mwGif ppftwGif;umvu awmfvSefa&;qifE$JcJhaom ,cifwyfrsm;rSm xkdtcsdefwGif vufeufrsm;±kyfodrf;jcif;udk cHcJh-u&onf? 1945 ckESpf/ pufwifbm vwGif oD[Vkd (f ,cko&D v d uFm) Edik if /H uef'òD rdY› _Adwo d #tpd;k &ESihf jrefrmhrsKd;cspfacgif; aqmifrsm;t-um; &&Scd ahJ om oabmwlncD sut f & tcsKŒdwyf&if;tenf;i,fom ppf yGt J _y;D jyefvnfzŒJGpnf;cJah om jrefrmhwyfrawmfwiG f jyefvnfyg0ifciG &hf &Scd o hJ nf? vuf eufrsm;jyeftyf&ef jiif;qefcJholrsm;u 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae‹wGif jynfol‹&Jabmf tzGJŒ (People's Volunteer Organisation) udk zGJŒpnf;cJh-uonf? ,if;tzGJŒonf wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; opPmapmihfodaom jynfol‹ppftzGJŒ jzpfonf? xda‹k emufyikd ;f rSpI tjzpftysufrsm;onf vsifjrefpmG jzpfysufco hJ nf? OD;apm onf ‘qm&,f*sDe,f’ u ol‹udk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf ig;ESpfoufwrf; tydkay;cJhaomf jim;vnf; oufwrf;jynfh rxrf;aqmifcJh&acs? *syefu jrefrmjynfudk pwifxkd; azmuf0ifa&mufvmcsdefwGif olonf t*FvefEdkifiHodk‹ oGm;a&mufvnfywfae_yD; ta0;a&mufeef;&if;0eftjzpf aecJhonf? ta&SŒtm&SwGif *syefw. dk‹ t[kefjyif;pGm a&SŒw;kd csDwufaer+ukd -um;-um;csif; olonf (tvGe^f m%frsm;olyyD )D ay:wl*ED ikd if /H ‘vpPbGef;’ &Sd *syefoHtrwfESihf qufoG,f&ef óud;pm;cJhonf? xkd‹a-umifh _Adwdo# wdk‹u ol‹udk r,Hk-unfawmhbJ zrf;qD;vdkuf_yD; 1942 ckrS ppf_yD;onftxd udkvdkeD tm%mydkifrsm;u csKyfxm;cJhonf? odk‹aomf ppf_yD;acwf oljrefrmjynfjyefa&muf

97

98 98

99

t"duacgi;f aqmifrsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

onfESifh 24 ol‹rsKd;cspfygwDudk jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;cJhonf? ol‹ ‘*VKefwyf’udkvnf; ol. udk,faysmufrdwfaqGrsm; tultnDjzifh aqmvsifpGm jyefvnfwnfaxmifEdkifcJh_yD; ,if;wdk‹onf &efukefwGif tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf taqmwvsif pwifvkyfaqmif &ef tqifoihfjzpfae-uavonf?25 ode;f azjrif/h “olwa‹dk cwf/ olwt ‹dk wdw/f olwt ‹dk &dy”f / wkid ;f vif;pmay/ &efuek f 2000 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm 206=208? (Adkvfwaxmifowif;pm/ Zlvkdifv 19/ 1966? “rsKd;cspfa,mifaqmif *VKeftwk OD;apm” aqmif;yg;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh tcsuf tvufrsm;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mjzpfvsuf avsmfuefonf?) “ppf}uD;t_yD; _Adwdo#tusOf;axmifrS jrefrmjynfokd‹ jyefa&mufaomtcg zqyvukdyif axmufcHawmhra,mif/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhyif yl;aygif;awmh ra,mif avoHypfao;onf?

OD;apmu ol‹tdrfokd‹ owif;pmq&mrsm;ukdzdwf-um;_yD; owif;pmuGefz&ifh ay;I ol‹ukd,f&nfaoG; ppftwGif;twˆKy`wWdukd Zmwf[eftjynfhESifh ajymjyykHukd jynfot ‹l m%m*sme,f. t,f'w D mwOD;taejzifh wufa&mufaom ocifoef;-rdiu f atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf? ocifoef;-rdiu f OD;apmtm; “'krd eD , D u H dk vufco H iho f vm;” [k ar;vku d af om tcg OD;apmu “usKyf0g'[m Armjynf jyef&a&;0g'yJ/ 'krd eD , D u H v dk ufc_H y;D vufeuf tjzpf Armjynfudk jyef&atmifvyk &f r,f? tkid , f mvefvadk ygh” [k ajzvku d af vonf? xkdtcsdefY 1946 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvwGif _Adwdef/ avbm0ef}uD;csKyftopf ‘uvD;rifhtufwvD’ onf jrefrmEdkifiH. a&SŒa&;udk aqG;aEG;&eftwGuf vef'efodk‹ ºuGa&mufpum;ajymyg&ef OD;atmifqef;ESihf zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;udk zdwf-um; vdu k o f nf? 1947 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&DvwGif vef'efot ‹kd oGm; e,l;a'vD 26 wGif OD;atmif qef;u “u|efawmfwu dk‹ vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;udkyJ vdkcsifygw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf 'dkrDeD,eftqifheJ‹ ywfouf_yD; ajymp&mr&Sdygbl;” [k ajymqdkcJhonf? odk‹&mwGif trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf&ef óud;yrf;onfhtaejzifh OD;atmif qef;onf vef'efu, kd pf m;vS,t f zGŒJwiG f olt ‹ m; qefu ‹ siaf om tjcm; jrefrmhEikd if aH &; acgif;aqmifrsm;udkvnf; oabmxm;}uD;pGm xnfhoGif;yg0ifapcJhonf? xkdtcg ppftwGif;umvu jrefrmEdkifiHESihf uif;uGmI OD;atmifqef;udk ±+H;edrfhoGm;cJhonfh oduQmrJhae_yDjzpfaom OD;apmESihf tjcm; OD;atmifqef;. qefu ‹ sifbufwOD;jzpfol ocifApdew f o ‹kd nf ykvif;ESihf bl;qdu ‹k o hJ ‹kd r[mrdwrf sm;jzpfomG ;um twdu k t f cH tif tm;pkjzpfvmonf? Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufae‹wGif _Adwdo#tpdk;&u jrefrmEdkifiHudk

vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwlnDr+ &&Sdonfhtcg OD;apmESihf ocifApdefwdk‹ ESpf a,mufv;kH u vufrw S af &;xk;d &ef jiif;qefc-hJ uonf? oda‹k omf oabmwlnrD u + m; 27 H nf "eo[m,jyifywGif vGwv f yfaom orRwEdik if jH zpfvm &cJah v_y?D jrefrmEdik if o ayawmhrnf? ol. vef'efc&D;pOftwGif; OD;atmifqef;. _Adwdo#wdk‹tay: xm; &Sdaom oabmxm;rSm aysmhaysmif;oGm;cJha-umif; ‘uvD;rifhtufwvD’ udk,fwdkif u aemufydkif;wGif xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? 28 “olwdk‹ (jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ ) [m vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;eJ‹ orRwEdkifiHjzpf a&;twGuf olwŒkd &ŒJ pum;vGerf a+ -umihf olwa‹kd emufvu kd af wG&ŒJ oabmxm;tay: uHraumif;vSpGm vdkufemtav;ay;cJh-u&w,f? 'gayr,fh ajymqdkaqG;aEG;r+awG qufvufðyvkyaf ewmeJt ‹ r# u|eaf wmfwt ‹kd ay: olw&‹kd ŒJr,Ho k uFmjzpfra+ wG aysmuf uG,fukefw,f? u|efawmfxifw,favæ wcsKdŒawG txl;ojzihf cdkifrmjywfom; wJh vlwa,mufjzpfwJh olwdk‹&JŒ acgif;aqmif OD;atmifqef;[m "eo[m,xJrSm qufvuf&adS eoihw f ,fqw kd mudk oabmaygufpðyvmygw,f” vef'efo‹kd oGm;a&mufco hJ nfh Eke,fi,f&, G af om jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ . tzGJŒ0ifwOD;u aqG;aEG;aepOfwGifyif ododomom Todk‹ xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? “trSeaf jym&&if u|eaf wmfww ‹kd awG[m tawGŒtóuHr&ihu f suaf o;wJh vli,fav; wpkom jzpfygw,f” rSwo f m;p&mtaumif;qH;k onfum; ‘uvD;rift h ufwvD’ (Clement Atlee) . OD;apmtay: oH;k oyfcsufjzpfonf? urBmausmf pma&;q&mESifh jyZmwfq&m}uD; 0DvsH&SdwfpyD;,m; (William Shakespeare) . pum;&yfudk jyefvnftoHk;cs&if; uvD;rifhtufwvDu Todk‹ ed*Hk;ur`wf tqHk;owfcJhonf? “vlenf;pkygwD&ŒJ ud, k pf m;vS,w f OD;jzpfwhJ OD;apmu vGv J ‹kd olwt ‹kd m;vH;k [m ESpfvdkzG,f&m aumif;vSygw,f? ppf}uD;r_yD;cifu u|efawmf OD;apmudk awGŒcJhzl;yg w,f? ol[m’ òyH;òyH;uav;ESihf rdkufwJhol’ qdkwJh vlpm;rsKd;vdk‹ u|efawmfol‹udk tuJcwf_yD; todtrSwðf ycJyh gw,f”

99

100

Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

100

N

N

AdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmif/ &JcsKyfESifh 'k=aoemywdcsKyf/ -o*kwfv=1948

101

101

twGif;0ef±Hk;/ 'kwd,urBmppfrjzpfrD ±kdufxm;aom yHkjzpfonf? pwk&ef;yHkpH taqmufttHk}uD;wGif tpkd;&±Hk;rsm;rSm ta&SŒtaemuf/ awmifydkif;rsm;wGif xm;&Sdonf? tm;vyfaeaom A[dkae&mrStp _cH0if; ywfywfvnfwGif ±kd;pifyHkpHOD;,smOfrsm; vSypGm pdkufxm;onf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ±Hk;cef;rSm (taemufbuf tay:xyf) rS wnf&Sd_yD; bk&ifcH. 0ef}uD;tzGJŒtpnf;ta0;ae&myg yg0ifygonf? puf0dkif;jzifh jyxm;onf? ykvdyf±Hk;rSm tjcm;wbufjzpfaom ta&SŒwef;rSm&Sd_yD; axmufvSrf;a&;XmerSm ta&SŒawmifaxmifhY &Sdygonf? 1946=ckESpfwGif A[dkae&mvyfwGif ,m,DtaqmufttHkrsm; aqmufvkyfI wkdif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmftwGuf pwiftoHk;ðycJhonf?

w&m;qdik jf cif; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

102 102

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

TAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;±Hk;cef;ESihf 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ0ifrsm;. 1947/ Zlvdkif (19) &ufae‹wGif xkdifyHktpDtpOfrSm txl;cHk±Hk;wGif tpdk;& yef;csDq&mwifjyonfhyHkudk xyfrHyHk-urf;qGJxm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

w&m;qdik jf cif;

tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; txl;cHk±Hk;wGif ±Hk;wif ppfaq;&mwGif ‘*VKef’ OD;apm/ 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;ESifh aomif;usef;aom tzGJŒ. acgifol}uD;[k pGyfpGJcH&ol/ oufaocHae&mwGif awGŒ&yHk?

vkyf}uHr+wGif vlowform;[k pGyfpGJcH&olrsm;= armifpdk;/ oufESif;/ pdef}uD;ESihf &ef}uD;atmifESihf }uH&myg pGyfpGJcH&ol (txufykH) okc/ cifarmif&if/ armifeDESihf r+ef}uD;wdk‹tm; cHk±Hk;0uf_cHtwGif; awGŒ&yHk?

103 103

104 104

axmifrª; OD;pHwifhxH OD;apmvufa&;jzifh a&;ydk‹vdkufaom pmwdkESpfapmif? (w&m;0ef}uD; OD;aomif;pdefpkaqmif;cJhaom ypPnf;rsm;rS)?

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

tif;pdefaxmif= pDrHa&;qGJxm;onfh yHk-urf; (wdkif;wmtrSwft& r[kwf)?

1947= 48 ckESpf/ Tae&mwGifOD;apmtm; tusOf;csxm;jcif;/ ±Hk;wifppfaq;jcif;ESihf óud;'%fay;jcif; ðyvkyfcJh_yD; ol. cef‹rSef;&aom ocsKõõif;ae&mjzpfonf?

(OD;bapmcif/ wlaqmifòrdŒ t&DZkdeme,f/ USA . arwWmvufaqmif) 105 105

106 106

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

vky}f uHowfjzwfrj+ zpfymG ;_yD; vtenf;i,ft-umwGif OD;apmESihf }uH&mygrsm; w&m;rqdkif-u&ao;rD xdkpOfu bk&ifcHjzpfol (vGwfvyfa&;&csdefwGif aemufqHk; bk&ifcHjzpfrnfh) qm[l;bwf&ef‹(pf) (Sir Hubert Rance) taejzifh OD;apmwdk‹tm; w&m;pD&ifrnfh txl;cHk±Hk;zGJŒ&mY rar#mfvifhbJ tcuftcJtcsKdŒ óuHawGŒcJh&onf? w&m;v$waf wmf w&m;ol}uD; OD;ausmjf rift h m; cH±k ;kH obmywdtjzpf a&G;cs,&f mwGif acsmacsmarmarm jzpfcJhonfqdkaomfvnf; orBm&ifhOya'ynm&Sifrsm;xJrS tzGJŒ0if tjzpf oifhawmfrnfhol (2) OD;tm; jznfhpGufceft ‹ yf&mwGifrl ±kwfw&ufqdkovdkyif tcuftcJrsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf? vsmxm;ol tawmfrsm;rsm;onf ‚if;wm0efudk r,lv-kd uacs? tcsKŒdu olwr‹kd mS ESv;kH a&m*g&So d nf ponfjzifh qifajcay; a&Smifwrd ;f -uonf? tcsKŒdurl cH±k ;kH wGif wm0efr,lEikd af -umif; ajAmifjiif;qd-k uonf? aemufq;kH usrS orBm&ifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rsm;jzpf-uaom OD;atmifomausmfESifh OD;pDbl; (U Si Bu) wdk‹ ESpfa,mufu vufcHvdkuf-uonf? odk‹ jzifh qm[l;bwf&ef(‹ pf) onf 1947 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (20) &ufae‹wGifrS (3) OD;tzGJŒ txl;cHk±Hk;udk w&m;0if ceft ‹ yf wm0efay;Edik cf ahJ vonf? aemufav;&uft-umwGif yxrqHk; ppfaq;r+udk pwif«yvkyfEdkif_yD; w&m; vdkbufrS pGyfpGJav#mufvJcsufudk a&S;OD;pGm -um;emcJhonf? wzef bk&ifhoufao rsm;udk pwifppfaq;cJhonf? xdak‹ emuf ,cifu &efukefw&m;v$wfawmf. a&SŒae wOD;jzpfcJh_yD; t*FvefwGif aexdkifaom rpPwm bif*srif&maz;&,fAmwefepf (Mr. Benjamin Raphael Vertannes) udk iSm;&rf;Edkifa&;twGuf 1 OD;apmtm; cGifh«y cJh&onfhtwGuf w&m;qdkifjcif;onf atmufwdkbmv (15) &ufae‹txd qdkif;iHh oGm;cJo h nf?

w&m;qdkifjcif;udk tif;pdef&Sd txl;cHk±Hk;awmfwGif aemufqHk; pwif«yvkyfEdkif aomtcg ‚if;w&m;qdkifjcif;onf _Adwdo#bk&ifESifh OD;apm (tzGJŒacgif;aqmiftjzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ armifpdk; (vlowform;tjzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ oufESif; (vlowfform;t jzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ armifpdef (ac: ) pdef}uD; (ac: ) vSatmif (vlowform;tjzpf pGyf pGJcH&ol)/ &ef}uD;atmif (ac: ) vSxGef; (vlowform;tjzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ okc (twGif;0ef±Hk;odk‹ vlowform;rsm;tm; um;jzifh ydk‹aqmifay;cJh&ol um;'±dkifbm tjzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ cifarmif&if (}uH&myg ulnDoltjzpf pGyfpGJcH&ol)/ r+ef}uD; (ac: ) armifre+ f (}uH&myg ulno D t l jzpf pGypf cJG &H ol) wd. ‹k tr+jzpfvmcJo h nf? tmZmenf (9) OD; &SdvmcJh_yD; ‚if;wdkt ‹ m; owfr+jzihf tpGyfpGJcH&ol w&m;cHrSm vnf; (9) OD; xGufay:vmcJhonf? w&m;cGifwGif rawGŒ&bJ ododomom aysmuf uG,af eolrmS wOD;wnf;omjzpf_y;D ‚if;rSm b!Ge‹fjzpfonf? aoewform;rsm; a&muf rvmrD twGif;0ef±Hk;odk‹ zdk‹'fqefum;jzifh uif;axmuftjzpf a&SŒajy;oGm;ESifh_yD; tajctaeavhvmolrsm;xJwGif olvnf;wa,muftygt0ifjzpfonf? odk‹aomf vkyf}uHr+tzGJŒ0iftm;vHk;udk qefu ‹ sif_yD; b!Geu f‹ tpdk;&oufaotjzpf aqmif&Guf &ef oabmwlvkdufaomtcg ol‹vltrsm;tjym;rSm xdwfvef‹tHh-ojzpfoGm;-u_yD; OD;apmrSm olu ‹ dk rsm;pGmem-unf;rkef;wD;oGm;onf? olonf t*Fvdyf=jrefrm ESpfbm omoif txufwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoifvmoljzpfI OD;apm. aoewform; h avsmuf OD;apm. *VKefwyfrS rsm;xJY ynmtwwfq;kH jzpfavonf? 2 od‹k jzpfonft aoewf cvkwEf ydS &f v#if aysmfae-uaom tjcm;vl&rf;um;rsm;xuf T&mZ0wfr+ . trsKd;om;a&;ESifh orkdif;a&;±+yfaxG;r+rsm;udk olu ydkrdkem;vnfoabmayguf onf[k qd&k ayvdrrhf nf? xdt ‹k jyif olt ‹ wGuf qkvmbfuvnf; &Sad o;onf? bk&ifh oufao jzpfoGm;onfhtwGuf olonf tjypfrS vGwf_idrf;csrf;omcGifh&oGm;onf r[kwyf gavm?

Ttr+udk w&m;qdkifap&mY jynfolvlxka&SŒarSmufYjzpf_yD; tif;pdeftusOf; axmiftwGif;&Sd tcef;wcef;Y «yvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? owfrSwfxm;aom xdkifcHk ta&twGufrSm tueft ‹ owfESifh 3 jzpfonfhtjyif ESpfbufav#mufvJcsufrsm;udk vnf; udk,fawGŒrsufjrif -unfh±+em;axmifcsifolrsm;uvnf; rsm;jym;vSonfh twGuf w&m;cGiftwGif; 0ifa&muf&ef cGifh«yvufrSwfrsm;jzifh xdef;csKyfcJh&onf? cGifh«yvufrSwf&&ef jynfolvlxkrSm tvkt,uf wef;pD&,l-u&onf? a&S;±dk; pOfvm _Adwdo# w&m;pD&ifa&;xHk;pHESifh jrefrmh±dk;&mjyZmwfwckrS taumif;qHk; o±kyaf qmifuu G rf sm; axG;a&m,Suw f ifjzpfaeonfh jrifuiG ;f udk &ifoyf±a+ rmcHpm;

107

108

tcef; (3) w&m;qkid jf cif;

107

108

109

w&m;qdik jf cif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

-u&rnf r[kwyf gavm?

OD;apmonf w&m;cGiu f kd ae‹pOfvm&_yD; at;aq;wnf_idrv f suf ±kyrf ysufbJ ud, k u hf , kd u f kd xde;f odr;f xm;Edik o f nf? olonf ,ciftcgu eef;&if;0efa[mif; jzpf cJhzl;onfESifhtnD vdkufavsmnDaxG tqifajyvSonfh jrefrmh±dk;&m ydk;xnfrsm;udk ‹ m; acsmarmonf[kum; qdkIr&acs? aumif;pGm 0wfpm;qif,ifxm;onf? 4 olt odk‹aomfvnf; txl;ojzifh cef;rtwGif; ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm;,lxm;-uaom trsK;d orD;rsm;twGuu f m; rsupf jd zifrh jrifEikd af om olx ‹ rH S qef;-u,fonfh qGaJ qmif r+ taiGŒtoufwpHkw&mum; xGufay:vsuf&Sdonf? xdktcgu ol. 0wfpm;qif ,ifr+rSm vHk;0_yD;jynfhpHkonfum; r[kwfacs? tb,hfa-umifhqdkaomf rif;crf;rif; em;rsm;wGif trsKd;om;rsm; qif,ifavh&Sdaom acgif;aygif;udk 0wfqifxm;jcif;r&Sd I jzpfonf? wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh wdkeH‹eH‹ !Syfxm;aom ol‹qHyifonf ol‹Zmwdjzpf aom atmufjrefrmEdik if H om,m0wDc±dik f aus;vufawm&GmrS v,form;wOD;ESihf om olu ‹ kd wlaeapavonf?

OD;apmonf olESifh tvdkwltvdkyg }uHazmf}uHzufrsm;udk zcifwOD;yHkpHjzifh r-umc% vS rf;-unfhwwfonf? olwdk‹onf ol. opPmawmfcH aemufvdkufrsm; ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm jzpfc-hJ uonf r[kwyf gavm? vky}f uHowfjzwfr}+ uD;udk rusL;vGef &ao;cif olwdk‹onf tcsif;csif; opPmrazmufyg[k opPmqdk-u&onf? xdk‹aemuf wdik ;f jynftay: opPmazmufzsufrcd o hJ nft h wGuf rdrw d x ‹kd u kd f rdrw d u ‹kd jH zifh ao-u& jcif;jzpfonf[k aowrf;pma&;_y;D vufrw S af &;xd;k -u&onf? b!Geo ‹f nf tpk;d &. zdtm;ay;r+a-umifh yxrqH;k tav#mhay;cJo h jl zpfonf? xdk‹a-umifh olonf tvGef&ufa&maom qk}uD;udk &cJhayonf? olodor# cH±k ;kH awmftm; ajymjy&ef oabmwlncD v hJ #if olt ‹ ouftm; csr;f omcGiahf y;rnfjzpfI oluvnf; oabmwlncD ahJ yonf? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+}uD; r«yvkyfrD Zlvdkifv (18) &ufnwGif OD;apm. at'D ‹f yxrqH;k xkwaf zmfajym vrf;tdrw f iG f tpnf;ta0;wck «yvkycf ahJ -umif; 5 b!Geu qdck o hJ nf? twdck sKyf&iS ;f jyonfh xdt k csdet f xd vky}f uHowfjzwfr+ tpDtpOfEiS hf ywf oufI olbmrS roda-umif; ajymqdo k mG ;onf? olc&D;&Snw f cku jyefvm_y;D tdyaf rm usaecsdef ±kwfw&uf tEd+;cH&_yD; ol‹q&m OD;apmu csufcsif;awGŒvdka-umif; qifh ac:cH&jcif;jzpfonf? xdka‹ -umifh n (9) em&DavmufwGif ola&mufoGm;onfhtcgY um; *VKefwyf. aoemywdt}uD;tuJa&SŒ Y armifp;kd / oufEiS ;f / armifped Ef iS hf okcwd‹k xdik Ef iS ahf e-u_yD;jzpfonf?

olxdkif_yD;r-umrD OD;apmu xkdav;a,mufvHk;udk txl;ojzifh OD;atmifqef; tm; t"duypfrw S x f m;I bk&ifc.

H tr+aqmifwzGŒJ v;kH udk okwo f if&iS ;f vif;ypf&ef wm0efay;xm;a-umif; at;aq;pGmjzifh olu ‹ kd ajymjyonf? xdt k cg b!Geo ‹f nf r,Hk -unfEdkifavmufatmif -uufaoaooGm;onf? xdk‹ jyif v$wfawmfOuU@jzpfol OD;Ekukd olu, kd w f ikd o f wf&ef wm0eftay;cH&onft h cgYum; olonf ydrk t kd t hH m;oifh oGm;cJo h nf? yufpufvaS om TpDrcH sufukd oabmwlvu kd &f onfxuf olq ‹ &mudk ykdrdkav;pm;onfh taejzifhom olonf acgif;ndwfcJh&avonf? wu,fwrf;wGif vnf; ol‹q&m.trdef‹udk jyeffvnftwGef‹wuf&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ ol‹udk ay; tyfonfw h m0efukd jiif;qef&efaomfvnf;aumif; olw ‹ iG f enf;vrf;r&Sad cs?

OD;apm.tdrfwGif «yvkyfcJhaom TtHh-op&maumif;vSonfh awGŒqHkyGJrwdkif rDuyif b!Gef‹ESifh ol‹tzGJŒonf ae&mtESH‹tjym;rS vufeufESifh usnfqefrsm;udk pkaqmif;vmcJh-uonf? olwdko ‹ nf xdkvufeufrsm;ESifh usnfqefrsm;udk tvHkydwf aowWm}uD;rsm;xJwGif xnfhodk_yD; OD;apmtdrfaemufbuf tif;vsm;uefxJwGif wcsKdŒukd od0k u S _f yD; wcsKdu ‹ kd OD;apm. Zmwdòrd› om,m0wDo‹kd o,fyx ‹kd m;cJ-h uonf? tif;vsm;uef. ‘uAif’u|e;f ay:wGiv f nf; q&mrsm;u aoewfypf oifcef;pmrsm; ydkc‹ say;cJhonf[k b!Gefu ‹ xkwfazmfoGm;onf? OD;apm. at'Dvrf;aetdrf _cH0if; twGi;f wGiv f nf; opfyifrsm;wGif ypfrw S rf sm;«yvkyI f aoewfypfavhusichf -hJ uonf? “'g[m b%fudk tEk-urf;pD;zdk‹yJvdk‹ usaemfwdk‹xifcJh-uw,f? vkyf}uHr+}uD;rwdkifrD ntxd tpdk;&wzGJŒvHk;udk okwfoif&Sif;vif;r,fh tpDtpOfudk usaemfwdk‹ vHk;0rodcJh &ygbl;”[k b!Geu ‹f ajymqdck ahJ vonf?

TuJo h ‹dk b!Geu ‹f olwt ‹dk aejzifh 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ 0iftm;vk;H ukd owfjzwf&ef qk;d ,kwfaomtpDtrHukd bmr#rodem;rvnfcJh-ua-umif; ajymqkdjcif;onf vSnfhjzm; a,mifaqmifaompum;jzpfonf? olwkd‹vlwpkonf ysm,mcwfpGm v+yf&Sm;wuf ºuGvyk u f idk af e-ujcif;ukyd if tenf;qk;H t&dyt f ¹rGuo f o H ,&Sv d m-u_yD; b%fwu dk f ukd0ifpD;rnfhudpPxuf ykdrdk&efvkdaomta-umif;a-umifh jzpf&rnf[k xifvm-u& vdrfhrnf? azmfaumifb!Gefu ‹ ol. oufaocHxGufcsufwGif trSefpifppf jzpfay: cJo h nfqo dk nfh tawGŒt¯uHrsm; wifjy&mwGif ta-umif;wckrmS olEiS hf armifp;dk wko ‹d nf OD;apm. t}uHtpnfxifjrifcsurf sm; twGi;f usus odc&hJ onf? Zlvidk v f (15) &uf ae‹wGif acgif;aqmifu xkwfazmfajymjyonfrSm “jrefrmjynfwGif EkdifiHa&; quf vufaqmif&GufEkdif&ef twkduftcHEkdifiHa&;tzGJŒrsm;. acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd owf jzwfypf&rnfjzpf.”? xkd‹ jyif “trsm;qkH; vufeufukdif aemufvkdufrsm;&Sdaom

109

110 110

111

w&m;qdik jf cif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

Ekid if aH &;tzGŒJ onf Ekid if u H dk tkypf ;dk rnfjzpfonf?” olwkd‹. vltkyftxJwGif 0g}uD;olwa,mufjzpfonfh cifarmif&ifuvnf; a&SŒaqmifv}l uD;. t}uHtpnfrsm;udk em;vnfr&+ o dS w l OD;jzpfvrd rhf nf? ol. ajzmifh csuw f iG f twdwu f mvujzpf&yfrsm;ukd wifjy&mwGif OD;apm.toufudk 1946 ckEpS f pufwifbmvwGif &ef&SmcJhonfhta-umif;rS qufI tHh-ozG,faumif;aom jzpfykH wpkH xkwfazmfajymjycJhonfrSm OD;apmu trdef‹ay;_yD; vkyfckdif;onfh wm0eft& “ppfO;D pD;Adv k cf sKyf. jynfvrf;aetdrf nykid ;f {nfch yH w JG iG f OD;atmifqef;tm; ypfcwf&ef apv$wcf &hJ m OD;atmifqef; um;jzifah &mufvmonfudk jrifaomfvnf; oljyefvmum OD;apmtm; OD;atmifqef; xkyd o JG ‹dk wufa&mufjcif;r&S[ d I l vdraf jymvku d af -umif;?” olajymwm rSew f ,fv‹dk ,k-H unf&v#if OD;apm vef'ef-rdr› S 1946 ck/ azazmf0g&DvwGif jyefa&mufvm_yD; r-umrDavmufujzpfvdrhfrnf? OD;apmonf ocifApdefESifhtwl atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyfukd jiif;y,fcJh-u_yD; olwkd‹ESpfOD;u a'gufwmbarmf tygt0if wjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;ygpkaygif;I zqyvtm; twkduftcHr[mrdwf wyfOD;jzpfrnfh ‘vGwfvyfa&; yxr r[mtzGJŒ’ ac: toif;zGJŒ&ef &nf&G,f¯ud;pm;cJh -uaomfvnf; atmifjrifjcif;r&Sdonfhtcsdefvnf; jzpfcJhonf? xkdumv0,f *VKef ppfo}l uD;.pdwaf e b,fv&dk o dS vJqw dk m pOf;pm;om-unf-h uygpk?‹d b!Geo ‹f nf cH±k ;kH awmfa&SŒ Y xGuaf y:vmcJah om ta&;}uD;qH;k oufaojzpfchJ ±Hkr#ru olonf OD;apmudk qef‹usifI oufaocHcJhonfh wOD;wnf;aom yk*~dKvf vnf; jzpfcJhavonf? (19) &ufae‹wGif twGif;0ef±Hk;Y &ufpuf,kwfrmaom vl owfr}+ uD;jzpfymG ;_yD;aemuf &efuek òf rdw › iG f vl (800) ausmfukd zrf;qD;cJo h nf? pDtikd f 'D (r+cif;pHkprf;axmufvS rf;a&;Xme)/ tif;pdefykvdyfwyfzGJŒESifh &efukefòrda› wmf ykvdyf $ af y;cJo h nf? aemufq;kH wyfzŒJG wu ‹kd 6 ppfaq;ar;jref;_yD; vltrsm;pkukd jyefvnfvw wGifum; w&m;vdkjy oufao (131) a,mufteuf (87) a,mufonf _Adwdo# bk&ifbufrS xGufqdkay;cJhonf? olwdk‹xJrS trsm;tjym;rSm twGif;0ef±Hk;twGif; wu,f 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufr+udk oufaoxGufqdkcJh-uonf? ,if;wdk‹rSm pma&; xifay:/ wHcg;udk apmifh-uyfay;cJh&aom rif;apvkvif aomif;pdef ponfwdk‹ jzpf onf? ‚if;tjyif owif;pmq&marmifoef;onfvnf; udak xG;owfrt + wGuf ouf aojzpfc_hJ y;D owd0&D , d &Sad om owif;axmuf udpk ed af rmifuvnf; vlowform;rsm; xGufajy;vGwfajrmuf&mwGif pD;eif;oGm;onfh *spfum;.eHygwfudk a&;rSwfxm;Edkif cJhonf? ‚if;wdkt ‹ m;vHk;u cHk±Hk;awmfa&SŒwGif oufaoxGufqdkcJh-uonf? 7 OD;xGe;f vSatmifuvnf; OD;apm. at'Dvrf;aetdru f kd tao;pdw&f mS azG&ef

trdeaf‹ y;cJhonf? tdrfaemufaz;wGif OD;apmu olwrdk‹ dom;pkudk;uG,f&ef wnfxm; aom apwDawmf&Sdonfh a&uefxJrS '\r (303) usnfqefrsm; xnfhxm;aom aowWm&Spv f ;kH / awmfr*D ef; (4) vuf/ pwif;*ef; (1) vufwu ‹kd kd &SmazGawGŒ&cdS o hJ nf? vufeufu|r;f usio f l ynm&Siw f OD;u xdo k o ‹kd rd ;f qnf;&rdaom vufeufusnq f ef rsm;ESihf vky}f uHowfjzwfc&H olrsm;. ud, k cf E<mxJrS &&Sad om usnq f efrsm;udk ppfaq; -unf±h c+ &hJ m a&uefxrJ S &&Sad om aoewf (50) vuf teuf (4) vufrmS Zlvikd v f (19) &ufae‹u twGif;0ef±Hk;Y vlowform;rsm; vkyf}uHowfjzwf&mwGif toHk; «ycJah om aoewfrsm;jzpfonf[k aumufcsucf sco hJ nf? xdkae‹u owWKjzifh «yvkyfxm;aom armfawmfum;eHygwfjym;twk (2) ckudk vnf; awGŒ&cdS o hJ nf? wckay:wGif (RC 1814) [k a&;om;xm;_yD; vlowform;rsm; pD;eif;aom *spu f m;aemufrS rSwo f m;rdvu kd o f nfh eHygwfjzpfaeonf? tjcm;wckrmS (RA 3123) jzpf_yD; ,if;udk zd' ‹k q f efx&yfum;wGif toH;k «ycJo h nf[k ,lq&ayonf? yxrqHk;eHygwfjym;. aemufausmbufwGif t0ga&mifaq;okwfxm;_yD; eHygwf (RB 4140) udk a&;om;xm;onf? u|Efy k . f zcifonf Zlvikd v f (19) &uf/ ae‹v,f wGifyif OD;apmaetdrfodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;_yD; zdk‹'fqefum;ESifh tjcm;*spfum;ESpfpD;udk awGŒ&SdcJhonf? zdk‹'fqefum;wGif (MTLA 183) eHygwfjym;udk wyfqifxm;_yD; aq; yif rajcmufao;aom trdk;ESifh *spfum;wpD;rSmrl (GEN 167) eHygwfjym; &Sdaeay f u,ftm;jzifh prf;acsmif;ZvGev f rf;rS OD;bat; onf? (RB 9831) eHygwfrmS trSew qdo k . l *spfum;eHygwfjzpfa-umif; ykvyd rf sm;u ajc&mcHazmfxw k Ef ikd cf o hJ nf? OD;apm .ZeD;jzpfol a':oef;cif. wlawmfoljzpf_yD; olESifhtwl zdk‹'fqefum;wGif twl vdkufygcJhol cifarmif&iftm; ,if;eHygwfjym;rsm;udk aq;okwf&ef wm0efay;cJh a-umif; b!Geu ‹f xkwaf zmfajymqdck o hJ nf?

OD;apm. tdrfaemufbuf a&uefxJwGif xyfrH&SmazG-u&mrS ydkrdkpdwf0ifpm; zG,faumif;aom &SmazGawGŒ&Sdr+}uD;w&yfudk xyfrHazmfxkwfEdkifcJhjyefonf? a&uef tpyfrS q,frDwmcef‹tuGmY avtvHkydwf oHjzLyHk;rsm;xJwGif xnfhoGif;xm;_yD; ajcmufaoGŒaeaom vufeufrsm;udk awGŒ&jyefonf? ,if;vufeufrsm;rSm b&if; *ef; (37) vuf/ aoewfajymif;tydk (59) ck/ usnfqeftjynfhjznfh '\r (38) ajcmufv;kH jyL; (8) vuf/ udv ‹k w f f ypPww kd vuf/ tar&duefvyk f umbdik þf (3)þvuf/ awmfrD*ef; (5) vufESifh r*~Zif;awmifh (6) ck/ pwif;*ef; (3) vuf/ pwif;*ef; usnfqeftawmifh (7˜000) cef‹ xnfx h m;aom *s,f&u D ef "mwfqyD ;kH (2) yH;k / '\ r (303) ±dkifz,f (3) vufESifh usnfqeftwGJtvdkuf tawmifh (7˜000)/ '\r

111

112 112

113

w&m;qdik jf cif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

(303) usnq f efrsm;xnfx h m;aom usnq f efb;l (15) bl;/ '\r (303) usnq f ef (500) awmifhpDyg&Sdaom ycHk;odkif;usnfqefpvG,f (30) ckESifh rwfcf (36) _Adwdo# rD;vfvufypfA;kH (75) ckw‹kd jzpfonf?

OD;apm. *VKefwyfESifh qufEG,fr+&SdolwOD;ydkif &efukef&Sd tjcm;tdrfwtdrf wGifvnf; vufypfAHk; (44) vHk;/ azmufcGJrdkif; (49) ck/ '\r (303) usnfqef tawmifh (730)/ pwif;*ef;usnfqeftawmifh (3˜000)/ usnfumtusôudk azmufEdkifaom usnfqefawmifhrsm;ESifh tcsdefxdef;cvkyfrsm;yg&Sdaom aowWm (7) aowWm/ vufypfAHk;rsm;tjyif b&if;*ef;/ awmfrD*ef;ESifh umbkdifaoewfusnfqef r*~Zif;awmifrh sm; yg&Sad om aowWm (7) aowWmwdu ‹k kd ykvyd rf sm;u &SmazGawGŒcjhJ yef onf? OD;apmESifh ola‹ emufvdkufrsm;wGif &efukefòrdw › Gif;Y awmfvSefa&;w&yf qifE$J &ef ppfvufeufypPn;f tvHt k avmuf&adS ecJah vonf? ,if;awmfveS af &;rSmvnf; OD;apm. pDrHcsufw&yf jzpfaumif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? OD;apmESifh ol‹vlrsm;onf rnf onfudk OD;wnf&nf&G,fcJhygoenf;? TtcsufESifhywfoufI rnfolr# rodEdkifcJh ay? b!Geo ‹f nfyifv#if xdt k wGuf oJveG pf rsm; xyfraH y;Edik cf jhJ cif; r&Sad cs? w&m;±Hk;awmf. -um;emr+rsm;udk &ufowWywfaygif;rsm;pGm qufvuf«y vkyfaecJhaomfvnf; wae‹wm w&m;pD&ifr+udk -unfh±+avhvmEdkifa&;twGuf cGi«hf yvufrw S &f &S&d ef jynfov l x l rk mS eHeufwikd ;f wef;pDae-uqJjzpfonf? OD;apmudk qefu ‹ siaf om oufaorsm;rSm ydrk rkd sm;onfxuf rsm;vmaecJo h nf? ta&;}uD;aom oufaotrsm;tjym;udk ppfaq;_yD;onfhtcgYum; vlowf&ef yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+/ vlowf&ef tm;ay;ulnDr+ESifh OD;apmudk,fwdkif yg0ifywfoufr+rsm;udk qufpyf azmfjyaom Oya'pum;&yf tjynft h pHt k &qdv k #if “wlnaD om&nf&, G cf suf tusK;d pD;yGm;tvdk‹iSm vlowf&ef wm0efay;apcdkif;r+” ponfh pGJcsufrsm;jzifh olwdk‹ (9) a,mufvHk;udk w&m;pGJqdkEdkifcJhavonf? rnfoq ‹kd akd p wcsdeu f ola‹ emufvu kd jf zpfcahJ om b!Ge. ‹f oufaocHcsufEiS hf ajymif;vJomG ;aom oabmxm;rsm;onf xl;qef;vSpmG yif OD;apmtm; [efw ‹ m;&ef pGrf;EdkifcJhyHkr&acs? tjcm;aom ol‹vlrsm;. ajzmifhcsufrsm;a-umifhvnf; OD;apmt aejzifh pdwEf v S ;kH wkev f y+ cf yhJ rkH &acs? xdt k pm; olonf Oya'tultnDukd xyfr&H ,l &ef Edk0ifbmvv,fwGif qHk;jzwfcJhavonf? xdka-umifh t*FvefwGifaeaom olt ‹ udkjzpfol OD;armifarmif}uD;. tultnDjzifh emrnfausmf-um;aom bk&ifhtwdkif tyifcHwOD;jzpfol z&uf'&pf [ife&Dum;wpfbif;epf (Frederick Henry Curtisk o f nf? OD;apmonf csr;f omºuG,0f olwOD;tjzpf vlord sm; Bennett) udk iSm;&rf;vdu

cJah omfvnf; ,ck Ttr+EiS yhf wfoufI tydu k ek u f sp&dwrf sm; umrdomG ;ap&ef b%f rS acs;aiGtjref&&Sda&;twGuf ol‹rdom;pkydkif a&$aiG&wemrsm;udk taygifypPnf; tjzpf tyfEcHS &hJ avonf?

'DZifbmv (8) &ufae‹wiG f um;wpfbifepfonf OD;apmESihf yxrqH;k t}udrf awGŒqHk&ef tif;pdefaxmif*dwf0 usm;yg;pyfa&SŒodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg u|efawmfh a,muQrjzpfol w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdefu xkdae&mY ol‹tm; qD;óudE+wf qufcJhonf? _Adwdo# 0wfvHkawmf&rif;tm; vkyf±dk;vkyfpOft& olu ‹ dk&SmazG&ygrnf [k today;ajymqdkcJhonf? um;wpfbifepfuvnf; oabmwlnDcJhonf? odk‹ jzifh tjyeftvSeftjzpf olt ‹ r+onf OD;apmESifh vGwfvGwfvyfvyfawGŒqHkcGifhay;cJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ol‹ydkufqHtdwfudkrl axmif0efxrf;tm; ay;tyfxm;cJh&onf? ‚if; ydkufqHtdwftm; taotcsmcsdyfydwfI axmif. rD;cHaowWmxJY odrf;qnf;xm; vdu k &f onf? Tod‹k jzpfysuaf epOf ol‹ _Adwo d # 0wfvakH wmf&rif;tm; rzG,rf &mquf qHonf[k OD;apmu -um;od_yD;v#if jyif;jyif;xefxef uef‹uGufcJhonf? um;wpf bifepfu w&m;cGifodk0‹ ifa&mufvm_yD; jzpfysufcJhonfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;jyonfhtcg usrSomv#if olpw d af useyfomG ;avawmhonf? _Adwdo#twdkifyifcH. Oya'a-umif;t& r[mAsL[mrSm r-umrDyif xif&Sm; vmonf? ol‹tr+onfwGif tjypfr&Sda-umif; oufaojy&ef olonf vlowfr+t wGuf yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+/ tm;ay;ulnDr+ ponfhtjypfqdk&ef pGJcsufrSefor#udk azmf aumifb!Geft ‹ ay:odk‹ ajymif;vGJyHkcsvdkufavonf? b!Gefo ‹ nfomv#if OD;atmif qef;tm; vky}f uHonfh tpDtpOfwckv;kH . t"dupnf;±H;k vkyaf qmifol jzpfonf[k olu pGyfpGJvdkufonf? OD;apmonf b!Geft ‹ pDtpOfrsm;udk vHk;0rod&SdbJ vkyf}uHr+ }uD; jzpfyGm;onfhwdkifatmif ,if;udpPESifh ywfoufI wvHk;wyg'r# rodyg[k um; wpfbif;epfu qufvufav#mufvJonf? _Adwdo# 0wfvHkawmf&rif;u 1170 ck ESpw f iG f uifwmbm&D*% kd ;f csKyf bke;f awmf}uD; aomrufpf bufuuf (Archbishop Thomas Becket) tay: Y usa&mufcJhaom uH-urRmESifh Ed+if;,SOfcdkif;Ed+if;jyonf? xdkpOfu [ife&Dbk&if. aemufvdkufrsm;u uHqdk;vSaom bkef;awmf}uD;tm; olb ‹ k&m; ausmif;awmf}uD;xJwGifyif olw ‹ b dk‹ mom owfjzwfcJh-uonf? bkef;awmf }uD; bufuuftay:Y bk&ifu a'gotrsuaf jcmif;ajcmif;xGujf yvdu k o f nft h wGuf rif;vdv k u kd f rif;óuduaf qmifonft h aejzifh rif;ajrm‡ ifrsm;u bke;f awmf}uD;udk owfypf vdu k -f ujcif;jzpfonf?

0wfvHkawmf&rif;u ‘vlwdkif;tm; arwWm&yfcHr+’ wcktm; xyfrH wifjyaqG;

113

114 114

115

w&m;qdik jf cif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

aEG;jyefonf? EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,muftaejzifh rdrdtm; axmufcHolwdkif;udk vGwf vGwv f yfvyf/ vG,v f , G u f u l l rdrEd iS ahf wGŒqckH iG hf ay;xm;&onft h wGuf ,if;odv ‹k m a&mufawGŒqo kH l vltyk }f uD;xJrS wOD;wa,mufu usL;vGev f u kd o f nfh vkyaf qmif r+rsm;ESihf ywfoufIrl olt ‹ aejzifh wm0ef,El ikd rf r+ &Sad cs? oda‹k omf ol. jiif;qdck suf rsm;udk taxmuftyHhjzpfap&eftwGuf 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;orm;jzpf-uaom a'gufwm barmfESifh ocifApdef ponfwu dk‹ dk w&m;cHjy oufaorsm;tjzpf ac:,lvdkuf_yD; jyef vSefar;cGef;rsm; ar;cJhonf? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+}uD; jzpfyGm;_yD; (2) &uft-umwGif ocifApdefudk umuG,fxdef;odrf;r+ «yvkyfonf? tb,fa-umifhqdkaomf xdktcgu olESifh a'gufwmbarmfwdk‹ ESpfa,mufvHk;onf zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfudk qef‹usif&ef twGuf r[mrdwfzGJŒ&ef pnf;±Hk;v+H‹aqmfae-uonfhtavsmuf Tvkyf}uHr+}uD;Y olwdk‹ yg0ifywfoufEdkifjcif;a-umifhjzpfonf? OD;apmESifh olwdk‹. cifrif&if;ESD;r+rSm vlwikd ;f todjzpfonf? olwq ‹kd ufqaH &;ar;cGe;f rsm;ESihf ywfoufI ajz-um;&mwGif OD;apmajzouJo h y‹kd if Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;taejzifh olwo ‹kd nf olwu ‹kd kd axmufct H m; ay;olrsm;/ olwdk‹aemufvdkufrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifbufEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk yHkrSef tm;jzifh awGŒqHkae-u&onf[k wHk‹ jyefajz-um;cJh-uonf? 8 odk‹&mwGif OD;apmESifh tjcm; acgif;aqmifEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;t-um; cdkifrmaom tquftpyf&Sd-uonfh vuQ%mudrk l rawGŒ jrif&ygacs? w&m;vdb k ufrS uifwmbm&D*% kd ;f csKyf bke;f awmf}uD; towfc&H r+EiS hf jrefrm tpd;k &wzGŒJ v;kH udk tpkvu kd t f òyHvu kd f owfjzwfrw + t ‹kd m; um;wpfbif;epfu xl;xl; qef;qef; Ed+if;,SOfjyr+udk ±dk;±dk;av;ESifh jiif;csufxkwfEdkifcJhygonf? OD;apmonf bk&ifwyg;r[kwfonfhtjyif oltpGyfpGJcHae&onfh &mZ0wfr+udk olonf aemuf uG,frS }uHpnfóud;udkifaeonfh t&nftcsif;ESifh tjynhfpHkqHk; yk*~dKvfvnf; jzpfae onf[k w&m;vkb d ufu wifjyEdik cf ahJ vonf? bke;f awmf}uD; aomrufpb f ufuuf udk owfjzwfr+ESifh Ed+if;,SOf&mY oa&mfuGufjzpfoGm;jcif;rSm xdktr+a-umifh bk&if [ife&Dtaejzifh t&SufwuGJtusKd;enf;jzpf&_yD; towfcH&ol bkef;awmf}uD;rSm olawmfpif pm&if;0ifoGm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? um;wpfbifepftaejzifh Ttcsufudk *±krrl cd yhJ rkH &acs? ‚if;tjyif um;wpfbifepftaejzifh b!Gef‹. ta&;ygvSaom oufaocH csuu f dk wu,fwrf;acszsu&f mwGif rwwfEikd o f avmufjzpfc&hJ onf? w&m;vdb k uf u OD;apm.tdrfeD;csif; (39) a,mufajrmuf oufao uy`wdefcef;udk wifjyonfh tcgwGifum; OD;apmtm; pGyfpGJxm;aom tr+onf ydkrdkuspfvpfcdkifrmoGm;cJhonf?

uy`wdefcef;onf Zlvdkif (19) &ufae‹u vlowform;rsm;pD;vmaom *spfum;ESifh wdkufrdvkeD;yg; jzpfcJhonfjzpfonf? (17) &ufae‹wGif OD;xGef;vSatmifu OD;apm tdru f kd t_rJrjywf apmif-h unfah e&ef trdea‹f y;cJ_h yD;jzpfa-umif; xGuaf y:vmcJo h nf?

OD;apm. b0ifyrkd jkd rifw h ufvmr+EiS hf ol. _cH0if;xJY vufeufyek ;f rsm; v#Kd0‹ u S o f rd ;f qnf;xm;onf[laom oHo,jzpfr+rsm;u pDtkdif'D. tm±Hkudk qGJaqmifcJhonf?

OD;apm. aetdru f kd apmif-h unh&f ef yxrqH;k wm0efay;cH&olrmS &Jwyf-uyf atmif ausmfped jf zpf_yD; (18) &ufae‹wiG f uy`wed cf ef;u qufvufwm0ef,cl o hJ nf? od‹k jzifh uy`wed cf ef;u ol. pdwcf st,H-k unf&qH;k ol ESpOf ;D jzpfonfh olp‹ ma&;jzpfol vSwif ESifh aemufwa,mufjzpfaom pdk;jrifhwdk‹udk tif;vsm;uef u|ef;qG,fay:&Sd oHo, &Sdp&maumif;vSonfh &JwdkufESifhwlaom at'Dvrf;_cH0if;}uD;udk (24) em&D tcsdef jynfhapmifh-uyf-unfh±+&ef trdef‹ay;cJhonf? uy`wdefcef;. vlwa,mufonf ig;r#m;orm; a,mifaqmifaeonfhtwGuf uefpyfwGif em&Daygif;pGm xdkifaeEdkif onfh taumif;qHk;tcGifhta&;udk &&SdcJhonf?

(19) &ufae‹ eHeufwiG rf l uy`wed cf ef;ESihf olv ‹ El pS af ,mufonf xd_k cH0if;tm; taumif;qH;k taetxm;rsKd;pHrk S apmif-h uyf-unf±h v + suf&-dS uonf? eHeuf (10) em &DwGif vSwifu «yvkyfaeus 0wW&m;twdkif; OD;apmtdrf0if;twGif;rS *spfum;wpD; xGuo f mG ;a-umif; uy`wed cf ef;xH owif;ydv ‹k u kd o f nf? vSwifonf ol. rSeaf jymif; xJrS rdk;umtusôuJhodk‹aom tay:±Hk0wfqifxm;onfh vl (4) a,muf odk‹r[kwf (5) a,mufudk um;xJwGif jrifvdkuf&onf? *spfum;. eHygwfudk (RC 1814) [k rSwo f m;rdvu kd &f onf? vSwifonf OD;apmud, k w f ikd f *dwaf ygufox ‹kd u G v f m_yD; um; xGuo f mG ;onfukd -unf±h v + su&f o dS nfuv kd nf; jrifvu kd &f onf? xda‹k emuf tdrb f uf jyefroGm;rD t0ifaygufudk apmifhaeoltm; wpHkw&m wD;wdk;uyfajymoGm;onfudk vnf; awGŒvu kd &f onf? wem&D-um_yD;aemuf uy`wed cf ef;onf olwv ‹kd yk if ef;_yD;pD; I jyefvmaom *spfum;ESiyhf if wdu k rf rd vdjk zpfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? w&m;qdik af eonfh tcsed u f mvtwGi;f wGif ydrk ykd a[Vdqefaom tjcm;tao; pdwt f csuftvufrsm; xGuaf y:vmcho J nf? vlowform;wd. ‹k *spfum;a&SŒreS w f iG f wyfqifxm;aom tjzLESifh teDa&mif ‘v#yfyef;xnf’ ydwfpwdk‹. xl;jcm;r+ESifh ywfoufI (pDtdkif'D) t}uD;tuJ OD;xGef;vSatmifrSm tar;cH&onf? xdktcg u|ef awmf. zcifu “tEœ&m,f&SdwJh vkyfief;wck vkyfcgeD;/ 'grS r[kwf c&D;oGm;cgeD;qdk &if vlawG[m olwdek‹ J‹ olwd&k‹ JŒ rdom;pkawGtay: txdtcdkufysuftpD; rusa&muf apzd‹k ewfawGukd auseyfatmif ylaZmfyo&ygw,f” [k jyefajzcJo h nf? od‹k jzpfonfh

115

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w&m;qdik jf cif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

twdkif; vrf;ab;Y &Sdaeolrsm;taejzifh ZlvdkifvtwGif; xdkae‹u &efukefòrd›xJ wGif t&Sdefjyif;pGmjzifh armif;ESifoGm;vmaeaom ‚if;*spfum;onf tvGef‹tvGef ta&;}uD;aom vkyfief;wm0efwckjzifh oGm;aerSef; owdxm; oabmaygufrd -uayvdrrhf nf? ol‹0wfvHkawmf&rif; aemufem;rS uyfvsufvdkufygvm_yD; 'DZifbmv (11) &ufae‹wGif OD;apmu a&SŒodk‹xGufI usrf;opPmqdkum oufaoxGufqdk&mwGifrl oem;!Smwmr+&Sdaom ewfrsm;taejzifh ol‹bufY &SdaeyHkr&acs? ‘ol. EdkifiH a&;oufwrf; tESpf (30) twGif; olonf t-urf;rzufr+udk tpOfojzifh tcdkift rm ,Hk-unfoljzpfcJhonfhtwGuf b!Gef‹ESifh ol‹taygif;toif;rsm; TuJhodk‹ rdkuf rdkufuef;uef; qifuef;awmwdk;ouJhodk‹ aumufuspf,kwfrmvGef;pGm yl;aygif;}uH pnf usL;vGefcJhonfh jypfr+rsKd;udk olt ‹ aejzifh axmufcHcGifh«yay;p&mta-umif;r&Sd’ [k olu xGuq f o kd mG ;ojzifh em;axmifaeol y&dowf}uD; r,Ho k uFm tht H m;woifh jzpfoGm;cJhonf? ta-umif;aomfum; OD;apmwGif *VKefwyfac: ol‹udk,fydkif ‘jynf ol‹ppf’tzGJŒ }uD; &SdaecJhonfr[kwfygavm? odk‹ jzpfI rnfolr# ol‹tay: jrefrmEdkifiH . r[wWr*E<DuJhodk‹ ,Hk-unfav;pm;xifrSwfroGm;rnfrSmvnf; tvGefusdef;ao ygonf? odka‹ omf olu ‘Zlvdkifv (18) &uf ae‹cif;ydkif;wGif olonf AdkufemI aer aumif;jzpfaecJhum aemufwae‹vHk;vdkvdk tdyf&mxJ vSJaecJh&onf’[k qufvuf xGuq f o kd nf? (19) &ufae‹ rGe;f wnfyh ikd ;f avmufwiG rf S wpHw k a,mufu olu ‹ kd T vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+owif;tm; ajymjycJh_yD; xdktcsdefusrS Ta-uuGJzG,f&m jzpf&yf qdk;}uD;ESifh ywfoufI yxrqHk;t}udrf -um;zl;cJhjcif;jzpfonf’ [k olu ajymqdk vdu k o f nf? ol. t&if;tESD;qHk; aemufvdkufrsm;vnf;jzpf_yD; olESifhtwl ckcHxkacsaeol tjcm; (8) a,mufrSm ‚if;wdkt ‹ ay: ±Hk;awmfu pGJqdkonfh pGJcsufrsm;tay: pdwfryg wygjzifh jyefvnfwHk‹ jyefcJh-uonf? armifeDwOD;omv#if usrf;usdefum a&SŒxGuf oufaocHcJhonf? olw ‹ Gif tjypfr&Sda-umif; av#mufvJ_yD; Tv#KdŒ0Suf}uHpnfr+ESifh ywfoufI olbmr#rodcJh&a-umif;/ Zlvdkifv xdkae‹u zdk‹'fqefx&yfum;ay:wGif oltaejzifh c&D;onfwa,mufyrm vdkufygoGm;jcif;jzpfa-umif; ajymqdkcJhonf? zd'‹k q f efx&yfum;ay:wGif vdu k yf gcJo h l aemufwOD;jzpfonfh r+e}f uD;uvnf; wu,fh aoewform; oHk;OD;jzpfonfh armifpdk;/ oufESif;ESifh &ef}uD;atmifwdku ‹ Jhodky‹ if ±dk;±dk; av; awmif;yefjiif;qdkoGm;cJhonf? oda‹k omfvnf; ,cktcsed t f xd OD;apmtay: opPmapmifo h cd -hJ uaom ola‹ emuf

vdu k rf sm;onf r-umrDrmS yif av#mhay;p«yvmonf? olw. ‹kd jypf'%frsm; av#mhaygh oGm;ap&ef ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh jzpfaumif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? yxr x&yfum;ay:wGif ygoGm;ol OD;apmZeD;onf. wlawmfol cifarmif&ifu olonf OD;apm.tdrfwGif 1942 ck/ ZGev f rSpI aexdik cf ahJ -umif;ESihf touft&G,u f mG jcm;r+t& olonf OD;apm . pum;udk em;axmif&rSmjzpfa-umif; oufaocHxGufqdkcJhonf? cH±k ;kH awmf. ar;jref;r+rsm;-um;wGif cifarmif&ifonf pdw"f mwfysufjym;oGm; cJ_h yD; aemufyidk ;f wGif ±H;k awmfo‹kd oufaocHypPn;f tjzpf wifjycJah om OD;apm_cH0if;t wGif;rS odrf;qnf;&rdonfh vufeufrsm;udk ol‹taejzifh aumif;aumif;od&SdcJhyg a-umif; 0efcHavawmhonf? vlowform;rsm; pD;eif;aom *spfum;armif;ol okc ESihf aoewform;rsm;jzpf-uaom armifped /f armifeED iS hf r+e}f uD;wdu ‹k vnf; tvm;wl 0efcHr+rsm;«y-u_yD; olwt dk‹ aejzifh OD;apmtrdeaf‹ y;or#udk aqmif&Gufae-ujcif;om jzpfI av#mhayghI jypf'%fcsrSwyf g&ef awmif;yefav#mufxm;-uonf? b!Ge‹f 0ef cHouJhodk‹ vdkufvH0efcH-uolrsm;teuf q,fausmfouft&G,f &ef}uD;atmifom v#if ol‹tm; &Jrsm;u t-uyfukdifzdtm;ay;r+a-umifh[k ta-umif;jyI ol‹xGufqdk csufukd jyefvnf±yk o f rd ;f oGm;cJo h nf? azmfaumifb!Geu ‹f rl Tod‹k v#Kd0‹ u S }f uHpnfr+ wGif tpGyfpGJcH&ol (9) a,mufvHk; yg0ifywfoufcJha-umif; jyoEdkifcJhonf?

T&mZ0wfrr+ sm;udk tb,fah -umifh usL;vGe&f oenf;[k &SmazGar;jref;-unfh aomtcg OD;apmrSm OD;atmifqef;. EdkifiHa&;òydifbufoufoufomrua-umif; ydkrdkxif&Sm;vmonf? twGif;0ef±Hk;Y jzpfyGm;cJhaom owfjzwfr+rwdkifrD (10) vcef‹ tvdk 1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (21) &ufae‹wGif OD;apmrSm touf&ef&SmcHcJh& onf? olonf xdkae‹u tpdk;&tdrfawmfodk‹ oGm;cJhonf? um;aemufbufwGif ol‹ vlESpfa,mufvkdufygvsuf olonf tpdk;&tdrfawmf taqmufttHkrS ae‹v,fydkif; wGif tdrfjyef&ef jyefvnfxGufcGmvmcJhonf? at'Dvrf;tdrfodkt ‹ jyef jynfvrf;ay: &Sd ajreDukef;t0dkif;odk‹ta&muf olonf aemufbufodk‹ vSnfh-unfhvdkufaomtcg olwdk‹um;aemufrS *spfum;wpD; uyfygvmonfudk owdxm;rdcJhonf? t0dkif; wbufxyd f uke;f udw k uf&if; vrf;tauGŒ jzpfonft h wGuf OD;apm. um;armif;ol u um;t&Sed af v#mhcsvdu k o f nf? *spfum;onf olwu ‹kd rkd v SD m_yD; ‘jynfo&‹l aJ bmf’ ,l eDazmif;0wf vlav;OD;ESihf aoewfajymif;wck olwb ‹kd ufcsdex f m;onfukd OD;apmu vS r;f awGŒvu kd &f onf? aoewfjzifh wcsufvS r;f ypfvu kd _f yD; ‚if;um;onf t&Sed jf zifh armif;ajy;oGm;avonf? aoewfusnfqefonf OD;apm. um;jywif;rSef (2) ESpf bufpvH;k udk azmufxu G o f mG ;onf? usnq f efu olu ‹ kd rrSeaf omfvnf; rSeu f pJG rsm;

117

118 118

119

w&m;qdik jf cif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

u ol‹rsufvHk;rsm;udk qdk;qdk;0g;0g; pl;&SoGm;cJhavonf? rsufvHk;wbufrSm tajc taetawmfqdk;ojzifh xdktcsif;jzpfyGm;_yD; OD;apmrSm aq;±HkwGif 9 &uftawmf-um wufa&mufuo k r+caH ecJ&h onf? xda‹k emuf tdE, Nd od‹k acwWomG ;um txl;ukq&m 0efwOD;jzifh rsufpdudk ppfaq;prf;oyfr+ cH,lcJh&ao;onf? odk‹aomf ol‹tm; wdkuf cdkufolrsm;rSm rnfolrnf0gjzpfrSef; rodcJh&vifhupm;æ xdkae‹u olt ‹ ouf&ef&Smr+ 10 aemufuG,fwGif OD;atmifqef;&Sdaeonf [k OD;apmu oHo,}uD;pGm 0ifcJhonf? *spfum;xJrS vlrsm;rSm jynfo&l‹ Jabmf,leDazmif; 0wfxm;-uonfukd olu &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif; owdxm;rdco hJ nf r[kwyf gvm;? TuJo h ‹kd jzpfysufcahJ omfvnf; 1947 ck ESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif _Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf ‘uvD;rifhtufwvD’ESifh jrefrmhvGwfvyf a&;twGuf awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;&ef OD;atmifqef; vef'efodk‹ oGm;&mwGifrl olu vdkuf ygoGm;cJo h nf? oda‹k omfvnf; pdwx f m;aumufuspv f aS om TjrefrmEdik if aH &;orm; }uD;onf (27) &ufae‹wGif _Adwdo#wdEk‹ Sifh oabmwlpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfxdk;&ef jiif; qefcJhjcif;jzifh OD;atmifqef;tay: xm;&Sdaom ol. tmCmww&m;udk jyocJh avonf? w&m;&ifqikd af e&onfh umvwav#mufv;kH jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf_idr;f onf w&m;vdkbufrS oufaoxif&Sm;aer+udk wifjy&ef aESmifhaES;aejcif;ESifh ywf oufI pdk;&drfylyefaeyHk&avonf? xdkudpPESifh ywfoufI olonf }udrfzefrsm;pGm rSwfcsuf«ycJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; w&m;a&;u|rf;usifolrsm;taejzifh Tordkif; 0ifw&m;qdik rf t + ay: vH;k 0w&m;r#wap&ef/ Oya'a&;&mt& jynfph u kH v kH rkH &+ adS p&ef ydkrdkI *±k"rRxm;aecJh-uonf? (pDtdkif'D) t}uD;tuJjzpfol u|Efkyf.zcif OD;xGef; vSatmifonfvnf; yÌ*HyHk&Sdaom tif;pdeftusOf;axmif}uD;tm; (24) em&D tcsdef jynfh vufeufudkiftapmifhrsm;jzifh vHk;00dkif;&Hxm;vdkufavonf? vufeufjynfh wyfqifxm;aom axmufvS rf;a&;wyfu *dwfayguf0rsm;udk vludk,fwdkif apmifh -uyfvsuf&_dS yD; OD;apm. v+y&f mS ;r+wikd ;f udk t_rJ-unf±h v + suf&o dS nf? olZ‹ eD;onfEiS hf ae‹pOfawGŒcGifh&a&;twGuf ol. awmif;qdkcsufudk y,fcscJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olt ‹ m; tpm;taomufcsuf«ywfau|;&ef (5) ESpfoufwrf; uscHae&aom axmif uswa,mufudk olESifh wcef;wnf; aeapcJhonf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdef u “u|efawmfwdk‹taeeJ‹ tjcm;axmifusawG&JŒ wdkufcdkufjcif;udk cH&r,fhab;u OD;apmudk vHkòcHr+&Sdapzdt k‹ jyif OD;apm&JŒvlawGu axmifwGif;xdk;azmuf0ifa&muf_yD; vGwfajrmufatmif «yvkyfoGm;rSm/ olwdk‹u,fwifzdk‹ óud;yrf;oGm;rSmudkvJ pdk;&drfae &ygw,f” [k ajymqdck o hJ nf?

Tod‹k pd;k &draf -umufvefa‹ e-u&onfukd rrSerf uef[q k I kd r&acs? OD;apmudk csKyfaESmifxm;_yD; yxrtywftwGi;f rSmyif vGwaf jrmuf&ef óud;yrf;r+w&yfukd azmf xkwfEdkifcJhonf? xdt k‹ jyif tif;pdefaxmifudk ywfvsuf vHkòcHa&; wif;wif;usyfusyf csxm;cJhaomfvnf; axmiftwGif;Yrl tv#Hy,f aygaygrsm;rsm; &&Sdpm;aomufae xdkif&onfh OD;apm. b0yHkpHudk tjcm;olrsm;u *±kpdkufrdcJh-uonf? ,cifu eef; &if;0efjzpfczhJ ;l onfh tqift h wef;udk jyefveS af v;pm;aomtm;jzifh wcef;ESiw hf cef; *H;k 0ifaygufrsm;jzifh ul;vl;oGm;vmaeEdik af om tcef;av;cef;yg&So d nfh tusOf;cef; us,f}uD;xJwGif OD;apmudk xm;&SdcJhonf? ol‹tm; csuf«ywfay;&efESifh cdkif;apor# udk «yvkyaf y;&ef tusO;f om;wOD; ay;xm;&m xdo k t l m; olu ‘bwfwvm’ (Butler) [k ac:_yD; xdo k El iS t hf wl olonf xdt k cef;us,f}uD;xJwiG f aexdik cf &hJ onf? axmif twGif;&Sd tr+xrf;rsm;tm; acgufqGJa-umfau|;jcif;jzifh ol. ay;urf;&ufa&mr+ udk yxrqHk;t}udrftjzpf olu jyocJhonf? xdkr#ru ol. usef;rma&;twGuf eHeuf 0DpuDwyuf/ n 0DpuDwyuf aomufciG ahf y;&ef awmif;qdck _hJ y;D ESp&f ufo;kH &uf udk 0DpuDwykvif;ukefatmif olu oHk;aqmifcJhonf? paumh0DpuDrsm;udk tvG,fwul tqifoifh&&SdoHk;aqmifEdkifapjcif;/ txl; tcGifhta&;ESifh vGefpGmta&;}uD;aom TtcsKyfom;tm; apmifh-uyfxdef;odrf;&m Y tbufbufu avsmh&aJ ejcif;wdu ‹k 0ef}uD;OD;ausmf_idr;f udk xdwv f efw ‹ -um; jzpf 11 oGm;apcJhonf? odk‹ jzifh OD;ausmf_idrf;u wm0ef&Sdol tusOf;OD;pD;Xmerif;}uD; Adkvf rª;}uD;baomftm; xdkae&mrS z,f&Sm;vdkuf_yD; w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme twGif;0eft jzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeqJjzpfaom w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdefudk xdk&mxl; tm; v$aJ jymif;,lapavonf? tif;pdet f usOf;axmif t0ef;t0dik ;f jyify&Sd wdik ;f jynf . aygufuv JG v k t k ajctaerSm ydrk q kd ;kd 0g;vmonft h wGuf pd;k &dryf yl efrr+ sm;u axmif wGi;f vHòk cHa&;udk ydrk w kd if;-uyfapavawmhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; w&m;qdkifjcif;udkrl aemufqHk; 'DZifbmv (30) &ufae‹txd qufvuf«yvkyfcJhonf? pkpnf;&&Sdxm;aom xif&Sm;oufao tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf udk qef;ppfoHk;oyf_yD;aemuf txl;cHk±Hk;awmftaejzifh pum;vHk;a& (52˜000) jzifh a&;om;xm;aom pD&ifcsufukd csrSwEf ikd cf ahJ wmhonf? xdak e‹u w&m;cGiu f kd zGiahf y; cJhojzifh Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;æpojzifh pk±Hk;a&muf&Sdvmvsuf ,if;vltyk x f w J iG f jrefrm0wfvakH wmf&rif;vnf;jzpf_yD; pma&;q&mvnf;jzpfaom a'gufwmarmifarmifvnf; yg&Scd yhJ gonf? a'gufwmarmifarmifu Tod‹k rSww f rf; wifco hJ nf?

119

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121

w&m;qdik jf cif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

‘pD&ifcsufuzkd wfcsderf mS wem&Dausmf-umavonf? yxrqH;k w&m;qdik o f nfh ae‹uuJo h y‹kd if w&m;cGicf ef;rrSm vlrsm;jzifh jynfu h syv f su&f adS ejyefonf? w&m;cHrsm; tm;vH;k a&muf&adS e-uonf? (8) a,mufrmS w&m;cHrsm;tm; xm;aom _ct H wGi;f &Sd -u_yD; OD;apmrSmrl ol. Oya't}uHay; 0wfvHkawmf&rif;ab;&Sd ukvm;xdkifwGif xdkifvsuf&Sdonf? pD&ifcsufudk qufvufzwfvsuf&Sd_yD; rqHk;EdkifonfESifhtr# owif;axmufrsm;rSm *emr_idrjf zpfum pdwrf &SnEf ikd af tmif jzpfae-uonf? tr+wJG wckvHk;udk jyefvnftusOf;csKyfjyaeonfudk em;axmifae&onfrSm u|efawmfh twGuf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mjzpfawmhonf? zwfaeaom toHrSm aysmhaysmif;onf? trSm;t,Gif;r&Sd? yk*~v"d@mefrS vGwfuif;onf? toHrSm teD;rSvmaomfvnf; ta0;rSvmaeouJhodk‹yif? w&m;cHrsm;onf xdkifvsufem;axmifae-uonf? rnfokd‹aom cHpm;rsKd;udkrS rjyo-u? t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ajymqdkaeojzifh olwdk‹ trsm;pkrSm em;rvnf-uacs? tr+rSm aemufqHk;_yD;pD;oGm;_yDjzpfojzifh olwt dk‹ m;vHk; pdwo f ufom&m &aumif;&oGm;-uayvdrrhf nf?’ aoewform; (4) OD;jzpfaom armifpdk;/ oufESif;/ &ef}uD;atmifESifh armif pdefwt dk‹ m; vlowfr+jzifhvnf;aumif;/ OD;apm/ okc/ armifeD/ r+ef}uD;ESifh cifarmif&if wdkr‹ Sm vlowfr+udk tm;ay;ulnDr+jzifhvnf;aumif; tjypf&Sda-umif; awGŒ&SdcJhonf? xdak‹ -umifh olwt dk‹ m;vHk;udk ao'%ftjypfay;vdkufavonf? pD&ifcsufwckvHk;rSm t*FvdyfvdkjzpfonfhtwGuf ajymor#tm;vHk; OD;apmem; vnfygvdrfhrnfqdkjcif;rSm oHo,&Sdp&myifjzpfonf? ol‹ynma&;rSm a&S;acwf tajccHynma&;tqihfr#om &SdI ol‹aemufvdkufrsm;rSm ydkI edrfhusao;onf? odka‹ omfvnf; olwdkt ‹ ay: csrSwfvdkufaom jypf'%f. }uD;rm;av;yifr+udk w&m; ol}uD;rif; OD;ausmfjrifh. toHaetoHxm;t&vnf;aumif;/ w&m;cGifcef;r twGif;&Sd vltkyf}uD;. wHk‹ jyefr+t&vnf;aumif; olwdk‹cHpm;rdEdkif-uayvdrfhrnf? rdepftenf;i,f-um_yD;rS OD;apmu x&yfvkdufonf? w&m;ol}uD;u ±Hk;awmf. tqHk;tjzwfudk olem;vnf/ rvnf ar;jref;vdkuf&m olu olem;vnfyga-umif; avoHwdk;aomfvnf; cdkifrmonfh avoHjzifh jyefvnfajz-um;cJhonf? 12 olu toem;cH&ef óud;pm;av#mufvaJ omtcgwGirf l olt ‹ oHrsm;rSm wkeaf e avonf? tcsKdŒaom cdkifrmonfh oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk olwifjycJh_yD; ,if;wdk‹udk vufcHoifhaomfvnf; w&m;vdkbufrSwifjyaom oufaotaxmuf txm;rsm;udkom ±Hk;awmfu vG,fvG,fulul ,Hk-unfcJha-umif; olu ajymqdk vdu k o f nf?

xdkaemuf Oya't}uHay;. eHab;&Sd ukvm;xdkifwGif;odk‹ olonf xdkifcs epf0ifoGm;onf? olu ‹ dk w&m;cGifrS ac:aqmifoGm;cgeD; &Jt&m&SdwOD;u vufxdwf cwfrnf«yaomtcg olu “ighukd bmvdv ‹k ufxw d cf wf&rSmvJ” [k pdww f pkd mG aiguf ief;vdkufonf? odk&‹ mwGif olu eHab;&Sd w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdefudk tult nDawmif;onfht-unfhjzifh vS rf;-unfhvdkufaomtcgwGifum; olonf rmeaxmif v$m;onfyh x kH uf pdw±f y+ af xG;um a0cGrJ &onfyh akH y:aeavonf? TwGif ol. ,Hk -unfr+ay;tyfjcif;cH&aom w&m;ol}uD;rif;uvnf; -um;0ifvdkuf_yD; w&m;cGif cef;rtwGif;rS vufxdwfrcwfbJ apmifh-uyfac:,loGm;&ef OD;apmudk cGifh«yvdkuf avonf? oda‹k omf Zlvikd v f (19) &ufae‹ olt ‹ m; zrf;qD;pOfuwnf;u xm;cJah om tcef;us,f}uD;twGif;odk‹ r[kwfawmhbJ ao'%fuscH&olrsm;udkom oD;oefx ‹ m; &Sdaom óud;wdkuftusOf;cef;uav;odk‹ olt ‹ m; ac:aqmifoGm;avawmhonf? ‘ao'%fEiS hf ywfoufI t,lcv H m$ wifoiG ;f vdyk gu ,ck pD&ifcsucf srw S t f _y;D (7) &uftwGif; av#mufxm;-u&rnf’ [k txl;cHk±Hk;awmfu jypf'%fuscH&ol rsm;tm; owday;cJhonf? xdkoDwif;ywfonf jrefrmEdkifiH. w&m;pD&ifa&; acwf opfqDodk‹ olwdu k‹ dk ac:aqmifoGm;ayawmhrnf? tb,fa-umifhqdkaomf jrefrmEdkifiH taejzifh 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae‹ Y "eo[m,tzGJŒrS uif;vGwfonfh vH;k 0vGwv f yfaom orRwEdik if aH wmf jzpfvmrnfjzpfaoma-umifah ywnf;? xdt k csed f rSpI jrefrmEdik if o H nf (vef'ef&dS ‘y&DAaD umifp’D u r[kwaf wmhb)J &efuek &f dS w&m; v$wfawmfcsKyfuomv#if t,lcHv$mwifoGif;r+udk aemufqHk; tqHk;tjzwfay;rnfh w&m;±H;k awmf}uD; jzpfvmayawmhrnf? _Adwo d # bk&ifrif;jrwfae&mudk jynfaxmif pkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&u 0ifa&muftpm;xdk; aqmif&Gufayawmhrnf? tjcm; wenf;qd&k v#if ‘Edik if aH wmfEiS hf OD;apmšolv ‹ rl sm;’ jzpfvmayawmhrnf? od‹k jzpfonft h m;avsmfpmG OD;apmESihf tjcm;jypf'%fuscH&olrsm;. t,lcv H m$ 13 udk w&m;v$waf wmfo‹kd owfrw S cf suEf iS t hf nDþwifoiG ;f cJah omfjim;vnf; ,if;t,l cHvm$ wifoiG ;f r+rsm;rSmþy,fcsjcif;cHc&hJ onf? ‘w&m;cHwOD;pDonf Tv#KŒd0u S yf ;l aygif; }uHpnfr}+ uD;wGif toufaoG;a-umyrm ta&;}uD;aom tpdwt f ydik ;f w&yfpt D jzpf yg0ifc-hJ uonf’ [k w&m;v$waf wmfu xkwjf yefa-unmcJo h nf? TpD&ifcsucf srw S f r+ukd 0ifa&mufwm;qD;pGuzf uf&ef w&m;Oya'ta-umif;t& rnfoa‹kd omta-umif; tcsufurkd # rawGŒ&cdS &hJ acs? xdak -umifh jypf'%fcscH&olrsm;u w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyf od‹k qufvuftoem;cHvm$ wifoiG ;f cJ-h ujyefonf? vef'ef&dS ‘y&DAaD umifp’D u jy@mef; xm;cJhaom ,cifpnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;rS vrf;!¸efr+rsm;udk&,lum w&m;v$wfawmf

121

122 122

123

w&m;qdik jf cif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

csKyfu ,if;toem;cHv$mrsm;udk aocsmpGm pOf;pm;vsuf aemufqHk;wGif y,fcs vdu k af vonf? od‹kjzpfav&m jypf'%fcsc&H ol (9) OD;twGuf vrf;wvrf;om useaf wmhonf? ‚if;aemufq;kH ar#mfvifch sufrmS Edik if aH wmforRwxHrS ouf!mS axmufxm; u±k%m yGm;r+ukd awmif;cH&efom jzpfavonf? orRwEdik if aH wmfopf. *k%u f suo f a& jrifh rm;vSaom orRw}uD;rSm &S r;f jynfe,frS anmifa&$apmfbmG ; ‘pyfa&$ou kd ’f jzpfonf? xdak emufq;kH csed w f iG u f srS (3) OD;omv#if woufwu|e;f axmif'%f/ wenf;tm;jzifh tESpf (20) axmif'%fodk‹ tjypf'%fav#mhayghjcif; cH-u&onf? ‚if;wdkr‹ Sm *spfum; armif;ol okc/ vlowform;rsm; twGif;0ef±Hk;odk‹ a&mufrvmrD óudwifaxmuf vS r;f &ol cifarmif&ifEiS hf vlowform;rsm; xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmuf&mvrf;udk ajcmuf vH;k jyL;wvufjzifh apmif-uyfc&hJ ol armifew D ‹kd jzpf-uonf? usefaomoltm;vH;k rSm óud;ay;cH&ayawmhrnf? TwGif &ef}uD;atmif. zcifjzpfolu ol‹om;i,f. toufudk csrf;omay;ap&ef aemufqHk;enf;vrf;tjzpf olo ‹ m;onf touf (16) ESpfom&Sdao;a-umif; oufaojy&ef óud;pm;cJh_yD; ±Hk;awmftzGJŒ0ifrsm;xHodk‹ &ef}uD; atmif. Zmwmudk wifjycJo h nf? w&m;0ifarG;pm&if;um; r&Scd ahJ cs? aq;bufqikd f &m ppfaq;ol q&m0efwOD;u &ef}uD;atmif.toufrSm tenf;qHk; (17) ESpf &Scd _hJ yD[k qH;k jzwfco hJ nf?

Todk‹ jzifh cHk±Hk;awmfu &ef}uD;atmif. arG;zGm;onfh &ufpGJudk 1930 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (1) &ufae‹tjzpf twnf«yowfrSwfvdkufawmhonf? odk‹ jzpfI ol‹udk 1948 ckESpfaemufydkif; óud;ay;pD&ifonfh tcsdefwGifrl olonf touf (18) ESpf jynf_h yD;jzpfcahJ v_yD? 1947 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (30) &ufae‹ txl;cHk±Hk;awmfu pD&ifcsufudk zwf -um;onfhtcsdefwGif &efukefòrd› a&$wd*Hkbk&m;vrf;ay:&Sd *sLAvDcef;rY EdkifiHawmf psmyetjzpf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm;vkyf}uHjcif;cH&olrsm;. ±kyftavmif; rsm;rSm vJavsmif;vsuf&SdaeqJyif? *sLAvDcef;ronf tcdkiftcHh tkwfwdkufjzpf_yD; ‘tdkifAD’ wdkifuyfyifwdk‹ jzifh pdrf;vef;pGm v$rf;òcHxm;um twifhtw,f pDjc,fxm; ojzifh yHko¿mefrSm t*FvdyfqefvSonf? ,if;udk rlvu Zmwfcef;rtjzpf wnf aqmufcJhjcif;jzpf_yD; wbufxdyfwGif uZmwfpifjrifh&SdI rsufESmcsif;qdkif tjcm; wbufxdyfwGif ab;wbufwcsufrS avSum;jzifh wuf&aom tay:xyf-unfh pif&Sdonf? yGJ-unfhpifcef;rrSm us,f0ef;_yD; u|ef;cif;-urf;jyifrSm ta&mifzdwf zdwfawmufvsuf&Sdonf? ywfywfvnf&Sd yef;_cHrsm;rSm jyyGJrsm;ESifh vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ

rsm; «yvkyo f nft h cgrsm;wGif ae&mawmfawmfrsm;udk zefw;D ulnaD y;xm;cJo h nf? obm0w&m;. jyuf&,f«yr+w&yfayyJvm;rod? OD;atmifqef;ESifh olv ‹ kyf azmfuikd b f ufrsm; vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif; rcH&rD ESpv f tvdw k iG yf if zqyv tzGŒJ csKyf }uD;u wdkif;jynf«yv$wfawmfac:,la&; tóudtjzpf Tcef;rYyifv#if taxGaxG nDvmcHw&yf usif;ycJhao;onf? ,if;wdkif;jynf«yv$wfawmftaejzifh vGwfvyf aom jrefrmEdik if aH wmf. yxrOD;qH;k aom zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya' rl-urf;udk a&;qGJayawmhrnf? xdk‹a-umifh arv (19) &ufae‹wGif OD;atmifqef;udk,fwdkif yifv#if xdn k v D mcHziG v hf pS af y;cJo h nf r[kwyf gvm;?

OD;atmifqef;. ±kyftavmif;udk oltowfcH&_yD; aemufw&ufwGif ol. wm0gvde;f aetdrrf S *sLAvDcef;rod‹k o,faqmifvmcJo h nf? olEiS hf tjcm;tmZmenf acgif;aqmif}uD; (5) OD;wdk‹onf *sLAvDcef;r. uZmwfpifjrifhay: Y rSefacgif; rsm;twGif;wGif vJavsmif;vsuf&Sdae-uonf? rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD; ‘pyfpHxGef;’. ±kyt f avmif;udrk l apmapmuyif um;jzifw h wef/ &xm;jzifw h oG,f &S r;f awmifwef; rsm;-um;&Sd ola‹ e&yfZmwdòrdo › dk‹ o,faqmifoGm;cJhay_yD? OD;tAŠ'l&mZwfESifh udkaxG; wdu ‹k v kd nf; rlqvifx;kH wrf;pOfvmt& ajrjr‡Kyfoò*õ[_f yD;av_yD? usqHk;av_yD;aom acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom jynf olvlxku aemufqHk;taejzifh vma&muf*g0&«y-uvsuf&Sd&m ppf&JESifh òrdj› y&Jrsm;/ (-unf;§a&§av) wyfrawmfrS ppfom;rsm;/ jynfol‹&JabmfwyfzGJŒrS jynfol‹ppf tzGJŒ0ifrsm;u tvSnhfuswm0ef,l apmifh-uyfay;vsuf&Sdonf? tmZmenf}uD;rsm; . OD;acgif;udk vltrsm;jrifomatmif jyoxm;&m olwdt k‹ om;ta&. aoG;qkwf jzLa&mfaer+u olwdk‹&&SdcJhaom '%f&mrsm;. trSwfvuQ%mrsm;udk jyovsuf &Sdaeayonf? vma&muf-unfh±+oltrsm;pkrSm rsuf&nfrqnfEdkifavmufatmif jzpfc&hJ onf? vHòk cHa&;udrk l txl;wif;-uyfxm;&qJjzpfonf? vma&muf*g0&«yol wokwf u cef;rtwGif; wywfywf_yD;onfESifh olwdk‹udk acgif;rsm;a&SŒ Y pDwef;&yfapum trdea‹f y;vsuf OD;!Gwt f av;«yaponf? xdw k okwx f u G o f mG ;_yD;rS aemuf wokwf udk 0ifciG «hf yonf? tmZmenfwdk. ‹ ±kyftavmif;rsm;tm; jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; *g&0«y&ef *sL AvDa[mwGif (9) v-um xm;cJh_yD;aemuf 1948 ckESpf/ {_yDv (11) &ufae‹wGif ±kyftavmif;rsm; yg&Sdonfhacgif;rsm;udk *sLAvDcef;rrS a&$wd*HkapwDawmf. ajrmufbuf topfaqmufvyk v f u kd af om tmZmenfArd mefo‹kd aemufq;kH c&D;tjzpf

123

124 124

w&m;qdik jf cif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

o,faqmifoGm;cJhonf? t_rJwrf; wyfrawmfom;rsm;u c&D;pOfwav#muf xdef; odrf;apmifha&Smufvsuf vdkufygvmaom psmye,mOfwef;onf a&$wd*Hkbk&m;vrf; twdkif; wufa&mufvmcJhonf? tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. rSefabmifoGif;"mwfyHk}uD; rsm;udk csdwfqGJ/ zHk;tkyfxm;aom acgif;rsm;udk trdk;zGifhx&yfum;rsm;/ *spfum;rsm; jzifh o,faqmifvmcJ-h uonf? jynfov l x l k (5) ode;f ausmf vdu k yf gvmcJah om ,mOf wef;onf a&$wd*HkapwDawmf. awmifbufapmif;wef;bufqDodk‹ jznf;nif;pGm a&$Œvsm;vmcJhonf? OD;atmifqef;tm; olwdk‹. AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tppftrSeaf cgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif; cspfjrwfE;kd -uaom jynfo&‹l aJ bmfwyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;onf eHab;0J,mrS c&D;pOfwav#mufv;kH csDwufvu kd yf gvmcJ-h uonf? a&$wd*HkapwDawmfjrwf}uD;udk vuf0J&pfw0ufywf_yD;aemuf psmye,mOf wef;onf tmZmenfAdrmefopfqDodk‹ qdkufa&mufvmcJhonf? -unf;wyfrawmf om;rsm;ESifh a&wyfrawmfom;rsm;u acgif;aqmifrsm;udk yckH;rsm;ay:wGif xrf; aqmifvsuf AdrmefopftwGif;odk‹ o,faqmifoGm;cJhonf? jynfol&‹ JabmfwyfzGJŒ0if rsm;taejzifh olwdk‹acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;.tr+udk aemufqHk;xrf;aqmifjcif;tjzpf cHpm;rdvu kd -f uayvdrrhf nf? acgif;rsm;udk olw ‹ v ‹kd ufajymif;,liifomG ;-uvsuf owf rSwx f m;aom *lrsm;twGi;f od‹k oufqikd &f macgif;rsm;udk jznf;nif;pGm oGi;f ay;vdu k f -u_yD; olwo dk‹ nf *lrsm;. xdyfeH&Hrsm;Y oGm;a&mufae&m,l &yfae-uonf? olwdk‹ . bGwfzdeyfrsm;rS tkwfeDcJESifh vwfvwfqwfqwf uGefu&pftptersm; yvuf azmif;ay:odk‹ ususef&pfcJh-uonf? aemufqHk;wGifum; tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD; rsm;. ±kyftavmif;rsm;rSm xdkae&mY em;aeEdkif-uav_yD? vltkyf}uD;rsm;rSm wpwp aysmufuG,foGm;cJh-uonf? *lrsm;udk t_yD;owf ydwf_yD;aemuf yef;&Hq&mrsm;vnf; &Sif;vif;odrf;qnf;vsuf&Sd_yD? ntarSmifus vmonfEiS t hf r# wtmtmatmfjrnfwwfaom us;D rsm;onfyifv#if olw. ‹kd E+wu f kd ydwfvsuf wdwfqdwf_idrfoufoGm;-uav_yDwum;?

Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

125 125

126 126

v#KdŒ0Suq f ef;-u,fjcif;

1963/ &efukefòrdŒ? _Adwdo#oHtrwf ‘tm;vfarmifhbufwef’ twGuf {nfhcHyGJwGif armifhbufwefu a':cifcif{tm; ol‹orD;ESifh rdwfqufay;aeykH?

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

txufygyH?k Adv k cf sKyfxeG ;f vSatmifEiS fh ZeD; a':cifcif{/ (1933)?

nmbufyHk? r[moD&dok"rR w&m;0ef}uD;þOD;aomif;pdefESihf ZeD;a':aiG!Gef‹/ (1953)?

127 127

128 128

OD;cifatmif=ZeD;a':cifcifpdefESifhom;rsm; cifOD;atmifESifh xGef;vSatmif/ (1996)?

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

129

129

130 130

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

OD;atmifqef;wdk‹ vkyf}uHcH&pOftcsdefu _Adwdo# vli,fwOD;jzpfol tefwdkeD › Gif wyfpGJxm;aom 0Jvfcsf (Welch) &D pwdkem (Anthony Stonor) onf uavmòrdw *si;f rJiw hf yf. wyf&if; trSwf (2) wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaecJo h nf? olonf 1947 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (14) &ufae‹wiG rf l &efuek òf rda› wmfY wm0efuscJo h nf? ql;av bk&m;vrf;ay:&Sd taqmufttHw k ck. yxrxyfwiG f wnf&_dS yD; ta&SŒtm&Swv$m; wGif tvsm;t&SnfqHk; ‘t&ufbm;’ &Sdonf[k *k%f,l0ifhºuGm;jcif;cH&aom t&m &Sdrsm;. uvyftwGif;odk‹ ol0ifa&mufvmcJhonf? ,if;uvyfonf &efukefòrd›ae emrnf}uD; tdE, dN vlrsKd; *DwmtwD;orm; ‘qD;'&pf0uf (pf)’ (Cedric West) acgif; aqmifonfh tuwD;0dik ;f &So d nft h wGuv f nf; ydI k pGaJ qmifr&+ cdS o hJ nf? pwdkemESihf olw ‹ yf&if;rS t&m&Sdi,fwcsKdŒonf uvyftwGif; ae&m,lxkdifcJh -u_yD; t&ufrSmvdkuf-uonf? olwdk‹t&ufbm;wGif; a&muf_yD; r-umvS rD jrefrm (2) OD; t0ifwHcg;udk 0kef;ueJ aqmihfwGef;0ifvmcJh-uonf? xkdESpfa,mufteufrS touf (30) 0ef;usif&Sd udk,fcE<mwkwfwkwfcdkifcdkifESifh wa,mufu “OD;apmu atmifqef;udk owfwmr[kwfbl;? 'gudk igvJodw,f? rif;wdk‹ _Adwdo#awGvJod w,f? bmjzpfvv ‹kd q J akd wmh rif;wdu ‹k tJ'v D yk }f uHr&+ ŒJ aemufu, G rf mS &Sad evdy‹k ”J [k pwifatmf[pfajymqdk_yD; olESihf ol‹tazmfwdk‹onf bm;aemufbuf&Sd zefcGufrsm;/ t&ufykvif;rsm;udk ±kdufcGJzsufqD;-uawmhonf? xdkae&mwGif&Sdaeaom tqihftjrihfqHk;t&m&SdrSm a*:&cg;wyfrS Akdvfrª;}uD; wOD;jzpf_yD;/ ‚if;uæ “bmrS rvky-f ueJ/‹ olwu ‹kd kd v$wx f m;vdu k /f igwyfxed ;f awGukd vS rf;ac:vdkufr,f” [k tHhtm;woihfjzpfae-uaom usef_Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;udk

atmfajymvdkufonf? jrefrmESpfOD; zsufqD;a&;vkyfief; qufvufvkyfudkifaeqJrSm yif pwdek mESifh olo ‹ il ,fcsi;f rsm;u _ird o f ufpmG xdik af ecJ-h uonf? a*:&cg;wyfrS 'k=Adv k f tqifh&Sdol cyfydefydefvli,fwOD;onf pm;yGJtao;wvHk;wGif ol‹bmomxdkifae_yD; bD,mwcGufudk pkyfaomufaeonf? wkwfwkwfcdkifcdkif jrefrmvli,fonf ol‹qD av#mufomG ;_yD; xdo k v ‹l ufxrJ S bD,mcGuu f kd ±ku d cf svdu k o f nf? vli,ft&m&So d nf ckef&yfvdkuf_yD; pm;yGJay:rdk;aeaom jrefrmtm; rsufESmudk xkd;csvdkuf&m jrefrmvl i,fonf -urf;jyifay: yufvufvefusoGm;onf? pwkdemonf ol‹oli,fcsif;rsm; bufvSnfhvdkuf_yD; pdwf±+yfaxG;pGmjzifhæ “tJ'Dvl b,folvJ´” [k ar;vdkufonf? t&m&Sdwa,mufu “tJ'g ocifoef;xGef;aygh? atmifqef;&JŒ a,mufzav” [k jyefajzvku d o f nf? xdt k csed rf mS yif wyfxed ;f wOD;a&muf&v dS m_yD; owdr&wcsu/f &wcsuf rl;a0 aeaom ocifoef;xGe;f udk qGx J _l yD; olo ‹ il ,fcsif;udyk g qGx J w k o f mG ;cJo h nf? t&uf a&mif;olu zefcGuftuGJtprsm;udk odrf;qnf;aepOfæ qD'&pf0uf (pf) ESihf olw ‹ D; 0dkif;u aemufqHk;ay:wD;vHk;rsm;udk pwifwD;cwf-uawmhonf? odk‹&mwGif pwkdem ESihf ol‹oli,fcsif;rsm;twGufum; omarmzG,f&m naecif;av;rSm ysufpD;oGm;cJh av_y?D xda‹k emuf olwo ‹kd nf qef;uaz;od‹k trJom;uifpm;&ef uvyfrS xGucf mG vm cJ-h uavawmhonf? xkdtcsdefumvwGif OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ESihfywfoufI _Adwdo#wdk‹ yg0ifywfoufaeonf 1 qdkaom aumvm[vowif;onf ysHŒESH‹vsuf &Sdonf? odk‹ jzpfI a-uuGJzG,ftjzpfqdk;}uD;jzpfyGm;_yD; wywfrjynfhrD/ Zlvdkifv (25) &ufae‹wGifyif ocifEktpdk;&u ,if;aumv[vudk jywfjywfom;om; jiif;qef vdkufonfh a-unmcsufudk atmufygtwdkif;xkwfjyefcJh&avonf? ‘*k%foa&jrihfrm;vSaom OD;atmifqef;ESihf tjcm;tr+aqmifaumfrwDtzGJŒ 0ifrsm;tm; r-umao;rDu ol&aJ bmenf;pGm owfjzwfcrhJ w + iG f _Adwo d #bk&ift h pd;k & tzGJŒESihf jrefrmEkdifiH. bk&ifcHwdkq ‹ ufpyfaeonf[laom aumv[vrsm; jynfol vlxt k wGi;f wcsKa‹d e&mXmersm;Y ysŒH E‹HS jzpfay:vsu&f ydS gonf? Taumvm[vrsm; onf vH;k 0tajctjrpfr&Syd ga-umif;ESifh _Adwo d #b&k iht f pd;k &/ bk&ifcEH iS fh jrefrmtpd;k & wdt k‹ -um; eD;pyfaom em;vnfr+rsm; &Sdaea-umif; jrefrmtpdk;&taejzifh odaptyf ygonf? aESmihaf ES;-uef‹-umr+tenf;qH;k jzifh w&m;cHrsm;tm; ta&;,lEidk &f ef _Aw d o d # bk&ihftpdk;&/ bk&ifcHESihf jrefrmtpdk;&wdo k‹ nf wufºuGpGm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sdaeyga-umif;’ [lI yg&Sd.?

131

132

tcef; (4) v#KdŒ0u S q f ef;-u,fjcif;

131

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133

v#KdŒ0Suq f ef;-u,fjcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

odka‹ omfvnf; jynfolvlxkrSm pdwfv+yf&Sm;ae-uonf? EkdifiHa&;tajctae rSmvnf; wif;rmaeonf? TonfrSm tif;pdeftusOf;axmifudk vHkòcHa&; ydkrdkwif; -uyfpmG csxm;&jcif;. tcsuw f csujf zpfonf? “vGr;f wylaqG;aewJEh idk if [ H m acgif; jzwfcHxm;&wJh -uufvdkygyJ” [k w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdefu jyefvnfajymjy onf? jynfov l x l u k kd pdwv f y+ &f mS ;atmif a&;wwfaom tcsKŒd owif;pmrsm;uvnf; tajctjrpfr&Sad om pGypf cJG sufrsm; wifjya&;om;xkwaf 0jcif;jzifh tajctaetay: tjrwfxw k af e-uonf? tpd;k &u aumvm[vowif;rsm;udk y,fazsmuf&ef óud; yrf;_yD; oHk;&uft-um/ Zlvdkifv (28) &ufae‹wGif The Rangoon Guide Daily owif;pmwGif owif;wyk'fygvmcJhonf? ,if;owif;a-umihfyif bk&ifcH qm[l; bwf&ef‹pf (Sir Hubert Rance) u vef'ef EdkifiHjcm;a&;±Hk;&Sd jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0ef vpfwdk0J (vf) (rª;rwf}uD;) (the Earl of Listowel) 2 xH ta&;w}uD; a-u;eef;ay;ydc‹k &hJ onf? ,if;owif;rSm Tod‹k jzpfonf? ‘_yD;cJhonfh Zefe0g&Dv 1947 ckESpfwGif OD;atmifqef; OD;aqmifaom jrefrm udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyfþvufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhpOfu OD;apm ESihf ocifApdefwdko ‹ nf vufrSwfa&;xkd;&ef jiif;qefcJh-uonf? tm;vHk;jyefoGm;-u aomtcgYvnf; OD;apmonf aemufwiG f useaf e&pfco hJ nf? u|Eyfk w f ‹kd (The Rangoon 3 Guide Daily) taejzifh OD;apmudk aiG (5) odef; xdktcsdefuay;cJhol rsufESmjzL wa,muf. tultnDjzihf zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfudk zsufqD;&ef tpDtpOf&Sdjcif;a-umifh xdk&nf&G,fcsuft& OD;apm aemufcsefaecJhjcif;jzpfa-umif; wdkif;jynfudk today;cJh ‹ dk aiG _yD;jzpfonf? OD;apm t*FvefwGif &SdaepOf tcsKdŒ t*Fvdyft&if;&Sifrsm;u 4 olu a-u;tajrmuftjrm; axmufychH ahJ -umif; u|Eyfk w f ‹kd xyfro H &d &dS onf?þcH±k ;kH þpwif-um; emonfESifh Tv#KdŒ0Sufcsufrsm; ay:xGufvmawmhrnfjzpfI tvGefpdwf0ifpm;p&m aumif;vSonf?’ od&k‹ mwGif ,if;v#KdŒ0Sufcsufrsm;um; ay:xGufvmjcif;r&Sdacs? xkdot dk‹ ajct ae ±+yfaxG;aepOf OD;apmu xdktajctaetay: tjrwfxkwf&ef óud;pm;onfrSm xif&Sm;vmonf? axmifwGif;a&muf_yD; wywftwGif;rSm tr+rppf&ao;rD tcsKyf om;b0Y olonf axmifrª;}uD; OD;pHwifhESifh rdwfaqGzGJŒEdkifcJhonf? “cifAsm;om u|efawmhfudk ulnDcJh&if cifAsm;udk qk}uD;vmbf}uD;&atmif usdef;aoayguf u|ef awmfvyk af y;Edik yf gw,f” [k olu OD;pHwifu h kd yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; ajymqdck o hJ nf? od&‹k m wGif olonf vla&G;rSm;_yD; csOf;uyfrrd eS ;f udk olrodcahJ cs? OD;pHwifo h nf rlqvifbm om0ifwOD;jzpf_yD; Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif OD;atmifqef;ESihftwl vkyf}uHjcif;cHcJh

&aom OD;tAŠ'&l mZwf. wljzpfaeavonf?

OD;pHwifhonf csufcsif;yif xkdudpPudk pDtkdif'Dt}uD;tuJ OD;xGef;vSatmifxH tpD&ifcHcJhonf? aemufwae‹wGif OD;pHwifhu OD;apmESihf oGm;a&mufawGŒqHk&m OD;apmu olvGwfajrmuf&ef tultnDay;rnfh uwdudk&v#if tvJtvS,ftjzpf ±ly;D aiG (50˜000) ay;rnfjzpfa-umif; jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifvmonf? xdt k cg OD;pH wifhonf !¸ef-um;csufrsm;t& aiGwefzdk;udk wdk;jr‡ifhawmif;qdkvkdufonf? axmif ydkif}uD; OD;wifarmiftwGuf aemufxyf ±lyD; (50˜000) ESihf w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme twGif;0efjzpfol w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdeftwGufyg ±lyD; (100˜000)udk xyfrH awmif;qdkvdkufjyefonf? xkdtcgwGifrS TudpPY _Adwdo#vlrsKd;rsm; yg0ifywfouf aeaom v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fonfh tquftoG,frsm; xGufay:vmjcif;jzpfonf? aemufw}udrf OD;apmESifh awGŒaomtcg axmifr;ª }uD;u xkad iGukd xyfraH wmif; qdv k u kd o f nf? xkt d cg OD;apmu olt ‹ aejzifh uy`wed Af AD , D ef; (Capt. David Vivian) qdkoludk qufoG,f&OD;rnfjzpfa-umif; ESpfudk,f-um;wD;wdk;uyfI ajym-um;av onf? OD;apmrodonfrSm xkdtcsdefY jrefrmhykvdyfwyfzGJŒ. vufeufqdkif&m t}uH ay;yk*~dKvfjzpfol ‚if;_Adwdo#t&m&SdrSm tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; tjcm;tcef;wckxJY a&mufaeonfhtcsufjzpfonf? OD;atmifqef;wdk‹ vkyf}uHcH&_yD; aemufw&ufwGif OD;apmtm; vufeufrsm; xkwfay;r+jzifh ‚if;tm; zrf;qD;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?

ZGefvtwGif;wGif b&if;*ef;tvuf (60) aysmufoGm;_yD;aemuf &efukef&Sd ykvyd w f yfzŒJG vufaxmuf aumfr&Sief mrif;}uD; rdu k u f ,fbwfpcf f (Michael Busk) u 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tpnf;ta0;t_rJusif;yaeus twGi;f 0ef±;kH udk óudwifumuG,o f nfh taejzifh ydrk ckd sxm;&ef t}uHðycJo h nf? xdt k csdeu f acwfopfjrefrmhorkid ;f wGif Tr# avmuf aygufuGJvkeD;eD;jzpfaeonfhtqifhY EdkifiHa&;òydifbuftcsif;csif; ypfcwfr+ tvG,fwuljzpfyGm;Ekdifavonf? odk‹&mwGif jynfolvlxkarwWmjzifh ol‹rSm vkHòcHae onf[k ajym-um;_yD; OD;atmifqef;udk,fwdkif ,if;t}uHðycsufudk y,fcscJhonf? f kd &Sm&ef 0&rf;awmif;qdo k nft h cgwGiv f nf; bwfpcf f (Busk) u OD;apmtdru EkdifiHa&;ta-umif;jycsufrsm;jzifh y,fcscHcJh&jyefavonf? xkdtcsdefu OD;apmrSm t"du oHo,&SdcH&oljzpfonf? odk‹ jzpfIvnf; ol‹tdrfrSm awmufav#mufapmihf -unfhcHae&jcif;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; Zlvdkif (19) &uf vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ jzpf yGm;_y;D rS OD;apm. tdr0f if;rSm aemufq;kH t&SmcH&_y;D 5 tcsKŒdvufeufrsm;udk jyefvnf &SmazGawGŒ&cdS jhJ cif;jzpfonf? qufvufppkH rf;ppfaq;r+rsm;rSm zdu k f (cs)f &dyo f m (Fytche Flats) udk (20) &ufae‹/ ae‹v,fydkif;wGif 0ifa&mufpD;eif; &SmazGcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

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135

v#KdŒ0Suq f ef;-u,fjcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

‚if;a';ApfADAD,ef;qdkolonf xkdae&mwGif aexkdifvsuf&Sd_yD; yxrY &Jrsm; tm; 0ifa&mufcGihfray;cJhacs? olu &SmazG0&rf;-unfh±+vdkonf[k awmif;qdkvm onf? ,if;awmif;qdkr+udk vufaxmufaumfr&Sifemrif;}uD;bwfpfcfESifh vuf axmuf &J0efaxmufOD;odef;tkef;wdk‹u jiif;qef_yD; wdkufcef;twGif; twif;0if a&muf-u&m pdefa&$aiG&wemrsm; pkyHkxm;onfhtay: cvkwfwdkufvJrvdk jzpfcJh-u onf? yxrqHk;awGŒ&Sdonfh vufeufrSm ajcmufvHk;jyL;wvufjzpf_yD; ADAD,ef;.

ZeD;vufqGJ t0wfaowWmav;xJwGif 0Sufxm;jcif;jzpfonf? em&D0ufcef‹t-um wGif ol‹*spfum;wpD;wdkufpm vufeufrsm;udk &SmazGawGŒ&Sd-uawmhonf? ±kdifz,f aoewf (3) vuf/ ypPwkd (3) vuf/ pwif;*ef;wvuf/ vufypfA;kH rsm;/ aemufxyf ±kid zf ,faoewfrsm;ESihf usnfqeftajrmuftjrm;wd‹k jzpfonf? tcsKdŒusnfqefrsm;udk wdu k cf ef;-urf;jyifay:wGif awGŒ&aom bGwzf ed yft&Snt f }uD;}uD;rsm;xJwiG f aocsm pGm odk0Sufxm;jcif;jzpfonf? xkda‹ -umifh uy`wdefADAD,ef;udk csufcsif;yif xdef;odrf; vdkuf-uawmhonf? T _Adwdo#uy`wdef. vufeufarSmifcdkr+wGif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; yg0ifywfoufaejcif;rSm trSew f iG rf l tH-h op&mraumif;vSacs? ppf_y;D acwf xdt k csed f u jrefrmhvufeufuikd w f yfzŒJGrsm;&Sd t&m&St d awmfrsm;rsm;rSm vufeuf0,fvo kd l rnf olu ‹ dkrqdk arSmifcdkaps;uGuf&Sm}uHI a&mif;csjcif;jzifh jyifywGif tydk0ifaiG&SmaecJh-u onf? jrefrmEkdifiH. EkdifiHa&;tajctaeudk rajz&Sif;Ekdifao;jcif;ESifh udk,fydkifcg; ydkufaqmif v#KdŒ0SufwyfzGJŒtrsm;tjym; &Sdaejcif;a-umifh vufeufazmufonfrsm; rSm vH;k 0jywfvyfrr+ &Scd jhJ cif;jzpfonf? aiGa-u;xkxnfyrm% rsm;rsm;pm;pm; &SmazG ay;&ef tultnDawmif;cHcjhJ cif;jzifh Tuy`wed t f &m&Sid ,f ADA, D ef;udk OD;apmtae jzifh aumif;aumif;odcyhJ &kH avonf?

OD;apmu T_Adwo d # uy`wed t f m; qufo, G v f o kd nfh tHt h m;oifph &m owif; tpteudk OD;pHwifhu qufpyfajymqdk&mwGif pDtkdif'Dt}uD;tuJ OD;xGef;vSatmif taejzifh ,if;udpPudk axmufvS rf;vdkpdwf jyif;jyvmavonf? axmifrª;}uD;tm; owif;ydrk Ekd u +d x f w k cf ikd ;f vdu k _f y;D owif;o,fyo ‹kd t l jzpf aqmif&u G af ponf? OD;pHwifh onf OD;apmqDjyefoGm;_yD; uy`wdefADAD,ef; b,frSmaeonfudk oloda-umif; ajym vdkufonf? OD;apmu ol‹udk ol‹vufa&;jzifh a&;xm;aom pmwapmifay;&mwGif olu uy`wed Af AD , D ef;xH ta&mufya‹kd y;rnfjzpfa-umif; uwday;vdu k o f nf? OD;apm u uy`wed Af AD , D ef;xHay;aom yxrqH;k pmrSm v#KŒd 0u S o f auFwjzihf a&;xm;onf? “ajcqGŒHaewJh raumif;qd;k 0g;}uD;/ iSuaf ysmoD;pdr;f eJ‹ {nfch /H oHy&k m&nfrmS a'; Apf. tcspfqHk;æ”

OD;pHwifhu ‚if;pmudk OD;xGef;vSatmifxH ay;vdkuf_yD; OD;xGef;vSatmifu w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdefudk qufvufjyonf? “u|efawmfwt ‹kd m;vH;k 'Dpm[m ta&;}uD;w,fv‹kd ,lq_yD; 0ef}uD;csKyf ocif Ektrd u f kd tjrefomG ;cJ-h uw,f? u|eaf wmfw‹kd jzpfovdk ocifEv k J Za0Z0gjzpfaew,f? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf_idrf;vJ 'DvdkygyJ? 'Dvdk pmtay;t,lvkyfwmudk tm;ay; zdk‹ u|efawmfwdkt ‹ m;vHk; qHk;jzwfvdkuf-uw,f” [k OD;aomif;pdefu jyefajymif;ajym qdck o hJ nf? xdkpum;0Sufpmwdkav;udk OD;pHwifhu aemufydkif;wGif ADAD,ef;&Sd&m axmif wGi;f tusOf;cef;av;qDo‹kd oGm;a&mufay;ydc‹k o hJ nf? oltaejzifh OD;apm. v#KdŒ0u S f owif;o,fyo ‹kd l vl,akH wmfv;kH 0r[kwaf omfvnf; OD;pHwifu h xdu k o hJ ‹kd jzpfoa,mif ta,mifaqmifaevdu k o f nf? “u|efawmf 'Dv}l uD;vlaumif;udk rSwrf w d ,f” [lI uy`wdefADAD,ef;u OD;apmxH pmjyefvdkufonfhtcgwGifrl ‚if;pmrSm ydkrdk ya[Vdqef vmavonf? OD;apmu “u|efawmfuawmh yefcsmyD” [k jyefa&;onf? xdkpum;0Suf pmwkdav;rsm;udk zwf&if;zwf&if; pHkprf;axmufvS rf;olrsm; oabmaygufpðyvmonf? OD;apmonf olwdk‹ESpfa,mufvHk;wufa&mufcJhonfh qef;jym;aom0wfpkH {nfch yH w JG ckukd &nf!e¸ ;f ajymqdak ejcif;jzpf_yD; oltquftoG,f ðyvkyfaeolrSm ADAD,ef;jzpfa-umif; vHk;0aocsmatmif ðyvkyfaejcif;jzpfonf? T od‹k yxrt}udrf pmrsm; tvJtvS,ðf yvky_f yD;aemuf ADA, D ef;onf u|efawmftpm; u|efawmfw‹kd [lI olu ‹ , kd o f l ±kww f &uf csufcsif;&nf!e¸ ;f ajymqdv k monf? -oZm wduUr&SdolwOD;jzpf[ef&Sdoludkvnf; pwifazmfjyvmonf? “u|efawmfwdk‹ 'gawG tm;vH;k udk pDpOfEidk yf gw,f? cifAsm;u t&yfjrihjf rihef ‹J vl}uD;vlaumif;udk bma-umifh rcsO;f uyfwmvJ”? OD;apmESifh ADA, D ef;wdp‹k mrsm;wGif ‘t&yfjrihjf rihef ‹J vl}uD;vlaumif;’ udk azmfjycJh-uonf? t&yfjrihfjrihfev J‹ l}uD;vlaumif;udk wdkuf±kdufqufoG,f&ef ADAD ,ef;u jyef-um;av[ef jyefpmtwkukd OD;apmxH &Jrsm;u ay;ydc‹k -hJ uonf? xkpd m && csif; em&Dydkif;twGif;rSmyif &efukef_Adwdo#aumifpDrS rpPwm *|efpwsL;0yfbif*av (John Stewart Bingley) qdkolxHodk‹ OD;apmu pmESpfapmifa&;om;ay;ydk‹vdkuf avonf? ‚if;aemuf odyfr-umrDyif OD;xGef;vSatmifonf aemufxyf _Adwdo#t&m&Sd (2) OD;udk vdrRmyg;eyfpGm ydyd&d&d vlrodatmif zrf;qD;vdkufjyefonf? Adkvfwaxmif vufeufwdkufrS b&if;*ef;tvuf (200) ESihf jynfvrf;ay:&Sd tjcm;ppfvufeuf ypPn;f odak vSmif±rkH S '\r (303) usnfqef tawmifw h ode;f apmapmydik ;f u ck;d ,l

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v#KdŒ0Suq f ef;-u,fjcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

r+wGif xdkt&m&Sd (2) OD; qufEG,fr+&SdaecJhonf? ‘pDtkdif'D’ taejzifh Zlvdkifvv,f rSpI ,if;vufeufcdk;,lr+rsm;udk pHkprf;axmufvS rf;&mwGif yg0ifcJhaomfvnf; txufygzrf;qD;r+ðy&mwGif olqifxm;aom axmifacsmuftwGif;odk‹ 0ifrdolrsm; udk,fwdkif TaxmifacsmufrSm rnfol‹vufcsufjzpfonfudk rnfolur# rodcJh-u acs? xkt d &m&Srd sm;xJrS wa,mufjzpfol tdE, dN -unf;wyf. ar*sm a*satrd;k (Major J.A Moore) onf trSefpifppftm;jzifh Adkvfwaxmif&Sd yifrvufeufypPnf; wdkufudk pDrHuGyfuJaeol t&m&SdwOD;jzpfonf? aemufwa,mufrSm ar*sm pD[if e&D,ef; (Major C. Henry Young) jzpfonf? olonf &efukef&Sd tdENd,-unf;wyf . v#yfppfESihf pufr+tif*sifeD,m tvkyf±HkwyfcGJ. wyfrª;tjzpf xrf;aqmifae oljzpfonf?

AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹ vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;rcH&rD (4) &uftvdk Zlvdkifv (15) &uf ae‹wGif OD;atmifqef;onf vufeufrsm; aysmufqHk;aer+udk bk&ifcHxHodk‹ oludk,f wdik f owif;ay;ydc‹k o hJ nf? vufeufrsm; aysmufq;kH csdeEf iS fh jyefvnfawGŒ&cdS sdet f -um; tvGeftrif; tcsdefuGm[r+}uD;rm;aer+ESihf ywfoufI ol. pdk;&drfylyefr+udk txl; ojzifh xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? ZGefv (24) &ufae‹wGif &Jrsm;[k ,lq&aom tzGJŒ wzGŒJonf vufeufoakd vSmif±o kH ‹kd a&muf&v dS m-uonf? yHpk w H us vufrw S rf sm; a&; xkd;xm;vsuf trSeftuefjzpfyHk&aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzihf xdktzGJŒu vufeuf rsm;udk xkwf,loGm;cJhonf? 6 xdktwkta,mif&JtzGJŒonf &JwyfzGJŒ. ,mOfudk roHk; bJ trSww f q H yd rf yg&Sad om x&yfum;wpD;udk toH;k ðyoGm;onft h wGuf oHo,jzpf ay:apcJhonf? odak‹ omfvnf; Zlvdkifv (14) &ufae‹usrSom xdkudpPudk xdyfydkif;tm %mydik rf sm; odc&hJ onf? vufeufrsm;um; aysmufomG ;cJah v_yD? oda‹k omf ,if;vuf eufrsm; rnfov ‹l uf0,f&adS eonfurkd l &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;rod&acs? olwu ‹kd kd ppfaq;ar;jref;&mwGif olEiS hf OD;apm qufE, G rf &+ adS eonfukd ar*sm ,ef;u tvG,fwulyif 0efcHcJhonf? *VKefwyf. t}uD;tuJjzpfaom OD;apmESihf tif;vsm;uefjcm;vsuf olaexkid cf o hJ nf? OD;apmonf ar*sm,ef;ESifh tcsdet f awmf -um-um}uD; eD;eD;uyfuyf qufo, G rf &+ cdS o hJ nf? wcsed w f iG f at'Dvrf;&Sd ol‹ aetdrYf usif;yaom ygwDyGJodk‹ ,if;_Adwdo#t&m&Sd wufa&mufcJhzl;onf? xkdygwDyGJodk‹ ADAD ,ef;vnf; a&muf&cdS o hJ nf? xdyk gwDyYJG OD;apmESifh _Adwo d #aumifprD S ‘bif*av’ qdk oludk ar*sm,ef;u rdwfqufay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? xkdodka‹ wGŒqHk&mwGif bif*avu OD;apmudk “u|efawmfwdk‹ cifAsm;udk tjynfht0ulnDzdk‹ jyifqifxm;_yD;yg_yD” [k toH us,f}uD;jzifh tmrcHcsufay;cJha-umif; ,ef;u ajymqdkcJhonf?

