Study on the revitalization of Austro-Hungarian fortifications in Istria by Mirna Karzen

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

Table of Contents Key terms and definitions ....................................................................................................................3 Introduction............................................................................................................................................5 I.

Regional route of Austro Hungarian Istra: heritage and fortification system ...............7

II.

Description of the route in the wider European and transnational context ................ 12

III.

The main features of cutlural tourism content and products in the route ................ 204

IV.

Proposals for innovative use of space at the regional austro hungarian route in accordance with hera methodology ................................................................................ 250

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

Key terms and definitions1 Although we are here providing basic definitions, it is of the utmost importance to have a unified consensus on certain terms and issues, in order to proceed with the joint methodology and finally on developing Standard Specifications. “Cultural tourism” – movement of people outside of their place of residence with the intention to obtain new information and experience to satisfy their cultural needs (European Association for Tourism and Leisure Education, ATLAS). “Cultural heritage” is generally defined as “the legacy of physical artefacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations”2. Cultural heritage by the definition can be divided into “intangible” and “tangible” heritage. Physical or "tangible cultural heritage" includes buildings and historic places, monuments, artefacts, etc., that are considered worthy of preservation for the future. These include objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science or technology of a specific culture3. "Natural heritage" is also an important part of a culture, encompassing the countryside and natural environment, including flora and fauna4. The “intangible cultural heritage” on the other side includes social values and traditions, customs and practices, aesthetic and spiritual beliefs, artistic expression, language and other aspects of human activity5. A “cultural heritage route” is a land, water, mixed or other type of route, which is physically determined and characterized by having its own specific and historic dynamics and functionality. It shows interactive movements of people as well as multi-dimensional, continuous and reciprocal exchanges of goods, ideas, knowledge and values within or between countries and regions over significant periods; and thereby generating a cross-fertilization of the cultures in space and time, which is reflected both in its tangible and intangible heritage6. The tour is a pre-planned movement / travel, including visits to many places in the sequence, particularly in the organized group led by conductor [hiking tour; bike tour; ski tour]7. Itinerary is theoretically worked out a possible itinerary (described in the brochure, on the website or on the leaflet, but with no concrete interpretation and service base and support on the ground)8. 1

Standard specfications cultural heritage, Prepared by the HERA Adriatic Working group for Cultural Heritage June 11, 2015, pg. 2 2 UNESCO definition, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cairo/culture/tangible-cultural-heritage/ 3 ibid 4 ibid 5 ibid 6

http://www.icomos-ciic.org/CIIC/NOTICIAS_reunionexpertos.htm Nadroić, Horjan, Klarić, Nevidal,Priručnik Upravljanje turističkim posjetima na tematskim kulturnim rutama, Ministarstvo turizma Republike Hrvatske, Zagreb, 2012. 7

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

The route is a natural stretch of highway, marked and palpable route9. Cultural Route is physically tangible shares in the space defined by the inventory of tangible and intangible, cultural and historical elements, connected thematically, conceptually or the definition and identification of the location of existing cultural assets related to dotted, linear or regional structure; that within the context of a single form, marked routes and interpretation of a continuous whole10. There are many different definitions of the above terms. Extensive list of possible definitions that could be used see: J. Jokilehto (ed.), Definition of Cultural Heritage â&#x20AC;&#x201C; References to documents in History, 1990 (revised 2005): http://cif.icomos.org/pdf_docs/Documents%20on%20line/Heritage%20definitions.pdf

ibid ibid 10 Ibid, pg. 7 9

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

Introduction In The Proposal for Tourism development Strategy of the Reublic of Croatia until 2020 in the chapter on the development of tourism, it is stated the necesity of conversion and / or adaptation of various currently unused industrial or military facilities in the public domain in order to create the infrastructure for the development of various happenings and events. As stated in the Tourism development strategy, for the development of touristic products, it is important to activate touristicly interesting unused state properties. An example of this very valuable but insufficiently valorized, revitalized and promoted state and city property is a fortification heritage in Pula, which is due to its historical, cultural and architectural significance of the utmost value and potential. This legacy of the Austro-Hungarian Empire for years represents one of the biggest challenges for tourism and cultural management and political leadership both in the local and national level. Local community is also very active and interested in greater involvement and is requiring the opportunity to be able to be involved in making decisions, use and manage the property. The current problems in this field are the deterioration caused by inadequate management and protectiotin, which call in question the valuation of the heritage itself. In addition, the lack of a single strategic and operational plan prevents evaluation of fortification heritage and its conversion into a sustainable cultural tourism purposes11. That is why the overall goal of this project is to upgrade local/regional Austro Hungarian cultural route through development at regional but applicable in wider Adriatic and European context through the valorisation of the Austro Hungarian cultural heritage of the Istrian coasts and hinterland and proposals for infrastructural improvements along the route. In developing innovative solutions, contractors were taking in consideration all the previous work conducted by numerous experts, enthusiasts, researchers and practitioners who are actively engaging in different activities related to the protection and promotion of these forts and fortifications. Solutions will be thus in line with the European capital of culture „Pula+2020“ bidding proposal for the demilitarisation of Pula and opening Pula's military parts to its citizens. As fortifications are one of the relevant projects within the bid book, it is important to approach their assessment, valorisation and presentation in the most quality manner in order to ensure their future improvement and long term sustainability. The project is also building upon the results of the ADRIFORT project, funded through IPA Adriatic CBC program under priority 2 – natural and cultural resources and risk prevention, measure 2.2. – managing natural and cultural resources and natural and technological risk prevention. The aim of this relevant and valuable project was to valorize natural environment and forts as essential parts of Pula’s cultural heritage and to develop a new tourist product on the Štinjan peninsula.

Lovrić, M. Implementacija kulturne baštine u kulturno-turistički proizvod-primjer turističkog proizvoda, Diplomski rad, Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli, Fakultet za ekonomiju i turizam, „Dr.Mijo Mirković“, 2015, str. 32 The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

Since the ADRIFORT covered only three locations and belonging fortifications (Punta Christo, Monte Grosso, Munide and Zonchi), this project will take the next step in first assessing 29 fortifications and than provide a detailed proposal for the selected 15 by also using the results of ADRIFORT in consideration. The project solutions are also in line with the current trends of European Commission that aim at finding innovative ways to integrate European tangible and intangible cultural heritage into sustainable development through both digital and other approaches that call for greater cooperation between academia and other sector, inclusion of new audience but also for integrating traditional cultural services with innovative new cultural or social services like adult or lifelong learning, science and technology, as well social innovation. They find it „of paramount importance for urban and rural development, tourism, education, creative industries and cultural heritage professionals to understand how to integrate European tangible and intangible cultural heritage into sustainable development“12. It is also in line with the Istrian Cultural Strategy for 2014-2020 which among other objectives aims at increasing public interest in cultural heritage and contemporary art production but also improving the work of cultural institutions and non-institutional cultural sector.

HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME 2016 – 2017, Europe in a changing world – Inclusive, Innovative and Reflective Societies, pg. 63 The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

I. REGIONAL ROUTE OF AUSTRO HUNGARIAN ISTRA: HERITAGE AND FORTIFICATION SYSTEM 1. Overview of the Pula fortifications system 1.1. Historical overview After decisions of the Vienna Congress, in 1815 Istria became part of the Habsburg Monarchy, when begins a new period of exceptional historical development, above all to Pula. The strategic position of Pula with its spacious harbour was the foundation of the interests of the Austrian authorities that have recognized its exceptional military potential. Initially, the Austrian defence relied on the part of the Venetian and French heritage, i.e. at some locations that previously were important defence points of the city, which have been renewed or being used to build modern defence structures. At the end of this extremely important period of Austrian government, important decisions for the city have been adopted at the state level, and significantly influenced the change of its urban image and turned it gradually up to 1918 in territorial maritime fortress, in one of the best protected cities of the Habsburg Monarchy. In the case of the system of fortificationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; architecture of the Pula naval port in the period of the Austrian Monarchy, it is undoubtedly a heritage that is one of the most valuable architectural treasures of the entire 19th and early 20th century Istria, which deserves proper evaluation and presentation. Until the arrival of Emperor Franz Joseph I. in Pula in 1850, defence system of the bay have been progressed slowly. Between 1850 and 1875, defence plans and the construction of new fortifications have continued more effectively and faster, which was imposed by a rapid development of military technology and the devastating power of all the newer weapons, so fourteen new circular/segmental forts were built, and older facilities were better protected and armed. Invention of Brisanzgranate filled with explosives entered the radical changes in the whole defence system to the First World War, a circular forts lose their meaning and give way to more modern, more powerful elongated polygonal forts, dug into the ground, with lethal long-range weaponry. At the end of May 1915, fortifications in Pula defence triangle were stationed by 42,500 officers and soldiers. The crown of fortifications around the city brings Pula cohesive spatial power, that of the medieval ramparts had before their demolition. Pula's fortifications left an indelible mark in the image and urban concept of the town and represent important landmarks in the landscape. Their stylistic definition corresponds to the laws of artillery with a maximum waiver of unnecessary decoration, thus pure geometry becomes the highest ornament and argument of architectural form. Their design is completely subordinated to military strategy, war technology and the destructive power of artillery, and what is not missing is modelling some details and openings in the spirit of historicist decorum. In the creative process of adaptation to different environments and conditions of defence, by special technique of traditional stone construction, the authentic architectural pieces were created, the last examples of an art that is now all gone, the architecture of the fortifications.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

During the Austro-Hungarian reign, the system of fortifications was constantly evolving among other reasons due to the fact that war technology was rapidly changing leading to new types of weapons, increased reach or artillery and other innovations. By the beginning of the World War I, Pula defence system was comprised of three fortified rings accompanied with trenches, mined fields set widely around harbour (on land and under the sea), wire, underground corridors, batteries and four airports thereby turning Pula into “territorial fort which occupied area of Lim channel all the way to Raša bay and cape Premantura and Mali Losinj”13. Pula's fortifications were designed to defend the city from possible attacks from the sea and were built to resist every possible attack - for this reason they were mostly circular or ring-like so that shells could rebound off the walls. They were all built at excellent locations, mostly lookouts that even today offer a magnificent view. The fortifications of Pula and its surroundings were never used for a specific attack and defence of the city. However because of this defence ring, Pula was protected from all sides and in 1915. this vast defence system accommodated huge military personnel of 42.500 solders. Along with the constant upgrade of defence system, considerable effort and money was invested into projecting and construction of the battle ships. By the beginning of 20th century K.u.K. Kriegsmarine14 had impressive ship fleet which included some of the biggest battle ships of that time such as Viribus Unitis, Tegetthoff, Prinz Ezgen and Szent Istvan designed not only for military purposes but also to create strong impression of invincibility. However, during the World War I the navy had weak influence on outcome of the war; actually, sinking of few battleships that represented the pride of the monarchy foreshadowed the inglorious end of the war for AustroHungarian Empire. In addition, it is worth to mention that in 1910. naval aviation was established with plane and balloon troops. These troops were in charge of controlling of the airspace, reconnaissance and defence from the enemy on the sea and mainland. By the 1911 K.u.K already uses hydroplanes and has school and training for pilots in Fažana channel and in 1915 airbase Puntižela was established becoming one of the most modern airport in this region. Pula and its citizens paid the high price for living in the main naval port during the Great War. However, it was not so much because of the war destruction of the city, but due to the fact that civilians from the city and surrounding area were transferred to the refugee camps where large number of them starved to dead or died from illnesses. The famine also struck sailors and other personnel of the navy and probably one of the most vivid descriptions were given by Mate Balota 15: “That winter I saw the scariest bread ever. It was brought by the sailors returning from the leave. It was made from a mixture of ground seeds of olives and tree bark. Firstly, bread-wood came from Lošinj. Than a similar bread came from Cres and Labin.” Frustration by the terrible working and living conditions and awakening of the awareness about national identity among military personnel accompanied by the frequent rebellion and disobedience just contributed to the low performance of the navy and final fall of the Empire. 13

A. Krizmanić, 2004., p.101 Abbreviation for Imperial and Royal Navy 15 Balota, M., Istra kroz stoljeća, Pula, Rijeka, 1981, p.259 14

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

1.2. What to do with Pula fortifications? In the Feasibility study about the revitalisation of Pula fortifications within the Adrifort project it is demonstrated a small number of adequately interpreted fortifications. Study is mentioning that in the broader european context there are many examples of good practice in the area of valorisation and interpretation of fortifications into the every-day life and sustainable local community development. There are many examples, from museums, cultural, conference and science-research centers to residential buildings and objects for the local community needs, all the way to hospitality objects, restaurants, hostels, hotels and objects with mix recreational-cultural and tourist purpose. That is all evidence that there are many opportunities for the valorisation of Pula fortifications and their inclusion into the European routes, which was a starting point for proposing new solutions and products. Each of the above-mentioned fortifications can be a stand-alone tourist product, but their unification can create the conditions for creating complex products of cultural tourism (thematic tours). For years, there was a question of what can be done with fortifications since they represent a valuable cultural heritage with an infinite number of possible options of conversion and use. The Feasibility Study of revitalization of the fortifications of Pula, which was prepared by the project Adrifort16, cited four possible scenarios: 1. Forts can become highly valued in a way that creates profits that may result from their direct use and there are following possibilities: hotels, inns, bed & breakfast, conference rooms 2. Forts can be used as art galleries, museum, art theaters, clubs, caffes, canteens, wine cellars 3. Forts can be protected and preserved, to be made safe for use, while enabling visits to domestic and foreign visitors. The costs of maintenance and management can be partially covered by the tickets, consumption in bars and restaurants, even bookstores (if any), but subsidies will certainly be necessary 4. Forts can be abandoned, left to nature with the possibility of securing tour visits to interested visitors in the thematic tours17. In this project, through extensive research, innovative approaches and inclusion of relevant experts, this project will provide the following: ď&#x201A;ˇ

Successful upgrade of local and development of regional Austro Hungarian cultural route with Adriatic/European implications through: o Upgrading of local through development of regional Austro Hungarian route with transnational implications and o Infrastructural improvements along the route

Besides the above solutions, the project will also provide a description of the cultural route in a wider transitional and European context in relation to other similar routes in the Adriatic region. It will also 16 17

Feasibility studija revitalizacije pulskih utvrda u sklopu projekta Adrifort, SveuÄ?iliĹĄte Jurja Dobrile u Puli, str. 25 Ibid The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

provide description of the main features of cultural tourism facilities and products on the route: the potential partnership, identification of content, infrastructure, services, catering, navigation along the route, interpretation and inclusion, marketing and sales, products and innovation, the development of multimedia, multi-disciplinary approach to research and development, contemporary cultural and artistic practice and cultural - economic networking. It will also provide a proposal on innovative use of space and infrastructural improvements along the Austria Hungarian route according to HERA methodology.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 1. Cartographic rewiew of locations

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE IN THE WIDER EUROPEAN AND TRANSNATIONAL CONTEXT

2. PULA`S AUSTRO - HUNGARIANS FORTIFICATIONS This chapter summarizes 31 fortification of Pula’s Austro – Hungarian defensive system. After examining the available written and graphic materials, different sources defined the listed facilities as fortresses. Some basic informations were given in this chapter about the classification of the fortress, their typology, time of construction, usage changes during their history, etc.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

NO.

NAME

LOKACIJA

TYPE

PRESERVATIO N

AVAILABILI TY

01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Verudella Bourguignon Stoja Muzil Marie Louise Maximilian Monte Zaro Kaiser Franz Munide Monte Grosso Punta Christo Forno Paravia West Paravia Ost Monte Castallier Bradamante (Valmarin) San Daniele San Giorgio (Sv. Juraj) Monvidal San Michele Casoni Vecchi Turtian Castiun (Pomer)

Verudela Monsival Stoja Muzil Muzil Stoja Monte Zaro island St. Andrew Štinjan Štinjan Punta Christo Barbariga Barbariga, Bale Barbariga, Bale Šurida Valica - Ilirija

coastal coastal coastal coastal coastal coastal land island-coastal coastal continental coastal coastal armored armored continental continental

preserved preserved preserved preserved preserved not preserved not preserved preserved demolished preserved preserved preserved preserved preserved preserved preserved

open closed open closed open

Šijan Monte Ghiro

continental continental

decomposition preserved

closed closed

Monvidal St. Michael Vidikovac Šikići Kaštijun

preserved preserved preserved preserved preserved

closed closed open open closed

Brioni Minor Tegetthoff Peneda Monte Gradina Ovine Castello Veneziano Zonchi Fisella

Mali Brijun Veliki Brijun Veliki Brijun Pomer Valovine city centre

continental continental continental continental coastal continental coastal coastal island - coastal coastal coastal continental

preserved preserved preserved preserved preserved preserved

open closed closed open closed open

Štinjan Monsival

coastal coastal

preserved preserved

closed closed

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

open open open open open closed closed closed

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.1. FORT VERUDELLA

IMAGE 2.1.1. VIew of the fort Verudela from the southeast

Fort Verudella is coastal, armored, polygonal fortification. It was built between 1866 and 1881. In the 1970s it was used for catering purposes, and in 1980s became the waste disposal and incinerator. In 2002 the Aquarium (Marine Education Center) is situated in fort, which became the seat of educational - cultural center for marine wildlife and a rescue center for sea turtles. In 2008, it was enrolled in The Register of Protected Cultural Monuments of Croatia.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.1.2 Fort Verudella under construction

IMAGE 2.1.3 Setting up a steel dome for two coastal cannon of 280 mm recorded during the construction 1881-1886.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.2. FORT BOURGUIGNON

IMAGE 2.2.1 Aerial view of the Fort

Fort Bourguignon is a coastal fortification located on very attractive position in the tourist zone on the Golden Rocks. It is named according to Bourguignon Anton von Baumberg, austrian admiral and commander of the Navy. The Fort follows design which has developed by Archduke Maximilian Joseph in 1820s to protect the city of Linz. His design was inspired by the famous tower Mortella. From 1996 to 2011 it is used for different events like musical festivals, concerts, performances and electronic music parties. In 2012 Fort was assigned to the Archaeological Museum, which opened its door for different public events . Today local group of young men take care of the fort (maintenance). Young Pula population requires its conversion into the club with regular programs.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.2.2 View of the Fort's entrance

IMAGE 2.2.3 Detail of wall fort Bourguignon

IMAGE 2.2.4 View of the moat and outside walls

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.3. FORT STOJA

IMAGE 2.3.1 Aerial view of the Fort

Fort Stoja is a coastal fortification, located on the eponymus peninsula. It was built in 1884 to protect the main port of the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Moat around coastal fortification, with variable dimensions, is marked by numerous round concrete blocks. The Fort has guarded the southern approach to the harbor and bay Brankoras. The Fort is in a good structural condition, although is overgrown with vegetation. Some of the rooms are used as toilets or facilities for washing clothes, while the courtyard is used for camping. It is owned by the Ministry of Defence.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.3.2 Wall detail

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.3.3 Hallway

IMAGE 2.3.4 Current state of the outer wall

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.4. FORT MUZIL

IMAGE 2.4.1 View of Fortâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s internal courtyard

Fort Musil is coastal circular fortification situated on the eponymus peninsula. It is surrounded by a moat, composed of several layers of newly built walls. In 2003 the Croatian Government and the County of Istria founded the company Brijuni Riviera with an aim to transform Fort Musil in an elite tourist destination. Brijuni Riviera wants to give a Fort in the 66 years concession to a private investor who is planning the realization of the tourist resort. It would involve buildings with public, social and business purposes, 18 holes golf course, a marina with 380 berths, a cultural center with the possibility of housing and coastal complex with a capacity of 2,270 beds. By the construction of tourist center Fort Musil will be closed for "ordinary" citizens. It is currently in the process of legal battle between private investitor and the Military Museum which wants convert Fort into an exhibition - museum space and in this way to preserve the original state of fort.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.4.2 View of the circular roof terace

IMAGE 2.4.3 Interior vaults

IMAGE 2.4.4 Staircase The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.5. FORT MARIE LOUISE

IMAGE 2.5.1 Aerial view of the Fort

Fort Marie Louise is coastal fortification located on the peninsula Musil. Until 2008 it was closed to the public because of military purpose. It is considered the largest circular fort with layout area of 12 236 m2 and building's radius of 110 meters. The fort is connected underground with other fortifications on the peninsula Musil, while the site itself is linked underground to the archipelago of Brijuni. Complex physical circuit was created as a result of construction through several historical periods. Above central area is a circular vault, while on the second level rise two symmetrical ramps leading to the terrace. During rearrangements some rooms become inaccessible and buried. Between 1947 and 2007 the Fort was in function of the warehouse. Now is in good condition preserved from devastation. It is owned by the Ministry of Defence and the army still stands guard in the area.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.5.2 Detail

IMAGE 2.5.3 View of the entrance

IMAGE 2.5.4 Current state of the complex

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.6. FORT MAXIMILIAN

IMAGE 2.6.1 View of the Max quarry

Fort Maximilian was coastal fortification located on the present site of the Quarry Max. Quarry was opened in 1943 and its limestone was used as a raw material for cement production. The Fort has not been preserved. Request for construction of shopping center Max on the site of the closed quarry was filed in December, 2015.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.6.2 Archival plan of Pula fortification system with marked location of former Fort Maksimilian

IMAGE 2.6.3 Costal fortification Maksimilian 1834./35. taken from Kriegs Archive in Wienna

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.6.4 Aerial view of the quarry area

IMAGE 2.6.5 View of the quarry with Pula's port in the rear

IMAGE 2.6.7 Proposal for the shopping mall on former location of the Fort

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.7. FORT MONTE ZARO

IMAGE 2.7.1 Archival plan of the Fort on the spot

Fort Monte Zaro was circular fortification, located on the eponymus Pula's hill. Fort was built in 1857. It was demolished in 1869. In its place Hydrographic bureau was built in 1871, bombed in 1944. Today the largest city park Monte Zaro is located on this site.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.7.2 Walkway in the park

IMAGE 2.7.3 Focal point of the park with fountain

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.8. FORT KAISER FRANZ

IMAGE 2.8.1 View from the sea

Fort Kaiser Franz is coastal fortification located on the island of St. Andrija. It was built in 1836 and considered as one of the smallest Pula's fortifications. In the past, it served as a weapons depot and today, the Fort is abandoned.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.8.2 View of the St Andrew's island from the coast

IMAGE 2.8.3 Artillery battery on St. Andrew's island

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.9. FORT MUNIDE

IMAGE 2.9.1 Stone masonry walls and vaults

Fort Munida is a coastal fortification located on a Ĺ tinjan's hill Ĺ˝unac. One of the smallest Pula's fortifications is located deep in the woods and is unknown to the wider public because of its inaccessibility. It was built from 1852 to 1854 as a circular fort, type Pula tower, in traditional building technique with limestone from local quarries. Fort is protected with earth and stone dikes and defensive trench hollowed out of solid rock. The building consisted of a basement (the tank), ground floor and platforms (terraces) to accommodate guns. Later is converted into a warehouse and barracks . During the heavy shelling in 1945 many of the walls were destroyed. Today the Fort is in bad condition and dangerous to use. It is owned by the City of Pula. There is an ongoing legal proceeding between the Republic of Croatia and the City of Pula for determination of property rights.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.9.2 Details of interior

IMAGE 2.9.3 Stone masonry details

IMAGE 2.9.4 Partially demolished parts of the walls

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.10. FORT MONTE GROSSO

IMAGE 2.10.1 Aerial view of the Fort

Monte Grosso is a large continental semicircular fort, built in 1836 on the Ĺ tinjan's eponymus hill. Due to its inaccessible location, situated deep in the woods, is not often visited. On the north â&#x20AC;&#x201C;east side there are destroyed symmetrical rooms, and within the Fort stairs leading to the roof, which offers stunning views of the surroundings. In 2014 conservation study proposes measures of protection, conservation and consolidation of the architectural elements was carried out to allow safe viewing and visiting the Fort. Although it seems damaged, Fort Monte Grosso, due to the preserved Martello tower, could become an important didactic - exhibition point.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.10.2 Inner courtyard ring

IMAGE 2.10.3 Martello tower

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.11. FORT PUNTA CHRISTO

IMAGE 2.11.1 Aerial view of the Fort

The coastal fort Punta Christo, placed on the eponymus peninsula, was built in 1862. After it has been attacked in 1945, some parts were left in ruins. Between 1945 and 1980, is being abandoned, and in 1982 came into the possession of the Croatian army, which used it as a depot for weapons and ammunition (up to 1995). Between 2001 and 2003 a group of enthusiasts worried about cleaning and editing of Monte Christo. Since the summer of 2003, it hosts numerous social, cultural and leisure activities, concerts and off culture festivals. After the second Seasplash festival started the organisation of events for individual needs. In 2010 Seasplash Summer Club was opened as a newly renovated multi-functional indoor and outdoor lounge. It is open from late May to late September every year. In 2006, the conservators studies have recognized the potential of creating educational and information centers in combination with recreational, didactic, museums and galleries, catering facilities and accommodation capacities of interconnected walkways and bicycle paths. Implementation of the project would enable the funds of the European Union or for seeking Seasplash Association and younger population of Pula that fortress remains in its current concept of organizing concerts and festivals this project is not realized

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.11.2 Entrance detail

IMAGE 2.11.3 Detail of the fort

IMAGE 2.11.4 Festival in the inner courtyard

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.12. FORT FORNO

IMAGE 2.12.1 Aerial view of the Fort

Fort Forno is coastal fortification, built in 1904. In the fort complex there are two batteries: Benedetto and Caluzzi. Fortification is planned to convert in accommodation unit within the future tourist rest stop while the other batteries will get new purposes like galleries, permanent historical exhibition and club with an exhibition of old weapons (source: wikipedia).

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.12.2 Inner courtyards

IMAGE 2.12.3 Partly collapsed stone walls

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.13. FORT PARAVIA WEST

IMAGE 2.13.1 Current state of the fortification overgrown in greenery

Fort Paravia West is located on the Paravia hill in the municipality of Bale, Group Paravia-Barbariga. Fortress is at 55.5 meters above sea level. It was built from 1905 to 1907 with an armored steel dome for four cannos. Type of Fort is "broken rectangle" with trapezoidal shape which differs from the classical fotification scheme. It was constructed in traditional building technique with limestone from local quarries, combined with concrete and reinforced concrete in the upper floor and the platform (terrace). The Fort is protected from the outside by a moat and defensive trench hollowed out of solid rock. Layout is not a regular shape but is adapted to the terrain and purpose.The Fort consists of two floors and platform (terrace) with earth and stone defensive embankments. Today is in good condition but is abandoned and overgrown in greenery. The fort Paravia West is owned by the state.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.13.2 Ground floor and first floor plan scheme

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.14. FORT PARAVIA OST

SLIKA 2.14.1 Pogled prema ulazu / IMAGE 2.14.1 View of the entrance

Fort Paravia Ost is similar to Fort Paravia West. It is located on the Paravia hill in the municipality of Bale, Group Paravia-Barbariga. Fortress is at 55 meters above sea level. It was built between 1905 and 1907 with an armored steel dome for four cannos. Type of Fort is "broken rectangle" with trapezoidal shape which differs from the classical fotification scheme. It was constructed in traditional building technique with limestone from local quarries, combined with concrete and reinforced concrete in upper floor and platform (terrace). The Fort is protected from the outside by a moat and defensive trench hollowed out of solid rock. Layout is not a regular shape but is adapted to the terrain and purpose.The Fort consists of two floors and platform (terrace) with earth and stone defensive embankments. Today is in good condition but is abandoned and overgrown in greenery. It is owned by the state.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.14.2 Ground floor and first floor plan scheme

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.15. FORT CASTELLIER

IMAGE 2.15.1 Fortâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current state

Fort Castellier is large continental fortification, dug into the ground, located on the eponymus hill at the entrance of Ĺ titnjan, near Pula. It is built in 1859. It was in use between 1859 and 1895. Today is under the control of the Croatian Defence Ministry and is not open to the public.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.15.2 1885 Castellieri door lintel, 1885.

