Research Project: Orcasitas neighborhood

Research Project_Orcasitas neighborhood Sociology, politics and economy MCH 2021

Andrea Pardo Ahmad Alraie Nouhaila Zergane

INDEX 1. HISTORY A look into the history of Usera A deep look into the history of Orcasitas 2. ANALYSIS - SOCIOLOGY Diagnosis of the neighbourhood 3. ANALYSIS - THE PEOPLE Go for the revolution A look into Orcasita’s people 4. ANALYSIS - THE NEIGHBOURHOOD SWOT analysis 5. PROPOSAL Objectives Summary Founding 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

A look into the history of Usera After the war, the Madrid General Plan, approved in 1946, characterizes Villaverde as an intermediate-sized satellite nucleus and as one of the most important planned industrial centers. With regard to housing, a series of public developments arise that contribute to alleviating the problem of housing shortages, but which present some deficiencies, as they are built with materials of not very good quality and lack of equipment.

In 1945 the Minimal Town and the Agricultural Town were created, both in the current Orcasur and the Orcasitas Absorption Town. In the 1950s, the Usera neighborhood was expanded and remodeled thanks to the development of industries close to the river bank. On this date there is also an important implementation of social facilities.

Usera began to grow in the 1960s with immigrants coming mainly from rural areas of the rest of Spain, who developed a new commercial and service fabric. Beginning in the 1980s, the district was adversely affected by drug addiction and insecurity.

The district was officially created in the municipal restructuring that took place on March 28th, 1987. A small part of the territory of this district belonged to the municipalities of Carabanchel and Madrid before the annexations that took place between the late 1940s and early 1950s. The area of Usera is 770.28 hectares.

This neighborhood has its origin in lands located to the north of the municipality that belonged to "Tío Sordillo", a farmer of the municipality whose daughter married Colonel Marcelo Usera. This military man and businessman affirmed that the construction of these lands would be more profitable than cultivating them, so between 1925 and 1930 they were divided and sold.

The person in charge of delineating and tracing the streets was the administrator of D. Marcelo, so he decided to give the streets the names of the members of the Usera family, as well as his service personnel and some neighbors. These streets are for example Isabelita, Amparo or Gabriel Usera.

Since the 2000s, Usera has been revitalized by becoming Madrid's Chinatown by excellence.

With the arrival of thousands of Chinese families, the idiosyncrasy of the neighborhood changed

completely and security increased again. About 11.000 Chinese citizens currently live in this district.

The Chinese community has built a small town in the Usera district with its own language, customs, traditions, businesses and products brought from the Far East that are gaining ground from the increasingly scarce traditional trade. Thus, Usera has transformed its idiosyncrasy from a working class neighborhood to a new identity since the beginning of the 21st century.

The merchants number around half a thousand and have their compatriots as their main audience, which is why most of the signs are written in the Chinese language. The shops are not only catering establishments, there are also supermarkets with imported products, pastry shops with typical sweets, hairdressers and entertainment venues such as billiards or internet cafes, there is even a Buddhist temple. There are also many parapharmacies, fashion stores, lingerie and haberdashery.

The most celebrated and expected festivals in Usera are: Chinese New Year, which in February celebrates the Chinese New Year with parades and more than 500 artists of music and color and the Usera festivals that take place the last week of June and the first of July. . Pradolongo park is the main stage.

A deep look into the history of Orcasitas The origin of the neighborhood is found in settlements of immigration flows mainly the rural part of Spain. As the capital was not able to absorb that number of people, the lack of housing was a serious problem for the institutions of the time.

This lack generated the rise of self-construction in the form of shanty towns, with crude typologies of a rural nature.

In the mid-sixties, a social movement germinated in the neighborhood that in the seventies took shape around the Orcasitas Neighbors Association. It is a key moment since the end of the Franco dictatorship is looming and the residents of Orcasitas constituted as an Association - given the multiple deficiencies of the neighborhood - demand improvements in living conditions and advances in the democratic process.

From that moment on, Orcasitas, initially lacking the most basic services and urban infrastructures, little by little it was provided with them.

The landowners, supported by the Ministry of Housing, tried, through a technocratic Partial Urban Planning Plan, to expel the resident population of Orcasitas. This was the origin of a broad citizen movement, led by the Orcasitas Neighbors Association, which will claim, and finally achieve,

the right of the inhabitants of Orcasitas, to continue residing in their new houses built by the State and suitably equipped.