OD;xGef;vSatmifonf ADAD,ef;xH OD;apmu ay;ydak‹ om v#KdŒ0SufoauFwjzifh a&;xm;onfh rdwWLrsm;udk _Adwdo#ar*smtm; jyvdkufonf? ar*sm,ef;onf tHh-o avmufatmifyif Tv#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fr+udk ajz&Sif;jyawmhonf? Û ‘wap>u nwdkif; axmheif;axmheif;jzpfaeonf’ = ar*sm,ef;u olt ‹ drf rSm axmheif;axmheif;jzpfaeaom wap>tajcmufc&H onf[k emrnf}uD;aea-umif; &Si;f jyonf? Û ‘iSufaysmoD;tpdrf;eJ‹ {nfhcH’ = OD;apm. ygwDyGJwGif wnfcif;{nfhcHaom iSuaf ysmoD; trsKd;tpm;jzpfonfh tpdr;f a&mif oD;ar$;iSuaf ysmoD; t&Snrf sm;udk qdk vkjd cif;jzpfonf? Û ‘oHy&k m&nfrmS a';Apf. tcspfq;kH ’ = onf a';ApfrmS tjcm;olr[kwb f J _Adwo d #ar*sm. om;ti,fjzpfonf? olonf oHy&k m&nfukd óuduEf pS o f uf_yD; ygwD yGrJ sm;wGif ,if;udo k m ESpEf pS òf cduòf cduf aomufo;kH oljzpfonf? ppfaq;ar;jref;r+um; _yD;pD;oGm;aomtcg OD;xGe;f vSatmifonf ol±‹ ;kH cef;od‹k jyef_y;D tH-h op&maumif;vSaom xkwaf zmfawGŒ&rdS r+ sm;tay: jyefvnf pOf;pm;oH;k oyf onf? pGypf x JG u dk af om vufnKd‡ ;onf ‘bif*av’ qDo‹kd xd;k vsu&f adS eav_y?D olonf jrefrmtrsm;pkxuf udk,fcE<mjrihfrm;onfrSm aocsmonf? uy`wdefADAD,ef;. pmwapmifxw J iG f yg&Sad om “t&yfcyfjrihjf rihef ‹J vl}uD;vlaumif;” qdo k nfrmS olu ‹ kd &nf!e¸ ;f ajymqdjk cif;jzpfygovm;? tjcm;t&yfjriho f rl sm;vnf; trsm;tjym;&Sad e&m OD;xGe;f vSatmifonf Ttqifw h iG f wdw d u d sus twyfaumufcsurf csEikd af o;acs? xdt k csdew f iG f tif;pde&f dS txl;cH±k ;kH wGiv f nf; -um;emppfaq;r+rsm; qufvuf ðyvkyfvsuf&Sdonf? b!Gef‹u bk&ifhoufao azmfaumiftjzpf tcsKdŒxl;jcm;aom 0efccH sufrsm;udk azmfxw k v f suf&o dS nf? olonf OD;apm. rsKd;cspfygwD0ifjzpfvm_yD; aemuf vufeufrsm;/ cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; pkaqmif;&efESihf &efyHkaiG&Sm&ef wm0ef oHk;&yf olu ‹ dk tay;cHcJh&onf? ZGefv (24) &ufae‹wGif Adkvfwaxmifyifr ppfvuf eufypPnf;wdkufrS b&if;*ef; tvuf (200) xkwf,loGm;olrSm oljzpfa-umif; b!Gef‹u xkwfazmfvdkufonf? xkdvufeufrsm;udk oHk;wefwif avmf&Dum;jzifh w}udrw f nf;wif_yD; OD;apm. at'Dvrf;aetdro f ‹kd olarmif;ydc‹k ahJ -umif; olu ajym qdv k u dk o f nf? aemufw}udrw f iG v f nf; jynfvrf;ay:&Sd tjcm; vufeufoakd vSmif±kH wckrS '\r (303) usnfqHtawmifh wodef;wdwdudk oloGm;a&muf,laqmifcJh& a-umif; 0efcHonf? Zlvdkifv (20) &ufae‹wGif OD;apm. tdrfaemufbufuefxJrS awGŒ&&dS aom tvHyk w d af owWmrsm;xJ&dS usnq f efrsm;rSm Txkw, f v l mr+ taxmuf

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v#KdŒ0Suq f ef;-u,fjcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

txm;rsm; jzpfayonf? 0efccH sufEiS fh awGŒ&rdS w + r‹kd mS tH0ifciG u f sjzpfaeygonf?

OD;apmZeD;onf. wlawmfol cifarmif&ifuvnf; qyfr&Sif;*ef;wvuf/ tar&duef umbdik o f ;kH vuf/ pwif;*ef;wvuf/ awmfr*D ef; (2) vuf/ vsL*gypPwkd wvuf/ ajcmufvHk;jyL; (2) vufESihf usnfqefrsm; 0,f,l&ef ar*sm,ef;qdkol ESihf qufoG,fr+ ðyvkyfcJha-umif; aemufqHk;wGif 0efcHcsufay;avonf? ar*smrdk;/ uy`wdef ADAD,ef;wdEk‹ Sihf OD;apm qufoG,fr+&SdyHk vufeufESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkuf rsm;rS b&if;*ef;ESifh usnq f efrsm; rnfor‹kd nfyckH ;kd ,lcyhJ /kH ,if;wdu ‹k kd *VKefwyfzŒJG0ifrsm; &Sdaom c±kdiftwGif; jzefa‹ 0xm;yHkESihf OD;apmtdrfab;&Sd a&uefxJwGif 0Sufxm;yHkwdk‹ udk cifarmif&ifu ajymjyavonf? ukuUdKif;vrf;ay:&Sd ol (OD;apm) ydkif ajruGufay:wGif wnf&Sdaom ppfwyf o,f,lydka‹ qmifa&;pcef;. wm0efcHrSmvnf; ar*sm,ef;jzpfa-umif; cifarmif&if k x l rH S py&if; u xyfrx H w k af zmfjyefonf? 7 xd‹k jyif ar*smvefp‹ f (Major Lance) qdo f vuf zD;vf ±kid zf ,f (Springfield Rifle) wvuf/ awmfr*D ef; (2) vufEiS hf umbkid w wdu ‹k kd OD;apm&&Scd ahJ -umif;vnf; olu qufvufxw k af zmfonf? xkt d &m&S. d trnf tjynft h pHrk mS ar*smyDwm tm;eufpf vefp‹ af vmh'ed ;f (Major Peter Ernest Lancelot Daine) jzpf_yD;/ olonf urm&Gwf a&mfbmpuf±Hkab;&Sd bef*vdk ESpfxyftdrfwGif aexkid cf o hJ nf?

OD;apmonf xdkbef*vdktdrfodk‹ r-umc% tvnfoGm;cJhzl;onf? ar*sm'def; onf jrefrmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf/ axmufvS rf;a&;wyfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifae_yD; &efukefajrmufbuf&Sd r*Fvm'Hk yifrppfvufeufypPnf;odkavSmif±Hk. wyfr;ª vnf; jzpfonf? Todk‹ jzihf ar*sm,ef;ESifh ar*sm'def;wdo k‹ nf OD;atmifqef;wdt k‹ m; vkyf}uH owfjzwfrw + iG f ypfcwftoH;k ðycJah om vufeufrsm;udk OD;apmtm; ay;tyfcahJ -umif; ,H-k unfavmufonfh ckid rf maom ta-umif;tcsufwu ‹kd kd &&Scd o hJ nf[k cH±k ;kH awmfu azmfjyEkdifcJhonf? AdkvfwaxmifESihf tjcm;vufeufodkavSmif±Hkwdk‹rS vufeufrsm; &,lEikd af &;twGuf uy`wed Af AD , D ef;u &JtzGŒJ . pm&Gupf mwrf;twkrsm; ðyvkyaf y; cJhonf? ADAD,ef;onf &efukef zdkufcsf&dyfom (Fytche Flats) wGif aexdkifvsuf&Sd&m ,if;wdkufcef;rsm;wGif tjcm; _Adwdo#t&m&Sdi,frsm;ESihf a'ocHpD;yGm;a&;orm; tcsKdŒvnf; aexkdifvsuf&Sd-uonf? ,if;pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;txJrS rmvf[dkx&m (Malhotra) qdkolonf ,if;t&m&Sdrsm;ESihfvnf;aumif;/ OD;apmESifhvnf;aumif; txl;tu|rf;w0if &Syd &kH avonf? tdE, dN tEG,jf zpfol rmvf[x kd &monf _Adwo d # ukr`%Dwckjzpfonfh vDvf tif ukr`%D (Leele & Co) wGif tvkyfvkyfvsuf&Sd_yD;

ar*sm'def;ESihf txl;ojzifh eD;pyfr+&Sdonf? _Adwdo#aiGa&;a-u;a&; tusKd;pD;yGm;udk vdv k m;aom _Aw d o d #t&m&Sid ,frsm;onf OD;apmudk axmufc-H u_y;D &efuek u f ek o f nf todkif;t0kdif;tcsKdŒae&mrsm;wGif OD;atmifqef;. vuf0J,drf;aom tawG;tac: rsm;a-umihf pdwfuoduatmufjzpfvsuf&Sd-u&m OD;atmifqef;tm; qef‹usifðy vkyf&ef OD;apmudk aoG;xdk;ay;cJhyHk&onf[laom t,ltqtm; Ttcsuftvuf rsm;u twnfðyay;ovdk jzpfaeavonf?

OD;atmifqef;tm; qefu ‹ sifaom r[mrdwftpdwftydkif;w&yftjzpf zGJŒpnf; xm;aom tjcm; vusfmEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf? jrefrmjynfudk *syef odrf;,lxm;pOfu *syef±kyfao;tpdk;&. EdkifiHt"dywdjzpfcJhol a'gufwmbarmfrSm vnf; xdo k rl sm;xJwiG f wa,muftygt0ifjzpfonf? vky}f uHowfjzwfr+ jzpfymG ;_yD; v#if_yD;csif; OD;xGe;f vSatmif vku d v f zH rf;qD;xm;aom oHo,t&Scd &H ol vl (800) xJwGif olvnf; ygavonf? xdk‹twl tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;wOD;rSm ocif Apdejf zpf_y;D olonf ocifxeG ;f tkyEf iS t fh wl &Jabmfo;kH usyd . f e,fcsŒJt*Fvyd t f m; qef‹ usifaom (*smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syef) 0if±kd;wef; vdkvm;ol (pro-Axis faction) udk acgif;aqmifr+ay;cJhonf? ‚if;wdkt ‹ kyfpkonf OD;atmifqef;ESihf Akdvfvusfmwdk‹ acgif; aqmifaom ‘ocifu, kd af wmfrid+ ;f tkypf ’k ESifh qefu ‹ sifbufjzpfonf? ocifxeG ;f tkyf onf olESihftwlvkdufygrnfh ol‹ -oZmcH jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,f (11) a,mufudk OD;aqmifI aemufq;kH tokwt f jzpf *syefo‹kd a&muf&o dS mG ;cJo h nf? ,if;tokww f iG f ocif±a+ rmifac: Adv k af e0if;onfvnf; ygvmcJo h nf? txufyg vusmf Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;onf twlwuGpak ygif;um vusmf tpGe;f a&muftkyfpktjzpf zGJŒpnf;vdkuf_yD; ,if;tkyfpkonf OD;apmESihfvnf;aumif;/ EdkifiH jcm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ESihfvnf;aumif; eD;uyfpGm qufoG,fr+&SdcJhonf? xkd‹ a-umifh olwo ‹kd nf OD;atmifqef;. òydib f ufrsm;jzpfonfrmS oHo,&Spd &mrvdak y? ,if;Ekid if aH &;orm;wOD;pDonf Ekid if jH cm;pd;k rd;k r+rS vGwaf jrmufa&;&&S&d efEiS hf _Adwo d # tkyfpdk;r+ae&mY olwu dk‹ dk,fwdkif tpm;xkd;0ifa&muf&ef wdkif;jynfudk acgif;aqmifvdk -uolrsm;jzpf-uonf? od&‹k mwGif olwu ‹kd kd ppfaq;ar;jref;&mYvnf; OD;atmifqef; tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+wGif olwdk‹ tquftpyf&Sdaeonfh oufaocH tckdiftrm rxGuaf y:cJah cs? od‹k jzpfI olwu ‹kd kd jyefvw $ af y;cJ&h onf?

OD;xGef;vSatmifu apv$wfxm;aom Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹u vlowfo rm;rsm;. um;ESihf um;wkdufr+jzpfvkeD;yg;jzpfcJhaom OD;apm. tdrfeD;csif; uy`wdef cef; }uD;-uyfonfh t&yf0wf&aJ xmufvSr;f a&;orm;rsm;u oHo,&Sad om _Aw d o d #

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v#KdŒ0Suq f ef;-u,fjcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

t&m&Sdrsm;. v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk tcsdeftwef-um teD;uyfapmihf-uyf-unfh±+aecJh onf? OD;apmaetdrf. tjcm;wbufESihf tif;vsm;uef. u|ef;qG,furf;pyfrsm; ay:wGif ig;r#m;orm;toGif yHzk sux f m;-uaom uy`wed cf ef;. vlrsm;onf vky}f uH owfjzwfrr+ jzpfymG ;rDu OD;apm_cHtwGi;f vlt0iftxGuf v+y&f mS ;r+rsm;udk teD;uyf apmih-f uyf-unf±h a+ ecJ-h uonf? olwo ‹kd nf x&yfum;rsm; t0iftxGuEf iS fh av;vH aom ypPnf;rsm; _cHtwGif; cscJhonfrsm;udk owdxm;rdcJh-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdt k csdeu f rnfuo hJ a‹kd om ypPn;f rsm; o,fy;kd aeonfukd rnforl # twdtusrod&dS cJ-h uacs? u|efawmf. a,muQrjzpfol w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdefu aemufydkif;wGif u|efawmhu f kd Tod‹k jyefajymjycJo h nf? “jrefrmpum;rSm pdeu f kd pdeu f yJ jzwfEidk w f ,f vd‹k qdx k m;w,f? OD;xGe;f vSatmif[m wcsdeu f *VKefwyf&ŒJ wyfr;ª }uD;wOD;jzpfcw hJ hJ OD;apmtwGufawmh w&m;Oya'udk qef‹usif_yD; oloGm;r,fhvrf;rSm tkwfwHwkdif; }uD;wckygyJ” [kyifjzpfonf?

OD;apmESihf ola‹ emufvu kd rf sm; rnfr#^m%frsm;I rnfuo hJ ‹kd pDpOfonfjzpfap æ olwdk‹aoaocsmcsmrodonfrSm olwdk‹twGuf qef‹usifbuf (w&m;Oya' buf awmfom;) &efo}l uD;wa,muf &Sad eonft h csufyifjzpfavonf? d f bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&efp‹ f (Sir Hubert Rance) onf vef'efo‹kd a-u;eef;±ku vdkufonf? “tcsKdŒaom twdkuftcH EkdifiHa&;orm;awGu vufeufrsm;udk cdk;,l pkaqmif;_yD;/ wpwp vufeufudkifxºuGr+vrf;a-umif;twGuf jyifqifoGm;_yD;/ tm%mudk wdkufcdkuf&,loGm;vdrfhr,fvdk‹ u|efawmfjrifrdygw,f” [k jzpf.?

OD;apmtaejzifh uy`wdefADAD,ef;/ ar*sm,ef;/ ar*sm'def;ESihf tjcm;pdwfwl oabmwl _Adwo d #t&m&Srd sm;. tultnDrsm;udk &,lEikd af jcvnf;&Sad eav_yD? jynf wGif;ppfudk zefwD;Edkifonfh vufeuftvHktavmufvnf; OD;apmESihf ol‹*dk%f;wGif &Sdaeav_yD? OD;apm_cH0if;twGif; tcsdefESihftr# ðyvkyfaeaom wdwfwqdwfv+yf &Sm;r+rsm;udkvnf; aoewform; ciffarmif&ifu w&m;±Hk;awmfwGif Zmwfa-umif; jyefjycJhonf? ar*sm,ef;.tdrfrSm ajrjyifvrf;rS oGm;v#if (4) rdkifr#a0;aomfvnf; avSjzifh avSmo f mG ;v#if em&D0ufc&D;omjzpfonf? olEiS fh ol&‹ aJ bmfrsm;onf avSjzifh (7) acguf/ (8) acgufcefo ‹ Gm;cJh_yD; uefudkjzwfI vufeufrsm; o,fycdk‹ Jha-umif; cif armif&ifu xGuq f ckd o hJ nf? uef.w0ufcefa‹ vmufwiG f &Sad om uAifu|e;f (Cabin hf 0;I olw‹kd aoewfypfavhusih&f m pcef;wckjzpfco hJ nf?

Island) rSmvnf; urf;ESia pdwful;,Ofvsuf rnfonfhtpDtpOfudk olwdk‹ óudwifa&;qGJcJhonfjzpfap/

OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&_yD; aemufqufwGJ tusKd;quftjzpf ,if;tpD tpOfrsm; ysuo f Ok ;f cJ&h avawmhonf? OD;apmonfvnf; Ekid if ahH cgif;aqmifjzpfrvm? olonf w&m;±H;k p&dwrf sm;ay;&efEiS fh tu,fI ar#mv f ifch su&f cdS v hJ #if olvw G af jrmuf a&;udk aiGjzif0h ,f,&l ef csufcsif;vufiif; aiGvt kd yfaeaom pdwyf sufz, G f tusOf; om;wOD;omjzpfvmcJo h nf? od‹k jzpfonft h avsmuf rEœav;&Sd csrf;omºuG,0f aom rdwaf qGwOD;xH pmwapmifa&;om;cJo h nf? OD;xGe;f vSatmifonf xko d u l kd csucf si;f zrf;qD;xm;vdkufonf? OD;apmonf tvm;wlarwWm&yfcHr+rsm;udk wjynfvHk;&Sd ol‹aemufvdkufrsm;xH ay;ydk‹cJhonf? xdkolrsm;udkvnf; tvm;wl xdef;odrf;xm; vku d o f nf? rwwfomonfhtqHk; OD;apmonf owdxm;a&Smif-uOf&rnfrsm;udkyif *±k rpdu k Ef ikd af wmhbJ ‘bif*av’ xHo‹kd ajymifajymifwif;wif;yif pma&;vku d af wmhonf? xkdpmY olwdk‹. tcsdef;tcsufae&mrsm;ESihf em;vnfxm;r+rsm;udk tusOf;csKH;azmf jyxm;_yD; olonf aiGa&;a-u;a&;tusyftwnf; jzpfaea-umif;ESihf aiGtjrefvdk a-umif; a&;om;xm;onf? jrefrmhxHk;pHtwkdif;yif wbufom;udk pdwftaESmihf t,Sufray;vdka-umif;vnf; jznfhpGufa&;om;xm;onf? odk‹&mwGif tjref ta-umif;jyef&efum; olu awmif;qdkxm;avonf? axmifrS vGwfvmcgp axmifxGufwOD;yHkpH yHkzsufxm;aom ykvdyfwOD;udk &efukef&Sd ‘bif*av’ aexdkif&m tdrfodk‹ udk,fwdkifudk,fus ,if;pmukd oGm;ay;cdkif; vdu k o f nf? ‘bif*av’ u pmtdwu f kd ,lvu kd _f y;D zGiafh zmufvu kd u f m pmo,faqmif vmoltm; ,H-k unfrt + jynfh xm;&So d nfyh pkH rH sKd;jzifh bif*avonf ola‹ &SŒwiG yf if pm udk us,fus,favmifavmif toHxGufzwfvdkufonf? bif*avhrsufESmrSm pmudk zwf&if; toHwdk;oGm;vsuf aoG;rsm; csufcsif;qkwf,kwfoGm;onf? olonf pmudk tydkif;ydkif; tppjzpfatmif csufcsif;qkwf_zJvdkuf_yD; xdkpm&Guftptersm;udk vuf xJuikd x f m;&if; twGi;f cef;od‹k tjref0ifomG ;onf? xdt k cdu k f axmifxu G [ f efaqmif xm;ol &Jom;onf tdro f m a&qGcJ svu kd o f -H um;vdu k &f onf? bif*avonf wHcg; rS jyefxu G v f m_yD;æ “rif;'Dae&mu xGuo f mG ;/ csufcsif;xGuo f mG ;” [k olu ‹ kd atmf [pf&if; armif;xkwfvdkufonf? ueOD;od&&dS aom taxmuftxm;rsm;u bif*avESifh OD;apmonf qufqH a&; tvGefaumif;cJha-umif; jyqdkaeonf? OD;apmonf -o*kwfv (22) ESihf (23) &ufae‹txd ae‹pGJrsm; wyfxm;aom pmESpfapmif bif*avxH a&;cJhonf? olonf aiGxyfrHawmif;qdkvdkuf_yD; uy`wdefADAD,ef;[k ,lqolwOD;udkvnf; ‘VV’ [k pm

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v#KdŒ0Suq f ef;-u,fjcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

xJwGif &nf!¸ef;azmfjycJhonf? xdkpmrsm;u ol‹vGwfajrmufa&;ar#mfvifhcsufudk ajymqdkcJh±Hkomru jynfwGif;ESifhjynfy EdkifiHwum&Sd ±kdufcwfr+rsm;jzpfoGm;apEkdif aom xkwaf zmfrr+ sm; ðyvkyrf nfh _cdr;f ajcmufrr+ sm;yifv#if yg&Sv d mcJo h nf? OD;apmu pmo,faqmifvmolukd ,H-k unfpw d cf s&a-umif;vnf; bif*avudk tmrcHcsuaf y; xm;onf? xka‹d emufyikd ;f bif*avonf pmrsm;udk rnfonft h cgr# &&Sjd cif;r&Sad wmhacs? ykvyd w f yfzŒJGu aemufxyfpmwapmifukd bif*avxHomG ;ay;zd&‹k ef pmo,faqmifol tm; trdef‹ay;cJhpOfu xdkolonf bif*avtdrfodk‹ta&mufwGif ol‹udk pdwfwdk[ef wlaeaom t*FvdyfvlrsKd;wOD;u ab;odk‹wGef;xkwfypfcJhonf? bif*avonf ol‹ ypPnf;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;_yD; ol‹aetdrfrS urf;em;vrf;[dkw,fodk‹ csufcsif;ajymif; a&$ŒoGm;um urf;em;[kdw,fwGif wnwmae_yD;aemuf tapmqHk;&Edkifrnfh (bDtdk atpD) a&jyifqif;av,mOfysH (Flying Boat) jzihf jrefrmjynfrS xGucf mG rnfjzpfonf? xdak v,mOfyso H nf aemufae‹eeH ufwiG f xGucf mG ayawmhrnf? OD;xGe;f vSatmifonf jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf_idr;f tm; ,if;udpt P m; tvsiftjref tpD&ifcv H u dk o f nf?

OD;ausmf_idrf;u csufcsif;yif bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&efp‹ fESihf oGm;a&mufawGŒqHkonf?

OD;ausmf_idrf;u ‘bif*av’ udk ykvdyfrsm;u pHkprf;ppfaq;Ekdifa&;twGuf csufcsif; zrf;qD;&ef awmif;qdkvdkufonf? odka‹ omfvnf; bk&ifcHu oabmrwlacs? jrefrm Edik if .

H tvGecf spfjrwfE;kd jcif;cH&aom acgif;aqmifrsm; vky}f uHowfjzwfrw + iG f _Adwd o#wdk‹ yg0ifaeonf[laom jzpfEkdifajc&Sdonfh owif;tpte xGufay:oGm;ygu jrefrmEdik if w H iG &f adS eaom Oa&myvlrsK;d pkrsm;tay: t-urf;zuf pD;eif;wdu k cf u kd rf r+ sm;/ vufpm;acsrr+ sm; jzpfay:vmEdik o f nft h a&;udk bk&ifcu H awG;awmpd;k &draf eyH&k onf? olu OD;ausmf_idrf;udk oHo,&Sdaeaom xkdt&m&Sd}uD;tm; tenf;qHk; avmavm q,ftm;jzifh ta&;r,l&ef ajymqdkcJhonf? xku d o hJ ‹kd jzpfcahJ omfvnf; OD;xGe;f vSatmiftaejzifh ‘bif*av’ udk ola‹ etdrf rS ra&$Œajymif;rD oGm;a&mufawGŒqHkcGihf&cJhonf? awGŒqHkr+onf (5) em&Dcef‹ -umjrihf cJo h nf? pdwv f y+ &f mS ;aeaom bif*avonf rnfonft h &mudrk # xkwaf zmfcjhJ cif; r&Sd cJah cs? bif*avtaejzifh OD;apm pmrsm;ukd wk‹H jyef&ef óud;pm;cJyh v kH nf;r&[k OD;xGe;f vSatmifu aumufcsufcscJhonf? &uftwef-umaomtcg urf;em;&Sd a&jyifqif;av,mOfysH qdu k u f yfxm;&m qdycf w H w H m;ay:od‹k vufqt JG 0wfaowWmrsm;qGv J suf ‘bif*av’ wufvmaomt cg OD;xGef;vSatmifonf ol‹qDokd‹ at;aq;_idrfoufpGm av#mufoGm;vkdufonf?

olt ‹ usôtdwfxJwGif OD;apmu bif*avxH aemufqHk;a&;om;xm;_yD; ray;&ao; onfh pmrdwWLwapmifygvmcJhonf? OD;xGef;vSatmifudk rar#mfvifhbJ awGŒvkduf& pOfuyif wkefv+yfacsmufcsm;aeaom bif*avonf &Jt&m&Sd}uD;u “cifAsm;æ 'Dvufa&;udk rSwrf yd govm;cifAsm” [lI ar;_y;D pmudjk yvku d af omtcg rsuEf mS wGif aoG;r&Sad wmhbJ jzLqGwo f mG ;avonf?

OD;xGef;vSatmifu olvdkvm;onfhtwdkif; zrf;qD;EdkifcGihftm%m ,ck ol‹rSm &S_d yjD zpfa-umif; ajymjyvku d o f nf? ‘bif*av’ onf a-umufvefw ‹ ek v f y+ o f mG ;onf? “u|efawmhfrSm oHwrefqdkif&m tumtuG,f&Sdw,f? cifAsm;= u|efawmfhudk zrf;&ifvJ u|efawmf bk&ifcHqD toem;cHEkdifao;wmyJ” [k olu jyefajymonf? xkt d cg OD;xGe;f vSatmifuæ“bk&ifcu H 'Dupd rP mS odyt f a&;}uD;w,fv‹kd xif &if óudufovdk ta&;,lEdkifwJh tcGifhta&; OD;Ek&JŒ ,m,Dtpdk;&udk ay;xm;_yD; jzpf ygw,f” [k at;aq;odraf rGŒpmG jyefajymvku d o f nf?

Tod‹k ‘bif*av’ udk xdyw f u kd &f ifqikd af wGŒonfh OD;xGe;f vSatmif. &nf&, G f csufrSm &efukef&Sd _Adwdo#aumifpD. t}uD;tuJESihf (OD;atmifqef;ESihf trsKd;om; acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm;) vufawGŒtaumiftxnfazmf vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhol rsm;t-um;&Sdaeaom uGif;qufudk oHo,uif;pGm qufpyfjy&ef óud;pm;jcif;om jzpfavonf? aemufq;kH Y OD;xGe;f vSatmifu bif*avudk jrefrmEkid if aH jray:od‹k rnf onfhtcgr# ajcrcsawmh&ef &nfrGef±kd;om;pGm owday;vdkufonf? bif*avonf bDtdkatpD a&jyifqif;av,mOfysHay:odk‹ tvsiftjrefwufoGm;_yD;aemuf ,ae‹t xd rnfonft h cgr# olt ‹ a-umif;r-um;&awmhacs? bif*av jrefrmjynfrS xGucf mG oGm;cJo h nfh &ufrmS 1947 ckEpS /f pufwifbmv (4) &ufae‹ jzpfonf? xda‹k emufyikd ;f olu ‹ -H urRmESio fh l rnfonft h &yfa'ood‹k a&mufomG ;_yD; rnfor‹kd nfykH jzpfysucf o hJ nf rsm;rSmrl rnforl #rodEikd af wmhaom v#KdŒ0u S q f ef;-u,fry+ ifjzpfaeayawmhonf? 8 xdktcsdefY OD;apmonf jyifywGif jzpfysufaeonfrsm;udk vHk;0rod&SdcJhacs? tif;pdeaf xmiftwGi;f &Sd olt ‹ cef;av;ESifh teD;&Sd w&m;±H;k tcef;wdo ‹k nfom olu ‹ rBm av;jzpfaeawmhonf? zrf;qD;cHae&pOfumvrSmyif OD;apm. wufºuGaom tif tm;wdk‹rSm ododomomqkwf,kwfvsuf&Sdaeonf? vGwfajrmuf&ef ar#mfvihfcsuf rSefor#rSmvnf; vsifjrefpGm usqif;vsuf&Sdonf? ol‹udk 'kuQay;onfrSm axmif usaeonfh tcsufoufoufwckwnf;awmhr[kwfacs? olonf ,cifu axmif uscJzh ;l onf? jrefrmEkid if u H kd *syef0ifa&muford ;f ydu k x f m;pOfumvwckv;kH (t*Fvef rS jrefrmEkdifiHodk‹tjyef) ,l*ef'gwGif olonf (4) ESpfwm tusOf;uscHaecJh&onf?

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v#KdŒ0Suq f ef;-u,fjcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

urBmppf}uD;_yD;oGm;_yD;onfhaemufwGifvnf; wkdif;jynfqlylxºuGatmif v+Ha‹ qmfr+ jzifh axmiftwGi;f acwWtem;,lc&hJ ao;onf? vlowfrj+ zihf wOD;csi;f pDY tjypf&adS e aom ol‹rdcif.armif (9) a,mufvHk;udk w&m;v$wfawmfw&m;±Hk;Y t,lcH0if_yD; tm;vHk;vGwfajrmufcJhonfudkvnf; ol. EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJrsm;wGif olu t_rJ 0gºuGm;ajymqdak vh&o dS nf? Toda‹k om ol&owWjd yoEdik rf r+ sm;rSm ,cktcg twdww f iG f usef&pfcJhav_yD? Tw}udrfwGifrl OD;apmtaejzifh tjypfrSausat;cGihfv$wf&ef aomfvnf;aumif;/ oem;-uifempGm tjypfukd av#mah yghpOf;pm;&efaomf vnf;aumif; ar#mv f ifEh ikd af wmhrnfr[kwaf wmhacs?

OD;apmonf uy`wdefADAD,ef;xH pmxyfrHa&;jyefonf? Tw}udrfwGifrl yGifhyGihfvif;vif;yifa&;onf? Todka‹ &;om;vmjcif;rSm aemufqHk; rvkyfrjzpfonfh tajctae/ odrk‹ [kwf ar#mfvifhcsufqHk;±+H;aeonfhtajctae/ odrk‹ [kwf ESpf&yfvHk; a-umifhvnf; jzpfEkdifajc&Sdayonf? pmwapmifwGif OD;apmu ADAD,ef;udk ol‹tae jzihf jrefrmEdkifiHjyifywGif rnfonfhae&mwGif cdkv+HEdkifrnfenf;[k ar;jref;xm;onf?

ADAD,ef;u tdENd,urf;±kd;wef;&Sd ay:wl*Dydkife,fajrjzpfonfh ‘*dktm’ tdENd,jynf e,fwGif jzpfEkdifa-umif; raorcsm ra&&mvSpGm jyefvnft}uH^m%fay;ajz-um; cJhonf? ,if;ae&monf olESihf yl;aygif;}uHpnfolrsm;twGuf cdkv+H&ef oufqdkifol rsm;u a&G;cs,fxm;onfah e&mjzpfygovm;? rnforl # twwfrodEidk af cs? ADA, D ef; onf rnfodk‹aomtaetxm;wGifrqdk tdENd,wdkufqG,f. xdktpdwftykdif;udk aumif;pGm od&x dS m;avonf?

Ttcsdeftxd ‘bif*av’ jrefrmEkdifiHrS xGufcGmoGm;onfudk OD;apmu rod acs? xkt ‹d wGuf bif*avxHrS rnfonfjh yefpmr# r&&Sad omtcg OD;apmonf axmif jyify&Sd tjcm;qufo, G &f rnfo h rl sm;udk &Sm}uHavonf? OD;apmonf v#KŒd0u S o f auFw jzihf aemufxyfpmwapmifa&;jyefonf? “tif;vsm;uefxJ ig;r&Sd” axmifr;ª }uD; OD;pHwifhonf ‚if;pmudk &efukefjrpfwbufurf;&Sd 'vòrda› v;rS vufzuf&nfqdkifydkif&Sif jrefrmukvm;ujym;wOD;xH udk,fxdvufa&mufay;&ef vufcH&&SdcJhonf? pmygowif;pum;rSm xl;qef;vSonf? OD;apm. at'Dvrf; ae tdrfESihfuyfvsuf&Sdaom tif;vsm;uefrSm ig;rsm;ESihf wif;-urf;jynfhvsuf&Sdonf? ‘ig;rr#m;&’ [laom qkid ;f bkwu f av;rsm;rSm ae&mtES&‹H adS eaomfvnf; OD;apmtdrf udk apmihf-uyf-unfh±+aeaom uy`wdefcef;. vlrsm;utp rnfolur# ,if;udk t av;wrl rvkdufem-uacs? odk‹ jzpfv#if pmygowif;pum;rSm rnfonfudk qdkvkd

ygoenf;? yHkzsufxm;aom &Jt&m&SdwOD;udk ,cktxd rod&Sd&zl;ao;onfh OD;apm. taygif;ygxH ,if;pmwkdav;udk ay;yd&k‹ ef wm0efay;tyfvkdufonf? xkdolonf pm udk zwfvu kd _f yD; OD;apmvdak om ajcmufv;kH jyL;aoewfudk olt ‹ aejzifh &&Sad tmif &Sm azGay;Ekid v f rd rhf nfrxifa-umif; tEl;t!Gwaf wmif;yefajym-um;&Smonf? 'vòrdr› S ,if;vufzuf&nfqkdifydkif&Sifudk ppfaq;ar;jref;&ef zrf;qD;vdkufonf? aemufqHk; wGif pmyg v#KdŒ0u S pf um;rSm t"dym` ,fay:vmonf? OD;apmonf Oya'jyifyrS &SmazG xm;aom vufeufrsm;udk tvHkydwfaowWm}uD;rsm;wGif xnfh_yD; tif;vsm;uefxJ Y 0Sufxm;cJhonf? ‚if;wdk‹udk tm%mydkifrsm;u &SmazGawGŒ&Sd_yD; odrf;qnf;xm;cJh _yjD zpfonf? OD;apmtaejzihf t0Su&f vG,u f al om ajcmufv;kH jyL; (od‹k) ypPwakd oewf wvufudk wae&m&mrS &&Sd&ef ta&;w}uD;vdktyfaeonf? v#KŒd0u S o f auFwpmrsm;udk t"dym` ,fziG q fh Edk ikd af omfvnf; 'vrS vufzuf&nf qdik yf ikd &f iS Ef iS hf wcsdew f nf;wGif zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;xJrS tenf;tusOf;om azmfxw k f EdkifcJhonf? rnfodk‹qdkap OD;apm. tquftoG,f uGef&ufrSm vsifjrefpGm usOf; ajrmif;vmvsuf&o dS nf? uy`wdefADAD,ef;onfyifv#if uH-urRmudk t±+H;ay;pðyvmav_yD? wae‹wGif olonf w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdeu f kd csOf;uyf_yD; olt ‹ aejzifh ajzmifch sufwckay;vdk a-umif; ajymqdck o hJ nf? OD;aomif;pdeu f þolt ‹ aejzifh olajymor#udk pmjzifh a&;om; ,lxm;Edkifaomfvnf; xdkoadk‹ om pm&Gufpmwrf;rSm twdtusqdk&v#if w&m;r0if a-umif; t}uH^m%fay;ajymqdkcJhonf? rnfodkq ‹ dkap ADAD,ef;u olTodk‹ jzpf&jcif; rSm olwdk‹u uavmòrd›wyfpcef;teD; ppfom;rsm; pD;eif;vmaom &xm;wpif;udk 1947 ckESpf/ {_yDvtwGif; rdkif;AHk;jzifh azmufcGJcH&ojzifh ol‹&Jabmftawmfrsm;rsm; toufqHk;±+H;&onfhta-umif;udk w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdeftm; aemufa-umif; vSeI f qufvufajymqdjk ycJo h nf? Toda‹k om taumuf}uHzsuq f ;D r+EiS fh ywfoufI oHo,&Scd &H olrsm;rSm ‘jynfo&‹l aJ bmf’ wyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;jzpf-u_yD; xdjk ynfo&‹l aJ bmfwyf zGJŒrSm wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh OD;atmifqef;. udk,fykdifjynfol‹ppftzGJŒ jzpfavonf? aoqHk;ol/ '%f&m&ol ppfom;rsm;rSm a0v &J*sD;rJifh. wyf&if; (2) wyfcGJ (u) rS jzpf-u_yD; a0ve,fom;jzpfol ADA, D ef;taejzihf ,if;tjzpftysuftwGuf Akv d cf sKyf atmifqef;tay:Y cg;cg;oD;oD; em-unf;cHpm;rdonfjzpf&m aemufq;kH tusK;d quf tm;jzifh olonf OD;atmifqef;. t"duòydifbuf}uD;jzpfaom OD;apmESifh r[mrdwf zGŒJ rjd cif; jzpfavawmhonf?

145

146 146

147

v#KdŒ0Suq f ef;-u,fjcif;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

ADAD,ef;. pdwfv+yf&Sm;zG,f&m jyefajymif;ajymqdkcsufrsm;wGif OD;apmxHrS ,cifu ol&&SdcJhaom rsm;jym;vSonfh tcGihfta&;ay;r+rsm;ESihf aemiftem*wfwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfydkifcGihf/ cHpm;cGihfrsm;udkyg ay;vmrnfh uwdcH0efcsufrsm;udk zHk;uG,f xm;avonf? ADA, D ef;onf OD;apm. vkyaf zmfuikd b f ufwOD;jzpfol xdyw f ifarmif uav;ESihf avmf&Dum;o,fylyadk‹ qmifa&;vkyfief;wGif tpkpyftzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfonfh tavsmuf ,ckupd YP olyg0ifaejcif;rSm a0vtrsK;d om;þrsK;d csppf w d x f ufoefrx + uf TpD;yGm;bufvkyfief;uom OD;apmESifh ADAD,ef;wdk‹ qufEG,fr+. t"du aESmifóud; ta-umif;tcsufjzpfayvdrrhf nf? _Adwo d #t&m&Srd sm;udk ppfaq;ar;jref;r+rsm;u OD;atmifqef;wd‹k vky}f uHc&H r+ ESifh ywfoufI rnfonfh oufaotcdik t f rmudrk # xkwaf zmfEidk jf cif;r&Scd ahJ cs? ar*sm rdk; (Major Moore) onf w&m;±kH;wGif w&m;pGJqdkjcif; vHk;0rcHcJh&bJ ar*sm,ef; (Major Young) rSmrl axmif'%f (2) ESpf tjypfay;jcif;cHcJh&aomfvnf; t,lcHwif &mwGif jyefvw G o f mG ;_yD; jrefrmjynfrS csufcsif;xGucf mG oGm;cJah vonf? uy`wed f ADAD ,ef;onfum; axmif'%f (5) ESpEf iS fh '%faiGw&yfv#if ±ly;D (5˜000) pD '%faiGEpS f &yf csrSwfjcif;cHcJh&onf? odk‹aomf 1949 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&DvwGif u&ifolykefxr+ ay:aygufcJh_yD; tif;pdefòrdu › dk u&ifolykefrsm;u pD;eif;cJhpOfu &efukefajrmufbuf&Sd emrnfqdk;vSonfh tif;pdeftusOf;axmifrS tjcm;axmifusrsm;ESihftwl ADAD,ef; vnf; vGwaf jrmufomG ;cJo h nf? xda‹k emufoo l nf axmifajy;b0jzifh tjcm;oGm;&rnfh ae&mr&So d nft h wGuf aemufq;kH Y ADA, D ef;onf u&ifoyl ek rf sm;ESifh aygif;rdomG ;onf?

1950 ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif xkdif;e,fpyf&Sd aumhu&dwfY u&ifolykef acgif; aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ESihftwl ADAD,ef;vnf; towfcHvdkuf&onf[k &efukefrS ppf wyftm%mydik rf sm;u ,lqae-uqJjzpfonf? olonf u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh ESpftawmf-umaexkdifcJh_yD; 1950 ckESpfrsm;tv,fwGif ,dk;',m;rSwqihf _Adwdefodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&o dS mG ;cJo h nf? ajratmufwiG f aexkid pf OfumvY Txl;qef;vSaom _Adwdo#uy`wdefESihf eD;eD;uyfuyf&SdcJh-uaom u&ifolykefrsm;taejzifh olt ‹ m; t_rJ ai;idik u f m rdwaf qGzŒJG&efcufcaJ om vlwa,muftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ OD;atmifqef; wdu ‹k þkd vky}f uHowfjzwfrE+ iS þfh ywfoufaomþrnfonft h a-umif;t&mudrk #þajymqdv k kd 9 pdwf tv#if;r&SdolwOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; rSwfrdae-uonf? odk‹ jzpfv#if TudpPY _Adwdo#wdk‹ rnfr#avmuf eufeufeJeJ yg0ifywfouf d csdeu f jrefrmawmfawmfrsm;rsm; t±k;d cH,-kH unf-uouJo h ‹kd cJyh goenf;? 10/ 11/ 12xkt OD;atmifqef;tm; z,f&mS ;I olwv ‹kd ufa0udck _H yD; olwt ‹kd m; rvSerf nfo h w l OD;tm;

tpm;xk;d Ekid &f ef vef'ef &Sd tm%mydik &f yfuu G rf sm;rS 13 pDro H nfh yl;aygif;}uHpnfrw + &yf jzpfygovm;? odrk‹ [kwfygu ADAD,ef;/ 'def;/ ,ef;ESihf rdk;wdv k‹ dk vlrsKd;rsm;onf yk*~vd u vufeufarSmifcdkorm;rsm;ESihf rdrdwb dk‹ mom pGepf‹ Gepf‹ m;pm;vkyfvdkolrsm;om jzpf -uygovm;? xdt ‹k jyif ‘bif*av’ qdo k rl mS twdtus rnforl nf0gjzpfygoenf;´?

OD;apmESihf ol. vufyg;aprsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif;/ ±Hk;wifppfaq;jcif;rsm;onf rnf r#avmuf aoaooyfoyf/ pepfwusESihf u|rf;usifvdrRmpGm aqmif&GufcJhonf jzpfapumrl ,if;tr+}uD;wckvHk;onf rsufpdwqHk; jrifEdkifavmuf±Hkxuf tq aygif;rsm;pGm ydrk ±kd y+ af xG;ywfoufrr+ sm; &SEd ikd cf ahJ yvdrrhf nf?

147

148

Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

148

uifbm&mòrd›awmfY 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;olrsm; qENjy&mwGif cifOD;atmifESihf xGef;vSatmifwdk‹ wyfOD;rS yg0ifcsDwuf-upOf (1996)?

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

a&wyfAv kd af v;cifatmif/ _Adwo d # t&efa&wyf (1945)? (1945 rS 1952/ _Adwdo# t&efa&wyfESifh Armh a &wyf r awmf (t_rJ w rf ; ) t&m&Sd tr+xrf;cJhonf?)

1991/ -opa-w;vsjynf/ uifbm&mòrd›awmf ‘8=av;vHk;’ vlowfyGJ ta&;awmfyHk qENjy&mwGif OD;cifatmifESihftwl apmvGifOD;wdk‹tm; SLORC oH±Hk;a&SŒwGif awGŒ&yHk? 149 149

150 150

151

151

1948 ckESpf/ {_yDv (11) &ufae‹wGif usqHk;oGm;cJhaom jynfol‹ acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. tokbydk‹aqmifonfh tcrf;tem;Y Armha&wyfrawmf *k%fðywyfzGJŒtm; pnfol Akdvf}uD; ausmfodef;vGif OD;aqmifvsuf *sLAvD cef;raqmifrS tmZmenfAdrmefodk‹ wyfOD;rS taES;csDwufvmyHk?

tmZmenfacgif;aqmifrsm; usqHk;_yD; &ufvnfaomae‹wGif Armha&wyfrawmf ‘&wemyHk’ urf;em;pcef; XmecsKyfY oHCmawmf (9) yg;tm; qGrf;uyfvª'gef;_yD; tr#twef; ay;a0cJh-uonf? (0wfðyaeolrsm;twGif; Adkvfcifatmifudk a&SŒwef; vuf0JbufwGif awGŒ&onf)

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

152 152

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

OD;apmESifh ola‹ emufvu kd rf sm;. ±H;k awmfY w&m;qdik &f r+onf bufaygif;pHu k -unfhv#if w&m;r#wr+&Sdonf[k qdk&aomfjim;vnf; orm"dw&m;ol}uD;rif; OD; aomif;pdefonfyifv#if tcsKdŒae&mrsm;wGif oHo,0ifrdcJhygonf? Oyrmjy&ygv#if xHk;wrf;tpOftvmt& pD&ifcsufudk cHk±Hk;obmywduom a&;om;_yD; zwfjy&_rJ "rRwm&Scd o hJ nf? 'DZifbmv (30) &ufae‹u w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;ausmfjriho f nf cH±k ;kH .pD&ifcsufukd trSew f u,fzwfjycJah omfvnf; ,ckO;D apmudk ppfaq;onft h r+wiG f rl txl;cHk±Hk;. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;r#omjzpfonfh OD;atmifomausmfu xkdpD&ifcsuftm; a&;om;wifjycJo h nfukd olowdxm;rdco hJ nf? TpD&ifcsucf sro + nf jrefrmjynfvw G f vyfa&;&&Sd&ef (5) &uftvdkwGif jzpfcJhonfhtwGuf vef'ef&Sd y&DADaumifpD (Privy Council) ac: w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfodk‹ toem;cHpmwif&ef rjzpfEkdifawmhay? xdk‹ jyif Ttr+EiS fh ywfoufI txl;cH±k ;kH tzGŒJ 0ifrsm; ceft ‹ yf&mwGiyf if ueOD;tcuftcJ rsm; &SdcJhonf? vmrnfh q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHudk ajcmufvSeaf‹ e rnfh tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m jy\emrSm TcHk±Hk;jzpfvmEkdifonfudk vltrsm;tjym;u em; vnfoabmaygufxm;-uonf? tcsKdŒrSm vHk;0O\Hk a-umufvef‹ae-uonf? tu,fI OD;apmwa,mufwnf;omr[kwfbJ usef&Sdaom tjcm;}uH&mygrsm;u ,cktcsdefxd vGwfajrmufaecJhaomf xkdolrsm;u ,cktr+udpPwckvHk;udk rnfuJhodk‹ wk‹H jyefrnfqo kd nfrmS rodEikd af cs? ±kH;awmf. aemufqHk;pD&ifcsufxufausmfvGef_yD; óud;yrf;rdoltcsKdŒrSm ouf qdk;r&Snf-uay? &efukefteD;&Sd [Hom0wDrS c±dkif&J0efaxmufa[mif;wOD;jzpfol

aumvif;wk (cf) (Colin Tooke) onf TcH±k ;kH . ppfaq;r+_yD;onfah emuf OD;apm. tr+ukd v#KŒd 0u S pf mG pwifppkH rf;axmufvS r;f cJo h nf? wpHw k ck rSm;,Gi;f ae_yD[k olxif cJo h nf? wae‹ oltrd jf yefa&mufaomtcg olA‹ rmtdraf zmfu olt ‹ ,fvaf Z;&Si;f acG; }uD;rSm acG;±l;jyefae_y[ D k ajymcJo h nf? od‹kjzifh ola‹ cG;udo k l aoewfjzihf ypfowfvu kd &f _yD;/ ola‹ cG;rSm teD;&Sd jrpfurf;ab;wGif vJaoaeav_yD? wk (cf) rSm ,Hk-unfI r& Edik af tmif jzpfaeonf? xH;k pHtm;jzifh acG;±l;jyefa&m*grSm tcsdet f wef-um pwifjzpf yGm;&_rJjzpf_yD; xdkae‹eHeufuyif ol‹acG;rSm taumif;yuwd jzpfaeonfr[kwfyg vm;? odk‹ jzpfI wk (cf) onf ol‹acG;. acgif;udk jzwfum &efukefòrd›&Sd wd&p>mefuk q&m0efxH ,loGm;_yD; ppfaq;-unhf&m wd&p>mefukq&m0efu ol‹acG;wGif acG;±l; jyefa&m*gr&Sda-umif; twnfðycJhonf? xdk‹aemuf ol‹tdrfudk azmufxGif;cHcJh&_yD; Adv k cf sKyf}uD; atmifqef; vky}f uHc&H r+EiS fh ywfoufaom ol. pm&Gupf mwrf; zdik w f JG rsm; aysmufq;kH oGm;cJ&h jyefonf? &ufowWywftenf;i,f-um_y;D aemuf tpmtqdyf oihf_yD; wk (cf) onf aq;±HkwGif aoqHk;oGm;cJhavawmhonf?

OD;apmtr+ESifh qufEG,fvsuf tqef;w-u,faoqHk;cJh&ol aemufwOD;rSm OD;wifxÉG jf zpfonf? olonf OD;atmifqef;. vH;k 0,H-k unfru + kd cH&aom wOD;wnf; aom AsL±ku d &uft&m&Sjd zpfonf? tdE, dN yËdnmOfcH 0efxrf;t&m&S}d uD;wOD;jzpfc_hJ y;D / 1940 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek w f uUov kd . f 'k=t"dywdtjzpf aqmif&u G cf zhJ ;l onf? 1941 ckEpS w f iG f OD;apmESit hf wl _Adwed Ef iS hf tar&duefEidk if w H o ‹dk ‹dk vku d yf goGm;cJ_h yD; vpfbeG Ef iS hf [kid zf m-rdr› sm;ukjd zwfI ava-umif;c&D;jzifh jyefvm&mwGif 1942 ckEpS f Zefe0g&DvwGif [kdifzmavqdyfY ESpfOD;vkH; tzrf;cH&onf? xkd‹aemuf rsm;r-umrD OD;wifxGÉfrSm jyefvnfv$wfay;jcif;cH&_yD; tdENd,EkdifiHokd‹ apv$wfum jrefrmppfajy;tpkd;&tzGJŒ. jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;qkdif&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&onf? 1942 ckESpfrS 1945 ckESpftxd tdENd,EdkifiH/ qif;rvm;òrd›wGif aexdkifvsuf jynfya&muf aecJhonf? ppf_yD;aemuf bk&ifcH.aumifpDwGif b¾ma&;ESihf taumufcGefqdkif&m aumifpt D zGŒJ0ifjzpfvmcJo h nf? 1947 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&; twGuf !SdE+dif;aqG;aEG;&ef OD;atmifqef;ESihftwl vef'efòrdo › dk‹ vdkufygoGm;cJhonf? xdck &D;pOfwiG f _Aw d o d #tpd;k &ESifh oabmwlpmcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xk;d &ef jiif;qefjcif; jzihf OD;apmonf OD;atmifqef;udk twdtvif; qefu ‹ sifvmcJhonf? jrefrmjynfvw G v f yfa&;&&S_d yD; yxrqH;k tpd;k &tzGŒJ wiG f OD;wifxÉG o f nf Ekid if H jcm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cHcJh&onf? odk‹aomf 1948 ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif f yfrsm;. ppfO;D pD;csKyfjzpf Ekwx f u G cf _hJ yD; Adv k rf ;ª csKyf&mxl; 1 jzihf t&efvufeufuikd w

153

154

tcef; (5) tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;

153

154

155

tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

vmcJo h nf?Ekid if x hH yd w f ef;t}uD;wef;0efxrf;wOD;ESihf tpk;d &tzGŒJ 0if 0ef}uD;wOD;tm; ppfwyfrS jrifhrm;vSaom &mxl;wckokd‹ ay;tyfcH&jcif;rSm xl;qef;aumif;xl;qef; aeayvdrrhf nf? oka‹d omfvnf; ol. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r+b0onf ppfrx + rf;b0 rS pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonfukd awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rod-uacs? olonf tdENd,&Sd tif'kd ppfwuUov dk rf b S ŒJG&cJ_h y;D tdE, dN yËdnmOfcH 0efxrf;b0ok‹d 0ifa&muf&eftwGuf ppfwyf t&m&S&d mxl;ukd pGev ‹f w $ cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? orRwEkid if aH wmfopftaejzifh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D awmufavmif_yD; ysufpD;vkeD;yg;tajctaeokd‹ qkdufa&mufaecsdefwGif ppfr+xrf; a[mif;rsm;ukd &Ekid o f avmuf jyefvnfppk nf;I ckid rf monfh t&HwyfrawmfzŒJGpnf;a&; av;vHvSonfhwm0ef}uD;ukd olz‹ momurf;vS rf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? The New Times of Burma owif;pmudk pwifxlaxmifolESihf ,if;. t,f'DwmjzpfvmcJhonf? olonf w&m;ol}uD;OD;ausmfjrihf.tudkvnf; wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifjzpfaecJhonf? xdt ‹k jyif olo ‹ wif;pmwGif toH;k ðy&eftwGuf OD;apm.tr+ukd xdt k csed u f OD;wifxÉG f onf pl;prf;avhvmaecJhonf[k trsm;u ,Hk-unfcJh-uonf?

1948 ckESpf pufwifbmvtwGif; wnY OD;wifxGÉfonf pywfvrf;&Sd olo ‹ wif;pmwku d ±f ;Hk cef;rS um;jzifh xGucf mG &m aygufuaJG pEkid af om ud&, d mwcku ol‹um;twGif; aygufuGJoGm;onf? qD'ifum;twGif;&Sd um;armif;olESifh tapmifh a*:&cg;ESpOf ;D (wOD;rSm ola‹ b;wGif xkid af eonf) rSm csucf si;f yif aoqk;H oGm;cJo h nf?

Adkvfr;ª csKyftaejzifh aoavmufatmif '%f&m&oGm;onf? obm0w&m;u jyuf &,f«youJo h y‹dk if vGecf ahJ om wESpcf cJG efu ‹ OD;atmifqef; vky}f uHccH &hJ aom twGi;f 0ef±;Hk ukd vS r;f jrifEidk o f nfah e&mY T&mZ0wfrj+ zpfymG ;jcif;jzpfonf? xkt d cif;jzpfymG ; onfah e&mESihf "m;vG,cf w k f vrf;wzufwiG &f adS om pdea‹f ygvfausmif;twGi;f wGif a& wyfpcef; ,lbDtufpf ‘&wemykH’ (U.B.S. “Ratanabon) wnf&Sdonf? xkdnu u|ef awmfu wm0efust&m&Sw d OD;jzpf_yD; xkad ygufurJG t + oHrsm; -um;&jcif;ukd rSwrf ad e onf? t}uD;tuJ y=t&mcHAdkvfjzpfol au/ 'D=*0kduf(pf) (K.De-Goise) vuf atmuf&Sd a&wyfOD;aqmifv+yf&Sm;wyfzGJŒu xkdae&mokd‹ tajy;tv$m;a&muf&SdoGm; _yD; a*:&cg; (2) OD; vJaoae_yD; Adkvfrª;csKyfrSm touf&Sif±kHom&Sdonfh owfjzwf r+jrifuGif;ukd awGŒ -u&onf? a&wyfom;rsm;u ol‹ukd *spfum;ay:wif_yD; odyfr a0;vSaom &efuek af q;±k}H uD;ok‹d wufow k ±f u dk yf ‹dk-uaomfvnf; aq;±k}H uD;a&muf_y;D odyrf -umrDrmS yif OD;wifxÉG f aoqk;H oGm;avonf? [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) u ol. *E<0ifajrmufavhvmr+jzpfonfh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkid if aH wmf (The Union of Burma) wGif ‘jynfaxmifpk. r¾dKif}uD;wckudk aorif;u 'kwd,t}udrf z,f&Sm;

ypfcJhjyef_yD[lIvnf;aumif;/ OD;wifxGÉfudk EkdifiHa&; òydifbufwOD;. tiSm;a-u; pm;orm;rsm;u vky}f uHcjhJ cif;jzpfonf[I l vnf;aumif;’ a&;om;cJo h nf? oda‹k omf vnf; xkd EdkifiHa&;òydifbuf rnfolrnf0gjzpfonfudkrl rnfolur# azmfxkwfEkdifjcif; r&Scd ahJ cs?

OD;wifxÉG t f owfc&H r+onf OD;atmifqef;vky}f uHc&H r+}uD;tm; olu okaw oeðyvkyaf ejcif;ESifh qufE, G yf wfoufaeoavm/ odr‹k [kwf vufeufuikd w f yfrsm; twGif; tm;òydifaejcif;ESihf oufqdkifygoavm? 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrm EkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;_yD;csif;yif uGefjrLepfrsm;onf tpdk;&udk vufeufudkif qef‹ usifcJh-uonf? u&ifwdkif;&if;om; olykefrsm;vnf; vufeufudkifxºuGcJh-uonf? xdkt ‹ jyif tiftm;toifhtwifhom&Sd_yD; ao;i,fvSao;aom Armhwyfrawmf wyf &if; trsm;tjym;vnf; ykeu f efc-hJ uonf? xkt d cgu tpd;k &udk qufvufopPmapmihf odaom wyf&if;rsm;teuf t"dutusqHk;rSm Adkvfr;ª csKyfae0if; OD;pD;uGyfuJaom trSwf (4) Armhvufeufuidk w f yf&if;jzpfonf? Tykeu f efrr+ sm;a-umifh 1948 ckEpS f tukeyf ikd ;f wGif ydrk pkd nf;pepfusaom wyfrsm;udk wd;k csŒJ zŒJGpnf;cJ&h onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh OD;wifxGÉf uGyfuJaom jynfaxmifpkt&efwyfzGJŒ (Union Auxiliary Forces) ESihf xdka‹ emuf ‘ppf0efxrf;’ [k ac:aom e,fjcm;a'owyfzGJŒ (The Territorial Forces, sitwundan) wdk‹ jzpf-uonf? xdkwyfzGJŒrsm;onf c±kdife,frsm;wGif a'oqdkif&m wm 0efrsm; ,lxm;-u&onf? ppfa&;wGio f mru Ekid if aH &;wGiyf g -oZmwdurU }uD;rm;r+ a-umihf OD;wifxÉG t f aejzihf ppfa&;&nfreS ;f csuw f iG o f m &yfwefr‹ aebJ Ekid if aH &;wGif yg tjrihq f ;kH tm%m&,lvckd si-f uaom ArmhwyfrawmftwGi;f &Sd t&m&Srd sm;twGuf tiftm;aumif;aom òydib f ufwOD;jzpfaecJah vonf?

1947 ckESpftwGif;u armfvòrdifY jynfaxmifpkppf&JwyfzGJŒ (Union Military Police) wGif 'k=Adkvftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom wkdif;&if;om;u&ifeDvlrsKd; (u,m;) jzpfonfh apm,dk;±ª; (Saw Yoo Shoo) onf ol. _Adwdo#t&m&Sdjzpfol f (18) &ufae‹wiG f ol‹ Akv d }f uD; rdu k u f ,fvaD v; (Captain Michael Lilley) Zlvikd v xHodk‹ a&mufvm_yD; “atmifqef; r-umrD vkyf}uHcH&vdrfhr,f? r_idrfroufjzpfvm cJh&if armfvòrdifòrdu › dk xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifzdk‹ toifhjyifxm;yg” [k ajymcJhonfudk ,ae‹ xufwkdif rSwfrdaeao;onf? Adkvf}uD;vDav; rnfr#avmuf ydkrdkodxm;onf qdk onfukd rnforl # rodEidk af wmhacs? tb,fa-umihq f akd omf olonf rsm;r-umrD tcsed f twGi;f armfvòrdiòf rdw › iG f ±kww f &ufaoqH;k oGm;cJah oma-umihjf zpfonf? rSeu f efr&+ o dS nfjzpfap=r&So d nfjzpfap/ TZmwfvrf;tm;vH;k ESifh tjcm; tvm;

155

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tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

wl '¾m&DqefqefZmwfvrf;rsm;onf OD;atmifqef;ESihf ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbuf t&if;tcsmrsm;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfonfh yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+}uD;wGif OD;apmtjyif tjcm;olrsm; ydkrdkyg0ifywfoufaea-umif; vltrsm;tjym;tm; ,Hk-unfr+ jzpfap ayawmhonf? jyif;jyaom remvdk0efwdkr+a-umihfjzpfap/ tm%m&ruf irf;irf; wufaoma-umihfjzpfap/ odrk‹ [kwf tcsKdŒae&mXmersm;rS yk*~dKvfrsm;u u|Efkyfw. dk‹ i,f&G,fvSaom trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;udk vGefrif;pGm r,Hk-unfonfhtwGuf a-umihfjzpfap/ rnfodyk‹ ifjzpfap/ tppftrSefwu,f&Sdaom odrk‹ [kwf awG;xifrSef; qr+r#omjzpfaom xkæ d xdæ k xdæ k xdæ k yk*Kd~ vfrsm;u OD;atmifqef;udk z,f&mS ;ypfcsif cJh-uayvdrfhrnf? OD;atmifqef;onf avmh'farmifhbufwef. ta&;ay;jcif;udk cHc&hJ oljzpfonf? oda‹k omfvnf; ti,fwef; _Adwo d #t&m&Srd sm;taejzifh ppfyt JG wGi;f OD;atmifqef;u *syefESihf yl;aygif;cJhonfudk rarhEkdif-uacs? ArmhwyfrawmftwGif; &Sd a&S;±kd;tpOftvm t&if;&SiftawG;tac:orm;rsm; (conservative elements) ESihf tvGrf;oifhaom &efukef&Sd EkdifiHjcm;om; t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&; tkyfpkrsm;twGuf um; OD;atmifqef;. vuf0J,drf;aom EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:rsm;onf pdwfysuf p&mjzpfaeayawmhonf? Ttcsufudk Adkvf}uD;ADAD,ef;/ Adkvfr;ª ,ef;ESihf 'def;wdk. ‹ yg0ifywfoufaer+rsm;u &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; azmf!e¸ ;f jyovsuf&adS yonf? rnfoq ‹kd akd p/ jrefrmh&w J yfzŒJG . &mZ0wfrc+ if; ppfaq;a&;Xme (Criminal InJ rnfow l OD;wa,mufurkd # vuf vestigation Department) taejzihf OD;apmuvGI n‡Kd ;xd;k rpGypf cJG ahJ cs? Zlvikd v f (19) &ufae‹u twGi;f 0ef±;kH Y jzpfymG ;cJah om vlowf r+}uD;wGif OD;apmtaejzifh &nf&G,fcsuf/ OD;wnfcsuf &Sd±Hkwifru óudwif}uHpnfI yd&daocsmaomtpDtpOfjzifh aemufuG,frS óud;udkif!¸ef-um;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? ol udk,fwkdif um,uHajrmufaoewfcvkwfudk rqGJcJhonfhtwGuf ol‹tm; ‘vlowf r+’ jzifh pGcJ surf wifEikd af omfvnf; ‘tm;ay;r+’ jzihu f m; pGcJ suw f ifcahJ yonf? xkad cwf u jrefrmbmomjzihf xkwfa0aom pme,fZif;ESihf pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif xkdtjzpf tysufEiS fh ywfoufI yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ t&dyt f ¹rGurf #udak omfvnf;aumif; w&m; ±Hk;awmfY -um;emppfaq;r+rsm; ðyvkyf&mwGif Oya'ta-umif;t& c|wfacsmfwdrf; yg;r+rsm;tm; &nf!e¸ ;f Iaomfvnf;aumif; azmfjya&;om;cJjh cif;r&Scd ahJ cs?

1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf ‘EdkifiHawmf vkyf}uHr+}uD;’ ESpfywfvnfae‹ wdkif;udk ‘tmZmenfae‹’ tjzpf trsKd;om;±Hk;ydwf&ufowfrSwfum ,ae‹wdkif ESpfpOf usif;yavh&o dS nf? xdak e‹wae‹v;kH usqH;k oGm;av_yD;aom acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; vGrf;qGwfwo owd&vsuf jrefrmwrsKd;om;vHk;u *k%fðyr+ðy-uonf? tpdk;&o

wif;pmrsm;uvnf; tmZmenf}uD;rsm;ESifhywfoufI t,f'Dwmhtmabmfrsm; wav;wpm; t_rJa&;om;avh&o dS nf? usq;kH av_yD;aom tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. pGe‹f v$wfr+rsm;udk vuf&Sdtm%mydkifwd. k‹ óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr+rsm;ESifh qufpyfazmf!e¸ f; &ef óud;pm;-u&if; tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. txkyw ` rdW sm;udv k nf; azmfjyavh&-dS uonf?

TtpOftvmtwdkif; 1992 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹xkwf ppftpdk;&ydkif ysif; &d_iD;aiGŒzG,faumif;vSonfh ‘vkyfom;jynfola‹ e‹pOf’ owif;pmwGif ‘rsKd;cspfpdwfESihf EdkifiHcspfpdwf ðypkysKd;axmifa&;’ [k a&S;qefqefacgif;pOfjzihf csD;rGrf;cef; zGihfxm; onfh aqmif;yg;wapmifY ‘,ae‹tcsed t f cgwGif Ekid if aH wmf_ird 0f yfyjd ym;r+wnfaqmuf a&;tzGŒJ onf rsKd;cspfpw d &f iS o f efaeap&ef rsm;pGm vkyaf qmifvsuf&o dS nf? Ekid if aH &; rsufESmpmESihf pD;yGm;a&;rsufESmpmwGifyg enf;rsKd;pHkjzihf EdkifiH.*k%foduQmESihf tcsKyf tcsmtm%mudk zsufvdkzsufqD;ðyvkyfum taxGaxGrauseyfr+rsm;udk aygufzGm; aponfh trsKd;rsKd;aom tiftm;pkrsm;. &efvdkonfh vkyf&yfrsm;a-umihf ,ckuJhodk‹ rsK;d csppf w d u f kd a&SŒwef;wifum xifxif&mS ;&Sm; jyefvnfazmfxw k af e&jcif;jzpfonf’ [lI a&;om;xm;onf? jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDta&;twGuf ay:aygufvmaom 1988 ckESpf/ vlxk tHkºuGr+}uD;udk ESdrfeif;cJh&mwGif _idrf;csrf;pGm qENjyae-uaom vli,fvl&G,f axmif aygif;rsm;pGmudk ppfwyfu aoewfjzifh ypfcwfowfjzwfcrhJ t + m; 1947 ckEpS u f vkyf }uHowfjzwfrE+ iS fh qufpyfvsuf tqdyk gaqmif;yg;Yæ‘wkid ;f jynfwiG f jzpfymG ;cJah om raumif;r+ ted@m±Hrk sm;rS u|Ekyf w f t ‹kd aejzifh oifcef;pmrsm; &&Scd _hJ yD;jzpfonf? 1988 ckESpf/ tzsufvkyf&yfrsm;rS awGŒóuHcHpm;cJh&aom rif;rJhp±kdufESifh ted@m±Hkrsm;udk oifcef;pmtjzpf u|Ekfyfwd&k‹ ,l_yD; TuJhodk‹ aemufwzef xyfrHrjzpfay:a&;twGuf wm;qD;&vdrhfrnf” [k qufvufa&;om;xm;avonf? tmZmenf}uD;rsm;tm; t_rJwap *k%ðf yavh&adS omfvnf; vlowform;rsm; rSm rnfolrsm;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;udk rnfonfhtwGuf owfjzwfonfudkrl wvHk; wyg'r# azmfjy±dk;xHk;pHr&SdcJhacs? Oyrmtm;jzihf txufazmfjyyg vkyfom;jynfoal‹ e‹ pOf owif;pmyg aqmif;yg;Yyifv#if vufonfw&m;cHrsm;udkom &nf!¸ef;_yD; tvGefa00g;vsuf qdkvkdcsuf t"dy`m,fESpfcGxGufaeom pum;vHk;rsm;jzihfæ ‘ (19) Zlvdkifonf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtzdk‹ tarSmifusaomae‹ jzpfonf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf e,fcsJŒ0g'Drsm;u olwdk‹. a-u;pm;orm;rsm;udk cdkif;ap_yD; wdkufcdkufcJhI jzpfonf? aemufwESpft-umwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;udk w&m;0if&&SdcJhaomfjim;vnf; e,fcsJŒ0g'Drsm; rsKd;aphcscJhaom udk,fhvlrsKd;tcsif;csif;

157

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tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

oabmxm;rnD!w G rf r+ sm;onf jy\emw&yftjzpf }uD;rm;pGm aygufzmG ;vmcJ_h yD; ,ae‹wdkif &SifoefaeqJjzpfonf? t-urf;zufvufeufudkif a&mifpHkaomif;usef; olykefrsm; wwkdif;wjynfvHk; r+daygufouJhodk‹ aygufvmcJh_yD; 0g;tpnf;ajyouJhodk‹ jzpfum ysupf ;D qH;k ±+;H r+rsm;udo k m jzpfay:apcJo h jzihf wyfrawmfu _ird 0f yfyjd ym;atmif aqmif&GufcJh&jcif;jzpfonf ’ [k qdkxm;jyefonf? wzef 1990 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvxkwf vkyo f m;jynfoa‹l e‹pOfowif;pmYvnf; vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif _Adwdo#wdk‹ yg0ifywfoufaeyHkudk rD;armif;xkd;um a&;om;wifjy aom tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm; yg&Sdvmjyefonf? TonfrSm _Adwdo#wdk‹ESihf ywf oufI ¹cGi;f csufxm;apmihx f ed ;f cJah ompnf;udk yxrqH;k pwifazmufzsufvu dk jf cif; yifjzpfonf? xdt k csdeu f e,l;a,muf&dS urBmu h v k or*~}uD;Y _Adwo d #tpd;k & ud, k f pm;vS,frsm;u jrefrmEkdifiH. vlt ‹ cGihfta&;csKd;azmufr+rsm;udk wifjyaecdkufjzpfI _Adwo d #tpd;k &tm; odumQ usap&ef aqmif&u G o f nfh óud;yrf;r+w&yfom jzpfayvdrhf rnf? odak‹ omfjim;vnf; xkdtcsdefu vDvfESifh ukr`%DrS rmvf[dkx&m (Malhotra of Leele Co.) uJhodk‹aom xifxifay:ay:r[kwfonfh pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsKd;ESihf quf EG,fr+&Sdaom &efukefrS ADAD,ef;ESihf ti,fwef;t&m&SdtcsKdŒrSvGJI _Adwdo#tpdk;&. xdyfydkif;tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m tm%mydkifyk*~dKvfrsm;xJrS Ttr+ESihf ywfoufqufpyf aejcif;udrk l xkwaf zmfEidk jf cif;r&Sad o;acs?

Tyk*Kd~ vfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaer+rmS trsm;todyifjzpfonf? Tt&m&Sd tcsKŒd ESihf _Adwdo#pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;onf _Adwdo#aumifpDrS v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fvSonfh a*stufpf bif*av (J.S Bingley) uJhodk‹aom yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifhtwl yl;aygif;um OD;apmESifh ol. vusmf *d% k ;f 0ifEidk if aH &;orm;tkypf u k kd wdww f qdwaf xmufychH o hJ nf [lIom vufwGif;&Sd taxmuftxm;rsm;t& qGJ,loHk;oyfcJh&onf? xdkrSwyg; bk&ifcHudk,fwkdif vef'efodk‹ ta-umif;-um;onfh a-u;eef;pmxJY Tyl;aygif;}uH pnfr+}uD;wGif xdyfydkif; _Adwdo#t&m&Sd}uD;rsm; yg0ifywfoufaea-umif; azmfjy rxm;onft h wGuf rdro d abmt& pdwv f u kd rf mefyg aqmif&u G af e-uaom &efuek f òrd&› Sd _Adwdo#t&m&Sdi,frsm;xJrS tcsKdŒyg0ifa-umif; oufaojy±HkrSvGJI txufazmf jyyg aqmif;yg;taejzihf _Aw d o d #tqihjf rift h &m&S}d uD;rsm;udk pGypf &JG ef rwwfEidk cf ahJ cs?

OD;atmifqef;ESifh ol‹vlrsm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&pOfu &efukef&Sd tpdk;&tdrfawmf twGi;f Yomru t*Fvefjynf/ vef'efòrd&› dS Edik if jH cm;a&;±H;k tqihjf rihf _Adwo d #tm%m ydik rf sm;yg tjcm;olrsm;enf;wl odoo d mom xdwv f efw ‹ ek v f y+ o f mG ;cJ-h u&avonf?2 OD;apmtaejzifh vef'efEiS fh tquftoG,&f adS -umif; jyoEdik af om wckwnf;

aom taxmuftxm;rSm OD;apm.tr+ukd ckcu H muG,&f eftwGuf &efyakH iG pkaqmif; cJhaom OD;apm.tudkt&if; OD;armifarmif}uD;qkdoljzpfonf? OD;apmtaejzihf t*Fvefjynf&dS ‘y&DAaD umifp’D ac: ‘w&m;v$waf wmfcsKyf’ od‹k toem;cHpm wifyikd cf iG fh &&Sdoifha-umif; 3 urBmausmf pmapmif}uD;wckjzpfaom ‘wkdif;rf’ (The Times) . t,f'DwmxHodk‹ olu ay;pmrsm; a&;om;ay;ydkc‹ Jhonf? ‚if;tjyif tr+r_yD;qHk;rDyif jrefrmEdik if .

H zGŒJpnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfay:cJo h nf? tu,f I xko d o ‹kd m rjzpfcv hJ #if OD;apmonf ‚if;ydik cf iG Efh iS fh tusLH;0ifr+ &Sad yvdrrhf nf? oda‹k omfvnf; OD;atmifqef;udk &Si;f ypf&ef }uHpnfrt + m; vef'ef&dS tcsKdŒaom todkif;t0dkif;rsm;u axmufcHcJhjcif; &Sd=r&Sd[laomtcsufESihf ywfoufI _Adwdef&Sd yk*~dKvfwcsKdŒyif oHo,0ifcJh-uonf? OD;atmifqef;aov#if ol‹ae&mY OD;apmudk 0ef}uD;csKyftopftjzpf jyefvnftpm;xd;k Ekid cf ahJ omfvnf; jrefrmEdik if u H kd _Adwo d #wd‹k vufckyfxJwGifyif qufvufxdef;xm;Ekdifayrnf? vkyf}uHr+}uD; jzpfyGm;_yD; (2) &uft-um 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (21) &ufae‹wGif _Adwdo#atmufv$wfawmfY avbmtrwf wGrf'&Dbwf (cf) (Tom Driberg) u ‘OD;atmifqef;ESifh ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm;udk av;pm;&aumif;rSef;odaom v$wf awmf. Tbufjcrf;&Sd trwfrif;rsm;taejzifh trSefwu,f eufeufeJeJ 0rf;enf; a-uuGJr+udk azmfjyvdkufygonf? ‘opPmazmuf taumuf}uH&ef v+H‹aqmftm;ay; vlrdkufarG;-uvsuf ,cktcg oufawmihfoufom jzpfae-uukefaom uGefqm aA;wpf vl}uD;vlaumif;rsm;xuf &efuek Yf &uf&ufpufpufðycJ-h uaom vlrorm rsm;taejzihf Tvkyf}uHr+}uD;. udk,fusihfydkif;qkdif&m tjypf&Sdr+rSm enf;yg;vdrfhrnf r[kwfa-umif; u|Ekfyf pGyfpGJajym-um;vdkufygonf’ 4 [k wifjyajymqkdvdkuf&m '&D bwf (cf) udk olt ‹ wku d t f cHtcsKdŒu avSmifajymifatmf[pfc-hJ uonf? avbmtpd;k &ESihf uGefqmaA;wpftwdkuftcHwdk‹ yl;wGJvsuf v+dufv+dufvSJvSJ 0rf;enf;a-umif; xkwfazmfajym-um;cJh-u_yD; T&mZ0wfjypfr+}uD;wGif ygwDESpfbufvHk;rS tvdkwl tvdkyg vdkufavsmnDaxGr+ r&SdcJha-umif; jiif;y,fcJh-uonf?

1990 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (17) &ufrS (22) &uftwGif; vkyfom;jynfoal‹ e‹pOf owif;pmwGif ydkrdkI ±+yfaxG;_yD; ykp>mqefaom aqmif;yg;rsm; tcef;qufyg&Sdvm cJhonf? Edk0ifbmv (13) &ufae‹wGif rdwˆDvmcsnfr#ifpuf±HkY ajym-um;aom AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; apmarmif. rdef‹cGef;udk txl;tqef;ðyI udk;um;xm;onf? Adkvf csKyfatmifqef;. tcef;u¾udk uyfajr‡miftoHk;csI vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r+wGif OD;ae0if;. tcef;u¾udk yH}k uD;csŒJ &ef &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;&nf&, G x f m;onf? &efuek f

159

160 160

161

tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

&Sd udv k ekd t D m%mydik rf sm;u vef'efo‹kd ay;yda‹k om tcsKŒda-u;eef;pmta[mif;rsm;wGif yg&Sdonfh OD;ae0if;tm; tom;ay;azmfjyxm;csufrsm;udk owif;pmrsm;wGif jyef vnfazmfjycJ-h uonf? ‘umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; ae&mtwGuf vSaz (Adkvfvusfm) ESifh ae0if;t-um; &Sad eaom atmifqef;. axmufccH sufukd u|Ekyf f tpysKd;aqG;aEG;vku d yf gonf? ae 0if;onf (ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfrS ajymif;vJzGJŒpnf;cJhaom) ArmhrsKd;cspfwyf rawmf trSwf (4) wyf&if;. wyf&if;rª;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJh_yD; tpOftvmaumif; cJholjzpfI ppfwyftjrifrS-unfhv#if olonf tvm;tvm ydkrdkaumif;rGefolwOD; jzpf[ef&o dS nf? oda‹k omfvnf; vSazudk a&G;cs,fv#if ydrk v kd ól udurf sm;ayvdrrfh nf’ ‚if;tjyif atmufyg _Adwdo#umuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifyvm (Templer) . ajym-um;csuf taxmuftxm;udkvnf; vkyfom;jynfol‹ ae‹pOf owif;pmwGif yHw k u l ;l I azmfjycJo h nf? ‘jrefrmvlrsKd;wd. k‹ rqHk;Edkifaom oHo,rSm tvGet f‹ vGef _iD;aiGŒp&mjzpfvm cJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; u|Ekfyfwdk‹taejzifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD; ae0if;udk tultnDay;&ef twGuf wwfpGrf;or# aqmif&Gufay;&ef tvGefpdwftm;xufoefvsuf&Sdygonf’ OD;atmifqef;. emrnfonf jrefrmjynfwGif xdktcsddeftxd udk;uG,ftyfol ozG,fjzpfaeonf? vGefpGmav;pm;&aom AdkvfcsKyf}uD;qdkonfrSm wyfrawmf. zcifomru EdkifiHawmf. zcifvnf; jzpfaecJhonf r[kwfygvm;? &JabmfoHk;usdyf 0ifwOD;jzpfcJh_yD; OD;atmifqef;ESifh &Jabmf&Jbufjzpfvmjcif;onf OD;ae0if;tm; tjrihfqHk;acgif;aqmifr+udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm awmif;qdkxm;Edkifzdk‹ jzpfvmcJhonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyfwGif OD;atmifqef;ESihf OD;ae0if;wdko ‹ nf qefu ‹ sifbuftkyfpk (2) pkrS jzpf-uvsuf ,if;wdE‹k pS af ,muf rnfonft h cgr# tap;ruyfc-hJ uacs? Ttcsufukd tpd;k &owif;pmrsm;u rnfonft h cgr# azmfjycJjh cif;r&Scd ahJ cs? oda‹k omfvnf; 1988 ckEpS f jrefrmjynftES‹H jzpfymG ;cJah om 'Dru kd a&pDvy+ &f mS ;r+ wGif t"duacgif;aqmiftjzpf ay:xGuv f maom Adv k cf sKyf. orD; a':atmifqef;pk -unfonf ‘OD;atmifqef;. tarGudk olu qufcHcJh&ygonf’ [laom OD;ae0if; . tqku d kd vlo&d iS -f um; pdeaf c:vmcJo h nf? od‹kjzihf tmZmenfae‹t_y;D aemufw&uf 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufae‹wGif OD;ae0if;onf a':atmifqef;pk-unfudk tdrw f iG ;f Y tus,cf sKyfcsxm;vdu k af vonf? 5 a':atmifqef;pk-unfu usq;kH av _yD;aom zcifjzpfolESihf &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;udk *k%fðy&ef tmZmenfAdrmefodk‹ &efukef òrd›wGif;rSjzwfI vlxkcsDwufyGJudk OD;aqmifoGm;&ef pDpOfcJh_yD; OD;ae0if;ppfwyfu

vnf; vrf;ay:xGuo f l rnforl qdk aoewfjzihf ypfrnf[k _cdr;f ajcmufw‹kH jyefco hJ jzihf xdkae‹u vlxkcsDwufyGJudk zsufodrf;cJh&_yD; vlajrmufjrm;pGm tzrf;cHcJh&onf? xkd‹ aemuf wESpfausmfcef‹t-umwGif tpdk;&ydkif owif;pmrsm;Y 1990 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbm vtwGif; tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm; yg&Sdvmonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;rsm;taejzifh OD;atmifqef;. tarGqo kd nfukd cgxkwyf pfvu dk u f m OD;ae0if;tay: vlxu k -unf !kdav;pm;onf[laom tcsufjzihf tpm;xkd;Ekdif&ef óud;pm;-ujcif; jzpfaumif;jzpf ayvdrrhf nf? xkt d csed w f iG f tvGet f rif; xifay:ausm-f um;vmaom a':atmifqef; pk-unfu OD;ae0if;. tjrihfqHk; tm%mydkifqdkifr+udk pdefac:vsuf&Sdae_yDr[kwfyg vm;? odak‹ omf xdkr#jzihf r_yD;ao;? 1991 ckESpf/ ZGefv (28) &ufrS Zlvdkifv (2) &uf txd vkyo f m;jynfoa‹l e‹pOfowif;pmwGif oufwrf;-umjrihv f _S yDjzpfaom OD;apm. ol&d, (The Sun) owif;pmrS OD;atmifqef;tay: wdkufcdkufxm;aom aqmif;yg; tpOfvkdufwckvHk;udk rl&if;twkdif; jyefvnfazmfjycJhonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹. trsKd;om; acgif;aqmif}uD;tay: OD;apmu apmfum;wdkufcdkufajymqdkxm;r+rsm;ESifh ,SOfwGJ vsuf OD;atmifqef;udk &,forG ;f aoG;_yD; oa&mfxm;aom umwGe;f yHrk sm;udyk ifv#if jyefvnfazmfjycJhao;onf? 0efwdkr+ESihf avSmifajymifr+rsm; jynfhESufaeaom yk*~dKvf a&;&m/ rl0g'a&;&mESifh tzGŒJtpnf;a&;&m wzufapmif;eif; wdu k cf u kd rf r+ sm;udk jyo&ef jyefvnfyHkESdyf&oa,mif a0zefcsufa&;om;xm;aomfvnf; tqdkygaqmif;yg;rsm; jyefvnfay:xGuv f monfh tcsed u f rkd l jrefrmpmzwfy&dowfu owdxm;rdcyhJ gonf? xkdtcsdefu a':atmifqef;pk-unftaejzifh tdrfwGif;tus,fcsKyf (2) ESpfausmfcef‹ cHcJh&_yD;jzpf_yD; csufukdpvkdAuforRw Am;uvuf(Af) [mA,f(vf) (Vaclav Havel) u olrukd Ekdb,fvf_idrf;csrf;a&;qktwGuf emrnfpm&if; tqkd«y_yD;cgpjzpfonf? wòydiw f nf;vdv k ydk if tpd;k &owif;pmY jrefrmhwyfrawmfxal xmif&mwGif OD;ae0if; . ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾udk xyfrHtxl;ðy a&;om;xm;aom wyfrawmf. acgif;aqmifr+orkdif;a-umif;udk tcef;qufaqmif;yg;tjzpf azmfjycJhonf? vkyo f m;jynfo‹l ae‹pOfowif;pmyg ,if;tcef;qufaqmif;yg;rsm;onf ta&; ygvSaom ar;cGef;rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf? yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ESihf ywfoufaom ,lqcsuo f t D &kd t D rsm;pkonfvnf; ‚if;ar;cGe;f rsm;udk A[kcd surf ðyvsu&f adS yonf? olu, kd w f ikd f tjrihq f ;kH acgif;aqmifjzpfvm&eftwGuf OD;ae0if;onf OD;atmifqef;udk pDrHudef;cs z,f&Sm;cJhoavm? vGefpGmaumufuspf,kwfrmvSaom }uHpnfr+wGif ppfw&k if e,f±yk u f av;wckyrm OD;apmonf qifxm;onft h uGux f J 0ifrcd ahJ vo avm? òydifbufwOD;tjzpf ‚if;tjyif olESihf tjrihfqHk;tm%mt-um; -um;cHydwf

161

162 162

163

tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

qdka‹ eol wOD;wnf;aom yk*~dKvftjzpf OD;atmifqef;tay: OD;ae0if;cHpm;rdcJhonf rSm xif&mS ;vSonf? olw&‹kd aJ bmfo;kH usdy0f ifrsm; *syefEikd if /H wdu k sKdwiG &f -dS upOfu ol wdk‹ tcsif;rsm;cJh-uonfrsm;udk touft&G,f Eke,fi,f&G,f-uao;aom tzGJŒxJ rS uset f zGŒJ0iftm;vH;k aumif;pGmod&cdS -hJ u_y;D taxmuftxm;rsm;vnf; &Scd yhJ gonf? twdkcsKyfqdk&v#if tjrifoHk;rsKd; ay:xGufvmonf? ‚if;wdkr‹ Sm æ 1? w&m;qdkifr+onf w&m;r#w_yD;v#if OD;apmtm; t"duvufonfw&m; cHtjzpf azmfxw k Ef idk cf o hJ nf?

2? OD;apmonf qifuGufxJ 0ifrdcJh_yD; w&m;qdkifr+ w&yfvHk;onf w&m;a&; jy,k*o f mjzpfonf?

3? OD;apmonf tjypfvnf; &Sdonfhtjyif qifuGufxJodv k‹ nf; 0ifrdcJhonf? yxrtjrifonf jrefrmtrsm;pk udk,fwdkif ,Hk-unfaomtjrifjzpf_yD; jrefrm &Jtm%mydkifrsm;ESihf pma&;q&mrsm; wifjy-uaom w&m;0iftjrifw&yfvnf; jzpfonf? 'kw, d tjrifrmS 1940 ckEpS f aESmif;ydik ;f umvu jrefrmEdik if w H iG f tr+xrf; cJhzl;_yD; ,cktcg _AdwdefEkdifiHwGif a&muf&Sdaexdkifae-uaom _Adwdo#t&m&Sd trsm; tjym; pG_J rJaomtjrifjzpfonf? wwd,awG;ac:r+tjrifrmS rl tajccHtm;jzihf jynfy a&muf oabmxm;uGv J o JG l jrefrmrsm;t-um; r-umrDtcsed u f rS ay:xGuv f monfh tjrifjzpfonf? txl;ojzihf xdwv f efw ‹ ek v f y+ zf , G af umif;vSaom vky}f uHowfjzwfr}+ uD;jzpf yGm;_yD; tESpf (40) eD;yg;cef‹ jzpfonfh 1986 ckESpf/ {_yDvtwGif;u u&iftrsKd;om; d maom aqmif;yg;wyk'f tpnf;t±k;H (KNU) rS xkwaf 0onfh pmapmifwckwiG f yg&Sv onf txufazmfjyyg 'kw, d tjrifudk axmufcx H m;onf? ,if;onf 'kw, d tjrifEiS hf ywfoufI a&;om;xm;aom trsm;od&onfh wckwnf;aom yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;jzpf onf? aqmif;yg;.acgif;pOfrSm ‘atmifqef;udk wu,f b,folowfovJ’ [lI yif jzpf_yD;v#if a&;om;oltrnfudk ‘u|Ekfyfwdk‹. &efukefowif;axmuf’ [k azmf jyxm;onf? ed'gef;udk atmufyg pmyd'k Ef pS yf 'kd jf zihf tpðyxm;onf?

‘1947 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;atmifqef;udk v#KdŒ 0Sufqef;-u,fpGm vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhr+onf u&ifvGwfajrmufa&; óud;yrf;r+wGif }uD;rm;aom tcsKd;tauGŒwckukd jzpfapcJo h nf? (39) ESp-f umjrihcf _hJ yDjzpfaomfvnf; xdv k o l wfrt + m; tppftrSef }uHpnfzefw;D cJo h rl sm;udrk l ,ae‹xufwidk f vlo&d iS -f um; razmfxw k Ef idk af o;acs? tr+. tcsut f vufrsm;udv k nf; ,ae‹xufwikd f rajz&Si;f Edik af o;acs’

‘tppftrSef yl;aygif;}uHpnforl sm;xHrS tm±Hv k aJG jymif;oGm;ap&ef tuGucf s_y;D OD;apmudk w&m;±Hk;wifum tjypf'%fcscJhjcif;rSm qifuGufwckomjzpfa-umif; cdkif vHkaom oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdaeonf? tu,fI OD;apmonf tuGuf qifccH &hJ onf[q k v kd #if jrefrmEdik if .

H vGwv f yfa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk rnfow l u ‹kd wrSefwu,f owfcJh-uygoenf;? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkESifh tjcm; yk*~dKvfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonfqdkonfh -um&SnfpGm pGJ_rJaeaom aumvm[v rsm;wGif trSew f &m; rnfr#avmuf &Sad eygoenf;’ jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; OD;ausm_f ird ;f / tjcm;qd&k , S v f pf trmcH Adv k cf ifarmifuav; wdk‹tygt0if OD;Ek/ OD;ae0if;ESihf tjcm;wif;rmaom oabmxm;&Sdol jrefrmrsm;. tvdq k ENukd qefu ‹ sifvsuf u&ifEiS fh tjcm;vlenf;pk wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;tay:Y }uD; rm;aom vku d af vsmr+rsm; ðyvky&f ef OD;atmifqef;u pDpOfco hJ nft h csufukd pOf;pm; awG;awmp&mtjzpf xkdaqmif;yg;Y qufvufa&;om;xm;onf? xdk‹ jyif Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ eHeufcif;wGif &efukefajrmufbuf&Sd u&ifvlrsKd; trsm;tjym; aexkdif aom tif;pdefòrd. › c±kdif&J0efaxmufjzpfol wdkif;&if;om; u&ifvlrsKd; apmpdefr+H qdk olonf OD;apmtm; zrf;qD;&ef trdef‹&&SdcJhojzihf ‘wu,fhvkyf}uHowfjzwfr+}uD; rjzpfyGm;rD eHeuf (9) em&Dcef‹wGif ‚if;u oGm;a&mufzrf;qD;cJh&onf’ [k a&;om; xm;&m xdak zmfjycsufrmS tH-op&maumif;vGe;f vSaom tqdðk ycsufjzpfaeayonf? ‘xdktcsdefu OD;apmonf wpHkw&m xl;xl;jcm;jcm; vkyfaejcif;r&SdbJ olr‹ dom;pk0if rsm;ESihftwl eHeufcif;tcsdefav;udk ðzef;aejcif;omjzpfonf’ [k apmpdefr+Hu ajym qdak -umif; xdak qmif;yg;wGif a&;om;xm;jyefonf? xda‹k emuf apmpderf o H+ nf nwGi;f csi;f yif yJc;l od‹k c±kid &f 0J efaxmuftjzpf ajymif;a&$Œ jcif;udck cH &hJ onf[k qdx k m;jyefonf?

TwGif OD;apmudk u|eaf wmf. zcifjzpfol OD;xGe;f vSatmifu ae‹v,fyikd ;f wGif zrf;qD;cJhjcif;tpm; apmpdefr+Hu Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ eHeufcif;wGif zrf;qD;cJhonf qdjk cif;rSm vH;k 0rSm;,Gi;f vGaJ csmfaeonf? twGi;f 0ef±;kH rS jyefvmaom vlowform; rsm;udk OD;apmu eHeuf (11) em&DwGif óudqdkvufcHcJhjcif;udk oludk,fwdkif jrifawGŒ cJh&ygonf[k w&m;±Hk;awmfwGif xGufqdkcJhaom uy`wdefcef;rSmrl OD;apmudk zrf; onft h csdeEf iS hf ywfoufI rrSm;,Gi;f Ekid af y? olonf OD;apmESihf OD;apmtdru f kd tcsdef -umjrihpf mG apmih-f unfah ecJo h v l nf;jzpfonf? xdrk w S yg; KNU pmapmifwiG f a&;om; ol/ tqdyk g aqmif;yg;&Sirf v S I JG xdak e‹u OD;apmtdro f ‹kd &Jrsm; eHeufyikd ;f 0ifzrf;jcif;ukd OD;apmudk,fwdkifujzpfap/ tjcm;wOD;wa,mufujzpfap rnfonfhtcgur# a&; om;ajymqdkcJhjcif;r&SdcJhacs? OD;apmtdrfudk &Jrsm; vma&muf0dkif;0ef;xm;onfhtcsdef

163

164 164

165

tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

rSm ae‹v,f (2) em&D &Sd_yD[k azmfaumfb!Geu f‹ vnf; twnfðyajymqdkcJhygonf? oda‹k omfjim;vnf; aqmif;yg;wGif yg&So d nfh tjcm;tajctjrpf&adS om a&;om; csufrsm;tm; avhvm-unfv h #if OD;Ek (,cifu ocifE)k ESifh Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if; tp &Sdonfh oabmxm;wif;rmol jrefrmrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonf[laom pGyfpJGcsuf udrk l owdcsyo f ihv f yS gonf? (_Adwo d # tvdak wmf&rd sm;) [k pGypf cJG x H m;&aom u&if vlrsKd;pkrsm; (ppftwGi;f Y u&iftajrmuftjrm; r[mrdwb f ufrS &yfc-hJ uonf) ESifh jrefrmjynfrS qkwcf mG oGm;aom _Adwo d #wda‹k emuf xd;k ppfqifvu kd yf gvmcJah om Armh vGwv f yfa&;wyfrawmfxrJ S pnf;rJu h rf;rJh y&rf;ywm jzpfae-uao;aom wyfrsm; t-um; aoG;ajrus cdkuf&efjzpfr+rsm; trSefwu,f jzpfay:cJhavonf? jrefrmEdkifiH k mG ;onfh vGwv f yfa&;&_y;D onfah emuf u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t±k;H (KNU) awmcdo tcsdefYum; xdkvlrsKd;pktcsif;csif;t-um; jzpfyGm;cJhaom roifhrwifh &efrD;yGm;onf jynfwiG ;f ppftjzpfo‹kd t&Sed w f ;kd jr‡io fh mG ;cJah wmhonf? 6 Todk‹ qdkyifqdk&jim;aomfvnf; OD;Ekonf u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;tay: touf!Sm qH;k Armacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfayvdrrhf nf? u&ifaomif;usef;r+ ray:aygufrD 1948 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif olonf u&ifrsm;. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk avhvm&ef a'oqdkif&m udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; aumfr&Sifw&yfudk cef‹tyfcJhonf? rsm;r-umrD 1949 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&DvwGif u&ifrsm;ESihf tpdk;&ppfwyft-um; jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;aepOf OD;Ekonf _idrf;csrf;a&; tqdkðycsufw&yfudk urf;vS rf;cJhygao;onf? od‹k jzpfI u&ifw. ‹kd ykeu f efxºuGru + kd ppfwyftiftm; oufoufjzifo h m acsr+e;f vdk -uaom oabmxm;wif;rmol jrefrmrsm;u olt ‹ m; odumQ csonft h aejzifh ‘u&if Ek’ [k ‘emrnfajymif’ ay;cJ-h uonf?

Ttjzpftysufrsm; jzpfyGm;_yD; ESpftwef-umrS autJif,lrsm;u txifvGJ rSm; rkef;wD;r+rsm; jzpfcJh-u[efwlygonf? 1962 ck/ rwfvwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tm%modrf;vdkufonfhtcg ol‹udk zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJh_yD; 1966 ckESpf/ atmufwdk bmvtxd v$wrf ay;cJah cs? ydrk I kd zGŒJpnf;yHt k ajccHOya'enf;usaom tpd;k &pepfw &yf jrefrmEdik if w H iG f jyefvnftoufoiG ;f &mY tultnDay;&ef OD;Ektygt0if ,cif Ekid if ahH cgif;aqmifa[mif; (21) OD;jzifh ‘t}uHay;tzGŒJ ’ udk ^m%fe^D m%feufrsm;aom ppftm%m&Sifu zGJŒpnf;ay;vdkufonf? 1962 ckESpfwGif OD;ae0if; oGwfoGif;cJhaom ‘jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwD’ wnf;[laom ‘wygwDtm%m&Sipf epf’ tpm; 1962 ckEpS f rwkid rf u D usio hf ;kH cJah om ‘ygwDpkH 'Dru dk a&pDpepf’ ESifh ‘vGwv f yfaom aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;’ odk‹ jyefvnfOD;wnfvkyfudkifoGm;&ef (21) OD;tzGJŒ. trsm;pku t}uH

^m%fay;cJo h nf?

1969 ckESpf/ ZGefv (2) &ufae‹wGif OD;ae0if;u ,if;t}uHðycsufudk jiif; y,fvdkufonf? xdk‹aemuf OD;Ekvnf; pdwfysufum wdkif;jynfrS xGufcGmoGm;cJhav onf? olonf vef'efodk‹ oGm;cJh_yD; xdkae&mYyif OD;ae0if;. ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd vufeufuikd af wmfveS &f ef pnf;±H;k vkyaf qmifrnfh olt ‹ pDtpOfrsm;udk -o*kwv f (29) &ufae‹wGif a-unmcJhonf? aemufqHk;wGif ,if;vGwfajrmufa&;ppfyGJonf xdkif;= jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf&dS jynfwiG ;f rS xGuaf jy;vm&olrsm; cdv k &+H mpcef;rsm;rS pwif cJo h nf? OD;Ek. vGwaf jrmufa&;v+y&f mS ;r+rS aygufzmG ;vmaom ppfwyfuv kd nf; ‘jynf cspfvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf’ (Patriotic Liberation Army- P.L.A) [k trnf ay;vdu k -f uonf? xkw d yfukd ArmhwyfrawmfY xifay:ausm-f um; vlord sm;-uonfh 0g&ifx h yd w f ef;ppfacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfc-hJ uaom &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if Adv k v f usmf / Adv k f &efEikd Ef iS fh Adv k rf ;ª atmifwt ‹kd jyif vGwv f yfa&;&ptcsed u f Armhwyfrawmf. ppfqif a&; OD;pD;csKyf/ u&iftrsK;d om; Adv k rf ;ª csKyf [ifqef-um'd;k (Brig. Henson Kya Doe)/ Armhavwyf OD;pD;csKyfa[mif; AdkvfcsKyfawmfrDuvpfzf (Air Commodore Tommy ‹ OD;aqmif-uonf? OD;Ek. v+yf&Sm;r+tzGJŒonf yl;wGJppfqifa&;twGuf Clift) wdku xkdif;=jrefrme,fpyfwav#muf tajcpdkufxm;-uaom autJif,lESihf rGefwdkif;&if; om;olykefwEdk‹ Sihf oabmwlnDr+ vufrSwfa&;xdk;-uonf? odak‹ omf r-umvSygacs? jrefrmEkid if t H aejzihf yxrqH;k a&;qGjJ y@mef;cJah om 1947 ckEpS f zGŒJpnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajc cHOya'wGif &S rf;ESihf u,m;jynfe,fwdk‹udk ay;tyfxm;aom ‘cGJxGufvdku cGJxGuf ydik cf iG ’fh &So d nfh &ydik cf iG t fh ay:Y oabmuGv J t JG jiif;yGm;r+rsm; jzpfay:vmawmhonf? tu,fI ppftm%m&Sifwdu k‹ dk wGef;vSef_yD;onfESifh wòydifeuf olwdt k‹ m;vnf; ‚if; &ydkifcGihfudk ay;ygrnf[laom uwdu0wfudk wdkif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;u ,ck awmif;cHvm-uonf?

Todk‹ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;. ‘cGJxGufvdku cGJxGufydkifcGifh’ udk zGJŒpnf;yHktajccH Oya't& umuG,fwm;qD;xm;&efom vdkvm;ESpfòcdufaom OD;Ekonf 1973 ck/ Zlvikd v f wGif ol. acgif;aqmif&mxl;udk Adv k v f usmf tm; v$aJ jymif;ay;tyfum xkid ;f EkdifiHrS 0rf;enf;pdwfysufpGmjzifh xGufcGmoGm;cJhavonf? Adkvfvusfmonf tjrihfrm; qH;k pGr;f &nfEiS fh jynfph akH omyk*Kd~ vfwOD;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& cifrif &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? 1978 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvtwGif;wGif vufeufudkifwyfzGJŒ (2) zGJŒt-um; em;vnfr+vGJ&mrS jzpfyGm;yHk&aom autJif,lwdk‹ u ol‹pcef;tm; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;wdkufcdkufr+wGif AkdvfvusfmusqHk;oGm;cJhonf?

165

166 166

167

tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

yDt,fvaf t wyfrawmfrmS vnf; xdt k usKd;quftjzpf tpdwpf w d t f ¹r¸m¹r¸m uGo J mG ; cJhonf? xdk‹aemuf (10) ESpfr# -umonftxd Armhvufeufudkifqef‹usifr+rSm r&Sd cJhawmhacs? xdk‹aemufwGifrS &efukefESihf te,fe,ft&yf&yfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom ppf wyf. vlowfuiG ;f rsm;rS xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifvmaom 'Dru kd a&pDwu kd yf 0JG if ausmif; om;axmifaygif;rsm;pGm e,fpyfodk‹ a&muf&Sdcdkv+Hvm-u_yD; yDt,fvfatwyfrsm; tajccsomG ;onfah e&mrsm;Yyif tajccsum &efuek pf pftpk;d &udk vufeufuikd af wmf vSew f u kd cf u kd &f ef topfwzef óud;pm;-ujyefawmhonf? autJi, f pl mapmifwiG f tpGypf cJG &H aom jrefrmacgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS wOD;jzpf ol Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;rSmrl OD;EkEiS fh tajccHupI jcm;em;aom yk*Kd~ vfwOD;jzpfonf?

OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHcH&r+ESihf ywfoufI &efukefbk&ifcH±Hk;rS vef'efodk‹ yxrqHk; tao;pdwaf &;om;ay;ydv ‹k u kd af om a-u;eef;wGif aoewform;rsm;udk Adv k af e0if; . trSwf (4) Armhvufeufuikd w f yfrS wyfzŒJG 0ifrsm;tjzpf azmfjyxm;onfukd owd csyfoihfonf? 7 xdak‹ emufydkif; bk&ifcH±Hk;rS ay;ydak‹ om a-u;eef;pmrsm;wGifrl ya[Vd qefvSaom ,if;owif;udk csefvSyfxm;cJhawmhonf? ,if;onf rSm;,Gif;azmfjyr+ ayyJvm;? odk‹r[kwf EdkifiHa&;&m axmufxm;p&m ta-umif;rsm;a-umifh tm%m ydkifrsm;u ueOD;owif;ay;ydk‹r+udk qufvufpHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;rðybJ a&Smif&Sm;cJh jcif;ayyJvm;? u|Ekfyfwdk‹ rnfonfhtcgr# odEdkif-uawmhrnfr[kwfacs? odk‹aomf vnf; ^m%feD^m%feufrsm;vSaom trSwf (4) Armhvufeufudkifwyf. wyf&if; rª;onf xdt k csed rf pS I jrefrmhjrifuiG ;f wGif ajcmufveS v ‹f su&f adS eayawmhonfwum;?

1911 ckEpS w f iG f arG;zGm;cJo h nfh w±kw=f jrefrmujym;jzpfol i,femrnf ±+armif ac: OD;ae0if;onf OD;Ekxuf (4) ESpfi,f_yD; OD;atmifqef;xuf (5) ESpf}uD;oljzpf onf? &Jabmfo;kH usdyt f zGŒJ 0if jzpfyifjzpfaomfjim;aomfvnf; OD;ae0if;onf 1946 ck ESp/f aemufyikd ;f usro S m ,SOòf ydio f rl sm;udk &uf&ufpufpufz,f&mS ;_yD; xdyyf ikd ;f ae&m od‹k r&rae pwifwufvS r;f vmEkid cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? vGwv f yfa&;&_yD;aemuf uGejf rL epfrsm;/ jynfo&l‹ Jabmfrsm; awmcdkoGm;_yD; trSwf (1) ESihf trSwf (3) Armhvufeuf udkifwyfrsm; ykefuefxºuGonfh tcsdefwGif Adkvfae0if;. trSwf (4) Armhvufeuf udkifwyfonf tpdk;&twGuf wckwnf;aom rDScdktm;xm;&m t"dur¾dKif}uD;jzpf vmcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; EkdifiHawmfumuG,fa&;udk wjynfvHk; jzef‹usufxm;Ekdif &eftwGuf OD;wifxÉG . f jynfaxmifpt k &efwyfzŒJGrsm;uJo h a‹kd om wyfzŒJGtopfrsm;udk xlaxmifc&hJ onf? trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&; ckdifrmap&ef &nf&G,fI wdkif;&if;om; u&iftrsKd;

om;wOD;jzpfol 'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef; (Lt. Gen. Smith-Dun) udkyif wyfrawmf . umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf tpd;k &u ceft ‹ yfco hJ nf? olv ‹ ufatmufwiG rf S 'k=OD; pD;csKyf (2) OD;&Sdonf? wOD;rSm AdkvfcsKyfjzpfvm_yDjzpfaom OD;ae0if;ESihf aemufwOD; rSm &JAdkvfcsKyfjzpfol u|Efkyf.zcif AdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmif jzpfonf? 8 ppfwyf&mxl; tpOfwiG f eHygwf (4) ae&mY &Sad eaom OD;wifxÉG o f nf vufonfw&m;cH vlowf orm;ray:bJ 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmv (8) &ufae‹wGif towfcHcJh&onf? xdk‹ aemuf vtenf;i,ft-umwGif u&ifyek u f efr+ ay:aygufvmcJo h nf? 'k=Adv k cf sKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;taejzifh tpdk;&tay: qufvufopPmapmihfodaeaomfvnf; olonf &uftueft ‹ owfr&Sd cGi&fh uf&n S , f cl ikd ;f jcif;udk cHc&hJ onf? olu ‹ kd 1949 ckEpS f azazmf 0g&Dv (1) &ufae‹wGif tem;ay;vdkuf_yD; tvkyfrvkyfolrsm; pm&if;wGif xnfh oGif;jcif;cH&um olonf ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;wGif rdrdoabmESifhrdrd ta0;odk‹ oGm;a&mufaexkdifcJhavonf? 9 OD;xGef;vSatmifonf qif; ('f) [wf (pf) (Sandhurst) bk&ifhppfaumvdyf odk‹ 0ifcGifh&cJhol yxrOD;qHk; jrefrmtrsKd;om;jzpf_yD; 1922 ckESpfwGif oifwef;_yD;qHk; I bGŒJ &onfEiS fh bk&if. &mxl;cefx ‹ m;jcif;udk cHc&hJ oljzpfonf? olonf 1948 ckEpS f aESmif;ydik ;f wGif vef'ef&dS jrefrmoH±;kH od‹k jrefrmppforH ;ª tjzpf apv$wjf cif;cHc&hJ onf? xd&k mxl;rSm ,cifu oluikd w f , G cf &hJ onfh &mxl;xuf tqifrh sm;pGmedrahf om &mxl; jzpfavonf? 1951 ckEpS w f iG f _Adwed Ef ikd if YH olw ‹ m0efoufwrf;ukeq f ;kH cJ_h yD; olonf rdcifwkdif;jynfodk‹ jyefvmcJhonf? odka‹ omf olpD;vmaomoabFm oD[dkVfu|ef; (,ck oD&v d uFm) udv k b H q kd yd u f rf; qku d u f yfcsdew f iG f olu ‹ kd jrefrmaxmufvS r;f a&; t&m &Sdrsm;u vma&mufawGŒqHk_yD; oludkifaqmifxm;aom EkdifiHul;vufrSwfudk y,f zsufypfvdkuf-uonf? TonfrSm &Sif;vif;jyI r&Edkifavmufaom xl;qef;r+jzpf onf? Tod‹k jzifh olonf oD[Vkd w f iG f 1954 ckEpS t f xd aomifwifaecJ&h onf? jrefrm Edik if .

H ArmhwyfrawmfY t&if;cH tqiht f jrihq f ;kH ppfwyft&m&S}d uD; (4) OD; &So d nfh teuf 1949 ckEpS t f a&mufwiG rf l OD;ae0if;wa,mufom usefcahJ yawmhonf?

OD;ae0if;onf ‘rufcsD,m A,fvD’ t,ltqorm;/ tm%mt±l;trl;orm; jzpfonfrmS ,cifuvnf; rSecf o hJ nf? ,ckvnf; rSeaf eao;onf? oHo,jzpfp&m r&S?d Ekid if aH &;avmutwGi;f Y jzpfap/ ppfwyftwGi;f Y jzpfap/ olò‹ ydib f ufreS o f r#ukd 1940 ckESpfrS ,ae‹txd z,f&Sm;ypfcJhonfh olv ‹ ufoal‹ jcrsm;udk jrefrmtrsm;pk jrif awGŒae&onfr[kwfygvm;? xdak‹ emuf ydkItvS rf;us,f/ ydkI vufoGufvmonf?

1947 ckESpfY trsm;jrifuGif;rS OD;atmifqef; aysmufuG,foGm;cJh&onfudk OD;ae0if;

167

168 168

169

tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

taejzihf pdwfoufom&m&um usdwf_yD; 0rf;tom}uD;omaeayvdrfhrnf[k ,lq v#ifum; ta-umif;usKd;qDavsmfonf[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf? tb,fa-umifhqdkaomf tjrihfqHk;tm%mtwGuf olt ‹ "du ,SOfòydifbuf}uD; r&SdawmhIjzpfonf? odka‹ omf OD;atmifqef;ESifh olv ‹ yk af zmfuikd b f ufrsm;tm; OD;apmu owfcsiv f matmif olt ‹ ae jzifh aemufuG,fu óud;udkifI tuGufqifEkdifavmufatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifygrnf avm? ,if;odkq ‹ dkv#if odyfudk vGefoGm;avrnfvm;? odka‹ omfvnf; ,ae‹tcgwGif jynfya&muf jrefrmtcsKdŒu xdktwdkif;yif ,Hk-unfvsuf &Sdae-uayonf?

1992 ckESpf/ arvwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ‘zdak‹ vmh'f'ga'; (vf)’ (Fort Lauderdale) Y ±kdufESdyfxkwfa0aom pmtkyfi,fwtkyfwGif ,if;wwd,tjrifudk aemufqHk;xkwfazmfxm;onf? zavmf&D'g (Florida) Y tvkyfvkyfaeaom jrefrm q&m0efwOD;jzpfonfh a'gufwm-uif[dk; (ac: ) a'gufwmEdkif0if;u xkdpmtkyfi,f udk a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf? ,if;pmtkyrf mS Adv k v f usmf .nDi,f &Jabmfjrv+id Ef iS hf olw‹dk pum;ajymqkrd t + a-umif;tcsuw f cktay: tajccHI a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? OD;jr v+id o f nf wcsdeu f Armhvufeufuidk yf v k yd af omif;usef;r+ErdS ef if;a&;wyfzŒJG (Burma Armed Police Striking Force) wGif tr+xrf;aqmifcJh_yD; aemufykdif;wGif ayzl;v$m r*~Zif;ukd t,f'w D mcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,x l w k af 0cJo h nf? olonf 1987 ckEpS f Zlvidk f vwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpo k ‹dk aq;ukor+c, H &l ef oGm;a&mufco hJ nf? tar&duef jynfaxmifpk awmiftwWvefww d jf ynfe,frsm;. awmifyidk ;f tpGeq f ;Hk zavmf&'D g&Sd olu ‹ kd,fykdifaq;ukcef;wGif OD;jrv+difESifh pwifawGŒqkHcJh&r+jzifh a'gufwm-uif[kd;u ol.pdwfv+yf&Sm;zG,f jyefajymif;ajymjycsufukd pwifcJhonf? xkdaemufykdif;wGif olwE‹dk pS Of ;D ykrd &dk if;ES;D vmum r-umc%tjyeftvSef vnfywf-uum twlwuG pm; &if;aomuf&if; axG&mav;yg; aqG;aEG;ajymqkjd zpf-uonf? a'gufwm-uif[;dk tae jzifh 1957 ckESpfu zwfrdcJhaom vlxkOD;vS. pmtkyfwtkyfxJrS a&;om;xm;onfh *VKefOD;apm.touftm; &ef&Sm&ef ¯ud;pm;jcif;ESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm; tmZmenfrsm;tm; vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif; ponft h a-umif;jcif;&mwko ‹d nf xkpd OfryS if q&m0ef.pdwu f dk ±+yaf xG;apvsuf ykpm> wyk't f vm; tawG;yGm;apcJyh gonf? 1988 ckEpS f pufwifbmv (10) &uf/ om,mvSarmaom zavmf&'D g. naecif;wcsed w f iG f OD;jrv+dif. aetdrfY ‚if;wkd‹ESpfOD; npmpm;aomufaecsdefwGif ‚if;ta-umif;t&m wkd‹tay: pum;pyfrdoGm;-uonf? q&m0efu ar;cGef;rsKd;pkHukd tm;wufwa&m ar;onf? olr‹ w d af qGu Ekid if aH &;orm;wOD;jzpfonfh &efuek b f aqG[k vlord sm;aom ol.wGJzufwOD;yg/ yg0ifywfoufcJhonfh tHh-o&ifzkdp&m Zmwfvrf;w&yfukd azmf

xkwaf jymjyavawmhonf? olESifh &efukefbaqGwkEd‹ SpfOD;rSm OD;apm.toufukd &ef&Smoa,mif }uHpnf Ekdif&eftwGuf (2) v-um oifwef;ay; avhusifhcH&a-umif;/ xkdokd‹ }uHpnfjcif;jzifh OD;atmifqef;ukd aoG;xk;d ajrm‡ ufyifah y;oltjzpf txifrmS ;tjrifrmS ;ap&efjzpfa-umif; olu twdtvif;zGifh[cJhonf? Tokd‹aom ol&Jabmfa-umifvSonfhvkyf&yftm; pnf;±kH;pDrHolrsm;rSm tjcm;olrsm;r[kwf? AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh ol. teD;uyfqkH; vkyfazmfukdifzufjzpfol Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;wkd‹omjzpfonf[k OD;jrv+difu ajymjy cJyh gonf? a'gufwm-uif[;kd jyefajymif;ajymjyonfh OD;jrvdi+ . f ajymqdck sufrmS atmuf ygtwdik ;f jzpfonf? “wae‹ u|efawmf ppf±Hk;rSm tvkyf_yD;vdk‹ tdrfjyefr,ftvkyfrSm u|efawmhf q&m Adkvfatmif}uD;uæ “udkjrv+dif cifAsm;tdrfrjyefeJt ‹ Hk;/ u|efawmhftdrfvdkufcJh? ta&;}uD;wJu h pd w P ck aqG;aEG;p&m&Sw d ,f” vd‹k u|eaf wmhu f kd ajymygw,f? u|eaf wmf oleJ‹ vkdufoGm;ygw,f? tJ'Daemuf olu u|efawmhfudk ar;w,f? “cifAsm;rSm aiG b,favmuf&o dS vJw”hJ ? u|eaf wmfuæ “u|eaf wmfrh mS aiGwode;f / ESpo f ed ;f avmuf awmh&Sdw,f” vdk‹ jyefajzawmh oluæ“aumif;w,f/ 'gqdk cifAsm;tdrftwGuf vHk avmufw,f? u|efawmfwr‹kd mS txl;wm0efwck vkypf &m&Sw d ,f? u|efawmht f rd rf mS cifAsm;ae/ tm;vHk;udpP0dpP_yD;&if cifAsm; tdrfjyefEkdifw,f” vdk‹ ajymjyw,f? 'DvdkeJ‹ Akv d af tmif}uD;tdrrf mS u|efawmf (2) vavmuf aecJ&h w,f? &efuek b f aqGuawmh Adkvfae0if;tdrfrSmae_yD; aoewfwvufeJ‹ typfavhusifhae&w,f? vHk;0aocsmzdk‹ u|efawmfwu ‹kd kd ydak vhusihaf y;wmyg? (wu,fwrf;u &efuek b f aqGu vufwnfh _yD;om;yg)? OD;apm&JŒ v+y&f mS ;r+ukd u|efawmfw‹kd tao;pdwaf vhvm&w,f? ol ±H;k udk oGm;zdk‹ tdrfuae b,ftcsdefxGufw,f? b,ftcsdefjyefa&mufw,fæpojzihfaygh?

OD;apmtoufudk &ef&Smzdv k‹ kyfwJhae‹u olu olt ‹ eufa&mifum;}uD;xJrSm '±kdifbm ab;u xkdifvkdufvmw,f? u|efawmfwdk‹ ola‹ emufu uyfvdkufoGm;w,f? ae&m aumif;vJ a&mufa&m/ u|efawmfu olu ‹ m;udk ausmfwufvu dk w f ,f? tJ't D csderf mS &efuek b f aqGu aoewfcvkwu f kd qGðJ zwfvu kd w f myJ? yxrypfcsufu OD;apm ezl; udk &SyfrSefoGm;w,f? 'gta&;}uD;qHk;ypfcsufyJ? &efukefbaqGu aemufwcsuf xyfypfw,f? tJ'gu OD;apmudk rxdbl;? bmjzpfvdk‹vJqdkawmh OD;apmu ol‹xkdifcHk atmuf av#mcsvdkufvdk‹yJ? wwd,tcsufuawmh rdk;ay:axmifypfvkdufwmyg? &efuek b f aqGu æ“a[;/ udjk rv+id /f armif;ajy;ayawmh” vd‹k atmfajymvdu k w f ,f?

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

u|efawmf b,favmufjrefjrefarmif;vdkufvJ rodbl;? tdrfudk b,fvdkjyefa&muf vmrSef;awmif rodawmhbl;? aoewfuawmh Adkvfae0if;&JŒ udk,fydkifaoewfyg? &efukefbaqGeJ‹ u|efawmfwdk‹vkyf}uHwmudk OD;apmvHk;0rodcJhygbl;? 'guawmh u|efawmfwdk‹ (4) a,muf/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/ &efukefbaqGeJ‹ u|efawmf wdy‹k J odwmyg”?

Adv k af e0if;onf OD;atmifqef;udk remvdjk zpfaecJ_h yD; t_rJa-umufaecJ&h onf [k a'gufwm-uif[;kd u jznfph u G o f nf? xkt d csdeu f taysmfusL;I vufvw G pf y,f toH;k tjzKef;}uD;aom Adv k af e0if;udk OD;atmifqef;u qly}l udr;f armif;aecJ&h onf?

Adv k af e0if;u OD;apmtouf rqH;k ±+;H apbJ &ef&mS ±Ho k ufouf jrif;orm;^m%f 10 ESihf }uHpnfppD OfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? xdak e‹u um;xJygol aoewform;ESpaf ,mufuv kd nf; OD;atmifqef;. udk,fydkifwyfjzpfonfh jynfo&l‹ Jabmfwyf (PVO) rS ,leaD zmif;rsm; udk 0wfxm;apjcif;jzifh ol‹toufukd &ef&Smr+aemufuG,fwGif OD;atmifqef;&Sdae onf[k OD;apmxifoGm;ap&efjzpfonf? odkr‹ Som OD;apmu OD;atmifqef;udk &efwHk‹ jyefvufpm;acsayvdrrfh nf? aoewform;rsm; rnforl nf0gjzpfonf[al om tcsuEf iS fh olw. ‹kd &nf&, G f csuf/ OD;wnfcsufrsm;rSvGJI Ttjzpftysuf. tao;pdwfudk 1940 ckESpfrsm; aemufydkif;wGif rSwfwrf;wifxm;EdkifcJh_yD; jzpfavonf? OD;atmifqef;towfrcH& rD (10) vtvdk 1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (21) &ufae‹wGif OD;apmtoufudk &ef&mS jcif;ESihf tcif;jzpfymG ;&mwGif jynfo&‹l aJ bmfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeyH&k jcif;wdu ‹k kd vkyf}uHr+twGuf aphaqmfcsuftjzpf w&m;qdkifaepOftwGif;wGifyif udk;um;jcif;cH cJh&avonf? odk‹aomf OD;jrv+dif. Zmwfa-umif;jyefzGihftefjcif;rsm;onf cdkifvHkr+ rnfr#&Sdonfudkrl rnfolr# odEkdifawmhrnfr[kwfacs? &efukefbaqGonf twef -umuyif OD;aESmufuifqma&m*gjzifh aoqH;k oGm;cJ_h yD; OD;jrv+id rf mS vnf; zavmf&'D g odk‹ oGm;a&mufvnfywf_yD; ESpftenf;i,ft-um 1991 ckESpftwGif;wGif &efukef aq;±H}k uD;Y uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJah oma-umihjf zpfavonf? olwr‹kd uG,v f eG rf D 1989 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f tmZmenfae‹txl;xkwf ‘The Burma 11 Review’ pmapmif trSwfpOf (6) wGif armifxl; (0dZm… =ody`HwuUodkvf) a&;om; aom ‘'Drdkua&pDodk‹ aemufqHk;c&D;’ aqmif;yg;yg&SdvmcJhonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;wGif aqmif;yg;&Sifu OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+wGif Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;taejzifh OD;aqmiftcef;u¾rS yg0ifcyhJ EkH iS fh OD;atmifqef;tay: xm;&Sad om OD;ae0if;. oabmxm;wdE‹k iS fh ywfoufI pGypf aJG &;om;xm;onf?