IMAGE 2.15.3 Remains of stone structures

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.16. FORT BRADAMANTE (VALMARIN)

IMAGE 2.16.2 View of the overgrown fortress walls

Fort Bradamante (Valmarin) is a large continental fortification which covers an area of 1500 m2. It was built in 1881 and currently is used as a warehouse of old Uljanik's machines (shipbuilding company and shipyard). Fortification has four artillery batteries, one of which offers a view of the whole Istria. Large ditch around the fortification leads into the courtyard with steps leading to the green roof. The roof is planted with grass and offers views of the city of Pula, UÄ?ka and a large part of Istria. The Fort is well preserved but is closed to the public. Today it is under the control of the Croatian Defence Ministry.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.16.2 Fort's current state

IMAGE 2.16.3 Fort's current state

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.17. FORT SAN DANIELE

IMAGE 2.17.1 Aerial view of the Fort's complex

Fort San Daniele is continental fortification located on the eponymus hill east of Ĺ ijan's forest. Fortress is at 107 meters above sea level on the site of the former Austro-Hungarian rehabilitation Kaiserwald area. It was built between 1881 and 1888 and since than was used exclusively for military purpose. A defensive trench was carved out of solid rock, defensive embantkmens were made of earth and stone and the fortress was constructed in traditional building technique with limestone from local quarries. Reinforced concret shelters for watchtowers were built in 1982. Natura Histrica, institution for protection of nature, and Archaeological Museum have common interest for transformation the Fort San Daniele into museum and for educational and recreational purpose. Today it is under control of Croatian Defence Ministry and is closed to the public.The whole system of fortifications is in decline.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.17.2 View of the stone elevation

IMAGE 2.17.3 Fort San Daniele's interieur The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.18. FORT SAN GIORGIO

IMAGE 2.18.1 Aerial view of the fortress

Fort San Giorgio is continental fortification located on Monte Ghiro hill near the local cemetery. Circular in shape with a diameter of 35 meters the fort has a round courtyard with a cistern in the middle and hidden entrance. Above the inner courtyard rise two towers, one for the crew with a spiral staircase inside, and the other for transfer of military technology. It was built from 1852 to 1854 in traditional building technique using cut stone. The project of Fort's conversion in the seat of Conservation Institute was abandoned due to high costs of renovation. Currently is open to the public without any characteristic and organized content. It provides incredible and specific vistas from the tower. The Fort is under the control of the Croatian Defence Ministry.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.18.2 Inner circular courtyard

IMAGE 2.18.3 Circular roof terrace

IMAGE 2.18.4 Photo of the inner courtyard taken from the roof terrace

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.19. FORT SAN MONVIDAL

IMAGE 2.19.1 Aerial view of the Fortress

Fort San Mondival is continental semi - circular fortification built in the period between 1852 and 1856 on the outskirts of the city for Arsenal's protection (neighborhood where naval port and shipyard were placed). It served for defence of the land and the sea in the range from northeast to southwest. The range of its cannons was 800 to 1000 meters. It was never attacked. After World War II the Fort was used by Yugoslav Army. During the 60s and 70s, at the time when it was abandoned, first it becomes a nightclub and after that served as a warehouse of bookstore. In a short period of time it was in use of plastic workshop. The side parts of the main portal were severely damaged which makes impossible the entry of trucks into the Fort. It is owned by the Ministry of Defence and today it is not used.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.19.2 Fort's inner courtyard

IMAGE 2.19.3 View of the Fort

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.20. FORT SAN MICHELE

IMAGE 2.20.1 View of the Fort from Preradovic street

Land fort San Michele is situated on the hill of St. Michael (San Michele) at 35 meters above sea level within the complex of the former General Hospital. The two level segmented Pula tower was built between 1852 and 1854 with inner circular courtyard 30 meters in diameter, and front tambour (defensible courtyard). From 1896 it is in use by the Civilian hospital. After 1914 it was turned into a warehouse and barracks, and since 1920s is in property of Hospital Santorio-Santorio. Entrance to the anti-aircraft shelter was constructed in the Fort in 1943 that could be used only patients and hospital employees. Two years later, in September 1945, abandoned families were housed in Fort wich later became a warehouse for flammable liquids. Today is abandoned, overgrown with greenary in a bad state of construction with inadequate extension of the internal courtyard. In the project ADRIFORT is planned a conversion of Fort into a multimedia student center within the framework of the new university campus Juraj Dobrila.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.20.2 Street view of the Fort and it's current state

IMAGE 20.3 Schematic blueprints of the Fortress

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.21. FORT CASONI VECCHI

IMAGE 2.21.1 View of the Fortress

Fort Casoni Vecchi is continental fortification built in 1853 on the Vidikovac hill. It cointens 16 casemates of which only one was not used as a cannon position. Two drawbridges and surrounding moat have guaranteed its invincibility. The fort has cisterns that have provided a sufficient amount of water in the case of siege. In the World War I Fort was target of Italian Air Force. During the Italian occupation, it was abandoned and left to devastation. In August 1992 in the Fort was held first Monteparadiso festival which was become one of the most famous punk festivals in European subcultural sphere. Monteparadiso festival was held until 2000, when the Association "Casoni Vecchi" was founded for revival and protection of Fort. The long-term goal of the Association is the project "Fortress of Knowledge" that planns concept of development, renovation and conversion of the Fort in a public, multi-purpose and multi-cultural space with its sustainability and self-financing.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.22.2 Circular stone wall's structure

IMAGE 2.22.3 Detail of the openings in the stone wall

IMAGE 2.22.4 View of the inner courtyard

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.23. FORT TURTIAN

IMAGE 2.23.1 Aerial view of the Fort's complex

The fort Turtian, cut into the hill south of the road which connects Pula and Ližnjan, was built in the period between 1881 and 1888 in the suburb Šikići. It is very notable because of its size and is one of the most important segments in the middle fortification ring around Pula. After World War II it came under military administration of Yugoslav Army in function of reserve command spot. In 1991 JNA leaves the Fort. After that it becomes a winery (warehouse and wine selling), which was finished with failure. Since then, it was left in devastation. Fort Turtian was used in 2000 for the recording of Croatian film and TV serial „Friend, is it clear?“. In 2013 here was held the first festival "Arboretum eco, art & music". Festival brought together young artists, creative people, exhibitors and musicians, who have had the opportunity to show their creativity and skills among 400 visitors. In May 2015 a cycling tour was organized around Fort on the occasion of the manifestation "Second ring". Today, the approach to the fortress is possible only by a permit of young people from associtions „Association Turtian" and "Arboretum" who take care about the Fort which is under the supervision of the Ministry of Defence.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.23.2 Current state of the Fort

IMAGE 2.23.3 Current state of the Fort

IMAGE 2.23.4 Current state of the Fort The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.23. FORT CASTIUN (POMER)

IMAGE 2.23.1 Aerial view of the Fortress

Fort Castiun (Pomer) is coastal fortification built in 1881. It is one of the largest Pula's fortifications, located near the city landfill „Kaštijun“. Animal protection association „Snoopy“ is using the area of Fort Castiun as a shelter for abandoned pets since 2002. Today, the Fort is under supervision of the Ministry of Defence.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.24. FORT BRIONI MINOR

IMAGE 2.24.1 Aerial view of the Fort's complex

Coastal fort Brijuni Minor is located on the island Mali Brijun. It was built during the last five years of 19th century as the largest Austro - Hungarian fortress on the Adriatic. It covers an area of 15.750 m2 in dimensios of 175 x 90 meters. The Fort was protected by 20 long-range cannons. Today it is used as a unique stage under a night sky for plays of the international theater project â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ulyssesâ&#x20AC;&#x153;.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.24.2 Coastal view of the Fort

IMAGE 2.24.3 Part of the Fortress beeing used as stage for the Ulysses thetare performances

IMAGE 2.24.4 Auditorium situated within the fortress

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.25. UTVRDA TEGETTHOFF / FORT TEGETTHOFF

IMAGE 2.25.2 Aerial view of the Fortress

The circular fort Tegetthoff, located in the center of the island Veli Brijuni, was built in 1865. At the end of the 1980s the former Yugoslav Army have retreated gradually facilities and areas on the islands Big and Small Brijuni, in order to involve them in tourist program of the National Park. In 1990, a plan was made for tourist use of the islands, with the Implementation plan for the central zone with extensive tourist use of total space. Acording to Spatial Plan of the National Park "Brijuni" in 2001, the Fort Tegetthoff would keep a part required for a special purposes and the top would be converted into a viewpoint for vistas to a distant areas of land and sea. Most of the buildings would be turned into a tourist function (museum, showroom, spaces for events, catering and entertainment facilities, control point for marine area and boathouse). Today the Fort is extremly rusty and overgrown with vegetation without expert supervision, but still classified as a fire watchtower and a radar station (radar-surveillance service).

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.25.2 Aerial view of the Fort

IMAGE 2.25.3 Archival photo of inner courtyard's fence detail

IMAGE 2.25.4 View of the entrance

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.26. FORT PENEDA

IMAGE 2.26.1 View of the internal courtyard and scheme of the spaces within the fortress

The Fort Peneda is a large coastal fortress built on island Veli Brijun in 1892. It was used from 1892 until 1902. In September 2013 negotiations began about affirmation of Austrian Maritime Fortress in Pula. The project proposed Fort as a new community center with residential and accompanying working facilities. Fort Peneda would became a recreation zone and followed up to the central plateau with an athletic track, playground and natural amphitheater. For unknown reasons this project was not realized. The Fort is preserved but not open to the public and is under the control of the Ministry of Defence.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.27. FORT MONTE GRADINA

IMAGE 2.27.1 Aerial view of the Fortress

Fort Gradina (Fort Monte Srodino) is coastal, armored fortress located on the hill Monte Srodino at 56 meters above the sea level. The Fort is a part of the fortification system Premantura and is surrounded by plenty batteries and other fortifications. Construction was completed in the first phase between 1881 and 1888. It was armed with nine cannons in 1914. Since 1947, in relatively good condition, is in possession of the Yugoslav army and is used as ammunition depot, for a guard and a kitchen. Since 1977 is a quartermaster service depot. The Fort is in poor condition with inadequate contemporary contents. It was built in the traditional building technique with finely processed visible limestone. A defensive moat is carved in the bedrock. The defense embankments are of earth and stone. Ceilings of crew's and ammunition's shelters on platforms (terraces) are in reinforced concrete construction while the vaults were made of brick. The Fort has a cellar (tank), ground floor and platform. Today is open to the public.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.27.2 Fort's blueprint on the cadastal register

IMAGE 2.27.3 View of the fortress and its entrance

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.28. FORT OVINE

IMAGE 2.28.1 Overgrown outer walls of the fortress

Fort Ovine is fortification tower, located near the beach Valovine which is often classified as a battery, but this is not correct. The view from the deck is stunning. Nearby is abandoned camp Valovine that draws crowds of walkers and passersbies, researchers of Fortress, its tunnels and bunkers. Today the Fort is in good condition but is abandoned.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.29. FORT CASTELLO VENEZIANO

IMAGE 2.29.1 Aerial view of the Fort's complex

Baroque Venetian Fortress was built on the ruins of a medieval castle that was built on the remains of ancient Roman fort (castrum). The French military engineer Antoine De Ville has designed and led the construction of the Fort between 1631 and 1633. It was part of the defense system of Pula in the 17th century, which included also the fortress on the island of St. Andrew and two defensive belts (embankments): the first on the route of today's street Castropola, a second on the perimeter of ancient and medieval walls that were reconstructed acording to the war defensive tactic of that time and weapons power. At the time of the Thirty Years' War (1618 to 1648), Fort became an important Venetian defensive point on the Adriatic.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.29.2 View of the Fortress's outer walls

IMAGE 2.29.3 View of the Fortress's inner courtyard

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.29.4 Archival blueprints of the Fort

IMAGE 2.29.5 Stone masonry's current state of preservation

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.30. FORT ZONCHI

IMAGE 2.30.1 Archival blueprint of the Fort

Fort Zonchi, as it was classified by the „Herman Potočnik Noordung“ Visitors Centre, is situated in Pula's suburb of Štinjan at 11.66 meters above the sea level. It was built from 1823 to 1830, when was armed with ten cannons for protection of the northern entrance to the port of Pula. It was built in the traditional building technique with finely processed visible limestone. Along defensive embankments is excavated deep trench in bedrock with partly constructed galleries to land and sea for the immediate defense of the trench with underground passages from the courtyard. Wooden bridge was designed over the trench in front of the entrance and at the back was defensive courtyard with loopholes. The Fort is not open to the public.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

IMAGE 2.30.2 Archival blueprints of the Fort, 1881

IMAGE 2.30.3 Archival blueprints of the Fort, 1866

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

2.31. FORT PUNTA FISELLA

IMAGE 2.31.1 Coastal view of the Fortress

Fort Punta Fisella is coastal fortification located above the Bay of San Zen, 19 m above the sea level. Open battery was constructed in 1850. In 1869 is provided for the reconstruction of the Passagerer style in a provisional style with six cannons. In1885 new artillery battery is constructed and in 1914 is remodeled with two guns. After 1947 the building is used for housing troops. It was built in the traditional building technique with finely processed visible limestone. The defense embankments were made of earth and stone and the vaults were made of brick. Ceilings and shelters of crew and ammunition on platforms (terraces) were made of reinforced concrete. The Fort has a cellar, ground floor and platform with defensive embankments, parapets and pedestals for cannon emplacements. Fortress is relatively well preserved and is owned by the Ministry of Defence

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3. SPREADSHEET CLASSIFICATION OF PULA'S 31 FORTRESS Spreadsheet Classification of Pula's 31 fortress gives the insight of fundamental data, such as location and altitude of the fort, its typology, chronology of construction, architectural characteristics of the building and construction techniques, materials used during its execution, conservation status, ownership, current useage and availability.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.1. FORT VERUDELLA location altitude type construction chronology architectural caracteristics

building technique materials state of preservation property usage availability

Verudella 31 m coastal 1866. - 1881. - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone concrete steel conserved under the supervision of the Ministery of Defence open to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.2. FORT BOURGUIGNON

location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique / materials

state of preservation property usage availability

Verudella street 6c 42 m coastal Phase I 1852/53 –construction of small circular fort with internal courtyard Phase II 1860 – conducted artillery battery Monsival Phase III 1866. –added sided gallery Phase IV 1914. – equipped with four field cannons - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarry reinforced concrete brick santorin mortar basement (tank), ground floor, top floor, platform (terace) conserved City of Pula closed to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.3. FORT STOJA location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

Stoja Peninsula 15 m coastal Phase I 1859/60 - / completed higher polygonal artillery battery Phase II 1863 - changes in dwellings were made, since 1869 exist as artillery battery Phase III 1885 - completed higher polygonal fortress 1909 - derived fewer additions and equipped with electric spotlights 1914 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; two additional cannons Age of Italy â&#x20AC;&#x201C; stables and a garage were built, after that the resort was built - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries reinforced concrete brick basement (tank), ground floor, top floor, platform (terace), defensive embankment conserved City of Pula; user Arenaturist open to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.4. FORT MUZIL location altitude tip / type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

hill Musil on the eponymus peninsula 81m coastal Phase I 1852-1855 - built and completed a circular fort with internal courtyard and tambour â&#x20AC;&#x201C; defensible courtyard Phase II 1878 - artillery battery was built Phase III 1883/84 and 1909 - new polygonal coastal artillery battery was completed 1914 - equipped with six cannons - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries / reinforced concrete basement (tank), ground floor, top floor, platform (terace) conserved City of Pula (proposal by the Republic of Croatia for registration of ownership) closed to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.5. FORT MARIE LOUISE location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

/ peninsula Muzil, above Cape Kompare 48 m coastal Phase I thill 1820 - open field fortifications Forezze Luise 1838. - preuređena Blockhausom / remodeled with Blockhaus Phase II 1857-1862 –construction of Pula's largest circular fortress with internal courtyard Phase III 1869 - southeast of works performed powerful bitnica with 30 mortars Phase IV 1861-1883 –implemented additional high embankments 1914 - equipped with two cannons - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries basement (tank), ground floor, top floor and platform (terace) with embankment conserved under the supervision of the Ministery of Defense open to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.6. UTVRDA MAXIMILIAN / FORT MAXIMILIAN location altitude type construction chronology architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

present quarry Max, Stoja 27 m obalna / coastal 1943. - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries concrete steel not preserved -

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.7. FORT MONTE ZARO location altitude type

hill Monte Zaro 35m continental 1857.

construction chronology architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

- pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local guarries concrete steel not preserved -

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.8. FORT KAISER FRANZ location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation vlasniĹĄtvo / property usage availability

otok Sv. Andrija / island of St. Andrew 23 m island-coastal Phase I Byzantine monastery and church of St. Andrew from VI.st Phase II 1645 - the Fort was built Phase III 1807 - Napoleonic field Fort was built Phase IV 1830-1832 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; reconstruction and renovation of the Napoleonic field fort Phase V 1836 - / circular fort tower type Franz I. was built Phase VI 184. - existing fortres, tower Kaiser Franz I, new trench field and moat system Phase VII 1848-1850 - new artillery battery and a new drawbridge Phase VIII 1868 - new artillery battery was derived 1914 - equipped with six cannons - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries basement (tank), ground floor, top floor, platform (previous terrace), three terrestrial artillery battery (Central, Northern, Southern) conserved half of island is State property, while the rest is owned by the City of Pula open to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.9. FORT MUNIDE location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

hill Žunac, Štinjan 52 m coastal 1852-1854 - circular fort type Pula tower was built with an internal courtyard and the front tambour, defensible courtyard 1914 – next to the fortress the reservoir was built - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries soil stone basement (tank), ground floor, top floor and platform (terace) ruined City of Pula open to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.10. FORT MONTE GROSSO location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availabilaty

Debea Vrv, over the Zonchi cove; Štinjan 67 m continental Phase I 1836 - Martello Tower is designed with fixed wooden bridge Phase II 1845 –drawbridge was derived Phase III January 1845 – March 1856 two-level segment Pula`s tower was derived Phase IV 1859 - defensive embankment with cannons in front of the tambour, defensible coutryard - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries santorin mortar basement (tank), ground floor, platform (terrace) conserved City of Pula (proposal by the Republic of Croatia for registration of ownership) open to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.11. FORT PUNTA CHRISTO location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique materials state of preservation property usage availability

above the northen Peninsula's cape at the northern Pula`s Bay 27m coastal Phase I 1836 - Martello Tower was derived, the same as San Giovanni on Musil / Phase II 1851 - drawbridge was derived Phase III 1857-1859 - larger circular fort was built similar to the type of Franz I Phase IV 1864/65 - wider circular fort was built, similar to the Pula`s tower type Phase V 1880-1883 and 1903 - expanded with two side wings - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries conserved City of Pula open to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.12. FORT FORNO location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

above Punta Grosso, Bale municipality 25 m obalna / coastal 1904. - the start of construction 1914. - equipped with two cannons and 28 rifle cradles - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local guarry reinforced concrete basement (tank), ground floor, platform (terace) conversed Republic of Croatia open to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.13. FORT PARAVIA WEST location altitude type construction chronology architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

hill Paravia, Bale municipality 55,7m excavation 1905 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1907 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;it was built with armored steel domes - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local guarries combined with concrete and reinforced concrete soil stone ground floor, floor and platform (terrace) conversed Republic of Croatia close to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.14. FORT PARAVIA OST location altitude type construction chronology architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

hill Paravia, Bale municipality 57 m excavation 1905â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1907 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;it was built with armored steel domes - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local guarries combined with concrete and reinforced concrete zemlja / soil kamen / stone ground floor, floor and platform (terrace) conversed Republic of Croatia closed to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.15. FORT CASTELLIER

location altitude type vrijeme gradnje / construction chronology architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

hill Castellier 27 m continental 1859 - pure geometric form - odsutstvo dekoracije / absence of decoration - modeliranje nekih detalja i otvora u duhu historicistiÄ?kog dekora / modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local guarries concrete steel reinforced concrete conversed under the supervision of Ministry of Defense closed to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.16. FORT BRADAMANTE (VALMARIN) location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

Labin`s Street on Valmarin top 74 m continental 1881–1888 – construction was finished 1914 – artillery batteries OST and WEST with guns, four engine and four carriages rifle were added 1930s - artillery battery was derived - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries reinforced concrete basement (tank), ground floor, top floor, platform (terrace) with embankment conversed Republic of Croatia closed to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.17. FORT SAN DANIELE location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

buildnig technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

eponymus hill east of Šijan's forest 107 m coastal 1881–1888 –construction was finished 1914 - equipped with 18 cannons, 8 engine rooms, 6 rifle cradles 1930 - artillery battery was built 1982 – huts for OST ABHO observatories - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries brick reinforced concret basement (tank), ground floor, first floor, second floor with platform (terrace) conversed Republic of Croatia closed to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.18. FORT SAN GIORGIO location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique

access from the Vodovodna street near City Cementery 51 m continental 1852-1854 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; built and completed circular fortress, Pula`s tower type, with internal courtyard 1914- expanded the domicile lot - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone

materials

state of preservation property usage availability

stone from the local quarries reinforced concret santorin mortar basement (tank), ground floor and platform (terrace) for cannons emplacement with parapet conserved City of Pula closed to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.19. FORT SAN MONVIDAL location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique

hill Mondival, access from the Mondival's street and Hum`s street 48 m continental 1852-1854 - duplexes Pula`s segment tower was built - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone

materials stone from the local quarries santorin mortar basement (tank), ground floor, top floor, platform (terrace) state of preservation property usage availability

Fort is owned by the Republic of Croatia and the environment is property of City of Pula closed to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.20. FORT SAN MICHELE location altitude type contruction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

hill San Michele 35 m continental Phase I 1851 - because of the construction of new fortification, sacred Byzantine complex of the Benedictine monastery and tree-nave basilica St. Michael were destroyed Phase II 1852-1854 - duplex Pula`s segment tower was built - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries brick reinforced concret santorin mortar basement (tank), ground floor, first floor, second floor with platform (terrace) conversed General hospital of Pula closed to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.21. FORT CASONI VECCHI location altitude type construction chronology architectural caracteristics

building technique

Monte Paradiso on Vidikovac hill, acess from Vidikovac street 55 m continental 1852-1854 - circular fort, type of Pula`s tower, was built and completed - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone

materials

state of preservation property usage availability

stone from the local quarries basement (tank), ground floor, ground floor and platform (terrace) conversed City of Pula open to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.22.FORT TURTIAN location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

Monte Turtian Vidikovcu 66 m continental Phase I 1881-1888 - construction was completed Phase II 1977 - renovated with new electroinstallations, bathroom and kitchen - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries reinforced concrete brick basement (tank), ground floor, first floor and platform (terrace) conversed Republic of Croatia open to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.23. FORT CASTIUN (POMER) location altitude type

KaĹĄtijun coastal-continental 1881.

construction chronology architectural caracteristics

building technique materials state of preservation property usage availability

- pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone conversed under the supervision of Ministry of Defense military possesion closed to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.24. FORT BRIONI MINOR location altitude type construction chronology architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

above Punta Grosso 30,4m coastal built in 1895, 1899, 1900, 1902, 1907, 1910 - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone of local quarries reinforced concrete basement (tank), ground floor, first floor and platform (terrace) conversed Republica of Croatia, City of Pula open to the public

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

3.25. FORT TEGETTHOFF location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

island Veliki Brijun, Hill StraĹža, Monte della Guardia 55 m coastal Phase I 1854 - first circular, two- story structure was built Phase II 1864 - second larger circular fort was built Phase III In 1898, 1904 and 1906 three bunkers for engine rooms were built - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries concrete reinforced concrete basement (tank), ground floor, first floor, second floor and open terrace conserved Republic of Croatia closed to the public

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3.26. FORT PENEDA location altitude type construction chronology architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property Usage availability

cape Trstika on Veli Brion (Punta Grosso) 12m island-coastal 1898, 1902,1904 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; was built 1908 - completed - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarry brick reinforced concret basement (tank), ground floor, first floor, second floor with platform (terace) conversed City of Pula military possesion closed to the public

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3.27. FORT MONTE GRADINA (FORT MONTE SRODINO) location altitude type construction chronology architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

hill KaĹĄtijun, Premantura in the municipality of Medulin 56 m coastal - excavation 1881 - the beginnig of construction - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries brick reinforced concret basement (tank), ground floor, first floor, second floor with platform (terrace) conversed City of Pula open to the public

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3.28. FORT OVINE location altitude type construction chronology architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

near Valovina's bathing resort 56 m continental 1881 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; beginning of the construction - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style / traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries brick reinforced concret basement (tank), ground floor, first floor, second floor with platform (terrace) conversed City of Pula open to the public

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3.29. FORT CASTELLO VENEZIANO location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique

on top of the hill in Pula's city centre 35 m coastal Phase I (governance of Venetians) 1630 /33 –beginning of construction on Roman's fort remains 17th Centaury - renovation of Roman and medieval city walls 2nd half of 17th and 18th centuary – additions: entrance with drawbridge Phase II (Austro – Hungarian governance): 2nd half of 19th centuary – arming, penitentiary, watchtowers - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone

materials

state of preservation property usage availability

stone from the local quarries brick reinforced concret basement (tank), ground floor, first floor, second floor with platform (terrace) conversed City of Pula used by Historical Museum of Istria otvorena / open to the public

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3.30. FORT ZONCHI location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique materials

state of preservation property usage availability

southern cape of Žunac cove, along the cosatline 11.66 m coastal Phase I 1820 – marked on cadastre as Schanze Valdeschanza on Ponta della Fondamenta Faza II Phase II 1832 – construction scanning of leveling, new watchtower, powder magazine, cistern Phase III 1842 – new halfclosed casemate with four cannons - pure geometric form - absence of decoration - / modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries brick reinforced concret basement (tank), ground floor, first floor, second floor with platform (terrace) conversed City of Pula military possesion closed to the public

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3.31. FORT PUNTA FISELLA location altitude type construction chronology

architectural caracteristics

building technique

materials

state of preservation property Usage availability

uvala San Zen / San Zen cove 19 m obalna / coastal Faza I 1950. – izvedena je otvorena bitnica Phase I 1950 – new arillery battery Faza II 1859. / 60. – passagerer stil 1869. – rekonstrukcija u provizorni stil sa 6 topova 1885. – izgrađena je nova kazamatirana topnička bitnica 1914.- preuređena s dva topa Phase II 1859/60 - the Passagerer style 1869 – reconstruction in tentative style with six cannons 1885 new casemate artillery battery 1914 – reconstruction with two cannons - čiste geometrijsko forma / pure geometric form - odsutstvo dekoracije / absence of decoration - modeliranje nekih detalja i otvora u duhu historicističkog dekora / modeling of details and openings in manners of historical style tradicijska tehnika gradnje vidljivim kamenom / traditional building techniques with visible stone stone from the local quarries brick reinforced concrete basement (tank), ground floor, first floor, second floor with platform (terace) conserved City of Pula closed to the public

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4. DETAIL REPRESENTATION OF 15 SELECTED PULA'S FORTIFICATIONS + 4 ADDITIONAL FORTS Detail representation of 15 selected Pula's fortifications + 4 additional forts This section further elaborates selected fortifications, which includes the synthesis of available archival written materials and illustrations. It gives an insight into the accommodation and altitude of forts, its design characteristics, chronology of construction and usage. Also, technique and building materials and construction, number of floors, ownership of the forts are all given datas . Where possible, all is accompanied by the available archival drawings and photographs. 15 selected fortifications: 1. Fort Verudela (1)* 2. Fort Bourguignon (2) 3. Fort Muzil (4) 4. Fort Marie Louise (5) 5. Fort Monte Zaro (7) 6. Fort Kaiser Franz (8) 7. Fort Monte Grosso (10) 8. Fort Punta Christo (11) 9. Fort Forno (12) 10. Fort Bradamante (Valmarin) (16) 11. Fort San Giorgio (18) 12. Fort Monvidal (19) 13. Fort Cassoni Vecchi (21) 14. Fort Turtian (22) 15. Fort Brioni Minor (24) 4 additional fortifications 16. Fort Stoja (3) 17. Fort San Michele (20) 18. Fort Tegetthoff (25) 19. Fort San Penada (26)

* numbering from previous chapter

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4.1. FORT VERUDELA

IMAGE 4.1.1 Aerial view with marked location

Coastal fortress Verudela (Fortress No.1 in previous chapter) located 31m above the sea level, was built in 1885 as part of the second and the largest fortification ring around the City of Pula, in the area of today's touristic settlement at the end of the Verudela street. In the first phase of construction between 1881 and 1885./86., it becomes a permanent armored fortress by installing two cannons in the steel tower and electric reflector which represented the fundamentals of the fortress electrical system. A road and a ramp connected the Fortress with a pier in Val delle Femmine, which was used for the transportation of heavy loads. The entry was made through improvised, moveable, wooden bridge and lead to the defense caponiers. Water purification system and roof rainwater collecting tank were built below the Fortress, in foundations and walls. Two more cannons and sixteen rifle cradles were added in 1914. In 1930s, between the fort and the sea coast at St. John's cape, new artillery battery was built. Since 1947, it has become the property of the JNA. Their archive records testify about the usage of the Fortress, except for military purposes, also for the housing. Devastated, neglected and overgrown with bushes and pine trees, with contaminated water in the tank, the Fortress was taken into lease by the tourist company HP Veruda and adaptaded it into a supermarket and a disco bar. Today, on an extremely attractive location, it is near the biggest and most famous Pula's hotels. For years the Fort was used for catering purposes, whereupon in 1990's it was converted into a solid waste landfill. In the former dormitories pools were placed by the efforts of MiÄ?iÄ&#x2021; family. Since 2002 it was used by Aqarium Pula, financial and functionally independent institution focused on education through representation of the Adriatic seabed wealth. The Fortress is owned by the City of Pula.