The sentence, very famous for its enormous scope, will go down in history as the "binding memory".

The residents' struggle forced the authorities to address the housing problem, launching different devices for the construction of public housing such as the Directed, Minimal, Absorption and Agricultural Villages, all of them represented in Orcasitas.

The residents achieved an important victory against real estate speculation by building the first participatory neighborhood in Madrid.

participate and a healthy urbanism. It was an experience that highlighted the importance of neighborhood participation to stop speculation and make neighborhoods livable During the eighties, the Neighborhood Remodeling Program was completed, turning Orcasitas into a model for the transformation of urban space, an expression of citizen demands.

In the nineties Orcasitas began to emerge from the crisis of values. Thus, in 2004 the Activa Orcasitas project was carried out, which gave rise to the first Citizen Pact successfully achieved in the city of Madrid.

The Orcasitas “Meseta” is developed from a Partial Plan drawn up in 1976 and, later, from the operation of neighborhoods in remodelling, which solves the problem of an important sub-housing nucleus located between the Directed Population and the Minimal, Agricultural and Rural Villages.

Today Orcasitas is a neighborhood clearly integrated into the metropolitan context from an urban point of view but threatened by processes of social exclusion. It has a powerful associative fabric framed in the Forum by Orcasitas, which works so that Orcasitas has a role as a neighborhood in the city.

The neighborhood construction process was so participatory that residents decided in Assemblies even the color of the bricks for their future houses.

Orcasitas has been declared a World Good Practice in Citizen Participation by the United Nations.

Thanks to their struggle, the residents of Orcasitas achieved a very well endowed neighborhood, with large avenues, numerous gardens, spaces to

Planing the neighborhood

neighbourhood

for

the

Four phases in the formation and consolidation of Orcasitas in their three original core. In the 1945 photograph it is observed how the first settlements already occupied the agricultural land of the Absorption Town and the Minimum Town, the future Orcasur polygon.

In the second image, villages of social housing that were created provisionally in 1954 by the National Housing Institute. In 1955 Orcasur and Meseta de Orcasitas began to define themselves.

Tthe Directed Village, which appears in the 1975 photograph. The Orcasitas “Meseta” is developed from a Partial Plan drawn up in 1976, after the Remodeling Neighborhoods operation.

The new space is formed through a project of 6 superblocks formed by towers and open blocks that delimit a neighborhood civic center, configured as a plaza. This arrangement has large courtyards for public use, tree-lined and pedestrian-friendly, becoming the reference space for the new neighborhood.

The 1991 image shows us the area as it has been defined today.

Orcasitas "Meseta" In the construction of the area, three types have been used: the linear open block, the towers and the closed blocks.

Orcasitas "Meseta" In the construction of the area, three types have been used: the linear open block, the towers and the closed blocks.

The neighborhood's relations with the the rest of the city are carried out by the urban bus network, which constitute the main public transport system of the same. The main road connections with the city is the M-40, outside the area of the neighborhood.

The “Plaza de la Asociación”, in the interior of the neighbourhood, and the Pradolongo park (outside Orcasitas, constitute the urban landmarks of the Orcasitas “Meseta”.

Diagnosis of the neighbourhood Placement

Orcasitas is above the average for Usera and also for Madrid, exceeding it in several points.

Orcasitas is located south of the M-30, in the Usera district. It is enclosed within its limits to the east by the Renfe commuter line, to the south by the highspeed M-40 highway, to the west by the A-42 and to the north by Avenida de los Poblados.

The neighborhood is characterized by its many green areas distributed evenly throughout the neighborhood.

In addition, the neighborhood has enough public spaces and public services from schools to health centers and day centers for the elderly.

Figure 1 - Population age and sex in Usera

Population Madrid has a population of 3 million inhabitants while the Usera district has 142,894 (0.047% of Madrid's population). They are distributed in 47% men and 53% women with an average age of 43 years. This is slightly above the district which has an average age of 42 years.

We can see that it is a working-age neighborhood of working age due to its age distribution. (Figures 1,2) A high percentage of the population of both men and women are of working age, between 30 and 64 years old, although it is still below the average compared to Madrid. In the same way as the proportion of people under 30 years of age, it is also a couple of points below the city average.