“OD;ae0if;onf Adkvfrª;csKyfatmif}uD;ESihf wkdifyif_yD;oumv tcGihfta&; orm;wOD;jzpf_yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. t"du òydifbuf}uD;jzpfaom OD;apmudk aoewfjzihyf pf&ef aoewform; (2) OD;udk wm0efay;tyfco hJ nf?”

OD;atmifqef;tm; vky}f uHowfjzwf&ef }uHpnf&jcif;. &nf&, G cf suf tao; pdwf twdtusudk od&SdcJh-uol AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif;rsm;ESihf ppfwyfacgif;aqmifrsm; tenf;i,fom&Scd o hJ nf? 1962 ckEpS w f iG f ppfwyfu tm%modr;f cJ_h yD; Zlvikd v f (19) &ufae‹wGif tmZmenfukef;odk‹ ppf0wfpHkjynfhjzifh csDwuf-u&ef ppfwyfu pDpOfcJh onf? wyfrawmf pwifwnfaxmifcJhol OD;atmifqef;om toufxif&Sm;&SdcJhygrl ,if;tm%modr;f r+ukd oabmwlnaD yvdrrhf nf[k jynfov l x l u k kd jyo&efjzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if (17) OD;om &Sdonfhteuf (14) OD;onf xdkcsDwufr+ pDpOf a&;ESiyfh wfoufonfh tpnf;ta0;od‹k wufa&mufc-hJ uonf? Adv k rf ;ª csKyfwifazu Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;aoqH;k cJ&h r+ukd 0rf;enf;woajymqdck o hJ nf? Akv d cf sKyfae0if;u x&yfvdkuf_yD; æ “bmvdk‹ 0rf;enf;ae&rSmvJ? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m vlaysmhw a,mufyJ? 'ghtjyif wkdif;jynf&JŒ jy\emawGtay: olx ‹ ufpm&if b,fvdkudkifwG,f &r,fqdkwm ig trsm;}uD; ydkodw,f” [k cyfjywfjywfajymqdkvdkufonf?

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. tmZmenfArd mefo‹kd oGm;a&mufrnfh r[mpDru H ed ;f }uD; rSm csufcsif;yif aysmufu, G o f mG ;cJah wmhonf?

12 acwfòydif*sme,f xkwfa0ol OD;wifarmif0if; 13 onf 1997 ckESpf/ azazmf 0g&Dvxkwf *sme,fwGif 'kwd,t}udrfxkwfa0aom u|Ekfyf. pmtkyftay:wGif òcH iHak &;om;&mYæ “‚if;tjyif TT xdkxdk tESDodk‹aom acgif;aqmifwdk‹. aemufvdkufqdkol tcsKŒdwo ‹kd nf rdrw d q ‹kd &m. Edik if aH &;&efo[ l k xifrw S o f rl sm;tay: rdrw d b ‹kd mom rdrd wdt ‹k pDtpOfjzifh }udrzf efrsm;pGm yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ ðyvm-uonf? pma&;q&m &efuek f baqGudk,fwdkifu olESihf OD;jrv+difwdk‹onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. &nf&G,fcsuf/ OD;wnfcsufrsm;tay: txiftjrifrmS ;ap&ef cyf±;l ±l;/ cyf&rf;&rf; tjrwfxw k f vkyf aqmifrr+ sm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G cf ahJ -umif;/ 1972 ckEpS yf ikd ;f Y befaumuf&dS rdwaf qG t0ef;t0kid ;f twGi;f wGif zGi[ fh 0efccH zhJ ;l onf” [k azmfjycJo h nf? txufygjy\emESiyhf wfoufI u|eaf wmf. ,k-H unftm;xm;onfh vkyaf zmf ukid b f ufwOD;jzpfco hJ l OD;wifarmif0if;. &efuek b f aqGEiS Ehf iS hf awGŒqpHk Ofu ajymqkd csurf sm;tm; aumufEw k rf w S o f m;xm;jcif;rsm;rSm OD;jrv+id u f trnfazmfxw k cf ahJ om olEiS hf &efuek b f aqG twlwI JG *VKefO;D apmESihf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wkt ‹d ay: Edik if aH &;

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

t& vkyf}uHcJh-uykHrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeonftavsmuf *VKefapmtm; vkyf}uHcJh olrsm;rSm olwkd‹ukd,fwkdif zGifh[0efcHcsuft& &efukefbaqGESifh ukdjrv+difwkd‹ESpfOD; jyefvnfxif&Sm;oGm;onfhtwkdif; OD;wifarmif0if;. rSwfom;csufrsm;rSm ta&;yg aom tjrifopfw&yf[k ,lqEkdifygawmhonf? okd‹&mwGif w&m;Oya'tjrifjzifh qifjcifokH;oyfvkdufaomf (u) &efukefbaqGESifh ukdjrv+difwkd‹u *VKefapmtm; vkyf}uHjcif;onf olwkd. ‹ ukd,fa&;ukd,fwm em-unf;r+ESifh rauseyfcsufwpkHwck a-umifah vm? okr‹d [kwf (c) a-u;pm;vlowform;rsm;uJo h ‹dk olwv ‹dk v dk m;aom tc a-u;aiG wpkHw&m&&Sdjcif;a-umifh ,if;okd‹vkyfvkduf-ujcif;avm? okd‹r[kwf (*) wpkHwa,mufaomolu ckdif;apI jzpfap/ rdrdoabmtwkdif;jzpfap EkdifiHa&;t& vkyf}uH-ujcif;avm? okd&‹ mwGif *VKefapmtm; um,uHajrmufvkyf}uHolESpfOD;ESifh *VKefapmrSm aoqkH;oGm;-u_yDjzpfonfhtjyif t"duq&morm;taejzifh !¸ef-um; ckdif;apolESifh vufeufxkwfay;ol Adkvfae0if;rSmvnf; uG,fvGefoGm;_yDjzpfonf? wa,mufawmh usefao;onf? 'DudpPwGif Adkvfae0if;ESifh teD;uyfqkH; yl;aygif; }uHpnfbufjzpfol Adkvfatmif}uD; (84) toufxif&Sm;&Sdao;onf? ol‹taejzifh ol‹q&m Adkvfae0if;ESifhtwlwGJI xkd&mZ0wfr+ukd usL;vGefcJh-uygonf[k ajzmifh csufay;v#if w&m;Oya't& ta&;,lppfaq; tjypfay;Ekid rf nfjzpfonf? oka‹d omf rnfoy‹dk ifjzpfapumrl vGepf mG ya[VdqefveG ;f aom Tjzpf&yfrmS pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f m aumif;aejcif;a-umifh ,if;uJhokd‹ a&;om;xm;jcif;ukd u|efawmf jrifjrifjcif; OD;wifarmif0if;tm; tjrefqufoG,far;jref;ygawmhonf? OD;wifarmif0if;xHrS od&onfrmS xkt d csdeu f olt ‹ aejzifh &efuek b f aqG.pum;rsm;onf olp‹ w d x f w J iG f azsmufzsufIr&atmif pGx J ifusef&pfvsuf&adS omfvnf; xkt d csdeu f ,k;d ',m;Ekid if H ‘y&mu|y=f u&Dcef’ -rdt › eD; jrefrme,fpyftwGi;f &Sd txl;wyf&if; (1) “ewf&iS af emif” pcef;rS tjcm;&Jabmf olw ‹ ynhaf usmfrsm;vnf; tem;wGif &Sad e-uonfjh yif/ &efuek f baqG. ajymqkdcsufrsm;tm; ckdifrmaomtaxmuftxm;jzpfap&ef toHzrf;,l rnf}uHaomfvnf; &efukefbaqGtaejzifh ol‹tm; txifvGJrSm;oGm;rnfukd pkd;&drf jcif;a-umifh ,if;okd‹ rvkyfjzpfcJhyg? xkdrSwyg; xkdtcgu jrefrmEkdifiHa&; avmu wGiv f nf; ±k;d ajzmifjh cif;r&Sad om vufeufuidk ef nf;rsm;jzifh tm%m&,l=rmefwcH eG f xlae-uonfhþ,leDazmif;0wf EkdifiHa&;orm; tajrmuftjrm;ESifhvnf; ywfouf ae-uI xkdvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ukd trSeftwkdif;0efcH-urnfholrsm; r&Sdoavmuf jzpfygvdrfhrnf? xkd‹a-umifh OD;wifarmif0if;ESifh aemufwcg awGŒonfhtcgwGifrS xyfraH r;OD;rnf[k &nf&, G x f m;cJah omfvnf; u|eaf wmhrf w d af qG}uD;onf 1999 ckEpS /f

'DZifbmv (1) &ufae‹wiG f ±kww f &ufaoqk;H oGm;jcif;a-umifh rar;vku d &f awmhyg? xk&d ufrwkid rf D u|efawmfonf 1993 ckEpS w f iG f t*Fvyd b f momjzifh a&;om;cJh onfh “atmifqef;ukb d ,foo l wfovJ” trnfyg pmtkyu f dk ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cJ_h y;D wzef 'kw, d t}udrf wk;d csŒJpmwGt J jzpf 1996 ckEpS w f iG f xkwcf o hJ nfph mtkyu f dk jrefrm±+axmifh rS jyefvnfa&;om;wifjyoGm;Ekdif&ef rdwfaumif;wpkESifh wkdifyif-u_yD; 1998 ck ESpu f ek af vmufwiG f vkyif ef;p-uygonf? xkwaf 0oltaejzifh OD;wifarmif0if;uyif wm0ef,lcJhygonf? xkdtwGif; jynfyawmfvSefa&;wGif tcsdef-umjrifhpGm ukdwif armif0if;ESihf vufwaJG qmif&u G cf ahJ om &Jabmf&b J ufwOD;jzpfc_hJ y;D “acwf-ydi”f *sme,f wGif t,f'DwmtzGJŒ0iftjzpf vkyfukdifvmcJhol jr0wD&JacgifrSmvnf; -opa-w;vs EkdifiH/ qpf'eD-rdo › kd‹ aexkdif&ef a&mufvmaoma-umifh ol.apwemqENtavsmuf wefzkd;}uD;onfh tultnDukday;cJh&mY pmrlrsm;tm; wnf;jzwfonfhwm0efukd ,l cJhygonf? ,if;okd‹ xkdvkyfief;wGif tvkyfrsm;ae-u_yD; 2000 ckESpf ZlvkdifvusrS pmtkyfxGufvmojzifh xkdtcsdefa&mufrS OD;&JacgifESifh aumif;rGefpGm pum;ajymcGifh &ygawmhonf? u|eaf wmfpOf;pm;rdonfrmS 0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Ekonf 1962 ckEpS w f iG f tm%mtvk cH&_y;D onfah emuf 1969 ckEpS rf S 1978 ckEpS t f xd vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;enf;t& OD;Ek. &JwcH eG x f &l m ,d;k ',m;Ekid if o H ‹dk jrefrmrsKd;cspfy*k Kd~ vfrsm; 0kid ;f 0ef;az;r pnf;±k;H vkyu f idk -f uonfu h mv0,f &Jabmfo;Hk usdy0f if Akv d v f usfm/ Akv d &f efEidk /f Adv k rf ;ª atmif wko ‹d mru avwyfO;D pD;csKyf wDuvpf/ Adv k rf ;ª csKyf apm-um'k;d / 0ef}uD;a[mif; OD;oGif ESifh “ae;&Sif;” owif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyf OD;avm±kHtjyif &efukefbaqGvnf; twl d csed yf idk ;f wGif ukb d aqGonf OD;wifarmif wuGyg0ifcahJ -umif; -um;odc&hJ onf? 14 xkt 0if;ukd pum;0kdif;wGif ajymcJhonfhenf;wl ola&mufcJhor# ae&mwkdif;wGif pum;pyf rdonfhtcgwkdif; olESifh&if;ESD;aom &Jabmfrsm;ukdvnf; ta-umif;tm;avsmfpGm ajymjyavh&Sd&m OD;&Jacgifukd ar;jref;&mwGifvnf; atmufygtwkdif; olodor# pkv H ifpmG jyefvnfajymjycJyh gonf?

Adkvfae0if;onf olb ‹ 0a&SŒa&;twGuf jy\emw&yfukd pOf;pm;&mY upm; orm;yDyD trSm;trSefukd t"durxm;bJ tEkdift±+H;ukdom t_rJwrf; t"duxm; wwfoljzpfI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wyfrSxGufum EkdifiHa&;e,fxJokd‹ 0ifa&mufoGm; csdew f iG f ol.pOf;pm;cef;0ifco hJ nfrmS *VKefO;D apmonf wcsdeu f eef;&if;0efa[mif; wOD;jzpfvsu/f olu ‹ dk txifao;Ir&/ tu,fI olonf rawmfwq Adv k cf sKyfatmif qef;ESifh EkdifiHa&;t& aps;upm;csuftm;-ydif&mY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uJhokd‹ ‘wESpf

173

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tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

twGif; vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;’ [k aºuG;a-umfoHray;bJ _Adwdo#tpkd;&tm;‘'kdrDeD,ef’ av#mhaps;ay;um 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfomG ;cJah omf OD;wifxÉG o f nf olv ‹ &l if;jzpf±o Hk mru ynmt&nftcsif;tm;jzifv h nf; _Adwo d #yËdnmOfc0H efxrf; (I.C.S) jzpfaoma-umifh rsKd;cspfygwDtpkd;&wGif {uefrkcs umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf? xkd‹a-umifh Adkvfae0if;onf a&SŒqufrawG;awmhbJ &efukefbaqGESifh vGefpGm&if;ESD;aom jrif;_cHom;Adkvf}uD; (,yufvuf) vSa,$tm; oGm;ac:ckdif;vkdufonf? xkd‹aemuf (jr0wD&Jacgif jyefajymif;ajymjyonfh &efukefbaqG. ajymqdkcsufrSm atmufyg twkid ;f jzpfygonf? vky}f uHra+ e‹ naeykid ;f rSpwifIjzpfonf?) “*VKefOD;apmtm; a&S;OD;pGm okwfoif&Sif;vif;&eftwGuf olESifh ukdjrv+difwkd‹ onf pywfvrf;wae&mrS *VKefapmtm; ol. ‘ol&d,’ owif;pmwkduf±kH;ay:rS qif;vm_yD; um;ay:wufcsdet f xdapmifI h olu ‹ m;ESihf rvS r;f rurf;rS uyfvu dk o f mG ; -uonf? *VKefOD;apm t_rJoGm;avh&Sdaom tdrfjyefvrf;rsm;twkdif; vkdufoGm;&mrS tcgtcGiahf umif;rnfh &efuek af xmif}uD;ESihf jynfvrf;xdyw f ae&mwGif &efuek b f aqG onf xkdtcGifhaumif;ukd vufrv$wfbJ olu ukdjrv+dif.um;ukd t&Sdefav#mhapI ol.vufwiG ;f rSþaoewfjzifþh um;'±kid b f mESi, hf OS x f idk _f yD; vku d yf gvmaom *VKefapm . aemufaphwnfw h nfu h cdk sdeu f m yxrtcsufypfxnfv h u dk o f nf? oka‹d omf vGepf mG tuif;yg;I t_rJrjywf owduyfaeaom *VKefapmonf ola‹ &SŒum;rSefxJrS ‘jynf ol&‹ aJ bmf’ ppf0wfp0Hk wfxm;onfh vlEpS af ,mufteuf acgif;wk;H qHawmufEiS o hf u l olt ‹ m;aoewfjzifþh csdev f u dk o f nfuþdk vS r;f jrif&aomtcsdeYf yifþaoewfow H csufEiS hf twlþol‹ezl;ylceJjzpfoGm;onf? xkdtcsdefYyif olonf um;zifxkdifckHab; '±kdifbm &Sd&mbufokd‹ olu ‹ kd,fukdvSJtcs aemufxyfaoewfoH (2) csuf xyfxGufvmonf? '±kdufbmuvnf; um;ukdb&dwftkyfI um;xJiakH‹ evkdufonf? um;rSefuGJprsm;rSm olwE‹dk pS Of ;D vk;H ukd vGiphf ifxrd eS -f uonf? ‘ukd&Jacgif&,f/ vlawG&JŒuHqkdwm rSefyJrSefovm;awmh rajymwwfygbl;? cifAsm;vJ u|efawmhfvufukd todom;yJ/ u|efawmfypfvkdufwmuawmh ola‹ emuf aphwnfw h nfu h dk ypfxnfv h u dk w f mygyJAsm? 'gayr,fh olu um;rSex f rJ mS u|efawmhf ukjd rifv‹dk vSnt hf -unfv h u dk rf mS u|eaf wmfypfvu dk w f u hJ sn[ f m ola‹ emufaphurdk rSeb f J ole‹ zl;ukd &Syrf eS o f mG ;wmyJ’ [k }udwrf Ekid cf rJ & ajymjyygonf?

Tum; vGecf ahJ om 1972 ckEpS cf efu ‹ &Jabmfo;Hk usyd 0f if Adv k rf ;ª atmif/ pma&; q&m &efukefbaqGESifh ajrmif;jrbaqGwkd‹onf ,dk;',m;EkdifiH uvef'ef-rd› -oZm _cH}uD;twGi;f v#Kd0‹ u S zf iG v hf pS x f m;onfh toHvi$ Xhf meok‹d OuU@}uD; OD;EkEiS ahf wGŒq&Hk ef

tvm/ toHv$ifhXmeYþ(3)þ&ufr# aexkdifoGm;-upOftwGif;/ u|efawmhftm; &efukef baqGu pum;pyfrdI ajymjycJhzl;aom jzpfa-umif;ukefpOf/ ,kHcsif,kH r,kHcsifae/ twGif;a&;owif;uav;wuGufjzpfownf;?”

OD;jrv+difESifh &efukefbaqGwkd‹ ajymjyonfhZmwfa-umif;ESpfrsKd;ukd E+dif;,SOf pl;prf;ppfaq;-unh&f mwGif Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD;. -oZmt&Sed t f 0gukd cH&yk&H onfh OD;jrv+difonf olwkd‹.&nfrSef;csufwm0efrSm OD;apmtm; raoatmifyGwf&Syfypf& rnf[k ,kH-unfcJhygonf? &efukefbaqGrSmawmh pifppftm;jzifh Adkvfae0if;. ,kH -unftm;xm;jcif;wnf;[laom tumtuG,fukd&cJh_yD; ola‹ oewfukdyg tyfESif;cH &oljzpfI olt ‹ m; Adv k af e0if;u ESpOf ;D csi;f awGŒqI Hk trdea‹f y;vku d o f nfrmS OD;apmtm; aoatmif ypfowf&efyifjzpfonf? xkt d a-umif;ukd ukjd rv+id yf ifv#if odrnfr[kwf acs? ,if;okd‹v#if xkdudpPESifhywfoufI aoatmifypfonf/ acsmfypfonf[laom tEkrme t,ltq tqkd-urf; (2) rsKd; ay:xGufoGm;apumrl xkdolESpfOD;onf rkdufrJaomjypfr+}uD;wGif um,uHajrmuf tultnDay;cJh&olrsm;jzpf-u_yD; Adv k af e0if;ESihf Akv d af tmif}uD;wko ‹d nf aoG;xk;d ay;cJ-h uol txufq&m}uD;rsm;jzpfchJ -uonfrSm xif&Sm;yg.? olwkd‹.t}uHt& olwkd‹.om;aumif *VKefapmrSmum; raorD rsufpw d vk;H qk;H ±+;H &±ko H mru toufyif qk;H ±+;H &onft h ajctaeok‹d a&muf cJh&onf? xkdpGyfpGJcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI ,cktcsdefwGif Oya'txufrS aeEkdif ao;aomolrsm;u ,if;udpPonf olwkd‹ESifh vkH;0rywfoufa-umif; rD;aoatmif rajz&Si;f Ekid o f r#umvywfv;Hk TrSww f rf;rsm;onf aemifaomtcg jynfor‹l sujf rif ±ky&f iS t f jzpfo‹dk a&mufvmOD;rnfrmS tvGeaf ocsmyga-umif;? xdo k q ‹kd v kd #if OD;atmifqef;udk rnfol trSew f u,fowfoenf;? Tar;cGe;f rSm tvGef}uD;us,faom ar;cGef;jzpfayrnf? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf }uHpnfr+}uD; wck. jzpfEkdifajc&Sdaom óud;udkifpDrHcJhol ^m%f}uD;&SifwOD;wa,muf. aocgeD; ajzmifch suu f vGI J rnfonft h &mu trSew f &m;udk tusK;d w&m; xdxrd rd d azmfxw k f Ekdifygvdrfhrnfenf;? xdka-umifhvnf; tjcm; rnfolwOD;wa,mufr#r[kwfbJ OD; apmom tjypf&Sda-umif; ±Hk;awmf. ed*Hk;ur`wf tqHk;owfaumufcsuf. aemuf ydkif;Y jzpfEkdifajc&Sdaom OD;apmtjyif tjcm; yl;aygif;}uHpnfolrsm;ESihf ywfoufI cdik cf idk v f v kH kH &SmazGawGŒ&rdS + r&Scd ahJ cs?

OD;jrv+dif. zGihf[0efcHcsufonf ya[Vdqefqef pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m aumif; onft h jyif trSew f &m;tcsKŒdonfvnf; ygayvdrrhf nf? vGwv f yfaom oufaorsm; r&Sb d v J suf tvGwo f abmpum;0kid ;f wckwiG f ava-umoiho f vdk xkwaf zmfajymqdk

175

176 176

tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

1994 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv? uifbm&mòrdŒawmfwGif vGwfvyfa&;ae‹ (46) }udrfajrmuf tcrf;tem; e0w oH±kH;a&SŒwGif ,SOfòydifqifE$J-upOf? 0JrS,m apmvGifOD;/ a'gufwmat;ausmf/ yD=awm±kd/ rmvfuGefbGwfum;/ OD;cifatmif/ a'gufwmwifha0ESifh a':trmcsKd?

oGm;onfhta-umif;t&m tcsuftvufwpHkwckay:wGif tajcðyvsuf orkdif;udk jyefvnfjyifqifI &Edik yf goavm? tar&duef orRw *|eftufzu f ae'D vky}f uHc&H 15 h rdik ;f wGif ,ae‹wikd f rajz&Si;f Edik af o;aom tjcm;v#KŒd0u S q f ef;-u,fr+ r+ ESifh urBmo rsm;uJhodky‹ if trSefw&m;wckvHk;udk rnfonfhtcgr# odEdkifrnfr[kwfawmhacs? odk‹ &mwGif odxm;_yD; taxmuftxm;rsm;ESifh rdrdwdk‹ vHk;0rod-u&ao;bJ vGwfae onfh tcsuftvuftajrmuftjrm;udk tajccH_yD;v#if OD;apmwa,mufxJr[kwf [k ,lqv#ifvnf; &Ekdifayao;onf? rnfuo hJ y‹kd ifjzpfap tvGev f eG u f s,jf yefa‹ om orkid ;f a-umif; taetxm;t& ydkrdkta&;}uD;onfrSm OD;apm. aoewform;rsm;u &efukefòrd›v,f&Sd twGif;0ef rsm;±H;k txJo‹kd twif;0ifa&muf_yD; aoG;at;at;ESihf jrefrmEdik if .

H tav;pm;&qH;k Ekid if aH &;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; ypfcwfowfjzwfc_hJ yD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk vkyf }uHcJhjcif;onf rsKd;quf (2) qufcef‹ (49) ESpfr# -umjrihfcJh_yDjzpfaomfvnf;þ,ae‹t xd &SifoefaeqJjzpfaom t-urf;zufr+ESifh r,HkouFmjzpfr+ tarGudk csefxm;&pfcJh jcif; jzpfayawmhonfwum;? Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

177 177

178 178

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

1992 ckESpf/ rwfv? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmjynf !Ge‹f aygif;tpk;d &0ef}u;D csKyf a'gufwmpdef0if; -opa-w;vsjynfokd‹ c&D;vSnfhvmpOf qpf'eDòrdŒavqdyfY a'gufwmwifha0 óudqkdykH?

1971 ckESpf/ aomif;&if;jrpfwae&m? A[kdpdwf"mwfppfqifa&;Xme jynfcspfvli,fwyfaygif;pk toHv$ifhtzGJŒ0ifrsm;? 0JrS,m jr0wD&Jacgif/ ukdaxG;jrifh/ rcifrsKd;at;/ ukdwifarmif0if;ESifh ukdoka0?

1990 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv? uifbm&mòrdŒawmf e0w oH±kH;okd‹ 'k=Akdvfrª;}uD; &JxGÉf v#Kd‹0SufpGmvm_yD; ppftpkd;&tm; u±k%moufol jrefrmrsm;ESifh awGŒqkH&mwGif uef‹uGufaeaom 'Drkdua&pDbufawmfom;rsm;ukd vma&mufyl;aygif;tm;ay;onfh ygarmuQ *sKd;ZufqD(vf)yg;pwkdif; (Prof. Josef Silverstein, Rutgers University, N.J, USA tm;

a'gufwmat;ausmEf iS t hf wlawGŒ&yk?H 179 179

1991 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv? tar&duef zavmf&D'gòrdŒwGif jrefrmjynfaqG;aEG;yGJusif;ypOf a-u;rkHOD;aomif; (FDB twkdifyifcHtzGJŒ0if) ESifh OD;wifarmif0if; (CRDB OuU@) wkd‹ wufa&muf-upOf? (OD;wifarmif0if; rdef‹cGef;wGif NCGUB !Gef‹aygif;tpkd;&tm; axmufcHulnD&ef wkdufwGef;ygonf?)

180 180

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

jrefrmtrsK;d om; trSww f q H yd rf S rmef0ifx h ,fvaS om Oa'gif;udk twk,o l nfh tvm; olonf cyfrwfrwfav#mufvmonf? olt ‹ em;&Sdvlrsm;udk vufqGJvsuf cGJ cGmumeD; E+wfqufpum;qdkonf? jznf;nif;pGm/ wnf_idrfpGm/ tòyH;wpGef;wpjzifh OD;apmonf óud;pifay:od‹k wufomG ;avonf? xkt d csed o f nf 1948 ckEpS /f arv (8) &ufae‹/ t±k%fwufcsdefjzpfonf? jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&_yD;I (4) vESifh (4) &uf&SdcJh_yD? OD;atmifqef;ESihf olv ‹ kyfazmfudkifbufrsm; vkyf}uHcH&_yD; (10) vausmf ‹ ufoHk;pum;twkdif; owWd -umjrihfcJhav_yD? ‘owf&J&if ao&J&r,f’ 1 [laom olv udjk yonfh aemufq;kH vuQ%mtjzpf OD;apmonf ol‹ jrifuiG ;f udk zH;k tkyrf nfh acgif;pGyf udk jywfom;pGm jiif;y,fvdkufonf? ol‹aemufqHk;c&D;udk oufaocH&ef pk±Hk;vsuf&Sdol vltenf;i,fudk olonf cyf&J&Jyif wcsuf tjrefvS rf;-unhfvdkufonf? óud;ay;olonf olv ‹ nfyif;udk óud; uGi;f pGyv f u kd _f yD; óud;udk aqmihq f v JG u dk o f nf? puUey‹f ikd ;f twGi;f wGif vl-urf;rif;om; 2 ‹k nf tif;pdeaf xmif toufxu G o f mG ;avonf? armifp;kd / oufEiS ;f ESihf r+e}f uD; 3 wdo wGiyf if olwa‹kd cgif;aqmifaemuf óud;pifay:vku d o f mG ;-uonf? armifped Ef iS fh &ef}uD; atmifwo ‹kd nf &efuek w f iG f óud;ay;cHc&hJ onf? w&m;pD&ifa&; cHk±Hk;.wm0efum; _yD;pD;cJh_yD? w&m;Oya'onf wOD;aumif; pGefp‹ m;r+ 0g'tay: tEkdif,lEkdifcJh_yD? odka‹ omfjim;vnf; ,ae‹xufwdkif wdkif;jynft aejzifh cHpm;ae&qJjzpfaom jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;. t-urf;zufr+tarGudk OD;apmESihf ol‹ vlrsm;u csefxm;cJhavonf?

OD;atmifqef; vky}f uHjcif; rcH&rDuyif jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;. ppftwGi;f acgif; aqmifjzpfaom a'gufwmbarmfuæ “aoewfu;kd uG,rf [ + m tpGt J vrf;}uD;aewJh t&mudk ud;k uG,o f vdk jzpfvmw,f? *syefawGqu D jrefrmawG ESpcf sufavhvmcJ&h

w,f? vlpkvla0; tpnf;t±Hk;udk tajccHwJh acgif;aqmifr+ enf;twwfynmeJ‹ vufeufwyfqifxm;olrsm;&JŒ tm%meJ‹ wifhw,fr+jzpfw,f? jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ tem *wfukd a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyaJG wGu qH;k jzwfrmS r[kwb f J aoewfu qH;k jzwfrmS jzpf w,f? jrefrmhEidk if aH &;rSm cifAsm;wd‹k vdt k yfwmu Ekid rf ,fb h ufu prdze‹kd ‹J aoewfawG tajrmuftjrm; &Szd y‹kd jJ zpfw,f” [k rSwcf sufcscJzh ;l onf? a'gufwm barmf. taumif;rjrifaom óudwiferd w d zf wfro + nf 4 OD;apmESifh wu,fvufawGŒ jzpfvmcJhonf? eef;pOfrudkÉfudk t&,leef;wufEkdifa&;twGuf òydib f uf[o l r#ukd vH;k 0O\k&H iS ;f vif;ypfonfh okwo f ifa&;udk jrefrmtm%m±l;rsm; ,ae‹wdkif usihfoHk;vsuf&Sdonf? trSeftm;jzifh Ttcsufudk pwifoabmaygufol rSm OD;atmifqef;udk,fwdkifyifjzpfonf? 1946 ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif olonf xdktcsdefu bk&ifcjH zpfaom qm&,f*seD ,fa':refprpfEiS fh awGŒ _yD; ol. txD;userf E+ iS hf rdwaf qG enf;yg;r+wdk‹ESihf ywfouf_yD; ESpfudk,f-um;ajymcJhonf? xkdtcsdefu OD;atmifqef; onf rsuf&nf0Jvsufæ “trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif qdkolawG[m b,favmuf-um -umcHovJ/ 'Dwidk ;f jynfrmS awmh ody-f um-umrcHygbl;? olwr‹kd mS &efoo l yd rf sm;vGe;f w,f? touf&iS af ezd‹k (3) ESpq f w kd m trsm;qH;k ar#mv f if&h rSmyJ? usaemht f wGuaf wmh 5 aemufxyf (18) vxuf ydkae&zdk‹ wGufrxm;ygbl;” [k qdkcJhonf? aemufxyf (18) v -um_yD; oltoufrqHk;±+H;rD (6) &uftvdkwGif OD;atmif qef;onf &efukefòrd›Y vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ}uD;wckudk rdef‹cGef;ajymcJhonf? xkdae‹onf Zlvdkifv (13) &ufae‹ jzpf_yD; vwfwavma&G;cs,fjcif;cHxm;&aom wkdif;jynfðy v$wfawmf. wdk;wufr+ tajctaeESihf ywfouf_yD; olu ajymqdkcJhonf? xkdpnf; a0;yGJ}uD; wufa&mufolrsm;onf olr‹ defc‹ Gef;udk E+wfqufrdefc‹ Gef;tvm; cHpm;-u& onf? “cifAsm;wdk‹udk usaemf uae‹ajymcJhcsifw,f” [laom edrdwfjyaemufqHk;p um;jzifh OD;atmifqef;u olr‹ decf‹ Gef;udk tqHk;owfcJhavonf?

1947 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ wzGJŒvHk;eD;yg;udk &Sif;vif;ypfjcif;onf okwfoifa&; tawG;tac:. yxrqHk;ESihf t±kdif;tpdkif;qHk; &v'fjzpfonf? uHwl tusK;d ay;jzpfrnfh aemufwzGŒJ rmS wyfrawmfjzpfonf? orkid ;f . ta&;ay: tajct aersm;u ocifwjzpfvJ ppfom;jzpfol OD;ae0if;udk _Adwdo#u avhusifhoif-um;cJh olrsm;jzpf-u_yD;/ ynm&nfjrihrf m;vSaom t&m&So d ;kH OD;jzpfonfh Akv d rf ;ª csKyf wifxÉG /f AdkvfcsKyf xGef;vSatmifESifh 'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;wdk‹ESifhtwl vkyfazmfudkifbuf tjzpf ae&mcsxm;ay;cJo h nf?

AdkvfcsKyfae0if;taejzifh ola&muf&Sdae&aom tajctaewGif tawmf rtD

181

182

tcef; (6) t-urf;zufr+ tarG

181

182

183

t-urf;zufrt + arG

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

rvnfcHpm;&ayvdrfhrnf? olò‹ ydifbufrsm;rSm r-umrDyif towfcH&olcH&/ &mxl;rS z,f&mS ;cH&olc&H jzpfuek -f uavonf? u|eaf wmf.þzcifjzpfoþl Av kd cf sKyfxeG ;f vSatmifEiS þfh '=k Adv k cf sKyf}uD;þprpf'eG ;f wdo ‹k m ta-umif;jycsuf tcdik t f vHrk &Sb d J &mxl;rS xkwyf ,fjcif;cH&onfr[kwaf cs? u&if wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESihf tjcm;e,fpyfa'o&Sd vlxkudk pdwfauseyfap&eftwGuf 'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;udk umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpf&ef rsm; ygonf? xdk&nf&G,fcsuftwGufyif tjcm;u&ifvlrsKd;ESpfOD;jzpfonfh qif;'f[wfpf ppfausmif;qif; Adkvfr;ª csKyf apm-um'dk;udk ppfqifa&; OD;pD;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ Adv k rf ;ª }uD; &S±D ;d+ udk avwyfO;D pD;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif; wyfrawmfxyd w f ef; &mxl; rsm;twGuf a&G;cs,fcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? 'k=Adv k cf sKyf}uD; prpf'eG ;f ESit fh wl olwE‹kd pS Of ;D onfvnf; &mxl;rS xkwyf ,fjcif; cHcJh&onf? 1949 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±Hk; (KNU) u vufeufuikd af wmfveS cf sdew f iG f wyfrawmfxrJ S ,if;xdyw f ef; u&if (3) OD;rSm tpd;k &udk qufvufopPmapmiho f q d jJ zpfonfrmS ,Hrk mS ;oHo,jzpfp&m r&Syd gacs? od‹kjzpfI olwdk‹xkwfy,fcH&jcif;onf vlrsKd;a&;oufouftay:wGif tajccHIaomfvnf; aumif; odk‹r[kwf olwdk‹udk &Sif;vif;ypfEkdifa&;twGuf csufaumif;&&SdoGm;ol òydif bufwOD;a-umihaf omfvnf;aumif; jzpfEidk af yonf? tm;aumif;aom òydifbufwdkif;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&ef OD;ae0if; pGJpGJ_rJ_rJjzpf&jcif; . tpdwftydkif;w&yfonf ol. tm;i,fpdwfrS trsm;qHk; tajccHjcif; jzpfEkdifacs &Sdayonf? OD;ae0if;. i,femrnfrSm ±+armifjzpfonf? udk±+armifonf *syfqif aumvdyrf S 1931 ckEpS w f iG f ausmif;xGucf &hJ _yD; ,cifcsmcsv D rf; (,ck ud, k rhf if;ud, k f csif;vrf;) &Sd &efukefòrd›/ qifajczkH;&yfuGuf pmwkdufcGJwckwGif ti,fwef;pma&; av;jzpfcJhonf? ol. txky`wWdudk a&;om;ol a'gufwm armifarmifu ‘jrefrm jynfESihf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;’ (Burma and General Ne Win) pmtkyfwGif ‘xdkpma&; tvkyo f nf ocifvil ,fuav;tm; pmrsm;/ a-u;eef;rsm;udk wdww f qdwpf pfaq; zwf±+_yD; ykvdyftzGJŒ. v+yf&Sm;r+udk ol‹&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;tm; óudwiftoday;EkdifcJh onf? olonf axmufvS rf;a&;tvkyfwGif xufoefonf? xkdtvkyfonf owif; &,la&; pcef;aumif;wckjzpfco hJ nf’ [k a&;om;cJo h nf? xdktcsdefu ol. &Jabmf&Jbufa[mif;jzpfcJhol wOD;wa,mufur# OD;ae 0if;xHrS wpHkw&m owday;cHcJh&jcif;udk jyefvnfrSwfrdjcif; r&Sd-uacs? OD;ae0if; jrif;òydifuGif; r-umc%oGm;cJhjcif;onfvnf; ol. EkdifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;r+udk tum

tuG,f ,lxm;r+w&yfjzpfa-umif;æ‘jrif;òydifuGif;onf vltrsm;pka0;&m ae&m jzpfonf? olonf jrif;wpfay;r+rsm;udo k m em;axmifonfr[kw/f tpd;k &Xme toD; oD;wGif vkyu f ikd af e-uaom olt ‹ odrw d af qGrsm;xH vSnyhf wfomG ;vm_yD; aemufq;kH owif;rsm;udk ar;jref;pHkprf;cJhonf’ [k a'gufwmarmifarmifu OD;ae0if;. vli,fb0udk pdwful;pdwfoef;aumif;aumif;jzihf qufvufyHkazmfxm;onf?

OD;ae0if;tm; axmufcHtumtuG,fay;olrsm;xJwGif wOD;jzpfaejcif; twGuf olr-umc% xkwyf ,fypf&mwGif a'gufwmarmifarmif yg&Srd oGm;bJ &Sio f ef vGwfajrmufaejcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? Tonfudk óudwifcef‹rSef;I &Edkifonf[kqdk Ekid yf gonf? a'gufwmarmifarmifonf aysm! h o hH w l OD;jzpfonf? olonf OD;ae0if;t ay: rnfonf_h cdr;f ajcmufrr+ # rjzpfapcJ?h ‚if;tjyif uyfzm;owW0gjzpf&eftwGuf ol . ,cif ynmwwft&nftcsif;rsm;udk pGefŒv$wfypf&efvnf; olu 0efrav;acs?

1988 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f twGi;f xkt d csed u f jrefrmEkid if w H iG f Oya't& &yfwnfEidk af om wckwnf;aom EkdifiHa&;ygwD}uD;jzpfonfh jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD (rqv) . OuU@ESifh jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if .

H orRwtjzpfyif rnfrnf&&r[kwaf om a'guf wmarmifarmifuykd if wifajr‡mufapcJah yonf? od&‹k mwGif ydrk t kd pGr;f tp&Sad om tjcm;yk*Kd~ vfrsm;rSmrl okwo f ifa&;vrf;pOf. om;aumifrsm; jzpfcJh-u&onf? OD;atmifqef;. ausmif;om;b0u t&if;ESD;qHk; a&mif;&if;wOD; jzpfcJholjzpf_yD; 'k=0ef}uD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;wm0efrsm;ukd vGwfvyfa&;_yD;aemuf xrf;aqmifcJhol Adkvfvusfmonf olt ‹ aejzifh tpkd;&&mxl; tm;vkH;rSEkwfxGuf_yD; pD;yGm;a&;avmutwGif;okd‹ 0ifa&muf&ef taumif;qkH;jzpf a-umif; qkH;jzwfcJhonf? 6 OD;atmifqef;. tjcm; t&if;ES;D qH;k a&mif;&if;wOD;rSm Adv k af usmaf Zmjzpfonf? olonf 1950 ckESpfrsm; tv,ftxd wyfrawmfxJwGif qufvuf&SdaecJhonf? w±kwjf ynf}uD;wGif uGejf rLepfwa‹kd tmifycJG _H yD; wqufwnf; ,leefjynfe,frS jrefrm jynfxx J u G af jy;_yD; usL;ausmv f mol ulrifwefwyfrsm;tm; qefu ‹ siw f eG ;f vSeaf om wdkufyGJtrsm;tjym;udk olonf atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEkdifcJhonf?

1950 ckESpfrsm; apmapmydkif;wGif AkdvfausmfaZmonf tvGefausmf-um;aom wyf&if;rª;wOD;jzpfcJhonf? OD;ae0if;udk,fwdkifuvGJI ArmhwyfrawmfxJwGif quf vufwm0efxrf;aqmifaeol &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifxJrS olwOD;om usefawmhonf? tvGet f rif; ±dak oav;pm;jcif;cH&aom &Jabmfo;kH usyd o f nf acwfopfjrefrmhordik ;f wGif '¾m&Dqefqef taetxm;eD;yg;rsKd;okd‹yif a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? olwdk‹onf

183

184 184

185

t-urf;zufrt + arG

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

jrefrmEkid if .

H vGwv f yfa&;zcifrsm;ESifh Ekid if v hH ufeufuikd w f yfrsm;udk pwifxal xmif cJo h rl sm; r[kwyf gvm;? xka‹d -umifh bDtidk af t (BIA)/ bD'aD t (BDA) ESifh bDtifeaf t (BNA) wdk‹. ti,fwef;t&m&Sdrsm;udk OD;ae0if;taejzifh pdk;&drfylyefp&m r&Sdacs?

AdkvfausmfaZmomv#if wyfrawmfwGif tm%mtwGuf wOD;wnf;aom ol. ,SOf òydib f ufjzpfonf? bmwD;vfvifhwem (Bertil Lintner) u ‘a'grmef[kef’ (Outrage) wGif ‘txufjrefrmjynf&dS uGejf rLepfygwD Armjynfukd 1956 ckEpS w f iG f atmifrmCtrnf 0Sujf zifh tðywfwu dk pf pfqifa&;ðyvky&f mwGif odr;f ydu k rf ad om uGejf rLepfpcef;wckrS v#KdŒ0SufpmtcsKdŒudk &&SdcJhonf? oufaocHtaxmuftxm; (odkr‹ [kwf) wdkuf±dkuf qufo, G rf w + pHw k &mudk jyojcif;r&Sb d v J suf Adv k af usmaf Zmonf owif;ayguf-um; r+jzihf tpGyfpJGcH&onf? jynfolvlxkonf wkefv+yfacsmufcsm;oGm;_yD; rnfonfudk ,Hk&rnfrod jzpfoGm;cJhonf? odk&‹ mwGif AkdvfausmfaZmudk wyfrawmfrS xkwfy,fcJh _yD; acwW,m,Dxdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf? ol‹pGJcsufcdkifrmaprnfh taxmuftxm; wdwu d sus ray:aygufvmonft h wGuf 1957 ckEpS w f iG f Akv d af usmfaZmudk jyefvnf v$wfay;cJhonf? odk‹ jzihf olb ‹ 0wdk;wufr+vrf;a-umif;rSm ysufpD;oGm;cJh_yD; olonf &efukefòrd/› prf;acsmif;&yfwGif wyfrawmfrS ay;aom oihfwifh±Hkr#om&Sdaom yifpif vpmav;jzifh tajccsaexkdifcJhonf’ 7 [k a&;om;cJhonf? aomif;usef;r+a-umifh wpdwfwydkif;taejzifh ppfwyfonf tiftm;&&Sdvm cJo h nf? Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;onf wyfrawmfwiG f olq ‹ yk u f ikd rf _+ rJ_rHap&ef tvkyrf sm; aecJo h nf? 1958 ckEpS /f atmufwb dk mvwGif tH-h op&majcvS r;f tjzpf olu ‹ kd 0ef}uD; csKyfwm0ef,&l ef jynfov ‹l w $ af wmfu tqdðk yvdu k o f nf? OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom oef‹ &Sif;zqyvESihf OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf_idrf; qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifESpfa,muf OD;aqmif aom wnf_rJzqyv[lI OD;aqmif zufqpfqefu ‹ sifa&; jynfolv ‹ Gwfajrmufa&; tzGŒJ csKyf}uD;onf ESpjf crf;uGo J mG ;cJ_h yD; tusK;d quftjzpf Ekid if aH &;tusyt f wnf;}uD; ay:aygufcJhonf? a&G;aumufyGJopf _yD;pD;onftxd tdrfapmifhtpdk;&udk OD;aqmif &ef Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;udk vkyyf ikd cf iG t fh m%m tyfEiS ;f cJah vonf?

AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. tdrfapmifhtpdk;& pGrf;aqmifr+rsm;onf trSefwu,f tm;jzifh cs;D rGr;f zG,jf zpfonf? &efuek òf rda› wmfonf oef&‹ iS ;f oGm;onf? Oya'ESifh wnf _idrfr+udk jyefvnftpm;xkd;EkdifcJhonf? ESpfOD;ESpfbufr#waom tajccHrsm;jzifh aomif;usef;oltajrmuftjrm; vufeufcscJhonf? Tatmifjrifr+onf tkyfcsKyfr+ ,Eœ&m;twGif;&Sd t&nftcsif;jynfhrD_yD; oGufvufxufjrufaom t&yfom;0ef

xrf;rsm;/ tqifhjrihf ppfwyft&m&Sd}uD;tcsKdŒESifh 'kwd,urBmppfrS ppfjyef}uD;rsm; trsm;pka-umihfjzpfonf? tpdk;&rl0g'onf t&if;&Sif0g'jzpf_yD; vufawGŒusonfh twGuf rl0g'onf tvkyjf zpfco hJ nf? 1960 ckEpS w f iG f uwdðyxm;aom a&G;aumuf yGJrsm;udk usif;ycJh_yD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;onf OD;AaqGESihf OD;ausmf_idrf;acgif;aqmif aom tkypf b k uf tav;ay;cJo h nf? 1958 ckEpS w f iG f tusyt f wnf;jzpfcv hJ ifu h pm; OD;Ekonf vlxkaxmufcHr+udk qufvuf&&SdcJh_yD; tjywftowf tEkdif&&SdcJhonf? rJqEN&Sifrsm;taejzifh EkdifiHa&;wGif ppfwyf0ifpGufr+udk rESpfòcdufa-umif; OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf_idrf; tkyfpkudk jiif;y,fvdkufjcif;jzifh jyovdkuf-uonf? odk‹aomfvnf; 1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae‹wGif wkdif;jynfonf uHqdk;rdk; arSmifuscJhavonf? vlóudufrsm;pGmjzifh a&G;cs,fcHxm;&aom 0ef}uD;csKyf/ 0ef}uD; tm;vHk;/ jynfaxmifpk}uD;. wkdif;&if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;. jynfe,facgif;aqmif rsm;ESihf qefu ‹ sifbuf ðyvmEkdifolrSefor# tzrf;cHcJh&avonf? 1947 ckESpf/ 'Drkdu a&pD zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'}uD;udk zsuford ;f vdu k o f nf? jrefrmEkid if .

H zuf '&,fwnfaqmufyHkonf ppfwyfpdk;rkd;aom A[dktajcðyEkdifiHawmf,Eœ&m;udk vrf; z,fay;cJ&h avonf? tm%modr;f &jcif;tm; tvGet f rif; ,d, k iG ;f ysufp;D vmaom jynfaxmifpk}uD;. tajctaersm;a-umifh[lI ta-umif;jycJhonf? &efukef. xdkumvudk rSwfrdol u|efawmftygt0if jynfoljynfom;rsm;taejzihf xdkodak‹ om ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;aeonfh rnfonfht&dyfvuQ%mudkr# xkdtcsdefu rawGŒrdcJhygacs? aomif;use;f r+ukd aumif;pGmxde;f xm;Ekid o f nf? pD;yGm;a&;rSm aumif;rGev f su&f o dS nf?

1960 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJ_yD;aemuf EkdifiHa&;&moDOwkonf ododomomyif wnf _idrv f suf&o dS nf?

AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;. ppftm%modrf;r+onf aoG;ajrusr+r&Sd[k r-umc% a&;om;cJhaomfvnf; trSefpifppfwGif xdkodrk‹ [kwfacs/ 1948 ckESpfrS 1952 ckESpft xd jrefrmEkdifiH. yxrqHk;aom orRw}uD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhaom pyfa&$ odu k . f (17) ESpt f &G,f om;i,fjzpfol pdik ;f _rD;onf tm%modr;f r+. yxrqH;k om; aumifjzpfcJhonf? pyfa&$odkufonf &S rf;vlrsKd;wd. k‹ t"duacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpf_yD; zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepft& jrefrmEkdifiH. pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr+udk xdef;odrf;xm; Ekid rf nf[k tckid t f rm ,H-k unfaxmufco H w l OD;jzpfonf? xkt d csdeu f u|efawmf ae xkid af omtdro f nf ukuKdU if;ESifh [mrpfwpfvrf;qHw k iG &f o dS nfh pyfa&$ou kd . f &efuek f tdrEf iS fh udu k t f enf;i,fr#om uGma0;onf? pyfa&$ou kd x f H u|efawmf t}udrrf sm;pGm oGm;vnfz;l _yD; tdrrf }uD;ESiw fh v JG suf

185

186 186

187

t-urf;zufrt + arG

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

aqmufxm;aom tcef;wGif aexkdifvsuf&Sdaom ol. t}uD;qHk;orD;ESihf cifyGef; onfwx ‹kd H r-umc%qdo k uJo h ‹kd oGm;vnfavh&o dS nf? pdik ;f _rD;. nDtudrk sm;jzpf-u aom apmqdkif;anmifa&$ (,l*sif;odkuf) ESihf apm[efzwdo k‹ nf ,cktcg uae'gEkdif iHY aexdkifvsuf&Sd-uonf? tm%modrf;onfhnY jzpfysufcJhonfhrsm;udk apm[efz u u|efawmhftm; atmufygtwkdif; jyefajymif;ajymjycJhygonf? “tJ'aD e‹ eHeuf (1) em&De‹J (2) em&D-um;rSm &efuek u f u k KdU if;vrf;/ trSwf (74) rSm &SdwJh (9) {u us,fwJh u|efawmfwdk‹tdrfudk ppfwyfu vm0kdif;ygw,f? _cHxJrSm aeaewJh tdrfapawG/ tvkyform;awG/ rDScdkaeolawG/ tapmifhawGeJ‹ olwdkr‹ dom;pk awG tm;vHk;udk xdef;odrf;xm;vdkufygw,f? 'Daemuf ppfom;awG[m tdrf&Sd&mudk a&SŒwdk;vm-uygw,f? ay (100) avmufawmif ra0;awmhwJh ae&mvJ a&muf a&m/ atmfwdkrufwpfaoewfawGeJ‹ bufaygif;pHkuae_yD; tdrfudk y&rf;ywm ypf awmhwmygyJ? (45) rdepfavmuf qufwu kd yf pfaecJyh gw,f? bma-umifh olw‹kd pypf _yD;/ bma-umifh olwt dk‹ ypf&yfoGm;&ovJqdkwm b,folrS rod-uygbl;? aoewfoH-um;-um;csif; u|efawmf&JŒ tudkwa,mufjzpfwJh ,l*sif; (Eugene= 23 ESpf) [m ol‹tdyf&may:u vSdrfhcsvdkuf_yD; ol‹tdyfcef;xJu wGm;oGm;_yD; xGufcJhygw,f? tdrfa&SŒwHcg;r tus,f}uD; yGifhaewmudk olawGŒvdkuf&ygw,f? ,l*sif;&JŒtyd &f m[m tdraf tmufxyfrmS yGiahf ewJh jywif;aygufa&SŒwnfw h nfrh mS &Syd g w,f? tdyf&mxJu vSdrfhrcsbJ xrsm;xdkifcJh&if tckxd ol touf&Sifvsuf &SdrSmr [kwfygbl;? ol&JŒ jcifaxmiftjzLav;[m aoewfusnfqef&mawGeJ‹ rGpm}uJae awmhwmygyJ” [k jyefajymif;ajymjycJyh gawmhonf? “u|efawmf&ŒJ aemuftudw k a,mufjzpfwhJ pdik ;f _rD; (17) ESpf aysmufaewmvJ oda&m/ u|efawmfhtaz[m atmufxyfqif;oGm;ygw,f? yGihfaewJh tdrfa&SŒwHcg; aygufem;rSm ,l*sif;udk olawGŒawmh olwdkE‹ Spfa,muf tdrfa&SŒwHcg;udk ydwf_yD;aomh cwf csufxkd;xm;vdkuf-uygw,f? reufusawmh tJ't D rd af &SŒwcH g;[m usnfqef&mawGe‹J jynfah ewmygyJ? u|ef awmhftazeJ‹ ,l*sif;wdk‹ b,fvdk usnfqefrrSefcJhovJ qdkwmuawmh tawmfqef; -u,fygw,f? taqmufttHw k ckv;kH ysufp;D aewmudk jrif&olwikd ;f u tJ'aD oewfypfcwf r+a-umifh u|eaf wmfw‹kd rdom;pkwckv;kH aoEkid w f ,fv‹kd oabmwl-uygw,f? ppfrjzpf cifu udv k ekd aD cwfypkH þH taqmufttHt k rd jf zpfaewmu u|eaf wmfwt ‹kd oufukd u,f cJhwmyg? ajrnDxyfrSm&SdwJh tkwfeH&HawGu (18) vufravmuf xlygw,f? tay:

xyfuom opfom;eJ‹aqmufxm;wmyg? ypfcJhwJh aoewfusnfqeftrsm;pk[m eH&Htxl}uD;awGudk razmufEkdifcJhygbl;? ppfom;awGu ajrnDxyfeH&Hxl}uD;awGeJ‹ tawmf eD;eD;uyfypfwmrd‹k ypfwahJ xmifh usO;f vGe;f _yD; odyt f Eœ&m,frjzpfcw hJ myg? ol wd‹k typf&yfwt hJ cgusrS ppfom;awGu u|efawmfw‹kd 0if;xJae˜aewJh vlwa,muf udk tdraf &SŒwcH g;aygufukd ac:vm_yD; ppfwyfu tm%modr;f vdu k w f t hJ a-umif; &Si;f jyygw,f? olwdku ‹ tdrfwHcg;zGihfay;zdk‹ trdefa‹ y;awmh u|efawmhftazu zGihfvJay; vdkufa&m ol‹udk zrf;awmhwmygyJ? u|efawmhftazeJ‹ ,l*sif;udk _cHudkjzwf_yD; tdrf ywfywfvnf _cHpnf;±kd;umxm;wJh yef;±HkawG wae&mrSm olwdk0‹ ifayguf vkyfxm; wJhae&mudk ac:oGm;ygw,f? tJ'DrSm u|efawmhftazudk um;wpD;eJ‹ ac:oGm;awmh wmygyJ? ,l*sif;udak wmh olw‹kd tapmift h -uyfe‹J tdrb f ufjyefac:vmcJ_h yD; usefwo hJ l awGtm;vHk; xGufvmcJhzdk‹ ajymygw,f? tdrb f uftjyefvrf;rSm t&m&Sw d a,mufu olwa‹kd oewfey‹J pfwm wa,muf a,mufxdoGm;w,f/ tJ'g rif;nDjzpfEdkifw,fvdk‹ ajymygw,f? ppfom;awGu 'Daemuf tdrfudk p&SmawmhwmygyJ? uHqdk;csifawmh olwdk‹ ypfvu kd w f hJ aoewfusnq f efwcku v#ypf pfzsLŒpaf owWmudrk eS x f m;awmh wtdrv f ;kH arSmiftwdusaeygw,f? olwdku ‹ kd acsmif;ajrmif;wkdufcdkufrSmudk pdk;&drfawmh tcef; wcef; 0ifwkdif;/ 0ifwdkif; ,l*sif;udk a&SŒu t&ifqHk;0ifapygw,f? r-umcifubJ u|efawmhftaz EkdifiHawmforRwtaeeJ‹ csufudkpvdkAufuD; ,m; oGm;vnfwkef;u csufudkpvdkAufuD;,m; tpdk;&u vufaqmifay;vdkufwJh atmfwdkrufwpf ypPwdkaoewf (2) vufuvGJvdk‹ olwdk‹bmrS rawGŒygbl;? tJ'D aoewf (2) vufvHk;udk u|efawmfhtaz&JŒ bD±dkxJrSm vHkvHkòcHòcH aomhcwfodrf;xm; wmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dreufaemufydkif;rSm olwdk‹ u|efawmfwdk‹ _cHxJu jyefxGufcgeD;rSm t&m&Sd wa,mufu olv ‹ lawGudk olwydk‹ pfxm;wJh usnfqeftcGHawG jyefaumufcJhzdk‹ trdef‹ ay;ygw,f? 'gawmifrS ppfom;awG awGŒroGm;wJh usnfqef tcGH (100) avmuf tcsKdŒopfyifawG yef;±Hak wGatmufu u|efawmfw‹kd &cJyh gao;w,f? ppfom;awG xGuo f mG ;_yD; reufvv J if;vma&m pdik ;f _rD;udk u|efawmfw‹kd vku d f &Sm-uygw,f? tdraf &SŒqif0ifayguf&ŒJ vuf0b J uf yef;cif;xJrmS pdik ;f _rD;tavmif;udk awGŒ -u&ygw,f? ol‹acgif;eJ‹ ajcaxmufrSm aoewfusnfqefrSefxm;ygw,f? taqmifta,mifwcktjzpf toHk;ðywJh vSHwHwacsmif;udk olc‹ E<mudk,fab;em;rSm awGŒ -u&ygw,f?

187

188 188

189

t-urf;zufrt + arG

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

rwfv (1) &ufae‹ nrSm pdik ;f _rD;u olAu kd af tmifah ew,fv‹kd nnf;aeygw,f? olaumif;aumif; tdyfraysmfawmh wdwfqdwfaewJhnrSm toHAvH-um;wmeJ‹ ol xGuf-unfhwmvdo k‹ m u|efawmfwdk‹ xifrdygawmhw,f? pdwfv+yf&Sm;aewJh ppfom;awGu ta-umufvGefoGm;_yD; olu ‹ dkvJypf/ aemuf qufwdkuf qufypfwmvJ jzpfEkdifw,f? 'grS r[kwf óudwifpDrHxm;wJh tpDtpOft wdkif; ppfom;awGu pypfwmrSm olu ‹ dk rSefoGm;wmvJ jzpfEkdifygw,f? reufcif;rSm &JawG ppfaq;zdk‹ a&muf&Sdvmygw,f? &Jpcef;rSm 0ifa&mufae&m,lxm;-uwJh ppf om;awGu tJ'Dvdk ppfaq;r+rðyvkyfzdk‹ &JawGudk wm;jrpfcJhygao;w,f? vlowfr+ tjzpf tr+zGihfvdkufygw,f? owif;pmq&mrsm; a&mufvmawmh jzpfysufcJhwmudk tjynfhtpHkowif; ay;vdkufygw,f? 'gayr,fh owif;pmq&mawG olwdk‹ owif;pmwkdufawG jyef a&mufawmh 'Dtjzpftysufowif;trSefudk owif;pmxJ rxnfhzdk‹ olwdk‹ydwfyif wm;jrpfc-H u&ygw,f? tJ'Dowif;tpm; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu ppfom;rsm;taeeJ‹ olwdk‹ wm0ef xrf;aqmif&mrSm ckcHr+eJ‹ &ifqdkifcJh&vdk‹ rdrdudk,fudk umuG,fwJhtaeeJ‹ tajctae t& jyefvnfypfcwf&mrSm pyfa&$odkuf.om;i,f rawmfwq aoqHk;cJh&w,fvdk‹ owif;xkwjf yefa-unmcJyh gw,f” ‘jrefrmEdkifiH. &S rf;vlrsKd;= jynfya&muf &S rf;wOD;. rSwfwrf;rsm;’ [laom ol. pmtkyfwGif rw&m;r+ aumufuspf,kwfrmr+wdk‹ }uD;pdk;aecJhonfh xdkn. em-unf;zG,t f awGŒtóuHrsm;udk cHpm;r+jyif;jypGmjzifh apmqdik ;f anmifa&$u a&;om; xm;jyefonf?

‘1962 ckESpf/ rwfv (2) &ufae‹/ eHeuf (4) em&Dcef‹wGif aoewfoHrsm; a-umihf u|eaf wmf ±kww f &ufE;dk vmcJo h nf? aoewforH sm;onf yxrwGif wd;k wd;k om jzpfaomfvnf; u|eaf wmf ydrk Ekd ;dk vmonfEiS t hf r# wpwpydu k s,v f mygonf? aoewf ypfcwfr+rSm tdrfa&S›tjyifbufwnfhwnfhrS jzpfonf? aoewfusnfqefrsm;onf jywif;aygufreS rf sm;/ abmifrsm;udk azmufxiG ;f 0ifa&mufvm_y;D eH&rH sm;udk xdreS v f i$ fh pifusvsuf&Sdygonf? ppfwyfwyfzGJŒwzGJŒonf ntarSmiftwGif;wGif u|efawmfwdk‹ tdrfbuf wGm;oGm;wufvm_yD; tdrfudk ab;wbufwcsufpDrS 0kdif;&Hum ypfcwf cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? touf (17) ESpfom&Sdao;aom u|efawmf. nDi,fjzpfol pdkif; _rD;rSm towfcHcJh&ygonf? oufqkdif&m tm%mydkifrsm;. tqdkt&rl wm0efxrf; aqmifaeonfh vufeufuikd w f yfzŒJG ukd ckccH o hJ nft h wGu[ f k qdyk gonf’

‚if;tcef;ESihf wGJbufxm;aom rSwfpkrsm;wGif apmqdkif;anmifa&$u ola‹ vh vmawGŒ&Sdr+udk TuJhodk‹ txl;ðy a&;om;xm;jyefonf? pmrsuEf mS (28)æ‘t&efppf&rJ sm; xlxyfpmG apmih-f uyfaeaom 0ef}uD;csKyfEiS fh 0ef}uD;rsm;. tdrrf sm;udrk l aoewfwcsufr# rypfcwfcjhJ cif;rSm xl;qef;vSygonf’ tm%m&Sifpepfonf ppfwyf. vlowf,Eœ&m;udk w&pyftoHk;csvsuf ol‹ vrf;a-umif;wGif&Sdaeaom tjypfrJhjynfolrsm;udk &Sif;vif;wdkufpm;oGm;cJhonf? wcsed u f jynforl sm;. cspjf rwfE;dk r+uckd &H _y;D *k%, f 0l ifºh uGm;zG,jf zpfaom wyfrawmf onf tm%m&SifwOD;. tm%mwnf_rJa&;twGuf ol‹cg;ydkufaqmif udk,fydkifppf wyftoGio f ‹kd ajymif;vJjcif; cHvu kd &f avonf? apmqdik ;f anmifa&$u ol‹ nt D owf cH&r+ukd ajzrajyEkid pf mG atmufygpum;&yfrsm;jzifh jyefvnfowdw&&Scd jhJ yefygonf? “u|efawmfn h u D kd u|efawmf ppfaq;-unfah wmh '%f&m (2) ck awGŒ&ygw,f? ±kdifz,fusnfqefwcku olajcusif;0wftwGif; azmuf0ifxm;ygw,f? ol‹acgif; aemufbufrmS vnf; ao;i,fwhJ usnq f aH yguf&mwck &Sad ejyefygw,f? 'g[m aoG; at;at;eJ‹ owfxm;wm xif&Sm;ygw,f? ppftkyfpku aoG;at;at;eJ‹ wGufcsuf owfjzwfc&H wJh vufeufrhJ vli,fv&l , G f jrefrmEkid if o H m; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmxJrmS ol[m yxrqH;k jzpfvrd rhf ,fv‹kd ajymEkid yf gw,f” orRwa[mif; udk,fwkdifyifv#if xdkae‹eHeufY zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;jcif;cH& _yD; tif;pdefaxmifxJY Ekd0ifbmvtwGif;wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhavonf? ,if;ESifh ywfoufI tao;pdwt f csuftvufrsm; xkwjf yefa-unmjcif; rðycJah y? &S r;f jynf e,fY oDaygapmfbGm; apm-umqkdif 8 udk ppfwyfu ac:aqmifoGm;cJh_yD; olonf olr‹ dom;pkxHodk‹ rnfonfhtcgr# jyefa&mufrvmawmhacs? OD;ae0if; tm%modrf; _yD; r-umrDyif awmif}uD;òrd› ajrmufbuf&Sd Axl;òrd› wyfpcef;wGif olu ‹ dk w&m;pD&if jcif;rðybJ uGyrf sufypfco hJ nf[k ,H-k unf&avonf?

1958 ckESpfrsm;uJhodk‹ tdrfapmifhtpdk;& oufwrf; c%wmr#om r[kwfbJ tm%mudk a&&SnfudkifpGJ&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh ppfwyfu tm%modrf;,lrSef;odom xif&mS ;vmaomtcg Zlvikd v f twGi;f &efuek òf rda› wmfY ausmif;om;qlyrl + ay:ayguf vmavonf? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf[k ac:wGifaom OD;ae0if;. rl0g'topf udk OD;b_idrf;/ OD;odef;azjrihf (ocifodef;az) tp&Sdonfh tpGef;a&muf0g'a&;&m orm;rsm;udk ac:I axmufccH ikd ;f cJo h nf? 'Dru dk a&pDo‹kd jyefomG ;&ef a0;oGm;yH&k onf ESihftr# ausmif;om;rsm;u olwdk‹obm0t& uef‹uGufqENjy-uavonf? olwdk‹ . qENjyr+rsm;onf t-urf;zuf&ufpufrr+ sm;ESio hf m &ifqidk óf uHawGŒ&avonf?

189

190 190

191

t-urf;zufrt + arG

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

tm%modrf;_yD; (4) vt-um Zlvdkifv (7) &ufae‹wGif &efukefwuUodkvf 0if;udk ppfwyfu 0dkif;&Hvdkuf_yD; atmfwdkrufwpfaoewfrsm;/ pufaoewfrsm;jzifh ypfcwfcJhavonf? (15) a,mufom aoa-ucJhonf[k w&m;0ifa-unmcJh&m ,if;ta&twGufrSm t"dy`m,fuif;rJhvS_yD; enf;vGef;vSonf? rsufjrifoufao rsm;u ppfwyf. om;aumifrsm;rSm &mausmfonf[k qdck -hJ uonf? aemifaomtcg EkdifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfvmrnfh udkatmifqef;/ udkausmf_idrf;/ udkEk/ udkAaqGESihf tjcm;vli,frsm; 1930 ckESpfrsm; ywf0ef;usifwGif pwifawGŒqHkcJh&m ae&mjzpf_yD; acwfopf jrefrmhrsK;d csppf w d "f mwfaygufzmG ;cJ&h m orkid ;f 0if wuUov kd o f r*~taqmuf ttHu k ykd if ppfwyfu aemufwae‹wiG f 'dik ;f erdu k jf zifh azmufcyJG pfvu dk af vonf?

OD;ae0if;onf rnfoa‹kd om qefu ‹ sirf r+ sK;d udrk # onf;rcHcahJ cs? 1960 ckEpS f a&G; aumufyGJwGif oltav;ay;cJhaom OD;AaqGESihf OdD;ausmf_idrf;wdk‹udkyif OD;ae0if;u zrf;qD;_yD;av_yD? ,cifu ol‹q&ma[mif;rsm; jzpfcJh-uaom ocifxGef;tkyfESifh ocifApdefwdk‹onfvnf; vljrifuGif;rS aysmufuG,foGm;-u&onf? ,if;wdk‹onf OD;ae0if;xuf tqihjf rihcf -hJ uolrsm;jzpfI ab;z,fjcif; cHc&hJ avonf? wyfrawmftaejzifh ‚if;. jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[efjzifh jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pf vrf; pOfudk vufawGŒtaumiftxnfazmf_yD; wESpfcef‹t-umwGif tkyfcsKyfaeaom ppf tkypf t k wGi;f wGiyf if &mxl;rS xkwyf ,fjcif;rsm; pwifjzpfay:vmavonf? ,cifu vGwv f yfcahJ om owif;pmrsm;rSm csKyfuikd jf cif; cHvm&onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; udk jynfolydkifodrf;_yD; ppfwyfu ajymif;vGJudkifwG,fvmonf? OD;ae0if;. udk,f ydkifjrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDrSvGJI usefygwDtm;vHk;onf w&m;r0ifa-umif; a-unmjcif;cH&onf? ,if;vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G cf surf sm;udk olv ‹ rl sm;xJuyif vlwikd ;f oabmwlnDcJh-uonfawmh r[kwfacs? olt ‹ ±kduft&m qufcHrnfhol[k ,lqjcif; cH&aom a&mif;&if;a[mif;jzpfol Akv d rf ;ª csKyfa[mif; atmif}uD;onf 1963 ckEpS w f iG f awmfvSefa&;aumifpDrS xkwfy,fjcif;cH&_yD; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH&avonf? ppfwyfu wnfaqmufaeaom acwfopfjrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif vHk;0tav#mhay;/ t±+H;ay;rSomv#if touf&Sif&yfwnfEkdifayrnf? jrefrmEkdifiHawmfudk ,Hk-unfr+ESihf tm;vH;k oabmwlnrD t + ay:wGif wnfaqmufjcif;r[kwb f J wOD;wnf;. tm%m &Sif tkycf sKyfra+ tmufwiG o f m wnfaqmufjcif;jzpfavonf?

1970 . q,fpkESpf tv,fydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif ausmif;om;qlylr+rsm;u jrefrm EkdifiHudk udkifv+yfaecJhonf? 1974 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv (25) &ufae‹wGif urBmausmf jrefrmEkdifiHom; urBmhukvor*~}uD;. twGif;a&;rª;csKyfa[mif; OD;oefo ‹ nf e,l;

a,mufòrdw › Gif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? olt ‹ avmif;udk ajrðr‡yfoò*õ[f&eftwGuf jref rmEkid if o H ‹kd av,mOfysjH zifh o,faqmifomG ;cJo h nf? wurBmvH;k u av;pm;-unf!_kd y;D f rif; remvdk urBmausmyf *k Kd~ vfwOD;jzpfonfh ‘OD;oef’‹ 9 tay: OD;ae0if;onf tvGet 0efwrkd j+ zpf_y;D olt ‹ avmif;udk &efuek òf rdp› eG &f dS omrefocsKiõ ;f wckwiG o f m ðr‡yEf v HS o kd nf? odk‹aomfvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;u trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;wOD;ESihf xkdufwefaom EkdifiHawmfpsmye jzpfapcsif-uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;onf OD;oef‹tavmif; xnfh xm;onfh acgif;udk vk,l-u_yD; &efukefwuUodkvf0if;twGif;odk‹ o,faqmifoGm;cJh -uonf? Ak'<bmom &[ef;awmfrsm;uvnf; xdkv+yf&Sm;r+wGif yl;aygif;yg0if-u onf? ,if;v+yf&Sm;r+onf óudwifwGufqxm;ouJhodk‹yif aoG;at;at;jzifh acs r+ef;jcif;cH&avonf? ppfom;rsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;udk aoewfrsm;jzifh ypfcwfcJh _y;D ausmif;om;&maygif;rsm;pGmrSm tpkvu kd t f òyHvu kd f towfccH &hJ avonf? w&m; 0ifxkwfjyefa-unmr+rSm aoqHk;ol (9) OD;/ '%f&m&ol (74) OD;ESihf zrf;qD;cH&ol (1˜800) OD;jzpfonf?

OD;oeft ‹ a&;tcif;jzpfyGm;_yD; (2) ESpft-umwGif wyfrawmftwGif;wGif }uD; rm;aom xkwfy,fr+wck xyfrHjzpfjyefonf? aròrdp› pfwuUodkvf ausmif;qif;t&m &Sdi,ftcsKdŒu OD;ae0if;udk &Sif;vif;ypf&ef }uHpnfóud;pm;cJh-uonf? -unf;wyfrS Adkvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrihf OD;aqmifaom t&m&Sdi,frsm;onf ydkrdkvGwfvyfI ydkrdk 'Drdk ua&pDusaom jrefrmEkid if aH wmfukd wnfaqmuf&ef pdwu f ;l ,Ofc-hJ uonf? oda‹k omf olwdk‹.t}uHtpnfrSm ay:aygufoGm;cJh_yD; acgif;aqmifrsm; tzrf;cHcJh-u&onf?

Adkvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrihf 10 onf ao'%fuscH&_yD; uGyfrsufjcif;cHcJh&onf? ratmifrjrifjzpfomG ;onfh tm%modr;f &ef óud;yrf;r+wiG f yg0ifywfoufjcif; r&Sad omfjim;vnf; wyfrawmf. OD;pD;csKyfa[mif; Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ol&wifO;D 11 taejzifh ,if;tr+ESihf qufEG,fr+&SdaecJhonf? olonf ESpf&Snfaxmif'%ftjypfay;jcif;cHcJh& avonf? OD;wifO;D tay: opPmapmiho f o d nf[k txifc&H ol wyfrawmft&m&Sd (200) cef‹ ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;cH&_yD; 1976 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmvwGif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf; pOfygwD0ifESihf au'g (50˜000) ausmftm; vuf&Sd tkyfcsKyfaeaom ygwDrS xkwf H y,fa-umif; OD;ae0if;ud, k w f ikd f a-unmcJah vonf? 12 OD;wifO;D onf jrefrmEkid if . ppfO;D pD;csKyfrsm;xJwiG f vlcspv f cl iftrsm;qH;k OD;pD;csKyfwOD;jzpfonft h wGuf tiftm; aumif;aom òydib f ufwOD;tjzpf owfrw S cf &H _yD; ola‹ emufvu kd [ f k ,lqcH&olrsm; ESit fh wl z,f&mS ;cH&jcif;jzpfavonf?

1980 ckESpf apmapmydkif;umvwGif ‘okwfoifa&;’ onf vufawGŒtoHk;cs

191

192 192

193

t-urf;zufrt + arG

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

cH&jyefavonf? Tw}udrfwGif ypfrSwfonf EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf;r[kwf/ 'Drdk ua&pDa&;wdkufyGJ0if ausmif;om;rsm;vnf;r[kwf/ oabmuGJvGJaom ppfwyf t&m&Sdrsm;vnf;r[kwf/ OD;ae0if;tpdk;&twGuf t"du taxmuftyHh a'gufwkdif }uD;jzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiH. tiftm;aumif;vSonfh ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJŒ jzpf avonf? &Jabmfo;kH usyd Ef iS t fh wl *syefwiG f &Sad epOfumvY OD;ae0if;onf a-umufp&m aumif;vSaom *syef ppfykvdyf uifaywkdif. axmufvS rf;a&;oifwef;twGuf txl;a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&onf? *syefacwfwGif uifaywdkifwdkv ‹ ufcsuf cHcJh&olrsm; onf olwdk‹vkyf&yfrsm;udk ,ae‹wdkif rSwfrdaeqJjzpfonf? vlwa,mufudk olv#Kd (spy) [k pGyfpGJvdkufjcif;rSm uifaywdkif. vufpGJpum;vHk;jzpfonf? Tpum;vHk; onf olwdk‹tenf;tusOf;omwwfaom t*FvdyfpmrS ,loHk;vdkufaom a0g[m& jzpfonf? olv#Kd[w k o f nfjzpfap/ r[kwo f nfjzpfap/ vufonf;cGcH mG jcif;/ oGm;ESifh qHyifwu dk‹ dk qGJE+wfjcif;jzifh vlwa,mufonf trsm;tm;jzifh olv#Kd[k 0efcHr+ðyav awmhonf? oHo,&Sdolrsm;udkom Todk‹ &ufpuf-urf;ñuwfonfr[kwf? jrefrmAdkvf avmif; ausmif;om;rsm; ppfa&;jyavhusihf&mwGifyif xdkodk‹ &ufpuf-urf;ñuwf wwfonf? Tenf;vrf;rsm;onf tusKd;xda&mufr+&SdrSef; tcsKdŒu oabmayguf yif aygufjim;aomfvnf; ppfa&;jyavhusihfuGif;twGif; rw&m;_cdrf;ajcmufðyr+ cH&_yD; jynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH tay: zufqpft-urf;zuf0g' usio fh ;kH r+wu ‹kd kd jyefvnf -um;odvm&aomtcg jrefrmAdv k af vmif; ausmif;om;trsm;pktaejzifh aemufq;kH wGif *syeftm; jyefvnfqefu ‹ sifavawmhonf? ppf}uD;_yD;onfESihf jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf *syefudk tajccHcJh&r+ trsm;tjym; tm; ajrðr‡yo f ò*õ[yf pfvu kd af wmhonf? 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (29) &ufae‹wiG f um uG,fa&;0ef}uD; Adkvfvusfmonf _Adwdo#udk,fpm;vS,f a*s 'AvsL z&D;rif; (J.W S af &;xd;k vdu k o f nf? TpmcsKyf oabm Freeman) ESifh oabmwlpmcsKyfw&yf vufrw wlnDr+t& ppftoHk;taqmifypPnf;ud&d,mrsm;ESifh ppfa&,mOfwpD;udk _Adwdo#wdk‹ u jrefrmEkid if t H m; ay;&rnfjzpf_y;D _Aw d o d # -unf;wyf/ a&wyf/ avwyfwu ‹kd jrefrm EkdifiHwGif tajcpkduftzGJŒwzGJŒudk xlaxmifum jrefrmhumuG,fa&;wyfzGJŒ topfjyef vnfzGJŒpnf;&mwGif ulnDoifwef;ay;&rnfjzpfonf? xdkoabmwlnDr+udk 1954 ck ESpfwGif aemufqHk;Y zsufodrf;cJhaomfvnf; _AdwdefEkdifiHwGif oifwef;ay;r+rsm;udkrl xkdaemufydkif;wGif tvGwfoabmtm;jzifh qufvufaqmif&GufcJhonf?

xko d ifwef;ay;r+rsm;wGif axmufvS r;f a&;wyfzŒJG0ifrsm;udk oifwef;ay;r+rsm; vnf; aemufyikd ;f wGif wd;k csŒJyg0ifvmcJo h nf? jrefrmEkid if t H aejzifh t&nftcsi;f &So d nfh vli,fvl&G,frsm;udk _AdwdefEdkifiHodk‹ apv$wfI vef'efòrda› wmf &JwyfzGJŒ r+cif;ppfaq; a&;Xme (paumhwvef,'f) rS omru _Adwdo#axmufvS rf;a&;XmerS (MI. 6) u yg oGefoif!¸ef-um;r+rsm; &,lapcJhonf? oifwef;trsm;pkrSm &SufzD;vf &Jody`H (Sheffield Police Academy) wGif ðyvkyfjcif;jzpf_yD; vufa&G;piftcsKdŒomv#if ydkrdk tqifjrihfonfh v#KdŒ0SufaxmufvS rf;a&; oifwef;ausmif;jzpfonhf &Sufrd'f (Shetmead) odk‹ oGm;a&mufwufcGihf&&Sd-uonf?

TuJhodk‹ axmufvS rf;a&;tpOftvmjzifh jynfhpHkolwOD;rSm pufbD;vufudkif yHpk H E+wcf rf;ar$;ydik &f iS jf zpfI E+wcf rf;ar$;vGi[ f k emrnfay;jcif;cH&aom Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vGif jzpfonf? 1930 jynfv h eG Ef pS rf sm;wGif olonf ocifwOD;jzpfcu hJ m rsK;d cspyf gwD acgif; aqmifjzpfol OD;apmESihf tcsif;rsm;cJhzl;onf? 1962 ckESpfY OD;ae0if; tm%modrf; ,lcsdew f iG f E+wcf rf;ar$;OD;vGio f nf ppfaxmufvS r;f a&;wyfzŒJG . t}uD;tuJ jzpfae qJyif? xkd‹aemuf rsm;pGmr-umrD ol‹udk tem;,lcGihfðycJhonf? tem;,lcGihfðyjcif; qdo k nfrmS xkwyf ,fvu kd jf cif;udk w&m;0ifo;kH E+e;f onfh toH;k tE+e;f jzpfonf? olu ‹ kd qufcHolrSm ‘Akdvfr;ª csKyfwifOD;’ jzpfonf? vkyfief;cGifoHk; rsufvHk;jyL;rsufqefjyL; rsurf eS rf sK;d wyfavh&o dS nft h wGuf Akv d rf ;ª csKyfwifO;D ukd rsurf eS w f ifO;D [k ac: -uonf?

1950 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif qdkifyef ypPzdwfu|ef;Y olonf tar&duef A[kd axmufvS rf;a&;Xme (CIA) . oifwef;udk wufa&mufcJhonf? olonf trSef wu,ftm;jzifh OD;ae0if;. arG;pm;om;jzpfonf? OD;ae0if;onf ol‹udk 1972 ck ESpfwGif ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJŒ. t}uD;tuJtjzpf cef‹tyfvdkufonf? ol‹wm 0efonf _Adwdo#tpOftvmudk azmufxGuf_yD; ppf}uD;_yD;onfhaemuf zsufodrf;cH cJ&h aom uifaywkid f (odr‹k [kw)f *smr%D. oGuv f ufxufjrufvo S nfh *wfpwm ydkwdk‹. vrf;a-umif;twdkif; axmufvS rf;a&;wyfudk v#KdŒ0Suf&Jwyf toGifajymif; vJypf&efjzpfonf? Todk‹vkyfaqmifjcif;onf Adkvfrª;}uD;vGif t"duxm; vkyf aqmifcJhouJhodk‹ vdktyfonfh ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;owif;rsm;om pkaqmif;&efr [kwfbJ jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udk xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdifrnfh v#KdŒ0Suf&Jwyf zefwD;xl axmif&ef &nf&G,favonf? ydkrdkta&;}uD;onfhtcsufrSm ppfwyftwGif; tqihf wkdif;wGif &SdaeEkdifaom oabmxm;uGJvGJolwdkif;udk &SmazGazmfxkwfI z,f&Sm;jcif; jzifh ppfwyfukd teD;uyfapmih-f uyf-unf±h x + m;&efjzpfonf? ppfwyfu olu ‹ kd qefu ‹ sif umjyefonfEiS fh olZmwford ;f _yDjzpfa-umif; OD;ae0if;u odavonf?

193

194 194

195

t-urf;zufrt + arG

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

ta-umif;w&m; wdkufqdkifr+wdk‹a-umifhr[kwfbJ olwdk‹avhusihfay;vdkufol u zefwD;v+HŒaqmfonfhtwGufa-umihf uifaywdkif tpOftvmonf Todk‹ TES,f wzef jyefvnfarG;zGm;vmcJhavonf? Todk‹ jzihf ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJŒonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a-umufvef‹r+ rif;rlaeaprnfh EdkifiHa&; &JtzGJŒtpnf;wck jzpfvm avonf? Adv k cf sKyfwifO;D onf ppfa-uma&;pcef; tajrmuftjrm;udk tif;pdeaf xmif wGif }uD;-uyfwnfaqmufc_hJ yD; A[dak xmufvS r;f a&;±H;k udk tif;pdeaf xmifo‹kd ajymif; a±$Œvu kd o f nf? xkpd pfa-uma&;pcef;rsm;xJwiG f emrnfysufjzifh tausmf-um;qH;k rSm r*Fvm'HkavqdyfteD;&Sd a&-unftkdifpcef;jzpfonf? txdef;odrf;cH EdkifiHa&;orm; rsm;tm; !SOf;yef;EdSyfpufI ppfaq;ar;jref;&mwGif Akdvfrª;csKyfwifOD;udk,fwdkif tm;wufoa&m yg0ifavh&o dS nf[k owif;jzpfay:cJo h nf? oabmxm;uGv J o JG [ l k oHo,&Scd &H olrsm;onf eHeufr;kd rvif;rD olwa‹kd etdrf rS zrf;qD;cH&avh&Sd_yD; rsufpdrsm; pnf;aESmifcH&um a&-unftdkif odkr‹ [kwf tvm; wl pcef;rsm;odk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;cH&avh&Sdonf? rsufpdusdef;avmufatmif xkd;xm; onfh rD;a&mifatmufwGif ppfaq;ar;jref;r+ ðyvkyfonf? pD;u&ufaq;vdyfrD;jzifh tom;udk xkd;onf? *syefwdkv ‹ ufpGJ a&pufcs ESdyfpufenf;tjyif taemufwdkif;yHkpH jzpfaom v#yfppfusifpuf (electric shock) udkvnf; toHk;rsm;onf?

OD;ae0if;.t±kduft&mqufcHrnfhol 'kwd,tqihfyk*~dKvf[k ,lqcH&aom Akv d rf ;ª csKyfwifO;D onfvnf; ola‹ &SŒu oGm;ESi_fh y;D ol Adv k rf ;ª csKyfatmif}uD;. uH-urRm rsKd;udk ta-umif;jycsuf vHk;0 uGJjym;jcm;em;pGmjzifh óuHawGŒ&avonf? 1960 ckESpf rsm; apmapmydkif;umvu xm;&SdcJhaom jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD. wif;rm aom rl0g'rsm;jzihf -unfrh nfqv kd #if Akv d rf ;ª csKyf atmif}uD;onf ðyjyifajymif;vJa&; orm; vpfb&,f0g'Djzpfonf? rdbrJh Adv k rf ;ª csKyfwifO;D onf ola‹ rG;pm;zcif OD;ae0if; . ,Hk-unfpdwfcs&aom aemufvdkufwa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; ppfaxmufvS rf; a&;wyfzGJŒudk wnfaqmuf&if; olonf tm%m tqrwef}uD;xGm;vmonf? ol‹ vlrsm;omv#if EkdifiHjcm;odk‹ oGm;csifovdk oGm;vmEkdifonf? EkdifiHjcm;xkwf pmapmif rsm;udkvnf; axmufvS rf;a&;udpPtvdik‹ Sm zwfcGihf&&Sd-uonf?

Todk‹ E+dif;,SOftaetxm;jzifh xGef;awmufvmaom ‘EkdifiHtwGif;rS EkdifiH’ udk ol. wOD;wnf; òydib f ufr&Sd tjrifq h ;kH tkypf ;kd oltaetxm;tay: tm;aumif; aom _cdrf;ajcmufr+w&yftjzpf OD;ae0if; cHpm;rdvmonf? 1983 ckESpf/ arvwGifrl Akv d rf ;ª csKyfwifO;D tz,f&mS ;cH&avawmhonf? axmufvS r;f a&;t}uD;tuJ aemuf wOD;jzpfol Adv k rf ;ª }uD;bdek ED iS t fh wl olonf xkwyf ,fjcif;cH&_yD; olu, kd w f ikd f zefw;D

cJah om emrnfq;kd vSonfh a&-unftikd f xde;f odr;f a&;pcef;od‹k apv$wjf cif; cHc&hJ av onf? Adkvfrª;csKyfwifOD;. tawmfqHk; axmufvS rf;a&;olv#Kd &maygif;rsm;pGm vnf; txkwyf ,fc-H u&onf? jrefrmEkid if .

H oGuv f ufxufjrufvaS om axmuf vS r;f a&; vkyif ef;&yfrsm; ,m,D&yfomG ;avmufatmifyif ppfaxmufvS r;f a&; wyf zGJŒwckvHk; tiftm;csdeo J‹ Gm;cJhonf?

Ttajctaeay:wGif yxrqHk; tcGihfta&;,loGm;olrsm;rSm ajrmufudk;&D; ,m;rsm;jzpf-uonf? rsufrSefwifOD;udk xkwfy,f_yD; (5) vt-um/ 1983 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvwGif awmifudk;&D;,m;rS tm%mtqihfjrihfudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ jref rmEkdifiHodk‹ tvnfa&muf&SdvmcJhonf? (9) &ufae‹ Y xkdudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒonf &efukefòrd›awmf&Sd tmZmenfAdrmefodk‹ oGm;a&mufI usqHk;av_yD;aom jrefrmhol&J aumif;rsm;tm; *g&0ðy-uonf? xdak wmifu;kd &D;,m;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;onf olw‹kd . orRw c|rf'l;0S rf (Chun Doo Hwan) ESifh ZeD;onfwdk‹ qdkufta&muftvmudk apmihfar#mfae-upOf eHeuf (10) em&D/ (55) rdepfwGif jyif;xefaom AHk;wvHk; aygufuGJcJhavonf? tmZmenfAdrmef. acgif;rkd;tv,fydkif;aygufxGufoGm;_yD; r+d yGihfyHk rD;cdk;vHk;}uD; tlxGufvmcJhonf? ,if;aygufuGJr+toHudk &efukefwòrdv › Hk;vdkvdk -um;cJ&h _yD; awmifu;kd &D;,m; vHòk cHa&;tapmifh w&mausmfcefr‹ mS aoG;rsm;pd&k v J$ suf ajy;v$m;aeonfukd jrifawGŒ -u&onf?

(15) OD; yGcJ si;f _y;D aoqH;k cJ_h y;D xdt k xJwiG f 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ0if (4) OD; yg&So d mG ;cJo h nf? ,if;0ef}uD; (4) OD;rSm pD;yGm;a&;&m pDrHudef;0ef}uD;ESihf 'k=0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfol ±+qyf *|ef; (Shu Suk-Joon) / EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; vDbrfqyf (Lee Bum-Suk) / ul;oef; a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh pufr+0ef}uD; uifa'gif0SD; (Kim Dong-Whie) ESihf pGrf;tifESihf obm0t&if;tjrpfqdkif&m 0ef}uD; qlqefcsL; (Suh Sang-Chui) wdk‹ jzpf-uonf? orRw. pD;yGm;a&;&m twGif;0efcsKyfvnf; aoqHk;cJh&onf? '%f&m&ol (12) OD; wGif yl;wGpJ pfO;D pD;csKyfrsm;. OuU@jzpfol Adv k cf sKyf}uD; vDuAD ufEiS fh awmifu;kd &D;,m; owif;axmuf (5) OD; yg0ifonf? orRwESihf olZ‹ eD;twGuf &nf&G,fI AHk;axmifcJh jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; rdepftenf;i,faemufus_yD;rS olwdk‹ a&muf&SdvmonfhtwGuf tysuftpD;rsm;vSaom TAH;k aygufurJG '+ %frS olwv ‹kd w G af jrmufomG ;cJ-h uonf? jrefrmppfwyfEiS fh &JwyfzŒJGrsm;u AH;k azmufco JG rl sm;tm; csufcsif;vdu k v f &H mS azG -uonf? wywftwGif;wGifyif ajrmufudk;&D;,m;olv#KdESpfOD;udk t&Sifzrf;rdaomf vnf; wOD;rSm ypfcwfzrf;qD;pOfwiG f aoqH;k oGm;cJo h nf? trSew f &m;ay:aygufc_hJ yD; jrefrmtpkd;&udk EkdifiHwumu csD;usL;cJh-uonf? odk‹&mwGif avhvmoltrsm;pk

195

196 196

197

t-urf;zufrt + arG

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

owdrrlro d nfh t"dutcsufw&yf&adS vonf? ,if;tcsufrmS wcsdeu f oGuv f uf xufjrufvSaom ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;tzGJŒtaejzihf vGefcJhonfh (5) vcef‹uom qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; tiftm;csdeJ‹ roGm;cJhv#if ,ckAHk;aygufuGJr+ ay:aygufvmEkdifp&mt a-umif;r&So d nfh tcsufjzpfayonf? ,cktcg axmifoGif;tusOf;uscHae&_yDjzpfaom Adkvfr;ª csKyfwifOD;uJhodk‹ cdkif rmI tvkyóf ud;pm;aom axmufvSr;f a&;rª;csKyftopfwOD; xyfrcH eft ‹ yf&ef vdt k yf a-umif; OD;ae0if;taejzifh &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; oabmaygufro d nf? ola&G;cs,v f u fkd f olrmS Adv k rf ;ª }uD; cif!eG ‹f jzpfonf? Akv d rf ;ª }uD;cif!eG o ‹f nf jrefrmEkid if H ta&SŒbufjcrf; &Sd u&ifppfrsufESmpmwGif wyfpGJxm;aom trSwf (44) ajcjrefwyfr. wyfrrª; jzpfonf? ol. ppfoufwrf;wav#mufvHk; olonf ±Hk;vkyfief;t&m&Sdom jzpfcJh onf? Adkvfrª;}uD;cif!Gef‹tm; a&G;cs,fr+onf toifhawmfqHk; a&G;cs,fr+jzpfonf? tb,fa-umihef nf;? olonf ArmhwyfrawmfwiG f ppfom;yDyo D o jzpfco hJ rl [kwaf cs? wdu k yf rJG sm;jzifh jynfEh u S af eaom wyfrawmfwiG f olonfwu kd yf w JG yGrJ # rE$cJ zhJ ;l acs? ol‹ vdv k rl sK;d wyfrawmfwiG f &Sm;yg;vSonf? TuJo h ‹kd &mxl;opfwiG f ceft ‹ yfjcif;a-umihf olonf tvGeftusL; aus;Zl;wifayvdrfhrnf? odk‹ jzpfI olt ‹ aejzifh opPmapmifhod ±dak oawmhrnfqo kd nfrmS ar;p&m rvdak wmhygacs?

Adv k rf ;ª }uD; cif!eG . ‹f yxrqH;k ppfajrjyifrmS 1988 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmEkid if H wrsK;d om;vH;k u ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd qefu ‹ siaf wmfveS cf o hJ nft h csed u f rSjzpfonf? rwfv twGif; ausmif;om;rsm; qENjyr+rsm;u ZGefvwGif r_idrfoufr+rsm; ydkrkdjzpfyGm;ap_yD; Zlvidk v f wGirf l jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwDtaejzifh ta&;ay: ygwDnv D mcH usif; y&avawmhonf? pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;onfrmS OD;ae0if;u ol. aemufq;kH w&m; 0if&mxl;jzpfonfh rqvygwD OuU@&mxl;rS EkwfxGufa-umif; a-unmvdkufjcif; jzpfonf? rqvygwDOuU@ESifh jynfaxmifp}k uD;. orRwtjzpf acgif;aqmiftopf jzpfvmolrmS OD;pdev f iG jf zpfonf? trSwf (4) Armh±kdifz,fwyfwGif ESpfOD;twl&SdaepOfumvuyif OD;pdefvGifrSm OD;ae0if;. ,H-k unfpw d cf s&aom opPmcHwOD;jzpfco hJ nft h wGuf ,if;od‹k acgif;aqmif ajymif;vJvdkufjcif;udk jrefrmvlxk}uD;u cyf!Hh!Hh jyufvHk;wckuJhodk‹ oabmxm; -uonf? 1950 ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif u&ifaomif;usef;r+acgif;aqmif apmbOD; }uD;udk ajc&mcH&mS azGEikd cf _hJ y;D owfjzwfEidk cf ahJ om jrefrmppfwyfwyfzŒJGukd acgif;aqmif cJholrSm Akdvfrª;pdefvGifjzpfI olonf xkd‹twGuf emrnf}uD;oGm;cJhonf? Adkvfrª;}uD; pdev f iG Of ;D aqmifaom wyfzŒJG rsm;onf 1962 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f wGiv f nf;aumif;/ 1970

ckESifh 1980 ckt-um; tv,fydkif;ESpfrsm;wGifvnf;aumif; &efukefY ausmif;om; rsm;udk tpkvdkuf tòyHvdkuf owfjzwfcJh-uao;onf? ‘om;owform;’ [k emrnf&aom OD;pdefvGifrSm 1988 ckESpf/ vlxkqENjyr+ rsm;udk OD;pD;ESdyfuGyf&ef w&m;0ifwm0efay;jcif;cHcJh&onf? Twm0efwGifrl odom jrifompGm ol ta&;edrfhoGm;cJhonf? -o*kwfv (8) &ufae‹wGif wwdkif;wjynfvHk; tESH‹ jynfoloef;aygif;rsm;pGmonf vrf;rrsm;ay:odk‹ xGufI ppftkyfpkd;r+&yfpJ&ef awmif;qdck -hJ uonf? jynfov l x l t k wGuf (26) ESp-f um zdEydS cf cH &hJ r+onf vHak vmuf cJh_yD? pxGufonfESihf ppfwyfonf -urf;-urf;wrf;wrf; wHk‹ jyefcJhonf? qENjyr+rsm; tm; aoewfjzihf ypfcwfvlpkcGJ&ef ajcjrefwyfr (22) rS ppfom;rsm;udk apv$wfcJh onf? qENjyaeol vltyk }f uD;rsm;xJo‹kd ppfwyfu vufvw G pf y,fypfcwfcrhJ a+ -umifh tenf;qHk; vl (3˜000) cef‹ aoa-ucJh&onf?

TonfrSm rqvorkdif;wGifyif r&SdcJhaom aoG;ajrusr+jzpfonf? ,if;ypf cwfr+rSm rawmfwq jzpfysufcJhr+r[kwfonfhtjyif vufeuf[lI tyfwacsmif;r# r&Sdaom qENjyolrsm;. aoG;xkd;v+HŒaqmfr+a-umifhvnf; r[kwfygacs? OD;pdefvGif taejzifh ol‹q&morm;.trdef‹udk vG,fvifhwul taumiftxnfazmf aqmif &GufcJhjcif;r#om jzpfygonf? OD;ae0if;onf ZlvkdifvwGif &mxl;rS EkwfxGuf&mY “wEkid if v H ;kH u vlxak wGuakd jymr,f? qlqyl yl v l yk v f ‹kd &S&d ifawmh ppfwyfqw kd m ypf&if rSefatmifypfw,f” [k wjynfvHk;&Sd vlxk}uD;tm; aemufqHk;ydwf E+wfquftrSm pum;ajym-um;oGm;cJo h nf r[kwyf gavm? xdkokda‹ jymcJhonfhtwdkif; ppfwyfonf ypfcJhavonf? odk&‹ mwGif ,ckw}udrf ypfcwfro + nf rnfor‹kd # rpGr;f aqmifEidk cf ahJ cs? vlx}k uD;tm; tpkvu kd t f òyHvu kd f owf jzwfcJhaomfjim;vnf; &efukef/ rEœav;ESihf jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif; ucsifawmifwef; &Sd jrpf}uD;em;rS awmifydkif;tpGef&Sd aumhaomifòrd›txd wjynfvHk;tESHŒ òrd›e,fwdkif;/ aus;&Gmwdkif;u twef;tpm; tv$mrsKd;pHkrS EkdifiHol EkdifiHom;tm;vHk;onf vrf;r rsm;ay:wGif qufvufcsDwuf qENjyqJyifjzpfonf? OD;ae0if;. ±kyjf yorRwtjzpf (18) &uf-um oufwrf;om wnf_rJc_hJ yD; -o*kwv f (12) &ufae‹wiG f OD;pdev f iG f &m xl;rS EkwfxGufay;vdkuf&avonf? zJxkyfxJrS aemufxyf *sKdumwaumifudk a&G;&jyefavonf? ,ckw}udrf ta&G;cH&olrmS Oya'ynm&Sif wydik ;f / pma&;q&m wydik ;f jzpfaom a'gufwmarmif armifjzpfonf? -urf;-urf;wrf;wrf; udkifwG,fr+rSm t±+H;ESihf&ifqdkifcJh&_yDjzpfI ydkrdkaysmhaysmif;aom vrf;a-umif;udk toHk;cs-unfhjcif;jzpfonf? od&k‹ mwGif jynfol

197

198 198

199

t-urf;zufrt + arG

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

vlxkudk Todkt ‹ ±l;vkyfI r&awmhacs? jynfolvlxktaejzifh rqvtm%mydkifwdk‹ . ta-umudk aemausaeav_yD? ausmif;om;rsm;/ Ak'<bmom&[ef;awmfrsm;/ a&SŒaersm;/ ausmif;q&mrsm;/ q&m0efrsm;/ v,form;}uD;rsm;/ puf±Hktvkyf±Hk tvkyform;rsm;ESihf qdkufum;orm;tp olawmif;pm;tqHk; jynfolrsm;onf ydkrdk rsm;jym;pGm qENjyr+rsm;wGif yg0ifvm-uonf? Tr# xkEiS x fh nfEiS fh tkwaf tmfaomif; eif; qENjyr+rsKd; óuHawGŒ&v#if urBmhrnfonfhae&m&Sd rnfonfhtpdk;&rsKd;rqdk òyduGJ ysufp;D oGm;_yD; yËdyuQ ajz&Si;f I&Ekid af om vdu k af vsmr+rsKd; ðyvky&f ayvdrrhf nf? od‹k aomfvnf; okwfoifa&; tawG;tac:udk tppftrSef udkifwG,fxm;aom jrefrm ppfwyfonf wvufrr# qkwfray;cJhacs? vkdufavsmr+rsm; ðyvkyfrnfhtpm; ,if; wdk‹. vHk;0O\Hk tm%mqkyfudkifxm;r+tm; apm'uwufrdaom jynfolvlxkudk wyfrawmfu tjypfay;'%fcwfavawmhonf? pufwifbmvþ(18)þ&ufae‹wiG f jrefrmhwyfrawmf.t}uD;tuJ Adv k cf sKyf}uD; apmarmif. tcef;u¾ a&mufvmonf? [efjytm%modr;f yGjJ zifh a'gufwm armif armifudk z,f&mS ;ypfvu kd o f nf? ppfwyfrsm;udk xyfraH pv$wjf yefonf? taumif;qH;k zGJŒpnf;yHkjzifh v+yf&Sm;&if; ppfwyfonf jynfolwtkyfpk_yD;wtkyfpkudk jruf&dwfonfh yrm &Sif;csoGm;avonf? jynfolvlxktajrmuftjrm; xyfrHaoaus&jyefonf? vwfvwfqwfqwftowfcx H m;&aom vufeufrhJ jrefrmt&yfom; axmifaygif; rsm;pGm. tavmif;rsm;tay:wGif EkdifiHawmf_idrf0yfydjym;r+wnfaqmufa&;tzGJŒ [laom ppftpkd;&w&yfudk xlaxmifvdkufavonf? (9) vcef‹ _idrfoufoGm;aomf vnf; omom,m,mum; r[kwfacs? uefu ‹ u G q f ENjyr+rsm;. xkxnfyrm%omru tpkvu kd t f òyHvu kd f owfjzwf r+twdkif;twmonfvnf; 1988 ckESpf ta&;awmfyHkudk 1962 ckESpfESihf 1974 ckESpf ta&;tcif;rsm;rS uGJjym;jcm;em;apayonf? ,cifu uef‹uGufqENjyr+rsm;udk tenf;ESit fh rsm; ausmif;om;rsm;uom ðyvkycf -hJ uonf? ,ckw}udrf v+y&f mS ;r+wiG f rl jynfolvlxku av;pm;-unf!kdonfh xif&Sm;aom acgif;aqmifwcsKdŒ yg0ifvm avonf? ,if;yk*~dKvfrsm;onf OD;ae0if;. tjrifhqHk; tm%mydkifqdkifr+udk twdt vif; pdefac:cJh-uonf? OD;ae0if;ae&mwGif ol‹±kyfao;±kyfrsm; jzpfonfh OD;pdefvGif/ a'gufwm armifarmifESihf ,ckAdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwkd‹u tajymif;tvJ jrefqef pGm tqihfqifh qufcHcJh-u&onf? -o*kwfv uefu ‹ GufqENjyr+wGif yxrqHk; vlod &Sif-um; xkwfazmfajym-um;vmol jrefrmEkdifiH. EkdifiHhacgif;aqmifa[mif;}uD;rSm vGefcJhonfh (8) ESpfu EkdifiH&yfjcm;wGif cdkv+H&mrS jrefrmEdkifiHodk‹ jyefvmcJhol OD;Ekjzpf

onf? touf (80) ausm_f yjD zpfaom ,cif0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;u 1962 ckEpS f tm%m odrf;r+onf w&m;r0ifbJ ,if;. tpdk;&onfomv#if w&m;0ifwckwnf;aom tpd;k &jzpfonf[k a-unmvdu k af vonf? od&k‹ mwGif ‘'Drkdua&pDv+yf&Sm;r+}uD;rSaeI vlóuduftrsm;qHk; acgif;aqmift jzpf Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;. orD;jzpfol a':atmifqef;pk-unfþay:xGuv f mjcif;onf 13 f (26) &ufae‹w ‹ iG f a&$w*d b kH &k m; ydrk kd ta&;}uD;aumif; }uD;ayvdrrhf nf ’ -o*kwv . taemufbufapmif;wef;rkcfOD;wGif ðyvkyfaom vlxkpnf;a0;yGJ}uD;Y olr yx rqHk;t}udrf ay:xGufvmonfhtcg jynfolvlxk axmifaomif;csDI wufa&muf vmcJ-h uonf? trsm;pkrmS ausm-f um;vSaom olr. zcifjzpfoal -umifh olrudk vm a&muf-unfh±+vdk-ujcif;jzpfonf? odak‹ omfvnf; ra-umufr&GHŒ&Sdr+/ OD;ae0if;. vl owf&ef 0efrav;aom ppfom;rsm;. _cdrf;ajcmufr+rS rwGef‹r&GHŒr+ ponfh olr. ud, k yf ikd t f &nftcsif; oufoufrsm;uom olrudk r-umrDyif xifay:ausmfapmap cJah vonf? olr &Sad ejcif;uyif OD;ae0if;twGuf _crd ;f ajcmufrw + &yfjzpfaecJo h nf? usq;kH oGm;&Smaom wyfrawmf. zcifxrH S t,H-k unf&qH;k &Jabmf&b J ufwOD; 14 taejzihf wyfrawmfukd vufajymif;tarGqufc&H ,lc&hJ [ef Zmwfvrf;/ vl-um;xJ ysHEa‹HS eap &ef 1962 ckEpS u f pI OD;ae0if;u óud;pm;cJo h nf? ,cktcgwGirf l Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; . orD;jzpfou l , kd w f ikd u f OD;ae0if;ESihf ol. wygwDtm%m&Sipf epfukd twdtvif; pdeaf c:vsu&f adS eav_yD? ppfaxmufvS r;f a&; t}uD;tuJjzpfvmol Adv k rf ;ª }uD;cif!eG t ‹f aejzifh olrudk wefjyefacszsuf&efESihf wwdkif;wjynfvHk; ay:aygufvsuf&Sdaom v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;udk z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;ypf&ef wm0ef&Sdvmavonf? a':atmifqef;pk-unf. t&if;ESD; qH;k aemufvu kd w f OD;rSm ,cifa&wyfrawmfrS Adv k rf ;ª a[mif;wOD;jzpf_y;D u|eaf wmf. rdwfaqGa[mif;ESihf &Jabmfa[mif;wOD;jzpfol OD;baomf (odr‹k [kwf) armifaomfu jzpfonf? -o*kwv f (31) &ufae‹wiG f armifaomfuonf ol. rdwaf qGjzpfol {&m 0wDa&wyfpcef; wyfrª;Adkvfrª;}uD; oef;!Gef‹xH yk*~dKvfa&;pmwapmif atmufyg twkdif; a&;cJhonf? “wyfrawmftaeeJ‹ a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd &efov l o kd abmxm;_y;D vky}f uH owfjzwfzdk‹ tpDtpOfawG vkyfaew,f? tJ'DtxJrSm udk,fvJ vlowform;wdk‹&JŒ ypfrw S w f ck jzpfaew,f” armifaomfuonf aemufwESpft-umwGif tzrf;cHcJh_yD; tvkyf-urf;ESihf

199

200 200

201

t-urf;zufrt + arG

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

tESpf (20) axmif'%fcsrSwfcHcJh&onf? 1991 ckESpfwGif olonf tif;pdefaxmif twGif;wGif aoqHk;cJhavonf’ 15 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif ta,mifaqmif tm%modrf;r+jzpfyGm; _yD;aemuf a':atmifqef;pk-unfonf wEkid if v H ;kH tES‹H c&D;oGm;_yD; vlxt k m; awGŒqkH cJo h nf? olroGm;av&mwkid ;f wGif olrtm; ol&aJ umif;wOD;tjzpf óudqckd -hJ uonf?

1989 ckESpf/ {_yDv (5) &ufae‹wGif &efukeftaemufawmifydkif;wGif&Sdaom {&m 0wDjrpf0u|e;f ay:a'orS "EkjzLòrdu › av;od‹k olra&muf&o dS mG ;cJo h nf? olrESifh vlw pk vrf;wcktwdkif; av#mufvmcJh&mwGif ppfwyfrS Adkvf}uD;jrifhOD;onf olw ‹ yfESihft wl olrudk xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifvmcJhonf? ‚if;t&m&Sdu ol‹ppfom;rsm;tm; aoewf udk usnx f ;kd I olrudck sed &f , G &f ef trdea‹f y;vdu k o f nf? oda‹k omfvnf; a':atmifqef; pk-unfu olr‹ dwfaqGa&mif;&if;rsm;tm; vrf;ab;odq k‹ if;&ef ajymvdkuf_yD; olrw OD;wnf; owWd&SdpGm a&Sq › ufwdk;oGm;cJhonf? uHaumif;axmufrpGmyif Adkvfr;ª wOD; xdktcsif;jzpfyGm;&modk‹ a&muf&Sdvm_yD; Akdvf}uD;jrihfOD; qufvufrvkyfaqmifEkdif&ef wm;jrpfcJhonf? rnfodk‹yifqdkap e0w. oabmwlnDr+t&om Akdvf}uD;jrihfOD;u ,if;od‹k aqmif&u G cf jhJ cif;jzpfayonf? olonf &mxl;wd;k jr‡ichf cH &hJ onf? Akv d rf ;ª . uH -urRmudrk l rod&awmhacs? tajctaeonf wif;rmvmcJo h nf? {_yDvapmapmydik ;f wGif &efuek òf rdY› usif; yaom e0w. owif;pm &Sif;vif;yGJwGif (7) &ufae‹xkwf vkyfom;jynfola‹ e‹pOf owif;pmtwdkif;qdk&v#if ‘tajctjrpf r&Sdolrsm;. rdk;vHk;jynfh rkom0g'rsm;’ ESihf ywfoufI Akv d cf sKyf}uD;apmarmifu &Si;f vif;jycJo h nf? ,if;oda‹k om aumvm[v wckrmS {_yv D (2) &ufae‹xw k f befaumufae‹pOfxw k f ‘The Nation’ owif;pmwGif yg&Sdaom owif;wyk'fjzpfonf? ,if;owif;u ‘aemufqHk; aumv[vwckrSm weoFm&Dwdkif;twGif;wGif tpdk;&. OD;aqmifr+jzifh vl (30) yg0ifaom wyfzGJŒwzGJŒ udk zGJŒpnf;cJha-umif;/ ,if;wyfzGJŒudk 'kwd, *VKefOD;apmtkyfpk[k emrnfay;xm;_yD; vufeuftjynfw h yfqifxm;a-umif;ESifh ,if;wyfzŒJG. vkyif ef;wm0efrmS a':atmif qef;pk-unfudk vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef jzpfa-umif; [lIjzpfonf’ [k a&;om;xm; onf? olw. dk‹ &nf&G,fcsuf txajrmufatmifjrif_yD;ygu ‚if;tkyfpkonf tcsdeft wef-um ajratmuf0ifomG ;&efjzpfonf? rnfoydk‹ ifjzpfap/ a':atmifqef;pk-unfrSmrl ypfcwfjcif; rcHcJh&ay? odak‹ omf vnf; ‘1989 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (20) &ufae‹wiG f &efuek w f uUov kd &f yd o f mvrf;&Sd olr aetdrfudk ppfwyfu 0dkif;vdkuf_yD; olrudk tus,fcsKyfcsxm;vkdufawmhonf?’ 16

OD;ae0if;aexkid &f m tif;vsm;uefeaH b; tjcm;wbufurf;Y olr aeae&_yD; xdak e &monf olr.zcifukd vky}f uHowfjzwf&ef *VKefO;D apmtkypf u k tpDtpOfqJG Zmwf wdkufcJhonfhae&m teD;wGifyif jzpfavonf? olrwnfaxmifcJhaom ygwDjzpfonfh trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf. 'k=OuU@onfvnf; zrf;qD;cHc&hJ _yD; axmif'%fEpS f &Snu f soGm;cJo h nf? olonf ,cifuvnf; axmif'%fuscHc&hJ zl;onf? ,if;yk*Kd~ vf rSm 1988=89 'Dru dk a&pDta&;awmfy. kH a&SŒwef;rS ay:xGuv f mcJah om wyfrawmf . ppfOD;pD;csKyfa[mif; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wifOD; jzpfavonf? a':atmifqef;pk-unfrSm xdef;odrf;cHvdkuf&aomfvnf; olr. vlóudufrsm; a&yef;pm;r+rSm usqif;roGm;cJh ay? olrudk ab;z,fxw k v f u kd _f y;D aemuf 1988 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvu tm%modr;f pOfu uwday;cJo h nft h wdik ;f taxGaxGa&G;aumufyu JG kd usif;yay;&ef pdwcf soGm; &_yD[k ppfwyfu awG;xifcJhavonf? odk‹ jzihf 1990 jynfhESpf/ arv (27) &ufae‹ wGif jrefrmjynfolvlxkonf a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;cJh-u&onf? trsKd;om;'Drkdu a&pDtzGŒJcsKyfonf jynfov ‹l w $ af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af e&m (485) ae&mteuf (389) ae&mudk tHh-op&m aumif;avmufatmif tEdkif&&SdcJhavonf? rqvwjzpfvJ wpn (wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ygwD) onf (11) ae&mr#om tEdkif&&Sd cJhonf? ,if;qENrJonf OD;ae0if;udk qefu ‹ sifa-umif;ESihf a':atmifqef;pk-unfudk axmufcaH -umif; jyovdu k af yonf? jynfolvlxku rdrdwdk‹.toHudk xkwfazmfcJhaomfvnf; ppfwyfu emcH&ef jiif;qefcjhJ yefavonf? jynfov ‹l w $ af wmfukd usif;yjcif;rðycJah y? xkt d pm; a&G;cs,f cH v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f (60) ausmfudk zrf;qD;cJh_yD; trsm;tjym;rSm tao;tzGJ pGJcsufrsm;jzifh v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrS ±kyfodrf;cHcJh-u&onf? v$wfawmf ukd,fpm;vS,f (10) OD;cef‹ xkdif;=jrefrme,fpyfodk‹ xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifoGm;cJh-u onf? ‚if;xGufajy;oGm;olrsm;onf 1990 jynfhESpf/ 'DZifbmv (18) &ufae‹wGif trsKd;om;!Gef‹aygif;tpdk;&udk xlaxmifvdkuf-uonf? 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcH&ol wOD;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. tudkawmfol OD; b0if;. om;jzpfol a'gufwm pdef0if;u ,if;tpkd;&tzGJŒudk OD;aqmifcJhavonf?

'Dru dk a&pDenf;uspGm a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&aom tpd;k &w&yfu &efuek òf rdw › iG f tkycf sKyf& rnfhtpm; OD;ae0if;. vufa0cHom; ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;wyfzGJŒ. t}uD;tuJ Akv d rf ;ª }uD; cif!eG ‹f ESpt f enf;i,ftwGi;f tvsiftjref -oZmtm%mwufvmonf udo k m jynfov l x l u k rsufjrifu, kd af wGŒ jzpfc&hJ avonf? ‚if;. oabmxm;wif; rmol tkypf 0k ifrsm;onfvnf; ae&m ydrk ckd idk cf efv ‹ mcJ-h uonf?

201

202 202

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

t-urf;zufrt + arG

OD;apm. aoewform;rsm; twGif;0ef±Hk;twGif; 0ifa&muf_yD; OD;atmif qef;ESihf ol. vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhonfrSm ,cktcg (59) ESpf&SdvmcJhav_yD? OD;apmonf tm%mtwGuf ol‹òydifbufrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;ypfcJh onf? odak‹ omfvnf; xdyfqHk;acgif;aqmifum; oludk,fwdkifjzpfrvmEkdifcJhacs? ol. tarGrSmrl qufvuf&SifoefaeqJyif? OD;atmifqef;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ jzpfyGm; _yD;onfhaemufydkif; okwfoifa&;enf;udk OD;ae0if;ESihf ol. twGif;pnf;&Sd aemuf vdkufrsm;u atmifatmifjrifjrif usihfoHk;cJhavonf? 1947 ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvtwGif; -urRmiifonfh xdkae‹wGif trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifwOD; usqHk;cJh&±Hkwifru wEkdifiH vHk;. ±kd;om;jrihfjrwfr+ESihf vufawGŒtouf0ifv+yf&Sm;aeaom 'Drkdua&pDpepf tay:wGif xm;&Sdonfh EkdifiH. *k%f,l0ihfºuGm;r+onfvnf; tpdwfpdwft¹r$m¹r$m ysujf ym;use&f pfc&hJ avonf?

OD;ae0if;taejzihf vky}f uHowfjzwfru + kd rpDrH r}uHpnfcv hJ #iyf if olonf OD;apm . tpOftvmtwdkif; xJxJ0if0if usihfoHk; rif;vkyftkyfcsKyfolwOD;jzpfavonf?

OD;atmifqef;.orD; a':atmifqef;pk-unfurl touf (32) ESpft&G,fwGif owfjzwfjcif;cHvdkuf&I _yD;qHk;atmif rvkyfaqmifoGm;EkdifcJhaom trsKd;om;ol&J aumif;.tvkyfudk qufvufaqmif-uOf;vkyfaqmif&ef óud;pm;jcif;om jzpfav onf? jrefrmEkid if t H aejzifh ,ae‹tcgor,wGif _ird ;f csr;f aom 'Dru dk a&pDpepfusaom om,m0ajymaom EkdifiHwEkdifiHtjzpf &yfwnfaeoihf_yD;/ ,if;o±kyfouef. trSwt f om;tjzpf a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd jrefrmtrsm;pku ±+jrifae-uavonf?

17 wae‹ae‹wcsdecf sdeYf vGwv f yfaom 'Dru dk a&pD jrefrmEkid if aH wmfwiG f ,if;oda‹k om pGr;f &nfEiS jfh ynfph o kH nfh acgif;aqmifrsm; ay:xGuv f mrnfrmS aocsmvSygonf? ydkrdkaysmf&$ifzG,faumif;aom tem*wfae‹rsm;odk‹ ar#mfrSef;&if; xkdtcsdefwGif ,if;acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm;udk xyfrHvufv$wf tqHk;±+H;cHI rjzpfawmhay?

eef;&if;0efOD;apmESifh twGif;0efOD;wifxGÉf ICS wkd‹ukd vef'efòrdŒawmfwGif 1941 ckESpf atmufwkdbm§Ekd0ifbmvrsm;twGif; awGŒ&ykH? _Adwdo#tpkd;&. zdwf-um;csuft& 0ef}uD;csKyf 0ifpwifcsmcsDESifh wjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh pum;vufqkHaqG;aEG;cJh-uonf?

Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

1948/ arv (8) &ufae‹/ tif;pdefaxmifwGif; t±k%fwufcsdefwGif OD;apm uGyfrsufcH&csdefeD; óud;pifay:wGif awGŒ&ykH 203 203

204 204

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

aumvm[vaygif;ac|;cH

jrefrmEdik if .