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IMAGE 4.1.2 Situation plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.1.3 ground floor, first floor, roof GROUND FLOOR 1. gift shop, 2. yard, 3. exhibition â&#x20AC;&#x201C; coast, 4. 3D Aquarium, 5. infralittoral, 6. cirkalitoral, 7. touch Pool, 8. cartilaginous fish and flat fish, 9. south Adriatic, 10. toilet, 11. hallway to the restaurant, 12.ditch / terrace restaurant 1ST FLOOR 13. centre for rehabilitation of sea turtles, 14. room to celebrate children's birthday,15. practicum, 16. toilet, 17. marine theater, 18. room for exhibitions and lectures, 19. old fishing tools 20. small Adriatic fish, 21. endangered and protected marine organisms, 22. laboratory

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IMAGE 4.1.4 Views of the outer stone walls

IMAGE 4.1.5 Hallway

IMAGE 4.1.6 Inner courtyard

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Fort Verudela's usage scenario

IMAGE 4.1.7 Fortress's usage scenario

Given today's purpose of fortress Verudela, usage scenario envisages possibly only to reuse the remaining, unused spaces in those intended for training or workshops on various maritime activities . In this way, the theme would remain the same and connected with the existing designation of the Fortress. In addition to location attractiveness, usage scenario would include Fortress location as a station within the hot air balloon tours.

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4.2.

FORT BOURGUIGNON

IMAGE 4.2.1 Aerial view with marked location

Fort Bourguignon (Fortress No.2 in previous chapter) is one of the largest and most monumental Fortress of Pula's coastal fortification system, located 42 m above the sea level on Monsival peninsula. In 1852 the construction began with a small circular Fortress 27 m in diameter with an internal courtyard, later integrated into a larger one, 45,5 m in diameter, with two input caponiers. In 1860 the artillery battery Monsival was carried out on southwestern embankment around the Fort, and in 1866, in existing 45.5 m circular Fortress, double-sided caponier or the gallery for close defense was added. In 1914 the Fortress was converted into a warehouse and barracks for accomodation for people from the nearby artillery batteries. Under the Italian dominance, the military uses it to house troops, and after that for the storage of food products. Devastated and abandoned, after the fall of fascist Italy, people of Pula plundered and took from it everything that could be walked off with. After 1967, it was used by the JNA as a storage for the nearby tourist settlement Zlatne Stijene, and was also used as a heating plant and boiler room, whereupon followed by repeated devastation and neglect. Despite many opponents of such a vision, a group of authors named "Superkraft" d.o.o. Pula has made from it one of the two most famous venues of the rave music on the eastern Adriatic coast between 1994 and 2007. In all its construction phases, the Fort was built in traditional technique of building, with visible limestone from local quarries, protected with earth and stone embankments and defensive trench hollowed out of the solid rock. In the third phase of construction, reinforced concrete with characteristic structure was used in order to strengthen ceilings. Below the highest level, the vaults were built of bricks.

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The Fortress consists of two inner rings of rooms, while the exterior was used for combat action. Water purification system and roof rainwater collecting tank were built below the Fortress, in foundations and walls. Above is the ground floor followed by the upper floor and, on top of the Fortress, the platform (terrace) with santorin mortar revetment parapet used for accomodation of cannons. Fort Bourguignon is owned by the City of Pula and is one of the best preserved Forts looked after by members of the Supercraff, who are implementing the program of self-financing through the maintenance of cultural events, workshops, exhibitions and etc.

IMAGE 4.2.2 Situation plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.2.3 Archival blueprints

IMAGE 4.2.4 Archival blueprints

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IMAGE 4.2.5 View of the Fortâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s circular parts

IMAGE 4.2.6 View of the stone walls

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Fort Bourguignon's usage scenario

IMAGE 4.2.7 Fortress's usage scenario

The envisaged new script is using the various types of events, such as organized celebrations of the New Year, concerts, boat tours, etc. and therefore creates an opportunity to revive almost neglected spaces and contributes to the revitalization of the fortress Bourguignon. Higher attractiveness of the locations would be achieved through organized boat tours and hot air balloon tours.

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4.3.

FORT MUZIL

IMAGE 4.3.1 Aerial view with marked location

The coastal fort Musil (Fortress No. 4 in the previous chapter) is located on the hill, 81 m above the sea level. In 1878 new artillery battery was built on the embankments next to the Fort. New polygonal artillery battery was additionally built in period between 1883/84 and 1909, known after 1918 as Batteria Giovanni Viglione. It was conected with a circular fortress by hidden underground corridor. In 1945, submerged and hidden in strong levees to the sea, it was damaged by Allied bombing. In all its construction phases, the Fort was built in traditional technique of building, with visible limestone from local quarries, protected with earth and stone embankments and defensive trench hollowed out of the solid rock. Reinforced concrete with characteristic structure was used while building the polygonal battery. Artillery battery consists of a basement or tank that collect rainwater from the roof, groun and upper floor and finally, on top of the Fortress, a platform (terrace) with embankments and santorin mortar revetment parapet used for accomodation of cannons. The Fort is entered through a separate part that is not closely associated with the battery. It is possible to visit Musil fortress during the open days . Originally owned by the City of Pula, following a proposal for registration of ownership, it passed under the protection of the Ministry of Defence and is under the supervision of the Ministry of Defence.

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IMAGE 4.3.2 Site plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.3.3 Upper floor plan

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IMAGE 4.3.4 Blueprint of the fortress with wider site plan

IMAGE 4.3.5 Archival blueprint of the lower level

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IMAGE 4.3.6 View of the circular inner courtyard

IMAGE 4.3.7 View of the outer stone walls

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Fort Muzil's usage scenario

IMAGE 4.3.8 Fortress's usage scenario

Weddings, celebrations and entertainment in historic style with authentic clothing and customs of the 19th century, historic hotels, boat tours together comprise several possible scenarios that would serve to revive partly neglected spaces, and thereby revitalize the fortress Musil. Arrival at the location would be possible, not only by the land access, but also through organized boat tours or by air in hot air balloons tours.

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4.4.

FORT MARIE LOUISE

IMAGE 4.4.1 Aerial view with marked location

Circular coastal fort Marie Louise (Fortress No.5 in previous chapter) is located 48 m above the sea level, on the peninsula Musil. Originaly named Fortezza Luise (until 1820), it was used to protect part of the Pula's coast east of the breakwater. Separated field Fort was protected with earth and stone embankment. The structure consists of retaining walls with parapets. Shaped like a horseshoe, it had a guardhouse and a powder magazine. In 1838. was remodeled with Blockhouse (germ.Blockhaus), square redoubt in the middle of the courtyard with loopholes and earth embankments. Between 1857 and 1862 the construction of the largest circular Fort, Pula's tower type, with a diameter of 110 m was completed with internal courtyard and two side caponiers next to the entrance. In 1869, on the same lot, south-east of the Fort and geared towards the entrance of the bay, new battery was derived. Between 1861 and 1883, additional high embankments surrounding the Fort from the north, west and south were carried out where later, in 1878, the artillery battery was conducted. On May 6, 1945, the Fort was damaged during Allied bombing. After 1947, it was used as a 18.380 m2 warehouse. In all its construction phases, it was built in traditional technique of building, with visible limestone from local quarries, protected with earth and stone embankments and defensive trench hollowed out of the solid rock. The building consists of a basement (the tank), ground and first floor. Finally, on top of the Fortress is a platform (terrace) with mounds for accomodation of cannons and defensive parapets. Until 2008, it was closed for the public because of the military facilities. After the proposal for registration of ownership, originally proprietorship of the City of Pula, it passed under state ownership and is under the supervision of the Ministry of Defence.

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IMAGE 4.4.2 Site plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.4.3 Roof plan and section

IMAGE 4.4.4 Ground floor plan

IMAGE 4.4.5 First floor plan

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IMAGE 4.4.6 Etrance gateway

IMAGE 4.4.7 Stairs

IMAGE 4.4.8 Inner courtyard

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IMAGE 4.4.9 View of the entrance and curving stone walls

IMAGE 4.4.10 View of the courtyard overgrown with greenery

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Fort Marie Louise's usage scenario

IMAGE 4.4.11 Fortress's usage scenario

Revitalization of the fort Marie Louise assume the introduction of new usage scenarios, such as theater, cabaret performances, entertainment, festival, etc. In addition, organized visits at night, a variety of games such as searching for hidden treasure, lighting of bonfires, organization of outdoor picnics and many similar scenarios, would all create a preconditions for revival of this, until recently, public inaccessible Fortress. Arrival at the location would be possible not only by the land but also by the sea through organized boat tours, regattas, or by the air, in hot air balloon tours.

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4.5.

FORT MONTE ZARO

IMAGE 4.5.1 Aerial view with marked location

Fort Monte Zaro (Fortress No. 7 in the previous section) was located 35 m above the sea level, at the eponymus hill, near the Jurina's and Fran's stairs. It was one of thoese selfdefencive fortifications, intended for artillery. Of total seven forts built in that period, fortresses Zaro was one of four, built on the same horseshoe ground-base. This form of fortification, together with the circular, was one of the most modern architectural solutions resulting from the Habsburg school Ottocento. It was built on the remains of the Great Roman Theatre, one of the two theaters of the ancient City of Pula, which could take all the urban population, between 4000 and 5000 thousand spectators, indicating an extremely high cultural development of the Colony. Remains of the Phase building and parts of the auditorium were only partially reconstructed. Two-storey horseshoe-like tower, 36 m in diameter with elevator for cannons was built with stone from local quarries associated with lime mortar. It had an inner courtyard with a cistern and a rainwater collecting system. Outside of the building's base part, there was a space bounded by a fractured wall, named Tamburhof, with loopholes used to protect the main entrance. Floor wooden structure was separating the upper vaults for cannon casemates from the lower ones used to accommodate warehouses of gunpowder and facilities for soldiers and officers. They were connected by spiral staircase in a polygonal tower. Rooms were arranged radially, with loopholes, cannon openings and fire vents in each. The crew of the Fort consisted of two officers and 96 soldiers. It was equipped with 10 cannons, directed on shore. Only fifteen years from construction completion of the forts, the finding of high blasting explosives has removed them from the main system of fortifications. In addition, the expansion of town changed purpose and appearance of the hill Zaro. The Fort was demolished in 1869. For some of the previously mentioned seven forts (Pula towers) design drawings were signed by General-Major Harter and building contractor was Josef Valle, whose father was engaged in renovating the stone mantle of Roman amphitheater in 1818. Accordingly, there is a possibility that Fort Zaro was built by Josef Valle, while project and supervision was provided by military engineers Hartera. 1871 at this location was built Hydrographic Institute of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy together with the Naval observatory (K and K Marinesternwarte Polo), which served as a technological support fleet. In 1877, in the middle of the park, on a rectangular marble pedestal is a statue of Vice Admiral Tegetthoff, surrounded by lush floral group.

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It was demolished in 1920 and on its site was built the fountain by the Italians, plumbing associated with pre-existing one in the lower part of the park. During the period of Italian governance, Monte Zaro was an extremely guarded and nurtured park with characteristics of a "Romanesque garden". After desintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1918), during the anarchy, the complete Institute and Observatory were exposed to robbery. Library and part of the equipment were demolished, followed by continuity of meteorological and magnetic cells in Hydrographic Institute building, until its destruction under Allied bombs in 1944, which left undamaged only a small part of the building's left wing. During the JNA governance, destroyed and damaged parts were removed. Remaining part of the left wing was repaired, and since 1947 served as a military weather station. Below the hill is one of the largest shelters (trenches, galleries, passages) in case of direct air attacks on the city.

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IMAGE 4.5.2 Site plan with Monte Zaro fortress, year unknown

IMAGE 4.5.3 Fort Monte Zaro, 1853. (achival blueprint) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; plan and section

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IMAGE 4.5.4 City map of Pula with visible location of Park Monte Zaro, 1866. (achival blueprint)

IMAGE 4.5.5 City map of Pula with visible location of Park Monte Zaro, 1881.â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1885. (archival blueprint)

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IMAGE 4.5.6 City map of Pula with visible location of Park Monte Zaro, 1905. (archival blueprint)

IMAGE 4.5.7 City map of Pula with visible location of Park Monte Zaro, 1912. (archival blueprint)

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IMAGE 4.5.8 Site today - central part of the park with fountain

IMAGE 4.5.9 Present state of Park Monte Zaro on site

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The scenario of using the former Fort Monte Zaroâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s location

IMAGE 4.5.10 Usage scenario Fortressâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s former location

Park Monte Zaro, as the location of the former eponymous Fortress located almost in the city center, seems ideal for creation of multimedia visitor and educational center with all important informations about the Austro-Hungarian fortification legacy of this region. New intervention, through the creation of this multimedia park pavilion, simultaneously refers to the existence of the former Fort which was once part of Pula's fortification system, educate us about the Pula's integral Austro-Hungarian architectural fortification heritage, and makes the starting point for the Austro Hungarian Cultural Route.

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4.6.

FORT KAISER FRANZ

IMAGE 4.6.1 Aerial view with marked location of the Fortress

The island-coastal fort Kaiser Franz (Fortress No. 8 in the previous section) is located on the island of St. Andrew, 23 m above the sea level. After 1645 Venetian fortress, similar to that on top of the Pulaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hill, was built by the project of A. De Ville. Napoleonic field (clay) Fortification was built in form of an elongated letter M around 1807, the socalled defensive pincers, on the remains of the Venetian Fortress - Fortezza di Napoleone, with opened latereal artillery batteries. Between 1830 and 1832 fort Kaiser Franz Ist was reconstructed and restored under the supervision of engineer Osmolski. A circular Fort, a circular casemate tower 24 m in diameter, was built in 1836 and became a permanent Fortress with an open throat to the city. It contains lateral artillery batteries on the entrance to the bay, two wells next to coast and the remains of Baroque bastion from 17. century. In 1841 the existing circular Fortification, the so-called tower Kaiser Franz Ist, gets new trench box and the moat system. A new artillery battery and a new drawbridge for the circular tower Franz Ist were formed between 1848 and 1850. Huge artillery battery with 30 cannon places, with 3.150 m2 surface together with the Fortress, was built in 1868. After that, on the eastern coast of the island, mole and access ramp for the transportation of heavy loads were derived. The Fort was built in the traditional technique of building with visible stone from the local quarries. Defensive trench were carved in bedrock while the defensive embankments were made of earth and stone. The building consists of a basement (tanks), groundfloor and platform (terrace) with embankments, pedestals with parapets to accommodate guns and three terrestrial artillery batteries (central, northern and southern). The Fort and the artillery batteries are owned by the City of Pula.

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IMAGE 4.6.2 Site plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.6.3 Field fort Franz Ist on the St. Andrew island, 1832

IMAGE 4.6.4 Archival blueprint of the upgraded Fortress

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IMAGE 3.6.5 Archival photos of Fort's interieur

IMAGE 4.6.6 View of the St. Andrew island

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Fort Kaiser Franzâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage scenario

IMAGE 4.6.7 Fortress's usage scenario

The revitalization of the entire island, together with the Fortress is planned through the introduction of exclusive and luxury contents.That would allow usage of site's full potential for the purposes of tourism, entertainment and education about the Austro-Hungarian history. Rental of the whole island or just a Fortress, a luxurious restaurant, tasting of cheese and wine, culinary mapping of the Austro-Hungarian heritage... Access by land, air or sea, activation of the island's perimeter through various spectacles intended for wider masses or inland intended for visitors of high purchasing power, all together makes just a few possibilities in creation of the scripts, which would aim to revive this neglected and up to now inaccessible island.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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4.7.

FORT MONTE GROSSO

IMAGE 4.7.1 Aerial view with marked location

Monte Grosso fortress is situated at the site of an old Istrian ruins, 67 m above the sea level on the Debea Vrv, over the bay Zonchi. (Fortress No.10 in the previous chapter). It was built in several Phases. Martello Tower was designed around 1836 (same as Musil's San Giovanni tower), 10 m in diameter with fixed wooden bridge. After that, in 1845 a drawbridge was derived. 45 m high two-levels segment Pula's tower was built between January 1852 and March 1856, with an internal circular courtyard and the front defensible courtyard. Later, the tower was upgraded by building an additionall floor. Earlier Martello tower has been preserved in the center of the courtyard as a redoubt of a new Fortress. Work was undertaken by a building contractor Josef Valle and the supervision of Venitian Engineering Inspection. Building of the new roads enabled the transportation of heavy loads on this Fort's site. Defensive embankment with guns in front of the defensible courtyard was built in 1859 and amended in 1893. It was turned into a warehouse and space for a nearby army merzerske batteries in 1914. New artillery battery was additionally built in front of the fort in 1930. This valuable building with 1st phase Martello tower, as the only surviving element of the entire defense system, was completely abandoned in 1936. Allied aircraft bombing on 7th of February 1945 caused the fire of two casemates and partial collapse of the interior walls. Water reservoir with a capacity 1000 m3 for the purposes of Stinjan was added in 1989 in the defensible courtyard which caused partial devastation of an abandoned fortress. Monte Grosso fortress was included within the Adrifort project in 2014 as part of integral strategy designed with aim to highlight the value and potential of the exceptional system of fortifications. For this purpose the project of fort's rehabilitation has been prepared and partly derived.

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IMAGE 4.7.2 Site plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.7.3 Site position

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IMAGE 4.7.4 Plan and sections of the Fortress

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IMAGE 4.7.5 Outside view of the Fortress

IMAGE 4.7.6 View of the inner courtyard with visible Martello tower

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IMAGE 4.7.7 View of the Martello tower

IMAGE 4.7.8 View of the devastated part of the Fort

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Fort Kaiser Franz’s usage scenario

IMAGE 4.7.9 Fortress's usage scenario

The fortress of Monte Grosso immersed deep in Štinjan's forest represents the perfect platform for creation of micro epicenter of wider recreational zone intended for different types of extreme sport. The town would therefore become enriched by the quality recreational zone, just 20 minutes away from the city center, and the Fortress would, content-related to other Štinjan fortifications, represent an experiential epicenter of extreme sports. Arrival at the location would be enabled, except by land routes, through hot-air balloons or by variety of adrenaline water transport vehicles by the sea.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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4.8.

FORT PUNTA CHRISTO

IMAGE 4.8.1 Aerial view with marked Fortress's location

The coastal fort Punta Christo (Fortress No.11 in the previous chapter) is located 27 m above the cape of eponymous peninsula that closes Pula’s Bay at the north. Martello tower with fixed wooden bridge 10,4 m wide in diameter was designed around 1836. The drawbridge was constructed afterwards, in 1851. More circular fort (similar to the type of Franz I) with 25,5 m in diameter was built between 1857 and 1859. It integrated the first Martello tower which was embedded within a larger permanent fortification. Broader circular Fort, similar to the Pula’s tower type, 71,5 m in diameter with four caponiers was built between 1857 and 1859. It left the earlier circular Fort incorporated in new one, with indoor and outdoor defensive moat. Between 1880 and 1883 two side wings in the circular Fort with side embankments and trenches were additionally built. It resulted as complete transformation into a larger polygonal coastal Fort with armored steel dome and three opened artillery batteries. Equipped with modern weapons, dams and electric reflector, it became the largest and most powerful coastal armored Fortress K.u.K. of fortified artillery. On 22 February 1945 a smaller part gets damaged by Allied bombing. After that, it was abandoned until 1980. Year before that, the central entrance’s bridge of the protective trench was installed and steel gate estate was derived. In 1982 it was refitted for the ammunition storage of Naval Infantry Brigade Guards. In all its construction phases, the Fort was built in traditional technique of building, with visible limestone from local quarries, protected with earth and stone embankments and defensive trench hollowed out of the solid rock. Between 1883 and 1903 the reinforced concrete structure for reinforcement of ceilings for crew and ammunition shelters and at platforms was derived. The building consists of a basement (tank), groundfloor and platform (terrace) with embankments, pedestals and parapets for cannon emplacements. It is in the owned by of the City of Pula, but there is a proposal for Fortress’s registration as the property of Ministery of Defence.

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IMAGE 4.8.2 Site plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.8.3 Entrance drawbridge blueprints

IMAGE 4.8.4 Fortâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s archival blueprint, 1886

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IMAGE 4.8.5 Part of the Fortress and present state of preservation

IMAGE 4.8.6 Part of the Fortress and present state of preservation

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IMAGE 4.8.7 Part of the Fortress and present state of preservation

IMAGE 4.8.8 Part of the Fortress and present state of preservation

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Fort Punta Christoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage scenario

IMAGE 4.8.9 Fortress's usage scenario

The revival of the outside space through formation of the surrounding park with bike trail, planning the viewpoint on the roof terrace with benches for seating and Fortâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s internal space conversion for the various festivals, would all allow fort Punta Christo to become one of the favorite gathering places, while the various ways of arrival, whether by land, air or sea access, would additionally contributed to the attractiveness of the location.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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4.9.

FORT FORNO

IMAGE 4.9.1 Aerial view with marked location

Coastal fort Forno (Fortress No.12 in the previous chapter) is located 25 m above the sea level, above the Punta Grosso in the municipality of Bale, with four armored steel domes for cannons. Construction began in 1904. Ten years later, is was equipped with eight cannons, 28 rifle gun-bases and the position of the reflector. Technical assembly plant with machinery compartment, batteries and warehouses was located within the southeastern part of the Fort. About the demolition of that part there are three different claims. One of them tells about its deliberated distruction in September 1943, during the fall of fascist Italy. Another story claims that it happened at the end of 1945, as a result of bombing by Allied Force at the end of World War II. According to third story, demolition of the wing took place in 1968, as a result of the accident in which, during target practice of JNA's coastal cannon, grenade wasn't fired, but bounced back and exploded causing destruction and death of squad commander and several soldiers. The Fort was built in traditional building technique with visible limestone from local quarries. Earth and stone embankments and defensive trench hollowed out of the solid rock were made for protection of the Fortress. The building consists of a basement (tank), groundfloor and platform (terrace) with embankments, pedestals and parapets for cannon emplacements. Today, this ruin made of huge, impressive, parted reinforced concrete blocks, is planned to arrange as accommodation facility within future tourist resort next to numerous new villas and golf course. Fort Forno is under supervision of Republic of Croatia.

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IMAGE 4.9.2 wider site plan with marked fortress

IMAGE 4.9.3 Archival blueprints of the Fort, 1904.

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IMAGE 4.9.4 Aeral view of the Fort

IMAGE 4.9.5 View of Fort's inner courtyard and its stone masonry

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Fort Fornoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage scenario

IMAGE 4.9.6 Fortress's usage scenario

Organized swardplay education, costumed parties, concerts of classical music, literary and musical debates, conection to traditional Pula Jazz Festival are possible cultural and musical scenarios that would, organized within the fort Forno, contribute to the revitalization of the aforementioned Fortress. Tastings and education would serve to demonstrate section of Austro- Hungarian culinary rich legacy through organized themed tours of slow food, and slow traveling would be used to point out ethnological and traditional legacy. Also, this location is very interesting in the context of observing celestial bodies and organizing astronomical meetings. All of these activities would, through revival of this Fortress, significantly enrich Austro - Hungarian Cultural Route.

The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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4.10. FORT BRADAMANTE (VALMARIN)

IMAGE 4.10.1 Aerial view with marked location

Continental fortress Bradamante (Fortress No.16 in the previous chapter) is located at the end of the Labin street, on top of the hill named Valmarin, 74 m above the sea level. Originally was named Valmarin, after the eponymous hill on which it stands. First Phase, in which construction was completed, takes between 1881 and 1888. Artillery battery OST. and WEST. were added in 1914, together with new equipment of eight machine guns, four rifle carriages and eighteen cannons. In 1930s new artillery battery was derived. On September 27, 1943, at16 o'clock, the explosion detonated and turned part of the Fort into a powder magazine. New lighting installations of MS quartermaster service warehouse were derived in 1972 on 2.316 m2. Defensive moat around the entrance caponier with the bridge was covered and defensive boundary wall with loopholes was demolished. The original windows were destroyed through expansion and transformation into door wide as the internal spaces. The Fort was built in traditional building technique with visible limestone from local quarries. Earth and stone embankments and defensive trench hollowed out of the solid rock were made for protection of the Fortress. The building consists of a basement (tank), groundfloor and platform (terrace) with embankments, pedestals and parapets for cannon emplacements. In 2014, for six months, from February 6 to August 15, the Department of former military property in the State Office for State Property Management has taken over Valmarin warehouse from the Ministry of Defence. Today, it is owned by the Republic of Croatia.

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IMAGE 4.10.2 Site plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.10.3 Fort's bluerprint on cadastre register

IMAGE 4.10.4 Present state of the Fort's location

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Fort Bradamante’s (Valmarin) usage scenario

IMAGE 4.10.5 Fortress's usage scenario

Continental location of Bradamante's Fortress makes an ideal platform for the enrichment of the Austro - Hungarian Cultural Route with entirely new content for the City of Pula – hippodrome with stables. In that way, the location could serve for the presentation of the equestrian tradition in time of Austro – Hungarian Monarchy, and in the same time for organized schools of riding, therapeutic riding, etc.

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4.11. FORT SAN GIORGIO

IMAGE 4.11.1 Aerial view with marked location

Continental fortress San Giorgio (Fortress No.18 in the previous chapter) is located at the top of Monte Ghiro hill next to Pula`s City Cemetery. Access is from Vodovodna street. Earlier existance of an old church is possible on that spot. Fortress is located 51 m above the sea level. Circular Fort 34 m in diameter (Pula's tower type) with an internal courtyard and the front defensible courtyard was built and completed between 1852 and 1854. The works are performed by construction contractor Josef Valle. He restored dilapidated and destroyed parts of amphitheater's mantel by the designs and instructions of the architect P. Nobile. The works were carried out under the supervision of Venitian Engineering Inspection. The Fort was converted into a warehouse and barracks in 1914 to accomodate nearby artillery battery garrison. Domicile plot was extended for the construction of hot air balloon and gas station. Between 1945 and 1947 San Giorgio Fortress was under Anglo-American military authority and inhabited by the English army for two years. After the robbery in 1947/48. the Fort remains without installation system, joinery and wooden ceilings. Since then it begins to serve as a warehouse for various materials. Between 1962 and 1973 new electrical instalations were derived at 1 476 m2 for MS quartermaster service warehouse. Shelters for anti-aircraft cannons, trench for ammunition, shelter for 10 soldiers, according to the type of field fortifications and commander shelter were made in 1990, close to the north of the Fort. It was built in traditional building technique with visible limestone from local quarries. Earth and stone embankments and defensive trench hollowed out of the solid rock were made for protection of the Fortress. The building consists of a basement (tank), ground floor, first floor and platform (terrace) with embankments and santorin mortar revetment parapet used for cannon accomodation. It is owned by the City of Pula.

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IMAGE 4.11.2 Aeral view of the Fortress's site

IMAGE 4.11.3 Site plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.11.4 Plan, section and elevation of San Giorgio's fortress

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IMAGE 4.11.5 View of the Fort's elevation

IMAGE 4.11.6 Fortâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inner courtyard

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Fort San Giorgioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage scenario

IMAGE 4.11.7 Fortress's usage scenario

Isolation of San Giorgio Fort and proximity to the city cemetery are both indicators for creating scenario that explores themes of spirituality and death as the main actuators of life in general. Can personal memory within presented historical scenery through experience sensation become spatial attractor and educator? Personal experiential transformation without mass consumerism would serve to revitalize existing and neglected Fortress.

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4.12. FORT MONVIDAL

IMAGE 4.12.1 Aerial view with marked location

Continental fortification Monvidal (Fortress No.19 in the previous chapter) is located on top of the hill 48 m above the sea level with access from Monvidal`s and Hum`s streets. It is included in group of semi-circular or horseshoe-like fortress. The Fort was the part of Sector I – Pula's Coastal Region. It was used to defend the land and sea and was supervising area from the northeast to the southwest. Two storey segment Pula type tower, 37 m long in diameter, with an internal circular and defensible courtyard, was built between1852 and 1854. Later, in 1914 it was turned into a warehouse and barracks. Bombs fell in the near area in early June, 1945. After period of usage as night bar, in 1977 it becomes storage 1920 m2 big. The Fort was leased to „Centrooprema“ from Pula in 1986 and after that to „Zanatooprem“. Later it becomes the establishment for plastic hangers production. It was abandoned in 2003. Balze started within the Fort between January 5 and 10, 2006. Damage was estimated at 46,000 euros. It was built in traditional building technique with visible limestone from local quarries. Earth and stone embankments and defensive trench hollowed out of the solid rock were made for protection of the fortress. The building consists of a basement (tank), ground floor, first floor and platform (terrace) with embankments and santorin mortar revetment parapet used for cannon accomodation. It is owned by the City of Pula. Valle family stonemasonry workshop participated in construction of the Fort (in this case, Joseph Valle). They worked on many other buildings of Pula. Site is owned by the City of Pula while the fortification is property of the Republic of Croatia

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IMAGE 4.12.2 Views of the Fort Monvidal

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IMAGE 4.12.3 Site plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.12.4 Plan, section and elevation of Fort Mondival

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Fort Monvidalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage scenario

IMAGE 4.12.5 Fortress's usage scenario

Usage scenario, with location almost in the city center, considers topics such as the establishment of museum and classic cars international exhibitions within the Fort, gathering of bikers, drive-in summer cinema etc. This would help revitalize historic Fort by assigning new contents to it.