From this we find that it is an aging population, since the percentage of people over 65 years of age in

Figure 2 - Population age and sex in Orcasitas

Demographic Analysis

Unemployment

The vegetative growth of the neighborhood has been maintained over the years, but we can see in the graphs how Orcasitas is losing population.

Although right now the unemployment data is high in all parts of Spain, we can see how the number of Orcasitas is higher than that of Usera, and this same, higher than that of Madrid, so we can see how the crisis affected a lot to the southern neighborhoods of Madrid and especially to those in which the most humble working class lives.

According to the data, it has a lower birth rate than the rest of the district and a higher mortality rate.(figure 6)

Figure 5 - Vegetative growth in Usera and Orcasitas

Related to the nationality of the inhabitants, we were struck by the fact that in Orcasitas there are hardly any foreigners, something that is particularly characteristic of the Usera district. Especially Chinese and Latin Americans, as we already mentioned in history.

In addition, we can see how there is a high percentage of the population that migrates to other parts of the municipality, although it is still a lower percentage than in the rest of the district.

From these data we can extrapolate that although the neighborhood is losing population, it is more a matter of lack of birth and aging than for a reason of abandonment of the neighborhood.(figure 5)

In addition, the data shows us that not only in Orcasitas but also in the entire district, unemployment affects women more than men. This is largely due to the fact that women tend to have more precarious jobs, which is why their jobs tend to be more expendable in times of crisis. (figures 7,8)

However, the Orcasitas neighborhood has a great Spanish identity, probably due to the settlements that started the neighborhood here. (figures 3,4)

Figure 7 – Unemployment rate Madrid, Usera and Orcasitas

Figure 4 - Natives and foreigners in Usera and Orcasitas

Figure 6 –Births and deaths in Usera and Orcasitas

Figure 8 – Unemployment rate Madrid, Usera and Orcasitas divided by sex

Figure 3 – Nationality of the foreigners in Orcasitas

Employment In the type of employment that exists in both Usera and Orcasitas, we can see how the service sector has a large majority. This reinforces the idea that, during crises, they tend to be more expendable jobs and therefore less secure in the long term, since they are jobs that generally depend on the economy of others. (figure 9)

Figure 12 – Education level of the population aged 25 and over according to gender in Madrid, Usera and Orcasitas.

Figure 10 – Level and type of education in Usera and Orcasitas

Figure 9 – Type of employment in Usera and Orcasitas

Education Regarding the level of education of the population, we have been able to verify that the rate of studies in Orcasitas is lower than in Usera and this, in turn, is lower than in Madrid. A fact that is directly related to unemployment and precarious work itself. (figure 10)

number of relatively young inhabitants, between 25 and over years old, barely have studies secondary.

In the long term, this will cause these inhabitants to have precarious jobs that do not need training, so they will continue to be a vulnerable population in the future as well, as the older population is right now. (figure 12)

There are similarities between Orcasitas, and the surrounding neighborhoods in the district in terms of the number of people with higher Education, but there is a clear difference in terms of the insufficient education rate which is also very high compared with the City of Madrid.(figure 11)

In addition, we can verify from the tables how the proportion of inhabitants with higher degrees, university studies and technical jobs in general is very low, even comparing Orcasitas with Usera, a data that is even more surprising when compared with the city of Madrid.

We can also see how it is not a matter of age, since it could be understood that being an aging neighborhood, the population did not have higher education, but we can see from the graphs how the Figure 11 – Proportion of inhabitants with insufficient and higher education In Usera and the neighbourhoods comparing with Madrid.

Income Regarding family income, we can see how it is directly related both to unemployment and even to the type of job one has.

Obviously, in Orcasitas, the average income is below the average of Usera, and this is below the average of the municipality of Madrid. (figure 13)

Figure 14 – Economic activity section comparison Usera and Orcasitas

Figure 13 – Level of income average in Madrid Usera and Orcasitas

Economic Activities

the differences between the Orcasitas neighborhood and the Usera district are not appreciable. There are no great differences, so it is understood that the economic distribution of both is similar. (figure 14)

Regarding the type of economic activity that takes place in the Orcasitas neighborhood, we have been able to see how a high percentage is dedicated to taking care of the homes or as domestic employees; also to health care and social services; administration and auxiliary activities and wholesale and retail.

In general, these are low-paid, low-skilled jobs that are easily expendable in the event of a crisis.

