Community Capacity Building at Mijar, Mangalore

Community Capacity Building Project, Lathrottu, Mijar JULY 2015 EDIFICE CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

01. Introduction

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The Mangalore Region

Mangalore is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located about 350 kilometres west of the state capital, Bengaluru. Mangalore lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghat mountain ranges, and is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada district in south western Karnataka.

Mangalore is demographically diverse with several languages, including Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary bashe commonly spoken, and is the largest city of Tulu Nadu region. The city’s landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, freshwater streams, and hard red-clay tiled-roof buildings.

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Lathrottu

Mijar is a small town in the Dkashin Kannada district of Karnataka. The town lies on NH13 between Mangalore and Sholapur. The city closest to Mijar is Moodbidri (5 km away). The site falls within the coastal region between the Western Ghats and the Udipi Coast.

The site itself (about 2 acres) makes up the bulk of built structures in the village. There are about twenty homes on this site. The entire area is densely forested with evergreen trees and the land features a highly undulating terrain. The soil is comprised of rocky laterite (red soil) and black-stone.

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People of Lathrottu General Information

The village of Lathrottu is home to some 125 people. The site itself has about fifteen buildings which house up to seventy-five residents.

All thirteen families residing on the site are related to each other.

The elder-most member of the community is a seventy-five year old woman and the youngest member is a three-month old child. There are fifteen or so children between the ages of 5 and 15.

The largest household houses twelve members and the smallest houses a young couple. On average, up to five members share one household.

Families are patriarchal in nature.

Families have domesticated dogs for security from intruders & snakes and for companionship.

Although there is no leader for the community as such, 50 y.o. Nallayyah is generally considered to be the spokesperson.

Upon rehabilitation to Lathrottu, the men-folk of the community have sought occupation as daily wage labourers in local small & medium scale industries.

The community worships the local village deities. A small shrine to the gods is located centrally under two large trees.

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People of Lathrottu Daily Activities

A typical day at Lothrattu begins at 5:00 AM with the men stepping out to bathe and prepare fire-wood to heat water.

In the meanwhile, women prepare for day’s food needs in the kitchen which is in some cases located in an external shed.

At around 7:00 AM the men head out to their jobs. Children leave soon after for their schools which begin at 9:30 AM. The day’s activity for women involve cleaning, cooking, beedi rolling, washing clothes, etc.

Children return from schools by 4:30 after which they all play together for two or three hours. Children typically play games like lagoi, kabaddi, luda and cricket. After playing, the children typically study indoors for an hour.

Men return from work at 19:00 and dinner is served and eaten in families between 20:30 and 22:00.

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People of Lathrottu Occupation

Traditionally the members of this community had been engaged in manual scavenging activities. Upon rehabilitation to Lathrottu, the men-folk of the community have sought occupation as daily wage labourers in local small & medium scale industries.

The men of Lathrottu work in temporary / seasonal shifts at beedi factories, at the engineering colleges at Moodbidri & Mijar, in local construction activities and in the cashew factory. On average the men earn Rs. 400 to Rs. 500 per day.

Women are employed by the local beedi factories for rolling activities. This is essentially a household arrangement. On average, the women earn Rs. 60 to Rs. 100 per day.

There is no direct link to agricultural or pastoral activities whatsoever. Senior citizens stay at home to look after the land, home and families and there is no evidence of child labour. Salaries are paid on a weekly basis every Saturday.

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People of Lathrottu Others

FOOD: Families consume fish curry and rice on a regular basis. Most families rear chicken for eggs and meat. Kitchens are located adjacent to the houses in a separate back-room or in a shed.

This largely depends on the size of the family and the number of people who cook together. Families dine together in their dining rooms while squatting on the floor.

RELIGION: The community worships the local village deities. A small shrine to the gods is located centrally under two large trees. All villagers are Hindus but their beliefs are non-mainstream and their celebrations are not of a communal nature. Each house has a small pooja shelf.

EDUCATION: Formal education in the community is evident only in the current generation of children. The most qualified person as of now is a young woman who is ‘seventh-pass’. This has an effect on the community’s employability. The some-what isolated nature of the village coupled with poor frequency of public transport to local schools means that children walk to school every day.

Small children are sent to the Thippulabettu Govt. Primary School and eldre children study at the Bolecha Govt. School. Two elder girls currently pursuing higher education reside at hostels in the Kalabettu Govt. School in Moodbidri.