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4.13. FORT CASONI VECCHI

IMAGE 4.13.1 Aerial view with marked location

Fort Casoni Vecchi (Fortress No.21 in the previous chapter) is located in Monte Paradiso on hill Vidikovac, 55 m above the sea level. It was located on the border of sector I and V in Pula's coastal region. It was the first Fort in fortification system which has receive purpose af Youth center in Detail urban plan „Vidikovac“ in 1972 and was protected as a work of architecture of exceptional value. Architectural survey and study of usage were made in 1976 for secondary music school „Ivan Matetić Ronjgov“ by architect Marina Škrobica. Architectural survey was also made in 2004. Circular fort 34 m in diameter was built and completed between 1852 and 1854. It was the type of Pula`s tower with an internal courtyard and the front defensible courtyard. Later it was converted into a warehouse and barracks for the accommodation of the crew in 1914. During 1960s was used as stables for sheeps. It was built in traditional building technique with visible limestone from local quarries. Earth and stone embankments and defensive trench hollowed out of the solid rock were made for protection of the Fortress. The building consists of a basement (tank), groundfloor and platform (terrace) with embankments, pedestals and parapets for cannon emplacements. Association for revival and protection Monte Paradiso uses and looks after fortress. Their aim is to create spaces, within these unused and dilapidated spaces, that would be appropriate for variety of social activities and also available for numerous initiatives of the citizens of all ages, especially young people. In 2000, within the eponymous association, new team was established. Their aim was to take care of restoration works and active use of Fort's spaces. Iti s owned by the City of Pula.

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IMAGE 4.13.2 Site plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.13.3 Study of conversion fortress into secondary music school by architect Marin Ĺ krobica, 1976

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IMAGE 4.13.4 Ground and first floor plan

IMAGE 4.13.5 Sections and details

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IMAGE 4.13.6 View of the Fortâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s outside elevation

IMAGE 4.13.7 Access from the street Vidikovac

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Fort Cassoni Vecchiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage scenario

IMAGE 4.13.8 Fortress's usage scenario

The Fort, which once generated one of the long-lasting hardcore punk festivals and placed Pula in the very center of European sub-culture events, was considered in the same context while creating new usage scenarios. As a result, its revitalization is offered through the reincarnation of the former Pula's alternative scene hot spot.

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4.14. FORT TURTIAN

IMAGE 4.14.1 Aerial view with location

Continental fort Turtian (Fortress No.22 in the previous chapter) is located at Monte Turtian, southeast of Ĺ ikiÄ&#x2021;i, 66 m above the sea level. Construction was completed in the first phase, between 1881 and 1888. It was armed in 1903. Between 1947 and 1958 fortress was used as hay warehouse and abandoned after that. It was renovated as a warehouse in 1977, with new electrical installations, bathroom and kitchen to total of 1278, 69 m2, then to 2671 m2. Huts for OSTABHO observation were derived in 1982. It was built in traditional building technique with visible limestone from local quarries. Earth and stone embankments and defensive trench hollowed out of the solid rock were made for protection of the Fortress. Crew and ammunition shelters ceilings on platforms (terraces) were designed as reinforced concrete structures. The vaults were mostly built of bricks. The building consists of a basement (tank), groundfloor and platform (terrace) with embankments, pedestals and parapets for cannon emplacements. It is owned by the Republic of Croatia.

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IMAGE 4.14.2 Site plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.14.3 Panoramic photo of fortress

IMAGE 4.14.4 Inner courtyard

IMAGE 4.14.5 Fortâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interieur

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Fort Turtianâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage scenario

IMAGE 4.14.6 Fortress's usage scenario

Located in suburb of Pula mainly oriented on agricultural activities, Fortress Turtijan makes an ideal coulisse for presentation and tasting of local wine products. Production, storing and processing of wine, sales and marketing since grapes reception till wine bottling are scenarios for revitalization of the fortress. Thus, the stakes like planting vineyards beneath the Fort, arrangement of winery and tavren, conceptualisation and organization of various wine festivals would enrich Pula's tourist offer and its new usage would attract visitors to educate them about the history of the Fort and rich history of the Istrian wines.

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4.15. FORT BRIONI MINOR

IMAGE 4.15.1 Aerial view with marked location

Fort Brioni Minor (fortress No.24 in the previous chapter) is located above Punta Grossa cape on the island of Mali Brijun, 30 m above sea level. Building began in 1895 and continued throughout 1899, 1900, 1902, 1907 and 1910. In 1914 it was equipped with 12 cannons, 41 rifle gun-carriage and positions of the reflectors. It was converted into a warehouse after 1947 with area of 20.375m2. It was spread over an area of 15.750m2 and dimensions were 175 x 90 m. Fort blended within bedrock with larger tunnel and two tanks. It had four armored steel domes for cannons. The building has been connected by new roads with other fortifications on the island and the main pier in St. Nicholas Bay, from where the ramps were used to transport heavy loads to the fort. After 1947, the Fort was used as 20.375m2 warehouse. It was built in traditional building technique with visible limestone from local quarries. Earth and stone embankments and defensive trench hollowed out of the solid rock were made for protection of the fortress. Crew and ammunition shelters ceilings on platforms (terraces) were designed as reinforced concrete structures. The building consists of a basement (tank), ground floor, first floor and platform (terrace) with embankments, pedestals and parapets for cannon emplacements. It is in relatively good condition. It is used for Ulysses's theater performances since 2001. Ownership of the Fort is shared among Republic of Croatia and the City of Pula.

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IMAGE 4.15.2 Island plan with marked Fortress

IMAGE 4.15.3 Archival blueprint of the Fort

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IMAGE 4.15.4 Archival blueprints of the Fort

IMAGE 4.15.5 Aerial view of the Fort

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IMAGE 4.15.6 Aeral view of the Fort's complex

IMAGE 4.15.7 Part of the Fortress beeing used as Phase for the Ulysses thetare performances

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Fort Brioni Minorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage scenario

IMAGE 4.15.8 Fortress's usage scenario

Usage scenario assumes correspondence of new contents with existing Ulysses theater within the fort Mali Brijun. It is planned through organization of amateur theaters and camps, library, highly specialised expert conferences in the field of humanities, etc.

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4.16. FORT STOJA

IMAGE 4.16.1 Aerial view with marked location

The coastal fortress Stoja (fortification no. 3 in the previous section) is located 15 m above the sea level as a part of the second fortification ring around the town of Pula on the top of the eponymous peninsula. In the first phase of construction, from 1859 to 1860, the bigger polygonal coastal artillery battery casemate Stoja di Musil was completed. In 1863 changes were been made to dwellings, in 1869 it became the artillery battery, and in 1885 it was converted into an permanent armored Fortress and a new higher polygonal fortress was added in which they built two cannons into the steel dome. In 1909 some adjustments were made to the side of the Fortification, it was equipped with an electric spotlight. In the cove Val di Fora a pier for transportation of heavy loads, weapons and ammunition was built. On February 19, 1945 the Fort was damaged by the bombing of the allies. Under the Italian dominance stables and garages were built, and in 1936 a great summer resort for children was established . Overgrown by bushes and pine trees in 1947 it became the property of the JNA (Yugoslav National Army). Despite the humidity some of the rooms were used as a warehouse, and the basement housed chickens and cattle. As the Fortress consisted of 14 dry rooms with plank floors it was considered to be easily adaptable for military purposes. In 1960 the City of Pula wanted the Fortification to be repurposed for tourism but the Army did not allow it, after which it was rented to HP Riviera - Stoja. From 1947 to 1978 a discotheque "Arne" was within the Fort. In all the phases the Fort was built by using the traditional technique of building with finely processed visible limestone from local quarries. Defensive mounds are made of earth and stone while the defensive trench carved in solid rock. In the third phase of construction reinforced concrete structure characteristic for reinforcement of ceilings was partially used and below the top floor arches were made of brick. The building consists of a basement (the tank), ground floor and platforms (terraces) and defensive mounds and parapet for a lookout. Today it is uninhabited, it is in a relatively good condition and free of weeds and trash. It is owned by the town of Pula and is used by Arenaturist.

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IMAGE 4.16.2 Site plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.16.3 Archival blueprints

IMAGE 4.16.4 Archival blueprints

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Fort Stojaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage scenario

IMAGE 4.16.5 Fortress's usage scenario

Usage scenario of fortress Stoja provides array of features that would present the Istrian gastronomic specialties and seafood, with an emphasis on the Austro-Hungarian culinary influences. Fortress would be revitalised through a hostel with restaurant, promenade for tourists and the local population, equipped souvenir shops and mini bars along the coast.

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4.17. FORT SAN MICHELE

IMAGE 4.17.1 Aerial view with marked location

Continental fortification San Michele (fortification no. 20 in the previous section), located at 35 m above sea level, was built as a part of the first fortification ring around the town of Pula. It was built in several Phases. The construction of the Fortress started in 1851 at the site of the demolished sacred Byzantine complex of the Benedictine monastery and the three naved basilica of St. Michael. Between 1852 and 1854, the two-storey segmented tower with a diameter of 30 m with an inner circular courtyard and the front tambour courtyard were built. From 1896 it is a part of the civil hospital after which it was converted into a warehouse and in 1914 the barracks. After 1920 it becomes owned by the hospital Santorio-Santorio, and from September 4, 1943, entrance was constructed through the Fortification, leading to the anti-aircraft shelter which only the patients and hospital employees were allowed to use. On September 1, 1945, neglected families after World war II were located inside the Fortification that could not have been placed in their destroyed houses and the Fortification becomes "Campo di sfolatti". Among other things, it is assumed that for these reasons the ring was built in the inner courtyard. The Fort was built with finely processed visible limestone rock from local quarries. Defensive mound was made of stone and earth while the trench was carved in solid rock. Ceilings of the shelters for the crew and ammunition on platforms (terraces) are designed as reinforced concrete structures, while the other arches are in brick. The Fort consists of a basement (the tank), ground floor, first floor, second floor with platforms (terraces) to accommodate guns with parapet wall coated in santorin mortar. Today it is in poor structural condition with inadequate upgrading of the inner-courtyard. It is owned by the Pula General Hospital, which uses it for the storage of hospitalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s flammable liquids.

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IMAGE 4.17.2 Site plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.17.3 The Fort on the land registry map

IMAGE 4.17.4 Fort’s archival photography

IMAGE 4.17.5 Fort’s archival photography

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Fort San Micheleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage scenario

IMAGE 4.17.6 Fortress's usage scenario

Fort San Michele is located close to the University of Juraj Dobrila University, Faculty of Economics and Tourism and the General Hospital in Pula. The proximity of such facilities has inspired its consideration as multimedia, artistic and educational, student center. This would create a center where young people could develop their creative abilities, maintain exhibits, concerts, and at the same time, the image of Pula would be complemented as a creative student city.

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4.18. FORT TEGETTHOFF

IMAGE 4.18.1 Aerial view with marked location

The coastal fortification Tegetthoff (Fortress no. 25 in the previous chapter) located 55 m above the sea level, was built as a part of the first ring of fortifications around the City of Pula on Vrh StraĹža, on Veli Brion. It was built in several Phases. In 1854 the first two-storey circular fortification was built of 50 m in diameter with a small inner courtyard, type of Pula tower which later got another storey. Ten years later another larger circular Fortification with four low casemated buildings different in shape (german term for this kind of building is Koffer) and other defensive trench were built, totaling 105 m in diameter, thus upgrading the first Fortress from 1854 which at that time already had three storeys. The fortification had a thick mound which later became a redoubt of a larger Fortification. In 1898, 1904 and 1906 three bunkers for artillery with steel domes, tank and strong earthen embankments were built. From 1947 to 1958 Fort is left without purpose. The exception is a new lookout at the top, now partially used as a watchtower. The Fortress was built in finely processed visible limestone rock from local quarries. The defensive mound was made of stone and mud while the trench was carved in solid rock. During the reconstructions performed in the period from1898 to 1906 it was found that of the concret and characteristic first reinforced concrete structures were partially used to reinforce ceilings of shelters for the crew and ammunition over the terraces. The Fort consists of a basement (the tank), ground floor, first floor, second floor and open terrace with parapets for artillery and lookout. Today it is closed to the public, its sightseeing is not permitted and it is owned by the Ministry of Defence.

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IMAGE 4.18.2 Site plan on topographic map

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IMAGE 4.18.3 Archives blueprints of the Fortress

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Fort Tegetthoffâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage scenario

IMAGE 4.18.4 Fortress's usage scenario

Insularity and lack of hectic urban way of life have contributed to perceive fort Tegetthoff as a possible center for spiritual growth, development and retreat. Yoga workshops, meditation sessions, self-awareness deepening, seminars about healthy food and lifestyle together make possible usage scenarios which would revive mentioned Fortress. Access to the site would be possible through organized boat tours and hot air balloons.

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4.19. FORT SAN PENEDA

IMAGE 4.19.1 Aerial view with marked location

Insular- coastal fortification Peneda (Fortress No. 26 in the previous section) located 12 m above the sea level, was built as a part of the second ring at Cape Trstika on Veli Brijun. In 1898 the construction began, which later continued through several Phases in 1902, 1904 and 1908 when it was rebuilt and equipped with armored steel domes. In the nearby cove Borova (Valle Terra Alta) a pier for transportation of heavy loads to all the fortifications on the island was built and it was linked to other fortification with new roads. On February 17,1945, the lighthouse on Cape Trstike was bombed and after that it became a warehouse with eaves of 21.037m2. The Fortress was built of finely processed visible limestone from local quarries. Ceilings of the shelters for the crew and ammunition on platforms (terraces) are designed as reinforced concrete structures, while the other arches are in brick. The building consists of a basement (the tank), ground floor, first floor, second floor with platforms (terraces) and defensive mounds, pedestals and parapets for artillery. Today the Fortress is owned by the City of Pula.

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IMAGE 4.19.2 Site plan on topographic map

IMAGE 4.19.3 Fort's archival blueprints, 1902 The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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IMAGE 4.19.4 Aeral view of the Fort and Peneda location

IMAGE 4.19.5 Aeral view of the Fort

IMAGE 4.19.6 Archival photo

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Fort San Penedaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usage scenario

IMAGE 4.19.7 Fortress's usage scenario

Characteristics of the Peneda's location created guidelines towards rethinking the idea of a new social - recreation center with a wide range of sports facilities. In this case, the Fort would be converted for the purposes of recreational center with content enrichments for various sports facilities, athletic trac, etc. The sea is also site-advantage suitable for recreation on the water. The whole site would be appropriate for professional and amateur sports camps, recreational workshops, trainings and all sports lovers. Arriving at the location would enabled by water or air transportation through organized ship routes or hot air balloons.

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III. THE MAIN FEATURES OF CULTURAL TOURISM CONTENT AND PRODUCTS IN THE ROUTE 5. Description of the main features of cultural tourism facilities In this part of the research, project will first give a detailed assessment of the current state of the Austro-Hungarian route and the system of Pula fortifications. Using a standard specification for the creation of local and regional cultural and tourist routes, assessment was based using the following guidelines/questions e.g.:  what are the main features of cultural tourism facilities and products in the route  description of the situation and the level of organization of infrastructure,  what type of services offered on the sites, such as restaurants,  whether there are information points and cocoa is navigation along the route,  what are the forms of interpretation of the story and information on the route  that ensures the inclusion of persons with special needs,  in any way promote the site or route  whether there is an innovative tourism products and facilities,  the way in which interprets the cultural heritage (digital, enlivened history, storytelling, multimedia ...  whether there is a multidisciplinary approach to research and development  Other... Building on the assessment of the current content and products, this section will also provide a detailed presentation of the main features of proposed cultural content and products according to the following segments: 1. the potential partnership, 2. identification of content, 3. infrastructure, 4. services, 5. catering, 6. navigation along the route, 7. interpretation and inclusion, 8. marketing and sales, 9. products and innovation, 10. the development of multimedia, 11. multi-disciplinary approach to research and development, 12. contemporary cultural and artistic practice and 13. cultural - economic networking through The assessment of the current situation and offer on the route was based on the proposed Standard Specifications for making local / regional cultural tourist route) and other guidelines and examples of tables to assess the site - part 6.1 of the Standard specifications and the minimum criteria for the development of local cultural routes and 6.2. Minimum criteria for the development of transnational European cultural routes and the accompanying table to estimate the route (which were part of the tender documentation).

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5.1. Assessment of the Pula fortification system and proposed solutions/products 5.1.1. Potential partnerships There are currently numerous partnerships that have been built around the theme of „Open Forts and fortifications“ and proposed in the Pula +2020 Bid book18. Those partnerships and projects may be realized in the next period through various projects. The City of Pula is intending to use the proposed projects and apply with them to a number of relevant EU programmes and funds. Some of the most relevant are:  Horizon 2020 CULT-COOP-06-2017 „Participatory approaches and social innovation in culture“19 with a two stage process (02 February 2017 and 13 September 2017) for the Research and Innovation Actions (RIA); and one stage process (02 February 2017) for the Coordination and support action (CSA). Potential partners on a project related to this call are the following organisations: Social Innovation Laboratory (Croatia); DRIFT – Erasmus University Rotterdam; UvA – department political science + Centre for Cultural Heritage; FCUL – Faculty of Sciences University of Lisbon and the University of Bologna as a core team. Additional partners (a full consortium is still in the development phase) include UNESCO Paris; ICCROM; ICLEI and some others. Since the project is primarily focusing on the linkages between cultural heritage (tangible and intangible) and the key societal challenges, (including Immigration & multi-cultural society, refugees, inter-cultural tensions between West & East, North & South), the City of Pula and/or the Istria county would be ideal partners. In this project, many aspects of the Bid book could be applied and implemented.

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Interreg V-A IT-HR - Italy-Croatia; Thematic objective: 3 Environment and Cultural Heritage or 1 Strengthening Research, Technological Development & Innovation; Specific objective: 6c - Conserving, protecting, promoting and developing natural and cultural heritage. Project, which is currently under preparation will include the following partners: SmartVenice Srl (Italy); Social Innovation Lab (Croatia); Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia (DAIS & CISET); Veneto Innovazione- Regione del Veneto; Regione Puglia; as well as other partners from Croatia including a number of cities/counties in the Adriatic region. Since the goal of the project is the development of integrated forms of tourism through digital interpretation of cultural heritage and social innovation, Istria County would be an ideal partner that could apply with some aspects of innovative products related to regional and European Austro-Hungarian route. Specifically digital interpretation of the fortifications, as well as with the CulTour FORT model – all solutions proposed in the section 5 of this document. Call will be announced in the late fall of 2016.

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Other partnerships include a number of forts and fortifications mentioned in the Annex II of this document. Among the key Croatian partners currently involved in the revitalization of Pula fortifications are the following: o Istria county o The City of Pula

Demilitarise! From Fortress to Forum“, Pula +2020 Bid book, City of Pula, Istria county/Grad Pula, Istarska županija http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/portal/desktop/en/opportunities/h2020/topics/cult-coop-06-2017.html The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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o o o o o o o o o o o

Istria development agency (IDA) The Tourist Association of Pula Maritime and Historical Museum of Istria Museum of Archaeology, Pula Istria cultural agency Pula NGO „Casoni Vecchi“ NGO for the promotion of music culture „Sea Splash“ Association of NGOs „ROJC“ „Juraj Dobrila“ University of Pula Istria bike&outdoor DMC (Istria bike; Istria trail; Istria Climbing) Ad Natura

Since there is a large number of experts, enthusiasts and many other organisations that have been throughout the years involved in the various aspects of valorisation, interpretation and promotion of Pula fortification this list would be too extensive. For the purposes of this document, we are now including just key organisations and experts. Pula +2020 has identified a large number of potential projects especially for the projects related to Pula fortifications20. 5.1.2. Identification of content 5.1.2.1.

Cultural Content

Material heritage contributes to the understanding of the culture of life and the development of a complementary understanding of the site. In terms of assessing the potential of the fortification system, it was necessary to determine and choose the overall goal with the selected theme or key monument story and constantly think about the maintenance of culture monuments, as well as their interpretation. Various events, including various manifestations and festivals and many other cultural events that are organized in these locations were taken into account. According to M. Lovric, events are a strong driver of tourism characterized by uniqueness and limited duration. They cause positive social and cultural effects and are intended to both tourists and local people. Event tourism is also defined as a destination and a marketing strategy for the realization of all the potentials and economic benefits of the event. There are several different classifications of events. Lovric further states that in a broader sense, cultural events, such as manifestations, festivals, concerts, theatre, folklore, exhibitions and similar, often enliven static cultural attractions, and thus the cultural richness of the destinations. For example, in Pula there is a festival “Visualia” in the field of audio-visual art, which speciality is to change the visual identity of the city. In the field of film, there is a Pula Film, which is held in the amphitheatre; through which this cultural monument of exceptional value is revived. Events are a key tool for the creation of the destinations image and attract a certain segment of consumers, enabling expansion of off season months, product differentiation and recognition of cultural offerings and market positioning in places where tourism is not a part of the local tradition21.

„ Demilitarise! From Fortress to Forum“, Pula +2020 Bid book, City of Pula, Istria county/Grad Pula, Istarska županija, pg. 36, str. 36 21 Lovrić, M. Implementacija kulturne baštine u kulturno-turistički proizvod-primjer turističkog proizvoda, Diplomski rad, Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli, Fakultet za ekonomiju i turizam, „Dr.Mijo Mirković“, 2015, str. 32 The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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As previously mentioned, except in a few forts that have been restored (Fort Verudella and Punta Christo) in which events are regularly held, yet only Fort Monteparadiso has occasional festivals and events for children. The fort Punta Christo is given on use to the Association of Friends of the coastal fort Punta Christo in Ĺ tinjan and to the Association for the Promotion of musical culture, art and freedom of expression Seasplash. During the summer, months in the fort there are series of musical events being held: Seasplash festival, festival of electronic music Outlook and Dimensions and others. Festival Outlook and Dimensions are being organized by Positive rhythm ltd. from Pula and NVS Promotions from the UK. All these facts clearly and with arguments support possible solutions for Pula fortifications within the regional and European and transnational routes. According to the Feasibility Study, the City of Pula as well as the associations-organizers of the events currently do not have the business data that would indicate the number of visitors, ticket sales or other parameters that would reflect the economic valuation and adequate analysis of the costs and benefits related to the revitalization of the fortress. Feasibility Study states that "the only available data, offered by the said Association was the assessment the economic impact of the festival Outlook and Dimensions conducted by the company NVS Promotions, the British partner of the Festival, in collaboration with a number of stakeholders involved in the said festival. Study was related to the period from September 2011 to September 2012. â&#x20AC;&#x153; According to their data, these festivals are held annually in late August and early September. Outlook festival started in Croatia in 2008, when there were 1,500 guests, while in 2012. 13,000 guests attended, i.e. an increase of 8.7 times. The festival is mainly focused on population of 18-25 years. Dimensions Festival began in 2012 with 4,000 guests. The festival is mainly focused on the population of 24-30 years. As for the environment and the potential flow of visitors on the fort Verudella, there are around 80,000 visitors, while on Punta Christo in the summer months, as noted above, there are up to 13,000 visitors. Festival Monteparadiso attracts between 500 and1000 visitors. Currently, most of the fortress are closed for public and are not safe in terms of accessibility, entering and visiting and the environment is impervious and hardly accessible (grass and weeds). The potential is certainly there in terms of groupings of individual cultural resources towards certain themes and purpose as stated in section 5.1.8.2. Innovative products and solutions, and part 6 of the European and transnational route (e.g. Monte Zarro as the epicenter and info zone; Ĺ tinjan Fort as an sports and recreational zone, St. Giorgio with spiritual themes and content; Kaizer Franz with elite tourism; shipwrecks as authentic stories that can be interpreted in various ways, aviation and ballooning as a topic that can be interpreted through the authenticity of the use of balloons with multimedia presentations of the stories; Zero Strasse as underground city with great potential for authentic storytelling, live and virtual, and the integration of the stories about the fortifications through the augmented reality). 5.1.2.2. Structural content Structural content includes intangible heritage, interpretive activities, museums, cities, attractions, exhibition spaces, workshops, centres. When assessing the fortification system and proposing innovative solutions, it was necessary to determine the stop point of the selected content, continually think about the availability of exhibition and interpretation locations such as museums, visitor centres, availability of museums for tourists, openness of the museums for tourists, preservation and maintenance of the museum, which has a number of museums destination. It was also necessary to take into account the tourist function by exhibition spaces and collections, such as their availability, halls for conferences, libraries and reading rooms. The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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Proposals for the structural content solutions for the selected fifteen forts are presented in more detail in the section 4. Additionally, proposals for structural content were presented in the section Products and innovations (5.1.8.) and Description of the route in broader European and transnational context (6.).

5.1.3. Infrastructure This section related to the assessment of the current state of the forts as well as to innovative infrastructural and spatial improvements is presented in sections 2, 3, 4 and 7. 5.1.4. Services and Culinary services In this section, we are providing a combined presentation of both categories Services and Hospitality since it is closely connected. Service facilities include hotels, restaurants, accommodation facilities, rural households, hostels, campsites or any other type of service that enriches the route (rent-a-car, bike etc.). In terms of hospitality services, the city of Pula is offering a great variety of services: o over 20 hotels ranging from simple to five star boutique hotels; o tourist resorts in the near vicinity of the forts (e.g. Verudela Resort); camps (Verudela, Stoja, Brioni); o over 10 hostels mostly located in the centre of Pula, and over 200 apartments for rental in different locations in Pula. Over 38 restaurants in Pula offering various types of foods, from the Mediterranean to more continental (e.g. grilled meat) as well as specialty raw food22. There are also over 15 tourist agencies that could provide different travel arrangements and information, as well as the centrally located Tourist association. Staff of the association is multilingual but with a lack of knowledge specifically about fortifications and the Austro-Hungarian period, especially different stories and legends. There are specialized tours of the fortifications that are organized and provided by the NGO Casoni Vecchi. They are organized at request and could be for individuals or groups. The Region of Istria has, within the HERA Adriatic project, published a four-language brochure as their contribution to the education of tourist guides. The brochure has branded Pula as the city of glorious past as one of the most important Austro-Hungarian harbour or the â&#x20AC;&#x17E;City that everybody have enviedâ&#x20AC;&#x153;. Besides the brochure, there is also a virtual tour in Croatian, Italian, German and English languages. It is possible to rent a car and motorcycle, as well as a bike or a scooter from a number of rental shops23. There are no specialty souvenir shops or any bonus cards/packages connected to other tourist programmes for tourists right now. One of the most attractive nearby localities is the National Park Briuni where there are also two forts located (Briuni Minor, a site of the world known Ulysses Theatre and Briuni Manor or Fort Tegetthoff, which is currently closed for public.

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In order to complete the current offer and connect it with the Austro-Hungarian theme, one of the proposals is a creation of an European/ transnational route „Taste of Forts“, which would offer an innovative interpretation of historical facts and myths, storytelling and culinary content. This route and its contents could be linked to other interesting sites that offer similar content. For example „The restaurant in the casemates“ situated at the Fort Al Forte in South Tyrol, which serves traditional dishes in this unique ambience; restaurant Bastion in Prague; Bunk wine and culture in the South Tyrolean Castle Corba which gives visitors the opportunity to taste and enjoy the wines that are made their near to the rock galleries and others. More in part Products and innovations (5.1.8.).