H xdyw f ef;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (19) &uf ae‹ Y owfjzwfcJhonfh OD;apm. &mZ0wfjypfr+a-umihf xdk‹twGuf jypf'%fuscH&r+ ESihf ywfoufI ‘The Burma Bulletin’ 1 pmapmifwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmt-um u|ef awmf aqmif;yg;oHk;yk'fa&;cJhzl;onf? xdkaqmif;yg;rsm;udk “òyH;r,f/ òyH;r,f= vl -urf;jzpfw,f”/ “wap>/ iSuaf ysmoD;ESifh oHy&m&nf”ESifh “u|eaf wmht f m; vufrid+ cf s umþE+wq f ufyg”þ[lIþacgif;pOfwyfc. hJ ? xdak qmif;yg;rsm;u u|efawmftm; tH-h o p&m aumif;avmufatmif wk‹Hjyefun l rD r+ sm; &&Sad pcJo h jzifh u|eaf wmht f aejzifh pmtkyf yHpk H a&;om;&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfapcJah yonf? pmtkyjf zpfvmaomtcgYvnf; pHkprf;ar;jref;r+rsm; a0zefcsufrsm; &&SdcJhjyefygonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹ trdajr. vGwfvyf a&;r&rD aoG;jzifh ay;qyfcJh&aom acwfopforkdif;udk pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;twGuf tcsKdŒrSm ya[Vdqefqef pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;vSonfhtwGuf u|Ekfyfwdk‹taejzihf xyfrpH ak qmif;r+rsm;/ jyefvnf&iS ;f vif;csufrsm; csufcsif;ðyvkycf &hJ ayonf?

befaumuf. ‘The Nation’ owif;pmwGif yg&Sdvmonfh emrnfausmf pm f ay: aumufEw k f a&;q&m r,f,m'l;AGKd ufpf (Mair Dubois) . u|efawmfph mtkyt oHk;oyfcsufrSm tao;pdwfus_yD; tawG;tac: eufeJvSayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olonf jrefrmEkdifiHom;ESihf EkdifiHjcm;om; pma&;q&mrsm; a&;om;r+tcsKdŒay:wGif om ol.awG;ac:r+udk tajcpdkufxm;ayonf? txl;ojzifh OD;xGef;vSatmif yg0if cJh&onfhtcef;u¾ESihf ywfouffI t_idrf;pm;Akdvfr;ª csKyfa[mif; OD;armifarmifa&; om;aom “jrefrmhtrsK;d om;a&;v+y&f mS ;r+rsm; (1940=1948)” ‘ (Burmese Nationalist Movements (1940-1948)’ udk tppftrSef t&if;cHtjzpf udk;um;xm;av onf? r,f,m'l;AGKd ufpu f ,if;pmtkyyf g atmufygpmyd'k rf sm;udk ud;k um;xm;onf? pmrsufEmS (317) æ“0ef}uD;tzGŒJ cef;rrSm OD;atmifqef;. ud, k yf ikd t f cef;jzpf _yD; jrefrmh&JwyfzGJŒ. &mZ0wfr+cif; pHkprf;axmufvS rf;a&;Xme t}uD;tuJ 'kwd, &JAdkvfcsKyf ±Hk;cef;.tay:wnfhwnfh txyfwGif&Sdonf? vkyf}uHr+jzpfyGm;csdefu Oa&myppft&m&Sd (2) OD;/ 'kw, d &JAv kd cf sKyf (pDtidk 'f )D tcef;wGif &Sad e-u_yD; ypfcwf r+rsm; jzpfyGm;_yD;_yD;csif; ‚if;wdkE‹ SpfOD; *spfum;wpD;jzihf armif;xGufoGm;cJh-uonf[k aemufw&ufae‹xkwf owif;pmrsm;u a&;om;cJh-uonf? aemufydkif;wGif ‚if;wdk‹ ESpfOD;rSm jrefrmhppfOD;pD;XmerS awmifydkif;c±kdif/ ppfOD;pD;rª;=Adkvfrª;csKyfeuf&Sf (Brig k rf ;ª csKyf=Adv k rf ;ª csKyf Nash) ESifh jrefrmhppfO;D pD;XmecsKyfrS axmufvS r;f a&;ppfO;D pD; Adv Edkuf (Brig Knight) wd‹k jzpfa-umif; od&&dS onf” pmrsufESm (321)æ“tH-op&maumif;onfhtcsufrSm pDtkdif'Dt}uD;tuJ taejzifh bmjzpfaeonfukd od&adS e_y;D tcif;jzpfymG ;_y;D _y;D csi;f rnfou ‹l kd zrf;qD;&rnf udk od&Sdaeonfhtcsufjzpfonf? r+cif;pHkprf;axmufvS rf;a&;Xme (pDtkdif'D) t}uD; tuJ/ 'kwd,&JAdkvfcsKyf OD;xGef;vSatmiftaejzifh aoewfypfcwfr+rsm; jzpfyGm;_yD; rdepfydkif;twGif;rSmyif &JAkdvfcsKyf (IGP) udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tcef;xJodk‹ ac: aqmifoGm;cJh_yD; ae‹rukefrDrSmyif &JwyfzGJŒwzGJŒudk OD;aqmifI OD;apm_cH0if;odk‹ oGm;cJh onf? (,if;wyfzGJŒrSm BAPS ac: jynfol&‹ Jabmf wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESifh zGJŒpnf;xm;aom t&efppfwyftzGŒJ jzpf_yD; ppfrjzpfru D _Adwo d # &J*s;D rifh (wyf) rS _Adwo d #t&m&Srd sm; OD; aqmif_yD; yef*syfESihf e,fpyfa'orsm;rS tdENd, rlqvifrsm;ESifhom zGJŒpnf;xm;

205

206

tcef; (7) &v'f ‘Adv k cf sKyfEiS t hf wl tzd;k wefacgif;aqmifaumif;rsm; u|Eyfk w f -‹kd um;rS aysmufu, G o f mG ;cJah v_y?D ol&aJ bma-umifvaS om &efo. l om;aumifjzpf cJ-h u&onfh ‚if;wdt ‹k m;vH;k rSm jrpfa&jyifvm$ Y jzpfay:vmaom a&ðryfyrm (odrk‹ [kwf) a&yef;yGm;rsm;rS wzef jzpfwnftyfaom a&ylaygif;rsm;yrm tvm;o¿mefwv l .

S ? u|Ekyf w f ‹kd cHpm;&or#um; Oyrmtm;jzifh E+id ;f ,SOf wdik ;f wmI r&Ekid af umif;wnf?h ’ (ocifEk toHvi$ rhf ed c‹f eG ;f =22 Zlvikd v f / 1947)

205

206

207

&v'f

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

onfh BMP ac: Armppfyv k yd t f zGŒJ ukd tpm;xk;d zGŒJ pnf;xm;onft h zGŒJ jzpfonf” pmrsufESm (339)/ rSwfcsuf (123) æ“vlowform;rsm; twGif;0ef±Hk; taqmufttHw k iG ;f rSþxGucf mG oGm;_yD; rdepftenf;i,f-um_yD;aemuf (pDtidk 'f D t}uD; tuJ/ 'kw, d &JAv kd cf sKyf OD;xGe;f vSatmifonf olt ‹ cef;rS &JAv kd cf sKyftcef;od‹k ul;oGm; _yD; tay:xyftcef;rS ±kw±f w k o f o J t J oH-um;&a-umif;ESifh oGm;-unf±h o + ihaf -umif; ajymqdkI tay:xyfwufoGm;cJh&m tjzpfqdk;}uD;udk awGŒ jrifcJh&jcif;jzpfonf” Todk‹ txufwGif qufpyfwifjycJhonfh jzpfpOfrsm;wGif yg&SdcJhaom u|Ekfyf zcif. tcef;u¾ESihf ywfoufI a&;om;ajymqdkr+rsm;udk u|efawmfhtaejzifh tav;wrl jyefvnfrwH‹kjyefcahJ -umif; r,f,m'l;AGKd uf (pf) u a&;om;azmfjycJo h nf? &nf!e¸ ;f csurf sm;rSm &efuek x f w k f owif;pmrsm;rS owif;rsm;tay: tajccHxm;yH&k avonf? vky}f uHowfjzwfrj+ zpfymG ;_y;D aemufw&ufwiG f yHEk ydS af zmfjycJah om Oa&my t&m&Sd (2) OD; owif;udk &nf!e¸ ;f xm;a-umif; 0efcrH + ðyxm;avonf? xdo k ‹kd tkwf atmfaomif;wif;jzpfaeaom tcsed w f iG f u|eaf wmfpak qmif;&&Sx d m;aom owif;rsm; rSm tjzpfrSefrsm;ESifh vkyf}uHowif;rsm; a&maxG;aeonf? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+udk e,fcsJŒ _Adwdo#wdk‹u }uHpnfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? 2 jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;rSm e,fcsJŒ _Adwdo#wdk. ‹ xifovdk jc,fvS,ftoHk;csr+udk cHcJh&onf? a'ocH jrefrmtrsKd;om; yËdnmOfcH 0efxrf;rsm;rSm olwdk. ‹ (txuft&m&Sdšq&morm;) _Adwdo#wdkt ‹ ay: ,dr;f ,kid rf t + wGuf tjypfqzkd , G &f mjzpfonfæponfwr‹kd mS vlxt k -um; xif&mS ;onfh ,lqcsufrsm; jzpfaecJhonf? T,lqcsuf oHk;csuftay: a0zefwdkufckduf&mwGif vusfmorm;rsm;xuf vuf0Jorm;rsm;u ydkrdkjyif;xefpGm wdkufcdkufonf? uGefjrL epf ae‹pOfowif;pmrS a&;om;wdkufcdkufr+rSm tjyif;xefqHk;jzpfavonf? ,if;odk‹ v#if tydkiftEkdifa&;om;ajymqdkr+rsm;rSm vkyf}uHowfjzwffr+}uD; _yD;_yD;csif;yif ydkrdk qd;k &Gm;vm_yD; xde;f rEkid o f rd ;f r& jzpfvmonf?

1947 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv (19) &ufae‹ eHeufcif; tv,fcef‹wGif *VKefwyfzGJŒ0if vlowform; (4) a,mufonf 0ef}uD;rsm;aumifpDcef;rtwGif;odk‹ twif;0if a&muf_yD; tcef;wGif;&Sd olrsm;tm; olwu dk‹ dkifaqmifvmaom atmfwkdrufwpf ao ewfrsm;jzifh puUe‹f (30) cef‹ -um ypfcwfc-hJ uonf? aoewfypforH sm;rSm taqmuf ttHkwck òydusoGm;ouJhokd‹ vnf;aumif;/ vufypfAHk; 'gZifaygif;rsm;pGm aygufuGJ ouJo h v ‹kd nf;aumif;/ ajymif;us,f atmfwrkd ufwpfvufeuf}uD;rsm; ypfcwfouJh odk‹ vnf;aumif; tvm;o¿mefwlvSonf? uyfvsut f cef;um; Adv k cf sKyf. uk, d af &;vufaxmuf Adv k x f eG ;f vS.tcef;

jzpf_yD; xkt d csed w f iG f {nfo h nfjzpfol ArmhppfO;D pD;XmecsKyf OD;pD;Adv k cf sKyf (General Officer Commanding Burma Command) . ukd,f&Hawmf (aide-de-camp) Adkvfoef;0if;ESifh pum;ajymvsuf&Sdonf? aoewfrsm; ypfcwfonfESifh olwkd‹ -urf; jyifwiG f 0yfaecJ-h uaomfvnf; r-umcif jyefx-u_yD; Adv k x f eG ;f vSonf pnf;a0;cef; r}uD;twGi;f ok‹d tajy;0ifa&mufco hJ nf? olonf yxrqk;H a&muf&v dS moljzpfonf? (tcef; 1/ pmrsufESm 46)? vufeufudkif vlowform;rsm; avSum;ay: wufvm onfudk jrifvdkuf&aom tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJŒ. vufaxmuftwGif;a&;rª;jzpfol OD;wift;Hk onf xkcd ef;rod‹k aemufxyf0ifa&mufvmoljzpfonf? xkdae‹/ paeae‹ eHeuf (9) em&DrS pwifI TtaqmufttHktwGif;wGifyif jrefrmEkdifiH &JAdkvfcsKyf OD;barmifonf tqihfjrifh òrdj› y&Jt&m&Sdrsm; tpnf;ta0;udk }uD;-uyfðyvkyv f su&f o dS nf? &efuek òf rda› wmf &Jrif;}uD; OD;atmifcsed Ef iS fh 'kw, d &JAv kd f 3 csKyf OD;xGe;f vSaS tmifwv ‹kd nf; xkt d pnf;ta0;od‹k wufa&mufvsuf&o dS nf? olw‹kd onfvnf; aygufurJG r+ sm;a-umihf xdwv f efa‹ csmufcsm;oGm;-uonf? ,if;aygufuJG r+udk oufaoxGufqdk&mwGif &efukefòrd›&Jrif;}uD;u tkwfrsm; òydusoHuJhodk‹vnf; aumif;/ u|Efyk . f zcifu tH;k tH;k ºuGuºf uGuq f n l o H rH sm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; xifjrif cJ-h uonf? od‹k jzifh xdak e‹tpnf;ta0;onf wefo ‹ mG ;cJo h nf? &JwyfzGJŒ. ±Hk;cef;rsm;onf ESpfxyftaqmufttHkjzpfaom twGif;0ef±Hk;. ta&S›buftaqmifwGif wnf&Sdonf? tpdk;&±Hk;cef;rsm;rSmrl ta&S›/ taemufESihf awmifbufww ‹kd iG f qufpyfwnf&adS eaom taqmufttHrk sm;twGi;f ae&m,lxm; -u_yD;/ ajrmufbufwGif taqmifao;wckom&Sdonf? ,if;ajrmufbuftaqmif onf (xdt k csed u f a&wyfrS ,m,Dawmif;,lwyfpx JG m;aom) pdea‹f ygvf (St. Paul's) ausmif;udk rsuEf mS rlvsu&f _dS yD; av;axmifyh /kH twGi;f 0ef±;kH taqmufttH. k pwkwˆ ajrmuf rsufESmpmjzpfvsuf&Sdayonf? ta&SŒbuftaqmif ajrnDxyfwGif&Sdaom jrefrmEdik if H &JAv kd cf sKyf±;kH cef;rSmrl Akv d cf sKyf.tcef;ESifh wnfw h nfq h efu ‹ sifbufwiG &f dS onf?þtaemufbuftaqmifþyxrxyfwiG &f adS omþAkv d cf sKyf.tcef;onf ðzwfIwyf I&aom eH&t H &Sirf sm;&S_d yD; tpd;k &tr+aqmiftzGŒJ cef;rtjzpf wd;k csŒJtoH;k csI&onf? txl;cHk±Hk;u oufaorsm;udk -um;emr+ pwifv#if pwifcsif;yif Ttr+}uD; . w&m;0ifwikd w f ef;oljzpfaom &efuek òf rda› wmf &Jrif;}uD; OD;atmifcsed o f nf w&m; vdb k ufrS yxrqH;k pwifoufaocHojl zpfvmonf? olonf jrefrmEkid if H &JAv kd cf sKyf ±Hk;cef;rS taemufbuftaqmifodk‹ vrf;av#mufvmcJh_yD; aumifpDcef;rodk‹ a&muf aomtcg AdkvfxGef;vSESihf OD;wiftkH;wdk‹udk ,if;ae&mwGif awGŒcJh&a-umif; olu

207

208 208

209

&v'f

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

oufaocHxu G q f ckd o hJ nf?

OD;xGef;vSatmifonf w&m;vdkjyoufaotrSwf (38) jzpfonf? olonf zswfvwfoGufvufoltjzpf vlodrsm;jym; xifay:ausmf-um;oljzpfonf? olonf taemufawmifbufxGufaygufrS pywfvrf;odk‹ um;armif;xGufcGm_yD; taemuf bufydkif;odk‹oGm;um awGŒor#vltaygif;udk ar;jref;awmhonf? ar;jref;I c&D; ra&mufonft h cg olonf taemufajrmufbuf*w d rf S jyefvmcJo h nf? xdt k csed w f iG f jrefrmEdik if aH wmf &JAv kd cf sKyf OD;barmiftaejzihf ypfcwfrr+ sm;ESifh ywfoufI od&EdS iS _fh y;D jzpfaeum OD;xGef;vSatmif jyefa&mufa&mufcsif; olu xkdowif;udk ajymjyvdkuf onf? xda‹k emuf olwE‹kd pS af ,mufv;kH owfjzwfr+ tcsi;f jzpfymG ;&mae&mod‹k csucf si;f oGm;cJh-uonf? xdk‹aemuf twGif;0efcsKyf (Chief Secretary) OD;umpD. ±Hk;cef;odk‹ qufvufoGm;-uum a-uuGJzG,f&m tjzpfqdk;udk today;cJh-uonf? OD;xGef;vS atmiftaejzifh OD;umpDESihf pum;ajymaeqJrSmyif uy`wdefcef;xHrS w,fvDzkef; tac:0ifvmonf? uy`wdefcef;tm; twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;odk‹vm&ef ajymvdkufojzifh ‚if;onf em&D0uftwGif; a&muf&Sdvm_yD; pDtkdif'Dt}uD;tuJtm; oludk,fwdkif tpD&ifcaH vawmhonf?

OD;armifarmifu olp‹ mtkyfxJwGif azmfjycJhaom Oa&mywdkufom; ppfwyft &m&Sd (2) OD;rSm jrefrmhppfOD;pD;±Hk;/ jrefrmjynfawmifydkif;c±kdifa'o wyfrif;jzpfol Adkvfr;ª csKyf ‘euf (&Sf) ESifh jrefrmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf±Hk; ppfOD;pD; (axmufvS rf;a&;) Adkvf rª;csKyfjzpfol ‘Ekduf’ wdt k‹ jzpf xkwfazmfod&SdcJh&onf? olwo dk‹ nf ypfcwfr+rsm;jzpf_yD; _yD;csif; *spfum;wpD;jzifh armif;xGufoGm;cJh-uonf? tmZmenfae‹ ywf0ef;usif avmufwGif xkwfa0aom ppftm%mydkifwdk‹. owif;pmrsm;u wdkufwdkufqdkif qdik f r-umc%qdo k vdk pmrsuEf mS (317) wGif yg&Sad om Ttv,fpmyd'k u f kd ud;k um; azmfjyavh&Sdonf? 4 pma&;olu Tta-umif;t&mudk &nf!¸ef;azmfjycJhaom pm rsufESm (339) &Sd rSwfpk trSwf (125) udk udk;um;v#ifvnf; qDavsmfayvdrhfrnf? (“Adv k rf ;ª csKyf euf (&S)f rSm tpd;k &tdraf wmftwGi;f &Sd bk&ifc.

H vufatmufcH dN ud, k yf ikd t f wGi;f 0eftzGŒJrþS twGi;f 0efcsKyfjzpfol yD*st D ;D euf (&S)f (P.G. E Nash) (tdE, yËdnmOfcH0efxrf;= ICS) . tudkawmfoljzpfonf? Zlvdkifv (28) &ufae‹pGJjzihf ay;ydk‹aom a-u;eef;trSwf (313) (Telm.Gvr-SSB, No. 313) pmydk'f (6) wGifæ Zlvdkifv (18) &ufae‹wGif u|Ekfyfonf zdvpf (&Sf) wufa&mufaeaom aq;±Hkodk‹ tvnfoGm;a&mufcJh&m ol‹taejzifh vufeuftrsm; aysmufqHk;aer+udk od&Sdae a-umif; awGŒ&SdcJh&onf? olu OD;apm. bef*vdkudk ntcsdefwGif ppfajrjyifoHk; rSef

ajymif;rsm;jzifh apmihf-unfhaecJh&m OD;apmonf vl (4/ 5) OD;ESihftwl avSwpD;jzifh t}udrftawmfrsm;rsm; rouFmzG,f&m tif;vsm;ueftwGif; oGm;vmaeonfudk awGŒ&cdS &hJ a-umif; owif;rsm; u|Eyfk t f m; xyfraH jymjycJo h nf? OD;apmtaejzihf aumif; aumif;rGefrGef t_rJ0wfpm;qif,ifxm;wwf&m ol0‹ goemt& rdef;rr+ayyJvm;[k ,lqcJhonf? ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;taejzihf OD;apmonf vufeuftajrmuftjrm; pkaqmif;aecJah -umif;þ,H-k unfae-uonft h csuu f þkd eufþ(&S)f þuþ[ef‹ (Lt.Col. Hunt) udk owday;cJh&ao;onf? ‘[ef’‹ qdkonfrSm jrefrmppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf/ umuG,fa&; Xme/ vHkòcHa&;t&m&Sd 'k=Adkvfrª;}uD;wOD;jzpfonf? TonfrSm vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ wu,frjzpfymG ;rDtcsdeu f jzpfonf? ‘[ef’‹ onf ppfrjzpfru D &efuek w f iG f pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;wckY tvkyv f yk u f ikd cf zhJ ;l oljzpf_yD; OD;apm.pdwt f xmudk od&cdS o hJ jl zpfonf? 'kw, d &JAv kd cf sKyfþ(pDtidk 'f )D þuvnf; olt ‹ m;þuefujkd zwfIþOD;apmtdru f þkd axmufvS r;f apmihf-unfhcdkif;xm;cJhonf? OD;apm.tr+wGif pDtkdif'D&JwyfzGJŒ. oufaoxGufqdk csufu-kd unfyh g?)” owfjzwfr+jzpfyGm;aecsdefwGif tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJŒcef;ratmufwGif &Sdaom ±Hk;cef;wGif qm[l;bwfpf&ef‹. vufaxmuftwGif;0efjzpfol ‘qmepfavrdktm (Sir Nick Larmour)’ 5 onf tvkyv f yk af ecJah -umif; od&onf? Tonfu u|Eyfk w f ‹ kd 6 tm; ‘zdvpfeuf (&Sf)’ . tjcm;xGufqdkcsufwckudk tm±Hka&mufoGm;apcJhonf? ,if;xGufqdkcsufrSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf?

“TrESpòf rdz› , G f tjzpftysufowif;. tjcm;±+axmifw h ckrmS vky}f uHrr+ jzpf yGm;rD wywftvdkavmufY tpdk;&tr+aqmiftzGJŒwGif tpnf;ta0;&Sdaecdkuf tr+ aqmifcef;rodk‹ wufa&mufoGm;aom avSum;t0ifwHcg;0Y jrefrm&JwyfzGJŒESifh wGJ zufI wm0efcsay;xm;aom _Adwdo#t&m&SdESpfOD;udk wm0efcsxm;cJhjcif;yif jzpf onf? TonfrSm jrefrmvlrsKd; &JwyfzGJŒ0ifw. dk‹ *k%foduQmudk xdcdkufapojzihf ‚if; t&m&Srd sm;udk jyefvnf±yk o f rd ;f ay;cJ&h onf? od‹k jzpfav&m (19) &ufae‹u ‚if;t&m &Sdrsm;om wm0efcsxm;onfhae&mwGif &SdaecJhaomf rnfodk‹ jzpfysufEkdifonfudk cef‹ rSe;f wGuq f -unfI h &ayonf? tb,fa-umihq f akd omf olwo ‹kd nf vufeufrsm; udik f aqmifxm;-u_y;D rouFmzG,&f m vlowform;rsm; 0wfqifxm;-uaom ppfwyf,l eDazmif;ta[mif;rsm;a-umihf vG,fvG,fESihf ausmfjzwfcGihfay;vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs?”

Zlvikd v f (19) &ufae‹/ nae (4) em&D (25) rdepfwiG f ‘qm*D;vfbwfvw d 0f w d ’f (Sir Gilbert Laithwaite) xHo‹kd ,m,Db& k ifc.

H twGi;f 0ef ‘qm'AvsL'D azmifvm’ (R.W.D. Fowler) ay;yda ‹k om a-u;eef;pmwGif yg&So d nfh tcsut f vufrsm;ESifh zdvpf

209

210 210

211

&v'f

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

euf (&Sf) ajymqdkcsufrsm;rSm uGJvGJqef‹usifvsuf&Sdonf? (pmrsufESm=268 pmwGJ/ yl;wGJ pmrsuEf mS =230) ? ‘azmifvm’. owif;ay;ydc‹k suw f iG f rwdus rrSeu f efrr+ sm; jynfhESufvsuf&Sd_yD; vlowform;rsm; pD;eif;vmaom *spfum;wGif trSwf (12) ppfwyf. trSwt f om;rsm; yg&So d nf[k olu ajymqdck o hJ nf? oda‹k omfvnf; tpd;k & tr+aqmiftzGJŒcef;r. wHcg;0tjyifbufwGif wm0ef,lapmihf-uyfae-uaom vufeufudkif jynfo&l‹ Jabmfrsm;rSm aoewform;rsm; ypfcwfr+a-umihf jyif;xefpGm '%f&m&-u_yD; ‚if;vlowform;rsm;udk trSwf (4) ArmhaoewfudkifwyfrS wyfzGJŒ 0ifrsm;tjzpf olwu ‹kd rSwo f m;rdvu kd -f uonf? xdak e‹u tpd;k &tr+aqmiftzGŒJ cef;r . wHcg;aygufY &yfaecJhaom ±Hk;vkvifaomif;pdefonf awmpdrf;a&mif abmif;bD &Snf 0wfqifxm;cJo h nf? OD;&mZwf. i,f&, G Ef yk sKdaom ud, k &f aH wmf udak xG;onf aoewfypfcwfoHrsm; -um;onfESihf uyfvsuftcef;rS ajy;xGufvmjcif;a-umihf aoewfypfcv H u dk &f jcif;jzpfonf? olonf ppfwyfypkH H ,leaD zmif;udk 0wfqifxm;_yD; xkdtcsdefu ypPwkdaoewf udkifxm;cJhyHk&onfhtwGuf jynfol‹&JabmfwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm; ESifh txiftrSm;cHvdkuf&jcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? trSwf (4) ArmhvufeufudkifwyfrSm Adv k af e0if;. wyf&if;jzpfonf?

-urRmqdk;0ifonfh xdkae‹u vHkòcHa&;avsmh&JaeonfrSmawmh jiif;Ir&acs? tjcm;±Hk;wuf&ufrsm;ESifhwlaomfvnf; ae‹w0uf±Hk;ydwf&uf&onf[k u|Ekfyfwdk‹ ajymavh&Sdaom paeae‹wGif vHkòcHa&;rSmvnf; avsmh&Jaejcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? odk‹ aomf t&m&mrSm omrefyHkrSeftwdkif;jzpfonf? bk&ifcH. tr+aqmiftzGJŒtpnf; ta0; usif;yaecsdefwGif tr+aqmifcef;rodk‹ wuf&m avSum;&if;wGif _Adwdo# ppf wyfrS t&m&Srd sm;tm; wm0efcsxm;jcif;rSmvnf; t"dutm;jzifh taqmifta,mif oabmrsKd;om jzpfayvdrfhrnf? AdkvfcsKyf. ±Hk;cef;okd‹ csOf;uyf&ef tjcm;enf;vrf; rsm; trsm;tjym; &Sad o;onf? jrefrmvlrsK;d wd‹k *k%o f u d mQ udk xdcu kd af ponft h wGuf a-umifh EdkifiHjcm;om; tapmihft-uyfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;apcJhonfqdkonfrSm rSefuef aumif; rSefuefvdrfhrnfjzpfaomfjim;vnf; twGif;0ef±Hk;0if;twGif; vHkòcHa&;udk xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smuf&eftwGuf &JwyfzGJŒwzGJŒ wm0eft_rJcsxm;jcif;rSm xHk;wrf; tpOftvm jzpfonf[k ,H-k unf&ayonf? aoewfoHrsm; xGufay:vmonfESifh vlowform;rsm;. *spfum;udk xGuf ajy;&mwGif tqifoihjf zpfaeap&eftwGuf um;armif;olu avSum;ajc&if;em;od‹k armif;a&$Œxm;onfukd &JwOD;u xdak e&mrS qufvufa&$ŒomG ;ap&ef um;armif;ol udk ajymcJhaomfvnf; um;armif;olu a&$Œray;cJh[k od&Sd&onf? tcsKdŒtr+aqmif

aumifpD0ifrsm;wGif txl;t&m&Sdrsm; oufawmfapmifhrsm;&Sd-u_yD; AdkvfxGef;vSESifh udkaxG;wdkr‹ Sm xdktcsdefu teD;tem;wGif &SdaecJh-uonf? Todka‹ om óudwifowd xm; vkyfaqmifr+tcsKdŒ &Sdyif&Sdjim;aomfvnf; tm;vHk;csKyf-unfhvkdufaomtcg óud wifumuG,fr+rSm tvGeftrif;vdktyfaecJh_yD; xkdtcsdefu twGif;0ef±Hk;rSm wu,f yif ‘wHcg;r&S=d "m;r&S’d tajctaejzpfco hJ nf? t"du0ifayguf}uD;rsm;rSm [if;vif; yGiv hf suf&_dS yD;þ±H;k csdet f wGi;f wGiyf ifþarmfawmf,mOfrsm;/ vrf;oGm;vrf;vmrsm; O'[dk jzwfoef;oGm;vmvsu&f adS yonf? OD;apmu óudwifaxmufvSr;f &ef apv$wcf o hJ nfh tzGŒJEiS fh vlowform;wd‹k pD;eif;vku d yf goGm;aom *spu f m;wd‹k vG,v f , G u f u l l 0ifxu G f oGm;vmEkdifcJhjcif;u T wHcg;r&Sd/ "m;r&Sd tajctaeudk jyoaeayonf? vHkòcHa&;twGuf óudwifumuG,fr+ vdktyfjcif;. tjcm;odomxif&Sm;onfh tcsufrSm t"duacgif;aqmifjzpfol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fwdkifu &efoludk tav;rxm;bJ olt ‹ zd‹k jynfov l x l . k arwWmjzihf vHòk cHaeonf[k vGrJ mS ;pGm cHpm;rd aejcif;jzpfonf? TonfrSm jynfolvlxktrsm;pk}uD;udk &nf&G,f&if;jzpfonf? ol‹ taejzihf 0if0h gyv$m;r+ukd rESpòf rdo › jl zpfonft h wGuf tvkyrf mS jzpfap/ tdrrf mS jzpfap/ oloGm;av&m rnfonfhae&mYjzpfapæ ol‹twGuf txl;umuG,fapmihfa&Smufr+ vdt k yfonf[k olu rxifjrifrcd ahJ cs? oda‹k omfvnf; xdt k csed u f tEœ&m,fonf xifxif&mS ;&Sm; eD;uyfvsu&f o dS nf? _Adwdo#wdk. ‹ vufeufwdkufrsm;rS vufeufESihf cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm; tcdk;cHxm;&onfudk olvnf;odonf? Zlvdkifv (15) &ufae‹u ,m,DjynfxJa&; 0ef}uD; (aysmfbG,f) OD;jrvdkufygvsuf AkdvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif bk&ifcHxH oGm;a&mufum b&if;*ef;rsm;/ tykyd pPn;f rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom oHo,jzpfz, G u f pd &P yfrsm;ESihf ywf oufI awGŒ&x dS m;csuu f kd owif;ay;ydc‹k ahJ o;onf? ,if;udp&P yfrmS ZGev f (24) &uf ae‹wGif jzpfyGm;cJh_yD; wu,faysmufqHk;oGm;onfhtcsdefESihf aysmufqHk;a-umif; od&Sd csdefwdt k‹ -um; tcsdeftwef-um uGm[-umanmif;oGm;cJhonfESihfywfoufI ol. pd;k &draf omuudk OD;atmifqef;u ‘qm[l;bwfp&f ef’‹ udk xdt k csdeu f xkwaf zmfajym jycJyh gonf? Tr#avmuf tvGet f rif;ta&;}uD;aomudp&P yfrmS ,refae‹urS xdyf ydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm; od&SdcJh&onf? (tcef; 4/ pmrsufESm =137) oHk;&uf-um_yD; aemuf vkyf}uHr+}uD;rjzpfyGm;rD w&uftvdkwGif ocifEkonf qm[l;bwfpf&ef‹xH oGm;a&mufI ppfwyfvufeufwu kd u f rnforl nf0grSe;f rodaom olrsm;udk cJ,rf; rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm; xkwfay;cJha-umif; xyfrH owif;ay;ydk‹cJhao;onf?

Adv k cf sKyfEiS fh bk&ifcw H ‹kd awGŒq_kH yD;aemuf &efuek òf rdx › w k o f wif;pmrsm;u ,if;owif;

211

212 212

213

&v'f

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

udk rsufEmS zH;k owif;jzpf azmfjycJ-h uonf?

Tvufeufcdk;,lolrsm;tay: jrefjrefqefqef jywfjywfom;om; ta&;,l aqmif&Guf&ef tpDtpOfw&yfudk Zlvdkifv (19) &ufwGif usif;yonfh tr+aqmif aumifpD. aemufqHk;tpnf;ta0; tpDtpOfwGif OD;atmifqef;ESihf ol‹tpdk;&tzGJŒ u xnfo h iG ;f xm;_yD;jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0;_yD;onfEiS fh (48) em&DtwGi;f OD;apm. tdru f kd 0ifa&mufp;D eif;&SmazG&ef pDpOfxm;onf[v k nf; ,H-k unf&avonf?

Tvufeufcdk;,lr+udk pHkprf;ppfaq;&mwGif jrefrmh&JwyfzGJŒ. r+cif;pHkprf;ppf aq;a&;Xme (pDtikd 'f )D onf &efuek òf rd&› rJ if;}uD;ESifh yl;aygif;qufo, G v f suf aqmif &Gufvsuf&Sdonf? _Adwdo#wdk‹. jrefrmhppfOD;pD;Xme ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;uvnf; Ttr+udk udkifwG,fvsuf&Sdonf? odk‹&mwGif olwdk‹taejzifh jrefrm&JwyfzGJŒESihf rnfr#avmuf eD;uyfpGm yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonfudkrl rod&acs? Zlvkdifv (17) &ufae‹rSpI (pDtkdif'D) u OD;apmtdrfudk apmihf-unfh&ef wm0efcsxm;ay;cJh_yD; OD;apm. tdrfeD;csif;jzpfol uy`wdefcef;onf TteD;uyfapmihf-uyf-unfh±+&mwGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf? OD;xGef;vSatmifxH uy`wdefcef;. ae‹ nrpJ wzGJzGJ owif;ay;ydkr‹ +u *VKefwdk. ‹ ppfqifa&;tajccHpcef;udk pD;eif;&ef pDpOfr+udk jzpfap cJo h nf? *VKefw. ‹kd XmecsKyfukd olw. ‹kd Akv d cf sKyf/ vlowform;tzGŒJEiS t fh wl odr;f ydu k f rd_yD;aemuf a'gufwmbarmfESifh ocifApdeftp&Sdonfh qef‹usifbufštwkduftcH Ekid if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm;. tdrrf sm;udv k nf; 0ifa&mufp;D eif;-u&onf? aemuf&uf owWywfrsm;twGif; cef‹rSef;ajc vl (800) cef‹ txdef;odrf;cH-u&onf? 'kwd, &JAdkvfcsKyf (pDtkdif'D) OD;xGef;vSatmiftaejzifh ol‹tvkyfudkol vkyfudkif&mwGif u|rf;u|rf;usifusif vkyfudkifEdkifonfrSm xl;qef;vSonf r[kwfyg? ol&&SdcJhaom t_rJwrf;wyfrawmf. avhusifhr+ oifwef;rsm;tjyif ppfwyfESihf òrd›jy&JwyfzGJŒwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&onfh b0tawGŒtóuHrsm;u ol. yifudk,f t&nftaoG;rsm;udk taumif;qH;k taetxm;txd xufjrufomG ;ap&ef aoG;ay; cJjh cif;a-umihjf zpfonf? rsKd;±kd;pOfqufwnf&SdcJhaom rsKd;cspfpdwfudk qufcH&&Sdaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&; ESihf cyfuif;uif;aecJh_yD;/ olonf w&m;0if tm%mydkifrsm;tay: opPmapmihfod±kd aoI ol.wm0efukd xrf;aqmif&mwGirf l qEN*wd/ b,m*wd wdrk‹ v S w G u f if;atmif t_rJowd&cdS o hJ nf? jrefrmEdik if .

H òrdj› ytkycf sKyfa&;ESifh Armhwyfrawmfxw J iG f wm0ef xrf;aqmif-uol jrefrmrsm;xJwiG f olvv kd l tawmftrsm;tjym; &Syd gvdrrhf nf? _Adwd o#tpd;k & vufatmufcH rif;r+xrf;wd. ‹k obm0/ olw. ‹kd _Aw d o d #wt ‹kd ay: axmuf

cH,drf;,dkifr+twGuf vli,frsKd;cspfrsm;u olwdk‹tay: yxrwGif oHo,tjrifjzifh -unf±h a+ e-uaomfvnf; olw. ‹kd vkyif ef;qdik &f m toH;k 0ifra+ -umihf vGwv f yfa&;& _yD; tpdk;&rsm;vufxufY trsm;tjym;rSm vufcHjcif;cHcJh-u&onf? xdka‹ -umihf qdk &S,fvpfacgif;aqmif OD;ausmf_idrf;tygt0if rsKd;cspfacgif;aqmifrsm;. ,Hk-unfr+ udk &&Scd -hJ uol t&m&Srd sm;teuf (2) OD;rSm OD;xGe;f vSatmifEiS hf u|eaf wmf. a,muQr jzpfol w&m;0ef}uD; OD;aomif;pdew f ‹kd jzpf-uonf?

u|efawmf.pmtkyf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh yxrt}udrfESifh 'kwd,t}udrfxkwf rsm;wGif tusOf;csKH;wifjycJah om yk*Kd~ vftcsKdE‹ iS hf tjzpftysuftcsKdw ‹ . ‹dk zrf;pm;r+udk cH-u&aom pmzwfolrsm;&SdcJh-uonf? olwkt d‹ aejzifh ,if;wkEd‹ SifhywfoufI ykdrkdod &Sv d _dk y;D olwo ‹dk o d r#uv dk nf; r#a0vk-d uonf? *|eb f if*av/ apmpderf /H+ apmbOD;}uD; ESihf rmvf[x dk &muJo h a‹dk om yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf ywfoufqufE, G I f jzpfonf? _Adwdo#aumifpD. udk,fpm;vS,f ‘*|efpwsL;0yfbif*av’ udk u|Ekfyfpmtkyf wGif xl;jcm;qef;-u,faom t&yfjrihfjrihfESihf vl}uD;vlaumif;[k azmfjycJhonf? (tcef;=4/ pmrsufESm = 136 ESifh pmrsufESm= 143)? xdka‹ emuf xdktcef;tqHk;wGif ‘bif*av’ yg0ifywfoufqufE, G af er+ukd pma&;q&mrsm;u jzwfueJom azmfjycJh -uaomfvnf; bif*avonf OD;atmifqef;ESihf rdwfaqGrsm;udk qefu ‹ sifonfh tif tm;pkrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;rdy&kH avonf? xda‹k -umihv f nf; bif*avESifh olv ‹ v kd rl sKd; rsm;twGuf OD;atmifqef;onf _Adwdo#tifyg,mtusKd;pD;yGm;udk tEœ&m,fðy rnfholrsm; jzpfaecJhonf? OD;apmusif;yðyvkyfonfh ygwDyGJwckwGif ar*sm,ef;u ‘bif*av’udk OD;apmESihf rdwq f ufay;cJo h nf? ,ef;.tqdt k & *VKeft}uD;tuJEiS fh yxrqHk; awGŒqHkaomyGJwGifyif olwdk‹taejzifh OD;apmudk vHk;0tultnDay;rnfh ta-umif; vlwikd ;f -um;Edik af vmufatmif us,favmifaomtoHjzifh ajymqdck o hJ nf 7 k af &;txkyw ` jdW zpfaom ‘u|Ekyf . f jrefrm [k qdak vonf? ‘qmbOD;’ u ol. ud, jynf’ (My Burma) wGif ol‹ta-umif; w}udrfom wdkwdkav; a&;om;xm;onf? odk‹aomfvnf; ,if;rSm rSwfom;avmufatmif vHkvHkavmufavmuf ywfoufae ayonf? jrefrmwd. ‹k trsKd;om;a&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk rnfonfeh nf;ESirfh qdk zsufq;D ypfrnfh _Adwdo#e,fcsJŒ0g'D pifppfwOD;jzpfonfh tqihfjrihf òrd›jytkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sd

213

214

tjrifxufyx dk ;l

214

215

&v'f

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

wOD;ESifh ‘bif*av’ onf taygif;toif;jzpfvsuf&Sdonf? odk‹ jzpfonfhtwdkif; bif*avtaejzifh olw. dk‹ tpDtrHrsm;bufodk‹ ,drf;,dkif vkdufygvmrnf[k ,lq&onfh EdkifiHa&;-oZmwduUr&Sdol jrefrmwOD;ESihf rdwfaqGzGJŒ vdkyHk ay:cJhygonf? xkdtcsufESihfywfoufI 1947 ckESpftwGif; tjzpftysufwckudk qmbOD;u jyefajymif;a&;om;csufrmS atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf? “u|Eyfk w f o ‹kd nf zGŒJpnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'udk a&;qGaJ eqJjzpfonf? rGeEf iS fh u&ifwdk‹xºuGr+tay: ,if;onf tawmftwef -oZmoufa&mufr+&SdcJhayonf? wae‹aomtcg nae (5) em&DcGJwGif trnftm;jzifh ‘a':e,fbm;rif;yuf (csf)’ (Donald Burman Petch) [k ac:aom tqihfjrifh òrdj› ytkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdwOD;onf a&$awmif-um;&Sd u|Ekfyf.tdrfwGif u|Ekfyftm; tcsdef;tcsufr&SdbJ vma&mufawGŒ qHkavonf? u|Ekfyfonf ,cifu Todk‹ xkdolvma&mufawGŒqHkvdrfhrnf[k rxif rSwcf ahJ cs? u|Eyfk o f nf xdo k t l m; odaomfvnf; olu ‹ kd rawGŒrjrifco hJ nfrmS ESpt f awmf -umcJah v_y?D w&Ha&mtcgu olEiS u fh |Eyfk o f nf ajrmif;jrwGif twl&adS ecJ-h u_y;D olu ta&;ydkifjzpfI u|Ekfyfu puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;wOD;jzpfonf? 1930 ckESpfwGif u|Ekfyf onf w&m;v$wfawmfodk‹ &mxl;wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&csdefrSpI olESihf u|Ekfyfwdk‹ rawGŒcJh-u awmhacs? olvmvnfcsdefwGif olonfvnf; weoFm&Dwdkif;. wdkif;rif;}uD; jzpfae ay_yD? olESifh u|Ekfyfonf yËdoE<m& pum;rsm; ajymqdk-u_yD;aemuf yuf (csf) u “bOD;/ cifAsm;wdk‹ tck vGwfvyfa&;&awmhr,f? cifAsm;wdt k‹ aeeJ‹ zuf'&,ftpkd;& yHpk zH ŒJGvrd rhf ,fv‹kd u|efawmfem;vnfxm;w,f? weoFm&Dwidk ;f udk jynfe,fwcktjzpf u&ifawGudkay;zdk‹ cifAsm;&JŒ vkyfazmfudkifbuf vli,frdwfaqGawGudk cifAsm;bmvdk‹ rqGJaqmifwmvJ? 'Dtwkdif;omqdk&if u&ifeJ‹ ArmawGt-um; tjyif;txef òydif qdkifr+awG jzpfvm-uvdrfhr,f? u&ifawGtaeeJ‹ armfvòrdifudk olwdk&‹ JŒ t"du qdyf urf;vkyfEkdifovdk cifAsm;wdk&‹ JŒ &efukefudk cifAsm;wdk&‹ JŒ t"duqdyfurf;vkyfEkdifwmyJ r[kwfvm;? 'Dvdk tòydiftqdkif&SdrS wdk;wufrSmaygh”[k oluajymonf? xkdodk‹ajymonfhtwGuf u|Ekfyfonf t}uD;tus,f a'golykefxrdonf? xdk‹ a-umihf u|Efkyfuæ “cifAsm;u uav;uvm;pum; ajymaewmyJ? 'grkef‹a0wm r[kwfbl;? cifAsm;em;vnf&rSmu weoFm&Dwkdif;rSm u&ifawGu vlenf;pkjzpf_yD; ArmawGu vlrsm;pkqw kd myJ? ArmawGtjyif rGeaf wGvJ &Sad o;w,f? 'Dawmh vlenf; pku vlrsm;pkudk tkyfcsKyfzdk‹ cifAsm;rar#mfvifheJa‹ v? cifAsm;ajymovdkom vkyfvkduf &if r-umcif jy\emawG jzpfvmvdrrfh ,f? b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf u&ifawGukd wkid ;f wck ay;zdk‹ zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHkOya'xJrSm u|efawmfwdk‹ xnfhqGJxm;_yD;_yD? 'ga-umihf 'DudpP

rSm cifAsm;wdk‹&ufa&mwmxuf u|efawmfwdk‹u ydk&ufa&mw,fqdkwm cifAsm;em; vnfxm;yg? aemuf_yD; cifAsm;wdk‹ t*FvefrSm paumhcsfeJ‹ 0JvfcsfawG[m ESpfaygif; rsm;pGmuwnf;u udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihfawmif;aecJhwm cifAsm;wdk‹ ay;zdk‹ jiif;cJhwmyJ r[kwv f m;? cifAsm;t}uHðywmu u&ifeA‹J rmt-um; jy\emjzpfapzdy‹k ?J 'gudak wmh u|efawmfwdkt ‹ aeeJ‹ vufrcHEdkifwJhtwGuf 0rf;enf;ygw,f? cifAsm;vdk t*Fvdyfvl rsKd; enf;enf;yJ&Sdwm u|efawmfodwJhtwGuf 0rf;omrdygw,f? tck= cifAsm; oGm; awmhrvm;? u|efawmfnpmpm;zdk‹ tcsdefausmfaeyg_yD? u|efawmfvJ qmaeyg_yD? cifAsm;twGuf bmrS r&Sw d t hJ wGuf cifAsm;udk npmpm;zd‹k qufaezd‹k u|eaf wmf rajym awmhygbl;” [k ajymvdu k yf gonf? xdktcg olonf xvdkuf_yD;æ “xyfaqG;aEG;zdk‹ u|efawmfvmygOD;r,f” [k ajym&if; xGucf mG oGm;avonf? &uftenf;i,f-um_y;D aemuf &efuek &f dS _Aw d o d #aumifp.

D ud, k pf m;vS,f ‘a*s tufpfbif*av’ ESihftwl olonf xyfvmjyefonf? odk‹aomf u|Ekfyfu ol‹wdk‹udk awGŒqHk&ef jiif;qdkvdkuf&awmhonf?

ESpaf ygif; (40) eD;yg;cef‹ u|Eyfk Ef iS fh qufo, G rf j+ ywfaf ecJah om rdwaf qGwOD;jzpf onfh OD;bapmcifu tar&duefjynfaxmifp/k tm&DZ;kd em;jynfe,f/ ‘wlqif’ òrdr› aS e I 1949=50 ckESpf rsm;twGif;u pdefrH+ (tcef; 5/ pmrsufESm =145) udk olod&SdcJh a-umif; pma&;om; ajym-um;vmcJhonf? 1968 ckESpf. {_yDvtwGif;u u&if trsKd;om;pmapmifwGif ‘atmifqef;udk trSefwu,frnfolowfoenf;’ [laom aqmif;yg;udk a&;om;cJo h l u|Ekyf w f . ‹kd owif;axmufonf pderf a+H &SŒ Y ‘apm’wyfI u&ifemrnf ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf; &efukefòrd›/ atmuf-unfhjrifwdkif vrf;wGif u|Ekfyf. rdwfaqGESihf tdrfeD;csif;jzpfcJhpOfu ol‹emrnfonf OD;pdefr+Hom jzpfavonf? xdktcsdefu olonf tpdk;&tvkyfvkyfaecJh_yD; &mxl;rS csxm;jcif; cHaecJh&onf? u|EfkyfxH pma&;om;ol rdwfaqGonf OD;pdefr+H &JwyfzGJŒwGif tr+xrf; aejcif; &Srd &Su d v kd nf;aumif;/ tu,fI tr+xrf;aeqJjzpfygu 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v f wGif olonf tif;pdefc±dkif. wm0efcH [kwfr[kwfudkvnf;aumif; rod&Sd&acs? oda‹k omfvnf; u|Ekyf . f rdwaf qGuæ “u|efawmfonf OD;pdefr+Hudk oduQmorm"d&SdolwOD;/ E+wfapmihfpnf;olwOD; tjzpf txl;rSwfrdygonf? tu,fI ol‹a&;om;csufrsm;onf wu,frjzpfysuf cJhygu OD;atmifqef;ESihf olv ‹ kyfazmfudkifbufrsm; towftjzwfrcH&rD olt ‹ aejzifh OD;apmudk zrf;qD;cJhav[efa&;om;xm;jcif;rSm vkyf}uHZmwfvrf;xGifjcif;om jzpf

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ygvdrrhf nf? xda‹k -umihf tqdyk ga&;om;csufrsm; rnfr#rSerf nfukd olt ‹ aeESifh pOf;pm; I r&Ekdifyg? xdk‹ jyif u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±Hk;. &efukefowif;axmufu OD;pdef r+Hudk udk,fwdkifudk,fus vlcsif;awGŒqHkar;jref;cJhjcif; &Sdr&SdESifh xdkaqmif;yg;udk a&; om;csdef 1968 ckESpfwGif OD;pdefr+Honf toufxif&Sm; &Sdae=raeudk vHk;0rod&yg? odk‹ jzpfonfhtavsmuf ‘&efukefowif;axmuf’ taejzifh OD;apm.tr+wGif OD;pdefrH+ yg0ifaejcif;ESifh ywfoufI wqih-f um;udk ola&;om;cJjh cif;om jzpfayvdrrhf nf” [k a&;om;cJo h nf? tjcm;jzpfEdkifajc&Sdaom ±+axmifhwckrSm uy`wdefcef;u u|Efkyf.zciftm; vlu, kd w f ikd f vma&muftpD&ifc_H yD;onfah emuf Edik if aH wmf&AJ v kd cf sKyf/ twGi;f 0efcsKyf/ &efuek òf rd&› rJ if;}uD;ESihf u|efawmf. zcifwo ‹kd nf OD;apmudk zrf;qD;&ef qH;k jzwfcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? OD;apmtdru f kd 0ifa&mufp;D eif;&ef &efuek òf rd› &Jrif;}uD; OD;atmifcsdeu f kd wm 0efay;cJah omfvnf; olt ‹ aejzifh OD;apmaexkid &f m at'Dvrf;rSm tif;pdef pD&ifpt k wGi;f yg&Sad eonft h wGuf wHq ‹k ikd ;f aecJo h nf? od‹k jzpfI xkt d csdeu f OD;pderf o +H nf tif;pde. f c±kid rf c+ if;0efaxmufjzpfcyhJ gu olu ‹ kd vS r;f I today;ta-umif;-um;rdayvdrrhf nf? xkd‹a-umihf 'k=&JcsKyf (pDtdkif'D) jzpfaom u|Ekfyf. zciftaejzifh aESmihfaES;umþ-uef‹ -umr+rjzpfap&ef t}uHðycJh_yD; oludk,fwdkif xdkwm0efudk ,lcJhjcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf[k u|Efkyfem;vnfrdygonf? 1986 ckESpf {_yDvwGif xkwfa0cJhaom txufazmfjyyg u&iftrsKd;om;pmapmifwGifyg&Sdaom aqmif;yg;ESifhywfouf_yD; pdwf0ifpm;ol u&ifaoG;csif;rsm;&Sd-uonf? 1950 ckESpf -o*kwfvtwGif;wGif “om;owform; pdefvGif OD;aqmifaomwyfzGJŒu xkdif;=jrefrme,fpyf aumhu&dwfteD;wGif apmb OD;}uD;/ olt ‹ aygif;ygrsm;ESihf uk, d &f aH wmfrsm;ukd ajc&mcHro d mG ;_y;D aemufq;Hk Y &Si;f vif; okwo f ifypf&mY yg0ifomG ;onf[k rSm;,Gi;f owfrw S jf cif;cH&onfh Adv k }f uD; a';ApfAAD D ,ef;. tcef;u¾ESifhywfoufI xkd u&ifaoG;csif;rsm;u tawmfav;aqG;aEG; ajymqkv d m-uonf? u|eaf wmhpf mtkyt f cef;wcef;wGiv f nf; ‚if;tjzpftysuEf iS hf ywf oufI a&;om;azmfjycJh_yD; 0&rf;ajy; _Adwdo#Akdvf}uD;taejzifh u&ifacgif;aqmif . tzGŒJ xw J iG f ryg&So d nft h wGuf jrefrmppfwyfu olu ‹ o dk wfjzwfco hJ nf[k ajymqkd csuu f dk jiif;qkcd yhJ gonf? oka‹d omfvnf; u|eyf . f u&ifrw d af qGrsm;taejzifh ADA, D ef; ukd odyfpdwfr0ifpm;bJ ya[Vdqefqef xdktcsdefY apmbOD;}uD; vkyfaqmifaecJh jcif;uko d m txl;pdw0f ifpm;-uygonf? tb,fah -umifq h adk omf olonfomv#if 1946 h /l ckEpS f tapmykid ;f wGif u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±k;H autJi, f l (KNU) ukd zGŒJ pnf;cJo vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf wESpft-umwGif u&ifhykefuefxºuGr+ukd OD;aqmifcJhol

olwkd‹.av;pm;&aom acgif;aqmifr[kwfygvm;? u&iftrsKd;om;umuG,fa&; tzGJŒ autJif'Dtkd (KNDO) taejzifh autJif,l. vufeufukdifvufwHjzpfcJh_yD; ykeu f efxºuGr+ jzpfcsderf pS _yD; txufazmfjyyg u&iftrsKd;om;pmapmifyg aqmif;yg; xGuaf y:vmonft h csdex f q d v dk #if (36) ESpef ;D yg;cef‹ ausmfjzwfc_hJ yD; ,if;ykeu f efrr+ mS ,ae‹wkdif t"Ge&f‹ Snfvsuf&Sdaeayonf? autJif,l. tqkdygtjzpftysufESifh ywf oufI ykdrkdtao;pdwfjrifodEkdifap&eftwGuf u|efawmfu olwkdu ‹ kd zwf±+avhvm Ekdif&ef pmtkyfaumif;rsm; !¸efjycJhygonf? okda‹ omfvnf; jyefvnfrGrf;rHjyifqifwkd; csŒJxm;aom u|Eyfk . f pmtkyf 'kw, d t}udrf (t*Fvyd b f mom) xkwu f dk 1996 ckEpS w f iG f ±kdufESdyfxkwfa0_yD;onfESifh 1996 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif ,lEkdufwufuif;'rf; (United Kingdom) &Sd bDbp D D (2) ±kyjf rifo-H um;rS tmZmenfae‹ ESpf (50) jynft h jzpf taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh txl;tpDtpOfw&yfjyo_yD;aemufY ,if;ta-umif;t &monf xyfrHay:aygufvmjyefonf? 1996 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvtwGif;wGif vlawGŒar;jref;r+«yvky&f eftwGuf xkwv f yk af &;rª;rsm;u u|eaf wmfu h dk t*Fvefjynfo‹dk zdwfac:cJhonf? xkwfvkyfa&;rª;rsm;taejzifh 0d0g'jzpfaeaom u&iftrsKd;om;pm apmifyg aqmif;yg;acgif;pOftwkid ;f tpDtpOf.acgif;pOfudk tok;H «yvdrrhf nfuv dk nf; aumif;/ tpGypf cJG aH e&onfh _Aw d o d #w‹dk yg0ifywfoufrr+ mS t"duausm±k;d jzpfvrd rhf nf ukv d nf;aumif; u|eaf wmfwt ‹dk aejzifh xkt d csed u f rod&cdS ahJ cs? ‚if;±kyjf rifo-H um;tpD tpOftaejzifh tcsKa‹d om u&ifvrl sK;d rsm;. apm'uwufru + v dk nf;aumif;/ ,lau &Sd -unf±h o + t l ajrmuftjrm;. ±+wcf sru + v dk nf;aumif; jzpfay:apcJo h nf? taemuf EkdifiHrsm;xHrS cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf taxmuftyHh&&Sda&; ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh apmbOD; }uD;u ,if;c&D;vrf;ukd uHukdykHI tokH;cscJhjcif;/ ,cif0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;EkESifh AkdvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if; tp&Sdonfh wif;rmaomoabmxm;&Sdol Armrsm; yg0ifywf oufaer+ukd u&iftrsKd;om;pmapmifyg aqmif;yg;u pGyfpGJxm;jcif;/ jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm; tp&Sdonfh _Adwdo#tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;rS v#Kd‹0Suf v+y&f mS ;aeonfh yk*Kd~ vfrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k bDbpD D (2) tpDtpOfu wifjy cJjh cif; ponfwr‹dk mS wckEiS w hf ck qufpyfaeayonf? v#Kd0‹ u S v f y+ &f mS ;olrsm;. yxr qkH;tpnf;ta0;ukd jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;tzGJŒ 8 (Friends of the Burma Hill Peoples) ukd zGJŒpnf;onfhtcsdef 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifv EkdifiHawmf vkyf}uHr+rwkdifrD vef'ef-rdY› usif;ycJha-umif; ‚if;±kyfjrifoH-um;tpDtpOfu jyocJh aomfjim;vnf; autJi, f rl S txl;uk, d pf m;vS,f tkv d AD m boef; taejzifh _Adwo d # vkv d m;aom u&ifrsm;. tajccHvv dk m;csufudk tultnD&&Sad &;twGuf a&muf&dS

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

vm_yD;aemuf tpnf;ta0;ukd 0ufpfrifpwm yef;_cHtwGif;þ1948þckESpfþZGefv (30) &ufwiG u f sif;ycJ_h yD; ‚if;rdwaf qGrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k xkt d csdet f xd ,kH -unfaecJ-h uonf? rnfo‹dkjzpfap/ u&ifaomif;use;f olwyfzŒJGrsm;twGuf aemufq;Hk taumiftxnfay:vmaom tusKd;jzpfxGef;r+ESifh ywfoufI ar;p&mar;cGef;jzpf vmcJhonf? autJif,lwkd‹ 1949 rS 1960 txd qifE$Jaom ppfqifa&;w&yfvkH;ukd jyefvnf-cHikHokH;oyfI tajzay;cJholum; wjcm;olr[kwf? autJif,lOuU@ tjzpf apmbOD;}uD;ukd qufqHcJhol apm[efwmomar$; (Saw Hunter Tha Hmwe) (c) apm[efwm aumupm (tkyfpkd;ol) jzpfonf? olonf 1963 ckESpf &efukefwGif usif;yaom _idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ.&v'ftjzpf A[kdtpkd;&xH vufeufcsoGm; cJo h nf? rwfv (22) &ufae‹wiG f &efuek jf refrmhtoHraS eI u&ifvrl sKd;wkt ‹d m; olt ‹ awGŒt¯uHrsm;ukd jyefajymif;ajymjyoGm;cJo h nf? atmufygwkr‹d mS qufpyfaom aumuf Ekwcf surf sm;jzpfonf? “autJif'DtkdxJrSm&SdwJh u|efawmfwkd‹taeeJ‹ 1949 u 1952 txd ppftul taxmuftyHh&&Sdzkd‹ taemufbufukd ar#mf-unfhcJh-uw,f? tquftoG,f &&SdEkdif r,fv‹dk ar#mfvifch sufe‹J e,fpyfuo dk mG ;wJh vrf;c&D;rSmyJ apmbOD;}uD;eJ‹ apmpHau;w‹dk usq;Hk cJ&h w,f? 'gayr,fh bmtultnDrSr&cJb h ;l ? 1953 cku 1960 txd taemuf ukdausmckdif;_yD; ta&SŒbuf (jrefrmjynfwGif;u ulrifwefwyfzGJŒrsm;/ xkd‹aemuf w±kwfeD ESpfckvkH; ratmifjrifcJh) ukd tultnD&zkd‹ u|efawmfwkd‹ -unhf-ujyefw,f? tJ'o D ifcef;pmrsm;&&S_d yD; 1960 aemufyidk ;f up_yD; uk, d u hf , dk u f t dk m;uk;d zk‹d uk, d v hf rf; ukd,foGm;zkd‹ u|efawmfwkd‹ qkH;jzwfcJh-uw,f?”

'Dru dk a&pDpepfwiG f Ekid if aH &;ygwDrsm; ouf0ifvy+ &f mS ;Ekid af &;twGuf &efyaHk iG axmufyahH &;onf toufaoG;a-umozG,jf zpfonf? ok‹d jzpfI csr;f omºuG,0f aom wOD;csi;f yk*Kd~ vfrsm;xHrv S nf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;rSvnf;aumif; tvSLaiG rsm;ukd Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;u vG,v f ifw h ulvufc-H uonf? vSL'gef;olrsm;uvnf; tjyeftvSet f m;jzifh OD;pm;ay;r+udk ar#mv f if-h uonfrmS xif&mS ;onf? ajrykid &f iS rf sm;/ ukeo f nf}uD;rsm;tjzpf csrf;omºuG,0f olrsm; pm&if;0ifEidk o f rl sm; jrefrmrsm;xJwiG f tvGe&f mS ;yg;onf? oka‹d omfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;}uD;trsK;d rsK;d vkyu f idk _f y;D ,if;pepf twGif;rSyif tusKd;tjrwfaiG ajrmufjrm;pGm pkaqmif;rdaom w±kwfrsm;/ tdENd, vlrsKd; tajrmuftjrm;&So d nf? wcsKdt ‹ aejzifh olwp‹dk w d ¯f uduf Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;. aiGtdwfukd ulnDjznfhay;-uonfrSm ,kHrSm;p&mr&Sdacs? Oa&myukr`%D}uD;rsm;wGif trsm;pkrSm _Adwdo#wkd‹ jzpf_yD; olwkd‹. }uD;rm;us,fjyef‹ aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr+ESifh

&Snfvsm;aomuGef&ufjzifh ukdvkdeDEkdifiHwkd‹. pD;yGm;a&;ukd tykdifpD;tkyfpkd;xm;-u onf? tpk;d &tzGŒJ twGi;f wGiv f nf; ‚if;wk. ‹d tkypf u k tm%mcsed cf iG ! f mS ukd xde;f xm; -uonf? jyefvnfodrf;ykduf_yD; 'kdrDeD,Htqifhukd vufrcHbJ vkH;0vGwfvyfa&;ukd awmif;qkrd + xif&mS ;vmonfw h idk f olwt ‹dk aejzifh a'oqkid &f m Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;ukd odrf;oGif;pnf;±kH;&ef olwkd‹ukd,folwkd‹ vkdtyfonf[k rxif-uacs? *VKefOD;apm.

EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;um; tqkH;tpr&Sdacs? ol&‹ nfrSef;csuf jynfhajrmufap&ef rnfokda‹ om pnf;urf;uvem;ukdr# *±krpkdufcJhacs? EkdifiHjcm;rS aiGa-u;taxmuf tyHhukd &Sm}uH&,lxdef;odrf;EkdifolrSm olomv#if yxrOD;qkH;ol jzpfayonf? ol. eef;&if;0efb0 xdyfqkH;a&mufcsdefwGif _Adwdo#bk&ifcH qma':refprpf. ta&;ay; jcif;cH&oljzpfonfESifhtnD tpkd;&pdwf¯uduf &mxl;wck&&ef ay;aomvmbfaiG vufc&H ,lrE+ iS yhf wfoufI ar;&mwGif olu 0efc±H o Hk mru aiG tajrmuftjrm;jzpf a-umif; wkd;wkd;wdwfwdwfajym_yD; aemufwcgr«yvkyfawmhyg[k jznfhpGufvsuf bk&ifcHukd tajymiftysufajym-um; ajymqkd&JcJhonf?

9 ppfyGJ'%fjzifh ysufpD;ae±kHomru EkdifiHa&;/ vlr+a&;t& ±+yfaxG;ayGvDae aom EkdifiHokd‹ OD;apmtaejzifh jyefvm&jcif;jzpfonfhtjyif ykdIta&;}uD;onfu b,folurS ol‹ukd ta&;w,lr&Sd-uawmhonfh EkdifiHjzpfaejcif;yif? ol‹ykHpHtwkdif; oloGm;&mvrf;wGif ydwf&yfaeol rnfolukdrqkd z,f&Sm;ypf&ef tpDtrHrsm;csrSwf ae_yD; tvSL&Sifrsm;ESifh aiGa-u;&Ekdifrnfhae&mrsm;ukd toJtrJ&Sm}uHaecJhonf? a'ocH axmufyHhrnfholrsm; enf;yg;ae_yDjzpfI ol‹&Sm}uHr+e,fukd ykdrkdjzef‹ -uuf& awmhonf? 1947 ckEpS f tapmykid ;f wGif oHo,jzpfz, G f v+y&f mS ;r+rsm; jzpfvmcJo h nf? atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfq_dk yD;aemuf Akv d cf sKyfEiS hf uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; wkid ;f jynfjyefvmcsdew f iG f olu t*FvefwiG f acwW aemufcsefae&pfco hJ nf? xkt d csdew f iG f OD;aqmifEkdifiHa&;ygwDukd qef‹usifwkdufckduf&mY tokH;«y&eftwGuf aiGa-u; trsm;tjym;ukd trnfrazmfvkdonfh tvSL&SifwOD;u ol‹ukday;cJha-umif;ESifh t*Fvyd t f &if;&Sirf sm;xHrv S nf; tvm;wl aiGa-u;ta&twGuu f dk ol&&Scd ahJ -umif; owif;xGuv f mcJo h nf? (±+=Rangoon Guide Daily owif;ay;ykr‹d + pm=50) jrefrm t}uD;wef;t&m&Sdtqifhu ‚if;oHo,&SdaeykH&onfomru _Adwdo#umuG,f a&;Xme vk-H cHa&;t&m&Su d ArmppfXmecsKyf (Defence Security Office-Burma Command) . 1947 ckESpf -o*kwfv (20) &uf owif;ay;ykd‹r+wGif u|efawmf.zcif + iG f olt ‹ ae jzpfol 'Dtidk *f s=D pDtidk 'f D (DIG-CID) ESihf tcsed -f umjrifph mG pum;ajymqkrd w jzifh bk&ifhtpkd;&ESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh _Adwdo#wkd‹tay: ,if;oHo,0ifaer+rsm;rS

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

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223

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

uwdawmif;onf? xkad‹ -umifh olwt kd‹ m;vkH;u oabmwlvkduf_yD;aemuf olwt kd‹ m; vkH;ukd bk&m;pifa&SŒac:oGm;_yD; opPmqkdum opPma&aomuf-u&onf? xkd‹aemuf aowrf;pma&;-u&um toD;oD;vufrSwfxkd;_yD; ,if;aowrf;pmrsm;ukd olu odr;f ,lxm;vku d o f nf? xkd‹aemufykdif;wGif OD;apmukd nbufykdif; um;jzifh r-umc%xGufxGufoGm; onfukd jrifawGŒ -u&onf? b,foGm;onfrod/ wcsKd‹c&D;rsm;wGif ol‹vl,kHawmf wa,mufa,mufukd ac:oGm;avh&Sd_yD; wcsKd‹c&D;rsm;ukdrl olwa,mufwnf;om oGm;wwfonf? ,if;c&D;rsm;rSm r*Fvm'kb H ufo[ ‹ dk I l ,lq&onf? xka‹d emufyidk ;f wGif awmfrD/ pwif;/ b&if;ESifh ajcmufvkH;jyL;aoewfrsm;twGuf usnfqefawmifh wodef;okH;aomif;ausmfukd avmf&Dum;}uD; (2) pD;jzifh (Zlvkdif 12 &uf) ae‹wGif ,laqmifa&muf&SdvmcJhonf? ,if;usnfqefawmifhrsm;ukd usyfaiG okH;odef; ig;aomif;omay;&_yD; tvGeaf ps;oufoufomomESihf 0,f,&l &Scd w hJ mjzpfa-umif; tjyif r-umrD usyfwodef;cGJay;_yD; aemufxyfusnfqefawmifhwoef; wokwf &&SdEkdifp&m&Sdao;a-umif; olv ‹ lrsm;ukd olukd,fwkdif xkwfazmfajymjycJhonf? aemif tcgrSo&d onfrmS _Adwo d #ppfwyftaejzifh ,if;usnfqefawmifrh sm;ukd zsufq;D ypf &efjzpfaomfvnf; wu,frzsufq;D bJ tzsufpm&if;jyum eD;pyf&mvlrsm;ESiq hf uf oG,fI ckd;xkwfa&mif;csjcif;jzpfonf? xkd‹a-umifhvnf; OD;apmtaejzifh tvGefcsKd omaom aps;E+e;f jzifh ,if;wku ‹d dk &&Scd jhJ cif;jzpfonf? xkrd #ruao; ok;H I&ao;aom ESpv f ;Hk jyL;rsm; tygt0if aoewfa[mif; tvuf (1˜500) &&Sad tmif pDpOfaeqJjzpf a-umif;ukv d nf; olu ajymao;onf? ok‹d jzpfI a&mufaeaom ,if;usnfqefrsm; ukd yef;_cHtwGif;ESifh teD;0ef;usifwGif olwkd‹wawG tvsiftjref okd0Sufoihfwm ok0d u S _f yD; tjyifo‹dk jzef‹ jzL;oihw f m jzef‹ jzL;vku d -f uonf? &uftenf;i,f-um_y;D wnaewGif okconf xk;H pHtwkid ;f a&uefxYJ a&csK;d _y;D t0wftpm;vJum tdraf &SŒbufo‹dk vrf;av#muf&efxu G v f m&m OD;apmESihf vlo;Hk a,muf ukvm;xkdifrsm;wGifxkdif&if; wpkHwck aqG;aEG;ae-uonfukd awGŒvkduf& onf? xkt d cg OD;apmu ‘tif;æuko d ck cifAsm;a&mufvmwmtawmfy’J [k ajymajym qkdqkd ukvm;xkdiftvGwfwvkH;ukd !¸efjyjcif;a-umifh xkdukvm;xkdiftvGwfwvkH; wGif 0ifxidk v f u dk o f nf? OD;apmu “u|efawmhrf mS tck ta&;}uD;wJu h pd w P ck&w dS ,f? tJ'gu t&if[mxufykd_yD; ta&;}uD;w,f? tJ'DudpPrSm cifAsm;u um;armif;ay; &r,f? cifAsm;b,fvv dk /J tJ'gukd vkyEf idk rf vm;” [k qufar;vku d o f nf? ol trde‹f ay;wm emcH&rnfhtaetxm;rSm &Sdaejcif;ESifh um;armif;EkdifolrSm oltygt0if

ok;H OD;om&So d nft h wGuf okcu olvyk yf grnf[k jyefajzvku d o f nf? xka‹d emufwiG rf l OD;apmonf usev f rl sm;ESihf qufvufaqG;aEG;ae-uonf? xkv d yk if ef;rSm oufqidk o f l emrnfwpkHw&mukd xkwfazmfajymqkdjcif; r&Sd-uaomfvnf; wkdufckdufypfcwfr+rsm; ESifh ywfoufonfh em;pGefem;zsm; ol-um;&aom pum;vkH;rsm;t& olwkdt ‹ aejzifh rsm;r-umrD wpkHwckaomae&mwGif oufpGef‹ ¯ud;yrf; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+wckukd pDpOfae-ua-umif; ol &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odvkduf&onf? xkd‹aemufwGifrl olwkd‹ vlpck v JG u dk -f uonf? azmfaumifb!Gef‹ oufaocHcsufu okcajymjyonfh aemufqkH;tykdif;ESifh ywfoufI oHo,jzpfaponf? txufu twkdif;qkdv#if okcrSm xkdif±kHr# 0ifxkdif vku d _f yD; odyrf -umrD tpnf;ta0;_yD;pD;oGm;ykaH y:ygonf? b!Geu ‹f xGuq f &dk mwGif olq ‹ &mu olu ‹ adk c:csed w f iG f olu tdyaf ysmaf ecJo h nf? (±+=pmrsuEf mS 109 ESihf 113)? n (9) em&Dcef‹ olukd,fwkdif a&muf&SdoGm;csdefwGif armifpkd;/ oufESif;/ armifpdefESifh okcwkd‹rSm OD;apmESifh twl&SdaecJhonf? okca&mufoGm;csdefwGif yxr (3) OD;onf okcESihf b!Gew ‹f ‹dk a&mufrvm-uao;rDuyif olwa‹dk cgif;aqmifEiS hf aqG;aEG;ESi-hf u_y;D aemufxyfem&Dtawmf-um qufvufaqG;aEG;aeqJ yxr okca&mufvm_yD;/ xkad‹ emufwGifrS b!Gef‹ a&mufvm[efwlonf? xkdtcsdeftwGif; okcu em;axmif aecJhonf? OD;apm. aemufvkdufrsm;xJwGif t,kH-unf&qkH;ESifh tckdifrmqkH; wynfhrsm;jzpfvsuf vlowf&ef wm0eftay;cH&ol (armifpkd;/ oufESif;/ armifpdef) xkd (3) a,mufESifh b!Gef‹wkd‹taejzifh vkyf}uHr+rwkdifrDntxd ‚if;wkd‹vkyfaqmif& rnfw h m0efudk rod&cdS -hJ ujcif;rSm em;vnf&efcufvo S nf? okcu qufvufajymqkd&mwGif xkdr#avmuf ta&;ygvSaomae‹u ol‹t aejzifh aoewform;rsm; r+cif;jzpfyGm;&m ae&mokd‹ oGm;&mwGif pD;eif;vkdufygvm onfh armfawmf,mOfukd armif;&onfholomjzpfa-umif; wpkdufrwfrwfajymqkdcJh onf? cifarmif&ifESifhtzGJŒu ‘zkd‹'fqef’ x&yfum;jzifh oloGm;&rnfhae&mukdyif apmpD;pGm xGufcGmoGm;cJhonfukd olrod&SdcJhonfomru armifpdef. vrf;!¸efr+jzifh twGif;0ef±kH;okd‹ olu armif;oGm;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf? twGif;0ef±kH;wGif um;tif*sif pufukd E+d;xm;&ef ol‹tm; armifpdefu trdef‹ay;cJhaomfvnf; aoewfoH-um;& onfhtcsdefwGif um;tif*sifpufu ±kwfw&uf&yfoGm;cJhonf? um;tif*sifpufukd xyfcgxyfcg ol¯ud;pm;E+d;aomfvnf; aoewform;rsm; avSum;rS ajy;qif;vm onfudk oljrif&onfw h idk f um;pufudk E+;d Ir&ao;ay? xk*d spfum;ukd ykrH eS u f idk w f , G f aeolrSm armifpdefjzpfI olE+d;vkdufrS um;uE+d;oGm;onf? okcu tjyefvrf;

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w0ufavmufxd armif;vmcJhonf? ol‹ukd armif;wmaES;vGef;onf[k tjypfajym cH&_yD; armifpdefu olv ‹ ufrS ajymif;,lI qufvufarmif;vmcJhonf? ol‹ajymjycsufrsm;wGif tjcm;pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;onfhwcsufrSm w&m; rqkid &f ao;cif olu ‹ dk wku d yf w d cf x H m;&csdeYf &ef}uD;atmifu Tudpu P dk armifp;dk ESihf tjcm;olrsm; tpDtpOfqGJaeonfrSm -um_yDjzpfa-umif;/ ol‹ukd ESpfukd,f-um; ajym cJhjcif;jzpfonf? xkd‹aemufykdif;wGif OD;apm.vlrsm; pdwfoabmxm; ajymif;vJp«y vm_yD; armifpkd;ESifh oufESif;wkd‹u olwkd‹taejzifh t&nftcsif;&Sd_yD; *k%foa& jrifhrm;aom yk*~dKvf}uD;wOD;ESifh tr+wwGJxJ&Sdaejcif;a-umifh olwb kd‹ ufu tm;om ap&ef OD;apmu pGr;f aqmifEidk &f nf&o dS nft h wGuaf -umifh rvkt d yfbJ pdwyf yl efrr+ jzpf -u&ef olwkd‹.&Jabmfrsm;ukd azsmif;zscJh-uaomfvnf; olwkd‹ &Jabmfrsm;tm; pdwf "mwfrusatmif rvkyfEdkif-uacs? okcrSm 0rf;enf;a-uuGJvsuf&Sd_yD; ol‹taejzifh OD;apmtdrfokd‹ aemufusrS a&mufvm&oljzpfI *VKefacgif;aqmif}uD;ESifh &uf (40) om twlaecJh&vsuf puf±kyfozG,f tapcHvkd tokH;cscH&um "m;pmcHtvkyfcH& jcif;ESihf Toka‹d om emrnfq;dk vSonfh &mZ0wfrw + iG f yg0ifywfoufc&hJ jcif;wkt ‹d wGuf t}uD;tus,f aemifw&rda-umif; OD;vSukd ajymqkdcJhonf? okcrSm vlxkOD;vS. aemufpmtkyfwtkyfwGif xyfrHyg&Sdaomfvnf; 'Dwcg wGifrl cyfwkdwkdav;omygcJhonf? ,if;pmtkyfrSm “ppf/ tcspfESifhaxmif” (1973 f b dk momjyefc&H onf) trnf ckEpS w f iG f The Victim tjypfrchJ &H oltrnfjzifh t*Fvyd v &Sd 0wˆKjzpfonf? ,if;0wˆKrSm "m;jyr+jzifh axmifwoufus_yD; &efukefaxmif wGifþxkdtcsdefu (9) ESpfuscH_yD;jzpfol armifouf (c) xGef;jrifhta-umif;jzpfonf? olu (1957 ckavmufwGif) bDuvyf(pf) tqifhjzifh axmifusoGm;_yD;aemuf tyfcsKyfXmeY pma&;tjzpf wm0eftcscHxm;&ol okcukd awGŒcJh&onf? xkdtcg xkXd mewGiyf if tvkyv f yk af e&ol armifoufu okcukd tpk;d & tzGŒJ0if0ef}uD;rsm;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+jzifh axmifwoufuscHae&oltjzpf od&SdcJhonf? okctaejzifh olt ‹ ay: t}udrt f awmfrsm;rsm; !SmwmpGm qufqcH o hJ nf[k oluajymjycJo h nf? xka‹d emufyidk ;f wGif okcrSm ZmwfjrKyfomG ;cJo h nf?

1947 ckESpf/ ZlvkdifvwGif tmZmenftjzpf usqHk;cJh&ol acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; . rsKd;qufrsm;xJwGif ,cktcgY txif&Sm;qHk;jzpfaeolrSm AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif.

orD;jzpf_y;D þxt dk csed u f þuav;r#omjzpfco hJ l a':atmifqef;pk-unfjzpfonf?þu|eaf wmf . a&;om;r+udk zwf_yD;aemuf tjcm; uav;i,fwOD;uvnf; olrSwfrdor# u|efawmftm; ajymjycJo h nf? olonf ‘pyfpHxGef;’.om; ‘pyfaq;[kef’ jzpfI ol‹zcifjzpfol rdkif;yGefapmf bGm;}uD; Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹u towfcH&onfh wkefv+yfzG,fowif;udk -um;& csdefu olonf ol. nDi,fwOD;/ nDr (2) OD;wdk‹ESihftwl awmif}uD;òrd›wGif&Sdaom a,musfm;av;ESifh rde;f uav;rsm; a&maESmynmoif-um;&onfh ‘pdet ‹f if;þ(ef)þuGef Aif’h ausmif;wGif ynmqnf;yl;vsuf&_dS yD; touftm;jzifh (12) ESpo f m &Sad o;onf? olr‹ dcifESihf tjcm;nDrwOD;rSm uG,fvGefcJh_yDjzpf_yD;/ a,musfm;av;rsm;rSm (avwyf Adv k rf ;ª csKyf) ‘awmfru D vpf (zf)’. rdciftrd Yf aexdik v f suf&-dS uonf? pdwyf yl efvy+ f &Sm;vsufae-uaom rdbrJhuav; (4) a,mufonf &efukefòrdo › dk‹ &xm;jzihf pD;eif; vku d yf gcJ-h uaomfvnf; ‘rkwo f ek ’f rd;k }uD;þonf;xefpmG &GmoGe;f r+a-umihf &xm;vrf; rsm; a&v$rf;um ompnfvrf;qHkwGif wywfvHk;vHk; olwdk‹ aomifwifaecJh-uonf? &efuek òf rda› wmfwiG rf l aemifwiG f vGwv f yfaom orRwjrefrmEkid if aH wmf. yxr qHk; EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfvmonfh rdk;rdwfapmfbGm; pyfcGefcsKdu olwdk‹udk aumif; pGmapmihaf &Smufxm;cJ&h onf? *sLAvDa[mwGif Ekid if aH wmfpsmyetjzpf &Sad eqJjzpfaom tmZmenf}uD;rsm;. ±kyfuvmyf&Sd&modk‹ olwdk‹tm; ac:aqmifoGm;aomtcgwGif ‘pyfaq;[ke’f onf rSeaf cgif;xJwiG f vJavsmif;aeaom olz‹ cif. ud, k cf E<mudk rif; nDrif;om;tqihfESifh vdkufzufaom eef;oHk;tqift,ifrsm;ESihf txl;jyifqifxm; onfukd owdxm;rdco hJ nf? pyfpx H eG ;f . ±kycf E<mudk ol‹ òrda› wmfjzpfonfh rdik ;f yGeòf rdo › ‹kd &xm;jzihf o,faqmif &mwGif a&$anmifòrdr› w S qifh usef (44) rdik f c&D;pOfukd armfawmf,mOfjzifh t_yD;owf o,faqmifc&hJ onf? ±k;d &m"avhx;kH wrf;rsm;t& tcrf;tem;usi;f ycJ-h u_y;D aemuf qH;k ae‹ rD;oò*õ[&f mod‹k tjcm;jynfe,frsm;rS apmfbmG ;rsm;/ *k%o f a&&Sd yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESifh vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm wufa&mufvmcJ-h uonf? pyfaq;[keo f nf om;t}uD;qH;k jzpfonfESihftnD psmye eH‹om xif;pifudk rD;±+dŒay;cJh&onf? olŒzcif. udk,fcE<m onf tvGefvsifjrifpGm rD;avmifjymusoGm;cJhonfudk olrSwfrdcJhonf? jymrsm;udk pkpnf;I *loGif;xm;cJhonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm -um_yD;aemuf xkd-urRmiifonfhae‹u aoqHk;oGm;_yD;olrsm;ESihf toufiifaeolrsm;udk aq;±Hk}uD;odk‹ ,laqmifoGm;&m &efuek t f axGaxG jynfoa‹l q;±H}k uD;wGif wm0efusaeol q&m0efwOD;u pyfpx H eG ;f onf c%wðzwfr# owdjyefvnfvmwdkif;æ“wjcm;vlawGudk *±kpdkufyg? olwu dk‹

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u|efawmhfxuf ydkxdcdkufw,f” [k nnf;wGm;a-umif; pyfaq;[kefudk jyefajymif; ajymqdck o hJ nf? rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;}uD;onf aemufw&ufwiG f uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJah vonf? pyfaq;[kefonf ,cktcg ol. ZeD;onfESihfwuG orD;oHk;a,muf/ om; wa,mufEiS t fh wl -opa-w;vsEikd if /H qpf'eDòrdw › iG f aexdik v f su&f o dS nf? 1993 ckEpS /f atmufwkdbmvY uifbm&mòrd&› Sd -opa-w;vs trsKd;om;wuUodkvf (Australian National University) wGif usif;yaom ta&SŒawmiftm&Se,fpyfa'orsm;ESihf ywfoufaom aqG;aEG;yGJwckodk‹ “&S rf;vlrsKd;rsm; 1947=67” pmwrf;wapmifudk olþwifoiG ;f cJo h nf? ,if;pmwef;wGif “Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf ay;xm;aom uwd udk wnfavh&Sdonfhacgif;aqmifrsKd;jzpfI &S rf;wdku ‹ olt ‹ ay: ,Hk-unfr+tjynfht0 xm;&SdcJhonf? wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmfu ‚if;. vkyfief;&yfrsm;udk t_yD;rowfEkdif rDrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom xdyfydkif; trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; rsm; 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif uHraumif; ta-umif;rvSpGm vkyf}uH owfjzwfcHcJh&onf? ,if;odk‹ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;cJh&r+onf aemifESpfaygif; rsm;pGm t-umwGif &S rf;vlrsKd;rsm;tay: Y usa&mufvmrnfh uH-urRm trsKd;rsKd; wdk‹twGuf t}uD;rm;qHk;ESihf wckwnf;aom tajccHta-umif;tcsuf jzpfayvdrfh rnf” [lI olu wifjycJo h nf?

av;pm;&aom tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. om;wOD;jzpf_yD; ol‹zcif jzpfolESihf oludk,fwdkif ywfoufaeaom rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;rSwqihf u|efawmfxH odk‹ tcsKdŒaom ta-umif;t&mrsm;udk a0r#ay;ydk‹ulnDcJholrSm OD;b0if;.om;/ a':atmifqef;pk-unf. tudw k 0rf;uGaJ wmfol a'gufwmpde0f if;jzpfonf? olu (a':atmifqef;pk-unfajymcJhzl;onfhtwdkif;) ol‹b0tawGŒtóuHudk pwifajymcJhonf? “u|efawmfhzcif aoqHk;pOfu u|efawmfonf i,fvGef;vSI rrSwrf cd yhJ g” [k qdo k nf? rSeyf gonf? xdq k ;kd &Gm;vSaom tjzpftysuf jzpfymG ;pOfu olonf touf wESpEf iS afh jcmufvt&G,rf #om &Sad o;onf? a':atmifqef;pk-unf uvnf; tvm;wlyif “atmifqef;”[laom yk*~dKvfa&;txky`wWdpmtkyf. tcsD; ed'gef;udk Toem;pzG,pf um;vH;k rsm;jzihf tpysK;d xm;cJo h nf? -opa-w;vsEikd if /H uGi;f (p) vefwuUodkvf (Queensland University) u 1984 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaom ‘tm&Sacgif;aqmifrsm;’ pmpOfwGif Ta&;om;r+ yg&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf? rdwfquf

tcef;jzpfonfh ‘tpOD;v$rf;rdk;r+rsm;’ Y ‘olz‹ cifonf touf (13) ESpfwGif t*Fvdyf pmoifcsifvGef;vSI olZ‹ mwdewfarmufòrdr› S ‚if;bmom&yfoif-um;&m jrefrmjynf tv,fyikd ;f &Sd a&eHacsmif;òrd› trsKd;om;ausmif;od‹k xGucf mG oGm;cJah -umif; jyefajymif; a&;om;xm;cJhonf? xkdausmif;Y OD;atmifqef;onf ausmif;q&mwOD;jzpfaom ol‹tudk OD;b0if;. apmifha&Smufr+udk &&Sd_yD; ol‹tudku pnf;urf;wif;-uyfr+ESihf udk,fydkifawG;ac:r+wdu k‹ dk tnDtr#aygif;pyfum oly‹ nma&;ESihf usef;rma&;udk }uD; -uyfay;cJhonfhtwGuf uHaumif;cJha-umif; olru a&;om;xm;onf? av;ESpft-umwGif nDtpfudk (2) OD; uGJuGmcJh&onf? tudkjzpfolu ol. ausmif;q&mvkyfief;udk qufvufvkyfudkifaepOfrSmyif nDjzpfolu txufwef; ausmif;rS wuUov kd 0f ifciG fh &&Scd o hJ nft h wGuf &efuek w f uUov kd Yf ynmqnf;yl;&ef olv ‹ rf;ol qufav#mufcahJ vonf? OD;atmifqef;onf trsK;d om;a&;v+y&f mS ;r+rsm; ESifh jynfhESufaeaom (15) ESpfwmumvudk ausmfjzwfcJh_yD; trsKd;om;ol&Jaumif; wOD;tqihfudk &&SdcJhavonf?

1946 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (26) &ufae‹wGif topfa&muf&Sdvmaom (,m,D) bk&ifcH _Adwdo#AdkvfcsKyf ‘qm[l;bwf&ef‹pf’u tzGJŒ0if (9) OD;yg&Sdaom tr+aqmifaumifpu D kd zGŒJ pnf;cJ&h m (zqyv) tzGŒJ csKyfrS OD;atmifqef;tygt0if (6) OD;yg0ifum OD;atmifqef;udk 'k=obmywdtjzpf ceft ‹ yfcJhonf? aemufwESpf/ {_yD vwGif wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmftwGuf a&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;ycJh&m olonf ppf_yD; acwf ESpfrsm;wGif wyfrawmfrSxGufI t&yfom;b0jzihf EdkifiHa&;odk‹ 0ifa&mufcJh _yD; (a&eHacsmif;òrd›e,f/ zqyv tzGJŒcGJ. OuU@tjzpf a&G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&aom) OD;b0if;rSmvnf; rauG;òrde› ,f/ taemufajrmuf v$waf wmftrwfavmif;wae&m wGif 0ifa&mufta&G;cHc&hJ ayonf?

1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkif (22) &ufae‹wGif vGefcJhaom oHk;&ufu vkyf}uHowfjzwf jcif;cH&aom acgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf trSwfw& 0rf;enf;pum;udk toHv$ihfajym -um;&mwGif OD;Eku a'gufwmpde0f if;. zcifjzpfot l m; bk&ifc.

H tr+aqmifaumif pDY cef‹tyfjcif; ta-umif;xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf? “OD;b0if;onf u|efawmfESihf aumvdyfY twlwl wufa&mufcJholwOD;jzpfygonf? olonf EdkifiHa&;e,fxJodk‹ aemufusrS 0ifa&mufvmcJo h w l OD;jzpfaomfvnf; ol. ud, k yf ikd u f , kd &f nfu, kd af oG; rsm;ESifh tusihfrysufr+u ol,ckxrf;aqmifaeaom ae&mESihf xkdufwefoljzpfjcif; a-umifh tr+aqmifaumifppD m&if;wGif olt ‹ m;xnfo h iG ;f &ef u|efawmfpw d u f ;l &cJ_h yD; Akv d cf sKyfEiS hf aròrdY› awGŒ -upOfu u|eaf wmfu, kd w f ikd f t}uHðycJjh cif;jzpfonf” [k OD;Ek

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u xkwaf zmfajymqdck o hJ nf? xko d ‹kdjzifh OD;b0if;onf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh axmufyahH &;qdik &f m aumif pD0ifjzpfvmcJ_h y;D ol‹Y (ZeD;onfEiS fh uav; (6) a,muf (a,musmf ;av; (4)þa,muf/ rdef;uav; (2) a,muf) &Sdonfhteuf udkpdef0if;rSm (5) a,mufajrmuf uav; jzpfonf? olwdk‹onf 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv vqef;ydkif; OD;b0if; raoqHk;rD (14) &ufrmS yif a&eHacsmif;rS &efuek òf rda› wmfo‹kd ajymif;a&$ŒvmcJ-h uonf? xdt k csed u f ,ck a':atmifqef;pk-unfaexkid &f m eHygwf (54) ESifh rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f vrf;wbufjcrf;&S/d wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; trSwf (51) aetdrf}uD;Y olwdk‹tm; ae&mcsxm;jcif;cHcJh& onf? tdrftopfodk‹ a&muf&Sdvm&mwGif udkpdef0if; rSwfrdor#rSm wpHkwa,mufu ole‹ m;vmI “'Dtdrf[m rif;wdak‹ e&r,fh tdrfyJ” [k olu ‹ dk ajymqdkjcif;yifjzpfonf? xdt k csed u f OD;atmifqef;wd‹k rdom;pkrmS uefawmf}uD;teD;/ wm0gvdr;f &Sd tpd;k &tdrfwGif aexkdifvsuf&Sd&m wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;ESifh twefi,fa0;aomfvnf; rdom;pk (2) pkonf r-umc% awGŒqHk-u_yD; uav;i,farmifES rwpkwdk‹ twlwl upm;-uum aysmf&$ifvmcJh-uonf? odak‹ omf ,if;odk‹ olwdak‹ rmifES rwpk aysmf&$ifr+ onf a&S›vmrnfh (14) &uf (19/ 7/ 47) rwkdifrD ,m,Doabmr# aysmf&$ifae-u& onfh ‘b0tdyrf uf’ wckr#om jzpfae&Smonfurkd l olwr‹kd od-uacs? xdk‹aemuf 0rf;enf;zG,ftjzpftysuf jzpfvmcJhonf? Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹ u aumifpDcef;rtwGif; tpnf;ta0;Y OD;b0if;onf ol‹ nD. nmbufwef;wGif aumifpD0if OD;tAŠ'l&mZwfESihf 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdwdkt ‹ -um; xkdifaecJh_yD; aoewfusnf qef (8) csufxdrSefum yGJcsif;_yD; aoqHk;oGm;cJh&onf? xkdtcsdefu ol‹toufrSm (46) ESprf #om jzpfavonf? xdk‹aemufwGifrl OD;b0if;. ±kyftavmif;udk &efukefjynfol‹aq;±Hk}uD;. &ifcGJ±HkrS ‘*sLAvDa[m’ odk‹ EkdifiHawmfpsmyetjzpf xm;&Sd&ef o,faqmifoGm;cJh-u onf? OD;b0if;. rdom;pkonfvnf; ol. usef&pfaom ±kyftavmif;udk &Sdcdk; uefawmh&ef r-umc%qdkouJhodk‹ *sLAvDa[modk‹ oGm;cJh-uonf? odka‹ omf a'guf wmpdef0if;taejzifh ,if;odk‹ oGm;cJh-ujcif;ukdvnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHawmfpsmyetcrf; tem;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ tmZmenfAdrmefY *loGif;ðryfESHjcif;udkvnf;aumif; rSwf rdjcif;r&Sad wmhacs? oljyefvnfpOf;pm;owd&aeao;onfrmS txl;ðyvkyaf om tcrf; tem;rsm;wGif olz‹ cifvJavsmif;&m tmZmenfAdrmefodk‹ olwdrk‹ dom;pkoGm;a&mufI yef;acGcscJh&onfh tcsdefrsm;udkom jzpfavonf? xdka‹ emuf a'gufwmpdef0if;onf ynm&yfqikd &f m qnf;yl;avhvmr+rsm; qufvufðyvkycf _hJ y;D ‘[rf;bwf’ wuUov kd rf S

ocsFmynm&yfwGif a'gufwmbGJŒudk &&SdcJhavonf? olonf ‘oD&dvuFm’ESifh ‘Edkif±kd bD’wdk‹wGif&Sdaom ‘udkvHbdk’wuUokdvfESihf ‘Edkif±kdbD’wuUodkvfwdk‹tjyif aemifwGif &efuek Yf oif-um;a&;wm0efrsm; ,lco hJ nf? olonf olz‹ cifEiS t fh vm;wlpmG pdww f nf _ird af t;aq;_y;D ynmydc‹k soif-um;a&;Y arGŒavsmrf &+ &Su d m Edik if aH &;e,fxo J ‹kd 0if&mY vnf; aemufuscJo h nf? 1988 ckEpS w f iG f ES rjzpfol a':atmifqef;pk-unfu taxG axGtwGi;f a&;rª;tjzpf aqmif&u G u f m trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJcsKyfukd zGŒJpnf;vdu k f aomtcgY olonf rdk;_cdrf;aomtcg rdk;óud;ygwwfouJhodk‹ tzGJŒ0ifwOD;tjzpf 0if a&mufc&hJ onf? oda‹k omfvnf; ppftm%mydik rf sm;u trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJcsKyfukd zsufodrf;cJhv#if ulnD0kdif;&H taxmuftcHtjzpf &nf&G,fum zGJŒpnf;cJhaom topf ygwD tzGJŒwckjzpfonfh ‘trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDygwD’ udk OD;aqmif&ef olu ‹ dk a&G;cs,f cJhonf? odk‹ jzpfonfhtavsmuf 1990 ckESpf/ arva&G;aumufyGJwGif OD;pdef0if;onf yJc;l wkid ;f rJqENe,frS vG,v f , G u f u l l tEkid &f &Scd ahJ vonf? xdek nf;wlyif wkid ;f jynfukd tkyfcsKyf&ef trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfudkvnf; jynfolvlxku rJqEN tjywf towfay;um a&G;cs,fcJhaomfvnf; ppfwyfu *k%foduQmuif;rJhpGm wdkif;jynfudk w&m;r0if qufvuftyk cf sKyfaecJah vonf? olwo ‹kd nf Ekid if aH &;t& zrf;qD;r+rsm;/ xde;f odr;f r+rsm;/ txl;ojzihf topfa&G;cs,fcx H m;&aom v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f rsm;udk w&m;r0ifjyefvnf±yk o f rd ;f r+rsm;tm; trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJ csKyfEiS fh r[m rdwyf gwDrsm;tay: enf;rsK;d pHjk zihf (rqvESiw fh pnwd. ‹k ud, k pf m;) ðyvkyo f mG ;cJo h nf? trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJ csKyfrS ta&G;cs,fc&H aom v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f rsm; aemufq;kH wGif v#KŒd 0u S af wGŒq-kH u_yD; ta&G;cs,cf H v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f tpk wpkukd ,m,Dtpd;k &w&yf zGŒJpnf;&ef !¸e-f um;cJo h nf? a'gufwmpde0f if;ESifh vkyaf zmf udkifbuf (7) OD;onf xkdif;e,fpyfwGif&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwf tzGJŒ. e,fajrjzpfaom ‘vGwfajrmufe,fajr’ odk‹ xGufajy;vmEkdifcJhonf? jrefrm EdkifiH 'Drdku&ufwpf r[mrdwftzGJŒ. ulnDr+udkvnf; tjynfht0&&SdcJhjcif;a-umifh 1990 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae‹wGif rme,fyavmY 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf a&G;cs,f jcif;cH&aom a'gufwmpdef0if;u -um;jzwftpdk;&w&yfudk ‘jynfaxmifpkjrefrm EdkifiH trsKd;om;!Geaf‹ ygif;tpdk;&’ tjzpf a-unmcJhavonf? xdak‹ emuf tajctae t&yf&yfa-umifh a'gufwmpdef0if;ESifh ol. 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ0iftcsKdŒonf xkdif;EkdifiHrS tar&duefjynfaxmifpo k ‹kd a&$Œajymif;oGm;a&mufum olw. ‹kd XmecsKyfukd 0g&Siw f ef 'Dpw D iG f zGihf vSpcf &hJ onf? a'gufwmpde0f if;onf rv$rJ a&Smifomvufxyf_y;D wESpo f m&Sad o;vsuf om;

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orD;udk,f0efudk vG,fxm;&_yDjzpfaom ZeD;onf pDpDoG,fudk aemufuG,fwGif csef xm;cJ&h onf? a'gufwm pde0f if;. tudjk zpfol OD;at;0if;ESifh tjcm;0rf;uGaJ rmifES r rsm;onfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfajrmufa&;wkdufyGJwGif a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; 0ef;&Hxm;-uonfhtwGuf óudwifcef‹rSef;xm;onfhtwdkif; ppftm%m&Sifwdk‹. tjypfay;ta&;,lr+udk cH-u&avonf? OD;at;0if;onf 1996 ckESpfwGif tzrf;cH &pOfu a':atmifqef;pk-unf. teD;uyfvufaxmuftjzpf aqmif&u G v f su&f _dS yD; xdktcsdefrSpum tif;pdefaxmifwGif ESpf&Snfaxmif'%fcH&&Smonf? olonf ESv;kH a&m*gcHpm;&onf? oltzrf;cH&onfEiS fh Adv k cf sKyf. tudw k OD;jzpfol OD;atmif oef;.om;jzpfol ‘OD;csKdatmifoef;’ uvnf; brsKd;bdk;wl csufcsif;yif ola‹ e&modk‹ tpm;xk;d 0ifa&mufvmcJo h nf? ppfwyfu 1997 ckEpS /f ESpv f ,fwiG f olEiS fh ol‹nrD i,f rroef;wdu ‹k kd zrf;qD;cJjh yef_y;D rroef;. cifyeG ;f OD;jrihaf qGuykd g tqpfac:oGm;cJo h nf? xda‹k emuf olwu ‹kd kd rw&m; oif; tufOya't& axmif'%f (3) ESppf ED iS fh aemufxyf ta&;ay: tufOya't& axmuf'%f (7) ESpfpD csrSwfcJhjyef&m olwdk‹tm;vHk; tif;pdefaxmifwGif ,if;axmif '%frsm;udk cH-u&&Smonf?

0rf;omp&m rSwcf suw f ckudk jznfph u G Ef idk yf g_y?D a'gufwmpde0f if;onf olZ‹ eD;ESihf orD;wkEd‹ Sifh 2000 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (15) &ufae‹wGif atmfpvkd (Oslo) -rdY› jyefvnf aygif;pnf;EkdifcJhyg_yD? ZeD;ESifh orD;jzpfolwo kd‹ nf ppfwyftkyfpkd;aeaom jrefrmEkdifiHrS ,if;ESpq f ef;wGif aemufq;Hk Y atmifjrifpmG xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufvmcJ_h y;D xkid ;f Ekid if rH S wqifh aemfa0EkdifiHokd‹ a&muf&SdvmcJhonf? 1990 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv (25) &ufae‹wGif &efukef-rdŒrS pxGufvmuwnf;u a'gufwmpdef0if;taejzifh (10) ESpf ausmfausmf olwE‹dk iS hf awGŒ&jcif;r&Scd yhJ g? orD;i,fjzpforl mS (9) ESpcf yJG if &Sad eyg_yD? aemufq;Hk Y olwc‹dk &D;pOfrmS 2001 ckEpS f -o*kwv f (4) &ufae‹wiG f tar&duef jynfaxmifpk 0g&Sifwef'DpD&Sd olwkda‹ etdrfwGif jyefvnfa&muf&Sdjcif;jzifh aysmf&$ifpGm t_yD;owfEidk cf yhJ gonf? ‚if;tjyif OD;at;0if;/ OD;csKdatmifoef;/ rroef;ESihf olc‹ ifyeG ;f wk‹d axmifrS jyef vnfvGwfajrmufcJh_yDjzpfa-umif; u|efawmf avhvmod&Sd&yga-umif;?

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a-u;rHkOD;aomif; xkwfazmfajymqdk_yD ,cktcg tar&duefjynfaxmifpk zavmf&'D gwGif aexkid v f su&f adS om emrnf }uD;owif;pmq&mESihf pma&;q&mwOD;jzpfol ‘a-u;rHk’ (The Mirror) OD;aomif; onf 1998 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v f (15) &ufae‹wiG f jrefrmbmomjzihf (acwfòydirf )S xkwaf 0 10 h nf? aom ‘jrefrmhtvif;’ owif;pmY xl;jcm;vSaom aqmif;yg;wyk'f a&;om;cJo ,if;aqmif;yg;onf AdkvfcsKyfESihf olv ‹ kyfazmfudkifbufrsm; usqHk;cJh&onfh (51) ESpf ajrmuf tcsdeftcgor,ESihf wdkufqdkifaeavonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;. acgif;pOfrSm ‘OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyf}uHr+}uD;/ ar*smae0if; }uH&mygavm’ jzpfavonf? arhr&EdkifwJh 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹u touf (20) om&Sdao;_yD; ‘Armhacwf’ owif;pm. owif;axmufwOD;jzpfol (atmifAv) OD;aomif;onf aoG;acsmufcsm;zG,jf zpf&yftcsKdŒukd ud, k af wGŒrsufjrifjzpfc&hJ onf? xdt k csdeu f ol. o,f,lydk‹aqmifa&;,mOfrSm pufbD;omjzpf_yD; ,if;pufbD;udk aeylrdk;&Gmra&Smif òrd›wywfeif;um owif;pkaqmif;&onf? xdkae‹ eHeufapmapmydkif;wGif olonf twGi;f 0ef±;kH od‹k a&muf&cdS _hJ y;D Adv k cf sKyf. twGi;f a&;0ef Adv k x f eG ;f vSEiS hf pum;ajymqdk cJhum yef;qdk;wef;&Sd ‘owif;pmq&mrsm;toif;’ wdkufodk‹ a&mufcgpYyif w,fvD zkef;udkifolwOD;uæ“twGif;0ef±Hk;rSm ypfukef_yDwJha[h” [k atmfojzifh owif; axmuftm;vHk; twGif;0ef±Hk;odk‹ ajy;-uonf? ola&mufcsdefwGif yxrqHk; rD;owf um;u OD;atmifqef;udk o,fomG ;onf? xda‹k emuf '%f&mjyif;xefpmG &&S_d yD; rao ao;aom rkid ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;}uD;udk vlemwifxrf;pifjzifh 'kw, d um;ay: wifaeonf? xkdtcg olonf &if;ESD;pGmaygif;xm;aom rD;owfAdkvf. tulESifh ,if;um;ay: Y vku d yf gcGi&fh cJo h nf? &efuek jf ynfoa‹l q;±H}k uD;odo ‹k mG ;&m wrdik rf # c&D;wav#mufv;kH emusio f jzifh nnf;nLvl;vGea‹f eaom apmfbmG ;}uD;udk olemðyu '%f&m&aom &if bwfukd ESyd &f if;xde;f xm;&mrS OD;aomif;udk tultnDawmif;ojzifh ajcovH;k rsm;udk ESyd u f m ajc&if;u xde;f ay;xm;&onf? apmfbmG ;}uD;. &S r;f abmif;bDt0grSmrl eD&J ae_yD; ol‹vufwGifyg aoG;wdk‹ jzihf pdk&$Jaeawmhonf? aq;±Hkodk‹ a&mufaomtcg cGJ pdwcf ef;Y Od;D atmifqef;.toufukd u,fEidk Ef ;dk ESifh q&m0ef}uD; OD;boef;u csuf csif;cGJpdwfaea-umif; olod&onf? xdka‹ emuf twefi,f-umaomtcg olonf OD; atmifqef; aoewfusnfqef (13) csufjzifh csufcsif;aoqHk;cJha-umif; a'gufwm boef;ud, k w f ikd f rSwcf sufa&;om;xm;onfukd zwfvu kd &f onf?

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vkyf}uHr+}uD;. ±+yfaxG;r+twGif;Y OD;aomif;onf pGJpGJ_rJ_rJ okawoeðycJh onf? Ttr+wiG f OD;apmtjyif tjcm;}uH&mygrsm; &S&d OD;rnf[k olcikd rf mpGm ,H-k unf cJo h nf? od&‹k mwGif olp;l prf;&SmazG&m vrf;a-umif;wdik ;f onf w&m;Oya'tjrifwiG f ryDjyifaom quf&efr&Sad wmhonfh vrf;ydwEf iS fh tqH;k owfco hJ jzifh tajzr&&Scd ahJ cs?

OD;aomif;onf xkdtcsdefu ol‹tawG;tac:ESihf ol‹tawGŒtóuHrsm;t& Adkvf ae0if;taejzifh }uH&mygwOD;jzpf&rnf[k pGJ_rJpGm ,Hk-unfcJhaomfvnf; urBmausmf w&m;0ifpakH xmuf}uD;rsm;uJo h ‹kd olt ‹ aejzifh pdwv f u kd rf mefyg owW&d &dS dS pHpk rf;axmuf vS rf;r+rsm; rðyvkyfEkdifcJhacs? tb,fa-umihfqdkaomf OD;ae0if;onf ºuGufawmxJ rS a-umifwaumifuJhodk‹ -oZmwduUr&Sdaom yk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfae_yD;/ jynfwGif;ppfudk ta-umif;ðyI wdkawmif;vSaom vtenf;i,ftwGif; xdyfydkif;&mxl;rsm;odk‹ vsifjrefpGm wdk;wufoGm;cJhaoma-umihfjzpfonf? xdk‹a-umihf OD;aomif;u ol. ±+axmifrh aS eI ol-um;odor# ol.,k;d pGycf sufrsm;udk atmufygtwdik ;f qufvuf a&;om;cJo h nf?

G cf su/f OD;wnfcsuo f nf t"dujzpfyg.? “&mZ0wfr+ rSeo f r# (motive) &nf&, od‹k jzpfav&m OD;atmifqef;udk z,f&mS ;vdak om ol. &eforl sm;pm&if;udk -unf&h yg rnf? olraorD wvcef‹u wnaewGif bk&ifcH a':refprpfxHodk‹ OD;atmifqef; aygufvm_yD;æ“usaemfrh mS &eforl sm;vSw,f” [k nnf;onf? “rif;u vlxck spfwhJ [D;±kd;yguGm” [k bk&ifcHu ESpfodrfhaomtcg “orkdif;rSm ol&Jaumif;awG[m oHk; av;ESpfyJ ae-u&ygw,f? usaemfhtzdk‹ aemuf (18) vavmufae&&if uHaumif; yJ” [k rsuf&nfvnf&GJjzifh ajymoGm;onf[k bk&ifcHu ol. pmtkyfwGif rSwfwrf; wifco hJ nf? xkt d csed u f rnfoal wGonf OD;atmifqef;udk rvdv k m;-uoenf;? ocif pdk;/ ocifoef;xGef; uGefjrLepfrsm;u róuduf-uyg? xdktcsdefwGif epfwdu k‹ olykefx &ef jyifqifae-uapumrl (acsmif;ajrmif;owfjzwfr+) vlowf0g'udk cdkifrmpGm y,f xm;olrsm;jzpfojzifh epftyk pf u k kd rnfou l rS oHo,r&Syd g? oda‹k omf twdu k t f cH OD;apmESifh ocifApdew f u ‹kd OD;atmifqef;tay: rvdv k m; -uonfrmS xif&mS ;onf? bdvyfoo ‹kd mG ;um vGwv f yfa&;awmif;pOfu atmifqef;= tufwvDpmcsKyfukd olwv ‹kd ufrw S rf xd;k bJ oydwaf rSmufc-hJ uonf? txl;ojzihf OD;atmifqef;udk rvdkvm;qHk;olwrdk‹ Sm jrefrmEdkifiHESihf pD;yGm;jzpfcJh zl;-uaom t*Fvdyft&if;&Sifwpkjzpfonf? olww dk‹ Gif ‘txl;pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;tzGJŒ’ [k v#KŒd0u S t f zGŒJwck &So d nf? xkt d zGŒJukd oDaygacwfu pwifzŒJGpnf;xm;onf? txuf

jrefrmjynfukd odr;f ydu k &f ef vnfq,f0g'jzefv ‹ suf vufyg;ap ppfAv kd }f uD;rsm;udk v+‹H aqmfum wdu k cf u kd af pcJo h rl sm;jzpfonf? od‹k jzpfav&m vGwv f yfa&;&vkvck sdew f iG f OD;atmifqef;u qdk&S,fvpfqefaom rdef‹cGef;rsm;udk ay;cJh±Hkr#ru vGwfvyfa&;& _yD;v#if pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk ‘EkdifiHydkif’ ðyrnf[k ‘qdk&efwdkADvm’ pD;yGm;a&; pDrHudef;udk a&;onf? xdka‹ -umifh txufazmfjyyg t*Fvdyf v#KdŒ0SuftzGJŒu olwdk. ‹ &efoludk z,f&Sm;&ef pepfwus tuGufcsvsuf vkyf}uH-ujcif;jzpfayonf? odk‹ jzpfav&m ,if;tzGJŒu tqihfjrihfaom t*Fvdyf ppfAdkvf}uD;rsm;udkvnf; 0,f,lxm;onf? ppfAdkvf}uD;tcsKdŒonf t*Fvdyfukefonfb0rS ppf0wfpHk 0wfvm olrsm; jzpfonf? olwdk‹wGif tm%mvnf; &Sdonf? aiGudkvnf; vdkoavmuf&Edkif onf? xd‹ka-umihf olwdk‹u tm%m±l; OD;apmudk qufoG,fum vufeufESihf aiGay; _yD; vky}f uH&ef wdu k w f eG ;f onf? “OD;atmifqef;r&So d nfEiS fh oift h m; bk&ifcu H zdwf ac:I eef;&if;0ef&mxl;udk ay;&aprnf” [k rpm;&0cref; uwdðy-u&onf? xda‹k -umihv f nf; vky}f uHrj+ zpfpOfu t*Fvyd pf pfAv kd cf sKyfwOD;ESifh vHòk cHa&; xdyf oD; t&m&S}d uD;rsm; twGi;f 0ef±;kH wGif &S-d ujcif;jzpfonf? Ttcsufukd t*Fvyd t f &m &S}d uD;wcsKŒd wifóudo-d uonf? od‹kjzpfonft h avsmuf OD;apmudk zrf;onfEiS fh t*Fvyd f t&m&Sd}uD;rsm; tdENd,odk‹ xGufajy;-uonf? cufonfrSm bdvyfrS t*Fvdyftpdk;&u jrefrmEkdifiHwGif qlylr+udk rvdkvm;? bk&ifcu H vnf; OD;atmifqef;ESifh zqyvtzGŒJ ukd auseyfonfrmS trSejf zpfonf?

TwGif ‘txl;pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;tzGJŒ’ . OD;wnfcsufjzpfaom atmifqef; z,f&Sm;a&; pDrHudef;rSm vla&G;rSefjcif;a-umihf atmifjrifoGm;aomfvnf; OD;apmudk tm%mtyfa&;udpPrSm atmifjrifr+r&? bdvyftpdk;&ESihf bk&ifcHu 'Drkdua&pD ,Hk -unfolrsm;yDopGm zqyvtzGJŒ }uD;udk qufvuftm%mtyfrnf[k OD;Ekudk eef; wif-uonf? vkyf}uH_yD;aemuf a&Smif&Sm;jcif;rðybJ aetdrfYyif pdwfcsvufcs wpkwa0; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om atmifycJG aH eaom OD;apmonf bk&ifc.

H zdwpf mudk apmihaf epOf jrefrmykvyd rf sm;. zrf;qD;jcif;udk cH&onf? bma-umihf OD;ae0if;tm; }uH&myg wOD;jzpfEkdifonf[k ,lq&jcif;rSm OD;ae 0if;. OD;wnfcsuft& ,d;k pGyv f u kd &f jcif;jzpfI xdt k csdeu f Adv k af e0if;onf rsm;pGm pdwfqif;&Jaeonf? tm%m&mxl;&ruf}uD;rm;vSaom 'k=Adkvfr;ª }uD;ae0if;onf rdrd. ppf0wfpHkudk 0wf&wkdif; pdwfrcsrf;rom t_rJjzpfum qJa&;avh&Sdonf? zuf

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&v'f

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

qpfawmfveS af &;umv wyfrawmfaoemywd&mxl;rS qif;ay;&um topfzŒJGvu dk f aom wyfrawmfwiG f Adv k rf ;ª &mxl;jzifh tqihaf v#musvkyu f ikd af e&jcif;udk olraus reyfjzpfaeonf? ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfaomrwfpf/ 'k=OD;pD;csKyf Akdvfrª;}uD; prpf'Gef;wdk‹vuf atmufwGif ajrmufydkif;wdkif;rª;tjzpf Adkvfrª;&mxl;ESihf ae&onf? zufqpfawmf vSefa&;umvY ol‹atmuf&mxl;i,faom awmifydkif;wdkif;rª; apm-um'dk;u ,ck Adv k rf ;ª csKyfjzpfojzihf olx ‹ uf tqifjh rihaf ejyefonf? vGwv f yfa&; jyifqifcsed u f u&ift&m&Srd sm;onf olw. ‹kd vkyo f ufEiS fh ynm t&nftaoG;t& xkdufwefaom &mxl;rsm;udk &cJhonf[k prpf'Gef;u ol. rSwf wrf;wGif a&;om;azmfjycJo h nft h wdik ;f vGwv f yfa&;&pu ppfrx + rf;ouf (15) ESprf S (20) txd &Sd-uaom u&ifppfAdkvftrsm;pkonf wyfrawmfwGif v$rf;rdk;aeonf?

Adkvfr;ª }uD; apm'dkeDtjyif u&iftrsKd;om; 'k=Adkvfr;ª }uD; (8) OD;&Sdaeao;onf? xdk‹ a-umihf ar*sm&mxl;om &&Sad om Adv k af e0if;tzd‹k &mxl;wuf&ef a0;vSojzihf qwf qwfcgemaeonf? xdk‹ jyif ar*sm&mxl;rSm odrfi,fvS±Hkru ol‹.txufwGif ol‹xufppf0g&ifh aomolrsm; cHaeojzihf ppfwyfrSxGufum ocifApdef. ‘wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;’ wGif 0ifvsuf Ekid if aH &;vky&f ef wdu k w f eG ;f -ua-umif;ESifh rqvacwf orRw q&marmif armifa&;aom Adkvfae0if;ta-umif; pmtkyfwGif yg&Sdonf?

OD;atmifqef;onf &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifb0jzifh *syefacwfY twlaecJhpOf um vuyif Adkvfae0if;. p±kdufudk aumif;pGmodonf? odk‹ jzpfav&m OD;atmifqef; tpdk;&wnf&Sdaeor# umvywfvHk; ar*smae0if;tzdk‹ &mxl;wdk;wuf&ef/ xdyfoD; &mxl;&&S&d ef rjzpfEidk af wmh_yDæ[k olawG;xm;[efwo l nf? od‹k jzpfonft h wdik ;f Adv k f ae0if;uvnf; olb ‹ 0wufvrf;Y cvkww f o H if; vrf;r&Si;f bJ wm;qD;aeaom OD; atmifqef;udk z,f&mS ;vdo k nfrmS rkcsjzpfonf? xda‹k -umifh OD;apmu wdu k ±f u dk q f uf onfjzpfap/ ocifApdefrSwqihf qufonfjzpfap/ t*Fvdyft&m&Sd}uD;rsm;u wdkuf ±kdufqufonfjzpfap/ Adkvfae0if;tm; OD;apm. tpdk;&opfwGif xdyfydkif;&mxl; &aprnf[k uwday;ojzifh xdkae‹u vkyf}uHtkyfpkrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;ulnDcJhav oavm[k awG;awmp&mjzpfvmygonf? oufaoxkwfygOD;tHh? xdkae‹rwkdifrD OD;atmifqef;udk vkyf}uHvdrfhrnf[l aom owif;t& txl;tapmihft-uyfrsm; wifóudcsxm;ygonf? vkyf}uHr+rjzpfrD oHk;ywfcefr‹ S pwifum vufeufudk v#KdŒ0Sufudkifaqmifxm;aom t&yf0wf t&yf

pm;ESihf ppfom;rsm;udk OD;atmifqef;. ±Hk;cef;wcdkESihf twGif;0ef±Hk;wGif owif; axmufrsm; awGŒ -u&ygonf? xk&d aJ bmfrsm;rSm wyf&if; (4) rS &Jabmfrsm;jzpfonf?

AdkvfvGifu vHkòcHa&;udk wm0ef,lonf[k odcJh-uyg.? vkyf}uHr+}uD;jzpfaomae‹u xdk&Jabmfrsm;udk rawGŒ&yg? xdak‹ -umihf TudpPY twGif;vlu wHcg;zGihfay;aom vkyf}uHr+}uD;jzpfonfrSm aocsmyga-umif;” [l.? ‚if;tjyif &Syd gao;onf? u|efawmfwkd‹ EkdifiH&yfjcm;Y &&SdcHpm;ae&onfh vGwfvyfaom ywf0ef;usif twGif;Y a-u;rkHOD;aomif;u ol.ºuG,f0aom ajymqkdr+ a&;om;r+tokH;tE+ef; rsm;jzifh Adv k cf sKyfae0if;ESihf oli‹ ,fom;rsm;. &rf;um;r+a-umifh trdajray: usa&muf cJo h nfh 0rf;enf;zG,t f jzpfq;dk rsm;ukd r-umc%nnf;wGm;cJyh gonf? olu u|efyfwkd. ‹ (20) &mpk trsKd;om;acgif;aqmiftaejzifh trsKd;om;a&; vkyif ef;&yfrsm; tm;oGecf eG pf u dk v f yk af qmifaepOf qifjcifwrHk hJ &nfreS ;f csu}f uD;vGe;f _y;D vufpm;acswwfaom eef;&if;0efa[mif;. ,Eœ&m;qifvyk &f yfrsm;a-umifh vrf;ck vyfwiG f a-uuGzJ , G u f sq;Hk cJ&h onft h a-umif;vnf; r-umc%ajymqkad vh&ydS gonf? xkdokad‹ om puf¯ud;,Eœ&m;wyfqifr+wGif taygif;yg tvkdwltvkdygrsm;vnf; yg&Sd rSmaocsmvS_yD; xkdtxJwGif ae0if;vnf; xGufay:vmcJhonf? OD;apm.}uHpnfr+ wGif ae0if; yg0ifywfoufru + dk OD;aomif;u wdwv d if;vif; vlo&d iS -f um;azmfxw k f cJhonf? Ak'<[l;ae‹wkdif; 0g&Sifwef'DpDrS xkwfv$ifhaom ‘vGwfvyfaomtm&StoH’ jrefrmykid ;f tpDtpOf. 2000 ckEpS f atmufwb dk mvESihf pufwifbmvxkwv f i$ chf suf (trSwf 112 ESifh 113) wkw d‹ Gif ol. ajym-um;csufrsm;wGif ae0if;yg0ifywfoufr+ tcsKdt ‹ pdwftykdif;rsm;ukd xkwfazmfcJhonf? ,if;wkrd‹ S oufqkdifonfrsm;ukd atmuf wGif aumufEw k af zmfjyygrnf?