These data shed a little more light on the image we already had of the Orcasitas neighborhood, explaining its social structure. (figure 15,16) Figure 15 – Economic activity section Usera

Figure 16 – Economic activity section Orcasitas

Buildings As we have seen in the history of Usera, it is a relatively new district in its composition, and especially in Orcasitas, since the houses were built with several relatively modern urban plans. In this way, we see in the graphs that the majority of buildings were built between 1977 and 1990, much newer than the average for the city and than in the center, for example.

Despite being relatively new buildings, it could be the case that they were in poor condition due to lack of maintenance, but as we can see in the graph, this is not the case since between 95-100% of the buildings in Usera and Orcasitas are in good condition. This is due to the insistence of the neighborhood associations and the pressure that the neighborhood always exerts on the town hall and the municipality to take their needs into account.

Figure 20 – Average net area of the dwellings Figure 17 – Building average age

The 70s and 80s concentrated on the urban development of the neighborhood. While 50.3% of the houses were built in the first of the decades, the remaining 49.7% began and finished their construction in the second of them.

And as we can see, this works, since other districts with buildings from the same period as those of Orcasitas, right now due to lack of maintenance are in worse condition as in Carabanchel. (figure 17,18,19) Especially in Orcasitas we can see to the south very new buildings in the form of a closed block that are the most current in the neighborhood together with the "Meseta de Orcasitas" which, as we saw before, is the neuralgic center of the neighborhood and whose buildings are also in very good condition.

Then, the ’90s and ’00s were the years of the foreign migration that meant a change in the neighborhood’s identity and led to progressive stigmatization that recalled the heroin epidemic period of the ’80s.

Figure 18 – Building in good condition

The average size of the dwelling is situated at 90.23 m2 since 83.6% of the most common dwellings in this neighborhood have an area that ranges between 76 and 105 m2. Specifically, 40.9% of the dwellings have a size between 76 m2 and 90 m2 and 42.7% between 91 m2 and 105 m2. (figure 20) Figure 19 – Building in good condition in Orcasitas, Usera and Madrid

Even so, nowadays Orcasitas and many other areas of Usera once again put the housing issue on the table that, in the face of a possible Gentrification process, opened an opportunity to be fully aware of the hundreds of houses that were blinded and with the possibility of improvement. in quality.

As we can see in the figures, a high percentage of homes (96%) have access to heating, being well above the average for Usera and the city of Madrid.

This is due to the central heating system that Orcasitas has, since it is communal. (figure 22)

In Orcasitas, we have 8,437 housing units, with a density of 171 (Inhabitants/ Ha.) which is less than the density in the district 184 (Inhabitants/ Ha.) The figures show us two interesting facts. On the one hand, the size of the average family unit, which is the number of people who live in the house. In Orcasitas it is 2.75, a little below the average for the Usera district. But with the data we can see how a high percentage of the population (71.1%) lives in family units of 1 to 3 people. (figure 21) Although the dwellings are limited in surface, the number of bedrooms reaches the three, four, and even five spaces. This fact insinuates the very tiny dimension of them and a dubious condition of light and ventilation: inheriting environments from the social housing.

Regarding the internet, Orcasitas is well above the Usera average (61% Orcasitas and 56% Usera) but it is below the Madrid average. (figure 23)

Figure 22 – Access to heating system in Madrid, Usera and Orcasitas

Figure 24 - Type of access to the building in Orcasitas and Usera

Regarding the services that the dwellings have, we can see very interesting data that coincide with the idea that we had that the houses in the Orcasitas neighborhood are kept in very good condition compared to the rest of the district.

Figure 25 - Accessibility in Orcasitas, usera and Madrid

Figure 23 – Access to internet in Madrid, Usera and Orcasitas

Figure 21 – Average household size in Orcasitas and Usera

For the accessibility, we see a failure here with the number of building that does not have accessibility in Orcasitas (40%), which is 14 points more than the rate in the district (26%), and it goes over 32 points of difference when we compare it with the city of Madrid where only 8% of the housing doesn’t have accessibility that, taking into account how old the population is in the neighborhood, it is a problem to take into account. (figure 25)

Go for the revolution The people of Orcasitas are characterized by being hard-working, hard-working people with a great feeling of neighborhood and community.