5.1.5. Navigation on the route 5.1.5.1.

Navigation

The first step for tourists who are interested in Pula fortifications are information, maps and/or applications. There are currently very few maps available and the only one available at the Tourist information centre is presenting only the first and some parts of the second ring of the fortification system. There is also an old Austro-Hungarian map, which unfortunately does not include much explanation and is not possible to use by average tourists unless you have additional information on the history of the fortification system. There is also a mobile application „Pula+ heritage tour“ https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.infinum.kultour. According to the description at the above link, „Pula+ heritage tour mobile application is a cultural guide of the City of Pula and comprises two cultural routes: Roman and Austro-Hungarian Pula, the most important cultural sights and localities built at that time. Through an interactive map, photo gallery, text and myths about origins of each locality, the user is being introduced to about 70 sights and the history of the City. It is also given the possibility for easier sightseeing of the cultural routes, as well as faster access towards wanted information. Application is simple to use, designed to run on smart phones and tablet computers of Android and iOS systems and is available on four languages: Croatian, English, Italian and German“. Although the description refers to a number of sites and cultural points related to the AustroHungarian route and fortifications, it includes only one site on the map and only few photos. This kind of an interactive map is definitely needed and should be further upgraded and developed to enable easier access and information to the entire system. (Solution 7.; section 5.1.9.1). Information at the sites is also very poor. There are info panels only at so called „Štinjan forts“ that were a part of the EU „Adrifort“ project and that include the following localities24: 1. A coastal polygonal armoured fort PUNTA CHRISTO where within the project was predicted to build an international educational and documentation centre on an area of 300 m2 and which was planned to be run by University of Pula „Juraj Dobrila“ in cooperation with the organization "Friends of the fort Punta Christo". This centre was never built due to a number 24

Prigradsko naselje Štinjana raspolaže s ogromnim turističkim potencijalom zbog razvedenog i nedevastiranog obalnog područja od Puntižele do Monumenata – Sv. Katarina i obuhvaća područje od 170 ha pokriveno makijom i šumom preko tri brežuljka iznad mora sa 5 utvrđenih objekata iz doba Austro-ugarskog carstva, kao svojevrsna arhitektonska i kulturna baština tog područja. The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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of reasons that include, among others, inadequate infrastructure for events during the winter period. During the summer, numerous events are being held. 2. The coastal horseshoe fortress MONTE GROSSO with the accompanying artillery battery 3. Artillery battery VALMAGGIORE where is predicted to arrange the landscape 4. Circular fortress MUNIDE where is predicted to arrange the paths and the landscape 5. Coastal artillery battery ZONCHI where is predicted to arrange the access roads and the landscape. Info panels have basic information about each fort and about the biking/hiking trails that were developed through the Adrifort project. Those trails are not well maintained and marked. In fact, the map/application should indicate that those forts should really be one of the first points in the tour especially for those who are interested in sport and recreation. (Solution 6, 5.1.8.). In summary, the route has no clear and unified signalization or navigation system. That should be the first step in creating a cultural route that could be connected with European and transnational routes. 5.1.5.2. Accessibility Most of the forts are accessible by car and bikes or by walking and hiking for those who are interested in walking along the main roads or on the biking paths (mostly macadam road). The most accessible is Fort Verudella, located within the Auto camp Verudela. The fort was turned into a very successful Aquarium and is one of the better examples of valorisation and revitalization of such sites. Other forts are also accessible by car/bikes and walking, especially: Fort Burguignonu, Fort Stoja, utvrda koja se nalazi u Auto kampu Stoja and others presented in the following text. Fort Verudella is one of the few highly successful examples of revitalization of such complex and financially demanded constructions. The owner, who is a marine biologist and a scientist, converted this relatively small fort in an attractive Aquarium with a variety of Mediterranean and tropical sea and river fish, turtles and other plants and animal species. The ticket price is 150,00 kn which is worth the price because the exhibition display is extended over three floors within the fortress and is interesting, interactive and attractive because of the authenticity of the fortress, interior and exterior design as well as the pool with fish and other sea creatures. Fort Burguignon is a circular shape fortress that is named after the Austrian admiral and commander of the Navy. The fort, which is currently not in operation, was occasionally used for festivals and techno parties that took place on the roof representing one of the very attractive and authentic destinations of this type. In front of the fortress, there are quite well preserved cannons, which have not fired a single shell although at the fortress there were more than 42,500 soldiers placed. The environment is a disorganized and even though it represents a very great potential as well as the fortress due to its preservation, accessibility and interesting shapes. Fort Stoja is a fortress on a very nice location within the Auto Camp Stoja surrounded by flowers and a nearby children's park. It is not open to the public although at the entrance with faded letters there is still written DISCO CLUB indicating the former purpose. Near Fort Stoja, there is a Fort Ovine, which is situated, in a rather run-down complex. The fortress is not open to the public, although you can enter the fortress but is very inaccessible and overgrown with grass and weeds. There is a possibility to arrange access and put info panel with basic information. The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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Fort Monvidal is located on a hill above the city with a great tower for mobile telephony, which protrudes from the centre. The fort is closed to the public and overgrown with grass and weeds. Near the fortress, there is a children's park and a large turf overgrown with weeds. Fort S. Giorgio is an interesting fortress that is currently closed to the public. Being located near the village cemetery in the mystic atmosphere is ideal for spiritual content that are proposed in the preliminary design. Fort Punta Christo is one of five Štinjan fortresses that is almost completely renovated and intended for various, mainly cultural events such as festivals Seasplah, Outlook and Dimensions. The proposed purpose through the project Adrifort in terms of establishing a multimedia student centre has not been realized primarily due to poor infrastructure conditions in the off-season (large space that is difficult to heat) and a large number of events in the season that somehow do not allow additional content. Inner rooms / halls are suitable for various events, from exhibitions and other cultural events to the multimedia and digital content as stated in section Products and innovations (5.1.8.), and Digital solutions for Austro Hungarian fortificatons (5.1.9.1.) as in section 6. Description of the route in broader European and transnational context. Monteparadiso or Casoni Vecchi is a fort also accessible by car or bike and is located near Valmarina. This fortress is known from the late eighties and nineties as a destination of the punk movement that and this has been kept to this day since the festival Monteparadiso is still held in the summer. In addition to alternative music and similar events, in the fortress there are also organized periodically events for children' such as masquerade, magician, theatre plays and similar25. Fort Turtian is located near Pula in the village Šikići. The fort is closed to the public and next to it, you can only walk if you leave the car at the end of the closed ramp. It is located on a hill surrounded by high walls and represents a great potential for various events, indoor and outdoor. The fort is maintained by a local organization that could be included in the project as a local partner. Although Fort Bradamante or Fort Valmarin is accessible, only by bike trail No. 312 and the fortress itself is not accessible, is under video surveillance, and is completely inaccessible to visitors. Fort Munida also located in Štinjan circle is not accessible by car but you can park nearby. Forest and bicycle and walking trail of about 400 m lead to the fortress, which because of its ruined state and unequipped landscape is not open to the public. The tower can be entered, but at your own risk. The info table and benches in front of the fort show that the fort is a part the project Adrifort funded by the European Union. In front of the fort is the panel that warns of the danger of collapse. Fort Grosso located in Štinjan circle. The fort is also not accessible by car but you can come by bicycle or on foot since the walking / biking trail was built through the project Adrifort. Currently, the route is quite neglected, but at the very beginning of the path there is a visible board with a map indicating the numbers of paths: bike path is 313 and can be found on any application (e.g. Strava), while hiking trails are marked by the following numbers: Punta Christo 341 (6500 m); Valmaggiore 342 (1600 m); Monte Grosso, 343 (6800 m); Maesta 344 (3500 m); Munida 345 (5500 m). Since the tracks are not maintained there is a need for further investment in the renovation and maintenance, as well as stronger promotion since they are very little known. Due to the increasing interest in mountain biking and trail running, there is a great potential in organizing sports and recreational national and international events which could be connected to similar European localities.

http://www.regionalexpress.hr/site/more/djeji-maskenbal-u-tvravi-casoni-vecchi

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Fort Forno is located in the village near Pula, Barbariga, but is not accessible primarily because it is located within the motor camp. Since the fortress is controlled by the Croatian Forests, it is not open to the public. It should be noted that the events organized in several of these forts take place mainly during the summer months. Revitalization and other innovative solutions (digital interpretation) would allow the maintenance of year-round activities, promotion and integrating of fortifications systems with other European and transnational routes. Fortifications are accessible also by sea. One of the fortresses is situated on the island of St. Andrew (Fort Kaiser Franz) and is accessible only by boat. The easiest way to see the small island and a fortress is to rent a boat taxi service that costs about 30 Euros (depending on the possibility of negotiations). On the island, there is a small beach, but the fortress itself is abandoned and not open to the public. Since Pula was known for ballooning in the 19th century, there is a possibility to rent a balloon that could exceed one part of the route. Fortifications are not accessible for people with disabilities. Also apart from the fortifications which are open to the public (Verudella and Punta Christo) there are no sanitary facilities or parking spaces. Within Štinjan fort, there are garbage cans and benches. In addition, there is no unified information and navigation system. 5.1.5.3. Proposed solutions for navigation and accessibility on the route Some of the proposals to improve the navigation route are as follows:  Route to Štinjan fortress by bike or on foot that would connect all five forts, and building a track on the second and third ring. These tracks require improvements on marking, information points and maps and a constant maintenance,  A two-day international trail / track race "Tour d 'Forts'” encompassing most of the forts of Pula and hosting running fans from around the world,  Route by boats that would enable views of the forts from the sea,  Route by balloons that would start from the park Monte Zarro,  Route on roller skates which were extremely popular in the early 20th century in Pula,  Visitors could be also offered the individual drones to photograph. In this section is necessary to network and connect with Istrian and other sports and recreational clubs and associations that should be involved in making routes and navigation system. Other solutions are in section 5.1.9.1. (Solution 9) and 6. Definition of the route in broader European and transnational context. 5.1.6. Interpretation and inclusion 5.1.6.1. Types of interpretation and current situation Taking in consideration different types of interpretation, it can be concluded that in terms of the interpretation of fortifications there are several types:  Interpretation for children (an educational character, the collection is adapted to children experience). There are live events (children carnival, magician, theatre plays) but also digital

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interpretation – virtual postcard of Pula with original and visual interpretation of most significant sites of Pula including fortifications. This virtual postcard features the original artwork and animation by authors Manuel Šumberac and Vibora Juhas. It is intended for children because of its customized information and visual display about real locations, monuments and important person in Pula. It is a very interesting idea, which represents a major opportunity for further upgrading an application and modification of the game for children and adults. Solutions 8 and 9 are an example of games that are based on historical stories related to the Austro-Hungarian forts. Interpretation for older students - part of the school curricula to be demonstrated through literature/material. There was an interpretation through the Adrifort project, most specifically a summer school that took place at the premises of the Fort Punta Christo and has attracted a large number of students. For students, there are many opportunities from digital interpretation (games) to different festivals, workshops and other cultural events that could be promoted at the European level and allow for exchanges and cooperation among students all over Europe. Interpretation for tourists of special interests: researchers, ethnologists, anthropologists, architects, historians, botanists etc. There are opportunities for sport and recreation that are currently linked to Štinjan forts, which need to be further exploited and promoted. There are also numerous books and literature of an interest for historians/archaeologists. Moreover, most specifically, there is a literature related to specific themes, such as air military, ballooners or sunken ships that attract not only historians but also underwater archaeologists and even sunken ships pirates. Those stories can be interpreted to fit interests of those specialized tourists through different digital but also in-situ events (European and international workshops, exchanges, seminars, sport events etc.) Interpretation for disabled persons - according to the type of a handicap, interpretation can be determined by a presentation suitable to special impairments (e.g. for the blind to be able to touch the exhibits). So far, there is no special interpretation for disabled persons at the Pula fortifications, which presents a niche in itself. Even in terms of accessibility, forts are not accessible for disabled persons and at this point, there are no adopted stories of information for disabled persons. Interpretation for smaller population groups, ethnic minorities or certain social groups (e.g. Diaspora as a selective form of tourism). There is no particular interpretation for a specific group, which also presents an opportunity for future interpretation. 5.1.6.2.

Inclusion

As explained in the above section, so far there have been no attempts to include socially or physically marginalized groups/people with disabilities in the Pula fortifications cultural and other events. Forts are also not accessible for people with disabilities, elderly or mother with children (even the Aquarium (Fort Verudella) has stairs, which are not easily accessible for those groups). There are currently also no special projects at the level of the City or the County that would target people with disabilities or other marginalized groups. Proposed solutions that promote inclusion (5.1.8., Solution 4, part 7. Spatial solutions and innovations; Fort Kaiser Franz): 

The Solution 7. (5.1.9.1.), which is interpreting everyday life of navy soldiers and officers is among other content and service also proposing an Austro-Hungarina style restaurant, which employs people with disabilities or other marginalizes groups. Even better solution would be to enable those groups to start their restaurant or other type of services (e.g. catering etc.). A good example of such a restaurant is World's first restaurant staffed entirely The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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

by deaf waiters26, or some other examples in the U.S. http://www.lovethatmax.com/2012/10/a-restaurant-run-by-people-with-special.html and https://themighty.com/2016/02/coffee-shop-run-by-staffers-with-disabilities/. In the proposed European route: “Taste of Forts” that could include various gastro and other cultural experiences, some events and restaurants would be managed by people with disabilities or would be crafted specially for those target groups (e.g. menus in Braille language etc.). Navigation and accessibility would be also completely adjusted for people with disabilities. There would be also more focus on raising capacity of tourist guides and tourist agencies for people with disabilities, especially for deaf and/or blind visitors. So far, there is for example only one certified tourist guide for deaf people (Vanda Šagovac, NGO World of Silence). Thus, there is a great need for further educating and certifying tourist guides and other tourist actors in this area. 5.1.7. Marketing and sales

5.1.7.1. Marketing Products (and services) of the regional Austro-hungarian trail have the task to generate demand for profiled cultural content. They are based on the heritage value of the forts as well as a series of contemporary concepts of tourism products. Equal attention is paid to domestic and foreign guests and the product concept relies on the conducted analysis and strategic positioning of the brand. In offering products and services, it s very important to have „user experience“ approach, or to say differently, all activities should be viewed from the consumers perspective, what the consumer will experience, how will they react, behave and so on. In this way, you can be more prepared to answer to the consumers’ expectations. In the following text that is based on proposals of solutions and innovative products and European and trans-national routes, there is a list of types and descriptions of products and services classified according to the profile of guests, the cultural route and activities and prices. Since this document is not a marketing or strategic plan, which should also be made for the system of fortifications of Pula and the European routes, in this section there, are given very limited and initial proposals of marketing approach and framework guidelines.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/food/article-2829917/World-s-deaf-restaurant-Signs-Restaurant-opens-TorontoCanada.html

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Table 1. Overview of the products along the regional Austro-Hungarian route Type of product Sightseeing

Souvenir Oenological and gastronomically

Specialized tour

School tours with a digital presentation

Description of product Sightseeing of fortresses and other sights of interest related to the Austro-Hungarian Pula through info desks and walkways:  The starting point for sightseeing is the info point or so called epicentre (spatial innovation, section 7.1 .; solution 10 point 5.1.9.2 Elements of Digital Architecture). At that point it will be possible to get all the information about the route, create own routes and see related restaurants, cultural, recreational and other facilities  Sightseeing of Monte Giro cemetery (solution 2a, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations) accompanied by a digital application and visit to San Giorgio Fort

Location (fortification)

The authentic souvenir related to life in the fort, old crafts or culinary and wine specialties. Related to the culinary and wine offer. It is important that quality of the food, drinks and service is on the same level as the whole brand:  Wine cellars, wine tasting and sales of wine and other autochthonous Istrian products such as olive oil, ham, cheese, desserts, etc. (solution 1b, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations)  Sommelier course that provides knowledge about the joining of Istrian wines with Istrian culinary specialties  Inclusive restaurant with decoration, staff and menu that evoke the Austro-Hungarian history of Pula (solution 4, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations)  Special gastronomic and fun experience for children in the form of restaurants and playgrounds decorated as the interior a ship with a menu that bears the names of some of the important people and sights of Austrian history of Pula (solution 4, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations)  Restaurant facilities within the sports and recreation area of Štinjan Detailed tour for groups with a guide, including a visit to a digital presentation centres:  Istrian winemakers’ and complementary indigenous specialties tour with expert guidance of the oenologist/sommelier with the opportunity for visiting and tasting (solution 1a, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations) Detailed tour for groups with a guide, including digital presentation centres:  Visit to experiential and presentation centre on the

Zerostrasse, Tourist Information Centre Pula 



Monte Park



Naval Cemetery Monte Giro

Zaro



Zerostrasse



Zerostrasse



Fort Turtian



Fort Turtian



Fort Munide



Zerostrasse



Fort San Giorgo

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centres

Digital representations

Digital presentation centres

Cultural and artistic program

theme of war and sinking ships with the expert guidance of the animator/pedagogue on the subject of war and peace in order to promote a culture of tolerance  Guided visit to the observatory with an interactive lecture about astronautics Augmented reality freely available to everyone through their own devices which also serves as an added attraction to the tour:  A visit to the naval cemetery accompanied by an interactive application resembling to Pokémon Go, which shows some of the real people and events whose fate is linked to the cemetery and offers the possibility for innovative experiences of history (Solutions 2a and 2b, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations)  The game "The Mystery of the Austro-Hungarian fortress" enables the visitor to visit the fort through the participation in the game and requested information necessary for the successful completion of the game (Solution 8, 5.1.9.1 Digital Solutions for Austro Hungarian fortifications)  Interactive game "Sunken Ship Baron Gautsch" (Solution 9, 5.1.9.1 Digital Solutions for Austro Hungarian fortifications) Presentation Centres are based on a combination of exposed artefacts and digital environment based on virtual reality. They are completely schematised i.e. they represent the complete story:  Maritime accidents and the First World War – connection of unique interpretation of the AustroHungarian navy shipwrecks and individual experiences of real people and the horrors of war with education about the importance of creating a society of peace and tolerance (Solution 1a and 1b, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations)  Astronomical Observatory and Herman Noordung - a combination of exhibits, observatory tours and visit to the simulator of the rocket launch (solution 3, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations) The program is linked to the domain of revived history (e.g. played costumed performances) or cultural and artistic events located at the premises of fortifications and associated facilities. The program is divided into daily, weekly and periodic and therefore varies in sizes from 10 to 500 participants and from period of 45 minutes to several days. The program derived from the partnership with theatre troupes, the performance of the existing repertoire in the festival form or individually:  Reconstruction of life in the naval barracks (solution



Monte Zaro Park



Naval Cemetery Monte Giro



Depending on GPS location of the visitors



Not related to specific location



Naval Cemetery Monte Giro and Fort San Giorgo



Monte Zaro Park



Fort Turtian

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4, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations) Themed music and other festivals:  Concert events as part of the "Incubator of Alternative Culture in Pula" (solution 5, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations) Occasional concerts or other events:  Art Colony and the events in the "Incubator of Alternative Culture in Pula" (solution 5, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations)  Outdoor festivals as a form of connecting sport and new/existing musical events (solution 6, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations) Additional activities: workshops, lectures, training

Multiday scientific program Multiday cultural program

Team building

Sports recreation program

Various types of workshops:  Education for children and young people on the theme of war and peace, non-violence and tolerance (solution 2b, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations)  Pottery, carpentry, comics, creative writing, cartoons, dancing, singing and the similar workshops (Solution 5, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations) Scientific program lasting several days connected to the forts, work on locations, lectures, workshops etc.  Group programs of training for the Austro-Hungarian sailors / officers, fencing, shooting from a cannon, ship management, shooting (duration 2-3 days)  Escape room - a program designed for groups of three or more persons who through fun and solving the tasks from the game learn about Austro-Hungarian Pula (solution 1a, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations)

and

  

 

Sports and recreation offers related to the spatial and conceptual opportunities of the fortifications: The experiential centre of extreme sports (solution 6, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations) The path for off road skateing and/or mountain biking and trails for mountain running (solution 6, 5.1.8. Products and Innovations) Trail/trek race “Tour de Forts Run and Trekk” Alternative triathlon



Fort Vecchi

Casoni



Fort Vecchi

Casoni



Štinjan forts



Fort San Giorgo



Fort Vecchi

Casoni

 Fort Casoni Vecchi  Fort Casoni Vecchi, Fort Turtian, Fort San Giorgo 

Zerostrasse



Battery Valmaggiore Štinjan forts The majority of Pula’s forts Štinjan forts

  

The following table (Table 2) gives a short overview of the profile of the visitors according to the type of the product: Table 2. Guests profile Guests profile 1) Random: The tourist is primarily motivated to

Type of the product Sightseeing Oenological and gastronomic products

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visit destination from other reasons, but attracted by promotional activities, decides to visit the fortifications 2) Planned: Assumes the desire for visiting fortifications exclusively because of their specific cultural offer including concerts, performances, costume events, lectures etc.

Digital representations Souvenir

Oenological and gastronomic products Specialized tour Cultural and artistic program Additional activities: workshops, lectures, training

Experts and enthusiasts: They represent a segment of tourists who have developed specialized cultural or professional interest that is specifically related to the fortifications 4) Business and educational: they represent a segment of tourists who use the products of the fortifications as a training ground for team building or educational purposes

Multiday cultural program Digital representations Digital presentation centres Sports and recreation program Multiday cultural program Multiday scientific program Additional activities: workshops, lectures, training Sports and recreation program Team building School tours with a digital presentation centres Specialized tours with digital representations Digital presentation centre

In order to exploit the full potential of Pula's fortifications the establishment of the cultural routes to European locations as the full day experience is proposed. The following table provides an overview of the proposal of European and trans-national routes (part 6 of this document) with descriptions of products and activities. Table 3. Overview of European and transnational routes Type of the product 1. Route of European military tunnels

Description of the product Interpretation of military tunnels as authentic destination which offer possibilities for various events, from the cellar for wine tasting and local specialties, games such as "Escape Room" to the walks, tours, and museum exhibitions.

Activities (daily itineraries and experiences) Combination of sightseeing, night tours, exhibitions, concerts, tasting of local specialties, wine, cheese, etc.: 1. Zerostrasse, Pula 2. Strada delle 52 Gallerie (Italy) 3. Ostwall (Poland) 4. Josefov i Terezin fortress (Czesh Republic)

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5. 6. 7.

Route of the games and entertainment on the fortifications

The interpretation of the different games (virtual and/or augmented reality, in-situ) in a fun way contribute to the introduction to the history on the one hand and unique tourist experience on the other side. In this way it is possible to interpret a variety of stories, from everyday life of sailors and officers to the stories of sunken ships. In order to experience a variety of events through games, but also through practical, interactive workshops.

Prussian, Habsburg and AustroHungarian fortification defence systems route

Interpretation of topics related to the Prussian, Habsburg AustroHungarian fortifications and defence systems through various cultural and tourist events. It offers a possibility to connect with the route of the Council of Europe: Route of military architecture and Via Habsburg and the Baltic fortification route (all links attached).

4. First World War route ("Walk of Peace")

„Walk of Peace“ or the route that connects the places and attractions along the confrontation line between the Italian and Austro-Hungarian

Casemates of Wenzel's itinerary (Luxembourg) Tunnels under Ksiaz castle (Poland) Tunnel under Fenestrelle fort (Italy)

The combination of different events: the interpretation of the tournament fencing, juggling and crafts; fantastic mystical and other fairy tales; adventure game and interactive multimedia museum of the Alps; Evenings with the mysterious murder (night at Abbot Magnus); 3D journey through the labyrinth, etc. Among the games can be mentioned an augmented reality game that must be played at the site of a fortress and thus score points ("Mysteries of the Austro-Hungarian Fortifications" solution 8): 1. Zerostrasse (Escape Room) 2. Fort Casoni Vecchi and Punta Christo for insitu games and events 3. Hohenwerfen castle (Austria) 4. Königstein Fort (Germany) 5. Forte di Bard (Italy) 6. Marienberg fort (Germany) 7. Olomouc (Czesh Republic) Osijek Citadel (performances produced CroCulTour on the topic of the forgotten stories about citadel) Combination of events; from concerts and festivals held in Magdeburg and Pula, Military Museum in Poznan, innovative gastronomy (restaurants in the barracks Torun) to reconstruction of historical events (Komárom): 1. Pula fortifications 2. Verona-Peschiera-Mantua-Legnano fortifications (Italy) 3. Poznán, Toruń, Krakow and Przemyśl (Poland), 4. Olomouc (Czesh Republic), 5. Ulm and Magdeburg (Germany), 6. Komár (Hungary) 7. Komorno (Slovakia) Visiting the memorials, forts, museums, military cemeteries and sites of war casualties along the front. Enables partnerships with national

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Paths of music and innovation along the fortifications ("The Sound of Music")

6. Taste of Forts

army, which extends from the Alps to the Mediterranean. This route can be connected with the route of the Council of Europe "Migrations in 27 Balkan history" and upgrade in the larger route that is associated with the migration of people throughout history but also with the current situation and the impact on future (suggestions of such routes are given under the section 5.1.8.2., solution 2b). It would be interesting to extend this story on the naval battles, shipwrecks and suffering that marked Pula and the Austro-Hungarian navy.

historical and archaeological museums and numerous other cultural and other institutions, national and local stakeholders.

Linking of various European fortresses through the theme of music and innovation in music. Pula is unique exactly in the terms of connecting music and other festivals with fortifications (Seasplash, Outlook, Dimensions, Monte Paradiso ...), and the goal of this route is connection with other sites that offer similar events. This route provides inexhaustible possibilities for cooperation, partnerships and integration in the cultural tourist route with a variety of multi-day or weekly itineraries. It also offers a possibility to apply for UNESCO network of creative cities (UNESCO Creative Cities Network) contest with the theme of the city of Pula as alternative music and innovation. In addition, connection with the story of the Von Trapp’s family that inspired the movie "The Sound of Music" and "The Sound of Music" is possible. It is in accordance with an innovative solution for spatial interventions Casoni Vecchi as incubator of Pula's alternative scene The unique integration of innovative interpretations of historical facts and myths, storytelling and gastronomic

3. 4. 5.

Pula fortifications (Casoni Vecchi, Punta Christo and others who already offer a variety of musical and other events) Brutal Assault – metal and hard core punk festival held on Josefov fortress in north Bohemia (Czesh Republic) Festival of maritime and naval music in Masuria Fortress (from jazz to pop music program) Spandau Fortress (Germany) - central location for music events in Berlin (in function from May to September every year) Hohensalzburg castle above Salzburg (Austria) – over 300 performances of classical music during the year, including concerts, "Best of Mozart", concert of chamber music of the Vienna school, string quartet and numerous solo performances Kostrzyn castle (Poland) and its barracks – for more than 20 years is host to „Przystanek Woodstock“ festival

The combination of music and traditional cuisine („Dinner & Concert“ option):

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services from meals for children (pancakes) to luxury and gastro hedonistic experiences. It is also possible to connect with other events such as weddings, fashion and other events, movie recording at authentic sites etc.

1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

Forts for children

Interpretation of various contents intended primarily for children of all age groups and families

2. 3.

8. Tour de Forts

Cycling and trail running route that encompasses other similar historic sites in the Balkans, connects the

Pula fortification (examples, solutions 1b and 4) Kaiser Franz fort, Pula – exclusive and luxury gastronomic hedonistic centre (spatial solution, part 7) The restaurant in the casemates at Fort Al Forte in south Tirol Restaurant Bastion in Prague Wine and culture bunker in the South Tyrolean Castle Corba Fortress in the fortification ring Stelling van Amsterdam with an extraordinary number of innovative facilities that connect the gastronomy and wine tourism with entertainment, games, stories and related fairy tales (for instance, Pancake Fort for children located at Fort an de Drecht, birthday parties, workshops, ceramics, painting etc., restaurant Uit & Meer with the river panorama and others) http://www.stellingvanamsterd am.nl/en/visit-the-defence-line/eating-anddrinking/ Pula fortifications (for instance, Casoni Vecchi) - various events, performances, concerts, games, sports, tournaments, several days of the year dedicated to the children Saint Nikola, Šibenik – fort for children Citadela Spandau in Berlin – Once a year the castle belongs to the children (variety of activities: the ghostly battles and tournaments, numerous workshops, performances and concerts) Fort bij Edam (part of Stelling Van Amsterdam) – every second Saturday of the month is dedicated to the children and nature, and children can participate in the various games, treasure hunting, selfdefence course, disguise and the like. In addition, special storytellers in an interesting way they approach topics related to nature.

Connect with the theme of bats (for instance, San Giorgio that has mystical character) and other "mystical" themes and stories. 1. Pula fortifications (Štinjan forts) 2. Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3. Gjirokastra, Albania

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route passing through eight countries in the Balkans, and covers more than 28 57 000 km . Possible connection with sites and routes of Balkan that are recommended at an extraordinary site of National Geographic, which include a combination of cultural, historic, outdoor experience and experience in the Balkans http://www.balkansgeotourism.travel

4. 5.

Golubac fort, Serbia Fortification system of the Hungarian forts, Montenegro

Austro-

*Connect with facilities of Štinjan Forts and other routes that integrate cultural and outdoor activities. Definitely include Outdoor Istria DMCs.

5.1.7.2. Promotion and sales In this section, there is a list of digital and other types of promotional/sales tools that could be used to promote the innovative products on the route and the route itself. 5.1.7.2.1. i.