“OD;atmifqef;. vk-H cHa&;uku d muG,&f ef wm0efay;xm;aom txl;tapmifh ESpOf ;D onf t_rw J ap OD;atmifqef;. vufwurf;wGi&f ydS gvsuf tcif;jzpfymG ;aom Zlvkdifv (19) &ufae‹ eHeufu r&Sd-ubJ aysmufuG,fae-uonfrSm Adkvfr;ª ae0if; .tpDtpOf[k rkcs,k-H unf&avonf? xkdtapmifhwkd‹rSm Adkvfae0if;. vlrsm;jzpf-uonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd v#Kd0‹ Sufoufawmfapmifhrsm;tjzpf wm0efay;vkdygonf? pdwfcs&aom &Jabmfrsm; ay;yg[k OD;ausmf_idr;f u Adv k af e0if;xHrS awmif;&mrS&&Scd o hJ nf?

Adv k rf ;ª ae0if;ay;aom oufawmfapmifh (2) OD;jzpfol &Jabmf bwkyEf iS hf &Jabmf &Jjrifhwkd‹onf aoewfypfvufajzmifh-uonf? ajcmufvkH;jyL;ESifh ypPwkd (vf) (10)

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

csuyf pfv#if (8) csuw f o ‹dk nf ypfrw S w f . ‹dk A[ko d ‹dk xdreS af tmif ypfEidk o f rl sm;jzpfonf?

Adkvfae0if;. &moufyefvl,kHawmf. zsmykHajymufusm;wyfrS ajymufusm;Adkvf. vufprJG sm;jzpf-uonf? xkad e‹ a&Smifae-uaom oufawmfapmifh (2) OD;onfvnf; aysmufomG ;onf? &uftenf;i,f-umrS tavmif;awGŒ -u&onf? tvHeDolykefwkd‹u owfonf[k tr+yw d v f u dk o f nf? zqyv acgif;aqmifopfjzpfvmol twGi;f 0efa[mif; OD;wifxÉG o f nf Adv k rf ;ª csKyf&mxl;ESifh ppfr+xrf;pOfu vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif OD;apm. taygif;ygrnfolenf;[k oJveG pf rsm; &SmazGcahJ vonf? ‘e,l;wkid ;f ’ t,f'w D mcsKyfvnf;jzpfol OD;wifxÉG u f OD;apmESifh }uH&mygrsm;ta-umif;ukd ol.owif;pmY zGifhvSpfa&;om;vkdonf[k ta-umif;jyum owif;axmufcsKyftm; owif;tptersm;ukd vkdufvHpkHprf;&ef !¸e-f um;cJah vonf? r-umygay? ,if;ok‹d tr+a[mif;ukd jyefazmf&ef tm;xkwo f jzifh OD;wifxGÉfyg vkyf}uHcH&um toufay;oGm;&&Smonf? zsmykHrS ajymufusm;Adkvf. vufcsufjzpfonf[k od-uaomfvnf; tr+udk rnforl S razmf0?hH *VKefOD;apmESifh }uH&mygyk*~dKvfrSm Adkvfr;ª ae0if;jzpfonf[k oJvGefp&Smvkdol wko ‹d nf OD;wifxÉG Ef iS hf OD;xGe;f vSatmifw. ‹dk uH-urRmukd jrifawGŒ -uojzifh tr+}uD;. oJveG pf ukd rvku d 0f ahH wmhbJ ,ae‹widk f tajzr&onfh ar;cGe;f rsm;tjzpf E+wyf w d af e -u&avawmhonf?” ,ae‹xufwidk f OD;wifxÉG f owfjzwfr+ }uHpnf¯ud;yrf;olrsm; rnforl nf0g[k rnfolur# vlod&Sif-um;pGyfpJGcJhjcif;r&Sdacs? rSef;qajymqkdr+rsm;ESifh aumvm[v rsm;&Scd o hJ nfreS af omfvnf; txufazmfjyyg tjzpftysufrsm;wGif zsmykH ajymufusm; Adkvfukd vufaxmuftultjzpf ESpf}udrfwkdifazmfjycJhonfrSm xl;qef;aeayonf?

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol‹0ef}uD;tzGJŒukd &Sif;vif;&mY *VKefOD;apmESifh r[mrdwf «yvkyfcJholrSm ppftm%m&Sifomjzpfa-umif; OD;aomif;u qufvufI tao;pdwf ajymqkd oufaojycJjh yefonf?

“OD;atmifqef;ukd owf±rHk #ESihf 0ef}uD;csKyfrjzpfEidk o f nfudk OD;apmu aumif; pGm em;vnfod&Sdonf? vGwfvyfa&;&csdefY &Sifbk&ifjzpf&efrSm ppfwyfukd vkdtyf onf[k OD;apmu od&Sdonf? OD;apmtaeESifh OD;atmifqef;ukdvkyf}uH&ef bdvyf tpkd;&xH pum;qkd&efESifh jrefrmjynfY wyfpGJxm;aom t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;.tulukd r&Ekdifapumrl OD;apmtzkd‹ bk&ifcHESifh zqyvtkyfcsKyfr+ vufatmufcH jrefrm

ppfwyf. oabmwlnDcsuf axmufcHcsuf ckdifrmpGm&&SdavrSom OD;atmifqef;ESifh zqyv0ef}uD;rsm;ukd owfjzwf_yD;csdefY tm%m&Ekdifrnfjzpfonfukd rkcsod&rnf jzpfonf? &Sifbk&ifjzpfcsifol okd‹r[kwf EkdifiH.tkyfcsKyfr+tm%mukd &&Sdvkdoltzkd‹ ausmaxmufaemufcpH pfwyf vkt d yfonfudk aumif;pGmod&&dS ayrnf? xkdtcsdefu jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;/ Auy tvHjzLuGefjrL epfw. ‹dk vufwiG v f nf;aumif; vufeufyek ;f axmifaomif;&Sad eonf? olwo ‹dk nf zqyvtpk;d &tm; vufeufpu GJ idk I f olyek x f &efjyifqifae-uonf? tvHew D u ‹dk rl &ckdifbufwGif vufeufpGJukdifum olykefxae-u_yDjzpfonf? xkdtajctaersKd;wGif b&if;*ef;aoewf okH;av;&m/ usnfqefrsKd;pkH woef;cef‹om&Sd_yD; wynfhwyef; ok;H av;q,fEiS hf tm%modr;f &ef}uHpnfjcif;onf &,fz, G &f mjzpfaeonf? vufa&G; pifwynfhrsm;ukdapv$wf_yD; 0ef}uD;csKyfESifh tpkd;&tzGJŒ0if 0ef}uD;rsm;ukd vkyf}uHol OD;apmonf }uD;rm;ckdifcef‹aom ppfwyf. ausmaxmufaemufcH&SdrSom }uD;rm; onfh tpDtpOfukd &Jwif;pGma&;qGJI &Jwif;pGm vkyfaqmif0HhrnfrSmaocsmonf?

OD;apmonf ppfwyf. tm;ay;axmufcHr+&,l_yD;rSom ,ckuJhokd‹aomt}uHukd }uHpnf0rhH nfjzpfonf?”

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wuUokdvfae0if;

“u|efawmfrarhEkdifaom q,fhukd;Zlvkdif”

(aqmif;yg;ESifh xifjrifcsufrsm;)

‘wuUov dk af e0if;’ onf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. ,k-H unfpw d cf sonfh uk, d af &; vufaxmufAv kd x f eG ;f vS. uavmiftrnfjzpfygonf? Akv d x f eG ;f vStaejzifh vuf &Sd ppftpkd;&. pmtkyfpmwrf; pme,fZif;Xme. rsufESmzkH;ygrusef cGifh«yjcif;t& 1995 ckESpfwGif ol vpOfa&;cJhonfh ‘EG,feD’ r*~Zif;rS aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd pkaygif;_yD; ‘trSwfw& AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;’ ac: pmtkyfwtkyf xkwfcJhonf? xkd‹aemuf olu qufvufI ‘pwkid o f pf’ r*~Zif;wGif a&;cJah om aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd pkaqmif;um 1997 ckESpfwGif ‘jynfaxmifpkAdokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;’ trnfjzifh 'kwd,pmtkyfukd xkwfcJhjyefygonf? xkdpmtkyfwGif ylaqG;aomujzpfay:&onfh ‘u|efawmfrarhEkdif aom q,fhukd;Zlvkdif’ qkdonfh aqmif;yg; (pmrsufESm 72) rS atmufygaumufEkwf csufrsm;ukd azmfjyvkduf&ygonf? pma&;ol. trSmpmwGif a&;om;xm;onfht wkdif; TaemufqkH;pmtkyfukd AdkvfcsKyf}uD;. (82) ESpfajrmuf arG;ae‹ESifh yifvkHpm csKyf ESpf (50) jynfh txdr;f trSwrf sm;tjzpf *k%«f yxkwaf 0vku d jf cif;jzpfonf?

240

241

&v'f

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

“1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifvqef;wGif ‘bD/ tkd/ 'D’ (BOD) vufeufcJ,rf;okdavSmif a&;wyfrS armif;jyefvufeufrsm;ESihf cJ,rf; usnq f eftajrmuftjrm; rormolwpk xkwf,loGm;-ua-umif;ukd &JXmecsKyfu owif;&ojzifh jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;rSwqifh tpk;d &tzGŒJ xH tpD&ifccH yhJ gonf? xkdtcsdefwGif jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmfndrf;onf EkdifiHjcm;c&D;xGufaeI v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;0ef}uD; aysmfbG,fOD;jru acwWjynfxJa&;0ef}uD;tjzpf wm0ef,laeonf? okd‹ jzpfI aysmfbG,fOD;jru wm0eft& xkd0ef}uD;Xme wkduf±kduf uGyfuJaom aomif;usef;r+ESdrfeif;a&;wyfrS (aemifwGifjynfaxmifpkppf&Jwyf) wyfpw d w f pdwu f dk Adv k cf sKyf. ±k;H cef;jyifbufwiG f vk-H cHa&;wm0efcsxm;vku d o f nf?

OD;jru TuJo h ‹dk vk-H cHa&;tpDtpOfudk Adv k cf sKyftm; todray;cJo h nft h jyif pma&;ol tm;vnf; rajym&ef arwWm&yfccH o hJ nf? okd‹aomf wae‹wGif twGif;0efrsm;±kH;&Sd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;±kH;okd‹ AdkvfcsKyfESifh twlvmpOf tapmifhcsxm;onfh &Jabmf okH;av;OD;ukd AdkvfcsKyfvS rf;jrifoGm;&m pma&;oltm; ol‹±kH;cef;a&SŒrSm &Sdaeonfh vufeufukdif&Jabmfrsm; bmvkyfae-u wmvJqkdwm ar;ygawmhonf? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;u vkdtyfw,f,lqI vkH-cHa&; twGuf tapmifch sxm;a-umif; ajymjyonft h cgwGif Adv k cf sKyfu ‘rvkyd gbl;uGm/ ighudk b,folurSvnf; vkyf}uHrSmr[kwfbl;/ iguvnf; rpkd;&drfbl;? igh±kH;cef;a&SŒrSm vufeufukdif &JabmfawG csxm;wmukd igrjrifcsifbl;’ qkd_yD; OD;jrtm; csufcsif;jyef ±kyfodrf;ckdif;&ef trdeaf‹ y;vkdufygawmhonf? 0ef}uD; OD;jronf tvGefpdwfraumif; ykH&aomfvnf; trdeu f‹ kd emcHvkduf&ygonf? xdkae‹ naebuf ±kH;rStdrfokt d‹ jyefwGif pma&;oltm; ar;jyefygonf? ‘tdrrf mS &Sad ewJh &JabmfawGrmS vufeuf&o dS vm;vk?‹d ’ olwu ‹dk jynfo&‹l aJ bmfawGjzpfI vufeufr&Sad -umif; jyeftajzay;&mwGif Adv k cf sKyf u olukd,fwkdifawmh ao&rSmvnf; ra-umuf/ b,folurSvnf; ol‹udk vkyf}uH r,f rxifaomfvnf; ‘tdrfrSm&SdwJh uav;awGtwGufawmh igpkd;&drfovkdjzpfrd w,f’? xkd‹a-umifh tdrfu&JabmfawGukd ‘oifhawmfr,fhvufeuf enf;enf;yg;yg; ay;xm;yg?’ AdkvfxGef;vSonf trdeft ‹ & AdkvfcsKyftdrfwGifaeaom &Jabmfrsm;tm; awmfrD*ef;wvuf/ pwif;*ef;wvuf/ ajcmufvkH;jyL;ESpfvufESifh usnfqefrsm; ygay;&ef tpDtpOfvyk cf o hJ nf?” txufygaumufEw k cf surf sm; azmfjyxm;aom aqmif;yg;wGif pma&;oltae jzifh t"dym` ,fygonfh aemuftcsufwck a&;om;azmfjyxm;ao;onf? “trSefawmh ,if;-urRmiifonfh 0ef}uD;tpnf;ta0;onf Zlvkdif (19) &uf

paeae‹wGif usif;y&efr[kwfbJ/ Zlvkdifv (16) &uf Ak'<[l;ae‹wGif vkyf&rnfjzpf onf? 1946 ck pufwifbmv (26) &ufae‹u Akv d cf sKyftpk;d &tzGŒJ tm%mukd vufcH &,l_yD;tcsdefrSpI 0ef}uD;tzGJŒtpnf;ta0;ukd tywfpOf paeae‹ eHeuf (10) em&D usif;yaeusjzpfonf? xkdtcsdefu *VKefOD;apmonf bk&ifcHu wkduf±kdufcef‹tyf xm;aom 0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfae&m olvnf; tywfpOf paeae‹widk ;f usi;f yaom tpnf; ta0;ok‹d wuf&onf? oka‹d omfvnf; ‘atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf’ ukd OD;apmESihf ocifApdef oabmrwlbJ uef‹uGufojzifh jrefrmjynfjyefa&mufaomtcg tpkd;& tzGŒJ0ifrS Ekwx f u G &f onf?” _Aw d ed Ef idk if rH S jyefvm_y;D aemuf Adv k cf sKyfonf tywfpOf0ef}uD;tzGŒJtpnf;ta0; ukd paeae‹rvkyaf wmhbJ Ak'[ < ;l ae‹ usif;y&ef ajymif;a&$Œowfrw S v f u dk o f nf? ,if;ta-umif;ukd *VKefOD;apmurod? oka‹d omf Zlvidk v f (16) &ufwiG f wkid ;f jynf«yv$waf wmf. qyfaumfrwDwckjzpf aom zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya' a&;qGJa&;aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;usif;y&ef ¯udwifowfrw S x f m;_y;D jzpfaeonf? xkt d cg Adv k cf sKyfu 0ef}uD;tzGŒJudk vmrnfh pae ae‹o‹dk ajymif;&ef qk;H jzwfvu dk jf cif;jzpfygonf? wuUov dk af e0if;. aqmif;yg;yxrykid ;f wGif ygonft h a-umif;rsm;ukd txl; tm;jzifh jrefrmacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;twGuf vkH-cHa&;tpDtpOf&Sdr&SdudpPtay: jyef vnfaphaph awG;q-unfyh gu txiftjrifoabmxm;trsKd;rsKd; ay:aygufvmavh &Syd gonf? jrefrm&JtzGŒJEiS hf wGx J m;onfh _Aw d o d #t-uyfwyfom; ESpOf ;D tm; tpk;d &tzGŒJ tpnf;ta0;usif;ycsdew f idk ;f wGif cef;rok‹d twufavSum;xpfwae&mwGif wm0ef csxm;avh&o dS rl sm;ukd vky}f uHrr+ jzpfrD wywftvkw d iG f ±kyo f rd ;f vku d jf cif;onf rvkyf oifhonfh udpPjzpfonf[lI _Adwdo#wkd‹u a,bk,stm;jzifh ,lq-uonf? TuJh okd‹ ±kyfodrf;vkduf&onfrSm jrefrmwkd‹. arwWm&yfcHjcif;a-umifhjzpfI av;euf aom trSm;jzpfa-umif; xif&mS ;cJo h nf[k ,k-H unf-uonf? tb,fa-umifq h adk omf _Adwdo# tapmifhppfom;rsm;onf vlowform;rsm;u trSwf (12) -unf;wyf 0wfpkHa[mif;rsm; 0wfqifxm;jcif;ukd csufcsif;owdxm;rd-urnfjzpfaoma-umifh aESmifah ES;r+r&Sb d J wk‹H jyefEidk cf -hJ urnfjzpfonf? xku d o hJ ‹dk owdrxm;rdonfw h idk f tavh tusihf pnf;urf;emxm;ol rnforl qkd tapmifw h m0efae&mrSm &Sad ecJ-h uv#if xkpd pf 0wfpkH rjynfhrpkH t!kda&mifuif;bwfzdeyfrsm;0wfvsuf vufeufpkH ukdifwG,fum avSum;twif;wufvmol vlwpkrSm wpkHw&mrSm;,Gif;aea-umif; tvG,fwul jrifawGŒEkdif-uvdrfhrnfomjzpf.? tHh-op&maumif;onfrSm xkd_Adwdo#tapmifhppf

241

242 242

243

&v'f

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

om;rsm;ae&mwGif jrefrmrsm;tm; vlpm;xkd;umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef w&m;0if pDpOfxm;jcif;r&So d nfh ta-umif;yifjzpfygonf? jynfwiG ;f vk-H cHa&;tygt0if jrefrm acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; txl;umuG,af pmifah &Smufay;&ef wm0efrmS jynfxaJ &; 0ef}uD;Xme. 0wW&m;jzpf_yD; ‚if;vufatmuf tkycf sKyfvsuf&o dS nfh t&yfom; &JEiS hf vufeufukdif&Jwyfrsm;ukd tokH;«y&efjzpfonf? 0ef}uD; OD;ausmfndrf;taejzifh pkd;&drfylyefr+&SdykH&ygonf? a-u;rkHOD;aomif;ukd,fwkdif odcJh&onfrSm OD;ausmfndrf;u Adkvfr;ª ae0if;ukd AdkvfcsKyftm; v#Kd0‹ SufpGm apmifha&Smufay;&ef ,kH-unfpdwfcs&rnfh ppfom;rsm; tvk&d I dS wm0efcsxm;&ef awmif;qkcd jhJ cif;jzpfonf? vky}f uHr}+ uD;rjzpfrD ok;H ywfavmufuyif BOD rS vufeufrsm; ck;d xkw_f yD;csdeEf iS hf OD;ausmfnrd ;f Ekid if jH cm; roGm;rDtcsde[ f ck efr‹ eS ;f onf) owif;axmufrsm; owdxm;rd-ucJo h nfrmS Akv d cf sKyf ±kH; ywf0ef;usifESifh twGif;0efrsm;±kH; tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif t&yfom;t0wftpm; 0wfqifxm;um vufeuf0Sufukdifxm;onfh ppfom;rsm; tapmifhcsxm;jcif;jzpfyg onf? xkw d yfq, G t f m; Adv k rf ;ª }uD;vGif (E+wcf rf;ar$;) u uGyu f cJ o hJ nf? jynfxaJ &; 0ef}uD;uyif tykdjznfhpGufI Adkvfae0if;tm; aoewfypfvufajzmifhonfh vlESpf a,mufukd AdkvfcsKyftm; tqufrjywftapmifh wm0efay;&efajymI xkdvlrsm; ykd‹ xm;cJyh gonf?

TuJhokd‹ jzpfapumrl vkyf}uHr+jzpfay:vmonfhtcsdefwGif xkdtapmifhrsm;rSm aysmufjcif;rvS aysmufvsuf&Sd-uav_yD? ! vuf&t dS csdeu f mvusrS Adv k x f eG ;f vSu a&;om;xm;onfrmS (Adv k af e0if;ESihf -unf;wyfyg0ifywfoufaer+ukd csefvSyfxm;cJhjcif;ukd tajctaet& em;vnf oabmaygufEidk yf gonf) OD;ausmfnrd ;f r&So d nft h csdew f iG f ol‹ 0ef}uD;wm0efrsm;ukd acwWxrf;aqmifaeonfh aysmfbG,fOD;jru pkd;&drfruif;bJ vufeufukdif &Jwyf pdwfwpdwfukd AdkvfcsKyf±kH;teD;tem;wGif tapmifhwm0efcsxm;ygonf? xkdwyf om;rsm;ukd Adv k cf sKyfjrifonfEiS hf csucf si;f ±kyo f rd ;f vku d &f ygawmhonf? Adv k cf sKyftae jzifh wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;. arwWm&dyf-rHatmufwGif vkH-cHvsuf&Sdonf[k pdwfcs,kH -unfonfhtavsmuf TuJhokd‹aom txl;tumtuG,f tapmifhta&Smufrsm;ukd vufrcHjiif;y,fcJhjcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? okad‹ omfvnf; AdkvfcsKyfonf olt ‹ drfom;rsm; twGuf ab;&efurdk l pk;d &drrf yd &Hk ygonf? tajctaerSm tvGet f rif;±+yaf xG;cJo h nfh twGuf xkdumvukd jzwfausmfvGefum toufxif&Sm;usef&Sdaom ^m%ftajrmf tjrif&Sdol vlenf;pkrSmvnf; tcsdefESifhtr# ykdrdkenf;yg;vmonfhtavsmuf tcsdefr vGefrD yGifhyGifhvif;vif; zGifh[ajymqkd-u&ef tcsdefwefyg_yD?

jrefrmjynfppfXmecsKyftaejzifh jynfwGif;vkH-cHa&;twGuf wm0ef,l&efrvkd awmhbJ jrefrmtpk;d &uom rdrw d t ‹dk a&; rdrw d w ‹dk m0ef ,l&efjzpfonf[k _Adwo d #wk‹d u wbufwiG f ,lq&yfwnfvmygonf? rnfoy‹kd ifqadk p jrefrmjynfonf olw. ‹dk ukdvkdeDvufatmufcH EkdifiHb0wGif &SdqJjzpfao;onf? ppfOD;pD; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; b&pf (General Briggs) onf bk&ifhwyf&if; (5) ESifh oHcsyfum ,mOf (5) pD;ukd &efukef-rd› wGi;f ok‹d bk&ifcEH iS hf _Aw d o d #ro d m;pkrsm;tjyif wjcm; _Aw d o d #EiS yhf wfoufonfh vk-H cHru + dk a&S;±+vsuf ajymif;a&$Œpcef;csco hJ nf?

-unf;ESi&hf J tapmifw h yfom;rsm;rSm tcif;jzpfymG ;&mae&mwGif &Srd aecJ-h uyg? xkdtckduftwef‹wGif wpkHw&m ta&;,l aqmif&GufEkdifol &Sdr&Sd pOf;pm;awG;awm -unfh-uygpkd‹? p}uøvrf;wav#mufwGif t&yfom;t&m&SdwcsKd‹ &SdaecJh-uonf?

OD;tke;f cifEiS hf OD;armifarmifwo ‹dk nf vlowform;rsm; wufvmonfuydk if jrifvu dk f -u&ygonf? OD;wiftek ;f u ol±‹ ;Hk cef;rS jrifvu dk o f nf? ukeo f nf OD;xifabmfuawmh ±k;H udpEP iS afh &mufaepOf vlq;dk rsm;ESihf rsufEmS csif;qkid af wGŒvu dk o f nf? Adv k x f eG ;f vSEiS hf {nfo h nfAv kd o f ef;0if;wko ‹d nf 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tpnf;ta0; usif;yvsuf&adS om tcef; wcef;wGi&f adS e-uonf (Adv k o f ef;0if; vma&mufjcif;ta-umif;ESihf ypfc_H yD;csdew f iG f olbmvkycf o hJ nfudk rnforl # azmfxw k cf jhJ cif;rawGŒ&yg?) ±k;H vkvif armifaomif;pdef onf (bk&ifcH. acwWtwGif;0ef. 19§7 naeykdif; vef'ef -rd›okd‹ykd‹vkdufaom a-u;eef;owif;wGif jynfo&l‹ Jabmftapmifh[k txifrSm;cHcJh&ol) cef;rwHcg;0wGif apmifhae_yD; wjcm;vkvifwa,mufESifh pum;ajymvsuf&SdpOf vlowform;rsm; a&mufvm-uum olt ‹ m; wGe;f z,fvu dk -f uonf? xkad emuf 0ef}uD; tAŠ'&l mZwf. tyg;awmf_rJvli,f ukdaxG;onf tjcm;±kH;cef;wcef;rS ajy;xGufvm&m ypfcwf_yD; jyefxGufvmaom vlqkd;wokdufESifh rsufESmcsif;qkdifawGŒqkHI &ef}uD;atmif. ypfowfjcif;ukd cHvu dk &f onf? pD;yGm;a&; ae‹pOfowif;pm owif;axmuf uko d ef;u xkdypfcwfr+ rsufjrifoufaocHjzpfcJhonf? ukdaxG;rSmvnf; jynfol‹&Jabmftjzpf txifrSm;cHcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? xkdokd‹aom jynfol‹&Jabmfwa,mufu xkdvlowf orm;rsm;tm; Adv k af e0if;. Armhaoewfuidk w f yf&if; (4) rS ppfom;rsm;jzpfonf[k ajymjycJhonf? (xkdta-umif;ukd txufyg acwWtwGif;0ef. a-u;eef;wGifvnf; xnfhoGif;xm;onf?) xkdpGyfpGJcsufESifhywfoufI aemufxyfr-um;&awmhyg? twGif;0ef±kH;wGif ,mOfoGm;,mOfvmtwGuf wOD;wnf; wm0efusaeonfh &Jom; armifaxG;onf ppf0wfpkH0wfol vlig;a,muf *spfum;ESifh 0ifvmonfukd yxr qk;H awGŒ&oljzpfonf? rsm;r-umrD um;armif;ol okcu ol, ‹ mOfudk xGuaf jy;&efwiG f

243

244 244

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

&v'f

245

tqifoifhjzpfap&ef avSum;xpfatmufteD;okd‹ jyifqifa&$Œajymif;aepOf &Jom; armifaxG;u xkdae&mwGif r&yf&ef trdefa‹ y;aeonfhtcsdefwGifyif aoewfoHrsm; ay:xGufvmum aoewform;wa,muf ajy;qif;vmonfhtwGuf &Jom;vnf; tvsit f jrefxu G o f mG ;cJyh gonf? &Jom;armifaxG;taejzifh ,mOfrsm;&yf&mae&mwGif awGŒcJhonfh tjcm;wa,mufrSm Adkvfrª;}uD; ausmf0if;ESifh vkdufygvmol umuG,f a&;XmerS ±kH;vkvifarmiftkef;qkdoljzpfaeygonf? ±kH;awmfwGif armifaxG;ESifh armiftkef;ESpfa,mufpvkH;u okcjzpfa-umif; oufaocHcJh-u ygonf? txufyg yk*Kd~ vfrsm;onf ab;rSy-JG unfyh &dowfrsm;ozG,o f mjzpf-u_yD; w&m;ppfaq;&mwGif oufaotaxmuftxm;twGuo f m tok;H csEkid o f rl sm;jzpfonf? oka‹d omf xkt d csdef u twGif;0efrsm;±kH;twGif; typftcwf jzpfay:&mwGif wkdufckdufjcif;ukd wm;qD; [efw ‹ m;Ekid o f l okr‹d [kwf xGuaf jy;&mwGif wm;qD;Ekid o f rl sm;&Scd v hJ #if rqkid ;f rwG ta&; ,laqmif&u G &f ef rnforl #ay:xGuv f mjcif;r&Scd yhJ g?

Adkvfae0if;onf wyf&if; (4) t&m&SdtcsKdE‹ Sifhtwl wyfpkduf&m ysOf;rem;-rdr› S x&yfum;ESifh uaomuarsm &efukef-rdŒokd‹ qif;vm_yD; aemufwae‹ (20§7) eHeuf wGif a&mufvma-umif;od&onf? tpkd;&tzGJŒ. aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr+rsm; olwkd‹yg0if -uaomfjim;vnf; wyfrawmfESifh &Jwyfrsm;tm; txl;wyfvSefo ‹ wday;csuftrdef‹ ukd olwkd‹taejzifh ta&;w,lxkwfjyefcJhjcif; r&dScJhyg? u|efawmfukd,fwkdifu a&wyfwGif &Sdaeonfhtcsdefjzpf_yD; ,ae‹wkdif r&Sif;vif;onfhudpPwckrSm HMS ‘&wemykH’ [k ac:onfh jrefrmjynf bk&ifha&wyf (qENt& t&efa&wyf) Burma R.N.V.R urf;ajcpcef;XmecsKyfonf twGif;0efrsm;±kH; ajrmufbufwGifwnf&Sd_yD; (former St. Paul's English High School) za&pmvrf; (,ck taemf&xmvrf;) wvrf;omjcm;aomfvnf; wyfveS o ‹f wday;jcif;ESihf vrf;rsm;ay:wGif uif;vSnw hf m 0efrsm;ukd ray;cJo h nft h csujf zpfygonf? (aemufrS wyfpcef;a&SŒwiG o f m ae0ifr;D _ird ;f nrxGuf&trdefx ‹ kwfum xdef;csKyfxm;ygonf)? bDbDpDjrefrmykdif;toHv$ifhXmerS vky}f uHr}+ uD;þESpf (50) jynfh txdr;f trSwf toHvi$ &f mwGif Akv d rf ;ª ausmaf Zm (a&wyf) ESifh awGŒqkHar;jref;onfhtcef;wGif ajymjyonfrSm AdkvfausmfaZmonf xkdae‹u ‘&wemykH’ pcef;wGif tqifhjrifhAdkvftaejzifh wm0efusaecJh&m twGif;0efrsm;±kH; bufrS aoewfypfoHrsm; -um;-um;jcif; za&Zmvrf; (,ck taemf&xmvrf;) &Sd t"dut0if0ok‹d tjrefomG ;cJyh gonf? vrf;ay:wGif vlrsm;rSm pdwv f y+ &f mS ;vsu&f u dS m Za0Z0gjzpfae-uonfudk awGŒ jrif&_y;D olwc‹dk rsmrsm; -um;od&onfrmS vnf; tpk;d & acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; vkyf}uH&ef tm;xkwfcJha-umif;ESifh vkyf}uHolrsm;rSm EkdifiHa&;

qefu ‹ sifbufrsm; jzpfaumif;jzpfvrd rfh nfjzpfa-umif; aumvm[vowif;rsm;om jzpfygonf? Adkvfrª;ausmfaZmtaejzifh em&D0uf-umrS AdkvfcsKyf toufqkH;±+H;oGm; a-umif;ukd od&ygonf? u|eaf wmfvnf; xkad &'D,t dk ar;tajzwGif yg0ifc_hJ yD; xkad e‹ u tajctaeukd ajymcJyh gao;onf? tywfpOf0ef}uD;tzGJŒ tpnf;ta0;usif;yvsuf&Sdonfhae‹ukd *VKefOD;apm aumifpDrS xGuf&jcif;a-umifh rodEkdifa-umif; oHo,jzpfonfhtxiftjrifESifh ywfoufI olaumifpDrS xGufoGm;&onfrSm vaygif;-umvm_yDjzpfaomfvnf; aemufqkH;«yvkyfonfh tpnf;ta0;onf olwufaeusae‹wGifyif trSefwu,f usif;yjzpfco hJ nf? 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;apmonf xkad e‹xt dk csdew f iG f tpnf;ta0; usif;yvsuf&rdS &Sd aocsmatmif «yvkycf yhJ gao;onf? a&SŒajy;uif;axmuftkyfpku tpnf;ta0;usif;yae_yD[k twnf«yonfh tcsed u f srS olu vlowform;rsm;tm; apv$wv f u dk jf cif;jzpfygonf? aemuftcsuf wckrmS xkad e‹wiG f aumifp.

D tpnf;ta0;tpDtpOfY OD;apm.aetdru f dk 0ifa&muf pD;eif;um ywf0ef;usifrSm&Sdonfh a&ueftwGif; aomifwl;&SmazG&ef tqkd«ycsuf&Sd a-umif;ESihf TuJo h ‹dk ta&;,l&efrmS ESp&f uftawmtwGi;f rSmyifjzpfa-umif; OD;apm . axmufvSr;f a&;u od&cdS o hJ nft h wGuf vky}f uHrt + &Sed jf rifo h mG ;jcif;jzpfEidk yf gonf?

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pufqkyfzG,f vlrsKd;a&; vlowfr+avm uifbm&m&Sd -opa-w;vs trsK;d om;wuUov kd rf S a'gufwma*[ef 0Da*s,0D g a'ae (Dr. Gehan Wijeyewardene, Ph.D) u 1994 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvxkwf xkdif;=,leefpDrHcsuf owif;pmpOf trSwf (23)/ pmrsufESm (23=24) wGif u|Efkyf pmtkyt f ay: òcHio kH ;kH oyf&if; atmufygar;cGe;f udk ar;xm;onf? “u|Efkyfwdk‹acwf&Sd jrefrmacgif;aqmifr+ESihf ywfoufI ar;cGef;rsm;ar;&ef tcsuftvufwck jzpfay:vm_yD; atmifqef;jy,k*fonf vdktyfcsufwckjzpfae onf? odak‹ omfvnf; olonf trSm;uif;yg&JŒvm;? tdENd,EdkifiHtrsKd;om;uGef*&uf tpnf;ta0;rS tjyefwGif ol‹udk zrf;qD;&ef t*Fvdyfwdk‹u trdef‹xkwfxm;cJhonfh taxmuftxm;rsm;&Sdonf? ,if;zrf;qD;trdef‹xkwfvdkufjcif;u ol‹udk trGdKifodk‹ vGwfajrmufatmif xGufcGmoGm;apcJhonf? ,if;trdef‹rSm EdkifiHa&;jypfr+twGuf r[kwfbJ txl;tm;jzifh pufqkyfzG,f vlrsKd;a&; vlowfr+twGuf jzpfavonf?”

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

ol (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;) onf trSm;uif;yg&JŒvm;´?

Ak'<bmom jrefrmvlrsKd;wa,mufudk ,if;ar;cGef;tm; wOD;csif;ar;ygu wkH‹ jyefrnfh tajzrSm rvGJraoGyifæ“usKyfu bk&m;avmif;rS r[kwfwm” [k ajz ayvdrfhrnf? OD;atmifqef;udk,fwkdifvnf; xkdodk‹ajzayvdrhfrnf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹twGuf ,if;odk‹ obm0ususazmfjyr+rSm u|Ekfyfwdk‹ wOD;csif;onf tedpPoabmaqmif yk*Kd~ vfrsm;jzpf-u_yD; vH;k 0tjypfuif;pifI trSm;vH;k 0r&Sad om tqihjf rihyf *k Kd~ vftae txm;&&Sd&efrSm umvteEœ a0;uGmvGef;vSayonf[k ±kd;om;pGm ajymqdkvkdyg a-umif;? (olr‹ w d af qG tcsed rf wdik rf D aoqH;k &_y;D onfah emuf) OD;Eku Ak''< \etjrif rS ta-umif;ESifh tusK;d oabmt& Toda‹k xmufjycJo h nf? “Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m tjrihfrm;qHk;*k%fodrfeJ‹ -oZmt&Sdefudk vG,fvG,feJ‹ &cJhwmr[kwfygbl;? ol‹&JŒ pGef‹ v$wrf /+ wnf-unfr/+ ±k;d om;r+/ pG_J rJr/+ rsK;d csppf w d ef ‹J &JprG ;f owW&d rdS a+ wGukd &if;ES;D jrK‡ yfEHS _yD; &,lc&hJ wmyg? ol&ŒJ b0wav#mufv;kH 'Dvkd olrwlwhJ t&nftcsi;f awGukd olu worwfwnf; r,dr;f r,kid f awmufav#mufjycJv h ‹kd jynfov l x l u k olw&‹kd ŒJ arwWmeJ‹ ,H-k unfcsufukd jyefvnfw‹kH jyefcw hJ mjzpfygw,f”?

OD;atmifqef;Y ol‹trSm;rsm; &Sdaumif;&Sdayrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; jrefrmjynf olvx l u k olt ‹ m; ol. ud, k u f sio fh u d mQ rsm;t& arwWm&Scd /hJ ,H-k unfc_hJ yD; xkad rwWm ESifh xd, k -kH unfro + nf rusKd;raygufcahJ cs? ‘tdv k AD m*d;k vfprf pf’ uæ “u|Efyk w f o ‹kd nf vlvlcsif;qufqH-u&mY ol. tm;enf;csufrsm;udk El;El;nHhnHhudkifwG,f&ayrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf taumif;qHk;t&mrsm;Y tvGefeD;uyfpGm tcsKdŒcsKdŒaom trSm;t,Gi;f rsm; rDw S , G v f su&f _dS rjJ zpfonf? od‹kjzpfI ol.aumif;uGurf sm;tm; odr;f usK;H I rxdcu kd o f mG ;apbJ xkt d rSm;t,Gi;f tzsi;f todrrf sm;udk cGjJ cm;aygif;oifvsuf 11 y,fEkwfypf&ayrnf” [k qdkcJhonf r[kwfygvm;? odka‹ omfvnf; ar;cGef;um; usef&Sdaewkef;yif? atmifqef;. tm;enf;csuf rsm;u olu ‹ kd txl;tm;jzifh pufqyk zf , G af umif;vSonfh vlrsKd;a&;tajccH vlvcl sif; owfjzwfru + kd usL;vGeaf pcJzh ;l oavm?

1939 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (3) &ufae‹wGif _AdwdefESihf jyifopfwdk‹u *smreD tay: ppfa-unm_y;D (6) &uft-umwGif wdu k w f u kd q f ikd q f ikd yf if *VKefapm arG;&majr jzpfaom om,m0wDwGif usif;y-uonfh wdk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk; nDvmcH}uD;u qHk; jzwfcJhaom rl0g' a-unmcsufudk tao;pdwfxkwfjyefcJhonf? ,if;wGif tajccH tcsu}f uD; (9) csuf yg&Scd o hJ nf? tESpo f m&tm;jzihf jrefrmwd. ‹k yl;aygif;aqmif&u G f r+udk &&Sdvdkv#if tcsKdŒaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vkdufavsm&rnfjzpf_yD; jyifqifr+

rsm; _yD;onfEiS hf wòydief uf vGwv f yfa&;udak y;&ef awmif;qdx k m;avonf? _Adwo d # tpdk;&taejzihf ,if;urf;vS rf;csufudk rodusKd;u|efðycJhaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&; &&Sd&ef urBmhtajctaet& tusyftwnf;udk tcGihfta&;,l toHk;cs&ef trsKd; om;a&;Ekd;-um;vmu EkdifiHa&;ESihf tEkynmaygif;pyfI jynfolvlxkudk qGJaqmif oGm;EdkifcJhonf? olwdk‹. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk vlxkxH o,faqmifoGm;aom EkdifiH a&;acgif;aqmifwdk. ‹ v+Ha‹ qmfrD;xkd;ay;r+rsm;a-umifh ‚if;.tawG;tac:onf vl xktwGi;f Y vsifjrefpmG ysHŒEo ‹HS mG ;cJo h nf? xda‹k -umifv h nf; 1939 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd m vwGif EkdifiHa&;tzGJŒtpnf;}uD; ESpfzGJŒ jzpfaom a'gufwmbarmf. ‘qif;&Jom; 0HomEktzGŒJ ’ESifh wdA‹k rmtpnf;t±H;k wdo ‹k nf tjcm;tzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;udyk g pnf;±H;k vsuf trsK;d om;nD!w G af &;wyfO;D jzpfonfh ‘Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f ’ udk (xkd tcsed w f iG f ygvDrefY tm%mrJh twdu k t f cHb0 a&mufae_yjD zpfaom) a'gufwm barmfu OuU@tjzpfEiS fh (trwfr[kwfaom) ocifatmifqef;u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf zGJŒpnf;cJh onf? ocifatmifqef;ESihf ajratmufawmfveS af &;orm;rsm;jzifh zGŒJ pnf;xm;aom ‘Armhta&;awmfyHkygwD’ rS rdwfaqG oli,fcsif; tpktzGJŒuav;wckonf tvGef wufºuGorl sm; jzpfae-uonf? xdak‹ emuf 1940 ckESpf/ rwfvwGif ocifatmifqef;onf ‘tdENd,trsKd;om; uGef*&uf’ . ‘&rf*wf’ tpnf;ta0;odk‹ wufa&mufcJhonf? oljyefvmtcsdefwGif r[mrdwrf sm;twGuf Oa&myY qifEaJ$ eaomppfonf tajctae vsifjrefpmG qkwf ,kwfqdk;&Gm;vsuf&Sd_yD; jrefrmEkdifiH. bk&ifcHtaejzifhvnf; _Adwdo#wdk‹. òrd›jy tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m trdef‹rsm;udk rvkdufem&ef pnf;±Hk;v+H‹aqmfr+rsm;ESifh (tu,fI vGwv f yfa&;ay;&ef uwdrðyygu ppfukd wm;qD;aESmif, h u S &f ef) trsKd;om;a&;ESifh vGwfvyfa&; tkyfpkrsm;. _cdrf;ajcmufr+rsm;udk &ifqdkifae&avonf? xdk‹a-umifh _Adwo d #wdt ‹k aejzifh jrefrmEdik if t H m; tkycf sKyfxm;aom Oya'rsm;tm; umuG,o f nfh taejzifh oabmxm;uGJvGJolrsm;udk zdESdyfr+rsm; ðyvmonf? txif&Sm;qHk; ocif rsm;ESihf tjcm;EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk vkdufvHzrf;qD;_yD; aoG;xdk;v+aH‹ qmfr+jzihf ±Hk;wif w&m;pGu J m axmifrsm;twGi;f od‹k ypfoiG ;f cJo h nf? Ttcsed rf mS ygvDrefwiG f *VKefapm eef;&if;0efjzpfaecsdefjzpfonf? trsm;tjym;rSm (12) vxd axmifcscH&aomfvnf; xdk‹xufydkIyif xdef;odrf;xm;r+udk cH&olrsm; &Sdao;onf? ocifEkESihf a'gufwm barmfwo ‹kd nf Zlvikd f (4) &ufEiS hf (10) &ufae‹ww ‹kd iG f toD;oD;tzrf;cHc-hJ u&onf? xdktcsdefumvwGif om,m0wDòrd›rS odyfra0;aom {&m0wDwdkif;twGif;&Sd ZvGefòrdw › Gif vlxktpnf;ta0;wckY ocifatmifqef;u pum;ajymqdkcJhonf? ol

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. t"du&efoljzpfoltm; jyefvnfwHk‹ jyefonfhtaejzifh bk&ifcHjzpfol ‘qm=tmcsD abmvfaumhu&def;’ tm; olajymaeus yGifhyGifhvif;vif; 'Jh'dk;yHkpHjzifh pdefac:cJhjcif; a-umifh [oFmwc±kid f &J0efu olt ‹ m; zrf;0&rf;xkwv f u kd o f nf? xkt d csed u f Oa&my ujym; t&m&Sdrsm; ðyaeustwdkif; ol‹tm; zrf;rdv#if qkaiG (5) usyf ay;rnf[k qkawmfaiGudkyg xnfhoGif;xm;_yD; ol‹tm; oduQmcsxm;avonf? xdktcsdefrSpI ocifatmifqef;onf ajratmufo‹kd yke;f v#K;d oGm;cJo h nf? -o*kwv f (8) &ufae‹wiG f tazmfjzpfol ocifvSòrdifESihftwl olonf wdkif;jynftwGif;rS wdwfwqdwfxGufcGm oGm;cJh&m olw ‹ Gif ±l;yD;aiG (200) ESifh twGuftcsufaumif; wckom ygoGm;cJhonf? aemufqHk;wGif olonf ‘AdkvfawZ’ (ac: ) Adkvfrª;csKyf ‘tdkrdk'g’ (ac: ) AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;tjzpf wyfrawmfwckudk OD;aqmifvsuf jyefvnfxGufay:vmcJhonf? 'kw, d urBmppf yGOJ ;D xGurf pS Iþocifatmifqef;þxGucf mG oGm;onft h csed t f xd txufu azmfjycJo h nfh umvwav#mufv;kH wGif rsKd;cspfvil ,focifrsm;/ ausmif; om;rsm;ESifh tcsKŒdEidk if aH &;orm;rsm;onf olw. ‹kd t,ltq/ 0g'a&;&mESihf pdw0f rf;uGJ jym;r+rsm;udþk ab;z,fxm;I ‘_Aw d o d #e,fcsŒJpepfu’kd òzdcsEikd &f ef ±ke;f uefóud;pm;-u&m wGif nD!w G af &;wyfO;D w&yfukd cdik rf mpGm zGŒJpnf;Edik cf -hJ uonf? ocifatmifqef;onf ud, k u f sK;d rzuf owW&d pdS mG jzifh wkid ;f &if;om;tcsi;f csi;f vlrsK;d a&;cGjJ cm;r+ vH;k 0uif;&Si;f aom trsK;d om;a&;v+y&f mS ;r+rsm;wGif OD;aqmifr+ tcef;u¾udk ,lco hJ nf? OD;atmif qef; tdE, dN rS jyefvm_y;D onfrS w±kwjf ynfox ‹ kd u G cf mG oGm;onftxd (4)þvcefu ‹ mv udk txl;&nf!e¸ ;f &aomfvnf;þolt ‹ aejzihþf ta-umif;udpw P cka-umifh wpHw k a,muf udk owfjzwfco hJ nfh taxmuftxm;/ odr‹k [kwf owif;tpteþvH;k 0r&Scd ahJ cs? xdk tcsed u f þtpd;k &rSww f rf;rsm;uvnf; olt ‹ m; Oya'a-umif;t&þwkid ;f jynfqyl v l y+ &f mS ; r+rsm; jzpfymG ;atmif aoG;xd;k v+a‹H qmfcsujf zpfaom Ekid if aH &;v+a‹H qmfrr+ sm;ESifh ‘ppfqef‹ usifa&;’ 0g'jzefr‹ +rsm;a-umihfom olu ‹ dk zrf;vdkjcif;jzpfa-umif; jyqdkvsuf&Sdonf? ocifatmifqef;onf ppfrjzpfrD w&Ha&mtcgu &ufpufpmG &mZ0wfr+ wpHk wckudk usL;vGefcJhzl;onf[laom pGyfpGJcsufESihf ywfoufI cdkifvHkaom taxmuf txm; vHk;0r&Sdacs? odk‹ jzpfv#if ,if;pGyfpGJcsufonf rnfodkr‹ nfyHk pwif ay:ayguf vmygoenf;? rnfov ‹l ufcsufenf;? jrefrmEdik if q H idk &f m w&m;±H;k rS rSww f rf;rsm;udk okawoeðyolwOD;wa,muf. vGrJ mS ;pGm aumufcsufqjJG cif;rS wqihef m;vnfr+ vGJvmjcif; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k ,lq&ayonf? ocifatmifqef;onf Todk‹aom vl owfr+usL;vGefcJhonf[k pGyfpGJajymqdkcsufrsm;ESihf ywfoufI 1945 ck/ Edk0ifbmv &ufpGJjzifh _Adwdo#wdk. ‹ jrefrmtpdk;&u ay;ydka‹ om a-u;eef;rsm;udk xdkolu awGŒrd

aumif; awGŒrdayvdrfhrnf? ,if;owif;rsm;onf pGyfpGJxm;aom &mZ0wfr+. jzpf yGm;ESpu f kd rSm;,Gi;f pGmjzihf 1932 ckEpS [ f k a&;om;ay;ydx ‹k m;cJ_h yD; ,if;&ufpu JG kd aemuf ydik ;f wGif jyefvnfjyifqifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? ar;cGef;rsm; xyfrHay:aygufvmjyefonf? vlrsKd;a&;t& vlowfr+wckudk &nf!e¸ f;azmfjyr+onf tcsdefumv vGJrSm;pGm azmfjyrdcJhv#if ,if;onf wu,fjzpf ysufcJhaomfvnf; aemufydkif;umvwGif jzpfysufcJhjcif;avm? xdkoq dk‹ dkv#if ,if;tr+ onf vlrsKd;a&;t&avm/ odkr‹ [kwf xdkjypfr+onf vlowfr+avm? tajzudk &Sm&ef óud;pm;rnfqdkv#if 1946 ckESpf/ tOD;ydkif;umvudk jyefoGm;&ayvdrfhrnf? xkdESpf az azmf0g&Dv (28) &ufae‹wiG f usi;f yaom Oya'ðyaumifp.

D yxrqH;k tpnf;ta0; wGif ocifxGef;tkyfuxI jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (BIA) . t"du wyfzGJŒ rsm; weoFm&DrS Armjynfajrmufyikd ;f od‹k csw D uf-upOf oxkt H eD;Y _Adwo d #bufawmf om; rlqvif&Gmol}uD;wOD;udk ocifatmifqef;u owfcJha-umif; pGyfpGJavonf? ocifatmifqef;onf xkdtcsdefu Adkvfr;ª csKyf&mxl;ESihf t}uD;wef; ppfOD;pD;t&m&Sd &mxl;rsm;udk udkifpGJxm;onf? olt ‹ xufwGif *syeft&m&Sd (2) OD;om &Sdawmhonf? xdka‹ -umihf ocifatmifqef;udk zrf;I ±Hk;wifppfaq;oihfonf[k ocifxGef;tkyfu tqdkðyonf? vlowfr+tm; olonf rsufjrifoufaojzpfI w&m;qkdif&mwGif ol‹ taejzifh oufaocH&ef vdkvm;vsuf&Sdonf[k qdkonf? tpdk;&taejzihf TtjzpftysufESihf ywfoufI apmpD;pGmuyif &Jwdk‹xHrS twGi;f a&;tpD&ifcpH mudk &&Sx d m;_yD;jzpfonf? oda‹k omfvnf; aumifp0D if ocifxeG ;f tkyf. tqdkðycsufrSm yxrqHk; vlod&Sif-um; xkwfjyefajym-um;csufjzpfonf? xdk pOfu bk&ifcHjzpfol ‘qm&J*sDe,fvf a':refprpf’ onf ,if;pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk tao udkifum OD;atmifqef;tm; oduQmn‡dK;rdSefap&ef toHk;csvdkojzifh t&trd qGJudkifcJh onf? 12 ‘a':refprpf’ u vef'ef&Sd jrefrmEkdifiHqkdif&m EkdifiHjcm;a&; twGif;0efxHodk‹ a-u;eef;±kdufI OD;atmifqef;udk zrf;&ef cGihfðyrdef‹awmif;cHcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm; ðyvkyfaeqJjzpfI _Adwdo#tpdk;&u csufcsif;zrf;cGihfrðycJhacs? odEk‹ Sihf rwfv (27) &ufae‹wGif &efukef&Sd tpdk;&tdrfawmfY ‘qm&J*sDe,f’xH rnfuJh od‹k aqmif&u G o f ihaf -umif; tpD&ifcpH mwifjy&ef tpnf;ta0;w&yf usif;ycJ-h u&m xdyw f ef;ppfwyfEiS fh &JwyfzŒJGt&m&S}d uD;rsm;/ tkycf sKyfa&;t&m&Srd sm;u OD;atmifqef; udk xdef;odrf;cJhv#if ykefuefxºuGr+ jzpfvdrhfrnf[k óudwifcef‹rSef;-uonf? òrd›jy t&m&Sdrsm;url ,if;odk‹ ta&;,laqmif&Gufvkdufv#if wu,fhudk vlxkaygufuGJr+ jzpfapvdrfhrnf[k cHpm;rdcJh-uonf? xdka‹ emuf avmh'farmifhbufwefu xdkudpPudk

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

-um;jzwfwm;qD;cJhonf? ‘avmh'farmifhbufwef’ u EkdifiHjcm;a&; twGif;0efxH v#KdŒ0SufoauFwjzihf pm (27§3) a&;om;ay;ydck‹ Jhonf? ‚if;pmwGifæ “ppfa&;qkdif&m bk&ifcHcsKyftjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonfhtwGuf ,cktcg jref rmjynfESihf ywfoufI u|EkfyfwGif wm0efr&Sdaomfvnf; u|Ekfyftaejzifh jrefrmEdkifiH . tem*wfta&;ESifh ywfoufI txl;pdw0f ifpm;r+ &Sad eqJjzpfygonf? atmifqef; udk zrf;&ef tqdkðycsufESihf ywfoufI u|Ekfyftaejzihf tvGeftrif; pdwftaESmihf t,Sujf zpfryd gonf? xGe;f tkyu f &nf!e¸ ;f cJah om tr+onf oifu u|Ekyf x f H azmfjy cJah om tr+jzpfcv hJ #if ,if;tr+onf vlowfr[ + w k =f r[kwf pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfay;&rnfh udpPjzpfvmygonf? tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m tjzpftysufonf ,cktcg (4) ESpfwm -um cJ_h yDjzpfonf? tu,fI 0da&m"djzpfaeaom tjrifoabmxm;rsm; &Sad ernfqv kd #if TuJhodk‹aomjzpf&yfrsKd;udk arhaysmufypf&efonf u|Ekfyfwdk‹twGuf taumif;qHk; rl0g'jzpfvrd rhf nf[k u|Ekyf af wG;rdygonf? OD;atmifqef;. wcgw&H pdwv f u kd rf mef yg vkyfaqmifr+rsm;onf pdwftaESmihft,Sufjzpfp&maumif;aomfvnf; olonf u|Ekyf t f eD;Y yGiv hf if;pGm ajymqdq k ufqaH ejcif;rSm avmif;upm;yGw J ckY yg0ifupm; aejcif; r[kw[ f k xifjrifryd gonf? i,f&, G Ef yk sKad om olt ‹ ouft&G,t f & olonf aemif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfae&ef ta-umif;&Sdygonf? u|Efkyf. oabmxm;tjrifay;&v#if olESihf olr‹ dwfaqGrsm;udk u|Efkyfwdkx ‹ ifjrifonfh jrefrm EkdifiHtzdk‹ ppfrSefaumif;rGefaom tem*wfwnf&Sdrnfh vrf;a-umif;udk tm±HkpdkufI jyoay;jcif;omv#if ydkrdkaumif;rGefvdrfhrnf[k u|Ekfyfxifygonf? ,ckavmavm q,fwGif OD;atmifqef;udk zrf;qD;vdkufjcif;onf _Adwdo#tifyg,mtwGif; jrefrm EkdifiH. tem*wfqufqHa&;udk t}uD;us,fqHk; qkwf,kwfysufjym;r+ jzpfay:ap vdrfhrnf[k ,lqa-umif; u|Ekfyfw&m;0ifajymvdkygonf” [l.? toufq;kH ±H;+ oGm;cJah om ol}uD;.ZeD;jzpfol a':trmonf {_yv D wGif bk&ifcH . ppfa&;qdkif&m twGif;0efxHodk‹ toem;cHpm wifoGif;cJhonf? xdkpmrSm {_yDv (8) &ufþae‹pGJwyfxm;_yD; xdktcsdefu ‚if;pmudk jynfolvlxktm; today;jcif; r&Sd cJhacs? ol}uD;.trnfrSm ‘tAŠ'l&m&Spf’ jzpf_yD; oxHkc±kdif/ aygifòrd›e,ftwGif;&Sd oJjzLuke;f &Gm. ol}uD;jzpfavonf? olr. wifjycsufrmS Tod‹k jzpfonf? “olr. a,musmf ;onf oJjzLuke;f &Gm. ol}uD;jzpfol zcifO;D &m&Spu f , G v f eG f _yD;aemuf vGefcJhaom (25) ESpfcefu ‹ xdk&Gm. ol}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf? oJjzLukef;&Gm . ol}uD;tjzpf aqmif&GufaepOfumvwGif olonf _Adwdo#tpdk;&tay: tvGef w&m opPmapmiho f o d jl zpfI txuftm%mydik rf sm;. pdww f ikd ;f us olw ‹ m0efrsm;udk

xrf;aqmifcJhonfjzpf&m TonfESihfywfoufI armfvòrdifrS 'k=ta&;ydkifrif; ‘OD; bpef;’u oufaocHEdkifygonf? xdt k‹ jyif ocifv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;u _Adwdo#wd. k‹ tkyf csKyfa&;udk enf;rsKd;pHkjzifh 'kuQay;vmonfhtcgY arwWm&yfcHav#mufxm;ol. cifyGef;onf qlylxºuGr+ rSefor#udk olta&;ydkifonfhtwGif;rS ae‹a&mnyg ESdrfeif; xdef;csKyfI rD;aoatmifvkyfcJhygonf? ,if;tcsufudk ,ck AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpf vmaom ocifatmifqef;onf _Adwo d #wu ‹kd kd jyefvnfwu kd cf u kd &f ef *syefo‹kd roGm;rD uyif aumif;pGm od&v dS rd rfh nfxifygonf?” olru ocifatmifqef;ESihf ol‹taygif;ygrsm;u olra,musfm;udk 1942 ck ESpw f iG f zrf;qD;cJyh rkH sm;tm; qufvufazmfjycJo h nf? “*syefw‹kd rkwrW bufrS csw D ufvmonfEiS fh _Adwo d #wv ‹kd nf; oxHck ±kid rf S qkwf cGmoGm;cJ&h m rsm;r-umrDrmS yif ,if;od‹k zrf;qD;r+ jzpfay:cJjh cif;jzpfonf? olra,musmf ; udk óud;ESifhwkyf_yD; EGm;vSnf;jzifh oxHkòrd›odk‹ ,laqmifoGm;um tpma&pm ray;bJ &Spf&ufcef‹ csKyfaESmifcJhonf” [k olru ajymqdkcJhonf? xdk‹aemuf ol‹udk abmvHk; upm;uGi;f od‹k ac:aqmifomG ;um *d;k wkid w f iG f um;pifwifI vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGma&S› wGif vSHpGyfjzifh xdk;owfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? olru æ“_Adwdo#w&m;Oya'onf qif;&J ESihf csrf;omt-um; cGJjcm;r+ r&SdonfjzpfI ocifatmifqef;udk Oya't& ta&;,l aqmif&Gufay;yg&ef av#mufxm;tyfygonf” [k qufvufwdkifwnfxm;onf? toem;cHav#mufxm;ol/ uGef*sDrdk‹ ('f) umum/ aygifòr›drSwqihf [k vdyfwyf um ‘rr’ [lI jrefrmvdk vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;onf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf; {_yDv (12) &ufae‹xkwf owif;pHk*sme,fwGif aqmif;yg;wyk'af &;um ol&‹ yfwnfcsufukd olb ‹ momol &Si;f jycJo h nf? ,if;aqmif; yg;rSm jrefrmvdk a&;xm;jcif;jzpf_yD; t*Fvyd v f kd bmomjyefcsufrmS ‘[Hom0wD’ wGif yg&SdcJhonf? wzef ocifxGef;tkyfu Oya'ðyaumifpDtpnf;ta0;wGif ol‹udk pGyf pGcJ sufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI jyefvnfacsyxm;onfrmS atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf? “ ‘vlowfr’+ [lI trnfwyfxm;aom tr+wiG f ‚if;&GmrS &Gmol}uD;udk &Gmol &Gmom;rsm;pGq J akd om jypfru + sL;vGerf r+ sm;twGuf ao'%ftjypfay;cJ&h jcif;jzpfonf? u|Ekfyftaejzifh &Gmol}uD;. emrnfudkvnf;aumif;/ &Gmudkvnf;aumif; ol usL; vGecf o hJ nfqakd om jypfrr+ sm;. oabmobm0 twdtusudv k nf;aumif; tjynfh tpHk rSwrf Ed ikd jf cif;r&Syd g? xd&k mG ol}uD;rSm u|Efyk w f ±‹kd j+ rifo;kH oyfcsuft& aumufuspf ,kwrf molwOD;jzpf_yD; &Gmol&mG om;rsm;tay: rw&m;qufqcH o hJ /l vGepf mG armufrm ±kid ;f pdik ;f oljzpfI oxHck ±kid o f ‹kd yxrqH;k a&muf&v dS maom u|Eyfk w f ‹kd Armhvw G v f yfa&;

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wyfrawmfu rv$rJ a&Smifom xde;f odr;f xm;cJo h nfuo kd m u|Ekyf rf w S rf yd gonf? xdktcsdefu u|EkfyfESihf aemufwa,muf (u|Efkyftm; ,cktcg pGyfpGJaeol) [ocifxGef;tkyf] wdk‹ ajrmufydkif;rS qif;vmum bDtdkifattwGuf wyfom;opfrsm; pkaqmif;&efEiS fh -um;jzwftrsKd;om;tpd;k &twGuf tkycf sKyfa&; 0efxrf;rsm; &&S&d ef xdek ,fajrwGif a&muf&adS ecJyh gonf? oxHòk rdw › iG f ‘_ird ;f csr;f r+xed ;f odr;f a&;’ aumfrwD udk u|Ekfyfu zGJŒpnf;ay;cJh_yD; xkdtcsdefY xdkc±kdiftwGif; jypfr+rsm; usL;vGefxm;onfh twGuf zrf;qD;cHxm;&ol (4=5) OD;&Sda-umif; od&SdcJh&onf? u|Efkyf xyfrHod&Sd& onfrSm aus;&Gmol§om;rsm; pdk;&drfa-umihf-ujzpfae&onfh vGefpGm taxmuf txm; oufaooufuefcikd v f akH om tr+wck&adS ejcif;ESifh ,if;rSm olwo ‹kd xHt k ydik f (oJjzLuke;f ) &Gm. ol}uD;ud, k w f ikd jf zpfaejcif; jzpfygonf? olusL;vGecf o hJ nfh jypfr+ rsm;twGuf tjypfay;rnfqdkv#if ao'%fxuf edrfh_yD;ay;I rjzpfa-umif; u|Efkyf tm; tpD&ifc-H uygonf? “'Dvq kd v kd #if olu ‹ kd owf&awmhrmS aygh” [k u|Eyfk af jymqd_k y;D tpGypf cJG &H oltm; u|Ekyf pf &D ifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf” [k azmfjyxm;.? xdk‹aemuf OD;atmifqef;ESihf a':refprpfwdk‹ awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;cJh-uonf? ‘qm&J*sDe,fvf’ u ,if;aqG;aEG;csufrsm;udk 1946 ckESpf/ arv (25) &ufae‹wGif a-u;eef;jzifh twGif;0efxH tpD&ifcH wifjycJhonf? oufqikd af om a-u;eef;trSwf (6) . wpdww f ydik ;f udk atmufwiG f ud;k um; azmfjyygonf? “olþ(atmifqef;)þuþolonfþaus;&Gmw&Gmodt ‹k a&mufwiG þf aus;&Gmol}uD;onf aus;&Gmol§om;rsm;tay: rnfor‹kd nfykH armufrm±dik ;f pkid ;f pGm zdEydS q f ufqv H mcJjh cif;ESifh ywfoufaom qd;k qk;d &Gm;&Gm; owif;rsm;udk -um;odc&hJ onf[k ajymqdck yhJ gonf?þxdk tcsed o f nf ppfjzpfaeonfh e,fajrobm0w&m;Oya'ESifh tkycf sKyf&cufco J nfh um vjzpfonf? wwkid ;f wjynfv;kH vH;k 0w&m;Oya'rJah eonfh tajctaejzpfaeonf? w&m;±H;k rsm;vnf;r&S/d w&m;ol}uD;rsm;vnf; r&Sad cs? tr+omG ;tr+vmudk aocsmpGm pOf;pm;_yD;aemuf pl;&Sxufjruf tm%mpufESihfwlonfht&mudk jyefvnf tpm;xdk; vsuf csufcsif;ta&;,laqmif&u G &f ef vdt k yfru + o kd wdrI l xdv k t l m; ao'%fay; &rnf[k olq;kH jzwfcsucf sco hJ nf? TonfrmS olu ‹ , kd yf ikd q f ;kH jzwfcsujf zpfI ud, k w f ikd f wm0ef,v l suf trdec‹f srSwf taoowfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf” [k azmfjyxm;onf?

1945 ckESpf tukefavmuf cyfapmapmydkif;uyif jrefrmhppfOD;pD;Xme ppfOD;pD; csKyfu ta&S›awmiftm&S r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk AkdvfcsKyf}uD; avmh'fvl;0pfarmifh bufwefxo H ‹kd ,if;tr+wu JG kd wifjycJ&h m armifb h ufwefu olr‹ w S cf sufrsm;ESit fh wl

jyefvnfay;ydk‹cJhonf? rSwfcsufwckwGif “u|Efkyftxifajym&v#if wu,ftjzpf tysufwnf&Sdaeonfh r_idrfrouftajctaersm;wGif tm%mudkoHk;I tusOf;±Hk; w&m;pD&ifr+uom wnf_idrfatmif tkyfcsKyfEkdifrnf[k ar#mfvifh&efom &Sdayonf? xd‹k jyif vlord sm;aom jypfra+ [mif;rsm;twGuf tjypf&o dS w l u ‹kd jyefvnfay;qyf-u 13 &ayvdrfhrnf” [l.? xdo k }l uD;tm; owfcjhJ cif;. tay:,HO;D wnfcsuf/ &nf&, G cf sufEiS fh ywfouf _yD; oHk;rsKd;oHk;axG jzpfvsuf&Sdonf? yxrtaejzifh &Gmol}uD;u ‚if;. aus;&Gm ol§om;rsm;tay: rawmfrw&m; ðyrlaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf &yf&Gmwnf_idrfr+ aqmif&Guf&mwGif ao'%ftjypfay;r+ESihf xkdufwefcJhonf[laomtcsuf/ 'kwd, taejzifh aus;&GmtydkifwGif ocifv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk ESdrfeif;I _Adwdo#wdk‹. tusKd; pD;yGm;udk pdwaf &mud, k yf g rsuEf mS vdt k m;& aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf[al omtcsu/f wwd, taejzihf ol‹udk ao'%fay;cH&jcif;onf ol‹ Y&Sdaom jypfr+a[mif;rsm;twGuf taºuG;qyf&jcif;jzpfonf[al om tcsuyf gwnf;? &&Sad om owif;rsm;tay: tajc cHI u|Eyfk t f aejzifh aumufcsuq f &JG rnfqv kd #if ,if;oH;k rsK;d vH;k olt ‹ cef;u¾ESio fh l yg0ifco hJ nf[I l jzpfygonf? xkdrSwyg; rsufjrifoufaowOD;u (ocifxGef;tkyfr[kwf) u|efawmf tm;þjyefajymjycJo h nfrsm;udk u|eaf wmfu, kd w f ikd f rSwrf ad eygonf? xko d al jymjycsurf mS Tod‹kjzpfyg.? tAŠ'l&m&Spf. jypfr+ESihf jypf'%fudk oxHkòrd›aevlxktm; xkdpD&ifr+rwkdifrD ae‹aygif;rsm;pGmuyif óudwiftoday;xm;cJh_yD; pD&ifonfhae‹wGifvnf; vma&muf -unfh±+-u&ef zdwf-um;xm;cJhonf? xdkae‹u tusOf;om;udk abmvHk;uGif;*dk;wdkif wGif óud;jzifh wkyfcsnfxm;onfudk rsufjrifoufaou jrifcJhygonf? tusOf;om; a&SŒwGif (bDtdkifat) &Jabmfrsm; wef;pDae-uygonf? t&m&Sd ,leDazmif; 0wfqif xm;ol vlwa,mufu vHpS yG jf zifh yxrqH;k tcsuu f kd pxk;d ygonf? oH;k onfv h ufeuf rSm vSHpGyfjzpf_yD; ±kdifz,faoewf. ajymif;wGifwyfqifxm;vsuf taoxdk;csufrSm aumuf±dk;tdwfudk avhusihf&mwGif xkd;ouJhodk‹ jzpfonf? xkdt&m&Sdonf teD;qHk;&Sd &Jabmftm; tvm;wlxkd;&ef trdef‹ay;vdkufyHk&ygonf? xdk&Jabmfonf trdef‹tm; csufcsif;vkdufem_yD; tusOf;om;tm; vHSpGyfjzifh xyfcgxyfcg xkd;ygawmhonf? yljyif;ajcmufaoGŒvsu&f adS om ajr}uD;tay:wGif aoG;rsm; tdik x f eG ;f vsuf &Syd g onf? vltyk }f uD; uGo J mG ;_yD;aemuf tavmif;aumifukd xdak e&mrS z,f&mS ;ypfvu dk f awmhonf? xdka‹ -umihf opfom;*dk;wdkiftay:wGifom vHSpGyfxdk;xm;csufrsm; usef&Sd

253

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&v'f

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

aecJo h nf? rsm;r-umrD xdu k iG ;f xJwiG yf if abmvH;k uefupm;vsu&f adS e-uavonf?

u|eaf wmft h aejzihf awG;jrif,q l csu[ f k qd&k rnfjzpfaom edrw d jf yar;cGe;f wck udk aemufqHk;txd csefxm;&pfcJhygonf? tu,fI OD;atmifqef;om towfrcH&v#if jrefrmEdkifiH. EkdifiHa&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vrf;a-umif;onf rnfo‹kd ajymif;vGo J mG ;Ekid yf goenf;æ´? jrefrmEkid if H vGwv f yfa&;&vk&qJumvESifh ywfoufI a&;om;csurf sm;wGif Tar;cGef;tay: xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk wkdif;&if;om;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;om; avhvm oHk;oyfolrsm;u wifjycJh-uygonf? tm;vHk;eD;yg; oabmwl-uonfrSm olonf aumif;rGefaom }uD;us,fjrihfjrwfonfh vlom;wOD;jzpfonf [lIwnf; æ txl;ojzihf jrefrmEdik if o H m;rsm;twGurf mS rl olonf T&mpkEpS t f wGi;f olw‹kd . ol&Jaumif;aywnf;? txky`wWda&;olrsm;u jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;u cspfcifav;pm;onfh Txl; jcm;qef;jym;onfh vlyk*~dKvfxl;wOD;. b0udk olwdk. ‹ ynm&yfqdkif&m a&;om;r+ rsm;wGif wifjycJh-uonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. cdkif;E+dif;yHkaqmifzG,fjzpfaom rsKd; cspfpdwf"mwf/ ol&owWd/ vHk‹vO\[/ aemufvdkufvlxktay: qGJaqmifEdkifr+ tp&Sdonfh csD;rGrf;p&m rGefjrwfvSonfh t&nftcsif;rsm;onf jynfolvlxktm; ol‹tay: cspfcifjrwfEkd;ap_yD; usefurBmwckvHk;uyg pHerlemxm;um av;pm;cJh& ayonf? olom qufvuftouf&SifaecJhaomf tcsdefESihft&G,ft& ,if;t&nf tcsi;f rsm;onf prf;oyfppfaq;cH&_y;D jzpfayvdrrfh nf? oluwday; óud;yrf;tm;xkwf cJhonfh (wESpftwGif;) aemufqHk;yef;wdkifudk ol‹toufjzihf &if;I 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif a&muf&SdoGm;apcJhayonf? xdk‹ jyifw0 orRwEdkifiHopf. xGef;opf awmufyaom tem*wfjzpfwnfa&;onfvnf; olom toufrao &SdaecJhygrl olaqmif-uOf;&rnfh }uD;rm;us,fajymvSaom vkyif ef;wm0ef}uD; jzpfayvdrrfh nf?

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. trsK;d om;a&;ESiyfh wfoufI v+y&f mS ;cJah om wuUov kd f ausmif;om;b0ESihf xdka‹ emuf wdkA‹ rmtpnf;t±Hk;0iftjzpf rmhufcf0g'ESihftpysKd;cJh aom EkdifiHa&;wdk‹udk xm;bdOD;/ Tar;cGef;twGuf qufpyfr+pwif&mae&monf 1945 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (6) &ufae‹ Y r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk aoemywdcsKyf

‘avmh'v f ;l 0pfarmifb h ufwef’ 14 ESifh olp‹ pfO;D pD;rª;rsm;u wbuf/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; ESihf olu ‹ dk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒu wbuf/ xdk (2) buf-um;wGifjzpfay:vmaom !SdE+dif; wkdifyifr+rsm;onf ‘uef'D’ òrd›Y ðyvkyfcJhaom aemufqHk;aqG;aEG;yGJjzpfayvdrfhrnf? xdt k csdeu f ‘ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf’ [k ac:wGicf ahJ om jrefrmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf d o d #wyfrawmf. t_rw J rf; udk tvsit f jrefzsuo f rd ;f &ef oabmwlncD -hJ u_y;D 15 _Aw wyf&if;rsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifvsuf jyefvnfpm&if;oGif; 0ifa&mufcJh-u&jcif;jzpf cJhayonf? awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;r+rSm aEG;axG;vd+ufvSJr+&Sd_yD; olwdk‹cGJcGmonfhtcgYæ “csmcsDvdkjzpfcsifovm;/ 0,fvifwefvdk jzpfcsifovm;/ cifAsm;qHk;jzwf&vdrfhr,f? cifAsm;taeeJ‹ wcsdefwnf;/ wòydifwnf;rSm ppfom;wa,mufa&m/ EkdifiHa&;acgif; aqmifwa,mufa&m rjzpfEdkifbl;” [k armihfbufwefu AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk t}uHay;cJo h nf? olu Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk pmwdak v;wapmifyg ay;cJah o;onf? xkv d .tukeaf vmufwiG f Adv k cf sKyfu (TonfrmS ‚if;toH;k tE+e;f udk w&m; 0if aemufqHk;oHk;cJhjcif; jzpfayvdrfhrnf) r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk. aoemywdcsKyf ay;cJo h nfh pmwdak v;udk ta-umif;jyefco hJ nf? ‚if;pmxJwiG f topfjyefvnfzŒJG pnf; aom wyfrawmfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; Adkvfrª;csKyf &mxl;udkvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmbufrS 'kw, d ppfaq;a&; t&m&Scd sKyf &mxl;udv k nf;aumif; ceft ‹ yf&ef urf; vS rf;xm;cJh&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u Todk‹ ta-umif;jyefcJhonf?

“ArmhwyfrawmfopfwGif u|Ekfyftm; cef‹tyf&ef toif.urf;vS rf;csufudk (zqyv) tzGŒJcsKyfEiS hf rsK;d cspAf rmhwyfrawmftwGi;f &Sd u|Eyfk . f vkyaf zmfuikd b f ufrsm; a&SŒarSmufwGif u|EkfyfcsjycJhygonf? TudpPESihf ywfouf_yD; qHk;jzwfcsufw&yfudk t_yD;tjywf rSwfwrf;wifEkdifa&;twGuf vkyfaqmifp&mtcsKdŒ usef&Sdaeao;aomf vnf; ,ck tu|Ekyf af jymEdik o f nfrmS ppfwyfrS tu|Efyk f tem;,lawmhrnfqjkd cif;yif jzpfygonf? ppfwyfY qufvufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhonfhtwGuf u|EfkyftvGefw&m tm;wHt k‹ m;em pdwfraumif;jzpfrdaomfvnf; TonfrSm trsm; pk qHk;jzwfcsufjzpfI ,if;qHk;jzwfcsufudk u|Efkyfvdkufemvkyfudkif&ayrnf” [lI jzpf.? xda‹k emuf wyfrawmfopfwiG f jrefrmwdb ‹k ufrS xdyw f ef;&mxl;ae&mtwGuf Adv k v f usmf udk axmufct H rnfay;cJo h nf? Adv k af e0if;udk r[kwcf ahJ cs? wcsed w f nf;Y yif Adv k v f usmf . vkyaf zmfuikd b f ufae&mudk ,l&eftwGuf t_rw J rf; Armhwyfrawmf rS tqiht f jrihq f ;kH u&ift&m&Sjd zpfonhf Adv k rf ;ª }uD; -um'd;k udk ceft ‹ yf&ef pOf;pm;ay; apvdka-umif; arwWm&yfcHcJhavonf? ,ckvwfwavm _yD;pD;cJhaom ta&SŒawmif tm&SppfyGJtwGif; u|Efkyfwt dk‹ wGuf toifaqmif&Gufay;cJhonfrsm;udkvnf; jrefrm

255

256

tu,fI ,cktcsdeftxd OD;atmifqef;om toufraobJ &SifaecJhaomf

255

256

257

&v'f

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

EdkifiHjynfolvlxkudk,fpm; ±kd;om;pGm aus;Zl;wif0rf;ajrmufa-umif;udk olu azmf jycJo h nf? xka‹d emuf ESpEf idk if H aumif;rGeaf om qufqaH &;tm; qufvufxed ;f odr;f xm;Edik &f ef ar#mv f ifrh u + akd zmfjyvsuf olu ‘avmh'af rmifb h ufwef’ udk *syef qmrl±idk ;f "m;ajr‡mifwvuf vufaqmifay;cJah vonf? k cf sKyf}uD;ppf0wf Ttcsderf pS I OD;atmifqef;onf _Adwo d #yHpk H great coat Adv pHkudk t_yD;c|wfypfvdkufonf? onfhrwdkifrDuvnf; *syefAkdvfcsKyf ppf0wfpHkudk c|wf ypfc_hJ yD;av_yD? xda‹k emufwiG rf l jrefrmtrsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm; ,ae‹xufwikd f *k%f ,l0ifhºuGm;pGm 0wfqifavh&Sdaom trsKd;om;0wfpHkjzihf olonf aeom;wus jyef jzpfoGm;onf? pdwfrmeftjynfhjzihf rdrdtrsKd;udkom cspfwwfaom vli,fEdkifiHa&; orm;wOD;tjzpfrS wyfrawmf. AdkvfcsKyf}uD;wOD;tjzpfodk‹vnf;aumif;/ ,if;rS wqihf vdrmR yg;eyfI tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;aom Ekid if aH &;orm;wOD;tjzpfEiS fh aemuf qHk;wGif EkdifiHhacgif;aqmif yDyDootjzpfodk‹vnf;aumif; qifhuJqihfuJ ul;oef; ajymif;vJjzpfay:r+onf tpðycJhav_yD? od&k‹ mwGif xdktcsdefrSpI olb ‹ 0tqHk;ydkif;odk‹ a&wGufrnfqdkv#if (662) &ufom usefygawmhonf? tcsdefonf wpwp ukef qHk;vsuf&Sdonf? odka‹ omfvnf; olt ‹ wGuf vkyfaqmifp&m trsm;tjym; usef&Sdae ao;onfwum;?

AdkvfcsKyfu olppfwyfrS tem;,lawmhrnf[k avmh'farmifhbufweftm; ta-umif;-um;r+rðyrD wvceft ‹ vdkwGif *syefacwfu v#KdŒ0SufzGJŒpnf;vmcJh&aom zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;tzGJŒ }uD;udk zufqpfqef‹usifa&; jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&; tzGJŒcsKyftjzpf OD;atmifqef;. acgif;aqmifr+atmufwGif jyifqifwdk;csJŒ I w&m; 0ifzŒJG pnf;cJo h nf? xdt k zGŒJ csKyfonf jrefrmEdik if w H iG f uGejf rLepfygwDxufyI kd tiftm; taumif;qH;k tzGŒJtpnf;jzpfvmcJo h nf? xdpk Ofu (zqyv) tzGŒJcsKyfwiG f uGejf rLepf ygwDEiS fh vli,ftpnf;t±H;k tjyif t"du yg0ifzŒJGpnf;xm;onfrmS ‘qd&k , S v f pfygwD’ jzpf_yD; ‚if;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vufxuf uGefjrLepfygwDudk (zqyv) xJrS xkwfy,fvdkuf_yD;onfhaemuf t"dutpdwftykdif;tjzpf rdrdudk,fudk r-umrD wnfaqmufvmEkdifcJhonf? xdka‹ emuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;r&Sdonfhaemuf qdk&S,f vpf0g'udk tzGŒJ csKyf. oabmw&m;tjzpf csrSwcf -hJ uonf?

EkdifiHa&;tajctaerSm t&Sdeft[kefaumif;vmcJh_yD; 1946 ckESpftaejzifh vlxktpnf;ta0;rsm;/ qENjyyGJrsm;tjyif vGwfvyfa&;udk axmufcHaom ykvdyf oydw/f axmifoydwEf iS fh tvkyo f rm;oydwf wdu k yf rJG sm;jzihf jynfEh u S v f suf&o dS nf? aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;wGif tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDvufcsufa-umihf Oya'rJhr+rsm;

ysHŒESH‹vsuf&Sdonf? ESpfv,fydkif;wGif ‘bk&ifcH qm&J*sDe,f a':refprpf’ jyefoGm;&_yD; ‚if;ae&mudk AdkvfcsKyf‘qm[l;bwf&efp‹ f’ u qufcHcJhonf? aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;tm; jzihf ‘atmif qef;=tufwvD’ pmcsKyfudk atmifatmifjrifjrif tqHk;owfvkduf_yD; aemuf 1946 ckESpfrS 1947 ckESpfodk‹ ul;ajymif;oGm;cJhonf? wESpftwGif; vGwfvyf a&;&&rnfqdkonfh &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifudkvnf; ol. jyif;jyif;xefxef óud;pm; tm;xkwfr+t& vS rf;jrifawGŒae&ay_yD? jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; &Sm}uHae onfum; pD;yGm;a&; wd;k wufrr+ sm; &&Sad prnfh vGwv f yfa&;jzpfonf? olwt ‹kd aejzifh udkvdkeDpD;yGm;a&;yHkpH vufa0cHb0udk tqHk;owfapvdk_yD; ,if;udk w&m;Oya't& EkdifiHydkifðyvkyfjcif;/ jynfolydkif or0g,r/ yk*~vdu yHkpHrsm;jzifh tòydiftqkdif zGHŒòzd;wdk; wufapjcif;wdu k‹ dk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufvsuf tcsKyftjcmtm%m (3) &yfudkvnf; ygwDpkH qd&k , S v f pfpepfopfw&yfjzifo h m tpm;xd;k vkyu f ikd v f -kd ujcif;jzpfonf? xdk‹a-umihf 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv apmapmydkif;wGif OD;atmifqef;onf &S rf;jynfawmifydkif; yifvHkòrd›Y &S rf;/ ucsif/ csif; (u&ifbufrS avhvmol=4= OD;) wdk‹ESihf usif;yðyvkyfaom nDvmcHw&yfodk‹ wufa&mufcJhonf? xkdtcgu olonf (zqyv) tzGJŒcsKyfudk udk,fpm;ðyoGm;jcif;jzpf_yD; olESihftwl OD;wifxGÉf/ Adkvfcif armifuav;wd‹k vku d yf goGm;cJo h nf? Adv k cf sKyf. ±k;d om;yGiv fh if;r+/ vlrsKd;}uD;pdwrf &Sd r+/ owWd&Sdr+/ pGJ_rJpGm óud;pm;r+/ tajrmftjrif}uD;rm;r+/ udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;rGefr+ ponfh *k%fowif; ausmfapmr+onf ol‹t&if a&SŒajy;a&mufESihfvsuf&Sdum ol‹udk xdkae&mY aygif;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;. t"dur¾dKiftjzpf ±+jrifjcif;udk cHcJh&onf? oHk;&uft-um aqG;aEG;!SdE+dif;-u_yD;aemuf olonf wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;. ,Hk-unfr+udk &&SdcJhum wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u trsKd;om;vGwf ajrmufa&;v+yf&Sm;r+wGif yg0ifyl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef oabmwlnDcJh-uavonf? xdak‹ emuf yifvHkpmcsKyf}uD;udk t_yD;owf atmifjrifpGm csKyfqdkEkdifcJh-uonf? xdkrSwyg; &efukefwGif 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (27) &ufae‹usif;yðy vkyfcJhaom jrefrmjynf t*Fvdyfukefonf}uD;rsm;toif;. ESpfywfvnf tpnf; ta0;odk‹ AdkvfcsKyfu bk&ifcH. ‘tr+aqmifaumifpD’ 'k=obmywdtjzpf wuf a&mufc_hJ yD; xdt k pnf;ta0;Y obmywdred c‹f eG ;f udk wH‹k jyefajym-um;pOfu vGwv f yf a&;&_yD;v#if ær-umrDygwDpHk qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf wnfaqmuf&ef &nf&G,f xm;a-umif; xkwaf zmfajymqdo k mG ;onfrmS pdw0f ifpm;zG,jf zpfonf? “jrefrmjynfY ta&;}uD;aom pufr+vkyfief; t&yf&yfudk jynfolydkifvkyf&ef u|Efkyfwdk‹ }uH&G,fxm;a-umif;/ xdkodk‹ðyvkyfrSom jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; vl‹b0.

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

vdktifqEN[lor# jynfhpHk-uI aysmf&$ifpGm aeEdkifaom tqihftwef;udk &&Sdrnf[k u|Efkyfwdk‹ pGJ_rJpGm ,Hk-unf-ua-umif;”/ “xkdrSwyg; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif0g' onf tcgcyfodrf; vdkvm;tyfonf[k u|Ekfyfrxifa-umif;/ tajctaeESihf tcsdef umvtm;avsmfpGm u|EkfyfwdkE‹ dkifiHtaejzifh a&SŒodkw ‹ vS rf;rwufEdkifrD tcsdeftwGif; Yom xdt k &if;&Sipf epfukd xde;f csKyfvsuf 0ifa&mufvyk u f ikd o f mG ;&rnfjzpfa-umif;” ponfjzihf ajymqdo k mG ;avonf? xda‹k emuf {_yv D twGi;f usi;f yaomþ‘wkid ;f jynfðyv$waf wmf’odþ‹k ygwDpakH &G;aumuf yGJrsm;Y (zqyv) tzGJŒcsKyfu vHk;0eD;yg; tEkdif&&SdcJhygonf? xdktcsdefY tzGJŒcsKyft aejzihf Ekid if t H wGuf vkypf &mwm0efrsm; jynfEh u S v f su&f o dS nf? t"du ‘y±d*k su’f vkyf ief;}uD;rsm;tm; qHk;jzwfEdkifa&;twGuf aumfrwDrsm;wGif yg0ifwm0efxrf;aqmif &efþtzJŒG0ifrsm;þa&G;cs,-f u&onf? xdEk iS fh wcsed w f nf; arv/ wwd,ywftwGi;f wGif tzGJŒcsKyfu ‘zGJŒpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'’ (rl-urf;) a&;qGJ&ef aumfrwDw&yfudk ceft ‹ yfwm0efay;cJhonf? ‘wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf’ taejzihf ZGefv (10) &ufrSpI tpnf;ta0;rsm;þpwifusi;f yonft h cgþqufvufu;kd um;þtoH;k csomG ;Ekid af &;twGuf ,if;aumfrwDu Oya' (rl-urf;) udk tcsderf D t_yD;owfa&;qGaJ y;cJo h nf?þ,if;wif jycJah om Oya' (rl-urf;) onf 'Dru dk a&pDEiS fh qd&k , S v f pf0g'udþk r&raewnfaqmuf rnfh vGwv f yfonfh tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik f jynfaxmifpo k rRw jrefrmEdik if aH wmfukd yHak zmfxm;avonf? ajcmuf&uf-um_yD;aemuf OD;atmifqef;onf zGŒJ pnf;yHt k ajccH Oya'opfEiS fh ywfoufonfh tajccHvrf;!¸ejf y@mef;csuf (7) &yfukd csrw S &f ef tqdw k &yfwifoiG ;f cJo h nf? ,if;tqdu k kd tacstwifaqG;aEG;-u_y;D aemuf OD;atmifqef;. &Si;f vif;csufrsm;udk em;vnfomG ;onft h cgY auseyfpmG axmufcv H u kd -f uonf?15 OD;atmifqef;onf ae&mtESa‹H &mufaeonf? olonf tajccHOya' (rl-urf;) a&;qGJonfh aumfrwDudkvnf; 0ifa&muf}uD;-uyfay;onf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif EdkifiHawmf jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; pDrHudef;a&;qJG&mYvnf; yg0ifaqmif&GufcJh onf? ZGev f (6) &ufae‹wiG f ‘qd&k efwAdk v D m’ (Sorrento Villa) Y olonf trsK;d om; nDvmcHw&yfudkvnf; OD;aqmifusif;yao;onf? tzGihfrdef‹cGef;Y tdwfoGefzm arSmuf ol ajymcJhonfhtwkdif; ,if;nDvmcHu tajctae. awmif;qdkcsuft& vkyfudkif&mY vG,fulacsmarmI vufawGŒtusKd;&Sd_yD; ðyjyifajymif;vJ&mY &nfrSef; csuf r}uD;rm;vGe;f aom tpDtpOfrsm;udo k m pdwu f ;l r,Of/ a&SŒavmr}uD;bJ a&;qGJ oGm;&efjzpfonf? xdkY or0g,rvkyfief;rsm;udk tm;ay;xm;_yD; jynfolvlxk. pdwaf &mud, k yf g yl;aygif;yg0ifru + kd tav;teufxm;onfh vdt k yfcsufrsm;ESifh tqdk

ðycsufrsm;udk olu t}uHðywifjycJhonf? tcsed o f nf olt ‹ zd‹k rsupf w d rSw d f v#yw f jyuftwGi;f vsijf refpmG ukev f eG v f suf &Sd&m xdktcsdefwGif olt ‹ wGuf tvkyfvkyfcsdefrSm (6) &ufom usefawmhonf?

Zlvdkifv (13) &ufwGif òrd›awmfcef;rY ol‹b0wav#muf jynfolvlxkESihf aemufqHk;awGŒqHkcJh&onfh vlxkpnf;a0;yJGY olu wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf. vkyf ief;&yfrsm; wdk;wufr+tajctaeudk wifjy_yD; wdkif;jynf. tem*wfta&;tay: ola‹ wG;ac:,lqxm;csufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ajym-um;cJh&m ,if;rdecf‹ Gef;udk aemifaom tcg jzpfay:vmrnfh twdwef rd w d jf y rdec‹f eG ;f [kyif ,lqvufccH -hJ uonf? “vGwv f yfa&;udk r-umrD&awmhr,f? oda‹k omfvJ ya'omyif[m ajru ayguf vmrSm r[kwyf gbl;? vGwv f yfa&;qdw k idk ;f ya'omyifajru raygufEikd b f ;l qdw k mudk cifAsm;wdp‹k w d x f rJ mS vGwv f yfa&;&awmhr,fqv kd &‹kd &dS if [kwv f m;æ pdwu f ;l u b,f vdpk w d u f ;l -uovJq&kd if ya'omyif}uD; csucf si;f ae‹csi;f / ncsi;f aygufvm-uawmh r,fq&kd ifæ[kwv f m;æ u|eaf wmfwt ‹kd vkyv f yk rf S jzpfr,fqw kd m cifAsm;wd‹k em;vnf apcsifw,f? tESpf (20) avmuf u|efawmfwdk‹ pum;cyf±kdif;±kdif;ajym&&if pum; cyf±dkif;±kdif;ajym&w,fqdkwm pum;cyf±dkif;±kdif;ajymrS vlawGu rSwfrdw,f? pum; cyf±idk ;f ±kid ;f qd&k ifæ[kwv f m;ætawmfu h kd _yaJ tmifóud;pm;Ekid rf /S þvkyEf idk rf þS tJ'gþtawmhf udk ukef;vkyfEkdifrS/ ±kef;vkyfEkdifrS tESpf (20) avmuf &SdwJhtcgrSm awmfumusr,f” Zlvidk v f (13) &ufae‹u ðyvkyaf om ,if;vlxpk nf;a0;yGw J iG f obmywdtjzpf wdik ;f jynfðyv$waf wmf. OuU@jzpfol (OD;atmifqef;ud, k w f ikd u f ,H-k unftm;xm; av;pm;ol)þocifEu k aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf?þocifEo k nfþ_Aw d ed Ef idk if o H ‹kd csp-f unfa&;ud, k f pm;vS,ftzGJŒudk OD;aqmifoGm;cJh_yD; ,if;vlxktpnf;a0;yGJrwkdifrD w&ufuyifjyef a&mufvmcJo h nf?þu}kd uD;EkuþO;D atmifqef;.t±du k t f &mudþk qufc&H jcif;rSmþoihaf vsmf onf?þraobJuseI f tarGcb H 0a&mufaeolw. ‹kd oabmwlncD sut f & OD;atmif qef;. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr+rsm;ESihf pGrf;aqmifEkdifr+rsm;udk tarGqufcH&&SdcJhonf? vGwv f yfa&;rwdik rf yD if trsKd;om;pDru H ed ;f 0ef}uD;Xmeudk jyefvnfzŒJG pnf;cJ_h yD; jzpfav&m 1948 ckEpS /f {_yDvwGif qd&k ifwAkd v D m nDvmcH. &v'ftjzpf pD;yGm;zGŒH òzd; wd;k wufa&; (2) ESppf rD u H ed ;f . tajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk xkwjf yefa-unmEkid cf o hJ nf? ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDpepftwGif;rS ‘qdk&S,f'Drdku&ufwpf’ vlr+zlvHka&; EdkifiHwEdkifiH wnfaqmuf&mwGif EkdifiHawmfpDrHudef;jzihf pufr+vufr+vkyfief;rsm; zGHŒòzd;wdk;wuf ap&ef ±+jrifo;kH oyf-u_y;D ‘Ekid if yH ikd ’f ðyvkyjf cif;rsm; r-umrDjzpfay:vmcJo h nf? oda‹k omf jim;vnf; cHpm;csufjyif;xefjcif;/ a&SŒaemuftpDtpOfrmS ;,Gi;f jcif;/ avm}uD;jcif;ESifh

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

bufvdkufr+&Sdjcif;wdku ‹ EkdifiHydkifðyvkyf&jcif;. &nf&G,fcsufudk wdrf;apmif;xdcdkuf apcJhonfomru 1948 ckESpfrSpI (10) ESpfwmumvtwGif; tawG;tac: t,ltq uGJjym;jcm;em;aom jynfe,ftkyfpkrsm;ESifh zGJŒpnf;xm;onfh jrefrmEkdifiH jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &tay: OD;Eku (olonf ‘ocif’[laom a&SŒpnf;udk 1952 ckEpS w f iG f ðzwfypfco hJ nf) jynfaxmifpo k rRwEdik if H 0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh OD;aqmifO;D &Guðf ycJu h m/ ,if;umvtwGi;f olEiS fh vkyaf zmfuikd b f ufrsm; csrSwv f yk af qmifcahJ om pDru H ed ;f 0if tcsKdŒvkyf&yfrsm;udk [efw ‹ m;aESmihfaES;apcJhonf? OD;Ektaejzifh ol0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfp (uGejf rLepf/ &JabmfjzL/ rGe/f u&ifrsm; olyek x f vmonfh -um;rS) wkid ;f jynfjyefvnf wnfaqmufa&;wGif pGr;f aqmifatmifjrifrt + csKŒd &&Scd o hJ uJo h ‹kd æol. ud, k yf ikd v f pf b&,f0g'/ '\etjrifESihf Ak'<0g'wdk‹ a&maxG;¹yGef;wD;xm;tyfaom qkd&S,fvpf tawG;tac:wdk‹u rZÆdryÉdy'genf;jzihf OD;aqmifvrf;jycsuft& bmoma&;/ EkdifiHjcm;qufqHa&;ESihf trsKd;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&;wdk‹udk aqmif&Guf&mwGif vnf; pGrf;aqmifatmifjrifr+tcsKdŒ &&SdcJhygonf? ,if;twGuf orkdif;wGif OD;Ekudk todtrSwðf yum armfueG ;f wif&ayonf?

Tae&mY ‘OD;atmifqef;om acgif;aqmifI ol. qd&k , S v f pftawG;tac: oabmw&m;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfcGihf&cJhrnfqdkv#if OD;atmifqef;vrf;pOf onf ydrk akd umif;rGeaf om &v'frsm;udk &vdrrhf nf’ qdjk cif;rSmvnf; cefr‹ eS ;f ,lqcsuf omjzpf_yD; tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m jzpfayonf? 16 ‘tpdk;&qdk&S,fvpfpepf’ udk taumif txnfazmf&ef pDru H ed ;f udk tysufrcHbJ tm%mudk oH;k I pGr;f tm;ukef óud;yrf;tm; xkwfr+u ‘vlr+zlvHka&;EkdifiH’ wnfaqmuf&mY ‘'Drkdu&ufwpf’ tpdk;&w&yf pGrf; Ekid o f nfh twkid ;f tqxuf ausmfveG o f mG ;um uGejf rLepfqefaeygvdrrhf nf? rnfoq ‹kd akd p/ tu,fI OD;atmifqef;om toufxif&mS ;&SI d / olu ‹ wdtwdik ;f 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae‹wGif &,lEkdifcJhaom vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonftxd wdik ;f jynfukd acgif;aqmifEikd cf ahJ omf wdik ;f jynftaejzihf tpaumif;cJrh nfrmS oHo, &Szd , G rf [kwaf cs? vGwv f yfa&;&&So d nfþh tcsderf pS I awmufavmifc_hJ yD; ,ae‹xufwidk f avmif òrdufqJjzpfaom wkdif;jynf. tem*wfudk arS;rSdefoGm;atmif _cdrf;ajcmufaecJhaom jynfwGif;ppfrD;onfvnf; ol.t&Sdeft0gESihf -oZmrsm;a-umihf _idrf;owf_yD; jzpfay vdrrfh nf? w&m;aor[kwb f J tajctaet& qd&k , S v f pf0g'udk csdecf sdeq f q toH;k cs&mYyif OD;atmifqef;. (pdwful;,Of qdk&S,fvpf pmtkyf}uD;orm;rsm; jzpf-u onf)h tpGe;f a&muf0ef}uD;tcsKŒd. pdwt f m;xufoefru + kd r#wap_y;D / xka‹d emuf wzef

jzpfay:vmjyefaom ‘EdkifiHydkif’ vkyf&yfrsm;udkvnf; yHkpHopfjzpfapcJhayvdrhfrnf? odk‹ jzpfav&m ‘ygvDref'Drkdua&pD’ . yxr (14) ESpfwmumv 17 onf OD;atmif qef;. vrf;!¸efjyor+ uif;rJhcJh_yD; a'oaygif;rsm;pGm r-umc% qlylxºuGr+rsm; a-umihf (rD;yHkxJrSm a&vdkuf&SmouJhodk‹ ) &Sd&m ,if;wdku ‹ wdkif;wyg;om; 0ifa&muf odr;f ydu k t f yk pf ;kd onfxuf tusKd;w&m;ydrk q kd ;kd &Gm;onfh zufqpfppftm%m&Sipf epf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ay:aygufvmatmif OD;Ektpdk;& tm%mvkcHvdkuf&onfhtajcokd‹ uHqdk;rdk;arSmifuspGm OD;wnfoGm;apcJhavonf? tu,fI OD;atmifqef;om xdktcsdefY EdkifiHawmftm; yJhudkifoGm;ol jzpfaeOD;rnfqkdv#if ,if;tajctaersm; rnfonft h cg r# ay:aygufvmp&m ta-umif;r&Sad cs?

OD;atmifqef;udk tarGqufcHoltjzpf/ wdkif;jynfrysufcif tcsdefrD u,fwif &av[ef vky}f uHvnfq,fpum;vH;k ºuG,cf ahJ om Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ae0if;onf 1962 ckESpfwGif tm%modrf;cJh_yD;aemuf tiftm;csnfheJ‹ I pGrf;&nfrxufjrufawmhaom ‘ygvDref'rD u dk a&pDpepf’ udk zsuo f rd ;f ypf&ef a-unmcJ_h yD;aemuf nD!w G af &;udk wd;k jr‡i&hf efEiS fh pD;yGm;a&;vsifjrefpmG wd;k wufap&ef tm%m&Sipf epfuom jrefrmEkid if t H zd‹k toifah vsmfq;kH jzpfonf[k olu awG;xifco hJ nf? ol. ‘jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pfvrf;pOf ygwD’ wnf;[laom wygwDqdk&S,fvpfpepftm; zefwD;wnfaqmuf&jcif;. rlv blwESifh &nf&, G cf sufukd Tod‹k xkwjf yefa-unmcJo h nf? “jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDonf wkdif;jynftm; acsmufxu J sumeD; tajctaerS vufrwifav; u,fwifc_hJ y;D aemuf ,cktcg jref rmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfjzihf EdkifiHol EkdifiHom;wdk‹. vlaer+b0ESihf pD;yGm;a&;b0udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef óud;yrf;vsuf&o dS nf” xdk‹aemuf 1962 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (4) &ufae‹wGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu csrSwjf y@mef;cJah om ygwDzŒJG pnf;yHk pnf;rsOf;tyd'k f (18) wGif xl;jcm;aom aemufq;kH ay: jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk taumiftxnfazmfI urBmausmf qdk&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;udk wnfaqmufoGm;rnf[k twdtvif;azmfjyxm;onf?

TonfrSm ,leDazmif;0wf qdk&S,fvpfrsm;tzdk‹ ed*Hk;. ed'gef;jzpfayawmh onf? Todk‹ jzihf jynfolvlxktm; Tpepf}uD;. 0rf;E+wfaq;cg;}uD;udk twif;rsKd csap_y;D wdik ;f jynfrmS vnf; t&Suw f uGJ tusK;d enf; acsmufxJ xd;k usomG ;cJah vonf?

1987 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvtwGif;wGif olwdk‹vufxuf a&$wGif;/ aiGwGif;rsm; awGŒae_yDæqdkonfh-um;rS EdkifiHjcm;t&efaiG vHk;0jywfawmufae_yD; EdkifiHjcm;aºuG; _rD tar&duefa':vm oef; (4²4) axmif wifae_yjD zpfaom OD;ae0if;tpd;k &rSmvnf;

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rsufESmatmufcs tzwfq,fr&awmhbJ urBmhtqif;&JqHk;EdkifiHb0 av#musoGm; vsuf a'0gvDcH/ olawmif;pm;EdkifiH 18 tqifhtwef;owfrSwfay;yg&ef ±dkusKd;pGm av#mufxm;r+udk urBmhukvor*~}uD;u axmufxm;!Smwm oem;-uifempGmjzihf atmufwb kd mv (29) &ufae‹wiG f twnfðyowfrw S af y;cJo h nf? od‹kjzpfav&m yxrOD;pGm ‘ygvDref 'Dru kd a&pDpepf’ atmufwiG v f nf;aumif;/ xda‹k emuf (zufqpf) ‘ppftm%m&Sipf epf’ atmufwiG v f nf;aumif;/ ESpaf ygif; (40) eD;yg; qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk prf;oyfcJh_yD;aemuf ,if;prf;oyfr+ESpfckvHk; ratmifjrifcJh onfrmS &Si;f aeyg_yD? xkEd pS cf t k euf OD;ae0if;vufxuf ppftyk pf . k vkyaf qmifcsuf rSwfwrf;rsm;rSmrl oduQmtusqHk;/ &Sufp&mtaumif;qHk;/ oifcef;pmtjzpfqHk; jzpf ayonf? vuf&Sd (etz) acgif;aqmifrsm;rSm w&Ha&mtcgu taz}uD;ðyor# Ekvm cJh&onfh OD;ae0if;. om;rsm;omjzpfonfhtavsmuf tm%m&Sifenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh qufvufusio fh ;kH vsu&f o dS nf? ppfwyft&if;&Si0f g'rSmum; txufvm$ vlwef;pm; udk vlxw k &yfv;kH tay: *kwaf oG;pkyf tjrwfxw k &f mY ydrk t kd iftm;}uD;rm; qd;k &Gm;oGm; apayawmhonf?

“tawmfq;Hk olrsm;rSm olwu ‹dk -H urRmukd _raJ tmif rwwfEidk -f u? olawmfaygif;/ EkaºuGaumif;I ol,kwfrm oufqkd;&Snfonf?”20 u|efawmhfrdcifajr. _yD;cJhonfh axmifpkESpftqkH;owf&mpkESpfrSm nDnDr#r# ESpfykdif;tuef‹uJhokd‹ jzpfcJhonf? ae‹tvif;a&mifESifh ntarSmif uGJjym;ouJhokd‹ yxrykid ;f rSm awmufy_y;D 'kw, d ykid ;f rSm trku d af rSmifz;Hk v$r;f cHc&hJ onf? ukv d edk eD ,fcsŒJ. aoG;pkyjf c,fv, S f r+atmufrS rdrzd mom vGwaf jrmufatmif rqkwrf epf csw D ufc&hJ m ar#mfvifhcsufa&mifjcnfoef;cJh_yD? usdef;aoayguf vGwfvyfa&;ukd jrifawGŒae& onfhtcsdefwGifrS vrf;jya&Sa› qmifvif;a&mifonf ±kwfw&uf_idrf;owfcHcJh&onf? ae‹tvif;a&mifuadk qmifaom aerif; 0ifa&mufu, G af ysmuf (ae0if) onft h vm; o¿mefuJhokd‹yif uH-urRmu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (olawmfaumif;) apmapmpD;pD; ZD0ed cf sKyfapcJo h nf? jrefrmvlx}k uD;u olu ‹ dk &mpkEpS . f trsK;d om;ol&aJ umif;tjzpf *k%«f yowfrw S cf o hJ nf? trSefwu,fwGifvnf; olonf tawmfqkH;yk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfonfESifhtnD

u|Eyfk w f . ‹dk orkid ;f wGif olonf xkt d wkid ;f rwdraf um raysmufrysuf qufvufwnf &SdoGm;rnfomjzpfonf? wqufwnf;rSmyif r_yD;qkH;Ekdifonfh trkdufarSmifnrsm; twGi;f wGif -urRmqk;d u 0ifa&mufvmcJo h nf? &Jabmfo;Hk usyd t f xJwiG f tzsi;f qk;H jzpf ol rdru d , dk u f dk Adv k af e0if; (ol,w k rf m) [k *k%af &mifvr$ ;f °cHxm;olu &nfreS ;f csuf }uD;rm;onfh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh acwW,m,Dr# ypm;ay;r+cH-u&onfh ppfwyf t&m&Sd aemufvkdufwkd‹. tm;ay;axmufcHr+jzifh ol. okwfoifa&;ajcvS rf;ukd cwfjrefjrefvSr;f cJo h nf? TonfrmS 1962 ck rwfvtpykid ;f olu tvk;H pkt H m%mukd odr;f yku d &f ef qk;H jzwfvu dk o f nft h csed rf pS wifco hJ nf? ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk xlaxmif vku d _f y;D olu ‹ , dk o f l eef;yv†iaf y:wifvu dk u f m t}udraf ygif;rsm;pGm ±kyaf o;q&muJo h ‹ dk «yrlc&hJ m 2002 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae‹ touf (92) ESpw f iG f aemufq;Hk ZD0ed cf sKyf oGm;onfw h idk af tmif jzpfavonf? oltaoaemufusonfrmS trSe/f olo ‹ ufwrf; wav#muf tESpf (40) r# twGi;f pdw, f w k jf zifh &uf&ufpufpuf jc,fv, S t f yk cf sKyfr+ '%fudk vlxu k pdwyf su0f rf;enf;zG,cf pH m;cJ&h onfrmS xkx ‹d ufyrdk -kd umanmif;onf[k xifrw S cf &hJ onf? u|efawmfhpmtkyf. ed*kH;csKyfu¾ ,cktykdif;ukd Akdvfae0if; (c) ±+armif21 . uk, d af &;twˆKy`wdW pmzwfot l m;wifjy&ef &nf&, G &f if;r&Syd g? oka‹d omfvnf; ol. aemufq;Hk ESprf sm;twGi;f usq;Hk cef;wGif ol. uk, d yf idk q f ef;jym;r+rsm;ukd tusO;f csKyf tpOfvu dk w f ifjyvk&d if;jzpfonf? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf olEiS t hf wl vky}f uHc&H aom a&mif;&if;rsm;wkd‹. acgif;aqmifr+ukd wkdif;jynfrS z,f&Sm;ypf&mwGif olonf t"dutcef;u¾rS yg0ifcJhonfhtwGuf jzpfysufr+ tpOfjrifuGif;rsm;twGif; olu ‹ ¾ukd xyfrt H xl;«y&ef oifawmfonf[k ,lq&ygonf? OD;apmuJo h r‹dk [kwb f J olEiS o hf t ‹l ckid ;f cHwr‹dk mS olwu ‹dk sco H ifo h nfh ¯ud;pifEiS hf ,ae‹acwf Ekid if w H um &mZ0wfr+ w&m;±kH;wku d‹ kd vGwfajrmufoGm;cJh-uonf? jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwDOuU@&mxl;rS aemufq;Hk Ekwx f u G o f nfh 1987 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (23) &ufae‹wkdifatmif ol. (25) ESpfwm tm%m&Sifpkd;rkd;r+umv twGi;f yxrqk;H rS aemufq;Hk txd olonf rnfoa‹dk om °ydiq f idk rf E+ iS hf qefu ‹ sifru + rdk # vufoifh rcHcahJ cs? ol tm%m&,l_y;D r-umrDyif &efuek w f uUov dk af usmif;om;rsm;u tenf;i,fr# qef‹usifr+«y&mwGif ol. trdef‹tm%mukd olu a-unmjycJhonf? ol. vufr&GŒHaoewform; Adv k rf ;ª }uD;pdev f iG u f ol.trde‹f (wyfrawmfux dk v d m&if "m;"m;csif;/ vSHvSHcsif;&ifqkdifr,f) twkdif; vufeufrJhausmif;om;vli,frsm;ukd &mESifhcsDI owfjzwfypfcJhonf? trSefrSmrl ol‹ukdxdvmv#if wkH‹ jyefvufpm;acs&ef

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ed*;Hk csKyf

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

qkv d &dk if;jzpfonf? olEw k x f u G cf geD;wkid af tmif tm;uk;d &mrJh wkid ;f oljynfom;rsm;ukd wyfqkdwm ypf&if rSefatmifypfw,f[lI }udrf;0g;oGm;cJhao;onf? aemuf (2) vtwGif;wGif owfrawmf (vlrsKd;wkH;atmifowfjzwfaom,Eœ&m;) tjzpf ol ajymif;vJcahJ om wyfrawmfonf rdrw d ‹dk aoG;&if;om;&if; jynforl sm;ukd axmifEiS chf sI D rn‡mrwmowfjzwfypf_y;D olq ‹ v dk cdk suu f dk csucf si;f twnf«yay;cJo h nf? tm%m&Sif u ol. rqvOuU@&mxl;ESihf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;pef;,k Ekwx f u G af y;xm;aom orRw&m xl;wkdu ‹ kd ol.t&if;ESD;qkH;_cHaygufrsm;jzpfonfh yxrOD;pGm pdefvGif (20 &ufouf wrf;) ESihf xka‹d emuf a'gufwmarmifarmif (30 &ufoufwrf;) wkx ‹d H rod_rJ rodbm omjzifh vufvaJ$ y;cJo h nf? Ekid if o H m;rsm;u tkºH uGvm&mwGif ae0if;uk, d w f idk f wyfr awmf. xdyfykdif;AdkvfcsKyfrsm;ESifh t&m&Sdrsm;ukd qifhac:_yD; tjrifhqkH;&mxl;&Sif Adkvf csKyf}uD; apmarmifudk pufwifbm (18) &ufwiG f tm%modr;f ckid ;f _yD; Ekid if aH wmfat; csrf;om,ma&;ESihf _idr0f yfyjd ym;a&;aumifpu D dk zGŒJ pnf;apcJo h nf[k ,k-H unf&onf? xka‹d emuf 1989 ckEpS f rwfv wyfrawmfae‹ npmpm;yGw J iG rf S ae0if;u yxr qkH; vla&mifxGufjycJhonf? olu ppf0wfpkHtjynfh0wfxm;cJhonf? *sumwmwGif olr‹ w d af qGorRw rk[ d mrufq[ dk mwkx d H acwWtvnfomG ;awGŒonfh 1997 ckEpS f puf wifbmtxd olu ‹ kd xyfrHrjrifrawGŒcJh&acs?22 xkad‹ emuf ykHrSefaq;ppfaq;r+cH,l&ef ta-umif;jycsujf zifh pifumylo‹dk oGm;a&mufcahJ o;onf? ol.þaemufq;Hk þEkid if jH cm;c&D; jzpfrnfh xkcd &D;. owif;"mwfyw Hk iG f olonf tawmftm;enf;csnfeh y‹J aHk y:aeonf? ynm^m%fenf;_yD; avmbouUm,}uD;oljzpfonfEiS t hf nD qifjcifww Hk &m; rJph mG jzifh ae0if;onf t,lonf;tavhtusirhf sm;ESihf vk;H axG;aecJo h nf? touf (90) rS (99) ESpftwGif;umvukd 0ifa&mufawmhrnfjzpfI ol‹taejzifh ol‹oufwrf;ukd tjrifq h ;Hk (99) ESpt f xd qGq J efc‹ siyf &Hk ayonf? ol. uHaumif;aom*%ef;jzpfonfh (9) *%ef;ukw d nfI *%ef;euQwaW A'ifynmjzifh tumtuG,t f wm;tqD; «yvkyf cJhjyefonf? 2001 ckESpf rwfv (21) &ufae‹wGif crf;em;}uD;us,fvSaom -u,f ‹ m* (5) yGifh tqifhtwef; qD'kd;em;[kdw,f}uD; (Sedona Hotel) wGif ukokdvftzkdb &&S&d eftwGuf q&mawmf}uD;rsm;ukd Ak'b < momxk;H pHt& qGr;f au|;uyfvLS cJo h nf? oduQm&ifh q&mawmf}uD; (99) yg;ukd yifhaqmifcJh_yD; aqGrsKd;rsm;ESifh rqvacwf wynfw h yef;rsm;tygt0if {nfo h nfawmf (504) a,mufudk zdwaf c:cJo h nf? omref {nfo h nfawmfrsm;u olu ‹ dk vGev f eG u f u J J tav;tjrwf«yonfudk AD', D rdk w S w f rf;wGif jrif&onfrSm ESvkH;ematmhtHcsifpzG,faumif;vSonf? ol‹ESvkH;a&m*gtwGuf pifumylrS q&m0eftzGJŒ pufwifbmvwGif vma&mufcJh-u_yD; ol‹ukd,fwGif

ESvkH;taxmuftul«ypuf wyfqifay;cJhonf[k aumvm[vjzpfcJhaomfvnf; qGr;f au|;tcrf;tem;wGif olonf usef;rmaeyk&H avonf?

2001 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (26) &ufae‹wiG f «yvkyaf om cifpENm0if;. vufxyf r*Fvm (26) ESpaf jrmuftcrf;tem;wGif olu ‹ dk wzefawGŒ&jyefonf? xkyd .

JG tv#yH ,f au|;arG;{nfhcHr+ESifh aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;uckefr+rsm;u jynfolvlxk. cHpm;&r+t00ukd jyuf&,f«youJo h ‹dk jzpfco hJ nf? Toka‹d om vGeu f sL;r+rsm;u ESv;Hk emzG,af umif;vS aom tm%m&Siftkyfpkrsm;ukd usqkH;apcJhouJhokd‹ ae0if;. -umjrifhvSaom wOD; wnf;ppftm%m&Sif tkyfpkd;r+onfvnf; aemufqkH;wGif 2003 ckESpf rwfv (7) &ufae‹Y ydwq f c‹dk cH &hJ _y;D olr‹ o d m;pkonfvnf; tvm;wlusq;Hk oGm;cJah vonf? ol. tcspfqkH;orD; cifpENm0if;.a,musfm; at;aZmf0if;ESifh olwkd‹. om;okH;OD;jzpfol at;ae0if;/ ausmaf e0if;/ ZGaJ e0if;wkr‹d mS ratmifjrifaom tm%modr;f &ef }uHpnfr+ jzifh zrf;qD;cHc-hJ u&onf? xkt d r+wiG f cifpENm0if;vnf; twGi;f ususyg0ifywfoufchJ onf[k qkad omfvnf; tpGypf cJG &H aom a,musfm; (4) OD;ukd axmifxo J iG ;f cJ_h yD; pENm ESifh olr.tazrSm tdrfwGif;tus,fcsKyf cscH-u&onf?

Ekid if aH wmftm%muko d rd ;f &ef yl;aygif;}uHpnfrj+ zifh w&m;pGcJ &H ol (4) OD;ukd (9) v-um EkdifiHawmfykefuefr+jzifh w&m;pD&ifcJh_yD; ao'%ftjypfay;cJhonf? olwkd‹ukd pD&ifrnfh&ufukd rowfrSwfao;aomfvnf; olwkdr‹ Sm ao'%fuscH&ef axmifwGif; wae&mwGif &SdaeqJjzpfonf? xkda‹ emuf tm%m&Siftkd}uD;rSm aoqkH;oGm;cJhonf? xk;H pHtwkid ;f wkid ;f jynfudk tkypf ;dk aeaom Akv d cf sKyftyk pf o k nf bmr#rvky&f ef qk;H jzwfchJ -uonf? tb,fa-umifq h adk om wOD;csi;f aomfvnf;aumif;/ tkypf v k u dk af omfvnf; aumif; rnfoa‹dk omf ta&;,laqmif&u G rf u + dk «yvky&f rnfudk olwr‹dk od-uI jzpfav onf? wkdif;jynfwckvkH;. usqif;aeaom uH-urRmrSm ppfzdeyfatmufwGif Tokd‹ aom raocsmra&&m±+yfaxG;ayGvDaom pDrHaqmif&Gufr+tay: rSDwnfvsuf&Sd_yD; tm%mxufvSaom zcifwOD;ESifh tvm;wlvSonfh aus;Zl;&Sif}uD;ukd,fwkdif. tokbtcrf;tem; tpDtpOftwkdif; tusKd;oufa&mufvsuf&Sdonf? tpk;d &u w&m;0ifxw k jf yefa-unmr+r«yvkyo f nft h jyif tpk;d &ykid o f wif;pm wGif ema&;a-umfjimxnfhcGifh&&ef okH;&uf-uef‹ -umcJhonf? rl&if;a&;om;csufrSm jzwfawmufwnf;jzwfcHcJh&_yD; vkd&if;tcsufrsm; qkH;±+H;oGm;cJhonf? acgif;pOfrSm wkH;wd OD;ae0if;[lIjzpfonf? atmufwGif touf (93) ESpf (1911 ck/ arv 24 &ufae‹zGm;)/ ae&yf trSwf (19) arcvrf; r&rf;ukef;°rdŒe,f/ &efukefwkdif; a':cifaroef; (uG,fvGef) .cifyGef;? xkd‹aemufwGif ol. om;orD;

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

rsm;jzpfonf[kqkdaom vlyk*~dKvf (9) OD;. trnfrsm; (3 OD;rSm uG,fvGef_yD;) usef tcsuftvufrsm;rSm olonf 2002 ckESpf 'DZifbm (5) &uf/ eHeuf (7) em&D (30) rdepfwGif aoqkH;cJh_yD; uG,fvGefol.qENt& ol‹±kyftavmif;ukd a&a0;okomefY ae‹v,f (1) em&D (30) rdepfwiG f rD;o°*õ[cf ahJ -umif;jzpfonf? vku d yf gyka‹d qmiforl sm;/ olruse;f rrmpOfEiS hf aus;Zl;&Sizf cif. tokbtpDtpOfwiG f ulnrD a+ y;cJ-h uolrsm;ukd aus;Zl;wifa-umif; azmfjyvsuf tqkH;owfxm;onf? rl&if;a&;om;csurf mS rdom;pkxrJ S wOD;OD;u a&;om;cJyh &Hk _yD; pENmjzpfy&Hk av onf? aemufq;Hk ykEH ydS af zmfjy&mwGif olr.rdcifudk wOD;wnf;aomZeD;tjzpf txif f eG )f qko d . l rdcifrnfol t&Sm;«yvkyx f m;onf?23 om;orD;rsm;wGif OD;ode;f (uG,v jzpfa-umif; rjyxm;? aiGp;dk ESiahf t;atmif (uG,v f eG )f wkr‹d mS yxr w&m;0ifZeD;jzpfol a':wifwifESifh &&Sdaomom;rsm;/ 'kwd,ZeD; a':cifaroef;ESifh twlygvmaom yxrtdraf xmif a'gufwmawmif}uD;ESi&hf aom orD;ok;H a,muf a'gufwmvJv h 0hJ if; (uG,fvGef)/ oDwm0if;/ a'gufwmaomfwm0if;/ a':cifaroef;u olESifharG;aom a'gufwmpENm/ a'gufwma-u;rk0H if;ESihf °zd;a00if;/ wu,fwiG rf l olEiS t hf a-umif;yg aom ZeD; (5) OD;&Sdonf[k qkdEkdifonf? ae0if; oGwfoGif;cJhaom ppfwyftkyfpkd;r+. trSwv f uQ%mjzpfonfh nHzh sif; aomvky&f yf. tysuftpD; tpdwt f ykid ;f w&yfjzpf onfh Twckwnf;aom &Sif;vif;&cufonfh ema&;a-umfjimukd ppfaq;twnf «yay;olrmS ppftyk pf yk ifjzpfI olwu ‹dk o dk m tjypfwif&rnfjzpfonf? okd‹ESifhyif ol‹ jymrsm;rSm tcrf;tem;uif;rJhvsuf teD;tem;&Sd jrpftwGif;okd‹ ypfcsccH &hJ onf[k ,k-H unf&ayonf? ok‹djzifh ol‹jymrsm;rSm ywf0ef;usin f pfnrf;r+jzpf apaom tr+u d o f ±ku d jf zpfomG ;awmhonf? tm%m&SifrSm aemufqkH; usqkH;aysmufuG,foGm;cJh_yD? oef;a&$/ armifat;/ cif!eG ‹f ok;H OD;tkypf k (±kyq f ;dk rsm;) rSm olw. ‹dk taz}uD; usq;Hk cef;ukd vif;wrsm;uJo h ‹dk acsmif;ajrmif;aecJh-u_yD; olwkd‹rSm tºuGif;rJhtm%m&Sifrsm;tjzpf jrifhjrifhrm;rm; &yfwnfvsuf&Sd-uonf? olwkda‹ cgif;aqmif}uD; r[kwfrw&m; ±l;wl;wl;vkyfor# cHc-hJ u&aom puf±yk o f ¿mefppfwyfrmS ,ckawmh olv ‹ ufrS vGwcf ahJ v_y?D jrefrmEkid if H tay: ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tav;wrl«ycJh-uolrsm;taejzifh tm%m&SifaoqkH;r+u 'Dru dk a&pDudk toufjyefoiG ;f Ekid rf nf[k taumif;jrifrj+ zifh pdwrf &SnEf idk pf mG xifjrifchJ -uonf?