In this way, Orcasitas has its own identity seal and its own civic pact, which say the following:

SO WE ARE IN ORCASITAS; OUR SIGNS OF IDENTITY Orcasitas, a neighborhood

fighting

and

participative

Orcasitas continues to be one of the most active and participatory neighborhoods in Madrid. The neighborhood struggle and the deepening of democratic mechanisms have been signs of identity present since the 1970s when its Neighborhood Association was founded.

Orcasitas, a neighborhood where the Assembly is a form of daily expression At present, at the beginning of the 21st century, Orcasitas continues to hold highly participated Assemblies, as a great expression of its neighborhood dynamism. The “Internet Galaxy” is a

new frame of reference that can contribute to promoting community projects, but so far it has not managed to overcome the depth and commitment of direct communication. The Assemblies are an expression of life and the conflict that it contains, a place for citizens to meet with those who represent them, a framework for democratic control, accountability and good governance of the neighborhood.

Orcasitas, a Smart neighborhood At Orcasitas we aspire to become a “Smart Neighborhood”, capable of providing resources and possibilities so that the citizens that make it up are capable of developing and promoting their individual and collective projects.

CIVIC PACT OF ORCASITAS 1.- CIVISM: Orcasitas is a well-urbanized neighborhood thanks to the encouragement of its neighbors, that is why I am committed to respecting public spaces, furniture and endowments.

2.- PARTICIPATION: Orcasitas is an example of participation.

• Informing me of the news in my neighborhood.

• Expressing my opinion • Participating in neighborhood associations • Making proposals to the institutions 3.- COEXISTENCE: In Orcasitas we have lived together for a long time neighbors of different origins, different cultures and different beliefs. For this reason, as a neighbor of Orcasitas I promise to respect the rest of the neighbors 4.- SOLIDARITY: Orcasitas is a neighborhood forged in the struggle of those who suffered from precarious living conditions. That is why I am committed to working so that Orcasitas is a supportive neighborhood.

5.- ECOLOGY: Orcasitas is a neighborhood with high ecological potential. It has an efficient heating system, large green areas and a tradition of acting in community. That is why I am committed to using resources in a rational way. I will collaborate so that Orcasitas has a sustainable development.

A look into Orcasita’s people CITIZEN PROPOSALS 1. Transport

3. Housing

Installation of shuttle transport, or express line, from Poblado directed to Plaza Elíptica, which allows residents of the neighborhood to access the subway, suburban areas and a large part of urban buses.

Lack of elevators in homes of less than four heights, since although it is not mandatory, there are older people living in them.

2. Vegetation and public space Lack of maintenance of trees and vegetation in the inter-block spaces and main streets of the neighborhood. It would also be necessary to place more benches and meeting spaces. Optimize performance on free space.

Gradient readjustment of the bike lane on Guetaria street, one of the main streets of the neighborhood.

Relocation of parking in this same area. Traffic calming proposal, preferably Camino Viejo de Villaverde due to illegal vehicle races.

Limit to one lane per direction on Calle Rafaela Yabarra and replace trees.

Proposal for the installation of a playground on the empty plot at the intersection between Avenida Rafael Ybarra and Avenida de los Poblados.

Resolve accessibility and security in the steps of the commuter station.

Remove asbestos and do replacement work on certain facades 4. Economic activity Aid to small entrepreneurs to be able to carry out new activities in the currently empty groundfloors.

Promotion by the municipal government, so that the empty locals are occupied, not only from the Orcasitas neighborhood itself but also from the adjacent neighborhoods and districts, arriving from Carabanchel, Usera and Vallecas.

5. Public services Difficulty of access to the outpatient clinic. A road opening would be necessary.

Also solve access to schools and institutes since there is traffic, it is dangerous.

Add utilities on parcels that are currently empty, either east near the tram station or south near Decathlon. Preferably for nursing homes, sheltered accommodation, assisted residences ...

SWOT ANALYSIS

PROPOSAL OBJECTIVE: Promote from the City Council and also from the Community Administration and from the Neighborhood Associations and Cooperatives, the improvement of housing and commercial premises as the main tool of social, cultural, educational, employment and excellence development of the neighborhood.

Based on the sociological analysis of the neighborhood, we can see how one of the most important problems of Orcasitas is the low economic capacity and the few studies that the people who live in it have. These problems are represented in their daily lives, with a relatively high unemployment rate, especially affecting women.