Digital promotional tools

Interactive map / application that will display all points along the route with basic information and geo-locator and offer several already created routes or the option of creating independent routes. It will also offer connections to other locations, services and other tourist activities and locations and receive discounts or points that can be used on the route. The route will get HERA mark and will thus be recognized.

ii. Website - desktop  Presentation of the products - focus on experience  Information  Shopping - online buying tickets / the book which is part of gamification  Community iii. Website -mobile (responsive)  Information  Basic presentation  Shopping - online buying tickets / the book which is part of gamification iv. Mobile / tablet application - Augmented Reality + gamification   

Application for IOS / Android Use augmented reality to the site and complements the real situation (e.g. the original, undamaged forts - external wireframe of the fort, displays information and images on the purpose of the individual rooms and the exterior of the fort). Gamification section allows the user to highlight the location visited, to exchange experiences with customers on different locations (on a regional / European route), to participate in a "strategic game" that will link all locations and visitors engaged in the game in the same time, to solve puzzles (see example "Mysteries of the Austro-Hungarian fortifications" or some others that will be developed through the project). There will be a possibility for simpler games depending on the age of visitors, for example, the classic children's game of "capture the flag". The scenario will be defined later.

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v. Smart wall / panel   

Since it is envisaged that the information point / visitor centre is going to be open one and will be situated in the park Monte Zarro, there is a possibility of applying the so-called multitouch glass wall (must be indoor). This is more modern and far more advanced, but also more expensive and more demanding option then info panel or info-counter. It allows the interaction and creating communities instead of just transmitting basic information about the route. It also provides an overview of the route, the fortress in 3D view with arbitrary rotation and zoom-in interface physical manipulation (swipe, pinch, etc.).

vi. Social media networks 

 

Social media networks (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and others) are an essential way to achieve maximum access to a large number of people. Social networks can target specific groups both in Croatia and in Europe by selecting individual categories of people depending on age, geographic area, their interests etc. Through social networks, one can also create a Community of gamers who are among the target groups for the fortifications. This refers to the existing players, as well as the new ones that will be further engaged. Innovative products will be certainly promoted through online campaigns.

vii. Commercialization  Depending on the level of commercialization and wishes for generating direct revenues in the products should include commercial items such as souvenirs, clothing, ship models, weapons, food, music CDs, video recordings, performances, games and so on.

5.1.7.2.2.

Other promotional tools

Advertising through local, national and international media (newspapers, radio stations, television, internet – product websites, tourist boards, travel agencies i tour operators, cultural tourism portals) and through promotional brochures, flyers, tourist guides and product catalogs. The following table (table 5.) provides an overview of promotional tools according to visitor profile.

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5.1.8. Products and innovations This section is presenting a variety of different innovative products and solutions that are based on different stories and historical material that was thoroughly researched for this report. Solution 1a. - Zerostrasse Story: one of the most interesting attractions of Pula is underground tunnels used as storage for military equipment, easier communication in wartime and as a shelter for citizens. The network of tunnels is so huge that it literary interconnects every hill with fortifications in Pula and according to some estimation it can accommodate the entire population of today’s Pula. Today only 400 meters is available for visitors and this underground space hosts exhibitions and wine celery, but it also offers opportunity for other creative and interesting interpretations. Solution 1a: Underground tunnel presents immense opportunities for different events, exhibitions, as well as team building games such as the „Escape room“ played in the real and not virtual world or other similar ones. These games could be based on the stories related to Austro-Hungarian history, stories and legend of the Austro-Hungarina Pula but also other localities on the route. The game could be based on the actual stories from the Austro-Hungarian period, which adds educational and authentic element to the entire experience. Theme story for the „Escape room“ game: The night, close to midnight, 5th August 1915. Italian airship Citta 'di Jesi led by Italian officer Bruno Brivonesi and six crew members is approaching Pula. The night was clear, the airship carries a heavy armed forces was as high as 20 heavy bombs and 10 incendiary bombs with the aim of bombing arsenal in Pula. Slowly descends to an altitude of 2700 meters, but it has been noticed thanks to the Austro-Hungarian reflectors. Airship was shot down, but in a complicated manoeuvre, Brivonesi manages to save the crew. They are still captured and imprisoned in the tunnel shelter below the Castle. Invented as part of the theme for "Escape room": Bruno Brivonesi and his crew manage to find their way out by, putting on the Austro-Hungarian uniforms and running deep into the tunnel. They are stopped by the Guard. Brivonesi speaks poor German representing himself as the Austro-Hungarian officer. The guard was suspicious, and has raised a number of questions in order to verify his knowledge of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Navy. After a suspicious guard, they still have any other puzzles and obstacles that must be overcome in order to escape from the dark tunnel... Examples: http://www.escape-arena.com/hr/?gclid=CKnIis7tpc4CFWoz0wodLl0DKQ http://www.labirintanje.com/ http://zagreb.roomescape.hr/ Solution 1b - Zerostrasse Story: The space, called Zerostrasse, which is now open for public and accessible for tourists includes about 900 meters of tunnel car shelters and corridors, and connects several parts of the city centre. It can be entered from four main entrances, coming from different sides that are all leading to a unique space in the centre. The inputs are designed to allow the entire system air circulation, and temperature varies from 14 to 18 ° C. In this space, there is already set a small tasting room and wine shop, but given the oenological wealth of Istria, this unique space provides many opportunities for expansion this offers. Low

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temperature and preconditions that resemble the wine cellar are ideal for presentation and offer for small and renowned Istrian winemakers. The tunnel has numerous side rooms where winemakers can separately offer their products. To make the experience complete, it is possible to hire a professional guide with knowledge of oenology and a sommelier who can showcase the diversity and specificity of Istrian varieties to tourists, such as Malvasia, Teran, Muscat, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and others, and lead them from one manufacturer to another directing them to interesting wine story with the inevitable wine tasting, as well as olive oil, ham, cheese and other indigenous domestic products. Thus, the AustroHungarian tunnel hideout turned into a real little treasure of colours, scents and flavours that allow tourists feel all the luxury of fruit the Istrian land, sun, tradition and human effort in one place. For those tourists who wish to acquire more specific knowledge, a brief two-day sommelier course can be provided, which gives them the opportunity to learn how the unique Istrian wines pair well with proper gastronomic specialties of Istria. The course ends with moving from this unique environment to some of the most famous restaurants such as Farabuto, KaĹžun, Old Town or restaurants within the very fortress which will among other things provide a rich selection of the Austro-Hungarian period (Solution 4).

Solutions 2a and 2b - San Giorgo and the naval cemetery Monte Giro: Story: With the rapid development of the city followed by the growth of its population and the large number of soldiers, officers and their families quickly realised there was a need for naval cemetery. In the 1862, it was opened at the Pula hill Monte Giro as "K.u.K. Marinefriedhof ". Next to it, there is a fort of San Giorgio, and the whole area because of the proximity of the cemetery gives the impression of mysticism and mystery. It is estimated that at the naval cemetery, 40,000 are buried, and at this final resting place, there have been found some prominent Austro-Hungarian officers like Anthony Bourguignon von Baumberg, as well as victims of shipwrecks and dive Baron Gautsch, Szent Istvan and Viribus Unitis (story in section 5.1. 8.1.). This cemetery is a kind of "outdoor museum" that arouses curiosity in every visitor to find out more about the inhabitants of this quiet home and peek into their lives and the destiny of a turbulent historical times. Some of their stories, like the victims of a shipwreck Baron Gautsch deserve to be told and to remind us all about the absurdity of war. Highlighting the destructiveness of war through the sad stories about the suffering of real people on this special place is used to regain consciousness of the importance of fostering a culture of dialogue, peace and multiculturalism in the construction of Europe in which we want to live in. Solution 2a Naval Cemetery Monte Giro: Through specialized mobile application that works on the principle of augmented reality (like the game Pokemon Go), visitors who walk through the cemetery can, by using their touch screens, "see" silhouettes of people. Clicking on each silhouette on their screens shows the animation of a real person (if there is any data, if not, it is a fictional person who witnessed the real historical story) who tells the visitor about his fate and how it is related to this cemetery. Some of the characters that appear can be: Grete Pfeiffer (wife of Herman Pfeiffer and mother Erika Pfeiffer, who died in an accident), Herman Pfeiffer (after surviving a harrowing writes letters to his son Erik, in which he describes the accident - just the letters witness the great tragedy that occurred when the ship hit a mine, but also provide a very personal and intimate witness to the tragedy), Janko VukoviÄ&#x2021; (Croatian naval officer who was killed aboard), Viribus Unitis, the unnamed sailor of the sunken ship Szent Istvan (presented as one of the many dead, a witness visitor to the sinking and the circumstances of The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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the tragedy). He has also made a virtual animation of the rescue attempt of Szent Istvan based on the testimony of the driver Franz Dueller who has managed to keep the ship afloat for longer than 3 hours and therefore superhuman efforts managed to save part of the sailors, preventing even greater tragedy. Solution 2b Fort San Giorgio: - In one of the decorated rooms of the fortress, which is conceived as an organoleptic experiential centre (section 7.1.), that appears in documentaries about the sinking of ships (Great Shipwrecks of the Adriatic - Baron Gautsch, Death at dawn - the last imperial battleship, real footage of the sinking of the Szent Istvan), and in cooperation with the Maritime Museum of Istria, there can be exposed specimens or replicas of real objects of the surface from the sunken ships, as well as numerous photos and audio testimonies of survivors (make use of materials at the already existing exhibitions at the Historic and Maritime Museum Istria, called "Baron Gautsch - first victim first World war) - Next room can be arranged as a set of virtual reality (Virtual Reality Headset) "walks" through the interior of the ship Baron Gautsch where visitors can meet some of the real characters who talk about the circumstances of the tragedy (Captain Paul Winter, Chief Officer Joseph Luppis, some of passengers who all tell their version of events, and at the same time it is possible to take advantage of the testimony that were used in the trial process related to the sinking). Virtual tour through the interior of the ship allows visitors a unique insight into the interior of the ship. Supplements of this virtual walk and digital solutions are presented in section 5.1.9.1 of this text. - Third part of the rooms can be organized as interactive workshops led by professional educators and animators intended primarily for children and young people (and adults) on the theme of war and peace, fostering a culture of tolerance, multiculturalism and dialogue. After the workshop, participants can take a short quiz and at the same time get the award-winning discount to visit the observatory and the simulator that models rockets Herman Potočnik Norduunga set in Monte Zaro Park. The entire program is designed in such a way to avoid a mere retelling of the crime of a historical time, but with the intention of approaching the intimate experience of the atrocities of the earthquake that talk of marine accidents. Educational program at the end brings awareness of the need to educate especially children and young people about the importance of fostering a culture of peace and creating better foundations for the future. These stories and interpretations can be incorporated into the broader European and even world route "Migration of humanity" that interpret human testimony, travel, geographical, economic, social and cultural changes throughout history but a reflection on the present and the future. This route can be displayed and logged on to some of the programs of the EU funds, for example. Horizon 2020 CULT-COOP-06-2017 "Participatory approaches and social innovation, and culture" or on some of the cross-border programs, for example. Interreg VA IT-HR (Italy-Croatia). More about that in section 5.1.1. Potential partnerships. „A war can never end a war, and there is always loss of lives and destruction involved. Books are better investment in our future than bullets. Books, not bullets, will pave the path towards peace and prosperity. “ Malala Yousafzai

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Solution 3. – Park Monte Zaro Story: Herman Noordung (1892 - 1929), the European hero, visionary, scientist and engineer for space technology, was born in Pula. Exploring the limits of the universe, Noordung got a new sense of humanity and said; "Once we reach the very edge of the universe, we must not allow the military to occupy." ’29 As was already stated in the previous part of this study, an extremely important part of the story of the fortifications is also the visitor centre "Herman Noordung” which was renovated from the HERA Adriatic project funds and it presents a kind of homage to Herman Potočnik Noordung. Therefore, the Venetian Castle with the historical Austro Hungarian water reservoir, which has supplied the entire city with water, will also be included in the Austro- Hungarian fortifications cultural route. The life path of Herman Potocnik, who wrote under the pseudonym Noordung, is closely linked to the city of Pula and the Austro-Hungarian army. In fact, he was born in Pula, just because his father was an Austro-Hungarian officer stationed in Pula at the time of his birth. He remains without father at the age of only two years, but his life and education were affected a lot by his uncle (Major General in the Austro-Hungarian army) who sent him first to a military high school in the Czech Republic, and then to the technical military academy near Vienna where he acquired knowledge of construction of railways and bridges. This knowledge will be a great foundation for his later advanced theory of building space flying body. Nevertheless, before that, unfortunately, he finds World War I with the rank of lieutenant, and participates in the railway regiment, where he worked on "Sisyphus' work in construction and demolition lines, depending on the current strategy of war. Survives the war, but it makes him fall ill with tuberculosis and because of that will eventually die at the age of only 36 years. Impoverished and sick, he moves with her brother in Vienna and enrolls in electrical and mechanical engineering at the Technical University of Vienna, where he graduated in 1925. There he gains valuable friendships with similar enthusiasts and lovers of travel outer space. Leading the battle with poor health and time, he manages to publish a book "The problem of space travel” in 1928 and waits for its release just a few months before his death. These revolutionary and almost incredibly precise findings include calculations of the mass of fuel in relation to ground missiles, the proposal of liquid fuel from hydrogen and oxygen, calculations of the geostationary orbit, and in his book he describes the construction of the orbital space station that would be produced by the rotation of the impression of artificial gravity for astronauts, has its own solar power plant, the system of correcting the situation, etc. In addition, his work was the basis for many scientific achievements among other things, for the construction of the first spacecraft, and even today, some of his ideas are still just as topical in astronautics. He served as an inspiration to Arthur C Clarke to write "A Space Odyssey "and to Stanley Kubrick to shoot a movie. His amazing visionary talent is seen through the ever-present danger of neo-Nazism, and the warning of potential misuse of his ideas in the war apparatus (unfortunately, it did not help, because based on his ideas Werner von Braun developed the deadly rocket V-2, which Hitler used for the

„ Demilitarise! From Fortress to Forum“, Pula +2020 Bid book, City of Pula, Istria county/Grad Pula, Istarska županija, pg. 36, str. 36. The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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destruction of Europe) as his character and work provides yet another special, the human dimension. Solution / innovative product: Due to the Monte Zaro Park thoughtful placement of a point or so called epicentre to visit and experience the fortifications (the epicentre, multimedia visitor centre in the park Montezaro, part 7.1.), and an observatory already situated in the park, this space is ideal for the creation of yet another innovative touristic product and the revival of the figure and work of an important, and to the general public too little known scientist and pioneer of astronautics and space architecture - Herman Potočnik Noordung. The observatory is an ideal place for this proposed resolution, since it is built during AustroHungarian Empire for the needs of the Navy. Space observatory proposes the construction of a special simulator to simulate the launch of rockets and space travel. Through specially decorated interior, large screen, and 3D and 4D effects, created impression would be quite realistic and "astronautical" (see above Holmenkollen Oslo - ski jumping simulator, put a link). This unique experience would be preceded by a visit to the observatory where there was organized an interactive lecture about astronautics. Possible partnerships: - Historical and maritime museum of Istria (PPMI) - connect with visitor centres Herman Noordung recently opened in the Historical and maritime museum of Istria water tanks in the area (within the HERA project) and the possibility of creating a "mini space research tours" (PPMI-Observatorysimulator), and since it is in that space there is an exhibition on the theme of Austrian Pula, to connect with the wider story related to this historical period - Astronomical Association Vidulini - Number of activities undertaken in order to popularize space technology and the inclusion of Croatian society in the countries of the so-called. "Space club" - Astronomical Society Istria - Informants Postgravity art: a cosmic architecture of Dragan Živadinov, Dunja Zupancic and Miha Turšić who have built a postgravity art. In 1995, they have started a 50-year-old theatre missile NOORDUNG: 1995-2045. Živadinov is a founder of the cosmokinetic cabinet Noordung and is the first theatre director who has directed a theatre performance in weightlessness. They are potential partners in the EU cross-border projects. - Connecting with other European and international partners mentioned in Pula +2020 bid book like. NASA (Houston); European Space Agency (Paris); National Opera House (Wexford); NVA Public Art (Glasgow); Irish Chamber Orchestra (Limerick); Nigel Osborne (Edinburgh); El Sistema Croatia (Zagreb), Ministry of Defence, and many others.

Solution 4. – „Everyday life in the Austro-Hungarian military forts“ in one of the forts (e.g. Fort Turtian or Fort Ovine) The story: The proposed solution is inspired by the chapter "The naval barracks" from the book Mate Balota "Pula is full"30, and refers to the reconstruction of the life of Navy personnel and junior officers imagined in some of the most appropriate forts (e.g. Turtian or Ovine). It is a staging with actors dressed in Austrian uniforms that carry out their everyday tasks. Visitors can experience tense and stressful atmosphere that was present in those barracks:

Balota, M. „Puna je Pula“, Istra kroz stoljeća, Pula, Rijeka, 1981., The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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"Soldiers in the barracks were immediately introduced with a sharp formal discipline as an impenetrable wall, as soon as the eye was accustomed to cleanliness and order, light and airiness. Even if there were three thousand people who worked there, lived, fed and slept, the barracks were constantly dominated by the dead silence. The silence would be interrupted only by rare cars, which were entered in the back (east) entrance reserved for the transport of goods, bringing bread, meat, and wood for the kitchen, clothes or shoes. There were noises such as the opening of the door magazine in the yard, sounds of ax when chopping the meat and then there was a silence again. In the barracks, there were non-commissioned officers as much as the rest of the team, all of them were standing still in wide empty corridors, speechless, as automats, shadows in uniform. There was no stopping in the hallway, each of them trying to keep a low-key profile to remain unnoticed, trying to remain inconspicuous to anyone's eye. The barracks was a city for non-commissioned officers, fortress of non-commissioned military polished office profession. This profile included accountants and „profoze“. All members of the secretarial profession, of the tenth main troops were non-commissioned officers. That was the only profile and the only troop in the navy that consisted of all non-commissioned officers...Accountants were the key element of the discipline. They kept in their hands regulations and have interpreted them, making payments, shared rewards, supervised the kitchen and magazines, were commanders of the guard, everywhere, on land and at sea as they denounced, delivered, giving the orders for imprisoning and for keeping a prison... .On the job, in the boiler room and engine room, cooperation was created and solidarity have increased among workers, greasers and machinists and promotion was done by the results of the professional work. It was with artillery, torpedoes, mines and kitchen. A good cook have quickly progressed in the profession independently of their military capabilities and school diploma. It was different with professionalism non-commissioned officer profession ..., they were mixed in all, which were all afraid and who were afraid of each other. They were watching the actions and words of the people and even when they were not in service. Marine barracks was full of non-commissioned officers/accountants. They were sitting in all of their offices, warehouses, main companies, in the gatehouse, and - naturally - in the barracks prison, on the south side of the ground floor, which always had at least twenty or thirty prisoners. Because of them in the barracks was so quiet and people turned into shadows... Main was oberštabsprofoz Stjepan Ozegovic Noble Barlabaševac, the Knight of the Silver Cross of Merit with a crown, military symbol and a bronze medal, which was imposing such a terror among sailors in his 59th year of age, he was still in a full force. Convicts spoke to him two things: the first was that he could with the punch to the head or back of the head of convicts throw them from the top of the stairs of the prison... Other German titles of these senior non-commissioned officers were mentioned in full only in the official communication. Otherwise, they were "oberštabs", "Štubbs" and "Unters". All these three types of senior sergeants no longer wore sailor's uniform, but uniform, which was the cut, looked like an officer. Junior officers wore sailor's uniform. The sergeant had three white stars on a blue collar and a crown above the sleeve blouses: an administrator had the two crossed swords, machine profile a screw; steering, a steering wheel, kitchen two crossed axes. Sub-sergeant wore two stars on the collar and a crown on his sleeve, and Corporal Star label and sleeve profession, but without a crown. Stars were for these non-commissioned officers sewn in the two bottom corners of the bluecollar, hanging on his shoulders, so that the star was on their back. In order to be promoted to the lowest group of senior non-commissioned officers, had to serve several years, at least three, and four, five or eight over an obligatory period of four years. "Štabs" have had from ten to twenty years of service, and "oberštabs" 29, 35 and 40 years of service. Non-commissioned officers, who were going to improve, were promoted to pros ... Derogatory term "Bižo“, one that would sell for a bowl of dry peas...

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I got the first schedule in the registry office of the Corp, in the second floor of the north wing of the building. I was one of four or five studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; non-combatants, which the Navy have acknowledged as those pupils with yellow markings on the sleeves - which were normally recognized only to students of mechanical, and secondary schools and maritime-commercial academy, the profession of mechanical and steering. Therefore, we did not wear anything, but we were protected from the harsh jobs and coarser officers' bullies. I had six years of high school and the first time on the new business was not bad. In the room where I was working, there were five of us, three noncommissioned officers were the Czechs, the two of us new scribes. Czechs were real Czechs, but also with us and among themselves speak German. Two of them were professionals. Sergeant (three stars, or navy suit) Kahoun, somewhere from Prague, smallish, quiet, well-mannered, almost fair to say, was the oldest in the room, and he has distributed the work. The other was a sergeant Havlicek, from Brno, formerly merchant assistant, tall, blond, gangly, with large yellow eyebrows, dissatisfied, biting and mean. After the yellow faces reasoning alone, he had to get over malaria. He was famished. Just in the summer 1917 food and the navy deteriorated sharply. Meal bread fell to 20 grams, but remained still quite a big meal cooked meat at noon. The third, Corporal, was withdrawn and quiet. I did not remember the name. Work consisted in copying stem leaves sailors. According to the old original birth certificate rules, we have new copies. ... In the morning, at 7 o'clock we received any specific number of stem leaves, which we had until noon rewrite. In the afternoon at one o'clock repeated the same. The tables were also set up and screened by high barriers for the records to them, that we did not see what anyone does. For hours, the room was quiet and just squeaked pen on paper ...â&#x20AC;? Solution: Throughout this journey in the Austro-Hungarian military discipline and a common day in the naval barracks, visitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; guide profoz "(jailer or supervisor military prison) that visitors are paying as new recruited soldiers, is explaining the strict rules of behaviour and complex hierarchical system within the military; who needs respect, jobs that need to be performed and other duties that are expected of them. In doing so, he takes them on a tour through the different parts of the barracks, from the office, office prison, the magazine, and all the way to the kitchen where the tour ends. At the end of the tour, visitors can visit the restaurant decorated in Austro-Hungarian style, and are served by staff also dressed in naval uniforms from that time. Menu includes dishes ranging from simple dishes like cod that was served the lower naval personnel to the luxury foods intended for high-ranking officers, but it is also possible to try Baron Gautsch menu with original dishes that are served to the board and so on. Emphasis is put on food and excellent restaurant offer of traditional specialties and wines characteristic for Istria. The specificity of this restaurant is not only in the Austro-Hungarian regulation, but also that it is an inclusive restaurant that employs disabled people qualified to work in the hospitality industry, and thus by visiting, guests give their contributions to the greater inclusion of marginalized groups into the labour market. In addition, a special part of this offer applies to children for whom is arranged a special play area and a dining room that resembles a ship's interior. In addition, children can choose different menus whose names evoke the Austro-Hungarian history, so there is a menu called Kaiser Franz, Admiral Tegetthoff and the like. The goal of this unique walks in the naval barracks is to bring visitor closer to the spirit of an era and a way of life of military personnel, but also to tell a story and one historical moment. It is the time of World War I - Austro-Hungarian Empire lost the war, and this cross-section of life in the barracks The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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refers indirectly to many problems, which were ultimately the cause of the collapse of the monarchy. On one hand, it is the awakening of national consciousness and the desire for independence of many nations and nationalities that made up the Austro Hungarian Empire, including its army, which was forced to smother a strict discipline and punishment. Huge Navy that was supposed to be a demonstration of the power of the monarchy does not justify its purpose; most of the war, it is underutilized, but inside it is growing discontent among other things due to lack of food and hunger ... On the other hand, it puts the emphasis on the cuisine as a form of a different perspective, showing how richness and diversity were influenced by history, and with the visit to the restaurant, visitors are able to contribute to the achievement of positive social impact in terms of promoting employment of marginalized groups or even to encourage people with disabilities to self-open restaurant or another restaurant, catering services and the like.

Solution 5 - Casoni Vecchi, Incubator for alternative music Story: Due to the established Casoni Vecchi, during the last fifteen years this space fortress is being used by a caring group of volunteers gathered in the Association for revival and protection of "Casoni Vecchi,â&#x20AC;? for the association's activities and workshops with the aim of creating a multicultural, multi-purpose space "Knowledge Fort" and it gathers a significant number of interested citizens, young people and volunteers. In this regard, they have already created some interesting programs, and one of them is certainly the musical incubator dedicated to the promotion and support of young bands as well as many workshops (sports, carpentry, web room and reading room). For this purpose, space is equipped with a music studio, and holds Nova Garda Fest and other concerts as a form of promotion of undiscovered young musicians. This interesting project can certainly be used in terms of tourism, but its visibility should be increased and enriched with additional amenities. Solution: In accordance with the vision of the association and its members, in Section 7.1. It is proposed to revitalize this fort as an "Incubator for the alternative music Pula". In this respect, proposed is the organization of summer schools for young musicians who would be able to pass a series of workshops by renowned local and foreign music producers and musicians. Upon completion of the program, participants will present their work to the audience on a unique event which will gather along young and unknown bands accompanied by renowned names of the music scene, and ending in a way that the jury with the help of the audience will choose a few of the most successful young artists / bands and reward them with free album recording, promotion and production. In addition to these musical events, it will be possible to attend workshops on sculpturing, ceramics, painting, cartoon making, comics, creative writing, dancing and movement, singing, etc., That will attract a larger number of artists and art lovers. In addition to this central event, all year, a round fort will offer a number of programs, workshops and training to contribute to the mission of creating a fortress of knowledge and culture, increasing the visits of tourists, but also influencing the inclusion of the local community and the achievement of sustainability. Following the example of Przystanek Woodstock and similar events, this solution is primarily intended for young urban population, visitors of the festival, but also for all lovers of rock, punk and alternative music genres, as well as other musical and artistic directions.

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Solution 6. - Štinjan forts as a sport-recreational zone Story: This location has been identified by the project Adrifort as sports and recreational zone, where location cleaning is performed in terms of physical attractor’s accessibility, current situation established and has offered the project intervention to determine the Monte Grosso. Within a part of this study that offers innovative spatial solutions (part 7.1), as a continuation of the partly realized Adrifort project and recognizing the potential of Stinjan as a micro-location, starting points were obtained according to which, a fortress of Monte Grosso is interpreted as an experiential centre for extreme sports. Solution: It is suggested that this fort, together with the other forts within the Štinjan fort zone becomes point for various forms of adventure sports such as: -department of experiential centre of extreme water sports videos in the battery Valmaggiore, - catering facilities of fort Munida -road for off road skateing and / or mountain biking -road for the hill run (trail and trekk) -other activities designed for lovers of these sports Solutions: Sports and recreational and other activities that might fit with other European routes similar themes are proposed as potential contents: - Štinjan fortress bike or on foot route that would connect all five forts, with the follow-up track on the second and third ring. These tracks require improved marking and constant maintenance and better information points and maps. - A two-day or multi-day international trail / track race "Tour de Forts Run and Trekk" encompassing most of the forts of Pula, hosting running lovers from around the world. - International cycling race "Tour de Forts Bike" which would encompass most of the forts of Pula and hosted road and mountain biking lovers from around the world. This race could be held at the same time as the trail / trekk race or separately. - Alternative triathlon - the race that apart from cycling, swimming and / or running with in its composition hosts other alternative sports such as rock climbing, kayaking and other sports. - Outdoor festivals that would connect to the music festivals such as "Seasplash" or "Outlook" in order to create added dimension besides music, and includes contents with adventurous character in the style of X Games events (http://xgames.espn.com/xgames/). These festivals would attract young people from around the world, as well as distributors of sports, media and others. Participants at these festivals would have an opportunity to participate in various competitions, but also try out the demo equipment for next season. More about the route in section 6. - European and trans-national route.

5.1.9. Development of multimedia 5.1.9.1. Digital solutions for the regional Austro-Hungarian route Since most of the fortifications in the Pula fortification system are still not revitalized and adopted for different in-situ events, the most optimal solutions are those related to digital interpretation, The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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taking in consideration risks that are involved with it, explained in the section above (financial risks, fast technological advancement and thus rapid obsolesce, digital technology taking over the story and historical elements etc.). Project’s tourist service is created from the location and is consumed in the place and movement. It is therefore recommended to focus on digital content mobility with these characteristics: • Information for visitors arriving at the location (once they are at the location of Pula or Istria). Since Monte Zarro park is designed as the epicentre of regional routes, information will be available at this location (spatial innovation, part 7.1.) • Information on the location (info panels, smart / interactive whiteboards in case of revitalization of buildings and sites) • Augmented Reality at the site with information and gamification Gamification is an element, which will: • Turn location's passivity into an interesting and interactive story told by using storytelling method (for example global blockbuster based on augmented reality, Pokeman GO) • Visitors will engage and connect within a community that will participate in the "games" of collecting, tagging and sharing features. • Visitors can thus collect "points" which can be used at other locations in the city of Pula and other European locations. In this way, route points are linked and visitors networked into a regional and European route.