Ekid if t H aejzifh pdwrf csr;f ajrzh , G f ESpaf ygif;&Sn-f umEGeH pfurBm tdyrf ufq;dk oHo&m rS xGufvkqJqJwGif ae0if;ukd rSefrSefuefuef oduQmcs qefu ‹ sifzkd‹ vkdtyfayonf?

qkH;±+H;cJhor# jyefvnftpm;xkd;Ekdif_yD; trsKd;om;jyefvnfoihfjrwfa&;ESifh qufvuf azmfaqmif&rnfh tcGifhtvrf;um; aemufqkH;a&muf&SdvmcJhyg_yD? _idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh om,m0ajyma&;ukd used ;f aoayguf tmrcHcsuaf y;Ekid o f nfh ppfreS o f nfh 'Dru dk a&pDo‹dk qufvufcsDwuf&rnfjzpfonf? EkdifiHwumu jrifhjrifhrm;rm; *k%f«ycHxm;&onfh urBmt h qifrh yD *k Kd~ vfjzpf_yD; Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;.orD;jzpfou l pdw"f mwfa&;&mt& tm;ay;r+«yxm;onfh vlxkt¯uduf a&G;cs,fcHxm;&onfh tpkd;&w&yfuvnf; tpOfoif&h EdS iS _hf yD;jzpfonf? aoewfajymif;eJ‹ tm%mukid x f m;olrsm;u bmvkycf -hJ u ygovJ? vlreS pf w d rf eS o f rl sm;eJ‹ wu,fu h dk ajymif;jyefygyJ? olw. ‹dk aoqk;H oGm;cJ_h yjD zpf wJh acgif;aqmif}uD;&JŒajc&mukd qufeif;_yD; olwkdt ‹ m%mukd qefu ‹ sifolrSefor#ukd &Sif;vif;z,f&Sm;paw;ypfzkd‹ olwkd‹ qkH;jzwfcJh-uonf? tcGifhta&;aumif;}uD;um; qkH;±+H;cJhav_yD?24 Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$uawmh olq ‹ &m tm%m&Sif rif;qk;d uG,af ysmufomG ; onfhtcsdefupI ol‹ukd,fol o&zl,laqmif;_yD; bk&ifht&m bdodwfcHvkdufawmh dk a&pDtzGŒJcsKyfrS ta&G;cs,cf jH ynfov ‹l w $ af wmfu, dk pf m;vS,f onf?25 trsK;d om;'Dru tcsKE‹d iS hf olw. ‹dk vufaxmuftulrsm;yg0ifaom t"du twku d t f cHygwDtzGŒJ0ifrsm; ukd Ekdb,fvfqk&SifESifh taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;jzpfol a':atmifqef;pk-unfESifh 'k=OuU@ ol&OD;wifO;D wku ‹d OD;aqmifvsuf txufjrefrmjynfo‹dk pnf;±k;H a&;c&D;pOf tjzpf armfawmfum;wef;jzifh oGm;-uonf? Tc&D;pOfrSm etz. w&m;0ifcGifh «ycsuf tjynfhtpkH&&Sd_yD;jzpfonf? okd‹aomfvnf; olwkd‹oGm;av&mae&mwkdif;rS vlwidk ;f u tzGŒJ csKyfudk arwWmv$r;f °cHvsuf axmufcrH t + jynfh awmufav#mufay;cJh -uonft h wGuf etzrSm odoo d mom pdwt f aESmiht f ,Sujf zpfco hJ nf?

2003 ckEpS f ar (30) &uf n (8) em&D arSmifpysK;d csed f aemufwae&ma&muf&ef aemufusaecsed w f iG f armfawmfum;wef;rSm us&D mG ESihf 'Dy, J if;°rdŒt-um; (2) ae&mwGif °cHcw kd u dk cf u dk cf cH -hJ u&onf? wku d cf u dk cf o hJ rl sm;rSm tiftm; (5˜000) ausmf (etzu aemifwGif «yvkyfaom owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwGifay;aom ta&twGufjzpf_yD; olwkd‹tqkdt& tzGJŒcsKyfukd uef‹uGufqENjyolrsm;) &Sd_yD; etzzGJŒpnf;ay;xm;aom }uHc› idk af &;ESizhf ŒHG °zd;a&;toif;om;rsm;u trmcHyg0if_y;D axmifrsm;rS pkpnf;vmaom &mZ0wfom;rsm;/ t_rw J rf;ppfom;rsm;ESihf ,leaD zmif;0wfrxm;aom jynfo&‹l rJ sm;yg yg0ifonf? etzu t"dupDrHcsufcs_yD; vufeufukdifppft&m&Sdrsm; uGyfuJaom vkH°cHa&;wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;/ tcpm;v+HŒaqmfa&;orm;rsm;u ¯udwif}uHpnf_yD; tao taus °cHcw dk u dk cf u dk jf cif;jzpfonfrmS oHo,jzpfp&mr&Sad cs? qENjyolrsm;qko d l trsm;

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

pkrmS oHacsmif;rsm;/ oHc|efrsm;/ 0g;c|efrsm;/ "m;rsm;ESihf tjcm;aoapEkid af vmufaom vufeufrsm; ukdifaqmifxm;_yD; t-urf;rzufa&;vrf;pOfukd vkH;0O\kHpGJukdifxm; -u_yD; vkH;0vufeufr&Sdaom jyefvnfckcHjcif;r&Sdaom tzGJŒcsKyftzGJŒ0if a,musfm; rdef;r tm;vkH;wkd‹ukd &ufpuf±kdif;pkdif;pGm wkdufckdufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? trsm;tjym;rSm &uf&ufpufpuf towfc&H olc&H / '%f&m&ol&-uonft h jyif ,mOfrsm;/ ykid q f idk rf + ypPnf;rsm;rSm tzsufpD;cH& tvkt,uf cH-u&onf? uHaumif;axmufrpGmjzifh a':atmifqef;pk-unfESifh OD;wifOD;wkdr‹ Sm '%f&mtemw&&cJh_yD; axmifwGif;tykdc‹ H cJh&onf? a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd yxr xdef;odrf;xm;cJh_yD; pufwifbmvwGif &efuek o f ‹dk jyefac:cJu h m tdrw f iG ;f tusO;f csxm;cJo h nf? OD;wifO;D ukv d nf; axmifwiG ;f twef-umxm;cJ_h y;D aemifwiG f tdrw f iG ;f tus,cf sKyfjyefxm;cJo h nf? &Supf &maumif; vS_yD; tn‡mtwmuif;rJv h o S nfh Ttcsi;f jzpfymG ;r+onf jrefrmhorkid ;f wGif “'Dy, J if; owfjzwfr}+ uD;” [k rSww f rf;0ifco hJ nft h jyif ae0if;vGeaf cwf ok;H OD;tkypf . k aoewf wGif yxrqkH; aoG;at;at;jzifh tpkvkduft°yHvkduf vlowfr+tjzpf tOD;qkH; trSwftom; &&SdoGm;apcJhonf?26 xka‹d emuf wESpt f wGi;f -o*kwv f (25) &ufae‹wiG f 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tajymif;tvJ vkyf&mwGif etzOuU@/ wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;ESifh }uHz› ŒHGOuU@jzpfol Akv d cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$u trsK;d om;axmufvS r;f a&;wyfzŒJG. !¸ef -um;a&;rª;csKyftopf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;cif!eG t ‹f m; ol. 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;ukd v$aJ jymif; ay;&ef qk;H jzwfco hJ nf? oka‹d omfvnf; Akv d cf if!eG t ‹f aejzifh ol. etztwGi;f a&;rª; (1) &mxl;ukd pGef‹v$wfay;vkduf&onf? ol‹ukdqufcHol 'k=AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pkd;0if;rSm twGi;f a&;rª; (2) &mxl;rS jrifw h ufvmoljzpf_yD; }uHz› ŒHGtoif;. tvGew f ufºuGaom tvkyftr+aqmifwOD;jzpfonfhtjyif oufaoouUm,r&Sdaomfvnf; 'DyJ,if;vl owfr}+ uD;ukd pDrcH o hJ [ l q k o dk nf? pk;d 0if;/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD; ol&a&$ref; (yl;wGpJ pfO;D pD;csKyf/ umuG,af &;Xme) ESihf Adv k cf sKyfausm0f if; (ppfaxmufvSr;f a&; 'k=t}uD;tuJ) wkr‹d mS Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$. bufom;rsm;jzpf-uonf?

0ef}uD;csKyf Akv d cf sKyf}uD;cif!eG r‹f mS 2004 ckEpS f atmufwb dk mv (19) &ufae‹ wGif &mxl;rS txkwfty,fcHcJh&onf? w&m;0iftm;jzifh ppftkyfpktrdef‹remcHr+/ tusifyh sufvmbfpm;r+EiS hf olw ‹ m0efrsm;ukd ausyGeaf tmif rxrf;aqmifEidk rf + ponfh ykefuefr+pGJcsufrsm;jzifh ol‹ukd t_idrf;pm;,lcGifh«yvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? tdrfwGif;csKyf xm;cJh_yD; 2005 ckESpf Zlvkdif (22) &ufwGif txl;w&m;±kH;jzifhppfaq;um tjypf&Sd onf[k awGŒ&Sdojzifh olonf qkdif;iHhaxmif'%f (44) ESpf&&SdcJhonf? tapmykdif;wGif

olEiS q hf ufo, G rf &+ o dS l axmufvSr;f a&;t&m&Sd (38) OD;wkr‹d mS axmif'%f tESpf (20) rS tESpf (100) ausmftxd uscH_yD;jzpfonf? ae0if;. opPmawmfcrH mS (tpGr;f xuf vSaom olt ‹ zGŒJ tpnf;ausmaxmufaemufcjH zif)h a-umufcref;vdvd tm%mwuf vmonft h wGuf olEiS o hf . l aemufvu dk rf sm;jzifh zGŒJ pnf;xm;aom tqdyt f awmuf taqmufttkHwckvkH;ukd z,f&Sm;ypfcJhjcif;jzpfonf? xkdaemuf (2) a,mufom usefcJhawmhonf?27 u|efawmf.,cifpmtkyfwGif &nf!e¸ f;a&;om;cJhaom twWorm;ae0if;u ol&‹ mxl;wnf_rJa&;twGuf olv ‹ rf;a-umif;wav#muf awGŒor# tppftrSejf zpfap/ olxifjrifonfjzpfap olu ‹ dk °ydio f rl eS o f r# z,f&mS ;ypfonfh okwo f ifa&;vrf;pOfonf tpGr;f xufvo S nft h wGuf ykrd _dk ird ;f csr;f vk°H cH&m wkid ;f jynfrsm;ok‹d OD;aESmuf,pdk ;D r+jzpf_y;D wkdif;jynfwGif wDxGif}uHqEkdifol twwfynm&Sifrsm; uif;rJhoGm;apcJhonf? tqifh edro hf nft h jyif r-umc%jywfawmif;jywfawmif;jzpfaeaom ynma&;pepfuvnf; wkdif;jynftwGuf ykdrkdepfemqkwf,kwfapavonf? xkt d‹ jyif rjynfhpkHaom EkdifiHa&; prf;oyfrr+ sm;uvnf; pD;yGm;a&;ukd qufvufzsupf ;D cJ&h m Ekid if .

H aiGa-u;rSm wefz;dk rJh onftxd a&mufomG ;cJ_h y;D w&m;r0ifaomtpk;d &rSm a'0gvDc&H avonf? ppfwyfwiG f tjrifhqkH;&mxl;rsm;ukd zufwG,fxm;ol rlvblw vufa&G;pifrsm;om ,ae‹tcsdef wGif rxdrcku d f qufvuf&yfwnfEidk -f uaomfvnf; wkid ;f jynf. trsm;pkvx l }k uD;. aemifa&;rSm vk;H 0ar#mv f ifch suu f if;rJv h su&f o dS nf? tenf;i,f[al om taumif;jrif ukd ¯udwifrSef;qEkdifaomfvnf; atmufwGifazmfjyxm;aom t&nftcsif;jynfh q&m0efwa,muf. pdwfykdif;qkdif&m okH;oyfcsufu pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif; oavmuf ausmcsrf;zG,fvnf; aumif;vSonf? u|eaf wmf. vkyaf zmfuidk zf ufwOD;jzpfol qpf'eD-rd› (-opa-w;vs) rS pdwaf &m *gtxl;ukq&m0ef a'gufwmwifha0u “oufOD;qHykdif tm%m&Sifpepfatmufu vlrb + 0tajctaersm;/ pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f m ±+axmift h jrifw&yf” acgif;pOfjzifh pdwyf idk ;f qkdif&m ykdif;jcm;a0zefqef;ppfr+ pmwrf;wapmifukd a&;om;cJh&m -opa-w;vsESifh e,l;ZDvef pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f m ukor+toif;}uD;u xkwaf 0onfh 2003 ckEpS f ESpyf wfvnf *sme,f. 'kw, d xkwpf mapmifwiG f ykEH ydS af zmfjyjcif;cH&onf? olu ,if;pmwrf;wGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if; 1962 ckESpf tm%m&_yD; EkdifiHtpkd;& yg0ifpDrHonfh t-urf;zufr+ (State Terrorism) ukd jrefrmEkdifiHwGif oGwfoGif;cH&_yD; jzpfay:vmonfh a&&Snu f iG ;f quf jzpfay:r+rsm;ukd t"duxm; &nf!e¸ ;f uk;d um;_yD; tm%m&SiftkyfpkwpkatmufwGif aexkdif&onfh tusKd;qufrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;wifjy

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

xm;onf? ‚if;pmwrf;. t"duwifjyr+rsm;ukd atmufwGif ukd;um;azmfjyvkduf ygonf? “xkt d csderf pS I urBmu h v k or*~vt ‹l cGit hf a&;aumfr&Sif tygt0if vlt ‹ cGihf ta&;tkyfpkrsm;u jrefrmtpkd;&tm; twkduftcHtiftm;pkrsm;tay: pepfwus ta&;,lzrf;qD;ESyd u f yG rf r+ sm;twGuf pGcJ surf sm;wifvsu&f o dS nf? tqkyd g pGcJ surf sm; txJwGif tm%m&Sifpepftm; pGJpGJ_rJ_rJ tefwkaeonfh twkduftcHacgif;aqmif a': atmifqef;pk-unftm; tzefwvJvJ zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f xm;r+EiS hf olr. axmufco H l rsm;tm; Ekid if t H pk;d &uk, d w f idk f tm;ay;axmufyrhH j+ zifh tpkvu dk t f -yHvu dk f owfjzwf aer+rsm; yg0ifygonf?” ‹d m; a'gufwmwifah 0u qufvufI a&mfbifEiS hf ykp‹d f (Robins and Post) wkt uk;d um;um ‚if;wk. ‹d 1997 ckEpS x f w k f “Ekid if aH &; ,krH mS ;vGeaf 0'em/þrke;f wD;em-unf; r+. tajccH” trnf&Sd pmtkyfrS atmufygtcsufrsm;ukd wifjycJhonf? “tm%m&Sifrsm;jzpfol ykdaygh (Pol Pot)/ tD'Dtmrif (Idi Amin) ESifh ‹d dk avhvmr+wck«y&mwGif ykad ygh. uarBm'D;,m; *sK;d qufpwmvif (Josef Stalin) wku Ekid if o H nf wenf;wzkt H m;jzifh jrefrmEkid if .

H tajctaeESihf E+id ;f ,SOEf idk o f nft h csurf sm; &Sda-umif; a0zefr+«ycJhonf? pma&;olrsm;taejzifh tm%m&Sifrsm;tm;vkH;wGif a,bk,s wlnDr+rsm;&Sda-umif; awGŒ&SdcJhonf? ,if;wkdr‹ Smæ tm%mESifhywfoufI ,krH mS ;vGepf w d af 0'em cHpm;&r+/ vlrsKd;jcm;rsm;tm; em-unf;a&Smif-uOfr/+ wkid ;f &if; om; vlenf;pkrsm;tay: rvkdrkef;wD;r+ESifh rdrdtrsKd;tEG,fukd txl;pif-u,foefp‹ if apvkrd + ponfw‹dk jzpfonf? tm%m&Siaf cgif;aqmif. Ekid if aH &;pDrt H rdea‹f y;r+rsm;ukd ol. vufaxmufrsm;u pdwt f m;xufoefpmG taumiftxnfazmfwwf-uonf? a&mfbifEiS hf ykp‹d w f . ‹dk avhvmawGŒ&cdS sufrsm;txJwiG f ,krH mS ;vGeaf 0'em (Paranoid) &So d rl sm; pkaygif;zGŒJpnf;xm;onfh acgif;aqmifro + nfvnf; “yg&mEGKd uf” acgif;aqmif wOD;wnf;uJo h y‹dk if &ufpuf-urf;ñuwfI ysufp;D apEkid o f nfomjzpfa-umif; yg0ifchJ onf? u|eaf wmf. wwd,t}udrx f w k f pmtkyef *d ;Hk csKyftjzpf Ekid if jH cm;e,fcsŒJtiftm; }uD; (2) OD;ukd atmifjrifco hJ l u|eaf wmfw. ‹dk (20) &mpk trsK;d om;ol&aJ umif; Akv d cf sKyf atmifqef;. *k%o f u d mQ jrifrh m;vSonfh orD;jzpfol a':atmifqef;pk-unftwGuf om aemufq;Hk tydwpf um; ae&moD;oef‹ xm;cJch siyf gonf? Ekid if jH cm;rS usL;ausmo f l rsm;xuf ykdrkdqkd;0g;vSonfh 1962 ckrSpcJhaom rdrdajray:wGifyif aygufzGm;cJhonfh tqufqufaom ppftm%m&Siw f . ‹dk raumif;qk;d 0g;tiftm;rsm;ukd z,f&mS ;ypf_yD;

(21) &mpk ,cktcsdeyf idk ;f wGif Ekid if .

H vGwv f yfa&;ESihf *k%o f u d mQ ukd jyeftpm;xk;d Ekid f &ef olr.acgif;aqmifr+ukd olrtm; ae&mrSef ay;tyfjcif;cH&v#if atmifjrifrnf jzpfonf? wcsed w f nf;wGif t&Snt f -umcHpm;a&aom jrefrmEkid if o H m;rsm;ESihf vlt ‹ cGihf ta&;ESihf 'Dru dk a&pDqw d o f ek ;f cH&_y;D jyefvnfawmif;wae-uaom tjcm;tjcm;aom vly*k Kd~ vftm;vk;H olr. atmufygpum;ajym-um;csufrsm;wGif pdwt f m;wufp&m ar#mfvifch sufrsm;ukd awGŒ jrif&ayvdrrhf nf?

Ak'0< g'w&m;oabmonf "rRu, dk u f sifw h &m;aumif;rGerf t + ay:wGif tajccH onf? tumtuG,frJh jynfoltay:wGif rajymif;rvJjyif;xefaom pnf;rsOf;rsm; csrSwEf idk o f nfh tiftm;tay:Y rwnfacs? pepfwck. rSeu f efru + dk tiftm;tenf; qkH;olrsm;tm; twdtusumuG,fay;Ekdifonfh yrm%jzifh tppftrSef wkdif;wmEkdif onf? w&m;r#wr+r&Sdaomae&mwGif vkH°cHpdwfcs&aom _idrf;csrf;r+ r&SdEkdifacs? tm%m&Sifpkd;rkd;r+ESifh zdESdyfr+ukd qefu ‹ sifI wGef;vSefr+ukd aemufqkH;tm;ukd;&mtjzpf vlom;taejzifh twGi;f tusy«f yvkycf iG rhf &Ekid v f #if vlt ‹ cGit hf a&;rsm;ukd Oya'pk;d rk;d r+ jzifh umuG,&f rnf[I l Ekid if w H umvlt ‹ cGit hf a&;a-unmcsupf mwef;u todtrSwf «yxm;onf? xkdw&m;r#waom Oya'rsm;onf vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd ukdifpGJxm; onfh _idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf vkdtyfaom tkyfjrpfjzpfonf? twkduftcHtm;vkH;ukd E+wfqdwfapjcif;ukd _idrf;csrf;a&;[l Ivnf;aumif; olwkd‹.tm%m tmrcHcsuf &Sjd cif;ukd vk°H cHa&;[lIvnf;aumif; t"dym` ,faumuf,x l m;onfh tod^m%fro hJ rl sm; 29 uom vlom;rsm;. vkH°cHpdwfcs&r+ukd jiif;y,f-uonf?

271

272

Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

272

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

pmwGJ vky}f uHrE+ iS fh ±H;k wifw&m;pGq J rkd w + ‹kd ESifh ywfoufaom a-u;eef;pmtcsKŒd (Selected telegrams Concerning the Assassination and Trial)

qm[l;bwf&ef‹rS avmhyufopfavm&ihx f o H ‹kd a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t f t kd m= trf§4§2504 (Sir Hubert Rance to Lord Pethick-Lawrence. Telegram, IOR: M/4/2504)

csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ?

&efuek /f 1946/ pufwifbmv (21) &uf/ (23;00)em&D vufc&H &S/d pufwifbmv (21) &uf/ (21;50) em&D

eHygwf (121)/ bk&ifcHxHrS udk,fykdifa-u;eef;? ?

(1) tpd;k &tdraf wmfrS xGucf mG _y;D r-umrD ,ae‹ ae‹v,fyikd ;f wGif OD;apm (xyfrH OD;apm) .toufudk &ef&Smr+jzpfay:cJhygonf? OD;apmu &Jt&m&Sdudk Todak‹ jymqdk onfrSm rdrdtpdk;&tdrfawmfrS jyefoGm;_yD; olonf ol‹ owif;pmwkduf (ol&d,) odk‹ oGm;_yD;aemuf ol‹XmecsKyfoo ‹kd mG ;I tpnf;ta0; ðyvkyyf gonf? (16;30) em&DwiG f tdrfodk‹ jyef&mY ol‹aemufum;xJrS ol‹vlESpfa,muf vdkufygvm-uygonf? tpdk;& tdrfawmfrS rdkif0ufcefw ‹ Gif&Sdaom jynfvrf;ay:&Sd ajreDukef;t0dkif;odkt ‹ a&mufwGif olonf ola‹ emufrS um;vdkufygvmjcif;&Sdr&Sd vSnfh-unfh&m/ xdktcsdefwGif *spfum; wpD;udk owdxm;rd_yD; t0kdif;. wbufodk‹ tauGŒtwufwGif olu ‹ m;onf t&Sdef avsmhoGm;&m/ xdktcsdefY jyefvSnfh-unfhjyef&m ol‹um;ESihf,SOfvsuf *spfum;udk awGŒrdygonf? ‚if;*spfum;xJwGif jynfol‹&Jabmf (xyfrH=jynfol‹&Jabmf) ,leD azmif;0wf (4) a,mufEiS fh aoewfajymif;wck olu ‹ m;bufcsed x f m;onfukd awGŒ&_y;D / aoewfwcsuf vS rf;ypfvdkufI/ olu ‹ m; jywif;aygufESpfckvHk; azmufxGufoGm;yg onf? xdk‹aemuf ‚if;*spfum;armif;xGufajy;oGm;_yD;/ ol‹um;udk &yfypfvdkuf&m/ OD;apmudk aoewfusnfqefrrSefaomfvnf; ol‹rsufvHk;w0dkuf rSefuGJprsm;jzihf uGJ&SoGm;_yD;/ rsufvHk;wvHk;rSm pdk;&drf&aom tajctaerSm &Sdygonf? xdktcsdefwGif tem;rS jzwfomG ;aom Oa&myvlrsK;d (2) OD;u olu ‹ kd aq;±Ho k ‹kd vdu k yf v ‹ kd u kd -f uygonf?

OD;apm. twGif;a&;rª;u ‚if;tjzpftysufudk a,bk,stm;jzifh rSefuefa-umif; twnfðyajymqdyk gonf? olEiS fh vdu k yf gvmcJah om rsK;d cspyf gwD0ifrsm;tm; ppfaq;ar; jref;&mwGif &Jt&m&Sdrsm; ar#mfvifhouJhodk‹ ygwDcsif;wdkufyGJ.tp[k xGufqdk-u 273 273

ygonf? vGefcJhonfhESpf&ufu OD;apmu ol‹owif;pmrSaeI zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfudk jyif;jyif;xefxefpdefac:cJhygonf? qufvufpHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm; ðyvkyfvsuf&Sd&m oihx f H tqufrjywf owif;ay;yda‹k eygrnf?

2? ,l*ef'gwGif &Sad om *smrefvrl sK;d / OD;apm. r,m;qdo k u l pd EP iS fh ywfoufI OD;apm. ZeD;onfu olESihf uGm&Sif;vdkpdwf jyif;jyaea-umif;vnf; pDtkdif'Du tpD&ifcyH gonf?

3? OD;atmifqef;/ OD;ay:xGe;f / a'gufwmbarmf/ OD;apmESihf OD;Apdew f u ‹kd kd usaemf ,ae‹awGŒqHkcJhygonf? OD;atmifqef;u ol‹tr+aqmiftzGJŒudk tpD&ifcH&rnfjzpfI reufjzef/ odr‹k [kwf we*FaEGae‹ ae‹v,fcif;/ odr‹k [kwf wevFmae‹ eHeufwiG f olu ‹ kd 1 u|efawmfxyfraH wGŒygrnf?

4? oydwftaetxm;t& tm;&p&mraumif; (xyfrH=raumif;) yg? tpnf;ta0;_y;D þtpnf;ta0;ESiþfh ,if;tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGiþf tpD&ifcpH mrsm;om wae‹v;kH -um;emae&ygonf?þreufjzefþwe*FaEGae‹/þae‹v,fwiG þf pt D ,fvaf tþ(CLA) aumfrDwD. vuf&Sd tzGJŒ0ifr[kwfawmhaom tzGJŒ0if (3) OD;udk u|efawmf awGŒyg onf? xko d rl sm;xJwiG f t&mxrf;/ tr+xrf;aygif;pHt k zGŒJcsKyf. OuU@vnf; yg&Syd grnf? qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd (J vf) (Earl of Listowel) xHo‹kd a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t f t kd m= trf§4§2714 csufcsif; tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek /f 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (19) &uf/ (12;00) em&D vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ (08;40)em&D eHygwf 281/ bk&ifcx H rH S ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;= ,ae‹eHeuf (10) em&DcGJwGif pwif;*ef;aoewfudkif ArmoHk;OD;u tr+aqmif tzGŒJ ukd tpnf;ta0;xkid af epOf wku d cf u dk rf ð+ yvky-f u&mwGif xdcu kd af oqH;k olrsm;æ aoqHk;= OD;&mZwf/ OD;bcsKd/ ocifjr/ OD;b0if;/ ref;bckdif '%f&m&olrsm;=OD;atmifqef;(&ifbwfaygufxu G 'f %f&m&)/þrdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;/ 2 xyfrHI tjynfhtpHk tpDt&ifcHygrnf? tm'AvsL'Dazmifvm (R.W.D. Fowler) (bk&ifc.

H acwWtwGi;f 0ef) xHrS qm*Dbwfvw d 0f w d f (Sir Gilbert Laithwaite) xHo‹kd a-u;eef;pm= tkid t f t kd m= trf§4§2714 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek /f 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (19) &uf/ (16;25) em&D 274 274

275

pmwGJ

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ (15;45) em&D eHygwf=282/ azmifvmrS vdw0f w d x f o H ‹kd / bk&ifc.

H ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;pm 281/ 1? tao;pdwt f csut f vufrsm;udk u|eaf wmfþ,ckay;Ekid yf g_y?D tr+aqmiftzGŒJ tpnf;ta0;ðyvkyaf epOf/ ,ae‹ eHeuf (10) em&Dcw JG iG f trSwf (12) ppfwyftrSwf tom;rsm;yg&Sad om *spu f m;wpD;onf t0ifwcH g;r}uD;Y xk;d &yfvmcJo h nf? *spu f m; xJwGif vlwa,mufusef&pfcJhonf? pwif;*ef;aoewfrsm;ESifh ±kdifz,faoewf (2) vufudkifaqmifxm;-uaom vl (5) a,mufonf tr+aqmiftzGJŒ tpnf;ta0; cef;rod‹k avSum;rS wufomG ;-uonf? cef;rwHcg;0tjyifbufY apmif-h uyfaeaom vufeufudkif jynfol‹&JabmfwOD;u olwdk‹udk wm;qD;&ef óud;pm;pOf aoewfjzifh typfcHvdkuf&onf? olu vufeufudkifaqmifvmolrsm;udk trSwf (4) Armh±kdif z,fwyfzGJŒ0ifrsm; jzpfonf[k ajymqdkcJhonf? olonf qkd;qkd;&Gm;&Gm; '%f&m&&SdcJh onfhtwGuf tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; ray;EkdifcJhyg? pwif;*ef;aoewfudkif vlo;kH a,mufonf tr+aqmiftzGŒJcef;rtwGi;f od‹k 0ifa&muf-u_y;D txJ&o dS rl sm;tm; olwa‹kd oewfrsm;jzifh w&-urf; ar$Œ&rf;ypfcwfc-hJ uonf?

2? atmufygxdcu kd af oqH;k olrsm;tm; twnfðyEkid yf g_yD? aoqH;k ol OD;atmif qef;/ OD;b0if;/ OD;tAŠ'&l mZwf/ ref;bcdik /f ocifjrESifh OD;tke;f armif (tr+aqmiftzGŒJ tpnf;ta0;wGif &Sad ecJah om yda‹k qmifa&;ESifh qufo, G af &;Xme= 'kw, d twGi;f 0ef)/ '%f&m&ol= 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd (pd;k &dr&f aom tajctaewGif &So d nf)/ rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ; (tajctaeaumif;onf) ESihf udkaxG; (OD;tAŠ'l&mZwf. oufawmfapmihf)?

3? aysmfbG,fOD;jr/ OD;b*srf;/ OD;atmifZHa0ESihf OD;a&$abmf (tr+aqmiftzGJŒ. twGi;f 0ef) wdr‹k mS xdcu kd rf r+ &S?d apmpHz;kd oifonf c&D;xGuaf e_y;D ocifEo k nf tpnf; ta0;wGif &Srd aecJ?h 4? xdcdkufaoqHk;olrsm;tm; aESmihfaES;jcif;r&SdbJ aq;±Hk}uD;odk‹ ydk‹cJhonf? &JwyfzŒJGtaejzifh tajctaeudk oGuv f ufxufjrufpmG udik w f , G af qmif&u G Ef idk cf yhJ &kH ygonf?

5? ,cktjzpftysufonf taxGaxGtHkºuGr+}uD;. tpdwftydkif;w&yf jzpfrjzpf jyo onfh t&dyfta,mifwpHkw&m r&Sdao;yg? tvHeDuGefjrLepfrsm;u Twdu k cf u kd rf + tpDtpOfukd odaecJo h nfh t&dyt f a,mifrsm;&So d nf? vuf&t dS pd;k &u olwdk‹tay: jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef pOf;pm;vdrfhrnfudk tjcm; twdu k t f cHygwDrsm;u a-umufvefa‹ ea-umif; ,H-k unf&onf? Tonfu twku d f tcHygwDtm;vHk;u ,ckwdkufcdkufr+tpDtpOfudk xdefcsefv#KdŒ0Sufxm;cJhyHk&a-umif;

jyqdkvsuf&Sd aomfvnf; taxmuftxm;r&Sdyg?

6? bk&ifcHtaejzifh AkdvfcsKyf b&pf (*f)/ AkdvfcsKyfaomrwf (pf)/ &JwyfzGJŒ ppfaq;a&; t&m&Scd sKyftjyif jynfwiG ;f vHòk cHa&;ESifh ywfoufaom tjcm;yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESifh ,ae‹eeH uf awGŒqakH qG;aEG;r+rsm; ðyvkycf o hJ nf? ArmhppfXmecsKyftaejzifh aemifjzpf vmrnfhjy\emrsm;twGuf óudwifjyifqifr+rsm; ðyvkyfvsuf&Sdonf?

7? bk&ifcHtaejzifh avmavmq,fwGif ocifEk/ OD;atmifZHa0/ aysmfbG,f OD;jrwdk‹ESihf wdkifyif!SdE+dif;vsuf&Sdonf? tr+aqmiftzGJŒopfzGJŒpnf;a&; tqdkðycsuf owif;rsm;ESit fh wl aemufxyfa-u;eef;pmudk ,if;wkid yf if!EdS id+ ;f r+ _yD;_yD;csif; xyfrH ay;ydy‹k grnf?

275

276

qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf)xHo‹kd a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t f t dk m= trf§4§2714 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek /f 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvidk v f (20) &uf/ (10;15) em&D vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkif (20) &uf/ (08;00) em&D eHygwf 287/ bk&ifc.

H ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;/ u|Ekyf af y;yd‹k aom a-u;eef;pm trSwf (281) ESihf qufwu kd af y;yd‹k aom a-u;eef;pmrsm;?

OD;apmtay:wGif oHo,jzpfr+ A[dðk yvsu&f o dS nf? ,refae‹ eHeuf (11) em&D xd;k _yD;_yD;csif; pGyu f s,ftusôrsm; 0wfxm;aom vl (5) OD;vku d yf gvmvsuf *spfum; wpD; OD;apmaetdro f ‹kd a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf? ,refae‹/ ae‹v,fyikd ;f wGif OD;apm.tdru f kd &Jrsm;u 0ifa&mufp;D eif;cJ_h yD; OD;apmESifh vl (10) OD;tm; óudwifumuG,o f nft h ae jzihf xdef;odrf;cJhonf? ±kdifz,f (18) vufESihf pwif;*ef;wvuf awGŒ&SdcJhonf? _cH0if;twGi;f &Sd *spu f m;wGif aemufbufY eHygwfjym;r&Syd g? eHeufcif;wGif 0ifa&muf pD;eif;wkdufckdufcJholrsm; toHk;ðyaom *spfum;wGifvnf; aemufbufY eHygwfjym; r&S[ d k ,H-k unf&ygonf? qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t f t kd m=trf§4§2715 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek /f 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (21) &uf/ (16;25) em&D vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (21) &uf/ (15;00) em&D eHygwf 294/ bk&ifc.

H ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;/

276

277

pmwGJ

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

1? jrefrmowif;pmtcsKdŒu _Adwdo#qefu ‹ sifonfh vrf;a-umif;udk ,ae‹ wGif wdwdususcsrSwfvmcJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHudk bk&ifhtifydkif,mtwGif;wGif qufvuf xde;f odr;f xm;&Sv d akd om bk&ift h pd;k &. rl0g'ESifh vdu k af vsmnDaxGjzpfrnfh tpd;k &w&yf zGŒJ pnf;Ekid af &;twGuf _Adwo d #wdu ‹k twku d t f cHukd vufeufrsm; xkwf ay;cJh_yD; tr+aqmiftzGJŒudk wdkufcdkufcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k aumv[vrsm; ysHŒEHSŒvsuf &So d nf? u|Eyfk t f aejzihf vGecf o hJ nfh (10) &uftwGi;f OD;apmESifh a'gufwmbarmfwu ‹ kd kd awGŒqckH _hJ yD; tu,fI zqyv usomG ;cJv h #if tpd;k &zGŒJ Eidk af &;twGuf óudwifjyifqif xm;&ef ajym-um;cJah -umif; owif;a&;om;ay;ydr‹k r+ sm;vnf; ysŒHEŒHSvsu&f o dS nf? u|Eykf f onf ocifEEk iS fh ,ckyifawGŒc_hJ y;D ‚if;aumvm[vrsm;. vH;k 0rSm;,Gi;f r+EiS fh tu,f I ,ae‹vuf&Sd owif;pmwdk‹.rludk qufvufv$wfay;xm;ygu jzpfay:vmrnfh a-umufrufzG,fqdk;usKd;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI txl;ðyajymqdkcJhonf? tu,fI jzpf Ekdifv#if ,ae‹yif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJw&yf ac:,lusif;y&efESifh tpdk;&taejzihf a&'D,rdk S toHvi$ x fh w k af -unmay;&ef OD;Ekukd u|Eyfk af jymqdck o hJ nf? OD;Eku oabm wlcyhJ gonf?

2? b&if;*ef;aoewfrsm;ESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm; aysmufqHk;r+ onf t}uD;tus,fpdwfv+yf&Sm;zG,fjzpfcJhonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,fr&Sdyg? ‚if;tjyif _Aw d o d #t&m&Srd sm;þyg0ifywfoufaeyH&k aomfvnf; ,ckxw d ikd f wdwu d susþtaxmuf txm; r&Sdao;yg? Ttr+udk ppfaq;&ef txl;cHk±Hk;zGJŒ&ef OD;Ekuvdkvm;_yD; Todk‹ aqmif&u G jf cif;jzifh jynfov l x l k at;aq;_ird o f ufomG ;vdrrhf nf[k olu awG;ygonf? ppfwyf. pdk;&drfr+abmiftwGif;rS u|Ekfyftaejzihf ,if;odk‹aom cHk±Hk;. Oya'±+ axmifhrsm;ESihf ywfoufI raocsm ra&&mvSyg? odk‹ jzpfI oif.t}uHay;r+udk vdkvm;vsuf&Sdygonf? *sDtkdpDESihf wkdifyifaqG;aEG;&ef ruf*GdKif,mudk u|Ekfyfapv$wf vdu k yf gonf?

(c) tpdk;&taejzifh Towif;xkwfjyefa-unmcsufudk toHk;ðyvsuf&Sd_yD; vlxt k wGi;f us,jf yefE‹ idk o f r# us,jf yefp‹ mG od&adS p&eftwGuf aqmif&u G &f ef wdik ;f rif; }uD;rsm;ESifh ta&;ydkifrif;rsm;tm;vHk;tm; óud;rJha-u;eef;jzifh today;&ef? owif;xkwjf yefa-unmcsuf “*k%fusufoa&jrifhrm;vSaom OD;atmifqef;ESifh tjcm; tr+aqmif aumifpt D zGŒJ 0ifrsm;tm; r-umao;rDu ol&aJ bmenf;pGm owfjzwfcrhJ w + iG f _Adwo d # bk&ift h pd;k &tzGŒJEiS fh jrefrmEkid if .

H bk&ifcw H ‹kd qufpyfaeonf[al om aumvm[v rsm;þjynfov l x l t k wGi;f tcsKŒdae&mXmersm;Y ysŒHEŒSH jzpfay:vsu&f ydS gonf? Taumvm [vrsm;onf vHk;0tajctjrpfr&Sdyga-umif;ESihf _Adwdo# bk&ifhtpdk;&/ bk&ifcHESihf jrefrmtpd;k &wdt ‹k -um; eD;pyfaom em;vnfrr+ sm; &Sad ea-umif; jrefrmtpd;k &taejzifh odaptyfygonf? aESmihfaES;-uef‹ -umr+tenf;qHk;jzihf w&m;cHrsm;tm; ta&;,lEkdif &ef _Adwo d #bk&iht f pd;k &/ bk&ifcEH iS fh jrefrmtpd;k &wdo ‹k nf wufºuGpmG yl;aygif;aqmif &Guv f suf&adS eyga-umif;”

twGi;f a&;/ 0ef}uD;csKyf±;kH cef;/ &efuek /f 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (25) &uf Todq ‹k ;kH jzwfvu kd o f nf? (u) *k%fusufoa&ESihf jynfhpHkvSaom OD;atmifqef;ESifh ol. vkyfazmfudkif buftcsKdŒudk ol&Jabmenf;vSpGm owfjzwfcJhr+wGif bk&ifhtpdk;&ESihf jrefrmEkdifiH. bk&ifcw H ‹kd wpHw k &mta&;,laqmif&u G &f ef vdt k yfonfEiS fh ywfoufI oHo,rsm; uif;a0;oGm;ap&ef atmufazmfjyyg owif;a-unmcsuu f kd jrefrm=t*Fvyd Ef pS b f m omjzifh csufcsif;xkwjf yefay;&efEiS fh æ

qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t f t kd m=trf§4§2715 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek /f 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (28) &uf/ 12;15 em&D v#KdŒ0Suf? vufcH&&Sd/ Zlvikd v f (28) &uf/ (14;30) em&D eHygwf 313/ bk&ifc.

H ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;/ 1? oif. 1689/ Zlvidk v f (26) &uf tjzpftysurf sm;udk tpOftwkid ;f od&adS p &efESifh tu,fI ta&;w}uD;jy\em jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ay:aygufvmygu ppfwyf taejzifh wm0eftcsK;d }uD;}uD;rm;rm;udk rvGrJ aoG vufc&H ,lvrd rhf nfjzpfa-umif;udk 0rf;enf;pGmjzifh jyoEkid &f ef atmufygtwdik ;f u|Efyk f óud;pm;wifjyxm;ygonf?

1? umuG,fa&;Xme/ jrefrmEkdifiHtpdk;&tzGJŒESihf òrd›jy&JwyfzGJŒwdk‹ wufa&muf aom tywfpOfðyvkyfonfh jynfwGif;vHkòcHa&;&m tpnf;ta0;rsm;Y tcsdeftawmf -umuyif òrd›jyt&m&Sdrsm;u vufeufodkavSmif±Hkrsm;rS vufeufrsm; cdk;xkwfr+ jzpfymG ;cJah -umif; tp&So d jzifh pGypf rJG r+ sm; ðyvkycf o hJ nf? umuG,af &;XmerS wm0ef&o dS l rsm;u pHpk rf;ppfaq;r+rsm; pwifðyvkyrf nfjzpfa-umif; tmrcHcsufay;cJ-h uonf?

2? Zlvikd v f (15) &ufae‹wiG f OD;atmifqef;ESifh ,m,DjynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;jzpfol aysmf bG,fOD;jrwdk‹ u|EkfyfESifhvma&mufawGŒqHk_yD; yifrvufeufwdkuf (Base Ord-

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

rod&ol wdv ‹k ufxo J ‹dk oDwif;ywftawmf-um-umuyif v$aJ jymif;ay;cJah -umif; avhvmod&dS &onf[k ajymqdck -hJ uonf? (wu,fjzpfysucf o hJ nfh &ufpt JG wdtusrmS ZGev f (24) &ufjzpfonf)? Tvufeufaysmufq;kH r+/ aysmufq;kH csed Ef iS fh jyefvnfawGŒ&cdS sed t f -um; tcsed f tvGet f rif;uGm[aeonft h wGuf ,if;vufeufrsm; Ekid if t H wGi;f ,cktcsed f wGif jzef‹a0xm;_yD;avmuf jzpfEkdifajc&SdonfhtwGuf OD;atmifqef; tvGeftrif; pdk;&drfvsuf&SdonfrSm obm0usayonf? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;u tpdk;&taejzifh jrefjrefqefqef vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpf_yD; us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹ zrf;qD;&vdrfhrnf[k u|Efkyftm; ajymcJhonf? pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rðyvkyfEkdifrD twdkuftcHacgif;aqmiftm; vHk;ESihf olwdk‹. vufaxmufrsm;udk óudwifumuG,fonfhtaejzifh xdef;odrf;&ef &nf&G,fa-umif; ola‹ jym-um;csufrS u|Ekfyf em;vnfvdkufygonf?

3? xdkae‹rSmyif *sDtdkpD (GOC) udk u|EkfyfawGŒcJh&m bDtdk'D (BOD) taejzifh ,if;udpu P kd ,H-k unfpw d cf spmG aqmif&u G cf jhJ cif;jzpfa-umif; olu u|Eyfk u f kd today;yg onf? òrdj› y&Jrsm;taejzifhom b&if;*ef;tvuf (500) xkwfcGihf&&SdcJh_yD; ,if;xkwf ,lciG rhf S tcsdet f wef-um vufeufrsm;udk xkw, f al ecJyh gonf? ZGev f (24) &ufae‹ wGif &Jrsm;[k ,H-k unf&aom tzGŒJwzGŒJ bDt'kd o D a‹kd &muf&v dS m_y;D vufrw S t f jynft h pHk xk;d xm;aom trSet f uef taxmuftxm; pm&Gupf mwrf;tjynft h pHjk zifh b&if;*ef; aoewfusnfqH r*~Zif;rsm;udk xkwf,loGm;cJhonf? pHkprf;a&;cHk±Hk;. awGŒ&Sdcsufudk u|Efkyftaejzifh rawGŒ&ao;aomfvnf; &Jrsm;udkxkwf,lcGihfðycJhaom b&if;*ef; aoewfta&twGufrSm tvuf (500) r[kwfbJ tvuf (100) omjzpfa-umif; ,Hk-unfygonf? vGefcJhonfh (2) &uf/ (3) &ufcef‹u u|Efkyfa&S›wGifyif jynfxJa&; 0ef}uD;u ,cifu b&if;*ef;aoewfrsm;udk xkwfay;cJhonfrSm (10) vufxuf rydkcJh (xyfrH=rydkcJh) a-umif;/ xkwfay;cGihf rSefuefa-umif;udkvnf; w,fvDzkef;jzifh qufoG,fI twnfðyavh&Sda-umif;/ odk‹aomf ,ckw}udrfwGifrl xkdodk‹ rðyvkyfcJh (xyfrH=rðyvkyfcJh) a-umif;/ &Jum;rsm;. eHygwfrsm;udkvnf; bDtdk'Du t_rJrSwf om;xm;a-umif;/ oda‹k omf ,cktr+wiG rf l xdo k ‹kd rðyvkycf hJ (xyfr=H rðyvkycf )hJ a-umif;/ &Jum;rsm;rSm tvG,fwulyif odomvG,faomfvnf; &J[efaqmiftzGJŒtaejzifh rnfonft h rSwt f om;rS rygaom x&yfum;udk toH;k ðyoGm;cJah -umif; *st D pkd u D kd ajym -um;cJhygonf? pHkprf;a&;cHk±Hk;ESihf rawGŒ&ao;rD jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;. rSwfcsufrsm; rnfr# rSeu f efonfukd u|Efyk t f aejzifh twnfrðyEkid f (xyfr=H rðyEdik )f ao;yg?

4? yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwu dk . f wm0efct H &m&Sjd zpfojl zpf_yD; yifrvufeuf

wdkufESihf qufEG,fvsuf&Sdol ar*smrdk; (Major Moore) rSm pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;t& oHo, t&SdcHae&a-umif; *sDtdkpDu Zlvdkifv (15) &ufae‹wGif pum;ajymaepOf xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhygonf? ar*smrdk;onf ppftwGif;uvnf; tkdifattdkpD (IAOC) . t&mcHAv kd b f 0wGiyf if tdE, dN Y vufeufrw + iG f ywfoufczhJ ;l a-umif; ,H-k unf& ygonf? ‚if;tjyif ppfrjzpfrD jrefrmEkid if YH tdik af ttdpk .

D tifpt D kd (NCO) b0Yvnf; olonf òrdj› y&J. oHo,&SdcH&aom pm&if;wGif rSwfom;cHcJh&a-umif; ,Hk-unf&yg onf? OD;apmu t&ufr;l rl;jzifh a&uefxw J iG f jr‡Kyfxm;onfh vufeuftawmfrsm; rsm; olw ‹ iG &f adS -umif;/ olu ‹ kd (ar*smrd;k ud)k ajymcJah -umif; ar*smrd;k u xGuq f ckd o hJ nf [k *st D pdk u D u|Eykf u f kd ajymjyygonf? vufeufaysmufq;kH r+ukd pwifppkH rf;ppfaq;ae onfukd ol odonft h wGuf olt ‹ ay: oHo,r0ifap&ef ar*smrd;k u ,if;odx ‹k u G q f kd cJhjcif;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k olxifa-umif; *sDtdkpDu u|Ekfyfudk ajymjyygao;onf? OD;apm taejzifh xdo k ‹kd xkwaf zmfajymqdjk cif;rSm rjzpfEidk af -umif; *st D pkd u D awG;cJyh gao;onf? ,ck tcsed Yf u|Eyfk t f aejzifh ar*smrd;k . xGuq f ckd sut f jynft h pHu k v kd nf;aumif;/ ,if; xGuq f ckd surf mS pma&;om;xGuq f rkd + jzpfrjzpfuv kd nf;aumif; rodao;yg (atmuf&dS tydk'f 11= udk -unfhyg)? ,if;xGufqdkcsufrSm E+wfjzifh xGufqdkcsufoufoufom jzpfvrd rhf nf[k u|Eyfk x f ifygonf?

5? cspf-unfa&; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ. xkwfjyefa-unmcsufESihfywfoufI OD;atmifqef;ESihf ocifEu k kd Zlvidk v f (10) &ufae‹wiG f u|Eyfk af wGŒcyhJ gonf? b&if;*ef; aoewfrsm; aysmufq;kH r+ta-umif;aqG;aEG;&if; pum;pyfrI d OD;apmu aoewfrsm; udk a&uefxw J iG f 0Sux f m;a-umif; aumvm[vjzpfae_yD; ,if;a&uefukd ydu k pf yd f wkduf &Smoihfa-umif; u|Ekfyfu OD;atmifqef;udk t}uHðyajymqdkcJhygonf?

6? aq;±Hkwufaeaom zdvpfeuf (&Sf) (Philip Nash) xH Zlvdkifv (18) &ufae‹wGif u|EkfyfoGm;a&mufcJh&m vufeufrsm;aysmufqHk;r+udk olod&Sdaea-umif; u|EfkyfodcJh&yg onf? _Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm; (aemifwGif 'Dtufpftdk (DSO) jzpfol [ef‹ (Hunt) jzpfrSef; od&onf) u ntcsdefwGif OD;apm. bef*vdktdrfudk ppfajrjyifoHk; rSefajymif;rsm;jzifh apmihf-unfhaecJh&m/ OD;apmudk vl (4=5) a,mufESihftwl avSwpD;twGif; r-umc%qkdouJhodk‹ rouFmzG,ftajctaersm;wGif awGŒ&SdcJh& a-umif; euf(&Sf) u u|Ekfyfudk xyfrHowif;ay;cJhjyefygonf? OD;apmrSm tpOfojzifh 0wfaumif;pm;vSESihf jzpfojzihf xkdokda‹ pmihf-unhfaeolrsm;u rdef;rr+yifjzpfrnf[k xifc-hJ uygonf?

7? cspf-unfa&; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ. xkwfjyefa-unmcsufESihf ywfoufI

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nance Depot) rS b&if;*ef; aoewf tvuf (200) udk rnfolrnf0grSef;

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

xdkae‹aemufydkif;wGif ocifEkudk u|EkfyfxyfrHawGŒcJhygonf? OD;apm. tdrfab;&Sd a&uefukd ydu k pf yd w f u dk &f mS &ef ocifEu k kd u|Ekyf w f u kd w f eG ;f cJ_h yD;/ nydik ;f apmih-f unho f l rsm;. owif;ay;ydrk‹ +udk olt ‹ m; u|EfkyfajymjycJhygonf? bDtdk'DESihf rdkifrsm;pGma0;_yD; r*Fvm'Hkajrmufbuf&Sd yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkuf (AOD) rS cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm; Zlvdkif v (12) &ufu aysmufqHk;cJha-umif; ocifEku u|Ekfyfudk ajymjyygonf? bDtdk'DwGif vkyfaqmifcJhouJhodk‹yif ðyvkyfcJhyHk&_yD; ,if;vdrfvnfr+ rSmvnf; atmifjrifoGm;cJhjyefygonf? ,if;cdk;,lr+jzpfyGm;_yD; wem&Dcef‹t-umwGif ,if;odkavSmif±Hkodk‹ OD;apma&muf&SdvmcJh_yD; vufzuf&nfyif aomufoGm;cJhonf[k ,H-k unf&a-umif; ocifEu k pdwv f y+ &f mS ;zG,o f wif;udk ajymjycJyh gonf? ,if;cd;k ,lr+ udk Zlvikd v f (18) &ufae‹/ ae‹v,fyikd ;f wGif Akv d rf ;ª csKyf euf (&S)f u u|Eyfk u f kd twnf ðyay;cJyh gonf?

8? Zlvikd v f (19) &ufae‹rmS vky}f uHrj+ zpfymG ;onfah e‹ jzpfonf? -urRmiifonfh xkad e‹ u u|Eykf t f aejzifh tpnf;ta0; trsm;tjym;xkid cf &hJ &m wckaom tpnf;ta0; wGif aemuf&ufjzpfonfh Zlvdkifv (20) &ufwGif óudwifumuG,fonfhtaejzihf vl (2˜000) cefu ‹ dk xdef;odrf;&ef pDpOfxm;a-umif; tkdif*sDyD (IGP) u u|Ekfyfudk ajymjy cJo h nf? tr+aqmifaumifpD tpnf;ta0;&Sad ea-umif; vltrsm;odaeonft h wGuf vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef Zlvdkifv (19) &ufudkyif óudwifowfrSwfcJhjcif; jzpfEkdifonfh tjyif/ t}uHðyxm;onfh &SmazGzrf;qD;rnfh owif;ayguf-um;oGm;onfhtwGuf vky}f uHorl sm;taejzifh csucf si;f vufiif;vkyaf qmifvu dk &f jcif;vnf; jzpfEidk yf gonf?

9? vky}f uHowfjzwforl sm;. pdwx f J awG;xifxm;-uonfrsm;udrk l em;vnf &ef cufcyJ gonf? twku d t f cHbufrS tcsKdŒtiftm;pkrsm;u vufeufrsm;udk ck;d ,lpk aqmif;_yD; vufeufudkif vlxktHkºuGr+udk wpwp jyifqifoGm;jcif;jzifh tm%mudk wkdufcdkuf&,l&ef pDpOfjcif;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k u|Efkyfxifjrifrdygonf? vufeuftenf; i,fukd cd;k xkw&f mY vdrv f nfru + kd rppfaq;rdbJ atmifjrifco hJ nft h wGuf vufeuf tajrmuftjrm; (bDt'kd ED iS fh bDat'Du odak vSmifxm;onfEiS hf ,SOv f #if tenf;i,f r#om) udk cdk;xkwfv#ifvnf; odkavSmif±Hk&Sd t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh rdwfaqGzGJŒEkdifcJhv#if rppf aq;rdbJ vGwaf jrmufEidk o f nf[k twif&h v J myH&k ygonf? _Adwo d # bk&ifw h yfrawmf taejzifh jrefrmjynfwiG f tiftm;tawmftoih&f adS ecJ&h m ,cktcsed w f iG f twdu k t f cH taejzifh tm%modrf;&ef óud;pm;vdrfhrnf[k u|Efkyfr,Hk-unfyg? bk&ihfwyfrawmf xGucf mG oGm;_yD; vtenf;i,f-umonftxd oifah wmfonfh tcsdew f ikd af tmif apmihf qdik ;f jcif;onfom usK;d a-umif;qDavsmo f nfh tpDtpOfjzpfayvdrrhf nf? zqyvacgif;

aqmifrsm;udk vkyf}uHjcif;jzifh ppftpkd;&w&yf zGJŒpnf;&vdrhfrnf[k twkduftcHu ar#mfvifhawmihfwcJhyHk&_yD; acgif;aqmifrsm; qHk;±+H;cJhr+u tcsdef-umvmonfESihftr# zqyvtwGif; t}uD;tus,fuGJ_yJvdrhfrnf[k awG;xifcJhyHk&ygonf? &Sif;&Sif;vif; vif; pOf;pm;a&;qGx J m;aom tem*wftpDtpOfr&Sb d v J suf rif;rJt h ajctaew&yf . tóuded'gef;tjzpf rdrd.yk*~dKvfa&;&efolrsm;udk yxrOD;qHk; vufonfw&m;cH rsm;u pDpOfvyk }f uHowfjzwfr+ jzpfEidk af csudk u|Ekyf w f ‹kd owdrrlrjrifI rjzpfyg?

10? tywfpOfðyvkyfaeusjzpfaom jynfwGif;vkHòcHa&;&m tpnf;ta0;wGif e,fbufqidk &f mESifh umuG,af &;Xmersm;t-um;wGif pdwcf pH m;r+ wpHw k &m twdik ;f twmtxd jzpfay:aea-umif; u|Ekfyftm; tpD&ifcH-uonf? vufeufcdk;,lr+ESifh vky}f uHrw + a‹kd -umihf ppfwyftaejzifh ta&;,laqmif&u G cf rhJ r+ sm;udk e,fbufqidk &f m taejzifh rod&SdcJh&onfhtwGuf e,fbufqkdif&m tm%mydkifrsm;taejzifh apm'u wufvsu&f o dS nf? od‹k jzpfI u|Eyfk o f nf *st D pkd /D bD*st D uf (pf) (BGS)/ jynfxaJ &;0ef }uD;ESifh umuG,fa&;qdkif&m aumifq,fvmwdk‹t-um; tpnf;ta0;w&yfudk u|Ekfyf±Hk;cef;wGif aemufw&ufY pDpOfcJh_yD; ppfwyfrS qufoG,fa&;t&m&SdwOD;udk tpk;d &xHo‹kd ae‹pOfapv$waf y;&ef pDpOfco hJ nf?

11? vkyf}uHr+jzpf_yD;aemuf EkdifiHtEHS‹tjym; a-umufvef‹r+rsm; rif;rlvsuf&Sd onf? vufeufwdkufrsm;rS vufeufrsm; trsm;tjym;tcdk;cHcJh&r+tay: aumvm [vrsm;ESihf xifa-u;ay;r+rsm; xyfaqmif;I jzpfay:vmonfh todw&m;tay: tajccH_yD; _Adwo d #qefu ‹ sifa&;v+a‹H qmfrr+ sm; ay:aygufvmonf? ,if;v+a‹H qmfrr+ mS &uftwef-um trSeyf if wnf&adS ecJo h nf? OD;EkEiS fh tjcm;yk*Kd~ vfrsm;. pGr;f aqmifr+ a-umifh ,if;wif;rmr+rmS vGecf o hJ nfh ESp&f ufo;kH &uftwGi;f wdwyd y ,kwaf vsmo h mG ; cJhonf? ZGefv (26) &ufae‹wGif ppfaq;a&;t&m&SdwOD;tm; ueOD;xGufqdkcJh_yD; Zlvdkifv (5) &ufae‹wGif pmtm;jzihf 'DyDtrf ArmhppfOD;pD;Xmeodk‹ xyfrHa&;om;ay; cJah om rd;k . xGuq f ckd sufryl mG ;wapmifukd *sDtpkd ED iS fh bD*sDtuf (pf) jzpfol Akv d rf ;ª csKyf k‹ Zlvdkifv (25) &ufae‹/ eHeufcif;wGif u|EkfyfxH vma&muf_yD; *sL (cf) (Duke) wdu jyocJ-h uonf? aemufxyfay;yda‹k om a-u;eef;pmwGif xyfrI H oihx f H ðyvkycf ahJ om ‚if;xGufqdkcsufudk *sLŒ (cf) u trSwfrJharhavsmhum pDtkdif'Dtm; jyocJhjcif;r&Sdyg? (xyfr=H r&Syd g)? zD;vfrm&S,af rmif*h rkd m&D. tvnfc&D;pOftwGuf *st D pkd ED iS fh bD*st D uf (pf) (*sLŒc)f wd‹k puFmyloa‹kd &muf&adS epOf ,if;xGuq f cdk sufukd &&Scd jhJ cif;jzpfonf? jyef a&mufvm_yD;aemuf *sLŒ (cf) onf *sDtdkpDtm; jy_yD;aemuf ‚if;xGufqdkcsufpmudk odrf;qnf;xm;vdkufonf? yxr bDtdk'DESihf xdk‹aemuf bDat'DY jzpfyGm;cJhaom

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

vufeufckd;xkwfr+rsm;udk azmfxkwfawGŒ&Sd_yD;onfhwdkif ‚if;xGufqdkcsufpmESihf pm twGi;f yg ta-umif;t&mrsm;. tvGet f rif; ta&;ygr+ukd *sLŒ(cf) taejzifh trSwf &jcif;r&Sad cs? vky}f uHr}+ uD;jzpfymG ;_yD;rSom *sLŒ (cf) onf trSw&f rdvm_yD; wif;rmr+ rsm; avsmeh nf;vmonfEiS fh ,if;udpu P kd tpD&ifc&H ef qH;k jzwfco hJ nf? *sLŒ (cf) taejzifh udpw P &yfv;kH tay:wGif tvGeyf iG v fh if;_yD; tjypfwifrr+ eS o f r#udk cH,cl o hJ nf? Zlvikd f v (8) &ufae‹wiG f rd;k . xGuq f ckd sufukd olyxrawGŒ&o dS nfEiS fh ta&;,lrð+ y_yD;jzpf _yD; e,fbufqidk &f m tm%mydik rf sm;udv k nf; today;_yD; jzpfrnf[k oHo,r&Sd pOf; pm;rdcJh_yD; ,if;uJhodk‹ jzpfrjzpfudkrl uHta-umif; raumif;vSpGm twnfðycJhjcif;r&Sd [k avsmhayghI qd&k ayvdrrfh nf?

12? pDtdkif'D. ppfaq;r+rS rdk;. xGufqkdcsuf&SdaecJhr+onf usdef;aoeD;yg; ay:aygufayrnf? ,if;owif;om jynfolvlxkod&SdcJhv#if _Adwdo#qef‹usifa&; twGuf cHpm;csuo f nf tpk;d &dr&f qH;k tqiho f ‹kd a&muf&o dS mG ;ayrnf? ,refae‹ nae cif;wGif u|Efyk o f nf ocifE/k aysmfb, G Of ;D jr/ *sDtpkd ED iS fh bD*sDtuf (pf) wku ‹d kd u|Ekyf x f H ac:vdkuf_yD; ta-umif;raumif;onfh ,if;udpPudk jyefvnfajymjycJhonf? jrefrm 0ef}uD;rsm;taejzifh ,if;udpPudk wav;wrlðy-u_yD; ,if;owif; jynfolvlxkod onfESihf jzpfay:vmrnfh tEœ&m,fESihf owif;Xmersm;uvnf; ,if;odk‹odcJhv#if vky}f uHr}+ uD;udk ajymif;vJEidk v f rd rfh nf[k us,u f s,af vmifavmif awmif;qdak &;om; vmrnfhta&;udkvnf; 0efcHajymqdk-uonf? ,if;owif;rayguf-um;a&;rSm txl;cufcaJ -umif; olwe‹kd m;vnfoabmayguf-u_y;D olww ‹kd wfEidk o f r# uln&D efukd vnf; uwdðy-uonf?

13? txufazmfjyyg tjzpftysufrsm;udk oHk;oyf_yD;v#if 0ef}uD;csKyf. ajz&Sif;csufudk u|Ekfyfxuf ta&;aumif;olwOD;uom ydkrdkwwfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k u|Ekfyf0efcH&ayrnf? tpkd;&taejzihf jypfr+ESihf ywfoufonfh owif;tenf; tusO;f udo k m xkwaf y;vsu&f o dS nf? oda‹k omfvnf; vufeufc;kd xkwrf E+ iS hf vky}f uHr+ }uD;. t"duvufonfrmS wOD;wnf;yifjzpfrnf[k olw ‹ o ‹kd o H ,uif;pGm tckid t f rm awGŒ&Sd_yD;jzpf_yD[k u|Ekfyfem;vnfrdonf (OD;apm[k ,lq&onf)? ol‹taejzifh t"duvufonfEiS hf tjcm;}uH&mygrsm; qufE, G rf u + kd awGŒ&adS zmfxw k &f efEiS hf v#KŒd0u S f yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+}uD; wckvHk;udk tptqHk;azmfxkwf&ef óud;pm;vsuf&Sd-uonf?

0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh vltrsm; od_yD;jzpfonfhtwGuf vufeufcdk;xkwfr+udk udk;um; Ekid o f nf?þoda‹k omfvnf; twdtusta&twGux f uf vufeufEiS fh cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tajrmuftjrm;[kom ajymoihfonf[k t}uHðyxm;ygonf? rdk;ESihfywfoufI

xyfrHajymqdkr+/ xyfrHukd;um;r+ rðyoihfyg? ppfwyftaejzifh pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; cHk±Hk; rsm;udk csufcsif;pwifcahJ omfvnf; tcsKdŒoufaorsm;udk tvG,w f ul r&&SEd ikd af o; onfhtwGuf tcsdef,l&ayvdrhfrnf? TonfrSm wEkdifiHvHk;udk csufcsif;aomfvnf; aumif;/ r-umrjrihfrDwGifvnf;aumif; rif;rJhtaetxm;a&muf&SdoGm;ap&ef v#KdŒ0u S yf ;l aygif;}uHpnfrj+ zpfonfrmS ,Hrk mS ; oHo,jzpfp&mr&Syd gacs?

14? qufvufjzpfay:wd;k wufrr+ sm;udk qufvufI u|Eyfk t f pD&ifcaH eygrnf?

3 “-urRmqkd;onf wOD;wnf; vmcJonf” [laom '±kdif'if (Dryden) . tqdkudk u|Eyfk o f abmwlryd gonf?

Ta-u;eef;pm_yD;aemuf aemufxyf a-u;eef;pmwapmifudk (17;25) em&DwiG f ay;ydc‹k o hJ nf?

283

284

eHygwf= 319/ bk&ifcx H rH S ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;/ Zlvikd f (28)/ u|Ekyf . f a-u;eef;pmtrSwf (313) rS pmydk'f (3)/ bDtdk'DrS xkwfoGm;cJhaom vufeufta&twGuf twdtusudk twnfðyI &&S_d yD;jzpfI ,if;wdr‹k mS atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf? (u) tvufwkdif;wGif ajymif;tydkwckpD yg&Sdaom b&if;*ef;tvuf (200) (c) ajymif;tydk (200) (*) b&if;*ef; r*~Zif; usnfuyf (800) ,if;vufeufrsm;udk ZGefv (24) &ufae‹wGif xkwfoGm;cJhaonf? Zlvdkifv (12) &ufae‹wGif attm'D (ARD) rS cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; xkwfoGm;cJhonf? qm[l;bwf&ef‹ xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t f t kd m= trf§4§2715 csufcsif;tjzpfq;Hk ? &efuek /f 1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (28) &uf/ (1255) em&D vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (28) &uf? eHygwf 314/ bk&ifc.

H ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;/ a&SŒucsucf si;f ay;yd‹k cJah om a-u;eef;pm/ 1? ArmhppfOD;pD;XmeY xGufqdkcJhaom rdk; (Moore) xGufqdkcsuf. ta-umif; t&mrSm Tod‹k jzpfonf? tpðy/ 2? &nf!¸ef;csuf trSwf trf§47/ cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf odkavSmif±Hk (jrefrm)

284

285

pmwGJ

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

r*Fvm'Hk yDtkd 5§7§47 rS 'Dyt D rf/ ppfO;D pD; (XmecsKyf) od/‹k ta-umif;t&m=vHòk cHa&;/ d rf ;ª rd;k (Moore) wd‹k ajymqdrk + &nf!e¸ ;f csuf='k=Akv d rf ;ª }uD; a'ghqef (Dobson) ESifh Akv 3? ,ckEpS f ZGev f apmapmydik ;f wGif u|efawmfonf ArmhppfO;D pD; (XmecsKyf) ‘X’ hJ nf? rdrw d E‹kd pS Of ;D vH;k XmecGJ rS Adv k }f uD; (,ck Adv k rf ;ª ) 'de;f (Daine) ESifh rdwaf qGjzpfco pdwf0ifpm;onfh 'Hk;usnfvufeufrsm;ta-umif; aqG;aEG;&ef u|efawmfu ol‹udk ae‹v,f vufzuf&nfaomuf zdwaf c:cJo h nf?

4? ae‹v,fpmpm;_yD; u|efawmfwd. k‹ pum;vrf;a-umif;onf jrefrmEkdifiH. t"du& yk*~dKvfrsm;ta-umif;odk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;_yD; 'def;u u|efawmhfudk OD;apmESifh awGŒcsipf w d f &Srd &Sd ar;cJo h nf? u|eaf wmfu awGŒcsiaf -umif; jyefajymcJo h nf? r-umrD wckaom naecif;wGif 'de;f ESifh OD;apmwdu ‹k csed ;f qdrk u + kd vufccH _hJ y;D cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf odkavSmif±HkrS Adkvf}uD; &SDEGdKif; (Shenoi) ESihf Adkvf[wfcsfaq; (Hujsey) wdk‹ESihfvnf; aumif;/ tmattufzf (RAF) azmufcGJa&;ypPnf;XmerS av,mOfAkdvf}uD;rsm;jzpf ‹ dk -uaom tuf'f0yf (Edwards) ESifh b&dwef (Britten) wdkE‹ Sihfvnf;aumif; olwdku rdwq f ufay;cJo h nf?

5? wem&Dcef‹-um_y;D aemuf 'de;f ESihf OD;apmwd‹k jyefomG ;-uonf? rjyefrD OD;apmu olt ‹ rd o f ‹kd tcsderf a&G;vma&mufI t&ufaomufEidk af -umif; t&m&St d m;vH;k udk zdwf -um;cJo h nf? ‚if;tjyif vmrnfph aeae‹wiG f olZ‹ eD;onfEiS afh wGŒq&kH if; ae‹v,f vuf zuf&nfaomufºuGyg&ef u|efawmfEiS fh u|efawmhZf eD;onftm; xyfrzH w d -f um;oGm; cJo h nf?

6? u|efawmhfZeD;onf twefi,faeraumif;onfhtwGuf (11) ESpft&G,f orD;i,fudkac:I vufzuf&nfyGJ csdef;qdkxm;onfhtwdkif; u|efawmfoGm;cJhonf? ae‹v,f vufzuf&nfy_JG y;D onfEiS fh &efuek òf rdw › iG f abmvH;k yGw J yGo J ‹kd oGm;&ef&o dS nfEiS hf u|eaf wmfxu G v f mcJo h nf? ,if;abmvH;k yG_J y;D v#if olx ‹ jH yefvm_y;D t&ufaomuf&ef olu xyfrzH w d jf yefonf?

7? ae0ifcsdefavmufwGif u|efawmfjyefoGm;cJhonf? (u) _cH*dwf0ESihf bef*vdw k 0du k f csxm;aom vufeufuikd t f apmifrh sm;/ (c) OD;apm. tdycf ef;twGi;f &Sd vufeufi,frsm;twGuf usnfqefrsm;/ vufypfAHk;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI usaemf. ar;jref;r+tay: pum;ajymqdak e&if; OD;apmu Tod‹k jyefvnfajymqdck o hJ nf? (u) vufeufuikd t f apmihrf sm;ESifh vufeufrsm; (olt ‹ cef;twGi;f tp&So d jzif)h onf olv ‹ HkòcHa&;twGuf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfonf? (c) &efukefòrdt › ajcpdkufwyfrsm;u t&nftwGuf tenf;i,fudk tcsdefra&G; olu ‹ dk axmufyHhaecJhonf? (*) t&m&Sd[k

,lq& ol vlwOD;xHrS avmf&u D m; (5) pD;pm vufeufrsm; r-umcifwiG yf if olt ‹ m; vma&mufay;ydk‹vdrhfrnf[k olar#mfvifhaeonf? xdkol. Adkvfrª;jzpfol aq;±Hk (odk‹r[kwf) aq;cGihfrS jyefvmonfhtcg ‚if;vufeufrsm;udk vma&mufay;ydk‹rnf jzpfonf? (C) tif;pdew f iG f aexkid af eaom t*Fvyd =f jrefrmujym; tjrwfceG f t&m &SdwOD;xHrS ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewf tajrmuftjrm;udkvnf; olapmihfar#mfvsuf&Sd onf? (i) vufeufrsm;ESifh usnfqrH sm; olyrkd v kd t dk yfvsuf&o dS nf? ,cifu vkyaf e ustwdkif; ,if;wdku ‹ dk avvHkaowWm}uD;rsm;wGifxnfh_yD; olb ‹ ef*vdkrS ESpfzmvHkcef‹ a0;aom 0dwdk&d, a&uefxJwGif ae&mcGJI jr‡Kyfxm;rnfjzpfonf? jrifomonfh t&m0wˆKESpcf u k kd jrK‡ yfxm;onfah e&mrsm; od&EdS idk &f ef trSwt f om;tjzpf ðyvkyx f m; rnfjzpfonf?

8? zkdufcsf (Fytche) vrf;wGif aexkdifaom vDvfESihf ukr`%D (Leele &Co.) rS rpPwm rmvf[dkx&m (Malhotra) a&muf&SdvmonfhtwGuf pum;ajymqdkaer+ jywfomG ;cJ_h yD;aemuf u|efawmftrd jf yefvmcJo h nf? u|efawmfrxGucf mG cif OD;apmESifh ol‹ZeD;tm; aemuf (2) &uf/ (3) &ufavmufwGif vufzuf&nfaomufºuG&ef u|efawmfu zdwfcJhonf? u|efawmfzdwfac:onfhtwdkif; olwdv k‹ mcJh-uaomfvnf; axGaxG&m&mom pum;ajymjzpfc-hJ uonf?

9? ZGefv/ 'kwd,tywftwGif; wckaom naecif;wGif Akdvftuf'f0yf/ Adv k b f &dwefwE‹kd iS t fh wl &efuek òf rdr› S jyefvm&if;/ u|efawmfwo ‹kd nf OD;apm. t&uf aomuf0if&ef zdwfrEœu ðyxm;onfhtwdkif; ol‹tdrfodk‹ 0ifcJh-uonf? _cH*dwf0rS tapmifhrsm;. taotcsm ppfaq;r+rsm;tay: tuf'0yfu rSwfcsufcs&if;/ vufeufrsm;ESihf usnfqefrsm;ta-umif; xyfrHI pum;vrf;a-umif; yGifhcJhonf? t&ufawmfawmfrsm;rsm;aomufjzpf-u_y;D pum;tawmf-umajymjzpfc&hJ m/ ar;onf rsm;udk jyefajz&if;aomfvnf;aumif;/ ol‹bmomolajym&if;aomfvnf;aumif; OD;apmu atmufygwdu ‹k kd ajymjycJo h nf? (u) avmf&Dum; (3) pD;wdkufpm vufeufrsm; uwdðyxm;jcif;ESifh tif;pdefrS vufeufrsm; taumiftxnfazmfvmjcif;r&Sdacs? (c) avmf&Dum; (3) pD;wdkufpm vufeufrsm; uwdðycJhol yk*~dKvfrsm;ESihf vtwef-um aiGtenf;i,fr#jzifh qufqcH jhJ cif;jzpf_yD;/ xkyd *k Kd~ vfrmS bDt'kd rD S t&m&Sd wOD;jzpfonf[k olxifco hJ nf?

(8) olord ;f qnf;xm;aom usnfqefawmifrh sm;/ tufpaf tabm (SA ball) ESifh u|eaf wmfwt ‹kd m; erlemjycJah om '\r (455) vufrajcmufv;kH jyL;. trfau

285

286 286

pmwGJ

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

(6) usnfqef (Mk jacketed) rsm;rSm bDtdk'DrS &&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf? (jrefrmEkdifiHudk jyefvnford ;f ydu k _f yD;aemufyikd ;f ‚if;cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;rSm jrefrmEdik if w H iG f r&Sad wmh bJ tdktm'D (ORD) uvnf; xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;r&Sdawmha-umif; OD;apmudkaxmuf jycJah omfvnf; OD;apmu olt ‹ aejzifh ‚if;Xmeuom &&Scd ahJ -umif; ola‹ jymqkcd sufukd xyfrH twnfðyajymqdck o hJ nf)?

(C) ol*‹ spu f m;jzifo h mG ;_y;D csed ;f qdx k m;onfah e&mrS ,l_rjJ zpfaomfvnf; wpfcg ESpfcg wGifrl "mwfqDyHk;xJwGifxnfhI ,if;cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;udk olx ‹ H,lvmcJh_yD; ,if;yHk;rsm;udk csufcsif;a&uefxJY xnfhxm;cJhonf?

10? ‚if;wdkp‹ um;ajymqdkr+rSm 'def;a&muf&SdvmI jywfoGm;cJhonf? 'def;onf tjym Eka&mifvHkcsnf/ tjzLa&mif&SyftusôESihf a&$a&mifvufxdk;ajceif; csufyvD (chapplie) udk 0wfqifxm;_yD; olESihftwl rmvf[dkx&m ygvmcJhonf? 'def;om tdrx f 0J ifvmcJh _yD; rmvf[x kd &mrSmrl tjyifbuf*spfum;xJY usefaecJo h nf? olw‹kd -umjrihpf mG rae yg? olw‹kd jyefomG ;onfEiS fh OD;apmu zdwaf c:onfEiS fh erfqif;aysmfyJG pm;±Hk (Nam Sing restaurant) odk‹ ol‹{nfhonfawmfrsm;tjzpf vdkufygoGm;cJh_yD; npmtjzpf w±kwftpm;tpm pm;aomuf-uum udk,fhtdrfudk,fjyefcJh-uygonf?

11? TxGuq f ckd surf sm;udk u|Eyfk w f OD;wnf;udo k m yxrqH;k ajymqdck jhJ cif;jzpfI oufaor&Syd g? aemufw}udrx f u G q f &kd mwGirf l tcef;xJwiG f tuf'0yfEiS fh b&dwef wdE‹k pS Of ;D &Sad e-uaomfvnf; u|efawmfw‹kd ajymqdak er+ukd olw‹kd rnfr#-um;onfurkd l u|eaf wmf twdtus rajymEkid yf g? tuf'0yfxrH S xGuq f ckd suu f kd zdwaf c:xm;ygonf? b&dwefrmS rl jrefrmjynfrS jyefxu G o f mG ;cJyh g_yD? 12? vHkòcHa&;ESihf wdkuf±dkufoufqdkifae_yD; oufaorjyEkdifaom owif;rsm; rdrv d uf0,f&adS er+ukd owdðyrdonft h av#muf wyfraxmufvSr;f a&;t&m&Sd Adv k }f uD; prwf (Smart) udk ,if;owif;rsm;tm; rdrdbmomay;tyfcJhygonf? rdrdtaejzihf oufaoaomfvnf; rjyEkid /f ,if;owif;rsm;udk usrf;usdeI f vnf; ray;Ekid af -umif; k rf ;ª / txl;ðy ajymqdck yhJ gonf? (vufrw S /f Akv d rf ;ª a*s at rd;k ) tdik af ttdpk D (IAOC) Adv 4 tdkpDcJ,rf;rD;ausmuf odkavSmif±Hk (jrefrm) qHk;?

eHygwf 318/ bk&ifcx H rH S ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;?

1? ,ae‹eHeufwGif OD;wifxGÉfESihf OD;ausmf_idrf;wdk‹udk u|efawmfawGŒygonf?

OD;ausmf_idrf;rSm ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EkdifiHodk‹ tvnfc&D;oGm;cJhonfjhzpfI ‚if;wdkif;jynf onf teD;uyfxed ;f csKyfcx H m;&aom uGejf rLepfEidk if H wEkid if jH zpfonf[k olem;vnf cJo h nf? urBm'h rD u kd a&pDtay: trsm;vufcx H m;onfh pdw"f mwft&qdv k #if ‚if;Ekid if H onf 'Dru kd a&pDEidk if H yHpk jH zpfrjzpf ar;p&myifrvdyk g[k olxifygonf?

2? pum;ajymqk&d if; jrefrmEkid if w H iG f jzpfysucf ahJ om a-uuGzJ , G t f jzpfq;kd qDo‹kd tvdktavsmuf a&muf&SdoGm;cJhonf? OD;apmtaejzifh aiGa-u;taxmuftyHh &&Scd o hJ nf? olt ‹ jrift& Oa&mypD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;u tultnDay;cJyh &kH onf[k OD;ausmf _ird ;f u ajymvdu k af omtcg u|eaf wmft h aejzihf a-umufvefw ‹ ek v f y+ rf o d nf? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;uJhodk‹aom wm0ef&Sd &mxl;,lxm;olwOD;taejzihf ,if;uJhodk‹ pGypf rJG ð+ yjcif;twGuf tH-h ordonft h jyif pdwv f nf;ysurf o d nf[k u|eaf wmfu OD;ausmf _idrf;udk ajymvdkufygonf? vkyf}uHr+twGuf u|efawmfonf xdwfvef‹wkefv+yfrdcJh onf? odk‹aomfvnf; ,ckpGyfpGJr+rsKd;udk oufaojyEkdifcJhrnfqdkv#if ydkrdkxdwfvef‹ wkefv+yfrdrnfjzpfa-umif; u|efawmfu jznfhpGufajymcJhonf? ,if;ESihfqufpyfI k cf sufukd u|efawmf Zlvdkifv (28) &ufxkwf ‘Guide Daily’ owif;pmrS aumufEw ud;k um;vdu k yf gonf?

“OD;atmifqef; OD;aqmifaom ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJu _y;D cJo h nfh Zefe0g&DvwGif atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf vufrSwfa&;xkd;&mwGif OD;apmESihf ocifApdefwdk‹ u vufrSwfa&;xkd;&ef jiif;qefcJh-uonf? tjcm;olrsm; jyefoGm;-uaomfvnf; OD;apmonf aeusef&pfcJhonf? u|Efkyfwdk‹ (The Guide Daily) taejzifh OD;apmonf vljzLwd. ‹k tultnDjzifh zqyvudk zsufq;D &ef pDpOfvI kd wrifaemufcsefae&pfchJ a-umif; wkdif;jynfudk today;cJh_yD;jzpfonf? vljzLwdu k‹ ,ckw}udrfwGif OD;apmudk aiG (5) odef;ay;cJhonf?

3? OD;apmt*FvefwiG &f adS epOf olu ‹ kd aiGa-u;tajrmuftjrm; axmufyahH y;cJh olrsm;rSm t*Fvyd t f &if;&Si}f uD;wcsKdŒ jzpfa-umif; u|Ekyf w f ‹kd xyfro H &d &dS onf? ±H;k wif w&m;pGq J rkd p+ wifonfEiS fh ‚if;v#KŒd0u S cf surf sm; ay:aygufvmrnfjzpfI pdw0f ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSonf” 4? ,ae‹ae‹pGJESihf u|Ekfyf. a-u;eef; (313) onfvnf; qufpyfvsuf&Sdyg onf? &mZ0wfr. + w&m;cHEiS fh ywfoufI u|efawmfw‹kd ,ckwikd f &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; rjzpfao;yg? (xyfr=H rjzpfao;yg)?

qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t f t dk m trf§4§2714 ta&;}uD;? &efukef1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (28) &uf/ (17;25) em&D? vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (28) &uf/ (21;00) em&D? 287 287

288 288

289

pmwGJ

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

qm[l;bwfp&f ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t f t dk m=trf§4§2714 ta&;}uD;v#KdŒ0Suf? &efuek òf rd/› Zlvikd v f (28) &uf/ (18;35) em&D vufcH&&Sd? Zlvdkifv (28) &uf/ (21;00) em&D eHygwf= 320/ bk&ifc.

H ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;/ atmufazmfjyyg a-u;eef;udk 132 Portland Street, London W 1armif}uD;xHrS u|efawmfvufc&H &Scd o hJ nf? p? u|Ekfyfay;ydka‹ om a-u;eef;rsm;onf rnfonfhta-umif;a-umihfrod&bJ OD;apm. rdom;pkxo H v ‹kd nf;aumif;/ olr‹ w d af qGrsm;xHov ‹kd nf;aumif; a&muf&jdS cif; r&Sdyg? ,ckowif;pum;udk bk&ifcHrif;taejzihf olx ‹ Hyadk‹ qmifay;ygu tudkjzpfol u|Ekfyfonf tvGeftxl;0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfygrnf? owif;pum;rSm Todk‹ jzpf onf? vuf&SdtajctaerSaeI tjyif;txef jyefvnfwHk‹ jyefr+rsm; jzpfEkdifajc&Sd onfhtwGuf ygvDrefrS rihfrdwfaqGrsm;u ighudk 'DbufrSaeI rif;twGuf tum tuG,fay;&ef jyifqifr+rsm; ðyvkyf&ef t}uHay;-uonf? Todk‹ jrifonfhtwkdif; rif;. vHòk cHa&;udk tvGepf ;kd &dryf yl efro d nft h wGuf bk&ihaf &Sa› e&&Sad &;ESifh rift h wGuf ckcu H muG,af &;twGuf vkt d yfaomjyifqifrr+ sm; ðyvkyaf &;twGuf csucf si;f vdt k yf onfh aygif (300) udk b%ftm; a-u;eef;jzifh v$aJ y;&eftwGuf rif;u !¸e-f um;ay; yg&ef ig tEl;t!Gwfawmif;yefvkdufygonf? b%fodk‹ !¸ef-um;csufydk‹vdkuf&efESihf bk&ifcHrif;rSwqihf ighxH ta-umif;jyefyg&ef/ owif;pum;tqHk;? bk&ifcrH if;tm; Ta-u;eef;udk jrefrmtpd;k &tzGŒJ 0ifrsm;xH v$aJ jymif;ray;&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf? qH;k ?

Towif;pum;pmudk OD;apmxH oihfavsmfaom vrf;a-umif;jzifh ay;ydk‹Edkif a&;twGuf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; wOD;wnf;xH (wOD;wnf;xH) u|efawmf ydk‹vdkufyg onf? armif}uD;. aemufq;kH pmyd'k yf g awmif;yefcsufukd txift&Sm;yif u|efawmf vufrcHEidk yf g?

Tarmif}uD;yif [efwifxHvdyfrlI ay;ydk‹aom a-u;eef;pmwGif [efwif taejzihf OD;apm.ZeD;xHrS aygif (300) r&&Sdygu ol&d,owif;pm. tkyfcsKyf a&;rª;rsm;xH csOf;uyf&ef t}uHðya&;om;xm;a-umif; jrefrmjynfawmifyikd ;f ae&m + iG f u|eaf wmf owd rS vwfwavm&&Sad om tkid t f ufpt f ufpf (ISS) owif;ay;ydr‹k w xm;rdco hJ nf? OD;apmtaejzihf ckcu H muG,af &;twGuf y%mrjyifqifrr+ sm;ðyvky&f ef ‚if;aiGvkdtyfa-umif; olu ajymcJhonf?

1946þckEpS /f þZlvikd v f þ(17)þ&ufae‹wiG þf armif}uD;uþOD;apmxHþa&;om;cJah om pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;vSonfh pmrdwLW udk pmwku d rf S u|efawmf ay;ydv ‹k u kd yf gonf? eHygwf 321/ bk&ifc.

H ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef; Zlvikd v f (29) &uf/ (12;50) em&D ,ae‹txd jyefvnford ;f qnf;&rdaom b&if;*ef;ta&twGurf mS pkpak ygif; (149) vufjzpfonf? OD;apmtdrfESihf &efukef{&d,mrS tvuf (80)/ jynfrS (12) vufEiS fh om,m0wDrS (57) vufjzpfonf? Tta&twGuf pm&if;Z,m;udk vlxu k kd xkwfjyefjcif;r&Sdyg? odk‹aomfvnf; &efukefòrd›&Sd ppfwyfodkavSmif±HkrS vdrRmyg;eyfpGm ta,mifaqmifxkwfoGm;cJhaom vufeufrsm;rSm r-umrDu &&Sdaom owif;rsm; t& trsm;pkukd jyefvnford ;f qnf;&rd_yjD zpfa-umif; 0ef}uD;csKyftaejzifh ajymI&_y[ D k u|efawmft}uHðyxm;onf? ppfwyftm%mydik rf sm;. yl;aygif;ulnrD j+ zihf &JwyfzŒJGu pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;udk Tcdk;,lr+ESihfywfouf_yD; avmavmq,f tjyif;txef aqmif&u G v f suf&ydS gonf? tajctaerSm _idrfoufvsuf&Sdygonf? wpHkw&mxl;jcm;csuf owif;ay;ydk‹ r+r&Sdyg? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ESihf ywfoufI pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;rS &&Sdaom ydkrdkjynfhpHk onfh awGŒ&cdS su&f v'frsm;udk !¸ejf yonfh aemufxyfa-unmcsurf sm;udk tao;pdwf azmfjyoihrf oihf tpk;d &taejzifh pOf;pm;vsuf&ydS gonf? u|Ekyf . f a-u;eef;pm 315/ 28§7 udk &nf!¸ef;ygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf. a-unmcsuftwGuf oifhxH u|Ekfyf tcsdefrDydkE‹ dkifonf[k ajymEkdif&eftwGuf tvsiftjrefaqmif&GufI &r& ocifEkudk u|efawmf ar;xm;ygonf?

289

290

OD;apmxHrS qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHo‹kd tkid t f t kd m= trf§4§2721 tif;pdef A[dt k usOf;axmif 1947=ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (29) &uf jrefrmtpk;d &. &JXmerS t&m&Srd sm;onf tm%m&ygwD. jyif;xefpmG zdtm; ay;r+a-umihf &efuek òf rd&› dS twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k twGi;f r-umcifu jzpfymG ;cJah om aoewf ypfcwfrE+ iS f qufE, G I f u|efawmfw‹kd twdu k t f cHtzGŒJ 0ifrsm;udk enf;vrf;&So d r#jzifh cH±k ;kH wifppfaq;&ef olw. ‹kd &So d r# tcsdeEf iS hf pGr;f tm;wdu ‹k kd tm±Hpk u kd f vkyaf qmifae -uonf[k u|efawmfxifygonf? tzrf;cHtcsKdŒyk*~dKvfrsm;udk olwdk‹ xGufqdkapcsif ovdk xGuaf p&eftwGuf ðyvkyaf eus enf;vrf;rsm;twdik ;f enf;rsKd;pHo k ;kH ESyd pf ufI &Jrsm;u twif;zdtm;ay;vkyfaqmifaeonf[k u|efawmfem;vnfygonf? Todk‹ u|efawmfem;vnfjcif;rSm ta-umif;rJhr[kwfyg[k u|efawmfqdk&ygrnf? tb,f

290

pmwGJ

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

a-umihq f akd omf u|eaf wmfwu ‹kd kd axmifxaJ c:vm_yD; &ufrsm;r-umrDyif tcsKŒd &t J &m &Sdrsm; a&muf&Sdvm_yD; tzrf;cHyk*~dKvftcsKdŒudk pwifppfaq;ygonf? xdkodk‹ tcsKdŒudk ppfaq;_y;D aemuf useyf *k Kd~ vfrsm;udk qufvufppfaq;jcif;rðyawmhyg? xdyk *k Kd~ vfrsm; udk axmifrx S w k o f mG ;_yD; &Jrsm;tvd&k o dS uJo h ‹kd twif;t-uyfxu G q f akd prnfukd u|ef awmf pdk;&drfylyefa-umufvef‹aerdygonf? tr+wr+udk bufrvdkufaom w&m;±Hk; (odkr‹ [kwf) cHk±Hk;wcku ppfaq;rnfqdkonfrSm tvGefaumif;vSaomfvnf; wcsdef wnf;rSmyif ‚if;w&m;±Hk; (odk‹r[kwf) cHk±Hk;onf &Jrsm;uwifjyaom oufaorsm; twdik ;f om ppfaq;oGm;rnfomjzpfonf? w&m;ol}uD;wOD;wa,muf (odr‹k [kw)f w&m;ol}uD;rsm;u &Jrsm;u zefw;D xm;wifjyvmaom oufaotrSm;rsm;udk tao tcsmodvsufESihfyif ±Hk;awmftaejzifh wjcm;enf;vrf;r&SdI ,if;oufaorsm;udk vufccH &hJ onfh om"utr+rsm; trsm;tjym; twdwu f &Scd zhJ ;l ygonf? u|eaf wmfw‹kd udk enf;vrf;pHkoHk;I acsr+ef;&ef tm%m&ygwDtzGJŒ0ifwOD; (odrk‹ [kwf) tzGJŒ0ifrsm; u wdkuf±kdufzdtm;ay;r+atmufwGif &Jt&m&Sdrsm; txift&Sm; a&muf&Sdaeonfh ,cktqifo h nf apmao;aomfvnf; tvGet f a&;}uD;aom tqihjf zpfa-umif; bk&if cHrif;xH u|efawmf axmufjywifjyvd&k if;jzpfygonf?

Ttr+wGif;odk‹ ppfaq;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh txl;&Jt&m&Sdrsm;tm; T wdkif;jynfodk‹ apv$wfay;&ef bk&ifhtpdk;&tm; csOf;uyfay;yg&ef bk&ifcHrif;tm; u|efawmf ±kd;om;pGm awmif;yefvdkygonf? w&m;enf;vrf;twkdif; r#r#ww jzpfap&eftwGuf jzpfEidk yf gu toif. axmufccH suEf iS t fh wl u|eaf wmf. ±k;d om;pGm awmif;qdkr+udk bk&ifhtpdk;&xHarSmuf odk‹ bk&ifcHrif;u qufvufwifjyvdrfhrnf[k u|efawmf ar#mfvifh,Hk-unfvsuf&Sdygonf? 5

taejzihf T&mZ0wfr+twGuf uGefjrLepfygwDrsm;rS wa,mufr[kwf/ wa,muf a,muftay: oHo,0ifvdrfhrnf[k OD;apmu awG;qcJhonf[k u|efawmfajym& rnfjzpfygonf?

eHygwf 337/ qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd &efuek òf rd/› 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (2) &uf/ (11;45) em&D 2 (c) zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;udk z,f&Sm;_yD;onfESihf bk&ifcHu olu ‹ kd tac:v$wI f tpk;d &zGŒJ cidk ;f vdrrhf nfrmS usde;f aoa-umif; OD;apmu olv ‹ rl sm;udk ajymcJo h nf? Toda‹k jymjcif;rSm r,HEk idk pf &mjzpfonf? Towif;om rSecf yhJ gu OD;apm

ta&SŒawmiftm&Sajrjyifwyfrsm; (South East Asia Land Forces) rS ppf±;kH od‹k ? a-u;eef;pm? tkid t f t kd m= t,fv§f 'AvsLtufp§f 1/ 669 csufcsif;? puFmyl/ 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (6) &uf/ (12;30) em&D 12804§axmufvSrf;a&;=-o*kwfv(3)&uftxd jrefrmjynf jyefvnftpðy?

1? aphpyfr+rsm; tajcwnfvm_yD; tajctae_idrfouf/ atmufazmfjyyg jzpfEidk af jc rsm;udrk l pOf;pm;&ef? (u) _Adwdo#qefu ‹ sifa&; tHkºuGaygufuGJr+? (c) tpdk;&tm; tiftm;csnfhe&J‹ ef ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (BCP) rS óud;yrf; tm;xkwfr+rsm;? (*) tpdk;&udk ðzwfcs&ef twdkuftcHygwDrsm;rS óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr+rsm;?

(C) ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDEiS fh zqyvtzGŒJ csKyfw‹kd !Gea‹f ygif;zGŒJ r?+ (u) . tEœ&m,f avsmhenf;oGm;aomfvnf; _Adwdo# qefu ‹ sifa&; 0g'jzefr‹ + quf vufjzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf? qdk;qdk;0g;0g;wckck jzpfysufygu tvGeftrif; wif;rmr+ESihf tEœ&m,fjzpfay:vmEkdifonf? Tvkyf}uHowfjzwfr+wGif _Adwdo#wdk‹ yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k trsm;xifjrif,Hk-unfaer+ (odk‹r[kwf) _Adwdo#wdk‹. aumif;pGGm ,Hk-unfouf0ifr+tay: us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹ oHo,&Sdaer+ (odk‹r[kwf) vlrsK;d a&;jy\em tjzpftysuw f r‹kd mS erlemrsm;jzpfonf? (c)þonf jzpfEidk af jc&So d nf? (*) udk avmavmq,f av#mhwGufI&aomfvnf; vHk;0z,fxm;I r&? Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDtaejzifh tmacsmifvGef;onfhtwGuf (C) onf jzpfEkdifajcr&Sdyg? zqyvtaejzifo h m vGwv f yfa&;&&So d nftxd tpd;k &udk pkpnf;xde;f odr;f xm;&ef use&f adS evdrrfh nfjzpf _y;D twdu k t f cHrsm; wd;k wufvm&efom trsm;qH;k jzpfEidk yf gonf?

2? Armhwyfrawmf? a*:&cg;wyfzGJŒ0iftenf;i,frSvGJI wyfrawmftaejzifh jrefrm tpk;d &tay: qufvufopPmapmiho f _d y;D axmufc&H ef jzpfEidk o f nf? Ekid if aH &;t& tusKd;pD;yGm;rwlaom tjrift& csif;/ ucsifEiS fh u&ifwr‹kd mS rl a¹rGrao/ wkwrf usKd; taetxm;jzpfaeonf? Armhwyfrawmftaejzihf _Adwo d #tusKd;pD;yGm; (odr‹k [kw)f ‚if;tusKd;pD;yGm;wkdu ‹ dk axmufcH&ef wm0ef,lr+twGuf opPmapmihfodvdkpdwfr&Sd[k

291

292

0ef}uD;rsm;aumifp/D yxrtxl;tpnf;ta0;/ rSww f rf;/ tdik t f t kd m=trf§4§2555 wufa&muforl sm;/ ocifEk (obmywd)/ OD;jr (aysmb f , G )f / OD;atmifZaH 0/ OD;b*sr;f / ocifveG ;f abmf/ OD;jr ([oFmw)/ ocifwif/ Akdvfvusfm/ OD;0if;/ Akdvfzdk;uGef;/ OD;azcif/

291

292

293

pmwGJ

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

,lq&rnfjzpfonf? Armhwyfrawmfu xm;&SdEkdifajc&Sdaom oabmxm;tay: us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹ a,bk,s-unfjh cif;u (c) (*) (C) wdw ‹k iG f olt ‹ aejzihf wnf_idrf atmif xde;f odr;f &rnfo h jl zpfEidk af jc&Sad -umif; !¸ejf yvsuf&o dS nf? (u) wGirf l ol. wnf_idrfatmif xdef;odrf;rnfh wefzdk;onf vuf&Sdtpdk;&taejzifh _Adwdo#qefu ‹ sif a&; pdwcf pH m;r+tay: rnfr# twdik ;f twmtxd r#a0cH,rl nf (odr‹k [kw)f qefu ‹ sif rnf (odr‹k [kw)f xde;f odr;f uefo ‹ wfvpkd w d &f rdS nftay: rlwnfaeonf?

(3) ed*;kH ? ocifEt k aejzihf Ekid if aH cgif;aqmiftjzpf OD;atmifqef;xufomaomf vnf; ol‹ Y vlxkudk qGJaqmifEkdifr+r&Sdacs? topfa&G;cs,fvdkufaom 0ef}uD;Xme tay:Y jynfov l x l u k rwkerf v+yjf zpfaer+ xyfaqmif;vdu k af omtcg &v'ftm;jzifh tpd;k &onf bufaygif;pHrk S twku d t f cHrsm; &Sad eavonf?

4? txufazmfjyyg qufoG,fr+udk rydk‹v$wfrD Zlvdkifv (30) &uf ae‹pGJjzihf qm[l; bwfu tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd v J x f H t}uHðyay;ydc‹k ahJ om twGi;f a&;owif; pum;udk owdxm;-unfv h #if pdw0f ifpm;zG,jf zpfonf? ‚if;owif;rSm qm[l;bwf onf &mhzpf wH;k [rf (Ralph Stoneham) ESifh xdak e‹eeH ufu pum;ajymrd&m Twdik ;f jynfwiG f vlcspv f cl iftrsm;qH;k Oa&mywdu k o f m;[k olu trnfwyfxm;aom pwH;k [rfu vkyf}uHr+jzpf_yD;aemuf ol‹ jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;u ol‹tay: pdwfcHpm;r+ odod omom ajymif;oGm;cJah -umif; qm[l;bwfukd jyefajymjycJo h nf[I l jzpfonf?

4? Zlvdkifv (20) &ufae‹wGif 0ef}uD;rsm;tay: v#KdŒ0Suf}uHpnfrnfhudpPtm; pDtkdif'Du OD;atmifqef;udk today;cJhonf[k em;vnfygonf? odk‹ jzpfI vkyf}uHr+ cH&csdefwGif OD;apmtygt0if trsm;tjym;zrf;qD;&ef OD;atmifqef;onf ol0‹ ef}uD; rsm;ESihf wdik yf ifaejcif;jzpfonf? vky}f uH&mwGif toH;k ðyaom vufeufrsm;rSm · attdk ,l (AOU) rS &&Sdaom vufeufrsm;ESihf trsKd;tpm;uGJvGJaejcif;udk rSwfom;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? · (trSm;= attdk'D´) 5? vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+jzpfonfh &ufpGJtrSefrSm Zlvdkifv (19) &ufjzpfonf? *&if;0k'f (Greenwood) xJrS ‚if;trSm;&ufpGJudk u|efawmf&cJhjcif;jzpfonf[k u|efawmfxifygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; u|efawmf (&pfcsD) (Ritchie) onf c&D;oGm; aepOfjzpf_yD; oihfxHrS oif. tcsufjyrdwWL u|efawmhfwGif r&SdonfhtwGuf trSm; trSef rppfaq;Ekid cf yhJ g?

Adv k cf sKyf}uD; qmeD;vf&pfcsD (General Sir Neil Ritchie) u zD;vfrm&S,af rmif*h rkd m&D (Field Marshall Montgomery) xHo‹kd a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t f t kd m= trf§4§2715 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? puFmyl/ -o*kwv f (7) &uf/ (21;47) em&D xdyfwef;v#KdŒ0Suf? 1011§trfat*suif (Jakin)/ &pfcsDxrH S pDtidk *f sD (CIGS) twGuf ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef; ta-umif;t&mrSm jrefrmjynfEiS o hf ufqikd af om xyfrH tao;pdwrf sm; (pmyd'k f 3/ 4/ ESifh 5 udo k m atmufwiG f ud;k um;xm;onf) 3? bk&ifcHESifh pum;ajym/ ,if;Zlvdkifv (15) &ufae‹wGif rdk; (Moore) u TxGuf qdck suu f kd ðyvkycf ahJ -umif; today;cJ_h y;D e,fbufqidk &f mESifh ppfbufqidk &f m vrf; a-umif;rsm;twkdif; pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm; ðyvkyfaecJh_yD[k ,lqonfhtwGuf ,if;xGuf qdkcsuftusOf;udk bk&ifcHtm; u|Ekfyfu ay;cJhonf? bk&ifcHu OD;atmifqef;ESihf ocifEw k u ‹kd kd OD;apmonf vufeufrsm;udk olt ‹ rd af b;&Sd uefxw J iG f 0Sux f m;a-umif; ajymjycJo h nf?

qm&J*sDe,f a':refprpfxrH S tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd (J vf) xHo‹kd tkid t f t kd m= t,fv§f yDt§kd 9§7 yk*Kd~ vfa&;ESit hf wGi;f a&;v#KdŒ0Su?f pwd'k rfywf˜vpf˜[rf±id+ ;f ,m;? 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (10) &uf OD;atmifqef;ESihf olv ‹ kyfazmfudkifbufrsm;udk vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+twGuf ±H;k wifppfaq;r+ukd OD;apmtaejzihf &ifqikd &f rnfukd u|eaf wmfjrifryd gonf? OD;apmudk pGJEkdifonfh rnfuJhodk‹aom oufao&Sdaeonfudkvnf;aumif;/ T,kwfrmvSonfh &mZ0wfjypfrw + iG f olonf tjypfro hJ vm;/ tjypf&o dS vm;udv k nf;aumif; u|eaf wmf trSefwu,frodyg? oltouf&Sifa&;twGuf óud;pm;&mwGif olonf tpOfojzifh aumif;rGeaf om rsK;d cspw f OD;tjzpfuv kd nf;aumif;/ OD;atmifqef;/ zqyvwdE‹k iS rfh wl uGJjym;pGm 'Drkdu&ufaumif;wOD;tjzpfudkvnf;aumif; jyoEkdif&eftwGuf OD;apm taejzifh twdwo f rkid ;f tawmfrsm;rsm;udk azmfjyvdpk w d &f EdS idk af jcudk u|efawmfreS ;f q jrifrdygonf? u|efawmhfukd ol‹oufaowOD;tjzpf qifhac:vdkpdwf&Sdrnfudkvnf; u|eaf wmfpOf;pm;I &ygonf? u|efawmft h aejzifh T±H;k wifw&m;pGrJ w + iG f wae&mu yg0if&rnfqv kd #if u|eaf wmfwOD;wnf;twGuo f mru bk&ift h pd;k &twGuyf g pdwt f aESmiht f ,Sujf zpf &r+xuf tenf;i,f ydyk gvdrrhf nf? oda‹k omfvnf; Tod‹kjzpf&vifu h pm; u|eaf wmfu h kd qihaf c:rnfqykd gu u|eaf wmft h aejzifh uln&D ef óud;pm;oiho f nf[ck pH m;rdygonf? 6 OD;apmukd u|efawmfaumif;pGm odonfhtwGuf olt ‹ ay: Y u|efawmfjrifcsif&m jrif

293

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295

pmwGJ

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

jcif; r[kwyf g? olonf yk*Kd~ vfa&;t& rdwaf qGaumif;wOD;omru aumif;rGeaf om t}uH^m%frsm; ay;EkdifolwOD;tjzpfvnf; u|efawmft_rJwapawGΗuHrdygonf?

1941 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmEkid if rH S xGucf mG oGm;_y;D aemuf olt ‹ aejzihf qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; ajcvS r;f rSm;rsm; ðyvkyfcJhrdaomfvnf; usL;ausmfr+udk &ifqkdif&eftwGuf jrefrmEkdifiHtm; yHkpHwpHkw&m&&Sdatmif ðyvkyfonfh u|efawmfhóud;yrf;r+rsm;wGif olonf tultnD t}uD;tus,fay;cJyh gonf? olt ‹ wGuf t}uD;tus,fvt kd yfaeaom ,ckvkd tcsdef rsdK;wGif olt ‹ wGuf pum;ajymqdak y;&ef pdwq f ENr&Szd t ‹kd wGuf pOf;pm;&ef u|efawmhf 6 rSm wGeq ‹f w k af erdygonf ?

OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+onf u|efawmfhtwGuf ya[Vdo zG,jf zpfaeygonf? OD;apmESifh OD;b&ifukd u|eaf wmfaemufq;kH awGŒ&cdS sed u f olwo ‹kd nf zqyv. zufqpfqefqefðyvkyrf r+ sm;ESifh jrefrmEdik if t H wGuf rSeu f efonfh 'Dru kd a&pD yHo k ¿mefay:xGe;f a&;twGuf vdt k yfrt + a-umif; tawmfajymqdck -hJ uonf? ola‹ rmf awmfum;xJwiG f olt ‹ m; owfjzwf&ef óud;pm;olrsm;rSm zqyvjzpfonf[k OD;apmu ,Hk-unf_yD; a-umufvefa‹ eolwOD;jzpfonf? odka‹ omfvnf; zqyvurl EkdifiHa&; tjrwf&&eftwGuf vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+udk enf;vrf;wcktjzpf oHk;vdrhfrnfr[kwf a-umif;/ jyif;jyif;xefxefajymqdkcJh-uygonf? OD;apmonf &nfrSef;csuf}uD;oljzpf onf? ppfrjzpfrDumvu OD;apm. òydifbufwOD;ESpfOD; ±kwfw&uf qdkouJhodk‹ aooGm;-u&onf[k aumvm[v jzpfay:cJrh eS ;f odygonf? oda‹k omfvnf; vlrsm;udk tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf owfjzwf&eftwGuf pnf;±Hk;pD&ifvkyfaqmifjcif;rSm OD;apm. tusihpf ±du k Ef iS fh rudu k n f [ D k u|efawmfxifygonf? tu,fI w&m;±Hk;u qihfac:ygu oGm;a&mufI oufaocH&efrSm u|ef awmfw h m0efjzpfonf[k u|efawmfEiS fh oabmwlnrD + &Srd &Sd oifx h rH S od&v dS ykd gonf? qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd a-u;eef;pm/ tdik t f t kd m= trf§4§2714 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek òf rd› 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (25) &uf/ 10; 15 em&D? v#KdŒ0Suf? vufcH&&Sd/ -o*kwv f (25) &uf/ 10; 50 em&D? eHygwf 408/ bk&ifc.

H ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;/ -o*kwv f (23) &uf/ paeae‹ n (9) em&DwiG f jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf _idrf;onf u|efawmhftm; ta&;w}uD;vma&mufawGŒqHk_yD; OD;apmu vmbfay;I ol‹twGuf pmay;pm,l«yvkyfcdkif;xm;aom axmift&m&SdwOD;u ‚if;pmrsm;udk

tm%mydik rf sm;tm; jyovsuf&&dS m (OD;apmrod[k ,lq&ygonf) tm%mydik rf sm;xH v$JtyfcJhaom tif;pdefaxmifxJwGif OD;apma&;om;cJhonfh pmESpfapmif. rdwWLrsm; udk u|efawmfhtm; ay;ygonf?

2? ‚if;pmrsm;wGif (22) ESifh (23) &ufae‹pGJrsm; wyfxm;_yD; _Adwdo#aumifpDrS l m;ygonf? ‚if;pmrsm;wGif bif*av. tultnDukd bif*av (Bingley) xH vdyrf x awmif;cHxm;_yD; v#KdŒ0u S o f auFwrsm;[k ,lq&aom xl;qef;onfh pum;pkrsm;udk vnf; toH;k «yxm;onf? ‚if;pmrsm;wGif “(VV)” [k vlwOD;udk &nf!e¸ ;f xm;_y;D ‚if; rSm ADA, D ef; (Vivian) jzpfygonf? pmxJwiG f vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf ar#mfvifch suf rsm;udkomru jynfwGif;omru EkdifiHwumqkdif&m ±kdufcwfwkefcgr+rsm; jzpfapEkdif onfh xkwaf zmfrr+ sm; ðyvky&f efuv kd nf; _cdr;f ajcmufa&;om;xm;onf? pmay;pm,l ðyvkyfoludkvnf; ,Hk-unfpdwfcs&a-umif; bif*avudk tmrcHa&;om;xm;onf?

3? bif*avtaejzifh ,if;pmrsm;udk vufcH&&Sdjcif;r&Sdyg? pmay;pm,lðy vkyo f u l kd ,if;pmrsm;rS pmwapmifukd ,lomG ;cGiðfh yvku d af omfvnf; olbif*avtdrf a&muf&cdS sed w f iG f aemufwae‹ ,lau (UK) od‹k rxGucf mG rD bDtakd tpD (BOAC) wnf; cdck ef;Y wnwm aexkid &f efomG ;awmhrnfh bif*avu wGe;f xd;k ab;z,fypfco hJ nf? &Jrsm;. tjrifwGif ,if;pmrsm;u bif*avudk “t&yfjrihfjrihfeJ‹ vl}uD;” ESihf qufpyfay;xm;onf[k ,lq-uonf? ADAD,ef;xHa&;aom pmwapmiftyg t0if tjcm;pmrsm;wGiv f nf; OD;apmu axmifxrJ S ,if;&nf!e¸ ;f csufukd a&;om;cJh onf? Tt&mtm;vH;k rSm pdwt f aESmiht f ,Suf t}uD;tus,jf zpfp&mrsm;jzpfonf[k oif awG;xif-unhEf idk yf gonf? bif*avudk v#KŒdv#K0‹d u S 0f u S v f yk rf nfo h [ l k u|eaf wmf rxifEidk yf g? OD;apmESifh qufqcH &hJ mwGif olb ‹ ufrS ±k;d om;tjypfuif;rnfreS af omfvnf; axmifxJrS OD;apma&;om;cJhaom ,ckpmrsm;u ,if;qufqHr+rsm;udk tqdk;0g;qHk; vGrJ mS ;pGm t"dym` ,fjyefqpkd &mjzpfvrd rfh nfrmS xif&mS ;aeayonf?

6? u|efawmfhtwGuf aqmif&Guf&ef wckom&Sdygonf? ‚if;rSm bif*avudk rxGufcGm&ef wm;qD;xm;_yD; ppfaq;ar;jref;&ef jzpfygonf? odk‹ jzpfI rdk;tawmf csKyfrS bDtdkatpDwnf;cdkcef;wGif bif*avudk u|efawmf qufoG,fI&ygonf? olt ‹ m; rxGucf mG ao;&ef u|eaf wmfuajymvdu k _f yD; bDtakd tpDuv kd nf; ola‹ v,mOf vufrw S t f m; c%&yfqidk ;f xm;&ef arwWm&yfcx H m;ygonf?

7? ,refae‹/ we*FaEGae‹u ruf*KdG if;,m; (McGuire) u 'Dtikd *f sD pDtidk 'f D (DIGf ‹kd ac:oGm;cJ_h y;D olu ‹ kd bif*avtm; ar;jref; CID) OD;xGe;f vSatmifukd bif*avtdro &ef xm;ypfco hJ nf?

295

296 296

297

pmwGJ

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

8? ,refae‹ naeu ruf*GdKif;,m;u OD;xGef;vSatmifESifh awGŒ&ef oGm;cJh&m OD;xGef;vSatmifESihf OD;ausmf_idrf;wdk‹tr+udpPaqG;aEG;ae-uonfudk awGŒcJha-umif;/ ruf*KdG if;,m;u u|eaf wmfu h kd today;ygonf? bif*avudk (5) em&D-um ar;jref;cJh aomfvnf; &v'frSm pdwfauseyfp&mraumif;a-umif; (xyfrH=raumif;a-umif;)/ oufaojy&ef cufcJaomfvnf; bif*avtaejzifh OD;apmxH pma&;om;&ef óud;pm;rnf[k OD;xGef;vSatmifu rxifa-umif; ruf*GdKif;,m;udk ajymjycJhygonf?

9? OD;ausmf_idrf;u ol‹taejzifh ,ckudpPwckvHk;udk 0ef}uD;tzGJŒa&S›arSmufodk‹ olwif jy&awmhrnfjzpfa-umif; ruf*KdG if;,m;udk ajymjycJo h nf? ,ae‹yif ,if;udpu P kd OD;ausm_f idr;f u ðyvkyrf nfjzpf_yD; ocifEEk iS t hf wl u|eaf wmht f m; ,ae‹ naewGif oGm; a&mufawGŒq&kH ef óud;pm;rnfjzpfa-umif; ruf*KdG if;,m;udk xyfraH jymqdck yhJ gonf?

10?þ,ckavmavmq,fwiG þf Tudpt P m;vH;k udþk twwfEidk q f ;kH þvltenf;qH;k om today;xm;ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xHk;pHtwdkif; rnfonfhowif;ayguf-um;_yD;/ rnfov ‹kd rJG mS ;pGmþt"dym` ,fjyefq-kd urnfukd u|eaf wmfþtvGet f rif;pd;k &drv f su&f ydS gonf?

11? bif*avudk ,ae‹eeH uf u|eaf wmfawGŒygrnf? ,cknaewGif OD;ausm_f ird ;f / ocifEkwdk‹ESifh pum;ajymqdk_yD;aemuf ,ckudpP&yfudk ydkrdk&Sif;vif;pGm oHk;oyfEkdif&ef twGuf tao;pdwt f csut f vufrsm; ydrk &kd &Sv d rd rfh nf[k u|eaf wmfar#mv f ifyh gonf? d #aumifpo D ‹kd owd 12? bif*avae&mqufco H l *sifuif (Jenkins) u _Adwo xm; a&;om;xm;aom a-u;eef;pmwapmif ay;ydck‹ Jhygonf? qm[l;bwf&ef‹xHrS tm;vfatmhzv f pfw0kd J (vf) xHo‹kd a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t f t kd m= trf§4§2714 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? &efuek òf rd/› 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (27) &uf/ (09;30) em&D v#KdŒ0Suf ? vufc&H &S/d -o*kwv f (27) &uf/ (00;45) em&DeyH gwf 419/ bk&ifc.

H ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;/ u|Ekyf . f a-u;eef;pmrsm; 408/ 410ESihf 412/ bif*av u|eaf wmf ,ae‹eeH ufcif;wGif ocifEEk iS hf OD;ausm_f ird ;f udk awGŒygonf? tjcm; udpP&yfrsm;-um;wGif bif*avudpPudk u|efawmfwdk‹ aqG;aEG;-uygonf?

2? 0ef}uD;rsm;taejzifh bif*avudk tvGet f rif; ouFmruif;jzpfaeonfrmS oHo,jzpfp&mr&Syd g? ,if;ouFmruif;jzpfaer+rsm; &Si;f vif;oGm;onfw h ikd f bif*av taejzifh Tae&mwGif qufvufae&ef vdktyfyHk&ygonf? ,ae‹ OD;ausmf_idrf; xkwfazmfajymjyaom tcsufrsm;ESifh ,cka-u;eef;rwdkifrD a-u;eef;pmrsm;wGif u|efawmf tpD &if rcHcJhaom tcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf?

3? OD;apmu t}uD;tus,fvmbfxdk;xm;aom ol‹axmif. axmifydkif}uD; onf tjyifbuf&dS rdwaf qGrsm;ud/k bk&ifcu H kd (axmif.) &&So d r# owif;rsm; tpD&if cHvsuf&_dS yD; OD;apma&;or# owif;pum;/ pmrSeo f r#udk ay;tyfvsuf&ydS gonf?