In addition, these problems are aggravated in a neighborhood with shops that keep closing, empty premises, isolation from the rest of the city, the poor condition of many green areas and public spaces in general and, due to the economic capacity of the inhabitants, many homes are outdated and in need of repair.

Our goal is to operate in the urban fabric with small actions in the public space of the Orcasitas “Meseta” to rehabilitate it and give it a fresh air, actions from neighborhood associations to re-fill the neighborhood's commercial spaces and improve the economy, and thanks to this, and thinking in the medium and long term, to improve the quality of life of the people who live in the Orcasitas neighborhood and what we need for these ideas to be sustainable and successful.

FIGURES AND SOURCES Source : Municipio en cifras – Portal estadístico del Ayuntamiento de Madrid Figure 1 : Population age and sex in Usera Figure 2 : Population age and sex in Orcasitas Figure 3 : Nationality of foreigners in Orcasitas Figure 4 : Natives and foreigners in Usera and Orcasitas Figure 5 : Vegetative growth in Usera and Orcasitas Figure 6 : Births and deaths in Usera and Orcasitas Source : Areas de información estadística – Banco de datos del Ayuntamiento de Madrid Área I : Mercado de trabajo Figure 7 : Unemployment rate Madrid, Usera and Orcasitas Figure 8 : Unemployment rate Madrid, Usera and Orcasitas divided by sex Figure 9 : Type of employment in Usera and Orcasitas Área F : Educación Figure 10 : Level and type of education in Usera and Orcasitas Figure 11 : Proportion of inhabitants with insufficient and higher education in Usera and the neighbourhoods comparing with Madrid Figure 12 : Educational level of the population aged 25 and over according to gender in Madrid, Usera and Orcasitas Área D : Economía Figure 14 : Economic activity section comparison Usera and Orcasitas Figure 15 : Economic activity section Usera Figure 16 : Economic activity section Orcasitas

Bibliography: Sánchez, N. Cervero, and L. Agustín Hernández . “Urban Remodeling, Transformation and Renovation. Three Ways of Intervening on Twentieth Century Social Housing.” Informes De La Construcción, Mar. 2015.

Fidel, Enrique. “Orcasitas (Usera, Madrid).” Urban Idade, 4 Aug. 2011, urbancidades.wordpress.com/2011/04/26/orcasitas-usera-madrid/.

Manzano Martos, Javier. “ORCASITAS.” ESPASA-CALPE MADRID , 9 May 1979, pp. 621–629.

David MONGIL JUÁREZ. “INTEGRAL INTERVENTION IN NEIGHBOURHOODS: CONCEPTS, INSTRUMENTS AND ELEMENTS OF IMPROVEMENT.” CIUDADES 13, 2010.

Sources: Data collected from Ayuntamineto de Madrid at: https://www.madrid.es/portal/site/munimadrid https://portalestadistico.com/ Numeric data collected from the portal : https://www.madrid.org/nomecalles/Inicio.icm

Source : Nomecalles – Instituto de estadística de la Comunidad de Madrid Figure 13 : Level of income average in Madrid, Usera and Orcasitas

Numeric data from National institute of statistic: https://www.ine.es/censos2011/tablas/Wizard.do 2011 Census

Source : Areas de información estadística – Banco de datos del Ayuntamiento de Madrid Área E : Edificación y vivienda Figure 17 : Building average age in Madrid Figure 18 : Building in good condition in Madrid Figure 19 : Building in good condition in Orcasitas, Usera and Madrid Figure 20: Average net area of the dwellings in Madrid Figure 21 : Average household size in Orcasitas and Usera Figure 22 : Access to heating system in Madrid, Usera and Orcasitas Figure 23 : Access to internet in Madrid, Usera and Orcasitas Figure 24 : Type of access to the building in Orcasitas and Usera Figure 25 : Accessibility in Orcasitas, Usera and Madrid

PIBs, planes integrales de barrio USERA, 2019 Área de Gobierno Familias, Infancia y Bienestar Social, Memoria 2019 Pacto ciudadano Orcasitas, by Oficina Técnica 2005 Líneas estratégicas para el desarrollo del Distrito de Usera, by Abay Analistas Económicos 2019 Madrid Recupera , estrategia de recuperación urbana by the general direction of strategic planning.

Plan municipal en áreas preferentes de impulso a la regeneración urbana, 2016