Solution 7. Interactive map and application Virtual view of the city spread through the years showcased in one of the interactive maps selection of Pula to become the main port of the Austro-Hungarian had a decisive effect on the city development and expansion: the population has increased from just a few thousand to nearly 60,000, the city was rapidly being built and inhabited, arsenal, forts, barracks, observatory were built, etc. Many crafts, workshops and factories that were directly or indirectly linked to the army and navy were opened. Villas for naval officers, naval cemetery, and plumbing and other residential, utility and transport infrastructure were built. Even Pula's neighbourhood was developing rapidly, so today's TDR factory in Rovinj was built for the Navy and so on. The aim of the virtual display is to show the accelerated development of Pula in decades between 1853 and 1918, and visualize the enormous impact that the Austro Hungarian Empire had in Pula, forming its present appearance and character. • The application for smartphones Before the visit to fortifications, it is possible to download the official application called + Pula forts, so visitors can get informed about the fortifications and their offer in a timely manner. The application can be downloaded during the visit to some of the forts. It includes audio content that helps to view fortification, photography sites with tourist information and all other information required to plan visits such as the availability of a fortress, working hours etc. There will be also a children's version of the application with more simplified information and games. • Interactive map Digital map is located on the official website of the fort. While viewing the interactive map, visitors and potential visitors can gain insight into the physical planning fortifications, and by clicking on the individual parts of the fort and the surrounding area get basic information about them.

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Solution 8. „Mysteries of the Austro-Hungarian Fortifications" The game consists of a first-person journey through an interactive world around the fortifications. The player moves by clicking on locations shown on the screen. Players can interact with specific objects on some screens by clicking or dragging them. Important items are “picked up” and “carried” by the player and read, including journal pages which provide back-story. To complete the game, the player must explore the fortifications. There the player discovers and follows clues that provide links between the fortifications and their eras, each of which is a selfcontained mini-world. Each of the locations requires the user to solve a series of logical, interrelated puzzles to complete its exploration. Objects and information discovered in one location may be required to solve puzzles from another, or to complete the game's primary puzzle. For example, in order to activate a “prize”, players must first find a clue, and then use the information found within to decode a puzzle. Apart from its predominantly nonverbal storytelling, game play is unique among adventuring games in several ways. The player is provided with only basic back-story at the beginning of the game, and no obvious goals or objectives are laid out. This means that players must simply begin to explore. There are no obvious enemies, no physical violence, and no threat of "dying" at any point, although it is possible to reach a few "losing" endings (e.g. failure to complete the main puzzle). There is no time limit to complete the game. The game unfolds at its own pace and is solved through a combination of patience, exploration, observation, and logical thinking. The game play consists of a first-person journey through an interactive world. The player interacts with locations shown on the screen by finding “digital images” (clues/artifacts) that appear when the device is pointed in their direction and then clicking on those images. The scene then fades into another frame with historical information that is weaved into the game play and acts as clues to discover additional tasks, and locations relevant to both the overall and smaller puzzles. Players can interact with specific objects on some screens by clicking or dragging them. To assist in rapidly crossing areas already explored, there is an optional "review" feature. This provides a rapid method of review and helps players not to miss important items and clues. Plot Players assume the role of an unnamed adventurer, who stumbles across an unusual “book” titled "Mysteries of the Pula Fortifications". The Player reads the “book” and discovers a detailed description of the Fortifications, but it is missing vital information (pages). After reading the last page, the player is whisked away to the world described (exact location is dependent on the players exact GPS location), and is left with no choice but to explore the fortifications. As the player continues to explore the fortifications, clues linking to the overall puzzle are discovered hidden behind mini puzzles. The player must visit each fortification and find all the clues hidden there. These clues can be placed in the “book”. As the player adds more clues to the book, the missing information begins to reveal the overall puzzle. examples: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e-8CFun3nEw („Myst“, great puzzles and interaction with the environment). https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/realmyst/id524988885?mt=8 other examples of top VR and AR games that could be adjusted for this market: http://www.marxentlabs.com/top-5-augmented-reality-games-2014/

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Solution 9. - Exploration of sunken ship SS Baron Gautsch (virtual game) An adventure game played from a first-person perspective. The game takes place from the time it leaves the port of Veli LoĹĄinj headed for Trieste up to its sinking in the minefield near Pula. It has a point-and-tap interface in which players roam a fully rendered model of the SS Baron Gautsch. The game's control scheme is composed of a displayed compass, whose arrow keys control the player's movements, and a tap function, with which the player can interact with objects, characters, select dialogue and options from the interface; these include a function which brings the player to the options menu, an inventory bag and a timer that indicates the game's progression. The puzzles in Titanic rely on collecting and using certain items to advance the story. Dialogue is also a significant aspect of the game. Characters are programmed to remember the player's actions and react accordingly, and thus the choice of dialogue options deeply influences the story's outcome as to what items the player can acquire or the tasks she or he is able to complete. As a result, the game can have multiple distinct endings, not all of which present success in the mission. Time is another important aspect of the game. The story does not occur in real time, with time progressing only if certain tasks and puzzles are completed, as indicated by the aforementioned pocket watch; however, as soon as the player reaches the point in which the ship starts sinking, the game progresses in real time, and the player is thus given a time limit to complete the game. As mentioned above, there are multiple endings for the game's completion, some of which result in death. In addition to the main story, the game also includes a "ship's tour" game mode, which features characters in the game narrating certain aspects of the ship, its crew and passengers, and the sinking. These characters can be found in different locations in the ship. Plot Players assume the role of a secret agent who is on a mission aboard the SS Baron Gautsch. On August 13, 1914. The playersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; first mission is to locate and retrieve a copy of Austro-Hungarian troop movements, suspected of being in the possession of a high-ranking officer, who is travelling to Trieste to meet with his commanders. It is revealed that the Officer has made a deal with another officer to exchange the troop plans to opposition elements. The next mission is to discover who the second officer is before the ship sinks. The player can also become involved in optional subplots that do not pertain to the central mission or the winning conditions of the game. A subplot could involve retrieving a business document, or help a child on the boat navigate their way to their parents. The number of objects the player obtains before escaping the ship affects the ending and how history plays out. If the player manages to successfully obtain all four objects, history is altered with sinking never occurring.

5.1.9.2.

Multidisciplinary approach to research and development

Solution 10. As an example of a multidisciplinary approach to research and development and application of social innovation in the field of cultural tourism, here is provided an innovative model called Cultour Fort, designed by three partner organizations, the Social Innovation Lab (Zagreb), Croatian Society of

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Cultural Tourism (Crocultour, Osijek); Centre for Creative Development (SLAP, Osijek) and includes potential partners at Pula's fortifications. CulTourFort is an innovative model of urban cultural tourism development that strives to integrate research and development approaches into a sustainable business model. It is based on the development (not only triple but also quadruple helix) partnership, shared responsibility, and optimal use of resources of the community and stakeholders involved. This model can be adapted for Pula's fortifications and integrate and physically in one of the forts of Pula (e.g. Casoni Vecchi which is a long-term goal of creating a "knowledge Works"). Goal of the model is: -to improve cities ‘innovation’ capacities for policy development and implementation -to improve year round tourism (in and off season) -to create added value – new tourist products and offerings (European, not just local/regional) -to revive this historical part of Pula, engage local neighbourhood and different stakeholders -help in creating the „Pula Austro-Hungarian fortifications” brand 4complementary elements: It is consisting of four complementary components: 1. Centre for knowledge and Social Innovation (in the one of the forts, e.g. Casoni Vecchi): -implements and supports scientific and social research and policy analysis with a special focus on topics related to urban revitalization, culture, creative industries and sustainable tourism -creates a network of social innovators - connecting researchers with practitioners, entrepreneurs with leaders of social development that tackle specific problems and development opportunities in finding practical solutions in the field of culture and sustainable tourism through an integrated, multi-sectored approach -initiates and implements creative labs in which these solutions are tested through demonstration projects and initiatives in order to create a new integrated cultural tourism and creative products -connects existing and encourages the development / gathering of new cultural and artistic associations 2. Centre for Urban Culture and Creativity -Artists and NGOs together create diverse cultural products for tourist market -Promotion of young artists -Meeting point for cultural and artistic associations (events, workshops, incubator for musicians etc...) 3. Cluster for Social Entrepreneurship Development -regional resource centre for development of social entrepreneurship = integrated system of support business advisory services, mentoring, marketing assistance, business networking; facilitates access to a various financial instruments -a business model that ensures the viability of cultural and tourist activities 4. Center for Marketing & Sales (product and service placement) -provides visibility and sales of products and services - sustainability -education in marketing and sales -service enterprises organized as social entrepreneurships, and part of their revenue is ensured for functioning of the centre; in return they receive necessary infrastructure and support of the city local businessmen involved The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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-Creating the Pula fortifications brand

5.1.10. Modern cultural and artistic practice It is estimated that cultural tourism accounts for 40% of European tourism; 4 of 10 tourists choose their destination based on its cultural offerings. Innovative proposals for regional Austro-Hungarian route administration has sought to move away from conventional products and routes, and to propose innovative solutions in a range of spatial and infrastructure improvements to the new cultural facilities and services that include digital or other types of interpretation of cultural heritage. The tourism product is a set of available goods, services and amenities that are tourists in a particular area and at a particular time can be used to meet their needs. All products and services that tourists buy can be divided into three groups: the first group consists of products intended for the consumer market, but is bought by tourists (health, transport services ...); the second consists of products and services that are somewhat customized for sale mostly for tourists (products for beach, beauty products, sporting equipment rental services, programs for cultural institutions ...), and the third group consists of products and services intended primarily or exclusively for tourists (tourist agency services, vocational souvenirs ...). The cultural product is diverse and covers a range of historical sites and museums to events. Cultural products consist of basic products that have added value. The basic or fundamental cultural product of each destination is cultural heritage, while an additional value is seen in the way of life in the area, creative industries etc. The EU promotes a balanced and integrated approach between the needs to boost growth on one side, and the preservation of artifacts, historical sites, and local traditions on the other. Europe is a key cultural tourism destination thanks to an incomparable cultural heritage that includes museums,

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theatres, archaeological sites, historical cities, industrial sites as well as music and gastronomy. For this reason, the EU recognises the importance of culture as part of the European tourism experience and as an element that can enhance the profile of Europe as a global destination. European cultural routes are one of the tourist products that combine different types of tourism into a holistic and well-balanced experience. In any process of developing or upgrading a cultural tourism product it is important to involve different stakeholders, from experts in cultural heritage to tourist agencies, business sector and most important, local community but also current and potential tourists and visitors. There are many ways to include stakeholders – through surveys/online survey; focus groups; interviews or round tables, as well as interactive workshops and creative labs. In this process, what is important is to shift paradigms from the two-dimensional (time and place) to holistic – an integrated approach that includes all of the above levels: motivation, physical, intellectual, emotional and mental. The main impact of the holistic approach to destination development reflects primarily in the fact that the community is involved into all facets of development. The location turns into a destination one entity, and is not a mere sum of separate attractions and businesses. The functions of the location are harmonized with the needs of the tourists. It is essential that the community live a vibrant life. Involving the tourists in the life of the destination decreases, the negative impact tourism might have. In the case of the regional Austro-Hungarian route, the holistic approach is visible in terms of different innovative products that combine different tourist products and elements such as e.g. gastro-eno and outdoor with cultural events; inclusion of people with disabilities, digital interpretation of different stories etc. 5.1.11. Cultural and economic networking 5.1.11.1. Sustainability of culture Cultural heritage can have an important economic impact , as an integral part of the cultural and creative sector , as it represents an important factor of strengthening local and regional development, in particular through cultural tourism ; supporting sustainable rural and urban development, as shown by numerous experiences dividing it EU regions and cities ( e.g. the region of Tuscany in Italy , Valley castles along the river Loire in France , etc. ) and encourages diversified jobs , the revaluation traditional crafts and trades to innovative modes . It is important to emphasise that in today's challenging world, culture is also facing many obstacles in terms of achieving sustainability. What is needed is the sustainability revolution31. The first step is to shift in our way of thinking or to think out of the box. According to the CAE, „all cultural institutions are required to co-operate to the realization of a change towards sustainability, building new knowledge, awareness, responsibility and new ways of thinking. New experiences and new relationships are required to confront ourselves and experiment new paths for change“. They also emphasise that „the link among culture, social life, economy and ethic requires a change of model of thinking and strategies of dialogue and communication able to tackle knowledge and problems in a

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systemic, complex, transversal, interdisciplinary way“32. They also promote new models for sustainability to bring this change. One possible model is that of the shared economy, because we live in a world of fast-growing, multilayered, highly interactive, real-time connections among people. „The shared economy is a sustainable economic system built around the sharing of human and physical assets: it includes the shared creation, production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services by different people and organisations“33. 5.1.11.2. Cultural and Economic Networks There are also many cultural and economic networks targeting cultural tourist routes and innovative products. One such network is a well-known UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) that was created in 2004 to promote cooperation with and among cities that have identified creativity as a strategic factor for sustainable urban development. The 116 cities, which currently make up this network work together towards a common objective: placing creativity and cultural industries at the heart of their development plans at the local level and cooperating actively at the international level34. To become a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network, candidate cities must submit an application that demonstrates their willingness, commitment and capacity to contribute to the objectives of the Network. The Network covers 7 creative fields (literature, design, music, crafts and folk art, gastronomy, film, media arts), which can be chosen by the cities according to their preference for a specific creative industry sector. UNESCO Creative Cities are key partners to UNESCO for the implementation of the post-2015 development agenda regarding urban sustainable development. There are currently 12 cities of music (Adelaide, Bologna, Brazzaville, Ghent, Hanover, Idanha-a-Nova, Katowice, Kingston, Liverpool, Mannheim, Salvador, Seville, and Tongyeong). That promotes cultural diversity and the potential of music to strengthen social cohesion and intercultural dialogue. To join a network, cities must present a realistic action plan including specific projects, initiatives or policies to be executed in the next four years to implement the objectives of the Network. The forthcoming call for applications of the Network will be launched in 2017. The City of Pula could apply to the Network as a „City of alternative music and innovations (or multimedia?)“ and integrate some of the cultural activities with the system of Austro-Hungarian forts through festivals, music workshops, combination of outdoor and cultural activities etc. For example, one of the proposed routes „Sounds of music“includes some of the „alternative and multimedia“music festivals and its connection to other cities in Europe. This could be also one way to connect different cities through an integration of Austro-Hungarian forts and different styles of music, but most of all to brand the City of Pula as a creative city of alternative music and urban/underground culture in combination with multimedia and innovations in culture. This type of networking does not necessarily bring the financial benefits. However it s a prestigious brand that enables cities within the network to cooperate and promote intercultural cooperation and partnerships. Indirectly that brings more visibility and visitors to the City and thus more financial benefits. Other networks are the following:

ibid ibid 34 http://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/ 33

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Culture Action Europe - a European network of membership organisations, cultural organisations and individuals dedicated to promote culture as a necessary condition for sustainable development both at a local and European scale. AMATEO is a European Network for Active Participation in Cultural Activities - a network of culture organisations throughout Europe. European Network of Cultural Centres-Historic Monuments (ACCR) evolves European, national and local cultural policies, economic developments and strategic positions in Europe and the rest of the world. The ACCR is engaged in a process of redefining the values, which will revitalise its communications (incorporating advances in participation) in the coordination of services and resource sharing amongst members. ECCOM - European Centre for Cultural Organisation and Management has been working since 1995 in the field of cultural management with the aim of promoting an interdisciplinary approach to cultural organisations. European Network of Cultural Centres (ENCC) represents a large range of local cultural institutes, in rural, urban and metropolitan areas and supporting networking between cultural centres on all levels and builds bridges between cultural workers. The Network of European Museum Organisations (NEMO) was founded in 1992 as an independent network of national museum organisations representing the museum community of the member states of the Council of Europe. ENCATC is the European network of more than 100 member institutions in over 40 countries on cultural management and policy. It is active in education, training and research within the broad field of cultural management and policy. 5.1.11.3. Management and sustainability of the Pula fortifications In terms of the Management and sustainability there are some documentations developed through the Adrifort and HERA Adriatic projects (primarily for the Kaštel, which was partially revitalized through HERA Adriatic). Through Adrifort, there was some documentation prepared: Sustainability plan for the system of fortifications and the Feasibility study for the Štinjan forts. However, there is still no strategic/action plan, management plan and marketing plan, as well as Cost benefit analysis for the individual forts or the system as a whole. The proposal is to develop a clear management and marketing plan for the entire system of fortifications with individual feasibility studies/Cost benefit analysis for those forts that are easier to revitalize (those that are in the ownership of the City or could be developed through a private-public partnerships) and for those that already have some project documentation prepared. The Management plan would indicate options and steps in that regards. Through the HERA Adriatic project partners have developed several key documents, which provided a basis for the valorisation of cultural heritage, assessment of the locality and a state of the route, and a possibility for the upgrade of the route from local to regional, as well as an assessment of different infrastructure and other possibilities:  Guidelines for standard specifications and Guidelines for the development of Visitor centres with the quality mark HERA;  Standard Specifications for capacity building and  Standard Specifications for cultural heritage

There are several potential management models: 1. Business model - a profitable model for establishing a corporation. A company may be established as a limited liability company or a joint stock company. The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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4. A guarantee model - public model according to which an owner (a public body) of the locality establishes an institution or a public company with a limited autonomous management. 5. Contracting model - a public - private model that requires entrusting certain activities to third parties in order to maximize the social impact of public services, taking into account the economic and budgetary equilibrium. In this case, interested parties could establish an Agency or an association with an involvement of all the parties.

6. Description of the route in the broader European and transnational context 6.1. Definition of the cultural route

Cultural routes must function as a cultural tourism product with all necessary production characteristics, offering adequate facilities, information and premises catering and accommodation services. In order for the visitor to gain a unique experience, each cultural route needs to have a variety of services and products, related to entertainment, lodging, gastro experience, local traditions, history, culture etc. Facilities on the route must be open and custom visitors physically and interpretative. Conditions of admission fees and the total available services, as well as administrative and legal management of the route necessitate management by route governing bodies responsible for the technical management35. In international and European context, the route is competitive, distinctive and specific just for its theme. Offer diverse topics at the European level is extremely high and therefore selection of topics for major cultural route of Europe defined the basic criteria of the Council of Europe to the Resolutions CM / Res (2010) 52 and CM / Res (2010) 538th. Cultural routes interpret the history of the area in which it develops; it is competitive and recognizable by its common theme. It is a physically tangible part of the space defined by the inventory of tangible and intangible, cultural and historical elements linked thematically, conceptually or by the definition and identification of the location of existing cultural assets related to dotted, linear or regional structures; that within the context of a single form, marked routes and interpretation of continuous whole. Cultural routes is a part of the cultural itinerary, which Jelincic defined as the route that passes through one or two countries or regions, and is organized on the theme of which is historical, artistic or social interest in getting to know tradition and heritage of each region36. 6.1.1. European cultural routes â&#x20AC;&#x153;European Cultural Routesâ&#x20AC;? are transnational routes that help tourists discover how Europeans have lived since ancient times. The concept was launched by the Council of Europe in 1987. The European Commission actively cooperates with the Council of Europe, the European Travel Commission, the UN World Tourism Organisation, and other international partners to contribute to the development of European Cultural Routes37.

ibid

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Recently, UNESCO and the European Commission have launched a project to develop cultural routes that would benefit from the power of World Heritage sites to attract tourists to promote other cultural assets such as museums and festivals, for example, along selected European itineraries. The first Heritage Routes will be offered to travellers by late 2017. The project foresees that visitors to UNESCO World Heritage sites will be able to use consumer-friendly platforms and mobile applications to get maps and information concerning cultural places and, where appropriate, visits to intangible cultural heritage events that they can include in their trip38. Proposed solutions offered in the following sections could be further developed and applied to the Council of Europe and/or UNESCO and EC cultural routes. It will be also applied for the HERA Trademark once the HERA Association is established and operational. 6.2. Proposed European routes based on Austro-Hungarian heritage Building on the research findings from the above-proposed activities, and using the HERA Standard specifications for cultural tourism route development, this study has presented other similar routes, found a common theme and proposed interventions on the regional Austro Hungarian route. This will serve as a basis for the further inclusion of this route into the European and transnational routes. 6.2.1. Route military tunnels of Europe Underground tunnels were built within fortifications across the Europe, and had multiple purposes; from smooth delivery of arms to providing shelter to the military and civilians. Each of these underground facilities has its own specific historical story related to the construction knowledge of that time, tremendous effort required for their construction and is a witness of a historic time and ravages of war. This is why they attract more and more attention of visitors all over Europe, which makes it possible to link them into a single route. In this regard, it would be interesting to connect following destinations with Pula and use the stories of underground tunnels in their itinerary. Sites that could be linked with Pula are as follows:  Strada delle 52 Gallerie – the road with 52 tunnels, which was built during II World War through the massive Pasubio in Italy that was used for delivering the arms to Italian troops and for protection from the Austro-Hungarian, attacks. It is estimated that more than 18,000 people were killed fighting in this bare mountain. More than 600 Italian stonemasons were engaged to build this tunnel. The entire military route is 6.2 kilometres long and is imbued with a network of tunnels, of which the longest stretches to 318 meters. Tunnel No.20 is very impressive because due to its high altitude has a spiral shape. To visit the tunnels it is necessary to be in good condition, to have sturdy shoes and batteries / lamps.  Ostwall (Poland) – is a huge system of bunkers connected by underground tunnels, which Germany built between 1930 and 1943. It is located 120 km east of Berlin and at the time was an integral part of Germany. The tunnels and corridors lengths are up to 100 km, and some are located at a depth of 70 m. On the surface, there are long lines of anti-tank "dragon's teeth", but under the surface, there is a power station, a hospital, arms factory, barracks and underground rail. The guided tour for visitors is organized and can be booked at the museum in Pniewo. A shorter guided tour is offered for 14 zl, longer for 18 zl, and a tourist guide is paid 75 zl for the short tour or 85 zl for the long one. 38

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 The system of tunnels between the fortress Josefov and Tereza in the Czech Republic conects two fortifications which include the so-called galleries for listening and detonating. Since the Habsburg Monarchy built the tunnels as a form of communication between the fortresses, they were often under attack by mining or undermaning. There was even a special unit, which was in charge for listening to the suspicious sounds so that could detect an enemy "mole"... The visit is possible with the use of special lanterns. Individual ticket is CZK 120, family ticket is CZK 360, and there are games for children and / or adults being organized as well as special tours for students.  Kazamati Wenzelov itineraries (Luxembourg) are under the protection of UNESCO, and these are the tunnels that form the defence network along with fortresses and other buildings. By today, 17 km of tunnels are preserved and they have once been used for shops, bakeries, shelters for soldiers during the wars and so on. This interesting mystic guided tour cost 15 euro per person.  The tunnels beneath the castle Ksiaz in Poland - built in 1941 by the Nazis and were used for manufacture of weapons for the German Reich. The tunnel is connected with the secret project Reise: which is a complex of seven underground tunnels beneath Sovlje mountains. The whole complex is unfinished and was built by many prisoners from notorious Nazi camps. Many of them left their lives there.  Tunnel beneath the Fenestrelle fortress in Italy -530 meters long with 4,000 stairs, also called as the longest staircase in Europe. It is located below a huge wall that surrounds the fort and connects three smaller forts of San Carlo, Tre Denti and Delle Valli.

6.2.2. Route of fun and games on the fortifications Zerostrasse, or other cultural tourism products related to the Pula's fortifications offer the possibility of interpretation through different games in a fun way. They contribute to learning about the history and provide unique tourist experience. Some examples of these games were given in the earlier sections (solutions 10 and 11). In this sense, they could be linked in the European context and trough different itineraries. Some of the possible destinations and partnerships are the following: 

Hohenwerfen castle - is located in Austria near Salzburg, and offers a unique introduction to the life and history of the medieval time through the revitalization and interpretation of tournaments, fencing, juggling and crafts. In addition, it is possible to see and experience the stunning staging of mystical fairy tales. A special attraction is the daily show with falcons. Long tradition of falconry has been used in creation of a special show where falcons play a major role, and together with trained coaches perform wellcoordinated tricks above the cliffs. Fun hunting with falcons for children is also being organized. Ticket prices range from 12 to 15.50 Euros (depending on whether the card is purchased online or at the castle) for adults or 30, 50 and 36, 50 Euros for a family ticket. The target audience is primarily children and families.

 Fortress Königstein - in Germany near Dresden, is one of the fascinating mountain fortresses. It offers a specially designed program of entertainment for children, and includes an adventure game in which the grumpy captain cannot find the keys to the castle, and a funny thief fleeing together with children leads them on an expedition at the castle immersed in the mystical and magical atmosphere. Besides that, there are guided tours where the main guide of the castle tells amusing stories about the life of soldiers in the past. For special events such as children's birthday parties, they offer a The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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special game called "Great fort for small explorers". Ticket prices vary in season (summer) from 10 Euros for adults and children over 6 years, to 25 Euros for the family, while off-season tickets are around 10% cheaper. The offer is rich with special events such as festivals, exhibitions, concerts and more and they are charged additionally (tickets for adults for the festival are around 17 Euros, etc.). The target audience is primarily children and families.  Forte di Bard - fortified complex built on the mountainous region of the northwestern Italy that attracts special attention of tourists by its multimedia and interactive museum of Alps. It is about the story, which through space and time gives the visitors the sensory experience of travelling and exploring the world of Alps. The Museum of Alps is located on the first floor of the main part of the building and is connected with the building with futuristic outer glass lifts from which you can have a beautiful view on the medieval village of Bard. 29 rooms of the museum are divided into four parts, and are designed in a way to lead the visitors to the Alps through the eyes of a naturalist, geographer, anthropologist and meteorologists, describing what means to climb on Mont Blanc to 4800 meters. Through a well-developed narrative performance, this tour gives the visitors a unique experience. Ticket prices range from 8 Euros for adults and 4 Euros for children, and special events such as concerts, exhibitions (Marc Chagall), and other events are extra charged usually at higher prices. The target audience are families with children and young people.  Fortress Marienberg in Germany offers a unique blend of entertainment, culinary and oenological experience. It is about the so-called "Evenings with the mysterious murder" (murder mystery dinner) where visitors are invited to dinner to the Abbot Magnus, but that evening at the Abbey „mysterious murder” happens. Guests are participants in the case of detection of killers, and the whole event is accompanied by a rich dinner in several courses. The magnificent castle with the view to the entire valley and the surrounding vineyards contributes to the beauty and mystique of the whole experience. Target groups are young people between 18 and 30 years, adults, empty nesters and fans of crime stories and content.  Olomouc - fantastic fortress in Czech Republic which during the revolution in 1848. in addition, the conflict between the Prussian and Habsburg dynasties served as a shelter for the imperial family. As a special tourist offer there is a free digital application Olomouc Labyrinth - which offers to all lovers of games and applications a new way of exploring and learning about the history of the fort. It is a 3D journey through a maze designed according to the model of the town located on the Upper Square. The aim of the game is to collect stars in the maze avoiding detonation of bombs that are placed on the road. The game has 16 different levels, which are connected. After each successfully completed level, interesting pictures are shown to the player. Although the application is easy to follow and use and is appropriate for all age groups, targeted users are younger people (under 35 years) and children older than 10.  Cro Cul Tour - though primarily active in the area of Osijek and Osijek-Baranja County, this European organization is focused on the development and branding of the stories and the creation of new cultural and tourist experiences. They offer a unique staging of Osijek legends and myths with top actors and scenery, all accompanied by a rich traditional cuisine, entertainment, dancing and a variety of other surprises. So far, they have offered very successful performances within the project "Lost Citadel" and the play "Magnificent bridge". Since they are active also in other parts of Croatia, their model

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could be adapted in creating experiences related to the Austro-Hungarian fortifications. Plays are currently offered free. 6.2.3. The Prussian, Habsburg and Austro-Hungarian fortifications and defence systems route Fascinating defence systems and fortifications were built during the reign of the Prussian and Habsburg dynasty or later Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and some of them are insufficiently tourist valorised, as it is the case not only with Pula, but also with the famous Italian fortification quadrangle Verona Peschiera-Mantua-Legnano fortress. Apart from them, it is possible to connect the route with other fortifications Poznan, Torun, Krakow and Przemyśl in Poland, Olomouc (CZ), Ulm and Magdeburg in Germany, Komárom and Komorno in Hungary and Slovakia. Most of these fortresses already offer some specific events, which could be, from different aspects, linked with Pula, whether it comes to concerts and festivals that take place in Magdeburg, the Military Museum in Poznan, innovative gastronomy (restaurants in the barracks Torun) to the reconstruction of historical events (Komárom). 6.2.4. The route of the First World War The choice of Pula to be the main port of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy as well as the proximity to the sočan front had its implication for the city, the surrounding area and population during the First World War. Displaced population, hunger, shipwrecks and starvation are the sad consequences of one of the worst wars in the history of human kind that was illustrated as a testimony to its impact on the city of Pula in the book of Mate Balota, “Pula is full”. For this reason, it is important to breathe new life and purpose to the former military facilities, but this time not for war functions, but to revitalize their cherished European values of tolerance and culture of peace. In this sense as a logical link with Pula imposes the "Route of peace" and a route that connects cities and attractions along the confrontation line between the Italian and AustroHungarian army, which extends from Alps to the Mediterranean. The route offers a tour to many memorials, forts, museums, military cemeteries and places of starvation along the front, but it would certainly be interesting to expand this story on the naval battles, shipwrecks and starvation that marked Pula and the Austro-Hungarian navy. These routes serve as a reminder of the importance of preserving the peace and avoid the possibility of similar bloodshed, it allows visitors to enjoy the unique natural beauty, but also provides a unique experience of cultural, historical, recreational and gastronomic richness. (http://www.potmiru.si/eng/). 6.2.5.