4? axmifxaJ &mufcgp apmapmydik ;f &ufrsm;wGif olEiS fh waxmifx&J adS eaom twl pGypf cJG &H olrsm;tm; qufo, G I f olb ‹ ufwiG f bk&ifcaH [mif;oH;k OD;ESifh t*Fvef&dS 0ef}uD;a[mif; trsm;tjym;&Sad eonft h wGuf pd;k &drpf &mr&Sad -umif; ajymqdck o hJ nf? aemufyikd ;f wGif -oZmwdurU tvGe&f _dS yD; olwt ‹kd ay: 'kurQ a&mufatmif -unf±h r+ nfh jrefrmjynf&Sd t&yfjrifhjrifhESihf rdwfaqGta-umif; OD;apmu azmfjyvmcJhonf? ol. pmwapmifwGif ADAD,ef;tm; ‚if;t&yfjrifhjrihfrdwfaqGta-umif; azmfjycJhonf? ADAD ,ef;u ‚if;.jyefpmwGif avmavmq,fY ,if;t&yfjrifhjrihfESihf rdwfaqGtm; tr+ xJ qGJroGif;&ef (xyfrH= roGif;&ef) t}uHay;cJhonf[k qkdygonf?

5? &ufrsm;ukev f eG v f monfEiS t fh r# OD;apmonf pdwyf yl efvm_y;D t&yfjrifjh rifh ESifh rdwaf qGEiS yfh wfoufI axmiftjyifbuf&dS rdwaf qGwOD;tm; t}uH^m%fay;&ef awmif;cHco hJ nf? t&yfjrifjh rihEf iS fh rdwaf qG rnforl nf0gjzpfonfEiS fh ywfoufI ±+yf axG;r+jzpfvmaom tpdk;&taejzifh yg0ifywfoufvm&awmhonf? OD;apm. rdwf aqGu a&;om;yH&k _yD; t&yfcyfjrifjh rihEf iS hf rdwaf qGtm; csufcsif;qufo, G &f ef t}uH ðyxm;aom pmwapmifudk OD;apmvuf0,fodk‹ ydkc‹ Jhonf? xdkvSnfhpm;r+onf atmif jrifco hJ nf? -o*kwv f (25) &uf/ u|Ekyf . f a-u;eef;pm (408) wGif &nf!e¸ ;f cJah om bif*avxHay;ydc‹k ahJ om pmESpaf pmifukd OD;apmu a&;om;cJah wmhonf?

6? bif*avxH a&;om;cJah om 'kw, d pmwGif yg&Scd _hJ y;D 0ef}uD;rsm; pdwx f w J iG f tvGeftrif; ouFmruif;jzpfapcJhaom pmwydk'frSm ‘t}uHay;onfhtwdkif; tvGef pd;k &drpf &maumif;aom pGep‹f m;r+w&yf u|Ekyf ðf yvkycf o hJ nf’ [lI jzpfonf?

7?þ0ef}uD;ESpOf ;D ESiþfh u|eaf wmfajymqdrk r+ þS xu G af y:vmaomtjcm;tcsurf sm;rSmæ (u) _Adwdo#aumifpD (British Council) onf tcsKdŒaxmufvS rf;a&; tzGJŒtpnf;rsm; twGuf ta&òcHxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k ocifEku ,Hk-unfaeonf?

TtawG;tac: udk z,f&mS ;&ef u|eaf wmftpGr;f ukeðf yvkycf ahJ omfvnf; bif*avudpP r&Si;f vif;rjcif; ,if;ouFmruif;jzpfr+ qufvuf&adS ernf[k u|eaf wmfxifygonf? (c) bif*av jrefrmEkdifiHrS ododomom ±kwfw&ufxGufcGmoGm;r+twGuf ocifEku ouFmruif;jzpfcJhonf? Tae&mwGif ZlvdkifvtwGif;u vdwf0dwfu u|efawmhfxH ay;ydk‹cJhaom pmwapmifudk wifjyEkdifygonf? _Adwdo#aumifpD tpnf;ta0;wck wuf&eftwGuf bif*avtaejzifh pufwbFmvwGif t*FvefY

297

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pmwGJ

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

&Sdae&ef vdktyfa-umif; ,if;pmu azmfjyxm;ygonf? (*)þOD;apmuþolt ‹ &yfjrihjf rifEh iS þfh rdwaf qGta-umif;azmfjycJ&h mwGiþf axmifyikd }f uD; u “ol[m bk&ifcHr[kwfbl;vdk‹ u|efawmfar#mfvifhygw,f” [k jyefajymcJha-umif; OD;ausmf_idr;f u ajymjyygonf? xdt k cg OD;apmu “bk&ifcu H toH;k rusygbl;? olu ‹ kd OD;atmifqef;eJo ‹ cifEkwdu k‹ aiG (12) odef;eJ‹ 0,fxm;_yD;om; jzpfae_yD” [k jyefajz cJo h nf?

8? bif*avonf tajctaet&yf&yf. om;aumifwaumifjzpfaomfvnf; tcsdef uom ,if;udk jyoygvdrfhrnf[k u|efawmfxifygonf?

oHo, &SdcH&onf? tao;pdwftcsuftvufyg&Sdaom u|Ekfyf. -o*kwfv (29) &ufay;yda‹k om 18926 at*sD=3 ud-k unf?h (*) cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; ckd;xkwfcsdefu aq;±HkY&Sdaeaom Akdvfrª;rdk;/ tdkpD/ atat'Donf OD;apmESihf cifrifolwOD;jzpfonf[k od&onf? olonf OD;apmudk ol‹tdrfwGif tenf;qHk; w}udrf vufcHawGŒcJhonf? e,fbuf&Jrsm;u ol‹tr+udk pHkprf;ppfaq;aewkef;jzpf_yD; ,cktcsdeftxd ol‹udk zrf;qD;onfh owif;ay;ydk‹r+ u|efawmfx h H ra&muf&adS o;yg?

(C) Adkvfrª;'def; (Daine)/ v#KdŒ0SufoauFw (Cipher) t&m&Sd/ ArmhppfOD;pD; XmecsKyf/ olonf taysmfxrf; vufeufpkaqmif;olwOD;jzpf_yD; ol‹vuf0,fYom omref r[kwaf om vufeufta&twGuf &Sad eonfjzpfI olu ‹ v kd nf; oHo,t0if cHae&onf? OD;apmESihf rdk;wdk‹t-um; jzpfEkdifajc&Sdaom tquftpyfjzpfaejcif; twGuv f nf; oHo,tjzpfcaH e&onf? olt ‹ m;zrf;rxm;yg?

3? txufygtr+rsm;udk e,fbuf&Jrsm;u ppfaq;vsuf&Sdonf? ,ckxd owif;rsm;rSm enf;yg;ao;onf? ppfbufo‹kd &JbufrS ay;yda‹k om aemufxyfowif; rsm;udk oifhtm; qufvufay;ydk‹ today;aeygrnf?

Akv d cf sKyf}uD; qmeD;vf&pfcsDxrH S qm[ife&D ruf*;D (Sir Henry MacGeagh) xHo‹kd a-u;eef;pm/ tkid t f t dk m = trf§4§2715 csufcsif;tjzpfq;kH ? puFmyl/ 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (29) &uf/ (19;20)em&D xdyw f ef;v#KdŒ0Suf eHygwf 18927§at*sD=3/ k yf ikd af -u;eef;? &pfcsDxrH S a*sat*sD (JAG) xHo‹kd ud, u|Ekfyf.þ-o*kwfvþ(25) &uf/þa-u;eef;trSwf 18778 at*sD=3 ESihf -o*kwf v (29) &uf/ a-u;eef;trSwf 18927 at*sD=3 wdk‹udk qufvufvsuf oifhtm; tajctaewckv;kH od&adS eap&ef 226 (AOD)jrefrmESihf (AAD) 7 jrefrmwdr‹k þS vufeuf rsm;þcd;k ,lrE+ iS hf r-umcifujzpfymG ;cJah om vky}f uHowfjzwfru + kd e,fbufqidk &f m pHpk rf; ppfaq;r+rsm;ESiyfh wfoufI u|Efyk o f o d r# tajctaeudk tusOf;±H;k wifjyygonf?

1? _Aw d o d # pHpk rf;a&;ppfc±kH ;kH u vufeufrsm;ESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; cd;k ,lru + kd ppf aq;I _y;D pD;oGm;_y;D ,if;udk oifx h H t&m&Sw d OD;u vufxv d ufa&muf ay;tyfchJ onf? (-o*kwv f (26) &uf/ *st D yd cf su f sL. tcsujf y (GHQ Signal) 18802 at*s=D 3 udk-unfh)? ,if;pHkprf;ppfaq;r+rsm;. &v'frsm;udk a&;om;_yD; u|Ekfyf. -o*kwf v (25) &ufa-u;eef;trSwf 10511 at*sD= 3 wGif ay;_yD;jzpfonf?

2? vky}f uHowfjzwfru + kd e,fbufppkH rf;ppfaq;r+rsm;ESifh ywfoufI atmufyg t&m &Srd sm; yg0ifywfoufaeyH&k ygonf? (u) &efukef&Jodk‹ v$Jajymif;ay;cJhaom tdENd,ppfwyfrS Adkvf}uD;ADAD,ef;udk e,fbuf &Jrsm;u zrf;qD;cJhonf? olonf usdef;aoeD;yg; OD;apmESihf ywfoufcJh_yD; vufeufrsm;ESihf cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; ckd;,l&ef tay;t,lvkyfcJhyHk&onf? (c) tkdiftD;trftD; (IEME) rS Adkvfrª;,ef; (Young) udk e,fbuf&JrS zrf;qD;cJo h nf (-o*kwv f 24 &ufae‹wiG )f ? OD;apmudk vufeufrsm; a&mif;csonf[k 299 299

E+wq f ufjcif; jrefrmjynfrSxGufcGm&ef (2) &uftvkdwGif &efukef°rdŒ&Sd a&$wd*kHapwDawmfokd‹ oGm;a&mufzl;ar#mfcJhonfh aemufqkH;_Adwdo#. bk&ifcHqm[l;bwf&ef‹ (Sir Hubert Rance) u atmufwGifazmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; {nfhonfrSwfwrf;pmtkyfwGif E+wq f ufrmS wrf; a&;oGm;cJo h nf? a&$w*d b Hk &k m;/ &efuek °f rdŒ 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv (2) &uf? “apwDawmf. vSywifw h ,frr+ mS puQKyom' jrwfE;dk p&maywnf;? T_idr;f csrf;onf0h ef;usifudk t"Ge&‹f n S af tmif xde;f odr;f Ekid yf gap[k u|Ekyf af r#mfvifch sifyg.? ,ae‹trSwfonmonf u|Ekfyfpdwftm±kHwGif t_rJwnfaeayvdrfhrnf? u|Ekfyftm; txl;tcGifhta&;tjzpf txufypP,HwGif vrf;av#mufcGifh a*gyuvl}uD;rsm;u -uifemr+jzifh ay;cJhonfhtwGuf aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? TonfrSm jrefrmEkdifiHokd‹ aemufq;Hk u|Ekyf . f rSm-um;csufjzpfygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHESifh *&duf_AdwdefEkdifiHwkd‹t-um; _idrf;csrf;r+ESifh cspf-unf&if;ESD;r+ tpOft_rx J ed ;f odr;f Ekid yf gap? vmrnfEh pS rf sm;twGi;f u|Eyfk . f tultnDvt kd yfcyhJ gv#if TEkid if &H dS rdwaf qGrsm;u u|Eyfk t f m; rysurf uGuf today;-uvdrrhf nf[k u|Eyfk af r#mf 300 300

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

pmwGJ

vifrh yd g.?”8 _Adwo d #oHtrwfrS trft;D 'efeif (M.E.DENNING Esq.) EkdifiHjcm;a&;Xme vef'ef ay;pm˜ 1169§12§48 _Adwo d #oH±;Hk / &efuek f 1948 ckEpS f arv (8) &uf twGi;f a&; u|Ekyf . f cspfvpS mG aom 'efeif OD;apm.tr+wGif xl;jcm;aom jzpfay:r+ rae‹u jzpfcJhonf? twGifa&;ajym qk&d mwGif ±kww f &uf ajymcsvu dk o f nf? 'Dvyk }f uHr}+ uD;rSm _Adwo d #awG&ŒJ yl;aygif;}uH pnfr&+ w dS ,fv‹dk u|eaf wmfw‹dk wu,f,-Hk unfaew,f? qm&,f*seD ,fa':refprpfu jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if .

H orRw}uD;xH OD;apmtm; oem;n‡mwmr+ay;&ef avmavm q,farwWm&yfcrH u + _Aw d o d #w‹dk wenf;r[kww f enf; yg0ifywfoufaew,fqo dk nfh oHo,ukd tawmf}uD; tm;aumif;apcJhonf? bif*avESifh OD;apm tquftqef &Sjd cif;/ OD;apm. ZeD;onfu bk&ifc.

H twGi;f 0efEiS hf xdpyfr&+ &ef ¯ud;yrf;r+ ponfh om"ursm;. E+d;qGr+uvnf; tOD;tp &SdaecJhonf?

2? ,cktr+rSm _Adwdo#wkdt ‹ ay: oHo,&SdaewJh tajccHtcsufawGu tm;r aumif;vSwJhtwGuf a':refprpf&JŒ arwWm&yfcHr+u t}uD;tus,f xdckdufaprSm r[kwfyg? “_Adwdo#awG yg0ifywfoufr+ oufaoouUm, u|efawmf&cJh&ifawmh u|efawmhf&mxl;ukd tokH;«y_yD; w&m;0ifvlxkukd today;zkd‹ u|efawmf 0efav;rSm r[kwfygbl;” vkd‹ olajymayr,fh 'DvkdeJ‹ vlwa,mufu tHh-op&maumif;vSwJh pGypf cJG suaf wGudk wu,f,-Hk unfvrd rhf ,fv‹kd u|eaf wmf r,k-H unfygbl;? olwu,fudk qkdvkd&if;r&Sdbl;qkd&if olbma-umifh 'Dvkdajym&w,fqkdwm em;vnfzckd‹ ufygw,f? jzpfEidk af csawGuawmh &mxl;wk;d ay;wJu h pd rP mS qma':refprpftay:rSm ol&‹ ŒJ yk*Kd~ vfa&; tmCmw&Sdr+/ jrefrmEkdifiH&JŒ ta&;udpPrSm bk&ifcHa[mif;wa,mufu 0ifa&muf pGufzufykH&r+tay:rSm ol&JŒ ESvkH;rom r+ (qm[l;bwf&ef&‹ JŒ xkwfjyefa-unmcsuf tay:rSm ol pdwt f aESmiht f ,Sujf zpf&r+udk olu azmfjycJah o;onf) ESihf ,ae‹reufu OD;apmtay: csrw S cf ahJ om ao'%fjypfcsut f ay: rSeu f efa-umif; pdwrf oufromeJ‹ jyocsirf w + ‹dk jzpfygvdrrhf nf? 'D[mu trsm;}uD; jzpfEidk yf &Hk wmuawmhæ? ppfrjzpfcifu olu OD;apm&JŒ aemufvu dk w f a,mufv‹dk em;vnfayr,fh OD;apmukd ¯ud;pifta&muf yka‹d y;wmrSm t"dutcef;u olyg0ifcw hJ m oHo,&Spd &mrvkyd gbl;? 'gvJ vkyx f ;Hk vkyf enf;rsm;t& uGi;f pbm&Dpnf;rsOf;awGe‹J vk;H 0vku d af vsmnDaxGr+ r&Scd yhJ gbl;?

301 301

3? 'DudpPukd taotcsm pOf;pm;_yD;wJhtcg 'Dtjzpftysufukd vspfvsL±+zkd‹eJ‹ 0ef}uD;csKyfeJ‹ EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;XmeawGukd razmf jyzkdu ‹ taumif;qkH;jzpfr,fvkd‹ u|efawmfqkH;jzwfvkdufygw,f? 'DtqifhrSm u|efawmfwkd‹bufu rvkdtyfwJh xdckdufvG,fr+eJ‹ pdwf0if pm;r+awGu tajctaeawGukd ykdqkd;0g;oGm;apygvdrfhr,f? bma-umifhvJqkdawmh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufvkdqJ&SdykH&wJhætaeeJ‹ 0ef}uD;tzGJŒu olxw k af zmfajymcJw h mod&if 'kuaQ &mufrmS jzpfygw,f?

4? 'Dvkyf}uHowfjzwfr+awG&JŒ aemufuG,frSm _Adwdo#awG&Sdaew,fqkdwJh ajymqkcd suaf wGu wu,fawmh uGejf rLepfawGvyk af eus 0g'jzefr‹ w + ckygyJ? vky}f uH owfjzwfra+ wG _y;D _y;D csi;f olu ‹ adk c:_y;D 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ zGŒJcidk ;f wmukd -unf_h y;D ocifEt k aeeJ‹ 'Doo H , awGudk axmufcEH idk w f ,fv‹dk u|efawmfrxifygbl;? OD;Ek&ŒJ vuf&EdS idk if aH &; twGi;f 0ef OD;tket f aeeJ‹ _y;D cJw h hJ Zlvidk v f twGi;f u v$waf wmfcef;rtwGi;f &Sad ecsed rf mS dk f v$waf wmftwGi;f rSm rpPwm wGe'f &Db*f (Mr. Tom Driberg) qk;d 0g;vSwhJ oG,0f u ajymqkcd suaf wGu zqyvtzGŒJcsKyf t0ef;t0kid ;f twGi;f rSm &Sad eEkid w f hJ oHo,awGudk ykrd t dk m;aumif;oGm;apcJyh gw,f? 'Dtjzpftysuu f dk r-umcifu jrefrmhtvif;owif; pmrSm qma':refprpf&ŒJ oem;n‡mwmr+ay;yk‹d arwWm&yfccH suu f dk &nf!e¸ ;f _y;D jyefvnf azmfjyoGm;cJyh gw,f? owif;pmyg tusO;f csKyf&ŒJ oufqidk w f hJ aumufEw k cf suaf wGudk 9 xnfhay;vkdufygw,f? trft;D 'efeif;˜tD;tufpu f sL/ pDtrf*sD/ tkb d t D ;D Ekid if jH cm;a&;±k;H / vef'ef/ tufpf'AvsL=wpf Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô

302 302

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

&nf!e¸ ;f csurf sm;

t*Fvyd pf mtkypf mwrf;rsm;

jrefrmpmtkypf mwrf;rsm; Akdvfrª;csKyfausmfaZm

303

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Adkvfrª; baomif; (armifokw)“ArmawmfvSefa&;orkdif;” &efukef/ 1972? cifarmif!dk “tn-wppfonfwOD;. rSwfwrf;” &efukef/ 1969? a=u;rkH OD;aomif; “OD;ae0if;ESifhvufr±GHŒtm%mom;rsm;”/ Rego Park,NY USA 1990?

“Adkvfae0if;. ppf"m;jyvrf;pOf” vGwfajrmufe,fajr rme,fy avm/ 1964?

“Akdvfae0if; Zmwfvrf;±+yfor#” (ukd,fwkdifxkwf) Tamarac, Florida,USA 2001?

“OD;ae0if;. jymwqkyf”/ (ukd,fwkdifxkwf) Tamarac, Florida, USA 2004? =uif[dk;§Ekdif0if; (a'gufwm) “AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhjrefrmhtmZmenfrsm;vkyf}uHr+}uD; twGif;a&;rsm;” udk,fwdkifxkwf Fort Lauderdale, Florida 1992? armifjynfol “pDtm'DbD (odk‹r[kwf) jynfajy;wausmhjyef” jyef-um;a&; 0ef}uD;Xme/ &efukef/ 1990? jra'gif;!dk “&JabmfokH;usdyf” &efukef/ 1994? a&$uavmif “acwftvdkufowif;pmrsm; avhvmokH;oyf-unfh&m0,f” yxrwGJ/ jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;@me/ &efukef/ 1992? vlxkOD;vS “axmifeJ‹vlom;”þvlxkykHESdyfwkdufþ(ukd,fwkdifxkwf)þrEœav;/ 1957 ckESpf? “ppf/ tcspfeJ‹axmif” OD;wifarmif0if; “EkdifiHa&;orm;ESifhEkdifiHa&;”þpDpOfxkwfa0olþa':cifrsKd;at; ‘acwf-ydif’ *sme,f/ befaumuf/ 2000 ckESpf? atmifoef; “atmifoef;.atmifqef;” yk*HykHESdyfwkduf/ &efukef 1965? odef;azjrifh “olwkd‹acwf/ olwkd‹twdwf/ olwkd‹t&dyf” wkdif;vif;pmay/ &efukef/ 2000 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 206=208? “rsKd;cspfa,mifaqmif *VKeftwk OD;apm” aqmif;yg;/ Adkvf waxmifowif;pm/ 1966 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 19 &uf? wuUokdvfae0if; (AkdvfxGef;vS) “atmifqef;OD;wkd‹ taz” ca&zl;pmpOf/ &efukef/ 1967 ckESpf? “jynfaxmifpkAdokumþAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;”þpDpOfolþwif&Sdef?

OD;jroef;þtokdif;t0kdif;pmay/þ&efukef-rdŒrSxkwfa0/þ1997þckESpf arv? “wyfrawmfordkif;” (1945=48)/þwwd,wJG/þppfordkif;jywdkufESifhþwyfrawmfarmf uGef; wdkufrª;±kH;/ &efukef/ 1995? “wyfrawmfa&$&wk” jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;@me/ &efukef/ 1995?

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306

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

vlxkOD;vS= “axmifeJ‹vlom;” =vlxkpmykHESdyfwkduf/ rEœav; 1957? ‚if;pma&;olrmS emrnfausmx f w k af 0olEiS hf owif;pmq&mwOD;jzpf_yD; 1953 ckEpS rf S 1956 ESpfukeftxd EkdifiHa&;r+rsm;jzifh &efukefaxmifwGif; axmifuscJhonf? axmif wGif;okH;ESpfausmfumvtwGif; axmifusbufrsm;ukd ar;jref;_yD; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f tr+rsm;ukd a&;rSwfxm;cJhonf? xkda‹ emuf ‚if;wkdu ‹ kd pmtkyf (9) tkyfjzifh xkwfa0cJh onf? wcsdefwGif vlxkOD;vSonf taqmif (5) wGif cifarmif&if/ okcwkEd‹ Sifh wcef; xJuscJhonf? armifeDrSm wjcm;cef;wGifjzpfonf? ‚if;wkrd‹ Sm EkdifiHawmfvkyf}uHr+wGif yg0ifywfoufcJholrsm;jzpf-uonf? okcZmwfa-umif;jyefcJhonfrsm;rS oufqkdif&m aumufEw k cf sufrsm;ukd TrSwcf sufrsm;wGif azmfjyygrnf? pmrsufESm 100=102? -urRmiifonfhae‹ 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv (19) &uf eHeufapmapmykid ;f wGif OD;apmu olpw d ¯f uduf a&G;cs,fxm;olrsm;ukd owfrw S x f m; onfhvkyfief; taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf xGufcGm&ef tqifoifhjyifzkd‹ qifhac: vku d o f nf? b%ftEk-urf;pD;&ef avhusifx h m;olrsm;twGuf ppfwyf,el aD zmif;rsm; ukd ukd,fESifhwkdif;_yD; jyifxm;_yD;jzpfonfhtwGuf tjcm;olrsm;u ,if;wkd‹ukd OD;apm tcef;wGi;f rS t0wfy}Hk uD;rSvnf;aumif;/ OD;xkyrf sm;ukd um;*kad 'gifxrJ v S nf;aumif; oGm;a&muf,lay;&onf? okad‹ omf olwt kd‹ wGuf ppfwyfokH; bGwfzdeyfrsm;r&Sdonfh twGuf olwt kd‹ aejzifh olwu kd‹ kd,fykdif &mbmatmufcH t!kda&mifuif;bwf±SL;rsm;

uko d m 0wfc-hJ u&onf? rk;d zGzJ &JG mG aeonft h wGuf okcavSum;rStqif; ajcacsmfus oGm;onf? ol‹wifyg;emoGm;rnfhtpm; ol‹vufusKd;oGm;&if aumif;rSm[k olqkawmif;rdonf? 'grS ol‹taejzifh *spfum;ukd armif;&rSmr[kwfawmh[k olu OD;vSudk ajymjycJo h nf?

2 ‘The Burman’ - (1947=ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 22 &uf) txl;r+cif; w&m;±kH;/ w&m;vdkjyoufaorsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;= ±Hk;vkvifaomif;pdefu 1947=ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (19) &ufwiG f tr+aqmifaumifpcD ef;rwHcg;0Y olonf wm0ef uscJh_yD; eHeuf(10)em&DrSpI ola‹ cG;ajcxdkifcHkay:wGif xdkifaecJha-umif;/ p}uFefvrf; wGif vrf;ovm;aeaom a[mif;EGrf;aeonfh t0wftpm; 0wfxm;aom vlw a,muf (r+ef}uD;) udk olowdxm;rda-umif;/ ,leDazmif;0wfvl (4) OD;a&mufvm _yD;/ wHcg;&Sd&modk‹ OD;wnfoGm;&mwGif tcGifhr&SdbJ twif;0ifcGifhr&Sda-umif;udk xdkol rsm;udk oluajymcJha-umif;/ OD;&mZwf. tdENd,vlrsKd; ±Hk;vkvifuvnf;xdktcsdef u tem;wGif&SdaeI txJr0if&ef xdkolrsm;udk ajymcJha-umif; xGufqdkcJhonf?

3 ‘The Burman’ (txufygowif;pm) w&m;vdkjyoufao udkoef;u OD;&mZwf. ud, k af &;vufaxmuftcef;wGi;f rS ud, k &f aH wmf udak xG; ajy;xGuv f m onfukd oljrifawGŒcahJ -umif;ESifh &ef}uD;atmifu olu ‹ kd aoewfjzifh ypfcscJah -umif;/ oufaoxGuq f ckd o hJ nf? xda‹k emuf &ef}uD;atmifu udo k ef;udk aoewfjzifh csed v f u kd f &m olu owif;axmufwOD;jzpfa-umif; atmfajymvdu k o f jzihf olu ‹ kd rypfcahJ -umif; xGuq f ckd o hJ nf?

4 ‘The Burman’ (txufygowif;pm) w&m;vdjk youfao OD;zd;k pdef (pDti kd 'f rD )S CID u tkwe f &H rH sm; °yduso-H um;&onft h csed w f iG f olonf twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k twGi;f &Sd ol‹±Hk;cef;wGif&Sdaea-umif; oufaoxGufqdkcJhonf? pHkprf;&ef taemufbuf taqmifo‹kd olxu G v f mcJo h nf/ vufaxmuf&rJ if;}uD; ACP rpPwm bwfpf (Busk) xdkae&modk‹ a&mufESihfae_yD; OD;zdk;pdefu vufaxmuf&Jrif;}uD;. ¯ud;rJha-u;eef; um;rSwqifh &efukef°rd›twGif;&Sd &Jpcef;tm;vHk;odk‹ a&'D,dkpufjzihf owif;ay;ydk‹cJh onf? olonf tcif;jzpfyGm;&modk‹ qufvufxGufoGm;cJh&m udkaxG;udk '%f&m jyif;xefpGm&&Sdvsuf -urf;jyifay:wGifvJaeonfudk awGŒ&onf? udkaxG;rSm pum; tenf;i,fajymEdkifao;&m ‘u|efawmfhudk bmta-umif;rS r&SdbJ ypfcwfoGm;cJh-u w,f’ [k olu ‹ akd jymcJo h nf? OD;zd;k pdeo f nf Adv k cf sKyf.tcef;ok‹d xyfro H mG ;cJ&h m p}uFef vrf;xdwdkifatmif aoG;rsm;pD;qif;aeonfudk awGŒcJh&onf?

5 OD;Ek. “OD;Ek=wmawpaeom;” (Saturday’s Son) = (a,;wuUodkvf

307

308

rSwcf surf sm; Zmwfvrf;0ify*k Kd~ vfrsm;? vlowform;rsm;ESihf Oya'qdkif&myk*~dKvfrsm;?

1? tmZmenfyk*d~Kvfrsm;/ vlowform;rsm;ESifh Oya'qdkif&myk*~dKvfrsm; pm&if;wGiyf g&Sad om trnfemrrsm;onf jrefrmhenf;vrf;t& &mxl; tqift h wef; 0gpOftvdu k Ef iS hf ta&;ygr+rsm;tay:wGif rlwnf_yD; pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf?

tcef; (1) Akv d cf sKyfvyk }f uHc&H jcif; 1

307

308

309

rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

yHkESdyfwdkuf/ e,l;a[AifESihf vef'ef 1975) pmrsufESm 133/ ‘ocifEk[m bdvyf&J‹ tat;'%furkd cHEikd b f ;l / bdvyfrmS w}udrzf sm;w,f/ Zlvikd v f v,favmuf &efuek f jyefa&mufwJhtcgrSmvnf; xyfzsm;aeao;w,f/ tJ'ga-umifh Zlvdkifv (18) &uf nbufrmS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m ocifEt k rd u f kd a&mufvmw,f? Adv k cf sKyfatmif qef;udk tvkyt f r+aqmiftzGŒJ &‹J 'kw, d em,utjzpfu 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfo‹kd ajymif; zdt ‹k wGuf _Adwo d #tpd;k &wdu ‹k pDpOfaewJt h a-umi;f/ 0ef}uD;csKyf tufwvD rSmvdu k f wJt h wdik ;f ocifEu k Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ud ak jymjyw,f? wem&Davmuf-umwJt h cg Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; xjyefomG ;w,f? Ak'w < &m;awmftvdt k &ajymr,fq&kd if olw‹kd ESpfa,muf&JŒa&puf[m 'Db0rSm 'Dr#yJygw,f? aemufwae‹reuf (11) em&D avmuf&SdwJhtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJ‹ 0ef}uD;wcsKd‹ usqHk;oGm;wJhta-umif;udk jrefrmhtvif; OD;wifu w,fvDzkef;eJ‹ vS rf;_yD;ajymwm ocifEk-um;vdkuf&w,f? ocifEv k J twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k udk csucf si;f vdu k o f mG ;w,f? aq;±H}k uD;udk tavmif;awG ,loGm;_yDqdkwmeJ‹ aq;±Hk}uD;udk ocifEkvdkufjyefw,f? AdkvfcsKyftavmif;udk-unfh &if; rae‹ nuyJ pum;ajymae-uao;wmudk ajy;jrif_yD; ocifEk[m ±d+uf}uD;wiif idak ew,f’ 6 r[moD&dok"rR a':cif-unf (16²4²12=27²12²88)? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.

ZeD;/ ajrmif;jrwGif arG;zGm;/ OD;zkd;n‡if; a':zGm;pkwkd‹. om;orD; (10) OD;teuf (8) a,mufajrmuf? ausmif;_yD;aemuf q&mjzpfoifESifh olem«yq&mroifwef;rsm; atmifjrif_yD; ausmif;q&mtjzpf acwWr#vyk u f idk _f yD; olem«yq&mrtjzpf qufvuf vkyfukdifcJhonf? *syef0ifodrf;ykduf_yD; tapmykdif;umvwGif °rdŒawmfwGif yxrqkH; aq;±kHxlaxmif&mY yg0ifcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; vlemtjzpfwufa&mufpOf olem«yt}uD;tuJjzpfol a':cif-unfukd AkdvfcsKyftm; -unfh±+apmifha&Smuf&ef uHw&m;. wku d q f idk rf [ + q k &dk rnfvm;rod wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf? odyrf -umrD 1942 ckESpf pufwifbmv (6) &ufae‹wGif olwkd‹ vufxyfcJh-uonf? (5) ESpf-um aysmfaysmf&$if&$ifaygif;oif;cJh_yD; olrtaejzifh cifyGef;onfukd qkH;±+H;cJh&avonf?

Adv k cf sKyf. rJqENe,f &efuek °f rdŒ vrf;rawmf. trwfae&mukd olrtm; qGaJ qmif,l apcJhonf? olronf vlr+zlvkHa&;Xme !¸ef-um;a&;rª;wm0ef,l&eftwGuf trwf tjzpfrS Ekwx f u G cf o hJ nf? aemufwiG f jynfaxmifpk vlrz+ v l aHk &;aumifpu D dk OD;aqmif cJhonf? 1960 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif tdENd,EkdifiHESifh eDaygEkdifiHwkd‹okd‹ oHtrwftjzpf cef‹tyfcHcJh&_yD; (7) ESpfr# wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; jrefrmEkdifiHokd‹ jyefvm_yD; tem;,lcJhonf? tif;,m;uefabmifab;wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; olraetdrfwGif

olr.b0rSm aysmf&$ifat;_idrf;vSonf? 1988 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (27) &ufae‹wGif olr.touf (77) ESpftwGif; olruG,fvGefcJhonf?

7 at;&Sm;0d(cf) (Asia Week)/ 1993 ckESpf/ rwfv (3) &uf/ aqmif;yg;. tqk;H ykid ;f / urBmay:&Sd t}uD;qk;H tmCmw/ “ol (ae0if;) . Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;ay: xm;&Sdaom rkef;wD;r+onf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ol&Jaumif;. (ouf&Sdxif&Sm; &Sdaeaom) om;orD; (2) OD;wkd‹tay:xd qufvuf&Sdaeao;ygovm;/ a':atmif qef;pk-unf b,frmS &Sad eonfudk u|eaf wmfwt ‹dk m;vk;H od-uygonf? Adv k cf sKyfatmif qef;wGif atmifqef;OD;[kac:aom om;wOD;&Sdygao;onf? olonf ava-umif; qkdif&m tif*sifeD,mwOD;jzpf_yD; tar&duefjynfaxmifpkY aexkdifvsuf&Sdonf? atmufygtjzpftysufrSm t*FvefwGif vGefcJhaom tESpfESpfq,fcef‹u ausmif; om;av;wOD;r#omjzpfaom atmifqef;OD;ok‹d jzpfysucf jhJ cif;jzpfonf? xkt d csed o f nf S v f il ,fonf vef'ef&dS jrefrmoH±;Hk 0k'pf awmh (Woodstock) wka‹d cwfjzpfonf? qH&n Y &SdaepOf OD;ae0if;u xkdae&mokd‹ a&mufoGm;cJhonf? ppfoHrª;u xkdvli,fonf rnfoljzpfa-umif; OD;ae0if;ukd today;vkdufonf? OD;ae0if;onf a'gotkd; aygufux JG u G _f yD; ‘'DacG;rom;’ ukd oH±;Hk 0if;xJu tckcsufcsif; uefxw k yf pfvu dk [ f k trdef‹ay;cJhonf? ppfoHrª; &JxGef;tm; teD;uyfqkH;av,mOfysHjzifh &efukefjyefykd‹ vku d o f nf?”

8 touf (7) ESpfom&Sdao;aom atmifqef;vif;onf &efukef°rd›/ wm0g vde;f vrf; aetdr_f cH0if;twGi;f &$ŒH EpS rf sm;ygaom a&tdik w f iG f a&epf_yD;aoqH;k cJo h nf?

9 0ifa&mufpD;eif;aomtzGJŒudk &J0efaxmuf (Police Superintendent) tuf (pf) 'D *syf (S.D.. Jupp) uOD;aqmifco hJ nf? 1928 ckEpS /f 'DZbFmvwGif rpPwm*syf udk Armjynf&w J yfzŒJGo‹kd ceft ‹ yfco hJ nf?

10 The Burman (1947 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (23) &uf/ w&m;vdkjy oufaojzpfol Armhvufeufudkif wdkufcdkufa&;&JwyfzGJŒrS acgif;aqmif &Jwyf-uyf (Head Constable) rif;Edkifonf 0ifa&mufpD;eif;onfhtzGJŒwGif yg0ifcJh_yD; ol‹udk aoewfESihfcsdef&G,f_yD; ypf&ef ðyrlcJhonfhtwGuf ol. typfcH&olrSm r+ef}uD;jzpf a-umif; ±Hk;awmfwGif twnfðyajymqdkcJhonf?

1947 ckEpS /f atmufwb dk mv (9) &ufae‹xw k f ‘jrefrmhtvif;’ owif;pmwGif vkyf}uHr+}uD; pwifppfaq;onfh ,cifae‹ta-umif; aqmif;yg;Y a&;om;xm; onfrSmr+ vlowform;/ }uH&mygol tpGyfpGJcH&ol w&m;cH (7) OD;tm; vufeuf ukdifykvdyfrsm;u vufxdwfcwfapmifha&Smufxm;um ±kH;cef;wGif;okd‹ 0ifvmcsdefwGif

309

310 310

rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

r+ef}uD;tm; “vusfmbuf vufwykdif;jywfaeol” [k azmfjyxm;ygonf?

11 1989 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfonf tdyfcsfatpwkdem (H.A. Stonor) ESifh pma&;om;qufoG,fcJh&m 1997 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufwGif bDbDpD (2) ±kyfjrifoH -um;tpDtpOfu EkdifiHawmfvkyf}uHr+ taxmuftxm;±kyf&Sifukd jyo_yD;aemuf _Adwdefjrefrmtoif;. ukd,fykdifuGefysLwm uGef,ufae&mwGif olwifjycJhaom tcsufukdyif olu xyfrHtxl;«ya&;ygonf? b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf tm;vkH;xJrSm ykHrSefr[kwfbJ xl;jcm;aewmu OD;apmukd,fwkdif&JŒ v+yf&Sm;r+awGyJ? eef;&if;0ef a[mif;wa,muftaeeJ‹ OD;apmrSm Ekid if aH &;&nfreS ;f csuaf wG &Sad eao;wm oHo, 0ifp&m rvkdygbl;? 'gayr,fh tJ'DtcsdefrSm ol‹&JŒt«ytrlawGuawmh tm%m&zkd‹ r[mpDrHudef;}uD; csufcsif;}uHpnfaewJh vlwa,mufykHrsKd;awmh ray:ygbl;? wu,fwrf;u OD;apmtaeeJ‹ vkH;0bmrS rvkyfcJhbJ tzrf;cH&wJhtxd ol‹tdrfxJ xkid af ecJw h myJ? rpPwm tdycf sfatpwked monf vky}f uHrj+ zpfpOfu jrefrmjynftwGi;f tajcpkdufxm;aom 0Jvfcsf&J*sDrifhrS ti,fwef;t&m&Sdjzpfonf? olonf aemufykdif;wGif vef'ef&Sd “jrefrmawmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;tzGJŒ” ukd 0ifa&mufco hJ nf?

12 vlxkOD;vS/ ‘axmifeJ‹vlom;’ (okcZmwfa-umif;jyef) pmrsufESm 107?

OD;apm. _cH0if;twGif;wGif usef;rm}u›Hckdifaom a,musfm;OD;a& (30) ausmf aexkdifvsuf&Sd_yD; olwkd‹tm;vkH;ukd 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufae‹wGif tif;pdeaf xmifo‹dk ac:aqmifomG ;cJo h nf?

13 txl;ckH±kH;. pD&ifqkH;jzwfcsuf (1947 ckESpf w&m;qkdifjcif;trSwf=1) rS w&m;±kH;a&;om;csuf? “,cktcg OD;apmESifh tvGefrsm;jym;aom ol‹tdrfom;pk tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ukd &mZ0wfr+jzpf_yD; em&Dykdif;twGif; zrf;qD;Ekdifjcif;rSm rpPwmcef; (w&m;vkdjyoufao=39) u twGif;0efcsKyfESifh ol‹±kH;cef;wGif pnf;a0;aeaom OD;xGef;vSatmif (w&m;vkdjyoufao=38) xH olukd,fwkdif oGm;a&mufay;yko d‹ nfh

0uf (b)/ qpfeDESifh bd&ufw&pf(p)= (Webb,Sidney & Beatrice) “1911=12 c&D;oGm;ae‹pOfrSwfwrf;” (The 1911-12 Travel Diary) rdwfqufI

wnf;jzwfol ygarmuQ a*smh/ zDbm (Prof. George Feaver), Macmillan, 1922,p.193 “Ak'b < momuvsm%,k0toif; (YMBA) tm; pwifzŒJG pnf;cJo h nfh t"dut a-umif;rsm;rSm tar&duefbufwpf(p) omoem«ytzGJŒ (American Baptist Mission) . tm;¯ud;rmefwufenf;rsm;jzifh c&pf,mefbmomok‹d oGwo f iG ;f aejcif;rsm;ukd ckHcH&efjzpfonf? EkdifiHtESH‹tjym;wGif toif;0if (4˜000) &Sdonfh rsm;jym;aom toif;cGJrsm;&Sd_yD; rSefrSefwkd;wufvsuf&Sdonf? olwkd‹rSm pm-unfhcef;rsm;zGifhum pm-unfhwkdufrsm; pwifcgpjzpfvsuf jrefrmpmukd trª;xm;onf? vpOf*sme,fukd vnf; xkwaf 0onf? Ttoif;onf jrefrmhtavhtx "avhx;Hk pHrsm;ukd xde;f odr;f xm;_yD; jrefrmht,ltqrsm;ukd a,bk,stm;jzifh azmfjy&eftwGufrsm;ukd vkyfukdif vmEkid rf nfh toif;ok‹d wk;d wufEidk zf , G &f o dS nf?”

2 a':jrar (c) rpPpf trf/ trf vSatmif MBE ( 1853=1943) onf &efuek °f rd› wGif Apfw;kd &D;,m;bk&ifrtxdr;f trSwf Ak'b < momrde;f uav;ausmif;ESihf Ak'b < mom a,musfm;av;ausmif;wdu k‹ dk pwifwnfaxmifcJh&m ,if;wdu k‹ dk aemifwGif Apfwdk;&D; ,m;bk&ifr txdrf;trSwf rdef;uav;ausmif;tjzpf ajymif;vJypfcJhonf? 'vESihf armfv°rdifwdk‹rS ppfuJ}uD; (ppfwyfzGJŒwzGJŒ. 'k=wyfrª;) armifaxmfav;. ti,f qH;k orD;ESihf ppfu}J uD; armifcidk . f wlrjzpfonf? olr.cifyeG ;f jzpfol OD;vSatmifrmS tdENd,b¾mwdkufrsm;udk xdef;csKyfuGyfuJol ( Controller of Indian Treasuries) rif;}uD;jzpfI olwo ‹kd nf umvuwWm; (Calcutta)/ r'&yfp/f bkaH b/ yef*syf ponfah e &mrsm;wGif ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm aexdik cf -hJ uonf? rdrw d ikd ;f jynf jyefa&mufvmaomtcg olronf wufºuGI -oZmwduUr&Sdaom ynmjzef‹a0olESifh vlr+a&;vkyfief;vkyf aqmifol jzpfvmcJhonf? tpdk;&u olr. jynfolvlxktwGuf vkyfaqmifr+rsm; tm; todtrSwfðyonfhtaejzifh (_Adwdo#tifydkif,m. tzGJŒ0if) trfbDtD; (MBE) bGŒJ jzihf csD;jr‡ichf o hJ nf? u|Ekyf . f tbd;k jzpfol OD;aratmifonf OD;vSatmif.wlawmf _yD; OD;vSatmifu olt ‹ m;ynm oif-um;ay;cJhum }uD;jyif;atmif apmifha&Smufay; cJo h nf?

3 w&m;ol}uD; qm/ armifcif (KCIE, FA, LlB., bm;=tuf=avm (1872=1924)? oluG,fvGefcsdefwGif owif;pmxJwGif EdkufbGJŒ (Knight) jzifh ol aumif;ðycH&oltjzpf ol‹yHkudkazmfjycJh_yD; ,if;yHkatmufwGif A[dkw&m;±Hk;. yxr qHk; jrefrmw&m;ol}uD;rif;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpDtzGJŒ0if/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; tp&Sdojzihf jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm t&m&mwGif yxrpGJol[k tr$ef;wifazmfjy cJo h nf? ppfu}J uD;armifaxmfav;.ajr;jzpfol a':oef;ar (av'Dcif) udk vufxyf

311

312

owif;a-umifjh zpfonf?”

tcef; (2) t"duacgif;aqmifrsm; 1

311

312

313

rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

cJo h nf? om;orD;rsm;rSm OD;rsKd;cifEiS hf cifcif{jzpfonf?

4 w&m;ol}uD;OD;aratmif (MA, LlM., bm;=tuf=avm) (1880=1926)/ A[dkw&m;±Hk;. w&m;ol}uD;rif;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpD/ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; qm=armifcifae&mudkqufcHcJhonf? 0dkiftrfbDat (YMBA) . OuU@ (1919) / Oya'ynm&yfqikd &f mygarmuQEiS fh &efuek w f uUov kd . f ynm&Sit f zGŒJ 0if/ Ak'b < mom xH;k wrf;Oya'ESiyfh wfoufI xdyw f ef;ynm&Si/f ppfu}J uD; armifaxmfav;. aemuf xyfajr;wOD;jzpfol a':odef;jrudk vufxyfcJhonf? om;orD;rsm;rSm owdk;atmif/ xGe;f vSatmifEiS fh rjrpdew f ‹kd jzpfonf? aemifwiG f ,m,Db&k ifcjH zpfvmol qma*sat armif}uD;u ‚if;. jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;t±dkuft&mudk qufcHcJhonf?

5 armifarmif (Adkvfrª;csKyfa[mif;) “oHCmrS omrefvlokd‹” jrefrmEkdifiH. trsK;d om;a&;v+y&f mS ;r+rsm; 1920=1940/ 1980 ykEH ydS /f pmrsuEf mS 258 rSwcf suf (16)? “t*Fvdyf=jrefrmujym; c±kdif&J0efaxmuf aZAD;,m; (Xavier) taejzifh vlacgif; rsm;ukd w&m;0if"mwfykH±kdufEkdifa&;twGufom pm;yGJay:wifcJhjcif;twGuf tjypf ajymp&mjzpfco hJ nf? rnfoq ‹dk adk p vltyk }f uD;pkrv d m_yD; owif;pmorm;rsm;uvnf; "mwfykHrsm;±kdufEkdifcJh-uonf?” (aemufqufwGJjzpfay:vmaom vlxk. tvefw ‹ -um;uef‹uGufatmf[pfr+rsm;a-umifh jynf-rd›&Sd ppfwyftaejzifh aemufykdif;wGif xkwfjyefcJh&aom tjzpftysuf ta-umif;t&mrS aumufEkwfcsuf) 6 xdkaqmif;yg;rSm aemifaomtcg ‘tdk;a0’ owif;pmydkif&SifESihf t,f'Dwm jzpfvmrnfh OD;ndKjr.vuf&mjzpfygonf?

7 tzrf;tqD;cH&olrsm;wGif aemifwcsdew f iG f 0ef}uD;rsm;jzpfvmrnfh udAk aqG ESihf udkA[def; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf-uygonf?

8 wuUodkvfrS udkvSa&$/ *syfqifaumvdyfrS udkatmifausmfESifh (°rdr› )oef;wdk‹ OD;aqmifaom ausmif;om;trsm;tjym;u eef;&if;0ef a'gufwmbarmfOD;aqmif onfh twGi;f 0efrsm;±H;k od‹k oGm;a&mufqENjy-uygonf?

9 rnfoluaygufvdkufonfrod/ ‘ol&d,’wdkufa&S› Am'HyifatmufrS jrif;pD; ykvdyf a*:&mqm*sifwOD; bdvyf&nfykvif;rSef_yD; jrif;ay:rStus/ jrif;pD;ykvdyfrsm; u pka0;ae-uaom vlrsm;tm; eHygwfwkwfrsm;ESihf ±dkuf-uygawmhonf?

10 xdktcg yxrurBmppf(1914=1918) jyef ocifbdk;vS}uD; OD;aqmifxm; onfh vl (6˜000) tiftm;&Sdonfh vlxkcsDwuf-uygonf?

11 ‘atmifqef;udk b,fow l u,fowfovJ’ ordik ;f taxmuftxm; ±kyjf rif oH-um; rSww f rf;±ky&f iS Ef iS yfh wfoufI _Aw d o d #toHvi$ ahf umfyakd &;&Si;f (2) wDADG BBC

(2) TV / bmrif[ef°rd› (Birmingham) &Sd tm&StpDtpOfXmerS xkwfvkyfolrsm;u

ywfoufol yk*Kd~ vftawmfrsm;rsm;udk awGŒqakH r;jref;cJo h nf? u|eaf wmfuykd g zdwaf c:I 1996 ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f wGif t*Fvefjynfo‹kd oGm;a&mufcyhJ gonf? Edik if aH wmf vky}f uHr+ ESpf (50) jynfh txdr;f trSwt f jzpf 1997 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f (19) &ufae‹wiG f *&dwf _Adwed f (Great Britain) . xkwv f i$ rhf Y+ aumufEw k cf suftwdrk sm;udk a&G;cs,f jyocJo h nf? a&G;Ekwx f m;aom ud;k um;csurf sm;udk TrSwcf surf sm;atmufwiG f azmfjyoGm;ygrnf? vlawGŒar;jref;cH&ol ‘tJ&pf/ bufwmpbD’ (bk&ifcH. udk,f&Hawmf=1942/ Eric Battersby, ADC) uæ “ol (a':refprpf/ Dorman- Smith) uawmh ol‹udk azsmfajzwJh vlawGeJ‹ &$ifjrL;apEkdifwJh vl&Sdor#eJ‹ txufpD;qufqHEkdifwJh olwkdif;udk ESpo f ufw,f? txufuvlawGuakd wmh olróudub f ;l ? olu ‹ kd {nfch H pojzihf vkyEf idk f wJh atmufcv H al wGuakd wmh oabmusw,f? u|eaf wmfajymcsiw f mu wjcm;vlrsm; awGukd b,fvv kd rl sKd;vJqw kd m cefr‹ eS ;f -unfw h ahJ e&mrSm u|efawmft h xift& ol[m t}udrfrsm;pGm vHk;vHk;rSm;,Gif;cJhw,f?

OD;apmeef;&if;0efjzpfpOfu bk&ifcu H Ekid if u H kd oluwqihf tkycf sKyfcw hJ ,f? a':refprpf&JŒ owW0gr[kwf&if olvufrcHEkdifbl;? OD;apmu ol‹owW0gjzpf w,f? oloabmuswJv h jl zpfcw hJ ,f” [k ajymqdck o hJ nf?

12 aemifwGif Adkvf&efatmif[k xif&Sm;vmoljzpfonf? 1948 ckuGefjrLepf (CPB) ykeu f efrw + iG yf g0ifomG ;_yD;/ 1997 ckEpS w f iG f (CPB) ygwDuyif uGyrf sufvu kd f onf?

13 Adv k rf ;ª }uD; qlZu l ;D (c) rDemrD rql,dk (c) Adv k rf ;dk ¯ud; (bDtidk af t Adv k cf sKyf}uD; rDemrD)? owWd&Sdaom w±kwfjynf ppfqifa&; ppfjyef/ ol txl;pdwf0ifpm;onfrSm ta&SŒawmiftm&Sjzpf_yD; Armvrf;r}uD; jyefvnfzGifhvSpfonfESifh r[mAsL[m t& ta&;ygvmaom jrefrmEkid if t H ay:ESihf Oa&mywGif ppfyrJG mS ra&Smifrv$o J mjzpf vmonft h csdew f iG f *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmf. r[mpDru H ed ;f rsm;wGif tm±kpH ;l pku d v f m cJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;okd‹ *syefwt kd‹ aejzifh ykdrkd_yD; vG,fvG,f0ifEkdifzkd‹ vkdouJhokd‹ tm&Swkdufom;csif; r[mrdwf«yEkdifonfh tajymif;tvJ tcGifhta&;ay;jcif;jzihf w±kwu f eG jf rLepfrsm;bufo‹dk olw. ‹dk vuf0, J rd ;f aer+ ukd wefjyefEidk zf ‹dk vkt d yfonf? xkdokd‹ «yvkyfEkdif&ef jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;t-um;wGif _Adwdo#qefu ‹ sifa&;tiftm;pkrsm; tm;aumif;aumif;ESihf &Sad erSjzpfayrnf?

Tokd‹ jzifh Adkvfrª;}uD; qlZluD;onf 1939 ckESpf apmapmuyif ppfOD;pD;XmerS vkyfief;w&yf taumiftxnfazmf&ef wm0eftay;cH&onf? ol‹taejzifh (6)

313

314 314

315

rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

vwmumvtwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHtajctaeukd avhvm&efESifh tquftoG,frsm; wnfaqmufEkdifa&;twGuf pl;prf;&SmazG&efjzpfonf? ,kdrD,l&Dowif;pm. owif;axmuf rDemrDrql,t dk jzpf Adv k rf ;ª }uD;onf 1940 ckEpS f arvwGif &efuek o f ‹dk a&mufvmcJhonf? OD;apmu olESifhawGŒqkH&ef tpysKd;cJh_yD; *syefu ppftultnD xkESifhxnfESifh ay;Ekdifrnfvm;[kar;cJhonf? qlZluD;u ol‹rSm owif;axmuf wa,mufomjzpfygonf[lI ta-umif;jyum a&SmifxGufcJh&onf? xkd‹aemuf *syef=jrefrm cspf-unfa&;toif;zGJŒonfhtcg qlZluD;u twGif;a&;rª;jzpfvm_yD; xif&Sm;aom jrefrmvlrsKd;wOD;jzpfonfh a'gufwmodrf;armifu jzpfajrmufa&; tusKd;aqmifjzpfvmonf? Adkvfr;ª }uD;taejzifh olu ‹ kd ykdrdkod&Sd&if;ESD;vm_yD; olw. kd‹ vGwv f yfa&;¯ud;yrf;r+wiG f ulnED idk o f nfh olt ‹ &nftcsif;ukv d nf; jrefrmjzpfot l m; txifw}uD;jzpfvmapcJo h nf? qlZu l ;D taejzifh jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f &Sd v#K0‹d u S t f quf toG,rf sm;ta-umif; avhvmEkid v f mcJ_h yD; bke;f awmf}uD; OD;em*gtdjzifh jrefrmt"du &yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf qufo, G rf r+ sm; ykrd w kd ;dk csJŒEidk cf o hJ nf?

14 tDZlrd,m wufql±kd= rDemrDatmf*ef pmrsufESm (23)? “*syefemrnfrsm;ukd Akv d rf ;ª }uD; qlZu l ;D u pOf;pm;ay;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? jrefrm[l aom pum;vk;H pktwGuf a&;&aom yxrqk;H aom *syefpum;vk;H ukd ESpyf idk ;f cGv J u dk f _yD; vlESpfa,muftwGuf rdom;pkemrnfrsm;tjzpf tokH;«yvkdufonf? atmifqef; twGuf tkdrkd'gESifh vS-rdiftwGuf tDwkd'gjzpfonf? olwkd‹. ukd,fykdifemrnfrsm;ukd a'gufwmodrf;armif.trnfrS &,lcJhonf? odrf;rSm awtDcsD/ armifrSm rGef*sD? Tok‹djzifh rsK;d cspjf refrmESpOf ;D twGuf *syefemrnfrsm;jzpfaom tkrd 'dk grGe*f sED iS hf tDw'dk gaw tDcsDwr‹dk mS arG;zGm;vmcJo h nf?

15 tifemtdk rDZlwmeD (Inao Mitzutani) (*syefaxmufvS rf;a&; 1940) u ‘&efuek Ef iS fh ,leef qufo, G x f m;aom Armvrf;r}uD;udk jzwfawmuf&efrmS rDemrD uDuef (Minami Kikan) . tcef;u¾jzpfonf? ,if;odk‹vkyf&efrSm jrefrmhvGwf vyfa&;v+yf&Sm;r+udk axmufcH&efjzpfonf? ‘tdENd,&Sd _Adwdo#udkarmif;xkwf&ef u|Eyfk w f ‹kd jrefrmjynfwiG f &Sad ecJo h nf? jrefrmvGwv f yfa&;udk ay;&efr[kwyf g? jrefrm Edik if w H iG f vH°k cHaom ajcukypf cef;r&Sb d J u|Ekyf w f p‹kd pfwyftaejzifh tdE, dN oda‹k &muf&dS &ef rjzpfEikd yf g’ [k ajymqdck o hJ nf? rpPwm rDZw l meDonf ,if;toHvi$ x hf w k rf r+ wdik f rD 1997=ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf?

16 ukad qmif; (c) Akv d x f ed 0f if;? T&Jabmfo;Hk usdy0f ifta-umif; Ekid if jH cm;om; pma&;q&mrsm;u Tokd‹ azmfjycJh-uonf? olonf tcGifhaumif;tcgaumif;wGif

*syefY ausmif;om;wa,muftjzpf a&muf&SdaecJhjcif;omjzpf_yD; ppfoifwef; rqif;&aomfvnf; ta&;}uD;tvkyw f m0efrsm; aqmif&u G &f onf? olonf vli,f wOD;taejzifh rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sd_yD; *syefukd jzpfEkdifacs&Sdaom r[mrdwftjzpf tav; xm;cJo h nf? *syefo‹dk oGm;a&mufynmoif&ef vkv d m;cJ_h y;D 1938 ckEpS w f iG rf S a'gufwm odrf;armifu xkdokd‹ «yvkyfEkdif&ef pDpOfaqmif&Gufay;cJhonf? olonf -uufaygif ap;vkyfief;wGif t"du pdwf0ifpm;r+&Sdaomfvnf; xl;jcm;vSpGm owif;pmvkyfief;/ ykHESdyfvkyfief;/ owif;pmtwwfynmESifha-umfjimvkyfief;oifwef;rsm;ukd wuf a&mufcJhonf? xkd‹aemuf olonf wkdusKdpufr+ twwfynmoifausmif;ukd wuf a&mufcJh_yD; ykHESdyfvkyfief;ukd qufvufqnf;yl;cJhonf? 1941 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv apmapmykdif;wGif olonf Adkvfr;ª }uD; qlZluD;/ atmifqef;/ vS-rdifwEdk‹ Sifh qufoG,frd onf? rwfvwGif a&a-umif;rS olu ‹ kd befaumufokdy‹ kdv ‹ kduf_yD; csif;rkdifwGif (6) v cef‹ axmufvS rf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufaponf? olonf a&a-umif;rSyif *syefokd‹ jyefvmcJhonf? oltjyefc&D;wGif tykdwm0efwck,lcJh&onf? ,if;rSm azmfrq dk mok‹d tjcm;&Jabmfrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;Ekid af &;twGuf oGm;a&muf&ef uke;f vrf; jzifh befaumufoa‹dk &muf&v dS maom ocifoef;wifudk twlapmifah &Smufac:aqmif vmcJh&jcif;jzpfonf? olonf oef;wifukd azmfrkdqmwGifxm;cJh&m oef;wifonf iSufzsm;a&m*gjzifh ,if;ae&mwGif aoqkH;cJhonf? olu *syefokd‹ EkdifiHa&; wm0ef rsm;jzifh qufvufxGufcGmoGm;cJhonf? olonf azmfrkdqmokd‹ jyefvm_yD; ppfoif wef;wGif yg0ifcJhonf? olwkd‹trsm;pkrSm befaumufwGif jyefvnfpkH±kH;rd-uaomf vnf; Adkvfxdef0if;taejzifh trdajrtwGif;okd‹ bDtkdifat. xkd;azmuf0ifa&mufr+ wGif yg0ifEidk jf cif;r&Scd ahJ cs? tb,fa-umifq h adk omf ,k;d ',m;&Sd *syefb&k ifw h yfrawmf . 0g'jzef‹ jzL;a&;Xmeu ol‹ukdvkdtyfaeaoma-umifhjzpfonf? jynfwGif;&Sd vlxk xH olu a&'D,kdtoHv$ifhr+rsm; «yvkyfcJh_yD; av,mOfrS }uJcspmrsm;ukdvnf; olu a&;ay;cJh&onf? _Adwdo#wkd‹ rEœav;ukd odrf;ykduf_yD;aemuf arvwGifrS olonf jrefrmjynfo‹dk jyefvnfa&muf&cdS o hJ nf?

17 ukdxGef;&Sdef (1918=1989)? ausmif;om;b0u olu ‹ kd oHr%dxGef;&Sdef[k vlodrsm;onf? &efukefwuUokdvf ausmif;om;or*~. twGif;a&;rª;jzpfcJhonf? _Adwdo#wyfwkd‹tqkwfwGif bDtkdifat (BIA) ESifh wkdufyGJrsm;jzpf&mY a&$awmif wku d yf w JG iG f &Jabmfo;Hk usdyw f t ‹dk -um; emrnf}uD;vm_yD; Adv k &f efEidk t f jzpf ausmf-um; vmcJhonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; a'gufwmbarmfonf EkdifiHawmf t"dywd t&Sifrif;}uD;tjzpf jrifhwufoGm;&m Adkvf&efEkdifukd ol‹. ppfzufvufaxmufESifh

315

316 316

317

rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

tyg;awmf_rJtjzpf a&G;cs,fcJhonf? Akdvf&efEkdifu a'gufwmbarmf.orD;jzpf olþ wifZm (Tinza) ESifh aemufqkH;wGif vufxyfcJhonf? 1970 ckESpfwGif olonf xkdif;EkdifiHY zGJŒpnf;cJhaom OD;Ek. ae0if;qefu ‹ sifa&;wyfzGJŒrsm;wGif yl;aygif;yg0ifcJh onf? 1980 ckESpfwGif vGwf_idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdet f‹ & jrefrmEkdifiHokd‹ jyefvmcJhonf?

1989 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG o f nf?

18 tDemtkrd ZD w l meD=“iSuaf ysmoD;wwG”J (orkid ;f Xme=&S*D wfum=vpfb&,f tEkynmaumvdyf/ um*kd&SDrmwuUokdvf/ ukd&Drkdwkd/ um*kd&SDrm/ *syef/ 1948 ckESpf) pmrsufEmS 36? “eHeufcif;wckrmS ocifpv H id+ Ef iS hf tjcm; (4) a,mufw[ ‹dk m oabFmaiGpm&if; ukdiftcef;ukda&mufvm_yD; ocifxGef;tkyfu EkdifiHa&;orm;b0cH,lxm;oltaeeJ‹ -unfh_yD; ol‹ukd acgif;aqmiftjzpf owfrSwf&r,fvkd‹ awmif;qkdaea-umif;ESifh 'Dawmif;qkcd suu f dk olwv ‹dk ufrcHEidk af -umif; ajymvmygw,f? 'ga-umifh &JabmfawG tm;vk;H ukd oabFmaiGpm&if;ukid t f cef;ukd ac:vku d yf gw,f? oabFmaiGxed ;f &Sirf if (rpfZlwmeD) u “*syefukdra&mufrcsif; b,fvkdtajctaersKd;rSmrS EkdifiHa&;v+yf &Sm;r+ukd oabFmay:rSm cGifhr«ybl;? 'Dpnf;urf;ukd csKd;azmufwJhol b,foljzpfjzpf 'Dae&muae_yD; uk, d Ehf idk if u H dk a&ul;jyef&r,f” vk‹d olwu ‹dk dk owday;ajymqkv d u dk yf g w,f? ,if;tjzpftysufrSm &efukefrS pifumyltoGm; yifv,fjyifrSm ‘ukd±lrm±l’ oabFmay:wGif jzpfysufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? T (11) a,muf aemufqkH;tokwf ckd;xkwf&mwGif ocifpHv+difESifh (4) a,mufrSm ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;tkyfpkrSjzpf_yD; ocifxGef;tkyf/ ±+armif (ae0if;) ESifh (4) a,mufrSm Apdef=xGef;tkyf tkyfpkrSjzpf -uonf?”

19 jrefrm=*syefqufoG,fr+rSm jrefrmjynfw0S rf; aexkdifvsuf&Sdaom *syefvlrsKd;tcsKd‹rSwqifh aqmif&GufcJh&onf? rpfZlwmeDu ol‹pmtkyf (iSufaysm oD;wwG)J pmrsuEf mS (13) wGif ‚if;ta&twGurf mS (300) cef&‹ o dS nf[k a&;cJo h nf? ‚if;wkd‹rSm oGm;q&m0efrsm;/ "mwfykHq&mrsm;/ tESdyfonfrsm;/ ukefonfrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESifh b%fvkyfief;wkd‹rS pD;yGm;a&;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf-uonf? q&m0efrsm;/ Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD;wyg;/ qHoq&mrsm; (wOD;rSm rEœav;wGif taumif;qkH; qHoqkdifwqkdifzGifhvSpfxm;_yD; u|efawmhfrdom;pkrS a,musfm;jzpfol rsm; ,if;qkdifwGif qHyif!Syf-uonf) ESifh tjcm;toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief; vkyfaqmifolrsm;ukdvnf; csefxm;Ir&ay? xif&Sm;aom q&m0efwOD;rSSm a'guf wmbarmfEiS hf tjcm; Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm; t_rJwrf;ukor+ cH,al eus q&m0ef jzpfol

a'gufwmqlumqmqlZu l ;D jzpfonf?

1938 ckESpfrSpI aexkdifvmcJhol bkef;awmf}uD; OD;em*gtdonf ocifacgif; aqmifyidk ;f ESihf rDemrDuu D eft-um; ul;oef;qufo, G af y;&mY txl;ojzifh tm;oGef cGefpkduf&SdvSonf? t_idrf;pm;a&wyfAdkvf}uD;jzpfcJhol oGm;q&m0ef ukdulbl±+dZkdu ocifatmifoef; (Akv d pf }uFm) . zcifjzpfol OD;jromrSwqifh Apde=f xGe;f tkyf ocif rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;oGm;q&m0efwa,mufjzpfol umrkd&SDwmu ol‹vlem jzpfol ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;tkyfpkrS 'k=acgif;aqmifjzpfol ocifjrESifhvnf;aumif; teD;uyfqufo, G rf r+ sm; &Scd -hJ uonf? oGm;q&m0efwOD;jzpfol tkw d mu Aef;armfrS a':oDEiS hf ta-umif;ygcJ_h yD; aemifwiG f a':oDu *syefraS eI toHvi$ 0hf g'jzefc‹ o hJ nf? ukew f u dk pf wk;d pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&SiEf iS hf y&dabm*ukeo f nf rpPwm [mwmemumu vnf; OD;jromESifh rdwfaqGjzpfcJhonf? *syefukefoG,fr+A[kd. t}uD;tuJ rpPwm tkdbmtaejzifh t_rJaxmufvS rf;apmifh-uyf-unfh±+&onfh vkyfief;wGif yg0if aqmif&GufcJhonf? oH±kH;rS aumifppf0efjzpfol rpPwm [GrRm ESifh ppfwyft&m&Sd jzpfolwkd‹onfvnf; yg0ifywfoufaecJhonf? txufwGif emrnfazmfjycJhol t&yfom;tawmfrsm;rsm;wkd‹onf bk&ifhwyfrawmfESifh jyefvnfvkdufygvmcJh_yD; *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;wGif ulnDcJh-uonf? (&if;ESD;qJ tultnDay;qJjzpfaom rEœav;rS qHoq&m}uD;yg tygt0ifjzpfonf)?

20 OD;atmifcif=“ae0if;/ EkdifiHa&;±kyfykHv$m”/ tykdif; (1)? {&m0wD pmapmif ygaqmif;yg;/ csif;rkid /f -o*kwv f 2000 ckEpS /f twGJ (8) trSwf (8) pmrsufEmS (22)? “ae0if;onf arG;&mygzsufqD;a&;orm;jzpfonf? tvGefi,fvSaom uav; b0uyif t-urf;zufr+ESifh zsufqD;a&;wkd‹wGif ol‹tpGrf;tpukd jyocJhonf? aygufacgif;&GmwGif olwufaeaom rlvwef;ausmif;ukd rD;±+dŒzsufqD;&ef ¯ud;pm; cJhzl;onf[kqkdonf? tb,fha-umifhqkdaomf olonf qufvufynmroifvkdaom a-umifh[l.? *Eœ0ifajrmuf&aJ bmfo;Hk usdyw f ‹dk 1941 ckEpS w f iG f *syefatmufY ppfynmqnf; yl;ae&aom [kdifeefu|ef;ay: Y ol. tzsufobm0u ay:vGifvmjyefonf? ae0if;«yvky&f aom pGr;f &nfppfaq;r+u olw ‹ iG f tzsut f arSmifv h yk if ef; (Sabotage)/ zsufvkdzsufqD; taESmifht,Sufay;&ef aoG;aqmifEkdifpGrf; (Subversion) ESifh tcuftcJawGŒu wywf±kdufa&Smifwdrf;Ekdifr+ (Subterfuge) wkd‹wGif e*kdrlvt&nf tcsif;&Sad ejcif;ukd jyovsuf&o dS nf?”

21 tDemtkrd pfZw l meD=‘iSuaf ysmoD;wwG’J pmrsufEmS 56=59?

317

318 318

319

rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

“u|efawmfhukd bDtkdifat ppfom;pkaqmif;a&;t&m&Sdtjzpf wm0efay;yg w,f? csif;rkdifteD;w0kdufu &GmawGu av#mufwJholtrsm;pku jrefrmtenf;i,f uvGJvkd‹ &S rf;awG/ _rdKawG/ u&ifawGjzpfygw,f”? “ppfom;topf (230) avmuf pm&if;&_yD;awmh befaumufrSm&SdwJh uDuefXmecsKyfukd &xm;eJ‹ ykd‹vkdufygw,f? olwkd‹awGu xkdif;vkd 'grS r[kwf &S rf;vkdajym-uygw,f? jrefrmvkd vkH;0rajym-u bl;?” “xkdif;ajrmufykdif;buf &uftawmf-um c&D;oGm;_yD; pkaqmif;awmh &S rf;eJ‹ _rdK(300) ausmf pkaqmif;rdw,f? olwkdu ‹ kd ‘zpfqeLvGwf’ uwqifh ‘&[if’ ukd ykv d‹ dkuf&w,f? bma-umifhvJqkdawmh Zefe0g&Dv (11) &ufuyJ jrefrmXmecsKyf u &[ifukd ajymif;oGm;vkd‹ygyJ?” tDZlrD,mwwfql,kd/ rDemrDatmf*ef (&efukef wuUokdvf=1981) pmrsufESm 98 ESifh 99? Adkvfrª;}uD; qlZluD;u eHygwf (15) wyfrawmf&JŒcGifh«ycsufeJ‹ _Adwdo#awGvnfywfaewJh abmfeD,dkukr`%Duae_yD; axmufyHha&;ypPnf;awGawmif;vkduf_yD; 'DZifbmv (17) &ufrSm t_yD;a&$Œvkduf ygw,f? (befaumufwGif bDtkdifatXmecsKyfwnfaqmuf&ef)? befaumufrSm tajccsaewJh jrefrmawG&Sdayr,fh odyfrrsm;ygbl;/ olwkd‹xJu bDtkdifatpkaqmif; r+udk wk‹H jyefr+ tawmftm;aumif;ygw,f? csufcsif;yJ ppfom;opf (200) &ygw,f? bDtkdifatxJ0ifwJh *syefu pkpkaygif; (74) a,muf&Sdygw,f? rlvt&if;cHt&m&Sd awG/ tifpDtkdawG/ rDemrDatmf*ef&JŒ t&yfom;yk*~dKvfawG/ ppfjzpfwmeJ‹ csufcsif; wGJzufcH&wJh t&yfom;yk*~dKvfawG jzpfygw,f? bDtkdifatwyfxJ tvkdtavsmuf 0ifvm-uolrsm;[m ausmufrsuf&wemeJ‹ "mwfowWKwl;azmfa&;vkyfief;/ opf awmvkyfief;/ wd&p>mefarG;jrLa&;vkyfief;/ }uHpkdufa&;vkyfief;eJ‹ a&xGufvkyfief; tp&SdwJh pufr+vkyfief; tvkyform;awGjzpfw,fvkd‹ jrefrmpma&;q&mawGu azmfjya&;om;-uygw,f?

22 1948 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv (1) &ufae‹wGif vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHrSa-u nm&mwGif EdkifiHawmftvHtjzpf yHkpHwrsKd;xGifxm;aom ua'gif;udk tv,f xm;onfh 0g/ pdrf;/ eD/ (3) a&mifjc,ftvHudk todtrSwfðycJhygonf?

23 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD/ (txufygtpDtpOf) atmifqef;pk-unf= “vltrsm;u xif-uwmu *syefvlrsKd;awG[m tm&Swkdufom;tcsif;csif;jzpf-uwma-umihf vGwfvyfa&;ay;_yD; udk,fhEkdifiHudk,f tkyfcsKyfEkdif-ur,f? 'gayr,fh wu,fjzpfay: vmwmuawmh *syefppftkyfcsKyfr+[m _Adwdo#udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfr+xuf trsm;}uD; ydkrdkqdk;0g;wmudk awGŒ jrif-u&ygw,f” 24 armifarmif (Akdvfrª;csKyfa[mif;)/ jrefrmtrsKd;om;a&;v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;

1940=1948 (upfuma';vf ykEH ydS x f w k af 0r+/ paumh wvef 1989) pmrsuEf mS 86=87 “olwkd‹ppfXmewkdif;rsm;rS tusOf;±kH;z,f&Sm;cH-u&aom [kdifeeftkyfpk (&JabmfokH; usdyf0ifrsm;) u AdkvfvusfmxH xkdurSwqifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xH oGm;cJh-u_yD; Adkvfae0if;ESifh ol‹vufa&G;pift&m&Sdrsm; vufxJwGif ppfwyf}uD;wckvkH;xm;I jzpfvmrnfah b;tEœ&m,ftwGuf owday;ajymqkcd -hJ uonf? atmifqef;uk, d Ef u d+ f uvnf; wkid ;f jynf. wckwnf;aom pkpnf;xm;_yD;/ avhusifx h m;_yD; yk*Kd~ vfrsm;. tpktzGŒJ (wyfrawmf) ukd a0r#ay;&rnft h awG;tac:ukd ESp°f cduv f o S nfr[kwaf cs? xkda-umifh olt ‹ aejzifh ppfqifa&;&mrsm;twGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfukdrxm;bJ ppf0ef}uD;atmufwiG o f m ppfO;D pD;csKyfudk wku d ±f u dk cf efx ‹ m;onfh _Aw d o d #ppf±;Hk pepfudk csrw S cf o hJ nf? ppf0ef}uD;Xmeukd tvGev f sijf refpmG jyefvnfzŒJGpnf;cJ_h y;D rwfvwGif Adv k f ae0if;ukd &efukefppf±kH;okd‹ ppfOD;pD;csKyftjzpf a&$Œvkduf_yD; taxGaxGppfOD;pD;Xmeukd }uD;-uyfapcJo h nf? atmifqef;taejzifh pnf;urf;pepfusapa&;twGuf umuG,f a&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf qufvuf&adS ecJ_h y;D trdea‹f y;csKyfuidk x f m;onfh _Aw d o d #enf;vrf; rsm;twkid ;f vk;H 0csrSwaf qmif&u G cf o hJ nf?”

25 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ vlawGŒar;jref;cH&ol tJ&pfbuf H ud, k &f aH wmf (at'DpD 1942) u ‘ OD;atmifqef; wmpbD (Eric Battersby) bk&ifc. . tpGef;a&muft,ltqrsm; pGef‹v$wfoGm;ap&ef OD;apmu v$rf;rdk;vkyfaqmif Edkifvdrfhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufESihf (qma':refprpfu) u|Ekfyftm; (OD;apmudk jyefac:vm&ef) apv$wfcJhjcif;jzpfygw,f? 'g[m oufoufrJh±l;wmyg/ 'g[m vG,fvG,fav; b,fjzpfEdkifrvJ? OD;apm[m jrefrmEdkifiHrSm -oZmtm%m r&Sd awmhygbl;/ OD;atmifqef;uom csKyfudkifxm;wmyg’ [k ajz-um;ajymqdkcJhonf?

26 bufwmpbD. ajymqkdcsufrsm;rS txufygta-umif;ukdom BBC rS xkwv f yk o f u l wifqufxm;ykrH mS em;vnf&efcufco J nf? bk&ifc.

H &nfreS ;f csurf mS OD;apmu OD;atmifqef;. t,ltqrsm;ukd v$rf;rdk;Ekdif&efr[kwfbJ/ _Adwdo# EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef oabmwl_yD;aom/ AkdvfcsKyftm; txl;tm;jzifh zqyvukd a,bk,stm;jzifh &nf&, G v f suf Ekid if aH &;qefu ‹ sib f ufrsm;. tiftm;jznfq h nf;&ef jzpfygonf? ‚if;&nf&G,fcsufukd &&eftwGuf bufwmpbDukdyif wkdusKd-rd›rS a'gufwmbarmfESifh a'gufwm odrf;armifwkd‹ukdvnf; tac:v$wfao;onf? aemufqkH;jzpfay:vmonfrSm OD;apmu a'gufwmbarmfESifh ocifApdefwkd‹ESifh yl;aygif;um zqyvtzGJŒcsKyftm; 1947 ckESpf {_yDv (9) &uf taxGaxGa&G; aumufyGJwGif twkduftcHtaejzifh qef‹usif&ef EkdifiHa&;r[mrdwfzGJŒ -uonf?

319

320 320

321

rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

ok&‹d mwGif zqyvtzGŒJ csKyfonf ,SO-f ydio f w l idk ;f udk v$r;f rk;d _yD; rJta&twGuf &mckid f E+ef; (95²3) &mckdifE+ef;jzifh tjywftowftEkdif&cJhonf? rpPwm bwfwmpbDonf ,if;tpD tpOfxkwfv$ifhr+rwdkifrD 1997 ckESpfwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

27 _Adwo d #eef;&if;0efEiS fh awGŒqaHk qG;aEG;&ef ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ ukd OD;aqmifI toGm;wGif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf 1947 ckEpS /f Zefe0g&Dv(3) &ufae‹Y e,l;a'vD (New Delhi) wGif tm&Swu kd w f iG ;f qufqaH &; nDvmcHaumfrwDu ðyvkyo f nfh {nfh cHyw JG iG f rdec‹f eG ;f ajym-um;cJo h nf? xda‹k emuf ðyvkyaf omowif;pm&Si;f vif;yGYJ ‚if;rde‹f cGef;udk tajccHI ar;cGef;rsm;ar;-uonf? “cifAsm;taeeJ‹ t-urf;zufwJhenf;eJ‹ 'grS r[kwf t-urf;rzufwehJ nf;eJ‹ 'grS r[kwf tJ'eD nf;vrf;ESpcf v k ;kH eJ‹ wdu k yf 0JG ifomG ; zdk‹ pOf;pm;xm;ygovm;” [kar;&mwGif “u|Ekfyfwdk‹taeeJ‹ b,fenf;vrf;udkrS uefo ‹ wfrxm;ygbl;” [k oluajz-um;oGm;cJo h nf? ol. ar#mv f ifch suEf iS fh ywfouf I ar;aomar;cGef;udkrl “u|Ekfyfwdk[ ‹ m taumif;qHk;udk ar#mfvifhxm;_yD; tqdk;qHk; twGufvJ jyifqifxm;ygw,f” [k cwfjywfjywfajz-um;oGm;onf?

28 rpPwm bufwmpbDu bDbDpD (2) wDAGDuðyvkyfaom (txufygrSwfpk tcsuf (16) wGif azmfjycJhaom) wckwnf;aom awGŒqHkar;jref;cef;wGifyif ajym -um;cJah om rSwcf surf sm;udk qufpyfI rSwo f m;&efrmS pdw0f ifpm;zG,af umif;ygonf? bDbDpD.toHv$ifholu ‘OD;atmifqef;taejzihf olwdk‹udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ awmif; qdkonfrsm; r&&SdcJhv#if vufeufudkifykefuefxºuG&ef jyifqifxm;cJhonfhtwGuf (_Adwdo# bk&ifhtpdk;&taejzifh tomw-unf wESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef tmrcHvu kd o f nft h wGu)f tHt h m;woifh jzpfomG ;cJyh &kH ygonf’ [k ajym-um;cJo h nf? ,if;rSwcf suftay: rpPwm bufwmpbDu “u|Ekyf . f jrefrmrdwaf qGwOD;u tJ'D tpDtpOf&JŒ tpuawmh _Adwdo#t&m&SdawGeJ‹ olwdk‹ZeD;awGudk rsm;Edkifoavmuf rsm;rsm; owfypfzdk‹yJvdk‹ ajymcJhygw,f? tJ'DrdwfaqGu tlv+dufonf;v+duf&,f_yD; f akd jymw,f? u|Eyfk f “iguawmh rif;eJe‹ efpD (Nancy) udk owf&rSmjzpfw,f’ [k u|Eyfk u vJ enf;enf;awmh vefo ‹ mG ;w,f? olu tJ'v D akd jymwmudk aemufajymifajymwmvd‹k ,lqyHk&awmh u|EkfyfvJ 'g aemufajymifusDp,fr+tjzpf owfrSwfzdk‹ pOf;pm;vdkufyg w,f? 'gayr,fh t&ifuvdk ol‹tay: cHpm;vdk‹r&awmhygbl;” [kqufvuf ajymqdck yhJ gonf?

29 a'gufwm tuf(zf) tif/ xa&*g (Dr. F.N. Trager) . ygarmuQ 'D/ *sD tD;/ a[mf(vf) (Prof.D.G.E. Hall's) pmtkyf ‘ta&S›awmiftm&S&mZ0if’ tay:wGif a0zefxm;onfhaqmif;yg; Guardian,Rangoon Vol.3,No.6, {_yDv 1956 ck/

pmrsufESm (27) &nf!e¸ f;I “a[m(vf) qufvuf,Hk-unfaeonfrSm atmifqef; ukd,fwkdifu jrefrmjynftm; _Adwdo# "eo[m, EkdifiHrsm;twGif; aeEkdif&ef ¯ud;yrf;vkyu f idk v f o dk nfh wdusckid rf maom pdw"f mwf&adS -umif;jzpfonf? atmifqef; uG,v f eG o f mG ;av_y/D Tta-umif;t&mrsm;ESiyhf wfoufI pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;vnf; r&Sd? u|efawmfwOD;wnf; awG;qrdwmuawmh xl;c|efcJhonfh AdkvfcsKyfatmif qef;uyifv#if TuJhokd‹ wcsdefcsdefu vkyfukdifvkdonf&SdcJhaomfjim;vnf; olt ‹ pnf; t±k;H ESihf Ekid if u H ydk g ol‹-oZmanmif;atmif aqmif&u G o f mG ;Ekid cf rhJ nfr[kwyf g? taemuf {u&mZfEidk if rH sm; 0rf;enf;pGm em;vnfrr+ &Scd -hJ uonft h jyif rw&m;qufqcH -hJ uonfh «yusirhf r+ sm;rSm jrefrmjynftm; trsK;d rsK;d t[eft ‹ wm;rsm;ukd 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae‹rpS wifI ausmfvm$ ;Ekid cf o hJ nfh ta-umif;wckwnf;omr[kwb f J t"du ta-umif;jzpfonfh rsKd;cspfpw d "f mwfomv#ifjzpfygonf?”

vlxOk ;D vS=“axmifev ‹J o l m;” (okcZmwfa-umif;jyef) pmrsuEf mS 190=111? txl;ckH±kH;Y w&m;qkdifr+ ponfESifh obmywdw&m;ol}uD;u OD;apmukd ckcHxkacs olrsm;twGuf Oya'ta-umif;t& ukd,fpm;«yol trnfpm&if;ukd wifoGif;&ef awmif;qkd&mwGif ol‹taejzifh bk&ifhtwkdifyifcHwOD;ESifh t*FvefrS 0wfvkHawmf& wOD;ukd iSm;&rf;xm;yga-umif;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;twGuf jrefrmEkdifiHrS a&S›aersm;ukd ceft ‹ yfomG ;rnfjzpfyga-umif; olt ‹ }uHtpnfudk ajymjyavonf? olw. ‹dk t&Sio f cif ukd twdtvif; opPmapmifhodqJjzpfaom armifpkd;ESifh oufESif;wkd‹rSvGJI usefvl ola‹ emufvu dk t f m;vk;H rSm cGjJ cm;r+udk cHpm;rd-u_yD; pdwrf aumif;jzpfvsuf&-dS uonf?

Tonfuyif olwkd‹ESifh olwkd‹. q&morm;a[mif;wkd‹t-um; qufqHa&;ukd ykdrdk ysufjym;oGm;apavonf? aemufq;Hk Y armifp;dk / oufEiS ;f / &ef}uD;atmifEiS hf r+e}f uD; wkd‹ukd om,m0wDrS a&S›aeOD;pH0if;ESifh ¯udŒyifaumufrS a&S›ae OD;odef;ausmfwkd‹u uk, d pf m;«y-u_yD; armifped /f okc/ cifarmif&ifEiS hf armifew D ‹dk url olwu ‹dk u dk muG,&f ef a&Sa› ervkda-umif; wifoGif;cJh-uonf?

2 vlxkOD;vS/ (txufygpmtkyf) pmrsufESm 107=108? b!Gef‹rSm azmf aumiftjzpf w&m;0iftodtrSwf«ycH&aomfvnf; wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh 0efcHcsuf tjynft h pku H adk y;olrmS cifarmif&ifjzpfonf? b!Get ‹f aejzifh tk;d onfuek ;f -rd› w&m; ±kH;rsm;wGif ,cifu pma&;vkyfcJhzl;I w&m;a&;&mudpP&yfrsm;wGif tawGŒt¯uH

321

322

tcef; (3) w&m;qkid jf cif; 1

322

323

rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

tawmftwef&o dS nf?

3 ‘jrefrmhtvif;’ ( 1947 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (9) &uf)/ {nfhonfrsm; twGuf xdkifcHk (100) owfrSwfxm;onf? a':oef;cif (OD;apm.ZeD;)/ orD;jzpfol aroef;apm (abbDapm) ESifh a,muQrjzpfol OD;vluav;wdu ‹k kd {nfo h nfrsm; ae&m wGif awGŒ&onf? trSwf (12) ppfwyfrS Adkvfrª;wOD;udkvnf; xdkae&mwGif rSwfpk vdu k rf w S af eonfukd awGŒ&onf?

4 ‘The Burman’ (1947 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv (16) &ufESihf (17) &uf)/ t"duw&m;cHOD;apmonf tjympif;vHkcsnfESihf ydk;wdkufyHkwdk‹ jzifh oyf&yfpGm 0wf pm;qif,ifxm;_yD; tpdrf;a&mifrsufrSefudk wyfqifxm;um vufwGifvnf; tjym a&mifrsufrSefwvufudk udkifxm;onf?

5 uk;d um;csufrsm;rSm txl;ck±H ;Hk awmfp&D ifcsuf (1947/ 'DZifbmv (30) &uf) rS b!Gef‹ESifh cifarmif&ifwkd‹. oufaocHxGufcsufrsm;rS aumuf,lazmfjyxm; jcif;jzpfygonf?

6 txl;ckH±kH;awmfwGif w&m;vkdbuf oufao 'k=&JcsKyf OD;xGef;vSatmiftm; jyefvnfppfaq;jcif;«y&m tajzay;cJh onfrsm;Y Ekid if aH wmfvyk }f uHr+ udpw P &yftm; &JtzGJŒ Xme (3) cku ukdifwG,fcJh&m aemufqkH;wGif &efukef-rd›awmf &JXmeokd‹ v$Jajymif;vkdufygonf? ajymif;vJjcif;r«yrD OD;xGef;vSatmifu xkdtr+ESifh ywfouf onfh &JcsKyf. vlowform;wa,mufpD zrf;qD;jypf'%f pD&ifcH&eftwGuf qkaiG ±ly;D (10˜000) ay;rnfh a-unmpmrl-urf;ukd jrifcahJ -umif;ukv d nf; ajymjycJo h nf?

7 xif&mS ;aom orm;awmf a'gufwmboef;onfþtxl;ck±H ;Hk awmfov ‹dk ma&muf um &Jr+cif;qkdif&mcGJpdwfr+q&m0ef (Police Surgeon) taejzifh &efukefaq;±kH}uD;okd‹ yka‹d qmifvu dk af om vky}f uHrw + iG f aoaus'%f&m&olrsm;tm; ppfaq;cJ_h y;D aoqk;H ol rsm;tm; jzwfawmufcGJpdwfr+«ycJhonfh tao;pdwftcsuftvufrsm; azmfjyxm; aom aq;ynmESihf oufqidk o f nft h a-umif;t&mrsm;ukd tpD&ifccH yhJ gonf? 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;rjzpfrDumvwGif a'gufwmboef;onf (Adkvfrª;}uD; atmifcifESifhtwl) jrefrmvlrsKd;xJwGif FRCS ac: Fellow of Royal College of Surgeons bGŒJx;l ukd &cJo h jl zpfygonf? 1962 ckEpS w f iG f Adv k af e0if;u jynfaxmifpt k pk;d &ukd odrf;qnf;_yD;tcsdefwGif a'gufwmboef;.orD;t}uD; a':cifaroef; (Katie) ESifh xdr;f jrm;vufxyfvu dk o f nf?

8 txl;ckH±kH;Y a&S›aecsKyfu jyefvSefar;cGef;xkwf&mwGif EkdifiHa&;orm; (2) OD;vkH;u olwkd‹taejzifhvnf; {nfhonfrsm; twGuf ‘tdrfwHcg;ukd t_rJzGifhxm;

ouJhokd‹ taetxm;&Sdonf” [k ajym&ygrnf[k jyefajzcJh-uonf? OD;apmtae jzifh EkdifiHa&; -ydifzufrsm;ay:wGif t-urf;zufjcif;/ owfjzwfjcif; «yvkyfrnf[k ,kH -unf&avmufonhf ta-umif;tcsufwpkHw&m pOf;pm;I r&cJhacs? ocifApdefu olonf OD;apmxH ok;H av;}udrcf ef‹ tvnfomG ;zl;_yD; aemufq;Hk w}udrrf mS vky}f uHr+ rjzpfymG ;rDwywfu jzpfonf[q k o dk nf? _c0H if;twGi;f vltajrmuftjrm; aeaeonf ukd owdxm;rdcJhonf? t0ifwHcg;r}uD;wGif *dwfapmifhwOD;csxm;onfhtwGuf OD;apmtoufukd &ef&Sm_yD;onfhaemuf TuJhokd‹ tapmifhcsxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k em;vnfco hJ nf?

9 OD;Ek. wmawpaeom; ‘(Saturday’s Son) = (a,;vfwuUodkvf yHkESdyf wdkuf/ e,l;a[AifESihf vef'ef 1975) pmrsufESm 119/’ “wae‹rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmif qef;&JŒtdrf tay:xyfrSm tvkyftr+aqmiftpnf;ta0;wck usif;yw,f? wem&D avmuf-umwJhtcg AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒudk,f&Hawmf AdkvfxGef;vS tpnf;ta0; cef;xJu0kd ifvm_y;D OD;apmaoewfypfc&H w,fv‹kd tr+aqmifv}l uD;awGukd ta-umif; -um;w,f? ocifEk[m olt ‹ em;rSm&SdwJh OD;ausmf_idrf;bufudkvSnfh_yD; “a[h=þausmf _ird ;f / b,foyl pfw,fxifovJ” vda‹k r;w,f? OD;ausm_f ird ;f u olrodb;l vda‹k jzw,f? aemufwae‹ nbufusawmh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m OD;apmqDukd owif;oGm;ar; &atmif ocifEkudkvmac:w,f/ ocifEk[m t0wftpm;vJ_yD; tjyifxGufcgeD;rSm “Adv k cf sKyfa& OD;apmudk b,foyl pfw,fxifovJ/ iguawmh uGejf rLepfawGypfw,f xifw,f” vd‹k ajymwJt h cg Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u olrodb;l vda‹k jymw,f? OD;apm&JŒ rsufESmawGudk t0wfeJy‹ wfxm;wJhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfeJo ‹ cifEkwdk‹ vmw,fqdkwmudk om olo&d w,f? Adv k cf sKyfwu ‹kd kd rjrif&bl;?”

10 OD;aomif;. ‘ owif;pmorm;wOD;/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;wOD;ESifh jrefrmjynfwiG ;f &Sd wyfrawmfwck’ (-umjzLyHEk ydS w f u kd /f befaumuf=1995) pmrsuEf mS (11)/ ‘ol±‹ ;kH rS tjyef vrf;wGif um;twGif;pD;vmaeaom OD;apmudk vufajzmifh aoewform; wOD;u vS r;f ypfvu kd o f nf? od&‹k mwGif usnfqefonf olu ‹ rkd rSeb f J um;avumrSef udk oGm;xdreS o f nf? rSeu f pJG wckonf OD;apm.rsupf u d v kd mxdco hJ nf? ‘The Burma Times’ . t,f'Dwmudk vlawGŒar;jref;cGifh OD;apmuay;cJh&m/ u|efawmfhtm; ol‹ ±kyfyHkudk "mwfyHk±dkuf&ef wm0efay;tyfcJhonf? ol‹rsufpdudk ywfwD;pnff;xm;onfh twGuf olt ‹ m; "mwfyrkH ±du k &f ef OD;apmu u|efawmfu h kd awmif;yefco hJ nf? od‹k jzpfI u|eaf wmfonf t,f'w D mu vlawGŒar;jref;r+ ðyvky&f mwGif rSwpf ak &;rSw&f mY tul tnDay;cJo h nf? ‘Ak'b < mom0ifaumif;wOD;taeeJ‹ u|eaf wmf&h efoal wGukd u|eaf wmf

323

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

t_rcJ iG v hf w $ rf ð+ yygw,f/ 'gayr,fh u|eaf wmfrh suv f ;kH '%f&m&awmh rcHr&yfEikd af tmif pl;&Semusiyf gw,f/ u|eaf wmf olwu ‹kd kd cGirhf v$wEf ikd af wmhygbl;/ emusiv f eG ;f tm;}uD; vd‹k u|efawmf rcHEikd af wmhygbl;’[k OD;apmuajymcJo h nf?

11 jynfxJa&;ESifh w&m;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfol OD;ausmfndrf;u ykdrdkwif;usyf aomtpDtrHrsm; «yvkyfvkdonf? axmif0efxrf;rsm;. tusifhoduQmukd olu oHo,0ifvsuf&Sdonf? wcsKd‹taejzifh OD;apm. vSnfhuGufxJ0ifoGm;Ekdifonf r[kwyf gvm;? vk-H cHa&;ukd ykrd w kd if;usyf&efEiS hf txl;ojzifh nzufwiG f ykrd cdk sxm;&ef olu wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf? ta&;}uD;tusOf;usorm;rsm;. tcef;rsm;ukd apmifh -unfhaeol axmif-uyfta&twGufukd wqwkd;ap&ef zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfrS olv ‹ l,kH (4) a,mufuydk g wm0efcsxm;ay;cJo h nf? xkt d zGŒJ xw J iG f xdyw f ef;ygwD0ifwOD;jzpf _yD; ola‹ ,mufzjzpfol ocifyef;-rdiu f ydk g OD;ausmf_idr;f u vku d yf goGm;apcJo h nf?

12 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ wifqufolOD;apmESihf ol‹vl (8) a,muf w&m;±Hk;wifonfhtcsdefwGif ‘a':refprpfu olr‹ dwfaqGudk w&m;cHbufrS oufaocH&ef urf;vS rf;cJhaomfvnf; _Adwdo#tpdk;&u t[eft ‹ wm;vkyfcJhonf” OD;apmtm; aopm;aoap tpD&ifay;onfhtcsdefrSmvnf; a':refprpfu xyfrH 0ifpu G jf cif;ðyonfrmS ‘olr‹ w d af qGtwGuf u±k%ma&SŒxm;&ef’ jzpfygonf?

13 0wfvaHk wmf& rpPwm tuf(zf)/ a*s/ pvpfAg&D [aAg(*f) (Mr.F.J. SalisburyHavock) u OD;apm. t,lcH0ifjcif;rsm;ukd ukdifwG,faqmif&GufcJhonf?

xm;aomfvnf; twdtustcdik t f rm oufaorjyEdik cf ahJ cs? jrefrmEdik if .

H trsK;d om; ol&aJ umif;udk owfjzwfco hJ rl mS _Adwo d #wd‹k jzpfonf[al om pGypf cJG sufrmS jrefrm ppf tm%mydik w f v ‹kd ufxJ a&muf&o dS mG ;cJ_h yD;/ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;ESifh vlt ‹ cGit hf a&;wdt ‹k wGuf olrwlatmifpGrf;aqmifaeol OD;atmifqef;.orD; a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; _Adwdo#vlrsKd;wOD;tm; vufxyfcJhonfhtay: vufvGwfpy,f wdkufcdkufvsuf&Sd -uonf? _Adwdef=jrefrmtoif;Y xkwfvkyfa&;rª;ESihf tacstwifjiif;cHkcJh-u_yD;/ uGefysLwmtifwmeufuGef&ufY tcef;zGifhvSpfum qufvufjzpfay:vsuf&Sdaom tjiif;yGm;r+tay: okawoeðy&ef tcsut f vufrsm; zdwaf c:awmif;cHc&hJ m trsm;u wk‹H jyefchJ -uygonf?

2 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf) / awGŒqHkar;jref;cef;Y azmfjycJhaom avmhvpfwdk0J. AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay:tjrif= “OD;atmifqef;udk tpm;xdk;I r&yg? jrefrmjynfolvlxkudk udk,fpm;ðyEdkifwJh acgif;aqmiftjzpfeJ‹ OD;atmifqef;&JŒ ae&mudk uae‹txd b,forl S r,lEikd af o;ygbl;”? avmhvpfw0kd o J nf ,if;tpDtpOf rxkwv f i$ rhf D 1997 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf?

3 rnfonfh aiGa-u;[k twdtus rqdck yhJ g? owif;pmu qdv k o kd nfrmS ‘±ly;D ’ aiG[k ,lq&ygrnf?

4 vef'ef&Sd jynfolvlxkrSwfwrf;XmeY r-umrDu okawoeðyvkyfcJh&mwGif 1947 ckEpS /f -o*kwv f (20) &ufpjJG zihf ArmhppfXmecsKyf tpD&ifcpH m/ PRO WO (ppf±;kH ) zdkiftrSwf= 208§4941 wGifyg&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiH.tajctaetay: -um;jzwff tpD&ifcHpmudk awGŒ&SdcJhonf? ,if;wGifyg&Sdaom pmykd'f (18) Y ‘'Dtuf (pf) tdk (umuG,af &;Xme vH°k cHa&;t&m&S)d ESifh tcsde-f umjrifph mG pum;ajymqd&k mwGif 'Dtikd f *sD=pDtdkif'D (OD;xGef;vSatmif) u bk&ifhtpdk;& odrk‹ [kwf a,bk,stm;jzihf _Adwdo# wdk‹tay: oHo,jzpfr+rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfcJhaomfvnf;/ 'Dtdkif*sD= pDtdkif'Dtaejzihf Oa&mypD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;wck odr‹k [kwf vly*k Kd~ vfwOD;wa,mufu zqyvtzGŒJcsKyf udk qefu ‹ siaf eaom OD;apmudk wcsdecf sed w f iG f aiGa-u;axmufy&hH ef urf;vS r;f cJo h nf [laom oHo,jzpfr+ pG_J rJaeqJjzpfa-umif; 'Dtufpt f rkd mS cHpm;usefae&pfayonf?

5 ‘&efukef ae‹pOf’ owif;pm/ 1947 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (24) &uf? ‘oHr%d’ trnfcH yifwidk af qmif;yg;&Siu f ‘vlt±k;d rsm;awGŒ/ tykyef &‹H ’ [laom xdwfvefz‹ G,facgif;pOfjzifh owif;ay;ykrd‹ +rsm;ukd ukd;um;a&;om;xm;onf? _Adwdef rS paumhwvef,'fpkHaxmuftzGJŒu OD;apm. _cH0if;ukd &SmazG&ef rpPwm *syf(zf) Mr.Juff qkdolukd apv$wftultnDay;vkdufonf? xkdolu owWK&SmazGud&d,mukd

tcef; (4) v#KdŒ0Suq f ef;-u,fjcif; 1

1997 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif bDbDpD (2) wDAGD. txl;tpDtpOf tay:wGif vltrsm;u pdwfysufp&maumif;aom &v'ftjzpfjrifcJh-u_yD; bDbDpD. tm%mydkifrsm;okd‹ w&m;0ifuefu ‹ GufcJh-uonf? ‚if;wDAGDtpDtpOfonf rSm;,Gif;r+ rsm;/ vdkufavsmnDaxGr+ r&Sdjcif;rsm;ESihf vdk&mqGJ rSwfcsufcsjcif;rsm;wdk‹ pkaygif;pyf aygif;xm;jcif;jzpf_yD; taxmuftcH/ taxmuftxm;r&Sad -umif;þwifjyuefu ‹ u G cf hJ -uonf? ,if;tpDtpOfudk rjyorD bDbDpD (2) taejzihf T±kyf&Sifu _Adwdo#wd. k‹ tjypf&Sdr+udk azmfxkwfrnfjzpfa-umif; ¯udwifa-unmcJh_yD;/ _Adwdo#taqmufttHk twGi;f rS t&dyt f a,mifomjrif&aom vly*k Kd~ vfrsm;yg0ifywfoufaeonf[al om ,lqcsut f ay:wGif xkwv f yk af &;rª;rsm;u Ttaxmuftxm;±ky&f iS u f kd tajcwnf 325 325

326 326

327

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

tokH;«y&SmazGcJh&m vlom;t±kd;tykdif;tprsm;ukd awGŒ&Sdwl;azmfEkdifcJhonf? paumh wvef,'frS yk*~dKvftaejzifh qufvuf&SmazGvsuf&Sd&m _cHtwGif;jr‡KyfESHxm;aom tavmif;aumifrsm;. t±kd;rsm;ukd ykdrkdwl;azmfawGŒ&SdEkdifvdrfhrnf[k ,kH-unfvsuf &So d nf?

6 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ toHv$ifholu ‘1947 ckESpf/ ZGefv (24) &ufae‹wGif jrefrmEdkifiHY ppfwyf. vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkufrS b&if; *ef; tvuf (200) tcdk;cH&ygw,f? xdktcsdefywf0ef;usifY Adkvfr;ª [l;wGdKif (Hugh Toye) onf OD;apmxH tvnftywfomG ;a&mufc_hJ y;D OD;apmtaejzihf OD;atmifqef;. wefc;kd tm%mtay: pdwq f yl u G v f y+ &f mS ;vsuf&adS -umif; awGŒ&cdS yhJ gw,f’ [k ajymqdk cJhonf? awGŒqHkar;jref;cH&ol Adkvfrª;wGdKifrS ‘ y&d,m,fr&SdbJ vlr+a&;t& yHkysuf yef;ysujf zifh OD;atmifqef;onf txufa&mufaejcif;jzpfonf[k OD;apmu awG;jrif cJ_h y;D olu, kd w f ikd Ef iS hf olu uGjJ ym;jcm;em;xm;vdu k o f nf? olonf tm%mudk wu,f vdkcsifonfrSefaomfvnf; w&m;enf;vrf;wus &EdkifonfhtcgusrSom vdkcsifjcif; jzpfonf[ f k u|efawmfxifjrifcyhJ gonf?’

7 udk;um;csufrsm;rSm &efukef°rd› txl;w&m;±Hk;/ tif;pdef°rdw › Gif ±Hk;xdkif&m0,f 1947 eHygwf (1) w&m;qdkif&m pD&ifcsufrS aumufE+wfcsufrsm;jzpfonf?

8 (8) bDbDpD (2) wDAGD 1997 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &uf? rpPwmbif*av (Bingley) onf 1979 ckESpfwGif qm&D (Surrey) wGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? jynfolvlxk rSwfwrf;±kH;&Sd _Adwdo#aumifpD. zkdifwGJrsm;rS jynfolvlxk-unfh±+Ekdifaom rSwf wrf;rsm;wGif Ekid if aH wmfvyk }f uHrE+ iS hf qufpyfaom olo ‹ wif;ay;ykr‹d r+ sm;r&Sb d J jzpfae a-umif; awGŒ&Sd&onf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif bif*avonf &efukef-rd› wuUodkvf&dyfom vrf;wGif aexkdifoGm;cJhonf? xkdtdrfukd aemufykdif;wGif OD;ausmfndrf;u 0,f,lcJh onf[k ,kH-unf&onf? rpPwm bif*av. ukd,fum,rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; t&yf &Snjf cif;r&Sad cs? oka‹d omfvnf; rsufEmS &Sn&f n S Ef iS hf ydeyf ed yf g;yg;jzpfonf?

9 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)? wifqufol= “Adkvf}uD;a';Apf ADAD,ef (Capt.David Vivian) onf u&ifhv+yf&Sm;r+wGifvnf;aumif;/ OD;apm. yl;aygif;}uHpnfrw + iG v f nf;aumif; yg0ifywfoufaeol aemufwOD;jzpfonf? 1954 ckESpfwkdifatmif u&ifrsm;ESifhtwl wkdufcdkufcJhaom ae‹&uf[laom ol. ae‹pOf rSwfwrf;ESifh *|efarmf*if (John Morgan) [laomemrnfjzifh taxmuftxm;wk rsm;tok;H «yum 1955 ckEpS w f iG f xkid ;f Ekid if rH S _Adwed o f ‹dk oljyefvmcJjh cif;ukd (bDbpD )D rS okawoe«yolrsm;u &SmazGawGŒ&dScJhonf? Adkvf}uD;ADAD,efESifh ywfoufaom

Ekid if jH cm;a&;±k;H rS zkid w f rJG sm;rSm tzsut f qD;cH&yk&H onf? befaumuf&dS _Aw d o d #o±H ;Hk u olonf jrefrmEkid if w H iG f axmifusc&H r+rS a&Smifajy;vmcJah -umif;od&cdS o hJ nf” [laom tcsufukd t!¸ef;Z,m;wcku jyocJhonf? apmapmykdif;u jrefrmEkdifiHwGif axmifuscJhpOfu “_Adwdefu wpkHwa,mufu u|efawmfhukd z,f&Sm;csifaew,f? pum;ajymcGifhvJ ray;cJhbl;? tcsuftvufawGukd u|efawmfajymvkduf&&if txl;ojzifh _Adwdo#awGeJ‹ jrefrmawGt-um; t}uD;tus,f qlyGufukefvdrfhr,f” [k olu _Adwdo#tm%mykdifrsm;ukd ajymqkdcJhonf? vl;0pft(vf)vif (Louis Allen) u “Akdvf}uD;ADAD,ef. xGufajy;vGwfajrmufr+” jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf atmufajcrSwfcsufwck ({u&mZfESifh "eo[m, orkdif;*sme,f 1991 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv) wGif ‚if;tjzpftysufukd ykdrdkwduspGm wifjycJhonf?

“EkdifiHjcm;a&;ESifh "eo[m,±kH;rS jyef-um;csufu ADAD,eftr+wGif&Sdaom zkdifwGJrsm;ukd zsufqD;cJh_yD;jzpfonf? okda‹ omfvnf; zkdifpm&if;rSwfwrf;rSm usef&Sdae onft h wGuf 1956 ckEpS f zkid pf m&if;u= (1) 1956 ckESpf {_yDvtwGif; okd‹r[kwf rwkdifrD befaumuf&Sd oH±kH;tae jzifh ADAD,efukd ,lauokd‹ twif;jyefykd‹ jcif;ESifh ywfoufI pkHprf;ppfaq;r+wck vufc&H &Scd o hJ nf?

(2) &efukef&Sd oH±kH;u “ADAD,eftaejzifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif axmifus&uf oufwrf;usef&Sdao;onf/ okda‹ omfvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHonf jyefvnfv$Jtyfay;a&; pmcsKyfukd xkdif;EkdifiH (xkdtcsdefu ,kd;',m;EkdifiH) ESifh csKyfqkdxm;jcif;r&Sd” [k tpD&ifccH o hJ nf?

(3) Adkvf}uD;ADAD,eftaejzifh befaumufrS tvS rf;uGmaomae&mwGif &SdaeykH&onf? 1956 ckESpf {_yDvukefwGif ol‹ukdjyefykd‹&rnfh tm%mykdifrsm;u befaumuf&SdoH±kH;rSwqifh ol‹twGuf a&a-umif;c&D;r&EkdifonfhtwGuf av a-umif;c&D;ukd ¯udwifppD Ofxm;-uonf? olu aemufEpS yf wft-umrS befaumuf ok‹d a&muf&v dS mcJo h nf?

(4) 1956 ckEpS f arv (31) &ufwiG f vef'efo‹dk Adv k }f uD;ADA, D ef a&muf&v dS m onf? trsKd;om;tultnDay;a&;bkwftzGJŒukd aumifppf0efXmeu ol‹taejzifh a&mufonfESifh tultnDvkdrnfjzpfa-umif; ¯udwifowday;xm;cJhonf? okad‹ omf vnf; olu ‚if;bkwftzGJŒukd csOf;uyfcJhykHr&acs?

10 ‘vef'efòrd› xdyo f ;D ae&mrsm;rS yl;aygif;}uHpnfr’+ udpEP iS fh pyfvsO;f I txufyg (1) tcsufudk &nf!e¸ f;vsuf _Adwdef=jrefrmtoif;Y aqG;aEG;a0zefcJh-uolrsm;ESihf

327

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rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

uGefysLwmuGef&uf tcef;zGihf&m0,f xnfh0ifa&;om;cJholrsm;teuf atmufyg yk*~dKvfrsm;. t,ltqrsm;rSmæ 1? rpPwm *|efruftife&D (John McEnery) (,cif OD;pD;t&m&Sd jrefrmjynf ppftkyfcsKyfr+XmecsKyf) “tJ'DtpDtpOfuawmh rwduswJh tcsufawGeJ‹ qefcg aygufjzpfaew,f”?

2? rpPwm &S,fvfbDwyfum; (Shelby Tucker) = “tif;pdefaxmiftwGif; wu,fwrf; aoewfypfcw hJ hJ vlEpS af ,mufajym-uwmuawmh olwu ‹kd kd iSm;&rf;ol u OD;ausm_f idr;f jzpfw,f? OD;apmr[kwb f ;l ” (zqyv twGi;f a&; v#KŒd 0u S }f uHpnfr+ &v'f) ?

3? qmepfvmarm (Sir Nick Larmour, GCMG) = “'Dvrf (rf) uif (Lemkin xkwfvkyfol) ±kyf&Sif[m usKyfodoavmufawmh tajccHta-umif;&if; vkH;0rckdif vHkbJ taxmuftxm; oufaooHo,r&SdwJh Zmpfjrpfay:rSm rlwnf_yD; tpDtpOf wrsKd;wifjyum atmifqef;vkyf}uHr+rSm r+ef0g;wJh o¿mef&SdwJh _Adwdo#awG yg0if -uw,fqw kd m jzpfcsijf zpfvrd rhf ,fv‹kd wifjywm bDbpD &D ŒJ yxrt}udrjf zpfw,f” ESifh 4? rpPwm tdwf (csf) atpwHk;em (H.A Stonor) = “usaemfu 'DtzGŒJ (jrefrm jynfawmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwaf qG FBHP) &JŒ toif;om;taeeJ‹ ajym&rSmu 1948 ckESpfusrS wu,fv+yf&Sm;vmwmjzpfw,f? ‘rdwfaqG’ awG pwifzGJŒpnf;vmwmu _Adwdo# ppfr+xrf;a[mif;awG pum;vufqHkajym-uzdk‹om jzpfw,f? 'DtpDtpOf (bDbDpD) u jrefrmjynf bk&ifcHa[mif; qma':refprpf[m FBHP &JŒ ta&;ygqHk; yk*Kd~ vfjzpfcw hJ ,fqw kd m vH;k 0rrSeb f ;l ? t"duv+y&f mS ;oluawmh Adv k rf ;ª }uD; u±drk wD wvfavmuf (Col. Cromarty-Tulloch) jzpfw,f? aemufol (pwH;k em) u ud;k um; _y;D a&;om;vdu k w f mu qm&J*seD ,ftaeeJ‹ apmbOD;}uD; (autJi, f =l acgif;aqmif) aoqH;k _yD;aemuf ‘wdik ;f ’ owif;pm (Times, London) od‹k a&;pmwGif = ‘jrefrmjynf Y t"dua-uuGzJ , G &f m w&yfuawmh acgif;aqmifjzpfEidk pf rG ;f &S-d uwJh vltrsm; tjref tqef qHk;±+H;cJh&jcif;jzpfw,f? atmifqef;/ OD;apm/ apmbOD;}uD;/ OD;wifxGÉfwdk‹ tm;vHk;aysmufuG,foGm;ukef-u_yD’ [k a&;om;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf?

11 bDbDpD (2) wDAGDtaxmuftxm;±kyf&Sifukd 1997 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufae‹wGif jyocJh&m ,if;.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm Adkvfatmifqef;ukd vkyf}uH &mwGif aemufuG,frS _Adwdo#yk*~dKvftcsKd‹ yg0ifywfoufaeonfukd azmfxkwf&ef jzpfaomfvnf; ,if;rSm jrefrmppftm%m&Sifwkd‹vufwGif wvGJtokH;cscH&um ol.orD;jzpfol a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd y&rf;ywm xkd;ESufwkdufckdufzkd‹ jzpfvm

onf? _Adwdo#EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;. tmqD,H (4) EkdifiH c&D;pOftwGif; olu jrefrmEkdifiH. vuf&Sdjzpfysufaeaom tajctaeESifh ywfoufI a0zefajymqkd&m wGif ppftpkd;&u ‚if;wk. d‹ tif'kdeD;&Sm;oH±kH;rSwqifh &&Sdonfh tcGifhta&;ukd tokH; csum ‚if;taxmuftxm;±kyf&Sifukd jyefvnfukd;um;cJhonf? *smumwmykd‹pf owif;pmwGif ‚if;wkad‹ &;om;aompmukd azmfjycJhonf? ‚if;wku d‹ *g'D;,ef;owif; pmwGif tpDtpOfwifqufol zg*,fuif; (Fergal Keane) u wDAGD±kyf&Sif.t a-umif; a&;om;aom aqmif;yg;ukd &nf!¸ef;jy_yD; a':atmifqef;pk-unfukd ajAmifwkdufckdufcJhonf? u|efyfwkd‹ ol&Jaumif;. orD;jzpfolu t*FvdyfvlrsKd;ukd vufxyfcJh&m olr tm%m&&Sda&;twGuf ZGwftwif; yl;aygif;}uHpnfae-uaom tiftm;pkrsm;&SdaeonfrSm aocsmonf[k olwkd‹u axmufjycJhonf? olrrSm u|Eyfk w f E‹dk iS hf wlyifwjl im;aomfvnf; olr. tonf;ESv;Hk ESihf pdwx f m;rSm wu,fu h dk _Adwdo#jzpfaeay_yD? TonfrSm u|Ekfyfwkd‹. aemufaz;aygufrSaeI ukdvkdeDpepf oGwo f iG ;f &ef ¯ud;yrf;jcif;jzpfonf[k u|Ekyf w f , ‹dk -Hk unfonf pojzifh pGypf cJG o hJ nf? aemufwckrSm ‘oH±kH;rStjrif’ [lI atmfw0g uae'gjynfoH±kH;rS tvm;wl pmwapmifukd bDbDpD taxmuftxm;±kyf&SifESifhomywfoufI tao;pdwfa&; om;cJhonf? EkdifiHukd pkpnf;EkdifpGrf;&Sdaom u|Ekfyfwkd. ‹ tppftrSef trsKd;om;acgif; aqmifukd tiftm;okH;z,f&Sm;cJh_yD; vGwfvyfa&;ray;&ao;rD ‚if;wkd‹. EkdifiHa&; r[mrdwu f dk csufcsif;tpm;xk;d cJ&h ef ukv d edk eD ,fcsJŒtpd;k &u pGuzf uf¯ud;yrf;cJjh cif;ukd jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; orkdif;wav#mufvkH; ynm&Siftrsm;u oHo,0ifcJh -uonf? TonfrSm ykdrkdckdifrmonfh taxmuftxm;rsm; (pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; .tqifhukd xdckdufvG,fonf[k owfrSwfxm;) ukd _Adwdo#wkd‹. ,kH-unfpdwf cs&onfhae&mrS yxrqkH;xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; aoqkH;jcif; ESifh u&ifepfpwef oabmw&m; (Karenistan concept) ukd axmufcHtm;ay;jzpf ajrmuf&ef ¯ud;pm;ol _Adwdo#aoG;xkd;olrsm; tp&Sdojzifh “jrefrmawmifwef;om; rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;” ukd bDbDpDu v#Kd0‹ Sufyk*~dKvfrsm;[k rD;armif;xkd;jycJh_yD; Tokd‹ olwkd‹ta-umif;wifjycJhonf? “tu,fIom atmifqef;ukdowf&mY taxmuf txm;rsm;u !¸efjyouJhokd‹ olwkd‹om yg0ifywfoufcJhygu jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;wGif txdckdufqkH;wckwnf;aom vkyfaqmifr+twGuf olwkd‹rSm wm0ef&Sdayonf? ed*kH;wGifrl ,ae‹umv _Adwdo#rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh 1947 ckESpfrSpI wkdif;&if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;t-um; r,kHouFmrsKd;aphukd csay;cJhonf[k pGyfpGJcH&aom jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;wkd‹t-um; E+dif;,SOfjycJhonf? txufygtjrif

329

330 330

rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

ukd bapmcifu u&iftrsKd;om;or*~pmapmifwGif jyefvnf wkH‹ jyefa&;om;cJh_yD; ‚if;ukd qefz&efppPukdwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf? jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwaf qGrsm;tzGŒJ &Scd jhJ cif;ESihf autif,u l dk uln&D ef ¯ud;pm;cJah omfvnf; autif,l taejzifh }uD;}uD;rm;rm; taxmuftyHhr&cJhjcif;rSm jiif;Ir&yg? ‚if;tzGJŒESifh atmifqef; vkyf}uHcH&jcif;wkd‹t-um; qufoG,fr+rSmvnf; xkd‹twljzpfygonf? ‚if;tzGJŒtaejzifh 1947 ckESpf jypfr+ESifh tenf;i,fr#om qufEG,fr+ &Sdaumif;&Sday rnf okd‹r[kwf vkH;0r&Sdvnf; jzpfayvdrhfrnf? tenf;i,fr#aom ¹cGif;csufrsm;rS vGJI avmavmq,ftm;jzifh wjcm;wrsKd;wzkH oufaorjyEkdifygu _Adwdo#wkd‹ taejzifh Tvkyf}uHr+Y yg0ifywfoufr+rSm pGef‹pm;vkdolrsm;tjzpfom owfrSwfzkd‹ aumif;ygonf? tqifhjrifhtm%mykdifrsm;uvnf; rodusKd;u|ef«yaumif;«y rnfjzpfaomfvnf; trSefwu,f oem;-uifemaom pkd;&drfylyefaom ukdvkdeDrsm; xuf avmb&ruf}uD;rm;olrsm;om jzpfayvdrrhf nf? atmfw0goH±;Hk ukd ‘Nemesis’ emrnfjzifh _Adwdef=jrefrm Website wGif jyefvnfa&;om;r+onfvnf; ouf qkdifr+&Sdonf? ‚if;. rSwfcsuftcsKd‹ukd ukd;um;&v#if “u&ifvGwfajrmufa&; v+yf&Sm;r+ukd Tvkyf}uHr+ESifh qufoG,fjy&mY ao;EkyfvSonfh ‘u&ifepfpwef’ Karenistan tokH;tE+ef;ukd tokH;«yjcif;rSm cyfa-umifa-umif pdwful;pdwfoef; tqef;xGifjcif;omjzpfygonf?” “u|efawmfawGŒzl;or# _Adwdo#ESifh tar&duef taxmuftxm;rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif rnfokd‹aom u&ifywfoufr+ wpGef;wpukdrS rawGŒ&acs?”