Paths of music and innovation through fortifications ("The Sound of Music)

Long tradition of the city of Pula in the field of musical events and concerts (Seasplash, Dimensions, Outlook, Monte Paradiso), which have found their place in the fortifications and other facilities related to the Austro-Hungarian heritage, because of the unique experience of such an environment, provides endless possibilities of cooperation, partnership and networking in cultural tourist route with a variety of multi-day or weekly itineraries. Within this route there can be offers of variety of souvenirs and other products associated with that the music (shirts, hats, CDs, musical instruments); schools and workshops of music as part of the fort Monteparadiso and other European fortress (international school) and so on. This route can be applied on the UNESCOs network of creative

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cities (UNESCO Creative Cities Network) 39 with a theme of Pula as the City of alternative music and innovations (or multimedia?) The name of the route "The Sound of music" is also a play with words related to Korvettenkapitän Georg Ludwig Ritter von Trapp, known as Baron von Trapp. Von Trapp was the Austro-Hungarian naval officer who lived in Pula. Thanks to his achievements during the World War II, he gained many awards including the Military Order of Maria Theresa. This route could in a different way interpret the famous story of the Von Trapp family that have inspired the movie "The Sound of Music". Some of the destinations and events that can be linked to such a route are as follows:  Brutal Assault - metal and hardcore punk festival on the fortress Josefov in northern Bohemia (Czech Republic) with its offer and audience is very similar to Pula's Monte Paradiso festival (ticket price for a four-day event is in advance 80 euro, or 88 euro the regular price)  Festival maritime and naval music in Mazurija - held in the Prussian fort Boyen in Poland every year. The two-day summer festival with performances by choirs is accompanied by a naval sailor week in the neighbouring city of Gizycko  The fortress Magdeburg with its high ceilings and spacious inner courtyard is the perfect place for festivals and parties. Events usually occur simultaneously on several stages or as open air events, and include a wide program of jazz to pop music, and different events for children and families but also for audience that is more serious. It is also possible to rent individual rooms for private events http://www.festungmark.com/324/programm/konzert  Fort Spandau is for many years a central location for a variety of musical events in Berlin. The inner space of the fort can accommodate 10,000 visitors, and there were concerts in that fort of Bob Dylan, Iggy Pop, Motörhead and many others turning the fortress into a unique music site that is in function from May to September each year.  Lovers of classical music can enjoy in more than 300 performances throughout the year at the castle Hohensalzburg above Salzburg, including the concert "Best of Mozart", concert of chamber music of the Vienna school, string quartet and numerous solo performances. In addition, visitors can enjoy the "Dinner & Concert" - listen to your favourite music with dinner in several courses.  Kostrzyn fortress in Poland and its barracks for more than 20 years have been hosting the "Przystanek Woodstock" festival that hosts numerous mostly rock, and folk, R & B, metal, reggae and other artists and ensembles. Admission is free, and in the last few years, festival was visited by more than half a million of visitors. 6.2.6.

Taste of Forts

In the tourist industry related to fortifications, inevitable elements are the food and wines. Some of the aforementioned examples such as the fortress Marienberg combine innovative interpretation of historical facts and myths, storytelling and culinary content. Some of the interesting examples are:

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 Restaurant in casemates at Fort Al Forte in South Tyrol, which serves traditional dishes in this unique ambient, and in the courtyard of the fortress it is possible to taste wines enjoying the unique view to the Dolomites  Restaurant Bastion in Prague with its rich cuisine offers also the view of the Vyšehrad  Bunker wine and culture in the South Tyrolean Castle Corba gives visitors the opportunity to taste and enjoy the wines that are made near to the neighbouring rock galleries  Carefully elaborated and rich gastronomic and oenological offer can be found in fortified fortification ring Stelling van Amsterdam. One of them is certainly Pancake Fort primarily intended for children and located at Fort aan de Drecht. This unique restaurant has a special room decorated in the theme of Peter Pan and the pirate ship, and the names of pancakes "Corak", "Hellhole", "Samurai" remind us of the military history of the fort. In addition to the restaurant for kids there are being organized birthday parties, workshops, ceramics, painting and so on. Next to Fort Uitermeer there is a restaurant UIT & Meer that offers a rich selection of dishes but also the view to the river Vecht. At Fort aan de Drecht it is possible to visit the Maison Vinocerf which offers a wide variety of wines from small wine producers from France, Italy and Spain, and besides tasting and buying wine, you can participate in courses related to wines. Fort Waver-Amstel hosted Krimpenfort Wijnen, a place where you can taste wines, visit the evening of wine and food or organize a private party. Fort H bunker was built during the French-Prussian war, today is a place where there is a brasserie and wine bar. As part of the offer, it is possible to visit the restaurant on a boat called "Pepper" and have lunch, wine tasting and relax floating on the river Vecht and the IJsselmeer lake or Naardermeer. Culinary courses and rich culinary delights can be enjoyed in the fort near ingsveer offered by catering companies Hééérlijk, they also offer and organize a picnic in the beautiful environment of the castle, wine tasting with a plate of cheeses, olives and similar local and foreign delicacies. There are also tasting of dark beer in a fort near Spijkerboora, a romantic dinner and wellness program at the fort near Nekkerwega, this special restaurant located in a specially designed glass building on the island lighthouse. (http://www.stellingvanamsterdam.nl/en/visit-the-defence-line/eating-and-drinking/) Defence line Fortresses of Amsterdam is a unique example of a well utilized space for gastronomic, oenological and zitology (beer related) content and involvement of local communities, artisans and businesspersons in the tourist offer. 6.2.7. Forts for Children Apart from the listed events and destinations that offer special programs for children and families (Pancake Fort, fortress Königstein in Germany, Hohenwerfen castle in Austria), it is necessary to point out a few destinations that could be linked to the route:  Citadel Spandau in Berlin - once a year, the castle belongs to the children, and on the field in front of the castle children can participate in different activities: ghostly battles and big tournaments, as well as in numerous workshops ranging from painting, ceramics, spinning, weaving workshops, baking bread on camp fire and making musical instruments  Fort bij Edam (part of the Stelling van Amsterdam) - every second Saturday of the month is dedicated to the children and nature, and children can participate in various games, treasure hunting, self-defence course, disguise and so on. In addition, special storytellers tell stories about the nature.

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 Rich bat a population in certain fortifications is used in creating a new service, so-called bat tour that is particularly interesting for children. One of these forts is Fort Hahneberg (Berlin), which offers sightseeing fascinating world of bats at twilight, and in the castle Spandau except sightseeing and learning about bats, children can participate in the so-called Vampi Fest that includes different events, making "bat-lanterns" and the night parade at the ramparts of the castle. There could be many different programmes offered for children and families: Educational programs: They can organize educational programs for children, adapted to their age. Through these programs, learn about the history of the Austro-Hungarian period, but with the emphasis that the programs are interactive. Children participating in the reconstruction of battles, learn about guns, life in different periods and how the family hid in shelters fort during wars. Tourist offer: The tourist offer consists of tours that are organized for children and adults, for groups and individuals. The offer is mainly focused on families with children as the target group consists of special events and workshops throughout the year, following the school holidays. With familyoriented offer there is also a supply of business forms of tourism Your date and workshops. Much of the visitors make local residents. In addition to the fortress, there is a gift shop and cafe. Special tours: • A tour of the fort: the tour includes 50 minutes of individual fortification (e.g. Casoni Vecchi) with expert guidance and games for children. • Connoisseur tour: i.e. special tour for connoisseurs created as an exclusive private visit forts guided tour that gives detailed information about the architecture of forts and celebrities. A tour takes about three hours. In addition to the tour includes tea or coffee, and make sure the cake after the tour. • Behind the scenes tour: approaching secrets fortifications visitors discovering all rooms and stories unavailable to the public. • Tour Ghosts fortress: This tour provides research fort through the stories of its ghosts and other ghosts from the past. The tour is conducted with the expert guidance of telling true stories, accompanied by torches and visiting places where witnesses saw and felt an inexplicable thing (e.g. Fort San. Giorgio). • Tour of the museum in the fort (e.g. Fort Forno or San Giorgio): Each visitor when visiting the museum will receive a special, personalized key that allows him a unique way to explore the fortress of her story. A walk through the museum consists of a large number of exhibitions and talks, and interpretation of the history of the fort. Folders containing detailed information can be found in every room. A tour of the museum tailored to the age, but also the youngest can listen to the story of a special character, which is designed for Pula's fortifications. It is also possible to dress like knights or ladies in the basement of the castle. In the museum, there is a museum with a souvenir. Family & Fun • Family clue: the product in the form of riddles / questionnaires for the whole family. It is made in the form of a map and the following point is marked on the map and each of which has a question. Answering questions actually learns about the characters of the castle. The project is co-funded by the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance.

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• A time traveller: the application that the historical characters telling a story about a particular historical period. It is a digital application, which contains information but also interactive learning games. In answering various questions, they are getting help from many other characters from the past, and through the application +Pula forts 2020 and / or audio guide. • Weddings and other events in the castle there are many facilities that are intended for sale, perfect for weddings, corporate meetings, gala dinners, private parties, business meetings and parties of all kinds. 6.2.8. Tour de Forts (sports and recreational routes in a period of 4 weeks) As part of this route are proposed bike and trail running routes including other similar historic sites in the Balkans. The route could be linked to the route going through eight countries in the Balkans and covering more than 57 000 km http://www.worldbiking.info/updates/update36_balkans.html. The route would consist of various points in Albania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and other Balkan countries that are rich in various forts and fortifications. The route would also connect with other facilities such as outdoor festivals, as well as gastronomic and oenological/zytological offer, tasting food, wine and beer. In addition to Štinjanskoj forts, which are planned as a sport and recreation zone, especially fort of Monte Grosso (part 7 shows Fort Monte Grosso as an Experiential centre of extreme sports), which are selected primarily because of their position and extraordinary natural resources:  

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Pula fortifications (Štinjan fortifications) Austro-Hungarian military fortifications in Mostar, Bosnia-Herzegovina – a unique locality because of its combination of natural and cultural resources and AustroHungarian forts presents a must-visit point on the route. Forts are also presented in the documentary film, which presents an art counterpoint of man and fort, peace and war, but also promotes cultural and historical heritage of Mostar. Gjirokastra, Albania – This site does not include the Austro-Hungarian fortress, however, it is extremely important location because of its natural resources and its UNESCOprotected cultural heritage. It was also one of the sites within the HERA Adriatic project. Golubac fortress, Serbia – includes Golubac fortress, which was first mentioned in 1335 as a Hungarian military fortification. It is located at the entrance to the Đerdap gorge on the Danube river and is another excellent site that combines natural and cultural resources. Near the fortress, there is a Golubac city with modern hotels and other facilities. The fortification system of the Austro-Hungarian forts in Montenegro - due to the relevance of the topic of regional Austro-Hungarian fortifications, it represents an exceptional opportunity for cooperation and integration in the cross-border and other European projects linking cultural and outdoor tourism.

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IV. PROPOSAL FOR INNOVATIVE USE OF SPACE ANT THE REGIONAL AUSTRO HUNGARIAN ROUTE IN ACCORDANCE WITH HERA METHODOLOGY

PILOT PROJECTS OF 5 SELECTED PULA FORTIFICATIONS

This chapter elaborates five selected fortifications througt pilot projects that continue to usage scenarios provided in the previous section. Selected fortifications and elaborated scenarios of their use: 1. The Park Monte Zaro - Epicenter, multimedia visitor center in the park Monte Zaro at the site of the eponymous ruined fortification 2. The Fort Monte Grosso, Å tinjan - Experiential Center of extreme sport 3. The Fort Casoni Vecchi, Vidikovac - Incubator of Pula's alternative cultural scene 4. The Fort San Giorgio, Monte Giro - organoleptic experiential center 5. The Fort Kaizer Franz, St. Andrew - Exclusive gastro-hedonistic center

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7.1.

Introduction

After a thorough research of the Austro - Hungarian fortification legacy in the city of Pula, conducted in several phases presented in detail in the previous chapters, in the final Phases of the research five most appropriate sites intended for further research have emerged. Through the creation of architectural program studies for typologically different situations new scenarios of use have been created. The purpose of architectural interventions in these locations, through the introduction of new programs is the revival of the Austro-Hungarian heritage and, through their attractiveness, creating a fortress of knowledge in the form of information, sensation and experience points. For each of the listed fortifications, after previous detailed research, optimal program content was determined in relation to the specificity of each location and the building itself, whether it is about transformation and improvement of the already present content or about designing completely new ones. In this way, five locations are created, five new Pulaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s microcosmoses ,which thanks to the diversity of their purpose, their attractiveness and informativeness, became incubators of the vitality of micro-locations in which they are located. Through reinterpretation, they become places of reviving historical experience with innovative experiences of creating your own history in them. Looking at the broader context, these five locations become only pieces of the puzzle of potential, which the Austro-Hungarian fortification legacy as a platform of new scenarios of living and education with their historical layers can offer. Throughout offered architectural interventions, the locations become visible and recognizable, of improved quality and usability, with simultaneous neutrality and unobtrusiveness in relation to the architectural framework in which they are placed. The emphasis is on the content of the event, while intervention becomes merely a means of achieving the aforementioned. New and modern choice of material are in a way the opposite of the existing historic architectural framework. With regard to the construction and design, materials at selected locations are specific for each intervention. They do not serve to deter attention from the existing architecture, they are not an end in themselves, but serve to point out the existing architectural heritage, highlighting the perception of space from the outside and the inside of this new perspective, vistas and experiences of the existing buildings that have not been experienced so far.

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7.2.

The park Monte Zaro - Epicenter, multimedia visitor center in the park Monte Zaro at the site of the eponymous ruined fortification

At the foot of the hill Monte Zaro, the eponymous park is located, where there was once AustroHungarian coastal fort, built in 1857 on the ruins of a Roman theater. The report also mentions the existence of a widespread network of underground tunnels with shelters, of which the largest was located just below the hill Monte Zaro. After being thrown out of the Pulaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fortification main system, it was demolished in 1869 . However, from the cartographic representation of Pula from 1866, the existence of a new typology of construction at the site is visible, some kind of lamella. The very position in the center of town and a few details that testify to the existence of a fortress in this location are factors that have contributed to the consideration of the park Monte Zaro as the ideal locations to create a kind of epicenter for educating and informing about the Austro Hungarian fortification legacy in this region. At the same time, a new intervention through the creation of parkland pavilion indicates the location of the destroyed fort in the frame of the fortification system. When creating this multimedia epicenter, glass membranes were used as a basic building block, as were various interactive multimedia panels concentrically arranged at the site of the former fortifications around the central space serving as the source of knowledge and education. The expansion of the segments and their irregular concentrical positioning refers to the simultaneous expansion of the overall story of the fortification system outside the park to the area around the city and beyond. A visitor independently walks through this interactive pavilion and educates himself about the stratification of the Austro-Hungarian history in interaction with various forms of multimedia such as interactive glass panels, Doppler interactive led-walls, rear projection on glass and glass light panels. The system of concentric circles, creating a series of concentric membranes that can bleed into each other reminds visitors of Fortification rings, which the town offers its visitors for research, education and interaction.

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prof. Vinko Penezić i prof. Krešimir Rogina, ovl.arh. Antuna Bauera 8, HR–10 000 Zagreb Tel/Fax: +385 1 3906 331

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7.3.

The fortification Monte Grosso, Štinjan - experiential center of extreme sports

The Fortification of Monte Grosso is particularly interesting fortification located deep in the Štinjan forest on Mount Grosso. The contrast of this isolated forest location to the urban areas, emphasized the development of Stinjan as the perfect recreational area of Pula, just 20 minutes drive from the city center. The potential of this site singled out half extreme athletes as its most common visitors, but the only current intervention in the urban area refer to the forming Stinjan as a recreational zone of extreme sports. Therefore paths are cleared and prepared for mountain biking. In addition to talking about Štinjan as the forest location it should also be mentioned that it represents different Austro - Hungarian fortifications, be it a fortresses or a battery. Location is recognized by the project Adrifort, which included cleaning of the location in terms of accessibility of the Fort as physical attractor. It also included evaluation of the current situation and project intervention was offered on the fortification Monte Grosso. Continuing on the partially completed Adrifort project and recognition of the potential of Stinjan as micro-location starting points were obtained by which the fortification Monte Grosso is interpreted as an experiential center of extreme sports. The fortress mentioned in this context becomes only one of the stations intended for recreational athletes who want adrenaline adventures, and through further research of Štinjan micro-location the visitor is offered an upgraded range of adrenaline sports. These various amenities, such as department of the experiential center of extreme water sports in battery Valmaggiore, gastro-facilities of fort Munida and trails for off road skating or mountain biking, become micro-atractors within a wider natural environment, while the fortress of Monte Grosso becomes its starting point. When creating a center of extreme sports, it was planned to install net installations for different ways of climbing in the existing Fort and already implemented interventions in it, that would simultaneously interweave interior and exterior of the Fortress and provide a new way of looking at and interacting with the historical architecture. So the architecture ceases to be a static spatial element and initiates direct contact with the visitor. The Martello Tower continues the theme of Adrenaline Sports and within itself accepts installation to simulate actual conditions of free fall in a vertical wind-tunnel through the so-called indoor skydiving. The intervention at this fortification becomes unobtrusive compared to the historic architecture, while at the same time offering a completely new experience of looking at the location and its history.

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7.4.

The fortification Casoni Vecchi, Vidikovac - incubator of Pula's alternative cultural scene

Fortress built on a hill Vidikovac in the mid-19th century, is maintained and protected by the eponymous association, and from 1990 until today can be closely linked to the Pula’s rich independent cultural scene. A suitable town position enabled the use of the Fortification and the forming of its new identity, not related to military connotations. At one time the Fort served as a venue for Monteparadiso Festival (1992 - 2000), one of the longestlived hardcore punk festivals, that put Pula at the center of European sub-culture events, but was later transferred to another location, and the Fort was left with no particular content. These facts contributed to the consideration of the fortress of Casoni Vecchi as the revived focus of Pula's alternative culture scene, where with the return of old and introduction of a completely new content this Fortress would again become a Fortress of punk and alternative music. The ground floor is planned as a space for various associations, workshops and cafés. It is expected that this will revive the Noise shop, the Pula’s cult Youth meeting point, which once produced skate movement, graffiti art and DJ culture. The inner courtyard is planned as teatro scientifico, where the whole orchestra or only part of it becomes a Phase of an event (concerts,plays, etc.), while the rest of the space (horizontaly or verticaly) becomes a space intended for the audience. The first floor has been designed as an incubator for Pula’s alternative scene, where the movement through a series of circular enfilades with spatial interventions educates visitors about the rich Pula’s aternative musical legacy. The means of intervention of the two floors are simple. There are inflated plastic membranes by which the visitor is directed in using the space while learning about the history of the location and its identity through a variety of multimedia and audiovisual effects. Once a defensive circumferential ditch is activated through an uneven skate park. It is a space for recreation and entertainment, a place of indirect interaction with the Fort and learning about it. The roof of the Fort is intended for the formation of grass platform dilated in comparison to the existing historic architecture and is designed as a place of leisure and socializing, where various workshops and competitions can be held, as well as a showroom for the works from the creative workshops. To further emphasize the location and contributed to its perception as an attractive urban space, it is planned to install inflatable translucent light dome that hover over the central area and serves to cover it. Also, the design would upgrade the Fort as a kind of parasite housed above the architectural structure drowning in that micro-location.

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7.5.

The fortification San Giorgio, Monte Giro - organoleptic experiential center

The fort of San Giorgio with its architectural features resembles the previously described example, but there is a significant difference in the context of the site where it is located. Located on hill Monte Giro, near the city cemetery in the southwest, and almost drowned in the tall greenery of the rest of the site, this isolated Fortress allows us to test spirituality, and even the themes of death, as the main starter of space. The main objective is the experience of history in the Fortification, where each individual in relation to his own experience creates memory of presented historical scenery. The fortification of San Giorgio is also planned as a fortification of experiential transformation without mass consumerism of the location. This is the place that awakens all senses, a place to raise awareness and enjoy peace and quiet. The area around the Fortification conceived as a garden of aromatic plants, after which you enter a ground floor through the central contemplative garden. The internal space of the Fort is intended for various creative workshops, aroma therapy, and on this level, there is also aromatica shop. The area of the ground floor occasionally opens to the outside defensive ditch into which a wooden platform is set with a variety of net interventions, and the ditch ring was conceived as a space for various activities and rest periods within which they can create points of different events, different training, and meditation workshops. The first floor is designed as organoleptic experiential center. The purpose of the architectural framework is to turn to yourself and learn about yourself. A dark translucent plastic inflatable membrane is set throughout the whole enfilade of circular space. The visitor is 'sucked' into the interior of the floors, while the existing openings only hint at the existence of the outside world. You can almost feel uncomfortable knowing that the existing architecture is present through the new architectural intervention. Each room of this floor is designed for the purpose of inducing an individual, targeted sense, whether it is taste, smell, touch, hearing or eyesight. Once intrigued, visitor while moving through the ring of connected rooms is forced to stimulate and awake all his senses. Thus micro-architectural interventions placed within the aforementioned plastic membrane in the form of 'pixelled' pavilions in different rooms, materialized differently through fabric, foam, plastic, glass, etc. While those deprived of these interactive installations give primacy to audible or visual effects and explore the impact on the human psyche, while you are exposed to them. The first floor of the fortress is designed as a lookout, a kind of place where you can free yourself and reconnect to the external world. Also, from this floor the fabric installation goes down to cover the outer ditch and is at the same time used for seating and to provide protection from the sun . It is also a symbol of linking spirituality, where while consuming the architecture, people experience their own transformation.

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7.6.

The fortification Kaizer Franz, St. Andrew - exclusive gastro-hedonistic center

The Austro - Hungarian fortification Kaizer Franz is located on the island of St. Andrew in the Pula Bay. The island is currently used by the Uljanik shipyard for their own purpose and visiting the island is not possible. The Fortification covered with ivy and overgrown vegetation testifies to the absence of recent human activity on this island, and only documented graphic material indicates the existence of built Fortification. As there is intention for the island to become a part of gastro - tourist offer of Pula, it is planned to examine the possibilities of so far unused and inaccessible Pulaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s potential as the island of exclusivity and luxury, where its potential would be used to the maximum for the said purpose. For this purpose it is planned to connect the island to the mainland in several attractive ways, be it by flights in hot air balloons, special tours by boat or by walking over the floating pontoon. To reach an island on foot in this way is a kind of an attraction in itself, which brings the visitors to the coast of the island, also surrounded by pontoons. It becomes a Phase, where various peripheral events on the island, such as outdoor concerts, fireworks festival, auditorium for multimedia floating fountain and the like take place. In contrast to the exposed and available facilities around the perimeter, in the interior of the island, more specifically within the fortification architectural heritage, luxurious facilities are designed intended only for exclusive guests of high purchasing power. The fortress Kaizer Franz would become a fortress intended for rent for various closed private events like luxurious parties, weddings, various corporative events and the like. Artillery battery on the coast would be redefined to a gastro-hedonistic center with luxurious restaurant, a space for presentation of cheese and wine, and they would be connected by gastro mapping route, through the presentation of food and wine in Istria with emphasis on the Hungarian and Austrian influences in the cuisine. Through the presentation and tasting of these menus visitors would be educated about another form of the Austro - Hungarian heritage in this region. The said fortification and the island itself become a place of many surprises with unexpected opportunities. There is a possibility of renting both Fortification as well as the entire island for private purposes and so St. Andrew would become Pulaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s elite destination.

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8. BIBILIOGRAPHY 1. Fortifikacijski sustav Pule: Štinjanska skupina utvrda; Zagreb 2014. - Danijel Tatić, Mario Werhas 2. Feasibility studija revitalizacije pulskih utvrda u sklopu projekta Adrifort – Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile, Pula 3. City of Pula. Conservation Study of Monte Grosso 2014 4. Pulska kruna: Pomorska tvrđava Pula: Fortifikacijska arhitektura austriskog razdublja (knjiga 1 i 2) – Atilio Krizmanić: DAS, signatura ZP XVIII/1 do 3 – tri tlocrta i presjeci (1:400, 1:200, 1:50), 1878.; 1882. DAS, signatura ZP II./1 tlocrt i presjeci (1:400, 1:200) 1879.,-ARHGRAD DAS, signatura ZP XIX/1 do 5, šest tlocrta, i presjeci (1:400, 1:200, 1:50), 1885., 1904., 1909. ARCHGRAD DAS, signatura ZP/XII/1 do 4 tri tlocrta, i presjek (1:400, 1:200, 1:50), 1885., 1904., 1909. ARCHGRAD DAS, signatura ZPX/ do 3 tri tlocrta (1:400, 1:200),1861., 1883.; ARCHGRAD AVS;Bibliotequa National Paris; Grad Pula-Graditeljsko naslijeđe Pule, ARHGRAD DAS, signatura ZP/XIX/1 do 4 tri tlocrta, i presjek (1:400, 1:200, 1:50), 1885., 1904., ARCHGRAD

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DAS, signatura ZP III./1 do 6 i 8 do 10 – tlocrti i presjeci (1:1000, 1:400, 1:200, 1:10) 1900., 1902., 1907., 1910.)

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DAS, signatura ZP XX./1 do 14-12 tlocrta i 6 presjeka (1:400, 1:800, 1:200, 1:50), 1865., 1866.,

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1904; DAS, ZP XXII/1, tlocrt i presjeci 1881; ARHGRAD DAS, signatura ZP XV./1 do 4-tlocrti i presjeci (1:200, 1:100, 1:50), 1902., 1904. DAS, signatura ZP III./1 do 6 i 8 do 10 – tlocrti i presjeci (1:1000, 1:400, 1:200, 1:10) 1899., 1902., 1907., 1910.), ARHGRAD

1900.,

5. Muzil Elaborat – Pulska grupa 6. Ruta Brodom - Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli: Odjel za interdisciplinarne, talijanske i kulturološke studije: Diplomski sveučilišni studij Kultura i turizam 7. Gradske Rute - Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli: Odjel za interdisciplinarne, talijanske i kulturološke studije: Diplomski sveučilišni studij Kultura i turizam 8. Iz Povijesti Pulske luke (zbornik radova) – Grupa autora

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9. Fortifikacijski sustav Pule – Grad Pula 10. Pula 3000 Pola - prilozi za povijesnu sintezu: znanstveni skup održan u Puli 10. svibnja 2004. godine u povodu završnice obilježavanja tri tisuće godine grada Pule – Elmo Cvek, Attilio Krizmanić 11. Utvrda Monte Zaro – Goran Ofak (ustupio tekstualnu sintezu vlastitog istraživanja) 12. Balota, M. „Puna je Pula“, Istra kroz stoljeća, Rijeka, Pula,1981. 13. Krizmanić, A. „Pulska kruna“, Čakavski sabor, Pula, 2008. 14. HERA Adriatic dokumenti:

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Smjernica za standardne specifikacije i Smjernice za razvoj Posjetiteljskih centara s oznakom kvalitete HERA.

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Standardnih specifikacija za izgradnju kapaciteta

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Standardnih specifikacija za kulturnu baštinu odnosno izradu lokalnih i europskih kulturno-turističkih ruta.

15. Materijali Pomorskog i povijesnog muzeja Istre, Pula, http://www.ppmi.hr/hr/

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