12 OD;atmifoef;=‘atmifoef;.atmifqef;’ (yk*HykHESdyfwkduf/ &efukef 1965 ckESpf) pma&;olrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tukdjzpf_yD; _Adwdo#wkd‹ yg0ifywfoufr+ ESifh ywfoufonfh ol‹tjrifrSm &Sif;&Sif;wnfhwnfhjzpfvSonf? pmrsufESm (252)? “_Adwdo#ukdvkdeDe,fcsJŒrsm;taejzifh jrefrmEkdifiHukd vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef a&Smifv$JI r&rSef;od_yD;onfhaemuf wzufu vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwl_yD; wzufu olwdk‹ -oZmv$rf;rkd;Ekdifrnfhtpkd;&rsKd; okd‹r[kwf olwkd‹tusKd;jzpfrnfh ±kyfao;tpkd;& rsKd; tvkd&SdrnfrSm obm0usygonf? awmifwef;a'orsm; csefvSyfxm;Ekdifa&; twGuf enf;rsKd;pko H ;Hk cJjh cif;ukd txufwiG af zmfjycJ_h yD;jzpfygonf? wk;d wufaom Ekid if aH &;tjrif&o dS nfh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ukd ukv d edk eD ,fcsŒJwu ‹dk vkdvm;ESpf-cdufjcif; &SdykHr&yg? tu,fI AdkvfcsKyfom qufvuf&Sdaeygu t&if; &Sief ,fcsŒJ wt ‹dk aejzifh vGwv f yfp jrefrmEkid if w H iG f olw. ‹dk aoG;pkyo f nfeh nf;vrf;rsm;

ukd qufvufI usio hf ;Hk Ir&rSe;f olwa‹dk umif;aumif;em;vnfxm;-uonf? ok‹d jzpf I t&if;&Sife,fcsJŒwkd‹. t"duwm0efrSm AdkvfcsKyfukd z,f&Sm;&efjzpfonf? ukdvkdeDe,fcsJŒwkdr‹ Sm ta,mifaqmifvSnfhpm;&mY vdrRmyg;eyf_yD; aumufuspfvGef; &m olwkd‹ukd,fwkdif AdkvfcsKyfukd rz,f&Sm;bJ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;rS olwkd‹tvkdusvkyf rnfh opPmazmufEkdifiHom;wOD;ukd olwkd‹&SmazGcJh-uonf? okd‹ jzpfonfh tm;avsmf pGm olwo ‹dk nf eef;&if;0efa[mif; OD;apmukd awGŒomG ;cJ-h uonf?”

13 txufwGifazmfjycJhaom bDbDpD (2) wDAGDrSwfwrf;±kyf&Sifu tav; xm;wifjycJhaom ar;cGef;ukd aemufusrS pdwf0ifpm;r+jy_yD; 2000 ckESpf Zlvkdif apmapmykdif;wGif uGefysLwmuGef&ufay:wGif ‘pdefaA'g’ trnfjzifh “AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;ukd b,folwu,fowfovJ” [laom ar;cGef;ukd wifvmcJh onf? ukb d efxeG ;f u atmufygtwkid ;f csucf si;f tajzay;cJo h nf? r-umrDurS 'DEidk if u H dk 0if vmwJhvl}uD;awGqDu -um;&wmu olwakd‹ jymwJhtwkdif;qkd&if atmifqef;pk-unf eJ‹ ±+armif (ae0if;) &JŒ orD;wa,muf pum;tcsDtcs ajym-u&if; ae0if;orD; u a'gojzpf_yD; *VKefOD;apmukd r&Sif;*ef;awGay;vkdufwm ightazvkd‹ atmf ajymvkdufw,f? ±+armifu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ukd &Sif;ypfcsifw,f? bma-umifhvJ qkdawmh ysOf;rem;u rdef;rwa,mufukd ±+armifu rk'def;usifhwm atmifqef;u odoGm;awmh ±+armifukd owfypfcsifcJhonf? ae0if;ukd vufonfw&m;cHtjzpf ykHESdyfazmfjy&ef roifhaom pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh pGyfpGJaom tjcm;wkH‹ jyefr+rsm;vnf; &Syd gao;onf?

331 331

tcef; (5) tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm; 1

tdENd,EkdifiH tif;a'gppfwuUokdvf (Indore Military Academy) ausmif; qif;rsm;jzpf-u_yD; t_rJwrf;wyfrawmfwGif 'k=Adkvftjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&aom tjcm;jrefrmrsm;rSm tmomcifarmif/ bzl;ESihf armifat;wk‹djzpf-uonf? urBmppf (2) cktwGi;f wGif tjcm;qifrh sm;rS &mxl;wk;d jr‡ijhf cif;cH&olrsm;wGif 'k= Akv d f tD;cifarmif˜ Adkvfb*srf; (Sappers & Miners) ESifh tjcm;olrsm;yg0if -uonf? 'k=urBmppfwGif Adkvfrª;atmifoif;onf tr+xrf;xl;c|efqk (Distinguished Service Order) csD;jr‡ifh jcif;cH&_yD; Adkvfrª;csKyftqifhokd‹yif wkd;jrifhoGm;cJhonf? _Adwdo#vufeufukdif wyfzGJŒrsm;wGif wufºuGpGm tr+xrf;cJh-uaom t&m&Sdtqifhay;tyfjcif;cH&aom wkdif;&if;om; u&if/ ucsif/ &S rf;ESifh csif;vlrsKd;rsm;pGm&Sd-uonf? ,if;t&m&Sd 332 332

333

rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

trsm;pkukd wyfrawmforkdif;wGif rSwfwrf;wif todtrSwf«y&ef vkdtyfaeao; onf? ,ckavmavmq,fwGif ppftm%m&Siftkyfpku pdwf"mwfusOf;ajrmif;pGm jzifh rSww f rf;«yxm;onf?

2 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmv (17) &ufn (9) em&DcGJcef‹wGif wyfrif;}uD; wifxËG t f ay: vky}f uHz‹dk ¯ud;pm;wJh 0rf;enf;p&m tjzpftysufonf aemufw&ufY jrefrmowif;pmok;H apmifwiG o f m tenf;i,fazmfjyjcif;cHc&hJ onf? n (9) em&Dausmf v#if vltrsm; tjyifrxGu&f wm;jrpfxm;onfh ppftyk cf sKyfa&;trdea‹f -umifh t"du jzpfvrd rhf nf? Armhacwfowif;pmtygt0if tjcm;ae‹pOfxw k f owif;pmrsm;taejzifh xko d wif;ukd r&&Scd -hJ uacs? OD;aomif; (a-u;rk)H onf Armhacwfowif;axmuftae jzifh wm0eftay;cH&_yD; ol. eHeufapmapmrS rk;d csKyfonftxd pl;prf;axmufvS r;f onfh ¯ud;yrf;r+rsm;u owif;tjynftpHk xkwfvkyfEkdifcJh_yD; pufwifbmv (19) &ufae‹xw k f owif;pmwGif owif;aqmif;yg;taejzifh xifxif&mS ;&Sm; ay:xGuv f m cJo h nf? ‚if;aqmif;yg;rSm taumif;qk;H jzpfc_hJ y;D ,cifowif;rsm;ukd tao;pdwx f yfrH azmfxkwfEkdifcJhonfh ,if;aqmif;yg;. aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ukd atmufwGif azmfjy vku d yf gonf? a-u;rkOH ;D aomif;. “ArmhacwfraS -u;rko H ”‹dk ('kw, d t}udrx f w k f zavmf&'D g tar&duefjynfaxmifpk 2003 ckEpS f jrefrmvk)d pmrsufEmS 61=68? “æjzpfymG ;ykrH mS wyfrif;}uD; OD;wifxËG o f nf e,l;wkid ;f atmhzb f m;rm;owif; pmwku d rf t S jyef pufwifbm (17) &ufae‹ n (9) em&Dct JG csed w f iG f vlowform;wOD; u vufypfAkH;jzifh ypfcwfvkyf}uHoGm;a-umif;? vufypfA;Hk onf um;a&Sc› ef;wGi;f ok‹d 0ifxidk af eol OD;wifxËG . f ajc&if;wGiu f s um aygufuGJ&m OD;wifxGËf. ezl;/ b,fbufar;/ b,fbufaygif/ b,fbuf'l;/ b,fbufajcrsupf /d b,fbufajczsm;/ b,fbufvufzsm;xdy/f aygif;'%f&maygif; (8) ck&um vJoGm;a-umif;?

OD;wifxGËfESifh,SOfum nmbufrSxkdifol Armukd,f&Hawmf (xkdpOf trnfukd pkHprf;Ir&cJh?) ESifh um;armif;ol armifatmifazwkw d‹ Gif '%f&mtenf;i,fom&_yD; um;aemufrv S u dk o f l a*:&cg;uk, d &f aH wmf oDb[m'l;ESihf yDb[m'l;wkr‹d mS '%f&mjyif; xefpGm&-ua-umif;/ aygufuGJ_yD;aemuf e,l;wkdif;atmhzfbm;rm;owif;pm vuf axmuft,f'w D mESihf wku d o f m;rsm;xGuv f m_yD; OD;wifxËG f ukd aq;±ko H ‹dk pDpOfya‹dk y;cJh -ua-umif;/ a*:&cg;ESpfOD;ukd rD;owfolem«yum;jzifh aq;±kHokd‹o,f&a-umif;/ a'gufwmboef;csucf si;f vkv d dk a&mufvmaomfvnf; OD;wifxËG o f nf owdvpfomG ;

_yD; OD;boef;tm; rrSwrf ad wmha-umif;? (18) &ufae‹ eHeufwiG f 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifE/k EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf_idrf;/ w&m;a&;Xme0ef}uD; OD;b*srf;ESifh tjcm;acgif; aqmifrsm; vm-unf-h ua-umif;? OD;wifxËG . f a0'emukd tdE, dN rS q&m0ef}uD;wOD; yifh_yD; ukvkdao;a-umif;ESifh 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEku qEN&Sdojzifh q&m0efrsm;. cGi«hf ycsuft& 0ef}uD;csKyfonf tdE, dN oHtrwf}uD; a'gufwma&mhzf (Dr.Rauf) xH tultnDawmif;a-umif;? oHtrwf}uD; aq;±kHoakd‹ &mufvm_yD; aqG;aEG;-u&m q&m0ef}uD; a'gufwm ‹d befoef;/ a'gufwmeef'D (Dr.Nandi) ESihf a'gufwm [&D[m&m (Dr.Hariharan) wku ar#mfvifhcsufr&Sdawmh[k ,lqa-umif;ESifh ajymjy-ua-umif;?

OD;aomif;onf aq;±kYH qufvufaecJ_h y;D n (7) em&Dausmcf sed w f iG f OD;wifxËG f .orD; rcif!Gef‹&if csKH;yGJcsikdaºuG;_yD; tcef;xJrS xGufvmonfukd awGŒcJh&onf?

OD;wifxGËfum; n (7) em&D (35) rdepfwGif uG,fvGefoGm;&SmcJhavonf?

3 ‘pmwGJ’wGif±+/ &efukef°rd›&Sd udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm;rS vef'ef°rd›odk‹ydk‹onfh oD;jcm;a&G;cs,fxm;aom a-u;eef;pmrsm;?

4 OD;apm. nDtukdawmfol armifarmif}uD;u ‘The Times’ owif;pmukd pma&;om;&mwGif ol‹emrnfukd M.M.Jee [k okH;cJhonf? 1948 ckESpf rwfvwGif a&;aompmY “cifAsm; OD;apmukd w&m;±kw H ifppfaq;&mY jrefrmEkid if .

H w&m;a&;tkyf csKyfrE+ iS yhf wfoufI ta&;}uD;aom ar;cGe;f (2) &yf ay:aygufvmygonf? wckrmS w&m;±kH;wifppfaq;jcif;ESifh ao'%fcsrSwfjcif;rSm Oya'a-umif;t& rSefuefr+ &Sdovm;? aemufwckrSm ol‹tr+r_yD;pD;ao;rD zGJŒpnf;ykHtajccHOya' tajymif; tvJrjzpfygu olt ‹ aejzifh t*Fvef. y&DAaD umifpD (rif;wkid yf iftzGŒJ ) ok‹d toem;cH av#mufxm;cGifh&Sd&m xkdtcGifhta&;qkH;±+H;jcif;rSm rSefuefyg&JŒvm; jzpfygonf?

OD;apmukd,fwkdifu xGufqkd&mY (u) ol‹udk yxrtusOf;cs_yD; vaygif; tawmf-umrS w&m;pGJqkdcJhonf? (c) ol‹ukd txl;ckH±kH;u w&m;pD&ifcJh&m w&m; v$wfawmfcsKyf &Sdaevsuf txl;ckH±kH;ceft ‹ yfjcif;onf t-ydifw&m;±kH;jzpfI w&m;r# wjcif;r&Sd? w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfuomv#if Tokd‹aomtr+rsKd;ukd pD&ifEkdifonfh tm%m&So d nf? (*) olonf y&DAaD umifpo D ‹dk toem;cHpmwifoiG ;f cGihf qk;H ±+;H cJo h nf/ vdyfpmwyfxm;onf trSwf 132/ *&dwfaygh(of)vef; vrf; (vef'ef) 'AvsL0rf;?

5 bDbDpD (2) wDADG (txufygtpDtpOf)/ vlawGŒar;jref;cH&ol pwmvdef qD;*a&Œ (zf) (Sterling Seagrave) (owif;pmq&m[lI o±kyfazmfcJholonf a'gufwm a*:'iftufpfqD;*a&Œ (zf) . om;jzpfonf) = Adkvfp}ufm (ocifatmif

333

334 334

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335

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ 8

oef;=&Jabmfo;kH usdy)f 1969 ckEpS w f iG f befaumufY aoqH;k onf) u u|efawmfu h kd ajymjycJhwmu vef'efòrdw › Gif tvGeft&Sdeft0g}uD;wJh vlwpk&Sdw,f? ppftwGif;u tJ'v D rl sm;u axmufvSr;f a&;eJ‹ ywfoufc-hJ u_y;D jrefrmjynfe‹J oHwrefta&;/ ppfqif a&;eJ‹ v#KŒd0u S af xmufvSr;f a&; (Secret Service) rsm;wGif yg0ifc-hJ uolrsm;jzpfw,f? xkdtcsdefuwnf;u olwdk‹tcsKdŒ[m txufrª;rwfv$wfawmf (House of Lords) odk‹ &mxl;jrihfwufoGm;-uw,f? wcsKdŒuawmh _Adwdo#tpdk;& txufykdif;rsm;wGif tvGef-oZmwduUr&Sdvm-uw,f? 'gayr,fh olwdk‹[m a&S;±kd;pGJrl0g' (Conservative) tpdk;&rS usef&pfcJhwJhvlrsm;omjzpf_yD; ,cktvkyform; (Labour) tpkd;& eJq ‹ akd wmh olwt ‹kd aeeJ‹ _Adwo d #rl0g'tay: -oZmt&Sed t f 0g wdu k ±f u dk ðf yvkyjf cif; r&Sd Ekdif-uawmhbl;aygh? 'ga-umifhrdk‹ olwdku ‹ uG,f&muae oG,f0dkufwJhenf;oHk;-u_yD; atmifqef;tay: vufpm;acscsifwJh pdwftpGJtvrf;}uD;eJ‹ atmifqef;&JŒ jrefrm jynfvGwfvyfa&; atmifyGJcHjcif;udk wm;qD;-uwmjzpfw,f?

6 (6) ESpfeD;yg; aetdrfwGif zrf;qD;cH&jcif;rS 1995 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv(10) &ufae‹wGif v$wfvdkufonf?

7 bmwD; (vf) vifh (w) em (Bertil Lintner) . ‘awmfvSefaewJh Armjynf= 1948 ckESpfrS bdef;ykefuefr+’ (taemufbufrS jrifuGif; pmyHkESdyfwdkuf USA ESihf -um jzL/ befaumuf/ 1994) pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm (84=88) Y jywfom;aom Zmwfvrf; pHkwGif a&;om;xm;onfhta-umif;rsm;rSm= vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; ESpfvt-umwGif S o f w H refwa,muf (atmfvD u&if autif,l (Karen National Union) &JŒ v#KdŒ0u Am boef;) udk vef'efodk‹ apv$wfum olwd&k‹ JŒtr+udk t*Fvdyfvdkvm;wJh u&ifrsm; axmufco H rl sm;tm; wifjytoem;cH&ef vma&mufjcif;udk 0dik ;f 0ef;az;r&ef pk±;kH cJw h hJ pGef‹pm;vdkol _Adwdo#vlenf;pkwpk &Sda-umif;/ 1948 ckESpf/ ZGefv (30) &ufae‹wGif f ‹kd tpnf;ta0;ac:&m vl 'k=Adv k rf ;ª }uD; z&ifh (u)/ td0k if (Frank Owen) &JŒ aetdro (40) cef‹ ay:vm-uonf? olw‹kd ‘jrefrmjynfawmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwaf qGtoif;’ (FBHP) udk zGŒJ pnf;cJ-h u_yD; xdo k w H refrmS vufeufrsm;ay;rnfh uwd&um jyefomG ; onf? toif;om;jzpfol ausm-f um;r+&adS om ppfrx + rf;a[mif; Akv d rf ;ª }uD;*|ef u±krd [D wvfavmuf (Col. John Cromarty-Tulloch) Force 136= 136=wyfzGJŒ ) taejzifh u&ifoyl ek rf sm;twGuf vufeufEiS fh usnfrsm;udk oabFmjzihyf Œdk &ef óud;pm;onfrsm; rSm ratmifjrifcJha-umif;/ apmapmydkif;u t*Fvdyfujym;rsm; tygt0if _Adwdo# ppf r+xrf;a[mif; yk*~dKvftenf;i,fwdk‹onf u&ifrsm;udk ppfajrjyifwGif tultnD ay;onf[k od&ygonf?

‘pmwGJ’wGif±+/ a-u;eef;pm tdkiftdktm= trf§4§2714/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf/ eHygwf(282)?

9 [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiH/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; tpOD;ESpfrsm;udk avhvmjcif;/ (vef'ef atmufpfzdk‹'fwuUodkvfyHkESdyfwdkuf=1957) pmrsufESm (37) atmufajcrSwfcsufu 1948 ckESpf/ -o*kwfv (14) &ufxkwf/ ‘The Nation’ owif;pmtm; &nf!e ¸ f;csufudk azmfjyonf?

10 AdkvfcsKyf}uD; prpf'Gef;. ‘av;ayAdkvfr;ª }uD;. rSwfrdor#’þpmtkyf (tDom um/ e,l;a,muf/ aumfe,fwuUov kd /f ta&Sa› wmiftm&StpDtpOf/ tcsut f vuf pmwrf;trSwf (13=1980= pmrsufESm (53) ’ cGifh&uf&Snf/ vpmjynfh tp&Sdonfh urf;vS rf;r+&SdcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; 'Gef;taejzihf ,if;urf;vS rf;r+udk r,lcJhbJ Ekwx f u G cf o hJ nf? xda‹k emufoo l nf u&ifEiS Afh rmenf;aom ucsifjynfe,f/ jrpf}uD; em;od‹k rdrb d mom oGm;a&mufaexdik cf o hJ nf?

11 OD;ae0if;onf avmif;upm;xHkolwOD;jzpf_yD; &efukef jrif;°ydifuGif;odk‹ r-umc%oGm;oljzpfonf?

12 tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ e,l;a,muf ruf[efwef (Manhattan) &Sd jynfya&mufjrefrmrsm;u OD;pGmxkwaf 0cJah om tywfpOfowif;pmapmif?

13 OD;wifarmif0if;/ befaumufòrdw › Gif xkwfa0aom ‘acwfòydif’ (The New Era Journal) *sme,f? ZeD;jzpfol a':cifrsKd;at;u qufvufxkwfa0vsuf&Sdyg onf? t,f'w D mcsKyfrmS a-u;rHk OD;aomif;jzpfonf?

14 jrefrmjynfjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; OD;pD;aumfrwD (CRDB) udk 1987 ck ESpfu pwifwnfaxmifzGJŒpnf;cJholjzpf_yD; xdktcsdefrS 1997 ckESpftxd TtzGJŒ }uD; . tjynfjynfqkdif&m OuU@wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhygonf? xdk‹aemuf xkdif;EkdifiH OuU@ wm0efESifh tjcm;OD;aqmiftoif;tzGJŒ }uD;rsm;wGif xdyfwef;rS 0wW&m;rsm; tcsdefjynfhvkyfudkifaepOf 1999 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (1) &ufae‹wGif uG,fvGef oGm;ygonf? OD;wifarmif0if;rSm ppftm%m&Siftkyfpkudk qef‹usifykefuefaeaom xkid ;f Edik if &H dS OD;EkEiS fh yl;aygif;&eftwGuf jrefrmEkid if rH S 1969 ckEpS w f iG f xGucf mG vmpOf vrf;c&D;wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhaom wcsdefu 0ef}uD;ESihf oHtrwf}uD;wOD;jzpfcJhol OD;0if;.om;jzpfonf?

15 trdajrukd zufqpfppftm%m&SifpepfrS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf vltkyf }uD;rsm;jzifh awmif;qdkr+ukd t&nftcsif;&Sd_yD; owWdESifhjynfhpkHaom yk*~dKvfrsm;u rdrdwkd‹pdwfqENjzifh tav;wrl*±kxm;um ¯ud;yrf;cJh-uonf? xif&Sm;aomyk*~dKvf

335

336 336

rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

rsm;rSm &JabmfokH;usdyf0if AdkvfcsKyfvusfm/ AdkvfcsKyf&efEkdifESifh Adkvfr;ª atmif/ Akdvfr;ª csKyf-um'kd;/ OD;oGif/ tuf'0yfavm±kH/ &efusifpdef/ (OD;0if;ESifh Adkvfp}uFmwkd‹rSm tpOD;ykdif;wGifyif uG,fvGefcJhonf) ESifh aemuf touft&G,fykdif;wGif ZmvDarmf/ wifarmif0if;/ &Jausmfol/ armifatmifESifh tjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;. om;rsm;/ olw. ‹dk ZeD;rsm; rdom;pktzGŒJ 0ifrsm;u aumif;pGmtm;ay;ulncD -hJ uonf? ae0if;. tqifhqifhaom ppftpkd;&rsm;onf 1962 ckESpf tm%modrf;_yD;csdefrSpI EkdifiHa&; t&ESifh vlrsKd;a&;t& xºuGr+rsKd;pkHwkd‹. vufeufukdifawmfvSefr+rsm;ukd &ifqkdif cJ&h onf?

16 vD[maA;atmhpf0J (Lee Harvey Oswald) wOD;wnf;om ðyvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfonf[al om tjrif ( 1964 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvwGif w&m;ol}uD;csKyf tm;vf0g &if;. aumfr&Sif (Earl Warren’s Commission) . awGŒ&Sdcsufrsm;u ,if;tcsuf udk axmufccH ahJ omfvnf;) udk odr‹k [kwf 1963 ckEpS w f iG f orRw uae'D (President + iG f olyg0ifywfoufaeonf [laomtcsuu f ykd if Kennedy) udk vky}f uHowfjzwfrw tar&duefjynfov l x l u k t}uD;tus,foo H ,&Sad er+u qGaJ qmifco hJ nft h wGuf tar&dueftpdk;&onf vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+rSwfwrf;rsm; jyefvnfpdppfoHk;oyfa&; tzGŒJukd ,if;udpt P m; jyefvnfppfaq;&ef wm0efay;tyfco hJ nf? xdt k csed u f v#K0‹d u S f tjzpf a-unmcHxm;&aom taxmuftxm; pm&Guf (6) aomif;tm; jynfov l x l k tm;today;cJ_h y;D / ,if;wdu ‹k kd taotcsmjyefvnf tao;pdw-f unf±h c+ o hJ nf? a':vm (8) oef;ukefuscJh_yD; (6) ESpf-um tao;pdwfvkyfaqmifr+rsm;ðyvkyf_yD;aemuf vkyf }uHowfjzwfrr+ w S w f rf;rsm; jyefvnfppd pfo;kH oyfa&;tzGŒJonf 1998 ckEpS /f pufwif bmv (30) &ufae‹wGif pmrsufESm (290) yg&Sdaom tpD&ifcHpmwapmif xkwfa0 cJhonf? ed*Hk;csKyf= orRw uae'Dtm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJholrSm atmhpf0Jvf wOD; wnf;omjzpfonf? rnfoq ‹kd akd p yl;aygif;}uHpnfrt + jzpf ,lqolrsm;udrk l ,H-k unfvm atmif rðyvkyEf ikd af o;acs?

OD;apm OD;av; (9) a,muf? EkdifiHa&;aqmif&Gufcsdefrsm;wGif *VKefOD;apm u ºuGm;0gavh&SdonfrSm ol‹rdcifbufrS OD;av;awmfol (9) a,mufrSm wOD;pD vlowfr+ usL;vGefcJh-ua-umif; w&m;pD&ifjcif;cHcJh-u&aomfvnf; t,lcH0ifvkduf

-uwkdif; vGwfoGm;-ua-umif;/ okd‹aomf OD;apmu vlowfr+«ycJhaom w&m;cH OD;av;rsm;u vlom; b,fEpS af ,muf owfjzwfco hJ nfudk twdtusrajymcJah omf vnf; tenf;qk;H wOD;u wa,mufomxm;v#if olw. ‹dk wlawmfou l &ufpufpmG owfjzwfapcJo h nfh vl (9) OD;ESihf nDr#rnfomjzpfonf?

2 aroef;apm? vl,kwfrmrsm;. ckdv+H&mb,frSm&SdovJ´ qkdonfh tar;ESit hf ajzukd ay;cJo h rl mS (18) &mpkwiG f ausmf-um;cJo h nfh t*Fvyd pf ma&;q&m Samuel Johnson (1709=1784) tqkdt& xkdvlpm;rsm;. ckdv+H&monf rsKd;cspf pdwf&Sdol rSwf,lxm;olrsm;taeESifhjzpf.? xkdvlpm;rsKd;toGifonf *VKefOD;apmuJh okd‹ EkdifiHa&;orm;ESifh wkdufqkdifae.? okd‹aomf olonf Ak'<bmom=jrefrmjzpfjcif; a-umifh Ak'<w&m;jrwf. tESpft&omjzpfaom avmb/ rkef;wD;r+/ ,kHrSm;vGef jcif;rsm;onf 'kuQt&if;tjrpfjzpfonfqkdaom w&m;awmfukd vspfvsL±+xm;ykH &onf? u|efawmhfa,muQrjzpfol OD;aomif;pdef&SdpOfu OD;apmta-umif;rsm; r-um c%vufqkHajym-u&m0,f OD;apmonf raumif;r+rsm;usL;vGef_yD; aopm; aoaptrdefr‹ SvGwf&ef ar#mfvifhcsufr&SdonfhtcsdefrSmyif aemifw&cJhykHr&onfukd pOf;pm;rd-uygonf? u|efawmfu xifa-u;ay;cJhzl;onfrSm ol.,kH-unfcspfcif olwOD;OD;tm; pmjzifh rdrd.pdwful;t,ltqrsm;ukd a&;om;xm;cJhjcif;&SdEkdifI xkt d wGi;f a&;pmrsm;ukd ajc&maumufEidk &f ef ta-umif;&Srd nf? u|efawmhaf ,muQr }uD;uvJ xko d rl sm;onf OD;apm.ZeD;ESihf i,f&, G o f w l OD;wnf;aom orD;wk‹d jzpfEidk f a-umif;ukd pOf;pm;rdonf? okd‹ jzpfapumrl ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ausmfvGefcJh_yD;rS pma&; q&m ‘cspf-unfa&;’ -unf!Gef. ‹ 1970 ckESpf 'DZifbmvxkwf “orkdif;0ifol&d,/ jrefrmhtvif;ESifh jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;” pmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;onfrSm olod&SdvmcJh onft h wkid ;f *VKefO;D apmonf olo ‹ rD;aroef;apm (ac: ) abbDapmxHo‹dk atmufyg aemufq;Hk ay;pmrSww f rf;ukd xm;&pfco hJ nf? TaumufEw k cf sufrsm;r-umrDuyif (56) ESpfajrmufpmqkdawmfae‹txdrf;trSwftjzpf -opa-w;vs/ qpf'eD-rdŒ usif;y a&;aumfrwDu xkwfa0onfh ‘orkdif;0ifpmuAsmtvuFm’ wGif jyefvnfykHESdyf xm;ygonf? “a'goESifh tmCmww&m;onf aumif;usKd;ukdray;bJ qkd;usKd;ukdomay; onf? olonf a'gorD;ukd&if0,fykduf_yD; tmCmww&m; }uD;rm;vGef;cJhojzifh ol.b0ukd wkw d Edk iS yhf idk ;f um Zmwford ;f qk;d cJ&h onf? tu,fI a'gorD;ukd &if0,frykdufbJ _idrf;owfEkdifcJh_yD; tmCmww&m;

337

338

tcef; (6) t-urf;zufrt + arG 1

337

338

339

rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

udkvnf; azsmufzsufypfEkdifrnfqkdygv#if ,ckvkd toufi,fi,fESifh b0ukd wkdwkd ykdif;&rnfr[kwfacs? oljrwfEkd;aom ZeD;/ olcspfaomorD;wkd‹ESifhvnf; tkdatmif rif;atmif aexkdif&_yD; wkdif;jynftusKd;ukd o,fykd;xrf;aqmifrnfjzpfonf? ,ckru l m; vGecf ahJ v_yD? _yD;cJah v_yD? okw ‹d apvnf; zcifjzpfo. l trSm;rsK;d ukd orD;jzpfol r¯uHawGŒ&avatmif zcif. b0oifcef;pmukd,lI a'gorD; &if0,f rykdufaxG;bJ _idrf;owfypfyg? rnfol‹tay:rS &ef-id;zGJŒ&ef-id;rxm;bJ tmCmw w&m;ukd azsmufzsufypfygav=cspforD;” [lI azmfjyyg&So d nf[I l od&onf? b0oufwrf;.vrf;a-umif;twkdif; tcsdeftweft&G,fa&mufonfhtcg wGif aroef;apmonf tdraf xmif«ycJ_h yD; i,f&, G pf OfrmS yif uG,v f eG o f mG ;onf?

3 wifarmif0if;/ ‘EkdifiHa&;orm;ESifhEkdifiHa&;’ xkwfa0ol a':cifrsKd;at;/ acwf-ydif*sme,f/ befaumuf 2001 ckESpf pmrsufESm 302? “u|efawmhfukdzrf;_yD; ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;u 1965 ckESpf ZGefv (5) &ufu pwifppfaq;_yD;onfhaemuf ykdif; 1965 ckESpf ZGefv (14) &ufu 1968 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (27) &uftxd tif;pdeaf xmifxrJ mS axmifcsxm;cJo h nf? ¯ud;rdeu ‹f saom &mZ0wfom;rsm;tm; ¯ud;rder‹f ay;rD ,cifu tok;H «ycJo h nfh ¯ud;wkdufxJwGif u|efawmhfukd wa,mufxJ csKyfxm;cJhonf? _Adwdo# axmifOya' rsm;u jypf'%fus tusOf;om;wa,mufukd ¯ud;wkdufxJwGif (21) &ufxuf ausmf_yD; xkduJhokd‹ csKyfcGifhr&Sd[k jy@mef;xm;aomfjim;vnf; vlr+tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh w&m;Oya'ukd 1962 rwfv (2) &ufae‹up_yD; csKd;azmufcsifwidk ;f csKd;azmufvsuf olwkd‹vkdtyfonfhtcgwkdif; trdef‹ESifhxkwfjyefa-unmcsufrsm;ukd xkwfcsifovkd xkwI f vkycf sio f vkv d yk af e-uonfh vuf&pdS pftm%mykid rf sm;u u|eaf wmhu f dk tcef; eHygwf (15) Y yxrt}udrfrSmyJ (9) vausmf wkdufydwfxm;cJhonf? ‚if;tcef;rSm (10) ay/ (8) aycef‹omus,f_yD; opfom;-urf;cif;oufoufjzpfygonf? xkd‹ jyif emrnfawG/ &ufpGJawGESifh EkdifiHa&;aºuG;a-umfoHawGukdvnf; eH&HrSma&;jcpfxm; onfudk awGŒ&ygonf? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf tmZmenf}uD;rsm;tm; vky}f uHowf jzwfcJhonfhtr+a-umifh ao'%ftjypfay;cH&aom OD;apmESifh}uH&mygrsm;tm; ao pm;aoaptrdef‹ukd csrSwfapcJhonf? u|efawmfhukd csKyfxm;&mae&mrSm ‚if;&m Z0wfom;rsm; jypf'%fukd apmifhqkdif;aecJh-u&onfh ¯ud;wkdufjzpfa-umif; aemufrS u|efawmfod&±kHru u|efyftcef;eHygwf (15) wGifvnf; w&m;cHr+ef}uD; aeoGm;cJh onft h avsmuf “owf&&J if ao&J&rnf=1947” [lI eH&w H iG f ur`n;f xk;d xm;cJo h rl mS oljzpfa-umif; od&ygonf? TonfrmS *VKefO;D apm. aqmify'k jf zpfonf? olonf

ol.acgif;aqmifukd aemufqkH;txd av;pm;oGm;ykH&onf?”

4 txufygpmtkyf? pmrsufESm 426=429? 1970 ckESpfwGif Adkvf&efEkdif. awmifyidk ;f wkid ;f jzpfaom xkid ;f Ekid if H pefum&mpcef; (Sangkara Camp) Y jr0wD&aJ cgif u pma&;ol/ ukdwifarmif0if;ESifh &Jausmfolwkdu ‹ kd tvGefxl;aom ta-umif;t&m (,cktxd vltrsm; rod&Sdao;) jzpfonfh xkdtcsdef *syefacwfu EkdifiHY eHygwf (1) jzpfaeaom t"dywd a'gufwmbarmfukd vkyf}uHowfjzwf&ef }uHpnfcJhzl;onfht a-umif;t&mrsm;ukd ajymjycJhonf? xkdta-umif;t&mrSm xyfrHazmfjy&efoifhay onf? xkdtcsdefu EkdifiHawmft"dywdt&Sifrif;}uD;.tdrfY wm0efcsxm;aom Adv k &f efEidk f OD;pD;onfh t"dywd uk, d &f aH wmfuif;wyf. wyfzŒJG 0if (117) OD;wGif uk&d J acgifonf wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? wyfzGJŒ0if &Jabmfrsm;taejzifh taxGaxGEkdifiH a&;tajctaeukd tenf;i,fr#om od&Sd-u_yD; ppfwyfxkH;pHtwkdif; AdkvfcsKyfatmif qef; wOD;wnf;ukdom ,kH-unfukd;pm;-uonf? ‚if;tjyif a'gufwmbarmfrSm *syeftvkad wmf&w d OD;jzpfonf[k xifjrif_y;D wyfrawmfom; &Jabmfrsm;u r-unf!dk -u±kHru ol‹tm; tacsmiform; EkdifiHa&;pm;zm;opPmazmuf[k awG;q-uonf? xkd‹tjyif ol.orufjzpfol Adkvf&efEkdifESifhywfoufIvnf; tm;vkH;u ESvkH;rom r,mjzpfae-uonf? t"dywdukd teD;uyfapmifh-unfh&ef Adkvf&efEkdiftm; t"dywd uk, d &f aH wmfAv kd rf ;ª tjzpf wm0efcsxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k olwe‹dk m;vnf-uaomfvnf; olo ‹ rD; wifZmarmftm; vufxyfvkdufjcif;jzifh a'gufwmbarmf bufygoGm;_yD[k tm;vkH;uxifae-uonf? EkdifiHawmft"dywdvkyf}uHr+}uD;ukd xkdae‹ nykdif; r[m rdwfwkd‹u ava-umif;rS AkH;}uJonfhtcsdefESifh wkdufqkdifaeojzifh arSmifrJaeaom wnY ava-umif;&ef O-orsm; atmfjrnfvmonf? a'gufwmbarmfESifh rdom;pk vnf; yef;_cHtwGif; wkdufaemufbuf&Sd AkH;ckdusif;twGif;okd‹ rdom;pktm;vkH; uokwfu&ufajy;0if-uonf? xdkae&mrSm uif;wyf. e,fedrdwfxJY&Sdonf? xkdtcsdefwGif OD;ausmfjrifhav; (tm&Svli,ftoif; twGif;a&;rª;/ aemifaomtcg zqyv0ef}uD;jzpfvmrnfhol) ESifh *syefe*g; euftzGJŒ0if (2) OD;wko d‹ nf uif;wyfzGJŒ acgif;aqmif ukd&JacgifESifh vma&mufawGŒqkHwkdifyifaqG;aEG;-u_yD; e*g;eufwkd‹u a'gufwmbarmftaejzifh t*Fvdyftvkdawmf&djzpfI olu ‹ kdpdwfrcs&/ olt ‹ m; avSeH ESpzf uf eif;xm;ol[k jrif-uonf? xka‹d -umifh olu ‹ zdk ,f&mS ;_y;D ol. Ekid if aH cgif;aqmif ae&mukd jynfow l &yfv;Hk ESihf wyfrawmfwckv;Hk u -unf!adk om Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; tm;v$Jtyf&ef olwkd‹u vkdvm;-uonf? ‚if;tjrifrSm uif;wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;twGuf vufcHEkdifzG,f&Sdonf? ,ckn olwkd‹a'gufwmbarmftm; vG,fulpGm zrf;qD;ac:

339

340 340

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aqmifoGm;a&;rSm uif;wyfzGJŒ0ifrsm;. yl;aygif;ulnDr+vkdtyfonf? tcGifhtcg aumif;u qkdufa&mufvmay_yD? ava-umif;&ef tcsufay;O-oqGJxm;csdefY vufeuftjynfhtpkH okdif;-cHwyfqifxm;aom ukd&Jacgif/ OD;ausmfjrifhav;ESifh *syef e*g;euf (2) OD;wkrd‹ Sm AkH;ckdusif;&Sd&mokd‹ jzwfvrf;rS tvsiftjrefoGm; -uonf? av a-umif;&eftm;vkH; uif;&Sif;a-umif; tcsufay;oH r-um;&ao;onfhtwGuf a'gufwmbarmfwt ‹dk m;vk;H Ak;H cku d si;f xJwiG yf ifþ&Sv d rd rhf nf[k olw‹dk awG;xifc-hJ uonf? okad‹ omfvnf; a'gufwmbarmfwkd‹ rdom;pkrSm ava-umif;&ef tcsufay;at;aq; a-umif; O-orqGJrD AkH;ckdusif;rS tdrfokd‹ jyefoGm;-u_yDjzpfI olwkpd‹ dwfysufrd-uonf? olwku d‹ tdrftwGif; twif;0ifa&muf_yD; wkdufckduf&ef ¯ud;pm;aomfvnf; ratmif jrifcahJ cs? w,fvzD ek ;f vkid ;f rsm;ukd jzwfawmufxm;onf[k OD;ausmjf rifah v;u xifchJ aomfvnf; vkdif;rsm;ukdom jzwfvkdufykH&I a'gufwmbarmfu uifaywkdifudk vS r;f ac:Ekid cf o hJ nf? r-umrD uifaywkid w f ‹dk nwGi;f csif; ppfum; (2) pD;jzifh a&muf&dS vm_yD; ausmfjrifhav;ESifh e*g;euf (2) OD; ukd zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;vsuf aemuf w&ufwiG f uk&d aJ cgifEiS hf uif;wyfzŒJG vlaygif; (15) a,muf OD;0dpm&vrf;/ ppf0ef}uD;±k;H csKyfY zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;ukd cHcJh-u&onf? a'gufwmbarmf. t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf a&;om;cJhonfh “Breakthrough in Burma: Memoirs of a Revolution, 1939-1946” / (e,l;a[bif/ a&(vf) wuUokdvfpmykHESdyfwkduf/ 1968? pmrsufESm 216 ESifh 253) wGif ¹rGuf[cJhonfrSm bDtkdifatppfwyftaejzifh ol‹tm;vkyf}uH&ef }uHpnfjcif;rsm; zGifhvSpfcJhonf[k qkdxm;onf? okd‹aomfvnf; ‚if;pmtkyfwGif us,fus,fjyef‹ jyef‹ azmfjyjcif;r&Sdyg?

Tta-umif;ESiyhf wfoufI *syefacwf jrefrmtpk;d & jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD; AE<KvOD;pdef . “u|efyfwkd‹ twGif;a&; ('kwd,wGJ) rSmvnf; yga-umif;od&onf? EkdifiHjcm; pma&;q&mrsm;wGirf u l m; Tjzpf&yftay: pkpH v Hk ifvifa&;cJo h rl mS vl0pf (p) t,fvif (Louis Allen) jzpfonf? olp ‹ mtkyf “Burma: The Longest War 1941-45”, Phoenix Press 2000/ pmrsufESm (568) = (573) wGif ukd;um;a&;om;xm;onfhtwdkcsKyf rSm *syefw ‹ yfrawmfESifh wGJxm;onfh t&yfom;ygarmuQ tpmtd/ wkduktdcsd (Prof. + w l pkwiG f ‚if;.±+;d 0ukeo f , G af &;tzGŒJ Asai Tokuichi) acgif;aqmifonfh vky}f uHrv (Showa Trading Association) rS rdwfaqGwOD;ESifh aemuf *syefwa,muftjyif OD;ausmfjrifhESifh jrefrmwa,mufyg0ifum 1944 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (16) &uf nykid ;f wGif a'gufwmbarmfaetdro f ‹dk oGm;cJ-h uonf? wyfrawmfom;tapmifrh sm;ESihf awGŒonfhtcg OD;ausmfjrifhtm; ajymckdif;onfrSm OD;barmfonf _Adwdo#olv#KdjzpfI

ol‹tm;owf&ef vmcJh-ujcif;jzpfa-umif;? 'Dta-umif;ukd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; odaoma-umifh vwfwavmvkdufvmvdrfhrnf? yxrqkH;uawmh olwkdt ‹ m; vuf eufrsm;tyf&efjzpfa-umif;? xkdpum;rsm;ukd vufcHykH&onfh tapmifhwyfrsm;u ±kdifz,f (10) vuf urf;vkdufonf? xkdtcg avab;O-ooHay:vmI OD;barmf xGufvm_yD; AkH;ckdusif;xJ0ifoGm;aomfvnf; tdrfxJokd‹ jyefoGm;cJhonf? wzef d I f *syefqufo, G af &;t&m&Sd Akv d rf ;ª }uD; [d&tku d (Col. Hiraoka) tm; owday;vku a&mufvm_yD; ppf&Jwyfrsm;vnf; a&mufvm-uonf? tpmtdESifh vlwpktm; ppfaq;um tif;pdef=*syef ppfwyfaxmifokd‹ zrf;qD;oGm;onf? xkdpma&;q&m a&;cJhonfhpmtkyfwGif azmfjyxm;onfh pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;onfh tcsufrsm;wGif ygonfrmS vky}f uHrr+ prDnwGiyf if tpmtd. ±+;d 0rdwaf qGonf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf awGŒ&efomG ;cJah -umif;? aemufapmapmykid ;f u tpmtdtm; pifumylwiG f ocifApdeEf iS hf xGef;tkyfwkd‹u a'gufwmbarmfukd rvkdvm;onfhpum;rsm; em;oGif;cJh-uonf[k azmfjycJo h nf?

5 OD;atmifqef;u 1946 ckESpf tapmydkif;u a':refprpftay: ,Hk-unfr+ ay;tyfcjhJ cif; (pmrsufEmS 182 ok‹d ) onf 0d0g'jzpfcsifp&mjzpfI ,if;udk todw&m; &S&d dS uGu J jJG ym;jym; rvGrJ mS ;atmif &Si;f vif;jyo&ef rjzpfEikd cf ahJ cs? olonf rdro d bm0 u tvdt k avsmufajymvdu k o f nft h wdik ;f rdrcd pH m;rdovdk ajymcJjh cif;jzpfy&kH ygonf? a,bk,stm;jzihf trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;. uH-urRmESihf txl;0daootm;jzihf jrefrmhordik ;f wGif xif&mS ;olrsm;. uH-urRmudk olo&d x dS m;onft h ay: tajccHajymcJh jcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf? xdkacgif;aqmiftrsm;pkrSm opPmazmufcH&I vkyf}uHowfjzwf r+a-umifh uG,v f eG o f mG ;-u&onfr[kwyf gvm;? ‘ (18) v’ [lI ol &nf!e¸ ;f ajymqdk oGm;jcif;onf &Sif;vif;jyoI r&Ekdifaom t&mjzpfayawmhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olonf 1947 ckEpS /f ESpv f ,fwiG f vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif;cHc&hJ onfrmS obm0w&m;. jyuf&,fðyr+jzpfayawmhonf? tjcm;wbufwGifum; olonf [dwf[efvkyf&ef/ *k%x f w k &f efEiS fh rdru d , kd u f kd tumtuG,ðf y&ef vdv k m;olr[kwb f J jynfov l x l . k cspjf cif;arwWm&dy°f rHwiG f vH°k cHaeonf[k ,H-k unfcpH m;aecJo h l jzpfayonf?

6 bmwD;vif(h w)em (Bertil Lintner) . ‘{&m0wDpmapmif’ (-o*kwv f 2000) pmtkyaf 0zefcef;wGif a'gufwmarmifarmifa&; ‘1988 ck jrefrmjynf ykeu f efxºuGr’+ pmtk y f (yk H p H 49/ a&;(vf ) ta&S › a wmif t m&S a vh v ma&;/ e,l ; a[bif / uGeef ufwu D ,f U.S.A) tay: ajzmifrh wfpmG o±kyaf zmfxm;onfrmS = “rsuaf rSmufacwfY tm&Swu dk w f iG f &ufpuf-urf;ñuwfpmG tpkvu dk t f °yHvu dk f

341

342 342

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owfjzwfrt + }uD;t-u,f tqk;d qk;H rsm;wGif yg0ifonfjh zpf&yfudk xk;H jzLokwaf y;jcif; omjzpfonf?æjrefrmjynf. tkdpma&mufaeonfh tm%m&Siftm; rsufpdrSdwfokwd -obmpm &Gwjf cif;?ær±k;d rom;ajr‡mufyifo h nfh ynm&Si?f ” tqk;H owf&mwGif olt ‹ ajymu=“olt ‹ aeeJ‹ tm&St-uifemrJh tm%m&Sirf sm; ukd auseyf-uap&ef vkyfaqmifqJ«y&mwGif olukd,fwkdifu txktxnf vlowf orm;rsm;wk. ‹d umuG,cf ck o H jl zpfvmcJo h nf? ykdrkdtHhtm;oifhzG,faumif;ykHuawmh *k%foduQm&Sdaom tzGJŒtpnf;jzpfonfh a&;(vf) wuUov dk t f a&Sa› wmiftm&Savhvma&; tpDtpOftaeeJ‹ wnf-unfav; eufpGm rSwfcsufcsjcif; okdr‹ [kwf uefu ‹ Gufjcif;uif;rJhpGm 'Dpmtkyfukd a&G;cs,fykHESdyf jcif;jzpfonf?

7 pmwkdufpma&;b0/ wyfwGif; tapmykdif;umvrsm;wGif avmif;a-u;aiG vkdufvHacs;iSm;aeonfukd r-umc%awGŒ&onf? ol‹ukd xkdokd‹ jyefay;avhr&SdbJ acs;iSm;wwfonfukd owdxm;rd_yD; xkdta-umif; rSwfcsuf«yolrSm anmifa&$r[m a'o0Djzpfonf? olru olu ‹ kd wcgw&H aiGpa-u;p ay;avh&Sdonf? olt ‹ avmif; tpm; tpGEJ iS yhf wfoufI ajymjyol aemufwOD;rSm olr‹ w d af qG Akv d pf }uFm (&Jabmfo;Hk usdyf) jzpfI Akdvfae0if;onf jrif;°ydifyGJeD;v#if ol‹tdrfvm_yD; aiGacs;iSm;jcif;jzifh ol pdwfysufcJh&a-umif; ajymjyonf? olq ‹ Du wpkHw&mr&rcsif; ae0if;onf jyefavh r&Sad cs? xkAd v kd cf sKyfu tm%mxufvmonft h cgE+u d u f m; jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f avmif; upm;r+tm;vkH;ukd ydwfyifcJhonfrSmum; oa&mfuGufwuGufjzpfcJhonf? w&m;0if jrif;°ydifavmif;upm;onf t"duae&m usKduUqHESifh tjcm;ae&mrsm;ukd usdrf;ao aygufz,f&mS ;_yD;aemuf olt ‹ aeESirhf l ola‹ rG;&mygtpGu J dk t*Fveftufpaf umhY quf vufvkyfaqmifcJhonf[k ,kH-unf&onf? _Adwdef&Sd ol‹rdwfaqGrsm; tultnDjzifh tufpaumhwiG f ol‹ jrif;aZmif;rsm; wnfaqmufxm;cJo h nf? &efuek w f iG rf l olt ‹ pfudk ocifvx S eG ;f / ol‹ niD ,f ode;f !GeE‹f iS hf olZ‹ eD; a':wifwifwu ‹dk avmif;upm;tdr}f uD; (3) ae&mwGif wnfaxmifxm;_yD; Oya'tjyifbufrS tqD;twm;r&Sd qufvuf vkyaf qmifaeqJjzpfonf?

8 Adkvfvufsmtm; &nf!¸ef;I 1969 ckESpfwGif xdkif;EdkifiHY OD;Ek. ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDygwD (PDP) wGif 'k=OuU@taejzihf 0ifa&muf_yD;/ jynfcspfvGwfajrmuf a&;wyfrawmf. ppfaumifpD obmywd Adv k cf sKyf}uD;wm0efukd xrf;aqmifcyhJ gonf?

1978 ckEpS w f iG f u&ifoyl ek rf sm;vufcsufjzifh aoqH;k onf?

9 Akv d rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zm (c) ocifa&$? om,m0wDc±kid f ok;H q,f°rdŒ qkid ;f pk&mG wGif

1919 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;? 1941 ckESpf {_yDvwGif &efukefrSxGufcGmaom *syefukef onfoabFmjzifh ac:xkwo f mG ;cJah om 'kw, d tokwf rsK;d cspf (7) OD;wGif olyg0ifonf? [kid ef efu|e;f *syefppfoifwef;ukd wufa&mufco hJ nfh &Jabmfo;Hk usyd t f zGŒJ 0ifwOD;jzpf onf? 1941 ckEpS f 'DZifbmwGif zGŒJpnf;cJah om Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmfu trdajr twGi;f atmifjrifpmG csDwufvmonft h cg twlvu dk yf gvmcJo h nf? t_rJwrf;wyfr awmfESifh&SdaecJh_yD; 1950 rS tapmykdif;ESpfrsm;twGif; atmifjrifpGmqifE$JcJhaom autef,laomif;usef;olrsm;ESifh w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfolrsm;tm; awmfvSefwkduf yGJrsm;wGif Adkvfr;ª csKyftjzpf xif&Sm;ausmf-um;cJhonf? wyfrawmf. txl;c|efqkH; tqifhjrifh ppfajrjyift&m&Sdjzpf_yD; -um&SnfpGmvufwGJcJhaom a&mif;&if;tay: Y ae0if;u tjrifr-unfrvifjzpfvmcJo h nf? ol. vufo;Hk okwo f ifa&;vrf;pOfudk tok;H cs_y;D uGejf rLepfygwD Armjynfo‹dk owif;rsm; ayguf-um;onf[k yxrpGypf v JG suf w&m;0if&mxl;csum 1957 ckEpS f ZGev f wGif xkwyf ,fypfco hJ nf? Adv k af usmaf Zmonf ol‹rdom;pkESifh &efukef°rdŒ prf;acsmif;wGif twef-umaexkdifcJhonf? 1976 ckESpf ESpfvnfwGif AdkvfausmfaZmonf Arm=w±kwfe,fpyf yefqef;&Sd uGefjrLepfygwD Armjynftajcpku d pf cef;ok‹d xGuo f mG ;cJ_h yD; uGejf rLepfrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;cJo h nf? 1989 ckESpf {_yDvtwGif; tjcm; pDyDbDacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl olvnf; w±kwfjynfokd‹ xGufajy;vGwfajrmufcJhonf? olonf ,cktcg ulrif;wGif aexkdifvsuf&Sdonf? bDbDpD (2) ±kyfjrifoH-um;u ol‹ukd w,fvDzkef;jzifh awGŒqkHar;jref;&mwGif _Adwdo# tpd;k &u tmZmenf}uD;rsm;ukd owfjzwf&ef pDpOfcjhJ cif;jzpfa-umif; olu wnfw h nfh }uD; xkwaf zmfajymqkcd o hJ nf? olt ‹ ajymu “atmifqef;ukd trSew f u,fowfou l _Adwdo#tpkd;&yJ? 'g[m olwk&d‹ JŒ qufuGufyJ?” [k jzpfonf?

10 acsmifZefanmifa&$(Chao Tzang Yawnqhwe) (tjcm;trnf ,l*si;f oku d )f ?

1939=2004? Zlvidk f (24) &ufwiG f aoqk;H ? olrwkid rf D olt ‹ ar p0f[efcef‹ anmifa&$ a'0D (uG,v f eG _f yD; ol p0fa&$ou dk /f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmf. yxrqk;H orRw 1948=52 . -uif,mawmf) onf 2003 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (17) &ufae‹wGif uae'gEkdifiH Aeful;Am;°rdŒ Y touf (86) ESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? 1962 ckESpfwGif ae0if;tm%modrf;&mwGif p0fa&$okdufrSm xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifcH&onf? xkdESpf Ek0d ifbmvwGif olaoqk;H oGm;_yDjzpfa-umif; olr‹ o d m;pkudk today;cJo h nf?

11 1976 ckESpfv,fwGif w±kwf=jrefrme,fpyfwGif&Sdaom yefqdkif;&Sd uGefjrL k af e&mod‹k Adv k rf ;ª csKyfausmaf Zmonf oGm;a&muf epfygwD (Armjynf) (CPB) tajcpdu cJ_h yD; uGejf rLepfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;cJo h nf? 1989 ckEpS /f {_yDvwGif olonf tjcm; pDyb D D

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

345

acgif;aqmifrsm;ESit fh wl w±kwEf ikd if o H ‹kd xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufomG ;cJo h nf? olonf ,cktcg ulrif;wGif aexdik v f su&f ydS gonf? bDbpD D (2) wDAu DG 1996 ckEpS w f iG f olu ‹ kd w,fvzD ek ;f jzihf qufo, G af r;jref;cJ&h m olu _Adwo d #tpd;k &u vky}f uHowfjzwfru + kd tuGucf spDrcH jhJ cif;jzpfonf[k wyftyfajymqdck o hJ nf?

12 atmif}uD; (t_idrf;pm;Akdvfrª;csKyf)? ae0if;. nmvuf±kH;? 1963 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif awmfveS af &;aumifprD S aemufq;Hk Ekwx f u G cf &hJ onf? oka‹d omfvnf; ol‹ociftay: Y olu qufvufopPm&SdaecJhonf? ESpfrsm;pGm-um_yD;aemuf ,l.,cif vkyfazmfukdufzuf ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh aumifpD0ifrsm;xH 1988 ckESpf arv (9) &uf &efukef[k &ufpGJwyfxm;aom pm&Snf}uD;wapmifukd olu a&;cJh onf? xkpd mrSm jrefrmvkad &;xm;jcif;jzpf_yD; u|efawmfv h ufxJ a&mufvmaomtcg u|efawmfu t*FvdyfbmomjyefqkdI tar&duefEkdifiH 0g&Sifwef'DpD&Sd pDtm'DbD Ekid if w H umqkid &f m XmecsKyfo‹dk qufvufjzefa‹ 0Ekid &f ef pDpOfay;ykc‹d o hJ nf? atmif}uD;. pmwae&mwGif 1962 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f twGi;f u wuUov dk af usmif;om;rsm;ukd &uf&uf pufpufowfjzwfr+ta-umif; olu ajymjyxm;onf? tm%mxdyfacgifcsKyf. vufaxmufjzpfco hJ w l OD;u vlowfuiG ;f rsm;teD; &Sad ecJ_h yD; olt ‹ azmfjycsufrsm;rSm tHph &maumif;avmufatmif xl;jcm;vSonf? “ausmif;om;ta&;tcif; ay:ayguf vmonfhtcg vkH°cHa&;aumifpDatmufwGif ta&;tcif;aumfrwDw&yfukd zGJŒpnf; vkduf_yD; toHv$ifh±kH (jrefrmhtoH) wGif tajcpkdufxm;cJhonf? ,if;aumfrwDukd Adv k rf ;ª }uD;ausmfaZm jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;u OD;aqmif_yD; tjcm;0ef}uD;rsm; trSwf (4) Armhvufeufuidk w f yfrS Adv k pf ed v f iG f (om;owform;) tygt0if ppfwyfEiS hf t&yfzuf &Jt&m&Sd trsm;tjym;yg0ifonf? xkad umf rwDwiG f rnfonfah e&mu olyg0ifonfudk atmif}uD;u razmfjyaomfvnf; 1962 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f (7) &uf aocif;jzpfymG ;onfh ae‹ vnf ausmif;om;rsm;v+yfaqmfr+rsm; pwifonfhtcg ol‹taejzifh jrefrmhtoHwGif &Sdraea-umif;ESifh ypfcwfonfhta-umif; -um; odwJhtcgusrS xkdae&mokd‹ oGm;cJh a-umif; olu ajymqkdcJhonf? xdckdufepfematmif &nf&G,fvkyfaqmifcJhaom orkid ;f 0ifausmif;om;or*~taqmufttkt H m; 'kid ;f rrku d jf zifh °zdcrJG w + iG f olu ‹ , dk w f idk f ypfred a‹f y;cJah -umif; ae0if;azmfjycsuu f dk aemufyidk ;f wGif -um;odc&hJ a-umif;/ ok&‹d mwGif or*~taqmufttkH°zdcsr+. wm0efonf ol‹tay: usa&mufvmcJha-umif; olu tckdiftrm ajymqkdcJhonf? tu,fI ae0if;trdefr‹ ay;cJhv#if tjypfajymcH&rnfhol rSm olomv#ifjzpfonf[k ,lqcJhonfukd olu rnfonfhtcgr# rjiif;cJha-umif; atmif}uD;u qkdcJhonf?

udk;um;= pyf-umqdkif ( Sao Kya Seng) tif*sDqm*sifh (Inge Sargent) . ‘jrefrmjynfay:u qnf;qmtvif;a&mif= u|Ekfyf. &S rf;rif;orD;b0’ ([m0dkif,D wuUov kd =f 1994) wGi±f ?+ pmtkyaf emufausmzH;k wGif pma&;ol (oDayge,f. r[m a'0D) u uH-urRmqdk;. zsufqD;jcif;cH&aom aysmf&$ifr+}uD;w&yf/ jrefrmEdkifiH. tav;pm;cH&qHk;aom wdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifwOD;tm; wGef;vSef°zdcsr+ESihf &ufpufvSaom ppfwyf,Eœ&m;tm;qefu ‹ sifaom trsKd;orD;wOD;. oHr%dpdwf "mwfESihf ol&owWdwdk‹udk Zmwfa-umif;jyef a&;om;xm;onf[k twdkcsKyfaumuf csufcs azmfjyxm;onf/þxdktwdkif;yifjzpfcJhonf?þu|Ekfyf.zcifESihfþpyf-umqdkifwrdk‹ Sm rdwfaqG&if;rsm;jzpf-uonf? 'kwd,urBmppfrjzpfrD ESpftwef-umu rEœav;rS rdwˆDvmodk‹ armfawmfum;jzifh c&D;oGm;&mwGif pyf-umqdkifESifhtwloGm;cJh&mrS olu ‹ dk od&cdS jhJ cif;jzpfonf?

14 udk;um;= OD;oef‹/ tif'±l;qJh (Andrew Selth) / ‘ol&Jaumif;wOD; aoqHk;jcif;/ jrefrmjynfrS OD;oef‹ta&;tcif;’ 1974 ckESpf/ 'DZbFm (b&pfbdef;/ *&pfzpfwuUodkvf=-opa-w;vs/ tm&Spmwrf;rsm;trSwf (49) 1989) wGif±+?

15 0ef}uD;csKyf ocifEk/ AdkvfcsKyf. vkyfazmfukdifzufESifh ola‹ e&mqufcHolu 1947 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f (29) &ufae‹wiG f wkid ;f «y jynf«yv$waf wmfY tjcm;t&mrsm;tjyif 0rf;enf;cs;D rGr;f pum; Toka‹d jymqkcd o hJ nf? “ææu|eaf wmfw&‹dk ŒJ ESpaf ygif; 2000 orkid ;f rSm tvGex f if&mS ;wJh acgif;aqmif wOD;&JŒvufatmufrSm EkdifiHawmf&JŒ pnf;±kH;nD!Gwfr+[m (4) }udrfyJ jzpfcJhygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiH[m ppfjzpfaewJh bk&ifhEkdifiHawGeJ‹ &efapmifaewJh aus;&GmawGa-umifh t_rJwrf; tpdwpf w d f t¹r¸m¹r¸mjzpfaecJw h myg? taemf&xm/ bk&ifah emif/ qifjzL&Sief ‹J tavmif;bk&m;wkd[ ‹ m u|efawmfwkdo ‹ rkdif;&JŒ tapmykdif;umvawGrSm wkdif;jynfukd jyefvnfpkpnf;EkdifcJhwJh }uD;us,fwJhbk&ifawG/ acgif;aqmifawG jzpf-uygw,f? u|eaf wmfwt ‹dk csed rf mS awmh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u wkid ;f jynfudk jyefvnfppk nf;Ekid cf _hJ y;D vGwv f yfwjhJ ynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfudk wnfaqmufEidk cf yhJ gw,f? trsKd;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;onf taotcsmowfrw S x f m;aom e,fjcm; ajrjcm;pnf;rsm;twGif; zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkukd wnfaqmufonfh aemufqkH; tqifrh sm;wGif tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd ra-unmrD r&Srd jzpfvt dk yfonf? ,if;taet xm;ukd (5) OD;ajrmuf xif&Sm;aom orkdif;0ifacgif;aqmif AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u &,lEidk cf o hJ nf?

16 Adkvf}uD;tkef;ausmfjrifhonf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;ESifh tjcm;EkdifiHawmf

345

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347

rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd vky}f uHowfjzwf&ef }uHpnfol t"duw&m;cHtjzpf tpGypf cJG &H onf? 1977 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (27) &ufwGif tif;pdefaxmifY ol‹ukd ¯ud;ay;uGyf rsufcJhonf? tkef;ausmfjrifhonf xdktcsdefu umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (-unf;) jzpfol Akv d cf sKyf}uD;ausmx f if. uk, d af &;t&m&Sjd zpfonf? ,if;}uHpnfrw + iG f yg0ifywfouf onf[k oHo,t0ifcH&aom ppfwyfrS ti,fwef;t&m&Sd w'gZifcefr‹ Sm zrf;qD;cH &_yD; axmifcscH&olc&H / t_idr;f pm;tay;cH&olc&H jzpfomG ;-uonf?

17 pdefvGif (t_idrf;pm;Adkvfr;ª csKyf) “om;owform;” [k trkef;cH&ol? ol. ocif tm%m&Sifae0if;ESifh eD;pyfoljzpf_yD; b0wav#mufvkH; ,kH-unfpdwfcs&ol wOD;taejzifh *k%f«ycsD;jr‡ifhcH&aom pG,fpkH&yk*~dKvfwOD;tjzpf opPm&SdpGm tr+awmf xrf;cJhonf? 1943 ckESpfrSpI awmfvSefa&;wGif yg0ifcJh_yD; rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS ArmhwyfrawmftopfwiG f t&m&Sjd zpf&ef av#mufxm;cJo h nf? oka‹d omfvnf; t&m&Sd a&G;cs,fa&;tzGJŒu olu ‹ kd ra&G;cs,fcJhacs? pdefvGifu &Jabmftjzpf pm&if;oGif;cJh_yD; trSwf (4) AsL;&pfzf (4th Bur:f) wyf&if;rª;jzpfol Akdvfrª;ae0if;. ukd,fykdiftr+ xrf;tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf[k ,kH-unf&onf? xkad‹ emuf t&m&SdjzpfvmcJhonf?

1951 ckEpS f -o*kwv f wGif yxrqk;H emrnf}uD;zk‹d jzpfvmcJo h nf? xkpd Ofu 'k=Adv k rf ;ª }uD; at;armif. uGyu f rJ a+ tmufwiG f u&ifjynfe,f v+id ;f bGŒJ teD; autif't D pdk cef;ukd 0kid ;f &mwGif olyg0ifc_hJ yD; wku d yf t JG wGi;f u&ifacgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ukd tao&rd onf? xka‹d emuf taz}uD;. opPmawmfcH aemufvu dk Ef iS hf vlowform;tjzpf 1962 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif wuUokdvfausmif;om; &maygif;rsm;pGmukd taoypfcscJhaom wyfprk sm;ukd ol uGyu f cJ o hJ nf? orkid ;f 0if ausmif;om;or*~taqmufttku H v dk nf; azmufcGJ°zdcscJhonf? olt ‹ aejzifh aoG;v$rf;r+trsKd;rsKd;twGuf wm0ef&SdcJh_yD; OD;oef‹ psmye ±kyfysufqif;ysufjzpf&r+ESifh &Spfav;vkH; &ufpufr+rsm;u olt ‹ wGuf emrnf tysu&f qk;H rsm;jzpfco hJ nf? ae0if;u olu ‹ dk ol.,kwrf m&ufpufaom vkyaf qmifr+ rsm;twGuf aumif;pGmcs;D jri‡ chf o hJ nf? 2002 ckEpS f rwfvwGif olq ‹ &mocif tdrt f us,f csKyfozG,fcH&_yD;aemuf r-umrDyif olvnf; w&m;r0if&&Sdaeaom cHpm;cGifhrsm;/ -oZmtm%mrsm; qk;H ±+;H cJ_h yD; rjzpfpavmufaom ppfwyfyifpifvpmav;jzifh qif;&J EGrf;yg;pGm &SifoefaecJh&onf? ol. tpmtdrfa&m*gtwGuf pifumylwGif ukor+cH ,l_yD;tjyef 2003 ckESpf {_yDv (9) &ufae‹wGif &efukef°rdŒ Y aoqkH;cJhonf?

18 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;vufatmuf&dS bDtidk af twyfo‹dk d OuU@ 0ifa&mufcphJ Ofu touf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;a[mif; ol& wifO;D ,ck NLD 'kw, (16) ESpo f m&Sad o;onfh vli,fwOD;jzpfonf? vGwv f yfa&;r&rD Armhwyfrawmfudk

jyefvnfzŒJG pnf;onht f cg olonf t&m&St d qifjh zpfvmcJo h nf? usL;ausmfvmaom ‹d dk jyefvnfwu dk cf u dk &f mY olonf emrnf ulrifwefw±kwjf zLwyf Kuomintang wku ausmw f yf&if;rª;wOD;jzpfco hJ nf? olonf ol&bGŒJ ESpx f yfurG ;f &&Scd o hJ nf? wyfrawmf OD;pD;csKyfEiS hf umuG,af &;0ef}uD;tjzpf 1974 ckEpS w f iG f wk;d jrifo h mG ;cJo h nf? Adv k }f uD; tke;f ausmjf rif. h Adv k cf sKyfae0if;ESihf taygif;ygwcsKt ‹d m; vky}f uHowfjzwf&ef }uHpnfr+ wGif ywfoufonf[al om pGcJ sujf zifh ‚if;.jrifrh m;aom &mxl;}uD;rsm;rS olu ‹ dk 1976 ckESpfwGif xkwfy,fypfcJhonf? owif;xdrfcsefr+jzifh axmif (7) ESpfuscH&_yD; yifpif vnf;r& vkyfoufqk qka-u; cHpm;cGifhrsm;vnf; ray;awmhacs? okda‹ omf olonf ol.¯ud;pm;r+jzifh &efuek w f uUov dk rf S Oya'bGŒJ &&Scd o hJ nf? 1988 ckEpS f pufwifbmv wGif trsKd;om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGŒJ csKyf zGŒJ pnf;onft h cg rsKd;cspf&aJ bmfa[mif;rsm;tzGŒJ . acgif;aqmifykdif;rSaeI yg0ifyl;aygif;cJhonf? atmifqef;pk-unfu taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rª; yxrwGif olu 'kw, d OuU@ jzpfonf? xka‹d emuf OuU@ jzpfvmonf?

1989 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf pnf;±kH;aepOf olESifh atmifqef;pk-unfwkd‹ ESpfOD;vkH;ukd tdrfwGif;tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif;cHcJh&onf? xka‹d emuf ppfc±Hk ;Hk u olu ‹ dk tvky-f urf;ESihf axmif'%f (3) ESpf csrSwcf _hJ yD; 1992 ckEpS f azazmf0g&DvwGif aemufxyf (7) ESpf xyfrw H ;dk jr‡ichf o hJ nf?

19 OD;atmifcif=“ae0if;/ EkdifiHa&;±kyfykHv$m”/ tykdif; (2) {&m0wDpmapmifyg aqmif;yg;/ csif;rkdif twGJ (8) trSwf (9)/ pufwifbmv 2000 ckESpf/ pmrsufESm (28)? “ae0if;[m ol&JŒ vkH;0O\kHjzpfwJhtm%mukd b,fvkdwefzkd;ukdyJ ay;&ay;& ay;_yD; vGefcJhwJh tESpf (40) ausmftwGif; tm%mukd vk,lxdef;odrf;cJhw,f? ol‹&JŒ -ydifzufawGukd xkwfypfcJhw,f? ol&JŒ rdwfaqGawG/ &Jabmf&Jbuf aemufvkdufawG tay:rSmvJ opPmazmufcw hJ ,f?

1977 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvrSm usif;ycJhwJh rqv&JŒ wwd,t}udrf nDvmcH usif;ypOfu v#Kd0‹ u S rf aJ y;wJt h cg ygwDacgif;aqmiftpOfvu dk rf mS ol[m eHygwf (4) ae&mukd tqifhusoGm;cJhw,f? okd‹aomfvJ olwkd‹[m ol‹tay:rSm qkd&S,fvpf'Drkd ua&pDudk ±k;d om;pGm ,k-H unfo&l ,fv‹dk em;rvnfrv + cJG w hJ mjzpf_yD; olu ‹ adk v#mhwu G f cJh-uwmjzpfw,f? tJ'Dtcg ol[m ygwDEkdifiHa&;ukd pdwf0ifpm;ykHrjyayrJh axmuf vS rf;a&;wyf&JŒ tultnDukd&,l_yD; ygwDoef‹pifa&;ta-umif;jycsufeJ‹ ygwD0if (54˜000) ukd xkwyf pfvu dk w f ,f? tJ't D csed u f tpk;d &tvkyrf mS ygwD0ifjzpfa&;[m r&Srd jzpfvt dk yfaeygw,f? tJ'aD emuf olq ‹ ENtwkid ;f [m t&m&mukd csKyfuidk v f myg w,f? okd‹aomfvJ ygwDoef‹pifa&;[m ae0if;tay: }uD;}uD;rm;rm;wefjyef±kduf

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rSwcf surf sm;

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

cwfr+jzpfcJhygw,f? 1978 ckESpfrSm ygwDu xkwfy,fcH&wJh ref;aiGatmif acgif; aqmifwJhtzGJŒ[m ae0if;ukd vkyf}uHowfjzwfzkd‹ ¯ud;pm;cJh-uygw,f? olwkd‹u olt ‹ wGif;pnf;xJu vlawGukdyg z,f&Sm;ypfzkd‹ ¯ud;pm;cJh-uygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'D }uHpnfr+[m taumiftxnf razmf&ao;cifrSmbJ ay:aygufoGm;_yD; }uHpnfol rsm;tm;vkH; ao'%ftjypfay;cH-u&w,f? okda‹ omfvJ olwkdu ‹ kd rpD&ifrD vGwf_idrf; csrf;omcGifhtrdef‹ (1980 ckESpf) u ref;aiGatmifukd toufcsrf;om&m &apcJhyg w,f? ref;aiGatmif[m axmifuxGufvm_yD; (2) ESpft-um autif,lu &efukefukdwkdufckduf&mrSm OD;aqmifcJhjyefw,f? okd‹aomfvJ oleJ‹taygif;ygrsm;ukd vsijf refpmG zrf;rdcjhJ yefygw,f?”

20 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ a':atmifqef;pk-unf= “usr azazudk jrefrmjynf&J‹ar#mfvifhcsuftjzpf vlawGujyef-unfhaewm[m usr 'Drdk ua&pDv+yf&Sm;r+}uD;xJ yg0ifvm&jcif;&J‹ ta-umif;t&if;jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dawmh usrrSm ulnzD w ‹kd m0ef&adS ew,fv‹kd cHpm;rdygw,f”?

21 þat;&Sm;0dcf (Asia Week)/þ1993þckESpf rwfv (3) &uf/ aqmif;yg;. yxrykdif;= urBmajray:&Sd t}uD;rm;qkH;tmCmw (txufwGif aemufqkH;ykdif;ukd ukd;um;_yD; tcef; (1) eHygwfpOf=6) “aemifwGif &JabmfokH;usdyf” [k ausmf-um; vmrnfholrsm; *syef.vufatmufY ppfoifwef;oif,laepOfuyif jrefrmEkdifiH. vGwfvyfa&;ol&Jaumif;jzpfvmrnfh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay: ae0if;u rnfr# rkef;wD;a-umif; jrefrmwkdif;od&Sd-uonf? ol.ajymjyIyifroifah om vlra+ &;tusiyhf surf r+ sm;twGuf vltrsm;a&Sw › iG f ol‹udk t&SufuGJapaoma-umifh ae0if;u ol‹xuftouf (3) ESpf i,faomfvnf; ynmtvGefxl;c|ef_yD; rsm;pGm±kkd;om;aom vli,facgif;aqmiftm; rkef;wD;cJhonf?

OD;ae0if;onf ‚if;tjzpftysufrsm;tjyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ol‹tm; tjcm; usL;vGerf r+ sm;twGuf tqifch scjhJ cif;rsm;ukv d nf; rnfonft h cgr# rarhaysmufcahJ cs? wcgaomf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ae0if;ukd pdwyf suv f eG ;f onft h wGuf 'kw, d urBmppf. rkew f idk ;f qefaomESprf sm;twGi;f *syefrS trdajrokt ‹d jyef a&vrf;c&D;wGif ickH;rwaumifa-umifh wavSvkH;rykyfcif ae0if;ukd z,f&Sm;ypf&efxd olcsdefqawG; awmpdwfY armcJh&a-umif;ukd &JabmfokH;usdyf0if Adkvf&efEkdiftm; ajymjy_yD; wm0ef ay;cJah o;onf[k tqk&d ydS gonf?

22 ukvor*~ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlr+a&;aumifpD. vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif txl;udk,fpm;vS,f ,dkZdk,dkumwm (Yozo Yokata) u 1993 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv

(17) &ufwGif (49) }udrfajrmuftpnf;ta0;odk‹ wifoGif;aom tpD&ifcHpm tD;§pD tif 4§ 1993§37 / pmrsufESm 19 (u)=armifaomfu (c) OD;baomf/ touf (65) ESpf (trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf A[dkaumfrwD0if) onf 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvdkif v (23) &ufwGif zrf;qD;jcif;cHcJh&onf? ta&;ay:jy@mef;r+ tufOya'. yk'fr 5 (u) ESifh 5 (c) t& 1989 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmvwGif olu ‹ dk tvkyf-urf;ESihf axmif '%fEpS (f 20) tjypf'%fcsrSwcf o hJ nf? olonf aemufausm tm±Hak -umr}uD; a&m*g wckjzpfonfh vnfyif;cdkifa&m*gudk jyif;jyif;xefxef (severe Spondylitis) cHpm;& vsuf&Sd&m 1990 ckESpf/ pufwbFmvtwGif;wGif tif;pdefaxmifxJY tpmiwfcH qENjyaepOf t}uD;tus,ft±du k cf cH &hJ onf? xda‹k -umihf ol. nmbufwjcrf; ao oGm;cJhonf? 1991 ckESpf/ ZGefv (9) &ufwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf?

23 a':atmifqef;pk-unfonf _Adwo d #vlrsKd;jzpfol rdu k u f ,ft&J pf ( Michael Aris) udk 1972 ckESpfwGif vufxyfcJhonf? a'gufwm rdkufu,f ADvefukwf tJ&pf onf wdAufESihf [dr0Eœmavhvmr+ESihf ywfoufaom atmufpfzdk‹'f (Oxford) wuUodkvf. okawoeynm&Sifjzpfonf? atmufpfzdk‹'fwuUodkvf pdef‹tefaxmfeD aumvdyf. ausmif;tkyftjzpf 1998 ckESpfwGif xrf;aqmifaepOf uifqma&m*g zdpD;r+cHcJh&onf? &efukefwGif&Sd ol‹ZeD;onftm; aemufqHk;E+wfquf&ef jrefrm ppftkyfpktm; jynf0ifcGifhADZmay;yg&ef arwWm&yfcHcJhonf? odk‹aomfvnf; ppfAdkvf csKyfrsm;u u±k%mw&m; acgif;yg;pGmjzihf ADZmay;&ef jiif;qefcJhonf? a'gufwm tJ&pfonf 1999 ckEpS /f rwfv (27) &ufae‹/ ol. (53) ESpaf jrmufarG;ae‹wiG f vef'ef &Sd csmcsDaq;±HkwGif uG,fvGefcJhonf? ppftpdk;&onf olwdk‹.om;ESpfOD;jzpfonfh tJvpfZENm; jrifhqef;atmifESihf uif (rf) xdefvif;wdk‹. EdkifiHul;vufrSwfwdk‹ukd ESpt f awmf-umuyif zsuo f rd ;f cJo h nf? olwu ‹kd kd olr‹ cd ifxv H nfywf&ef wcgw&Hro S m cGiðhf ycJo h nf?

24 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ rSwfwrf;±kyf&Sifonf AdkvfcsKyf. wOD;wnf;aomorD;jzpfo. l pl;&Sem-unf;zG,af jymqdrk j+ zpfonfh “usr azazom toufxif&Sm;&SdaecJhr,fqdk&if 'Drdkua&pD[m touf0if v+yf&Sm;aecJh rSmjzpf_yD; wnfwahH ecJrh mS jzpfw,f? olu ‹ kd qH;k ±+;H cJ&h wm[m aysm&f i$ zf , G &f m 'Dru kd a&pD jrefrmEdik if H awmfukd wnfaqmufz‹kd tcGit hf a&;udk usrwdq ‹k ;kH ±H;+ cJ&h wm jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fv h J 'kwd,tcGifhta&;awG[m t_rJvmwwfp_rJrdk‹ usrwdk‹ wwfEdkifwkH; tJ'DtcGifhta&; awGukd t&trd zrf;udik &f rSmjzpfygw,f” [laom pum;&yfrsm;jzihf tqH;k owfxm; avonf?

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

wnf;jzwf/ jzefa‹ 0ol a'gufwmausmf0if;? atm&ifhudk‹ (pf) aumvdyf (OrD ;kd eD;,m; (California, USA) ygarmuQwm0efrS tem; ange Coast College)/ u,fvz ,l_yD; tar&durSmyif aexdkifygonf? 1987 ckESpfwGif pDtm'DbD tjynfjynfqkdif&m (CRDB International) yxr OuU@jzpfcJh_yD; Twm0efudk OD;wifarmif0if;u qufvufxrf;aqmifonf? 1997 ckEpS rf mS a'gufwmausm0f if;u wzef OuU@jzpfjyef d m0efudk um 2003 ckEpS q f ef;wGif OD;bDvmftrf/ &m&Spf (Bilal M. Raschid) u xkw ,lygonf? (bDvmvf&m&SpfrSm OD;Ek/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ponfh av;pm;tyfaom rsKd;cspfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;wGif yg0ifcJhol OD;trf/at/&m&Spf (M.A.Raschid) . om;jzpfonf?

2 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD 1997 ck/ Zlvdkifv (19) &uf (txufygtpDtpOf)/ toHv$ifholu “OD;apmeJ‹cifrif&if;ESD;wJh _Adwdo#t&m&SdawGudk &Ju pwifpHkprf;ppf aq;ygw,f? vky}f uHrj+ zpfymG ;aepOf _Adwo d #axmufvS r;f a&;t&m&Sw d OD;u OD;apm udk wu,fyJ w,fvzD ek ;f qufajymcJyh gw,f” [kajym_y;D aemufwiG f atmufygAdv k rf ;ª [l;wGdKif (ppfaxmufvS rf;a&;=1947) ESihf awGŒqHkar;jref;cef; aumufEkwfcsufudk qufvufvi$ x hf w k af y;cJo h nf? ‘w,fvzD ek ;f a&'D,v kd ikd ;f u wckcck |waf csmo f mG ;wm a-umifh (11) em&DrmS pm;&dyo f mxJa&mufaewJo h al wGtm;vH;k u|eaf wmfwa‹kd jymwm tm;vHk; a&'D,dkuwqifh -um;ukef-uygw,f? aemuf em&D0ufvJ-uma&m olwdk‹ wawG vkyf}uHr+jzpfwm odukef-uawmh OD;apmudk oHo,0if-uygw,f? oHo, t0ifc&H wm aemufwa,muf&ydS gao;w,f? tJ'g u|eaf wmfjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh uHaumif;axmufrpGm tJ'D oHo,u aysmufuG,foGm;cJhygw,f?

3 OD;xGef;vSatmif/ w&m;vdkjyoufaotrSwf(38)/ txl;cHk±Hk;a&S›Y usrf; usdefxGufqdkjcif;?

4 1995 ckEpS /f rwfvwGix f w k af 0aom wyfrawmfordik ;f / wwd,wG/J pmrsuf ESm (151=152) u twnfðycsufr&Sdaom owif;pm owif;ay:wGif tajccHxm; onfhol‹tjrifudk a&;om;xm;onfh Adkvfrª;csKyfarmifarmif.pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm (317) ESihf (339) udkvnf; aumufE+wfudk;um;xm;onf?

5 bDbpD D (2) wDADG ±ky&f iS f (1947 ckEpS /f Zlvikd v f 19 &uf) ‚if;wDA±DG yk &f iS t f wGuf qm/ eDudkvyf (epf) varm (Sir Nicholas (Nick) Larmour) (jrefrmyÉdnmOf

cH0efxrf;=1947) ESihf awGŒqHkar;jref;cJh&mrS olESihf ol‹vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm; 1947 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;Y&Sdaea-umif; ajym-um;csufudk aumufEw k af zmfjyxm;onf? “aumifpcD ef;reJ‹ tawmfe;D wJh ±H;k cef;xJrmS u|efawmf wdk‹ wckckpm;aomufae-uwkef;/ atmfwdkrufwpf aoewfoH ESpfcsufoHk;csufudk u|eaf wmfw‹kd ±kww f &uf-um;vdu k &f ygw,f” olonf aumifpcD ef;rodþ‹k oGm;a&mufchJ &m Todk‹ jrifcJh&onf? “ae&mwumrSm aoG;awGcsnfhyJ/ tawmhfudkrsm;w,f/ 'DvdkaoG;rsKd; u|efawmf wcgrS rawGŒzl;bl;? bmjzpfvdk‹vJqdkawmh teD;uyf_yD; aoewfawGe‹J ypfcw hJ mr[kwv f m;? aoewf'%fa-umifh pm;yGw J iG ;f u ypPn;f awGe‹J pm;yGJtpdwftydkif;awGvJ wppDusKd;yJhysufpD;ae-uw,f? aoG;tdkifawGxJrSm uefausmufvGifhxGufoGm;wJh zdeyfawG&Sdae-uygw,f”? tqifhjrifh _Adwdo#t&m&Sd trsm;tjym;onf twGif;0efrsm;±Hk;twGif;wGif olw±dk‹ Hk;cef;rsm;&Sdae-uonf?

6 [l;wifum.‘jrefrmEdik if /H þvGwv f yfa&;¯ud;yrf;r+þ1944=48’þpmrsuEf mS þ(872)?

7 qm/ bOD;onf xdktcsdefu w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol}uD;ESihf zGJŒpnf; yHkOya'tzGJŒwGif ta&;ygaomtzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfonf? 1952=57 wGif EdkifiHawmf orRwjzpfonf? armifarmif (Adv k rf ;ª csKyfa[mif;) “oHCmrSomrefvo l ”‹dk jrefrmEkid if .

H trsKd; om;a&;v+y&f mS ;r+rsm; 1980 ykEH ydS /f pmrsuEf mS (260)/ rSwcf suf (20)? w&m;±k;H csKyfwiG f acwWw&m;ol}uD;wm0ef,lxm;aom OD;bOD;onf txl;w&m;ckH±kH;wGif yg0if_yD; q&mpHukd ppfaq;cJhonf? OD;bOD;tm; pma&;olu o±kyfazmfxm;onfrSm ‘bcif e,fyidk 0f efaxmufonf OD;OwWrtm; yxrjypf'%f pD&ifcsucf sco hJ jl zpfonf?’

8 z&ef/‹ tif/ xa&*g (Frank N.Trager) jrefrmEkid if H “bk&ifEh idk if rH S orRwEkid if H ok”d‹ (Burma: From Kingdom to Republic) (vef'ef ayg(vf) arm(vf) ykHESdyfwkduf 1966 ckEpS )f pmrsuEf mS 105? “'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f u trSwf (136) _Aw d o d #wyfzŒJG . wyfzŒJG0ifa[mif;rsm;yg0ifaom u&ifrsm;ukd taxmuftyHah y;a&;}uHpnfrw + &yf ukd 1948 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif azmfxkwfcJhonf?” [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) “jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if þH vGwv f yfa&;yxrESprf sm;ukþd avhvmr+”þ(vef'efþatmuf(pf) zk'‹d w f uUov kd þf pmykEH ydS w f u dk þf 1957þckEpS þf pmrsuEf mS 37)? “umvuwWm;&Sd 'k=Akv d rf ;ª }uD; a*s/pD/wl;avmh(cf)(J.C. Tulloch-M.C.) trf/pD/ ESihf &efuek &f dS a'vDar;(vf)owif;pmrS tvufZENm; uif;bJ(vf) (Alexander Campbell) (ESpfOD;vkH;rSm 136 wyfzGJŒrS jzpfcJh -uonf) wkd‹. v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;ukd jrefrmtpkd;&u &SmazGawGŒ&SdcJh_yD; uif;bJ(vf)ukd &efukefrS xkwfypfjcif;cH&onf?” aemuftr+wckrSm Seventh-Day Adventist

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tcef; (7) &v'f 1

351

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&v'f

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;wOD;jzpfol a*s/ 'AvsL/ abmf(vf)'0if (J.W. Baldwin) . tr+ jzpfonf? vGwv f yfa&;r&ao;rD _Adwo d #wu ‹dk olu ‹ dk jrefrmEkid if rH S jynfEiS 'f %fcwfcH &onf? olonf vef'efwiG f “jrefrmEkid if H awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwaf qGrsm;tzGŒJ ” tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd oGm;a&mufwufc_hJ y;D 1949 ckEpS w f iG f autif,o l ‹dk oGm;a&muf yl;aygif;cJo h nf? 1951 ckEpS t f xd olwE‹dk iS t hf wlaexkid cf _hJ y;D tzsm;a&m*gjzifh uG,v f eG f cJhonf? ol‹ocsKõif;tkwf*lay:wGif “Tae&mwGif u&ifvlrsKd;rsm;ukd cspfcifjrwf Ekd;olwOD; vJavsmif;ae onf” [laom pmwrf;a&;xkd;xm;onf?

9 arm&pf/ aumvpf (Maurice Collis) “jrefrmjynfY aemufq;Hk ESihf yxrqk;H ” (1941=1948) azbmESihf azbmvDrw d uf/ vef'ef) pmrsufEmS 25§26?

10 rl&if; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmudk 1914 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHY pwif wnfaxmifcJh_yD; 1969 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (31) &ufae‹wGif ppftkyfpku jynfolydkif odrf;cJhonf? 1998 ckESpf/ ZGefv (15) &ufrSpI befaumufwGif acwfòydif*sme,f pmyHEk ydS w f u kd rf S jyefvnf±u kd Ef ydS x f w k af 0cJo h nf?

11 tdv k AD m *d;k vfprpf (Oliver Goldsmith) . ‘oabmaumif;þa,mufsm;wOD;’ 12 bDbDpD (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ wifqufol = atmifqef;udk H kd zrf;qD;jcif;rðyEkid rf D 0ef}uD;csKyf uvD;rif/h tufwvD (Clement Altee) u bk&ifcu jyefac:vdkufonf? vlawGŒar;jref;cH&ol tJ&pf/ bufwmpbD= “qma':refprpf uawmh aemifwr&ao;bJ aemufrS rdwfaqGwOD;pD pma&;vdkufwmu= usKyfwdk‹ u atmifqef;&JŒ ola‹ vmufta&;rygwJh vkyaf zmfuikd b f ufawGukd qGóJ ud;cs_y;D om;yJ? 'ga-umihf olu b,fta-umif;a-umihf *sL&Da&Sr› mS tcGit fh vrf; r,lEidk o f vJqw kd m usKyfem;rvnfEkdifbl;? olu ‹ dk aopm;aoap pD&ifcsufcs&if usKyfwdku ‹ oem;u±k %may;zd‹k aocsmrSmaygh? 'gayr,fh tJ'v D kd tajctaeay:rSom ta&;,lEidk rf mS ”?

13 [l;wifum (Hugh Tinker) t,f'w D m “jrefrmEkid if H vGwv f yfa&;¯ud;yrf;r+” vef'ef/ bk&ifr}uD;. pma&;ud&, d m ±k;H cef;/ 1983=84 twGJ (1) pmrsufEmS 543/ tcsuf 563?

14 bDbpD D (2) wDAGD (txufygtpDtpOf)/ atmifqef;pk-unf= “armihb f ufwef (Mountbatten) u em;vnfr+&Sdwmu usrzcif[m jrefrmjynfrSm todtrSwf ðy&r,fh tiftm;jzpfa-umif;eJ‹ olu vufccH w hJ muvJ trSet f wdik ;f r[mrdwaf wGukd Armhwyfrawmfu xl;uJpGm tultnDay;Ekdifa-umif;udk ,Hk-unfw,fqdkwm usr xifygw,f”?

15 'k=Adkvfr;ª }uD;vS rif;/ “jrefrmEkdifiH. EkdifiHa&;tajctaeESifh a'otwGif;

ol‹tcef;u¾” (umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme/ 21 }udrfajrmufxkwfa0jcif;/ 1999) pmrsufEmS 36? “æAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;pdwful;cJhonfrSm _Adwdo#wkd‹xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; aemuf jrefrmEkid if .

H vkt d yfcsufrsm;ESit hf nD zGŒJ pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya' (1947 ckEpS )f ukd jyefvnfjyifqif&efjzpfonf? uHta-umif;raumif;vSpmG TonfrmS jzpf ay:rvmcJah wmhacs? tb,fa-umifq h adk omf r-umao;cifuyif _Adwo d #owif;Xme rsm;okd‹ xkwfjyefay;cJhaom tvGeftxl;ta&;}uD;aom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& _Adwdeftajcpkduf “jrefrmEkdifiH awmifwef;om;rsm;. rdwfaqGrsm;” tzGJŒu vGwfvyfa&;r&rD AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh 0ef}uD;tzGJŒukd vkyf}uHowfjzwfr+ESifh 1947=48 ckEpS f ywf0ef;usifrsm;wGif u&ifaomif;usef;r+rsm; jzpfymG ;atmif pDr! H e¸ f -um;cJjh cif;jzpf_yD; ‚if;wko ‹d nf _Adwed . f ukv d edk eD ,fcsJŒ “uGeq f maA;wpf” tpk;d &ESihf wdusaom tquft oG,frsm;&SdaecJhonf?

16 a':atmifqef;pk-unf. ‘atmifqef;’ (uGif;pfvef;wuUodkvf=-opa-w vs/ 1984) pmrsufESm=(33) ‘olyGifhyGifhvif;vif;0efcHcJhouJhodk‹ olonf rrSm;r,Gif; Edkifaomol r[kwfyg? odk‹aomf ol.pdwfrSm tpOft_rJ us,fjyef‹vsuf&Sdaom pdwjf zpfum tpOfrjywf zGŒH òzd;wd;k wufEidk af om pGr;f tm;&Sad eonf?

17 w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;r+ESifh vHkòcHr+wdk‹udk tpm;xdk;Edkif&efESifh 'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf óudwifjyifqifr+rsm; ðyvkyfEdkif&ef vkyfydkif cGifhtm%m tyfESif;vsuf tpdk;&w&yfudk OD;aqmifEdkif&eftwGuf 1958 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbm vwGif jrefrmEdkifiHawmf jynfolv ‹ $wfawmfu AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;udk emrnfpm&if;wif tqdðk ycJo h nf? ae0if;tm; uefo ‹ wfxm;aom wm0efoufwrf; rSm 1958 ckEpS /f Ek0d ifbmvrS 1960 ckEpS /f azazmf0g&Dvtxdjzpfonf?

18 npmpm;yGw J ckY vl0ifpm;r+ta-umif; ajym-um;r+wckudk wqifch H jyefvnf -um;od&_yD; ,if;rSm &$ifjrL;zG,f[k xif&aomfvnf; ta&;}uD;onfh ykHjyifwyk'f jzpfonft h wGuf xyfcgxyfcgajymjcif;jzifh ykrd adk umif;rGev f mygvdrrhf nf? ol.tkypf ;dk r+ apmapmykdif;wGif tm%m&Sifae0if;onf xkdif;rif;orD;wyg;ukd EkdifiHawmfnpm pm;yGJw&yfjzifh wnfcif;{nfhcHonf? rif;orD;u olronf 1767 ckESpfu jrefrmwkd‹ t,k', < -rdŒawmfudk odr;f yku d pf Ofu olt ‹ ukEd iS t hf wl uGyrf sufjcif; cHc-hJ u&aom rif; orD; jyefvnf0ifpm;cJjh cif;jzpfonf[k ae0if;ukd ajymjyonf? tu,fI aemufb0 rsm;wGif tcsed -f um&Snpf mG uGu J mG cJ&h aom olt ‹ ukEd iS hf jyefvnf qkq H nf;&ef ar#mv f ifch hJ _yD; olwE‹dk pS Of ;D yl;aygif;I jrefrmEkid if u H dk zsuq f ;D vufpm;acs &ef olrraorD used q f cdk hJ

353

354 354

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

a-u;rkOH ;D aomif;/ xif&mS ;ausm-f um;aom owif;pmq&mESihf pma&;q&m? tar&duefEidk if H zavmf&'D ge,fwiG f ,cktcg aexkid v f su&f _dS y;D ±+armif (c) ae0if;. b0jzpfpOfrsm;ukd taumif;qk;H ykaH zmf Ekid o f jl zpfonf? olonf pmtkyw f apmifwzGŒJ jzpf atmif atmufygukd,fa&;twˆKy`wWdrsm;ukd taumif;tqkd; r¹cGif;rcsefa&;om;cJh onf?

(1) “Adv k af e0if; ppf"m;jyvrf;pOf”/ 1944 ckEpS f Zlvidk v f wGif a&'D,b dk m;rm;/ rme,fyavmu ykEH ydS x f w k af 0onf?

(2) “owif;pmq&mwOD;/ Adv k cf sKyf}uD;wOD;ESihf jrefrmjynf&dS ppfwyfwwyf”/ 1995 ckEpS w f iG f 0+u d v f ;dk wyfp/f befaumufEiS hf csiferD mS ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cJo h nf?

(3) “Adv k af e0if;Zmwfvrf;±+yo f r#” (Akv d af e0if;. ±+yaf xG;ayGvD Zmwfvrf; tjynft h pk)H 2001 ckEpS w f iG f uk, d w f idk x f w k af 0 _yD; “OD;ae0if;. jymwqky”f / 2004 ckEpS w f iG f uk, d w f idk x f w k af 0? trSwf (2) rSvI JG uset f m;vk;H jrefrmbmomjzifjh zpfonf?

Ekid if &H yf jcm;a&muf jrefrmpma&;q&mrsm;onf ae0if;ESiyhf wfoufI aqmif;yg;rsm; ykHrSefa&;avh&Sd-u&m tcsKd‹rSm ol.oDva-umifh tusifhysufr+rsm;tajctae/ bufvu dk rf r+ sm;ESihf tawG;tac:vGaJ csmaf er+rsm;tay: txl;«yxm;-uonf? tvm;

wl t"dutcsufrsm;tay: tajccHaom u|efawmfwkd. ‹ tufaq;rsm;ESifh tawG; tjrifrsm;onf “at;&Sm;0dcf” r*~Zif;wGif 2003 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif “b0&Sifrif; w&m;ae0if;” ESifh 1993 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif “ol&Jaumif;wOD;.t&dyf” tjzpf azmfjycH&_y;D befaumufrS xkwaf 0aom “acwf°ydi”f *sme,fwiG f &Spaf v;vk;H ESpyf wf vnftxdr;f trSwpf mapmiftwGuf “ae0if;.0Suv f uf” tp&So d nfh aqmif;yg;rsm; azmfjycHc&hJ onf? ,if;oka‹d om aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd u|efawmf vkyaf zmfuidk zf ufrsm;ESihf u|eaf wmfu, dk w f idk f pDtm'DbD “owif;rsm;ESihf tjrifrsm;” pmapmifwiG f a&;om;xkwf a0cJo h nf?

22 ae0if;ESifhtwl ol‹orD; cifpENm0if; (owif;rsm;wGif ol.q&m0eftjzpf azmfjy-uonf)/ olr. cifyeG ;f at;aZmf0if;ESihf ajr; ausmaf e0if;wk‹d vku d yf gcJ-h uonf? _yD;cJhaom tESpf (20) twGif; tusifhysufqkH; urBmhacgif;aqmif (10) OD;pm&if;wGif ql[m wkt d aejzifh xdyq f ;Hk tqift h jzpf Ekid if w H umjrifomxifomtzGŒJrS xkwaf 0aom urBmvk;H qkid &f m tusiyfh surf t + pD&ifcpH mu 2004 ckEpS f rwfvwGif tqifo h wfrw S cf H &onfrmS pdw0f ifpm;zG,jf zpfonf?

23 ±+armifonf ti,fwef;pma&;av;tjzpf tvkyfvkyfzuf a':wifwifukd 1930 ckEpS v f nfwiG f vufxyfc_hJ yD; om; (2) OD; xGe;f um;cJo h nf? olwu ‹dk _JG yD;aemuf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ae0if;tjzpf rpPpaf uwDawmif}uD; (c) auwDboef; (c) cifaroef;ukd 1950 ckEpS t f apmykid ;f wGif vufxyfco hJ nf? olrwGif orD;ok;H OD;yg&Sv d mcJ_h y;D ae0if;ESihf orD; (2) a,muf/ om; (1) a,muf &&Scd o hJ nf? olronf 1972 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG cf hJ onf? 1970 ckEpS v f nfwiG f a':-umqef[ak c:aom &ckid t f rsK;d orD;wOD;ukd ZeD;r,m; «ycJhonf[k aumvm[vjzpfcJhonf? ukef;abmifrif;qufrS bk&ifrif;wkef;rif;. jrpfawmfol *|e±f p‹dk f b,fvmrD (June Rose Bellamy) (c) &wemewfr,fudk 1975§76 ckESpfwGif w&m;0ifvufxyfcJhjyefonf? ,if;tdrfaxmifrSmvnf; acwWr#omcH_yD; tdrw f iG ;f &efjzpfrt + wGi;f aq;vdyjf ymzefcu G jf zifh ypfaygufrj+ zifh tqk;H owfomG ;cJo h nf? rnfou l pypfaygufonfEiS yhf wfoufI owif;jyefy‹ mG ;r+twGi;f 0d0g'uGv J rJG r+ sm;&Scd hJ onf? aemufqkH;od&Sd&onfh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;r+rSm &efukefwuUokdvforkdif;XmerS okawoe uxdu a':eDejD rifEh iS jhf zpfonf? olrESiu hf _JG y;D jyefvnfvufxyfjyefonft h wGuf ,if;ukd ESpf}udrf[kwGufv#if pkpkaygif; (6) }udrf&Sdonf?

24 Tpmyk'd Ef iS yhf wfoufI u|eaf wmf t*Fvyd b f momjzifh a&;cJo h nfh pmtkyw f iG f ±+dwfpyD;,m; (William Shakespeare: 23.4.1564-23.4.1616: in ‘Julies Caesar’) a&;om;csufrsm;rS jrefrmjynf. vuf&SduH-urRmESifh oufqkdif&m pum;rsm;ukd

355

356

a-umif; olru ajymjyjyefygonf? ae0if;u olrbuf tenf;i,f,drf;vkduf_yD; olrem;em;uyfum wk;d wk;d av;ajymygonf? “igu rift h ukyd ?J -unfah v? ig jrefrm jynfukd bmvkyfxm;ovJ? at;æ'gtpyJ&Sdao; w,f” [l.?

19 a'gufwmwifah 0 BA, MBBS (Rgn), MRACMA, MM (Psychotherapy) (Sydney), FRANZCP onf Westmead aq;±kHwGif pdwfa&m*g txl;ukq&m0ef (Staff Specialist Psychiatrist) wa,mufjzpf_yD;/ jyifyukd,fykdifaq;ukcef;wGif pdwaf 0'em cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmukx;Hk jzifh ukool q&m0ef (Psychotherapist) wa,muf jzpfonf ? ‚if;pdwfyg0ifpm;onfh bmom&yfrsm;xJwGif tºuGif;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf vufatmuf aexkid &f jcif;. tusK;d quf&v'frsm;ESihf tqkyd g&v'frsm;. om;pOf ajr;qufwidk f qk;d usK;d oufa&mufapr+rsm;/ ppfajy;'kuo Q nfrsm;ESihf n‡O;f yef;ESyd pf ufc/H "m;pmcHrsm;twGuf pdwaf 0'em ukx;Hk rsm; ponfwy‹dk g0ifonf?

20 Tae&mwGif u|eaf wmf t*Fvyd b f momjzifh a&;cJo h nfph mtkyw f iG f ',fe&D ,f f efonfh atmufyga&;om; (vf)'Dz;dk (Danicl Defoe:1661-1731) . pmayrS avsmu csufukd ukd;um;jyxm;ygonf?

The best of men cannot suspend their fate: The good die early, the bad die late.

21

355

356

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

atmufygtwkdif; ukd;um;cJhonf?

“There is a tide in the affairs of men, - Which taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; - Omitted all the voyage of their life - Is bound in shallows, and in miseries.”

25

t,f'w D mxHay;pm= “{&m0wDpmapmif” csif;rkid /f xkid ;f Ekid if H = 2003 ckEpS f {_yDvwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0? pmrsufESm (6)/ acgif;pOf “&mZyv†ifokd‹trSm;” a&;ol cifatmif/ -opa-w;vs? “oif. 2003 ckEpS f Zefe0g&D=azazmf0g&Dxw k pf mapmif (twGJ 11/ trSwf 1) rsufESmzkH;wGif AdkvfcsKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$ukd a&S;±kd;pOfvm jrefrmbk&ifrsm;. taqmif ta,mif0wfpjHk zifh azmfjycJjh cif;rSm olt ‹ yd rf ufpw d u f ;l tjrifjzpfEidk af omfvnf; u|eaf wmf wkt ‹d wGurf mS ajcmuftyd rf ufozG,jf zpfaeonf? yef;csq D &mu bk&ifrif;wke;f rif;ukd ykaH zmfonfEiS þhf qefu ‹ sizf uf b,fbufo‹dk olu ‹ dk ,dr;f aeatmif yef;csu D rSerf eS u f efuef ykaH zmfEidk yf gonf? wHqyd t f jynfEh iS hf ppf0wfpt Hk wGi;f rSmxuf olu yk-d unfah umif;ae ygonf? 1990 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvxkwf at;&Sm;0dcfpmapmifyg “bk&ifrif;w&m;}uD; ae0if;” ykHukd u|efawmhftm; jyefvnfowd&apygonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;wGif rukdËf o&zlaqmif;bk&ifjzpfcsiaf om ae0if;. b0&nfreS ;f csuu f dk cefr‹ eS ;f wGuq f a&;om; cJhonf? ae0if;taejzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifcJhaom &JabmfokH;usdyf trsK;d om;ol&aJ umif;rsm;. taiGŒtoufudk ¯uduo f nfjzpfap/ r¯uduo f nfjzpfap qifjref;xm;cJo h nf? ae0if;u Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;. txl;av;pm;cH&aom acgif; aqmifr+ukd tarGqufcHcJh&onf[k aºuG;a-umfcJhonf? okad‹ omfvnf; vkyf}uHowf jzwfr+ yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+}uD;wGif ol yg0ifywfoufaeonfrSm xifomjrifom &SdvS onf? vGeaf v_y;D aom aemifww&m; &roGm;&Smonfh ae0if;taejzifh aumufuspf ,kwrf mapumrl wpkw H &m pGaJ qmifr&+ _dS yD; ±kyo f iG t f & -unfah ysmf±a+ ysmf aysmf&adS o; onf? eef;yv†ifrS wpufrS ra&$Œol vuf&Sd ppftm%m&SifrSmrl csD;rGrf;p&mqkdI wuGufrS r&Sdacs? &ufpuf,kwfoGrf; vl&rf;um; tm%m&Sifrsm;. jycef;aqmif twGi;f ^m%fynmESihf ±ky&f nftm;jzifh teD;pyfq;Hk wlorl mS ,l*ef'grS Adv k cf sKyf bD't D rif jzpfonf? olwE‹dk pS Of ;D rSm ±kyw f rl sm;jzpf-u_y;D tqifoif&h EdS iS _hf y;D ±kyaf jymifumwGe;f rsm;u oufaojyESi_hf yD;jzpfonf? olwE‹dk pS Of ;D vk;H uk, d pf w D iG f olw. ‹dk tao;pm;av;awGEiS hf &Hvsuf&Sd_yD;jzpfonf? ,l*ef'gtm%m&Siftaejzifh xkdufwefonfhjypf'%fukd vGwf ajrmufaeapumrl w&m;Oya'ukd pD&if&ef Ekid if w H um w&m;±k;H rsm; tqifoif&h adS e av_y?D ” 26 ta0;a&mufow H refwOD;. = “°rdŒawmfjyefx;D a[mif;avmif;rif;w&m;” 357 357

acwf°ydi*f sme,f 2006 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv pmrsuf ESm (5)? &efuek af jrmufbuf (244) rkdiftuGm&Sd ysOf;rem;°rdŒ -uufajy;&yfokd‹ etzu °rdŒawmfajymif;a&$onfESifh ywfoufaom aqmif;yg;? oHwrefa[mif;wOD;jzpfol pma&;q&mu vuf&Sd tm%m&SiEf pS Of ;D jzpfonfh Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD;oef;a&$EiS hf 'k=Adv k cf sKyfr;ª }uD; armif;at;wku ‹ d dk “i±l;” ESihf “irl;” [lI trnfwyfvu dk o f nf? trSew f u,ftm;jzifh jrefrmtrsm;pkrmS cefr‹ Sef;csufukd em;vnfoabmayguf_yD;jzpfI olwkt d‹ ay: rauseyfr+ukd vGwfvyf aomurBmwGif tcGifh&wkdif; vGwfvyfpGmajymqkdvsuf&Sd-uonf?

27 atmifqef;pk-unf “a-umuf&GHŒ jcif;rS uif;vGwfa&;” yif*Gufpmtkyfwkduf t*Fvef 1991/ 'Drkdua&pD&SmykHawmf pmwrf;rsm;/ pmrsuf 177?

pmwGJ vky}f uHrE+ iS hf ±k;H wifw&m;pGq J rdk E+ iS hf ywfoufaom a-u;eef;pmtcsK‹d 1

aemufwae‹wGif &ef‹ (Rance) u yufopfavm&ifh (Pethick-Lawrence) udk ud, k yf ikd af -u;eef;eHygwf 122/ (20;15) em&DwiG f ta-umif;-um;jcif;rSm olt ‹ ae jzifh atmifqef;tm; xyfrHawGŒqHkjyD; tr+aqmiftzGJŒwGifcef‹&ef trnfrsm; wdkifyif -uygonf? pum;vufqHkjcif;rSm cifrifpGm&Sda-umif;udkyg aygif;xnfhvdkufonf? oydwaf rSmufacgif;aqmifrsm;ESiahf wGŒqI kH olwu ‹kd aemufq;kH wGif aphpyfjcif; jyefvnf zGiv hf pS &f ef oabmwl-ua-umif;udv k nf;ygonf? OD;apm.toufay:wGif }uHpnf jcif;rSm atmifqef;u uG,f&mwGif yg0ifcJhonf[k axmufjyjcif; vHk;0r&Sdyg?

2 xifjrif&onfrSm Ta-u;eef;udk bk&ifcHu vkyf}uHr+ESifhywfoufonfh owif;-um;-um;csif; tvsifpvdk ydkv ‹ dkufygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;rSm yGJcsif;_yD; aoqH;k onf?

3 *|ef'±dkif'if (John Dryden) = ‘rpPwm uGef*&dxH ay;pmrsm;’ (Epistles to Mr. Congreve).

4

&ef‹uvpfwdk0J (vf) (Listowel) udk a-u;eef;eHygwf 371/ -o*kwfv (14) 358 358

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

359

&uf/ (15;00) em&D/ aemufxyfta-umif;-um;jcif;rSm rdk;. xGufqdkcsuftm; us,fjyefp‹ mG jzefa‹ 0jcif;r&Sd (aemufxyf=r&S)d I xdyw f ef;v#KdŒ0u S t f qihf qufvuf xm;rnfukd ar#mfvifyh gonf?

5 Tpmudk &efu ‹ jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;vufoa‹kd y;cJ&h m 0ef}uD;u pmjyef&efrvdk a-umif; rSwcf sufcsygonf?

6 arm&pf/ aumfvpf “jrefrmjynfY aemufq;Hk ESihf yxrqk;H ” (1941= 1948) azbmESihf azbmvDrw d uf/ vef'ef pmrsufEmS 22=24? “a':refprpf jrefrmjynfo‹dk a&mufvmonft h csed 0f ,f (1941/ arv) OD;apmrSm 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfaeonf? olwEkd‹ SpfOD; awGŒqkH-uonfhtcgwGif uHaumif;axmufrI oifhoifhjrwfjrwf&Sd-uonf? a':refprpfu OD;apm. vlqkd;vlaw p±kdufukdyif cifrifEpS v f zdk , G af umif;aom Oy"d±yk f wpkw H &mwck[k xifjrifco hJ nf? 0ef}uD;csKyfu olu ‹ , dk o f l pdwt f m±kw H iG f jrefrmvlrsK;d tm; vGwaf jrmufa&; atmifjrifpmG vkyaf qmif ay;Ekid rf nfh acgif;aqmifjzpfa-umif; xifaejcif;rSm b0ifcu dk af ponf? oka‹d omfvnf; TuJo h a‹dk qmif&u G af epOfþolt ‹ w d u f yfuydk gþtjynfjh znfo h mG ;rnfuadk wmhaocsmonf? aumufuspv f rd n f maom pdwEf iS hf t-urf;zufrv + yk af omfjim;vnf; olr‹ mS ESpv f zdk , G f t&nftaoG;&Sdoljzpfonf? olonf [moajrmufI a,musfm;yDooljzpf_yD; v+dufvSJysLiSmpGm vl‹obm0ESifh jynfhpkHoljzpfonf? a':refprpfu olESifhtqif ajyEkid rf nf[k ,k-H unfonf? OD;apmbufrq S v dk #if bk&ifco H nf azmfa&Gaom trlt&m jyvsuf e*ko d bm0aumif;yk&H I bk&ifct H m; cifrif&efyif&o dS nf?

7 azmfjy_yD;pmtkyf? pmrsufESm 25=26? bk&ifcH a':refprpfu pma&;olukd ajymjycJhonfh ajymqkdr+? qm&,f*sDe,fu OD;apmukd “aeygOD;? rEœav;u tvkyw f ckcefw ‹ mrSm cifAsm;u aiGwaomif; awmif;w,fv‹dk owif;jzpfaew,f?”

OD;apmu rcef‹w&ef‹ rsufESmvkyfvkduf_yD; “bk&ifcHrif;/ u|efawmfu tvkyfawG a&mif;pm;w,fv‹dk qkv d w dk mvm;” “r[kwyf gbl;/ 'Dtvkyw f cktwGuf aiGwaomif; cifAsm;awmif;w,fv‹dk u|efawmfow d myg?” “u|efawmfrvkyyf gbl;” [k OD;apmu t°yH;av;wpjzifh ajymvku d f onf? “'gqk&d if cifAsm; b,favmufawmif;aeovJ” OD;apmrsuEf mS rSm tm;&yg;&t°yH;ok‹d oufoufomom ajymif;oGm;onf? “waomif; ig;axmifyg? aemif u|efawmf rvkyfawmhygbl;?”

8 attdk'D (AOD) atat'D (AAD) &efukefòrdt › wGif;&Sd yifrvufeufwdkuf ESihf yifr cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwdkufudk qdkvdkonf?

9 jrefrmEkid if q H idk &f m _Aw d ed o f t H rwfrS trft;D 'efeif;/ tD;tufusL Ekid if jH cm;a&;

±kH;/ vef'ef? twGif;a&;pm (1169/ 12/ 48) &ufpGJ &efukef 1948 ckESpf arv (8) &uf? txufygpmukd qifqmwnf;jzwf_yD; ykHpHjzifh tufzftkd 371§69472 tjzpf 1966 ckEpS f atmufwb dk mv (7) &ufae‹wiG f jynfor‹l w S w f rf;±k;H ok‹d xkwaf y;cJo h nf?

Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;vky}f uHc&H onfh tESpf (50) ajrmuftjzpf ,lauwGif xkwv f i$ hf jyocJhaom “atmifqef;ukd trSefwu,fb,folowfovJ” rSwfwrf;±kyf&Sifukd ±kduful;cJhaom bDbDpD (2)/ wDAGD'g±kdufwm/ xkwfvkyfolwkd‹. okawoetzGJŒu ‚if;pmukd xkwf,lcJhonf? oufaotaxmuftxm;topfrsm;ukd xkwfjyEkdifaom rdepf (50) -um xkwv f i$ rhf . + aemufq;Hk tykid ;f wGif ar;cGe;f jzpfaeonfh Tpmukd Zmwfa-umif;jyefol u atmufygtwkid ;f azmfjycJo h nf?

“1948 ckEpS f arvtwGi;f ¯ud;ay;wJah e‹u &efuek rf mS &Sw d hJ _Adwed o f t H rwfu 0+u d af [mok‹d v#K0‹d u S af -u;eef;pmwapmif a&;cJyh gw,f? tJ'D a-u;eef;pm[m ESpaf ygif; (50) cef‹ rayguf-um;oifo h nfph mtjzpf xde;f odr;f xm;cHc&hJ ygw,f? vtenf;i,ft -umrSm EkdifiHjcm;a&;±kH;u 'DtpDtpOf&JŒ okawoerª;xH ‚if;pmtm; xkwfay;&ef qk;H jzwfcyhJ gw,f? ,if;a-u;eef;f pmu &Jt}uD;tuJ u oHtrwfudk ajymjycsut f m; xkwaf zmfxm;ygw,f? u|efawmf uk;d um;jyygr,f? “vky}f uHowfjzwfrr+ mS _Adwo d # wkd‹ yl;aygif;}uHpnfr+ &Sdw,fqkdwm u|efawmfwkd‹ wu,fhukd ,kH-unfaea-umif;? &Jt}uD;tuJu qm&,f*seD ,fa':refprpfudk oHo,&So d t l jzpf axmufjycJah -umif;?

-um;twGif; v+yf&Sm;olrSm &efukef&Sd _Adwdo#aumifpDrS bif*av (Bingley) [k ac:onfh vljzpfonf[k ol ,kH-unfa-umif;?” ‚if;pmukd &efuek &f dS _Adwo d #oHtrwfrS 0+u d af [mok‹d ay;ykc‹d o hJ nfh xdyw f ef;v#Kd‹ 0Surf w S w f rf;tjzpf xde;f xm;cJo h nf? oHtrwf rpPwm Adu k mxH owif;ay;ykc‹d o hJ . l emrnfudk rl&if;pm. (ok;H ae&mwGi)f zsux f m;cJ_h y;D jzpfaomfvnf; u|eaf wmf.bcif u xkdokd‹ bGif;bGif;}uD;ajymcJhjcif;omjzpfa-umif; xkwfjyefcJhonf? (±+= yl;wGt J oHvi$ Zhf mwfa-umif;jyefo. l tcsKyfajymjycsufEiS hf pmzwforl sm; E+id ;f ,SOEf idk &f ef tqkyd g xdyw f ef;v#K0‹d u S rf w S w f rf; . yxrpmrsuEf mS ukd jyefvnfazmfjy vku d yf gonf) vef'ef&Sd _Adwdef=jrefrmtoif;u tifwmeuf0ufbfqkd'fzGihf_yD; bDbDpD taxmuftxm;±kyf&SifESifhywfoufI a0zefcsufrsm;ay;&ef urf;vS rf;onfhtcg u|eaf wmfu 1998 ckEpS f arv (24) &ufae‹wiG f tD;arvfwapmifyv ‹ dk u dk _f y;D oufqidk f

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Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´

&m pmykd'fwykd'fukd atmufygtwkdif; ukd;um;ay;cJhygonf? “bDbpD u D tus,zf iG jhf yocJah om wckwnf;aom taxmuftxm;topfrmS r-umrDurS tjyifo‹dk xkwaf y;cJah om 1948 ckEpS f arv (8) &ufae‹ pGw J yfxm;onfh vef'ef&Sd rpPwm trftD;'efeif;xH _Adwdo#oHtrwfu ay;ykd‹aompmjzpfonf? u|eaf wmfbcifrmS xkt d csed u f tprf;cef‹ &JcsKyfjzpf_y;D aumhaw;ygwDpum;0kid ;f rSmuJo h ‹ dk oHtrwfukd pdwfaygufovkd t,kHoGif;ajymrnfh jrefrmwOD;r[kwfonfrSm aocsm vSonf? “u|efawmf. bcifukd oHtrwfu aumif;pGmodcJh_yD; “ppfrjzpfcifu OD;apm. aemufvkdufwOD;” [k pmwGif a&;om;cJhouJhokd‹ olu &nf!e¸ f;vdrfhrnf r[kwfacs? qifqmwnf;jzwfxm;onfhpmtjzpf oufqkdif&m tufzftkd &nf!e¸ f; r+wiG f u|eaf wmhb f cifemrnfudk tok;H «yxm;vdrrhf nf[k u|eaf wmf em;vnfryd gw,f? &JcsKyfvnf; “u|eaf wmfw‹dk wu,fu h dk ,kaH e_y”D [laom oD0&D ukid pf x JG m;olwOD;jzpf onf[k ajymcJrh o d l tjypf&o dS l ta&;}uD;Ekid if aH &;orm;wOD;tm; zk;H uG,&f eftwGuf xku d o hJ ‹dk «yvkycf jhJ cif;jzpfayvdrrhf nf? rnfoq ‹dk adk p/ vky}f uHowfjzwfra+ e‹&ufrsm;txd jyefvnfomG ;cJv h #if taxGaxGaom pGypf cJG sufrsm;rSm topftqef;r[kwaf cs?” rSwfcsuf? trft;D 'efeif;? Ekid if jH cm;a&;±k;H ESihf avmh'v f ;l 0pfarmifb h ufwef (r[mrdww f yf aygif;pk.aoemywd) . Ekid if aH &;t}uHay;t&m&Sd csKyf? aemifwiG f qmtufpv f m'ef eif;/ aupDtrf*sD/ tdyfcsftrf *syefEkdifiHqkdif&moHtrwf}uD;?

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