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02. Site Study

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Site Study Macro Context

The hamlet can be accessed from the Mijar Bus Stop which is at an intersection on the NH 13 connecting Mangalore and Sholapur.

This intersection is about 1.5 km away from Lathrottu. A single bus (07:15/07:30) connects the village to the Mijar Bus Stop.

The recently established ALVA’s Institute of Engineering and Technology is a major landmark and is located to the West of the site on NH 13.

TO MOODBIDRI

SITE ALVA’S INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

MIJAR BUS STOP

TO MANGALORE

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Site Study Meso Context

The 2 acre site is on the Northern edge of the 9 m wide link road. Site surroundings are densely vegetated with evergreen trees on a highly undulating terrain.

To the West of the site is a large Daamar factory which prepares aggregates from the laterite rock for local construction works.

LOCAL DAAMAR FACTORY

SITE

TO MIJAR BUS STOP

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Site Study Access

The 2 Acre site is accessed from the 9 m wide link road at 2 points.

Houses on this site are organized in two pockets based on the access.

The larger pocket has 17 houses and the smaller pocket has 4.

TO MIJAR BUS STOP

4.5 M WIDE INTERNAL RD.

9 M WIDE EXTERNAL RD.

SITE BOUNDARY IS TENTATIVE UNTIL ACCURATE DATA IS SUPPLIED BY THE CLIENT. INDIVIDUAL PLOT BOUNDARIES ARE TENTATIVE UNTIL ACCURATE DATA IS SUPPLIED BY THE CLIENT.

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Site Study Building Location

The site is home to thirteen families living in fifteen households. These houses have been marked in plan.

In addition to these families, the site also has 5 more families which may be considered within the perview of the larger development.

Each of these families have been allotted between 3 and 5 cents of land on which they have built their houses.

All houses are accessed from the central road.

TO MIJAR BUS STOP

SITE BOUNDARY IS TENTATIVE UNTIL ACCURATE DATA IS SUPPLIED BY THE CLIENT. INDIVIDUAL PLOT BOUNDARIES ARE TENTATIVE UNTIL ACCURATE DATA IS SUPPLIED BY THE CLIENT.

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Site Study Water Supply

Water to the site is supplied from a water tank placed on the highest point on site.

Water is fed to three communal taps distributed on the site. There is no water supply to individual homes.

Residents boil this water for domestic and cooking purposes in their own homes in special hearths located in kitchens and toilets/ sheds.

TO MIJAR BUS STOP

SITE BOUNDARY IS TENTATIVE UNTIL ACCURATE DATA IS SUPPLIED BY THE CLIENT. INDIVIDUAL PLOT BOUNDARIES ARE TENTATIVE UNTIL ACCURATE DATA IS SUPPLIED BY THE CLIENT.

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Site Study Electric Supply

Electricity is supplied to the community from the local grid.

A small transformer is located on the Southern edge of the abutting 9 m wide road.

Electric poles set up by the government carry elctricity to individual homes.

Two houses have added solar panels for lamps.

TO MIJAR BUS STOP

SITE BOUNDARY IS TENTATIVE UNTIL ACCURATE DATA IS SUPPLIED BY THE CLIENT. INDIVIDUAL PLOT BOUNDARIES ARE TENTATIVE UNTIL ACCURATE DATA IS SUPPLIED BY THE CLIENT.

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Site Study Shared Facilities

The local village deity temple is located centrally.

An open space near the temple serves as a square for the village and as a small playground for children.

The Govt. has provided a shared community toilet block which is frequently used by residents who do not have an attached toilet in their homes.

TOILET

TEMPLE

TO MIJAR BUS STOP

SITE BOUNDARY IS TENTATIVE UNTIL ACCURATE DATA IS SUPPLIED BY THE CLIENT. INDIVIDUAL PLOT BOUNDARIES ARE TENTATIVE UNTIL ACCURATE DATA IS SUPPLIED BY THE CLIENT.

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Site Study Vegetation

Densely vegetated with evergreen trees.

TO MIJAR BUS STOP

SITE BOUNDARY IS TENTATIVE UNTIL ACCURATE DATA IS SUPPLIED BY THE CLIENT. INDIVIDUAL PLOT BOUNDARIES ARE TENTATIVE UNTIL ACCURATE DATA IS SUPPLIED BY THE CLIENT.

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Geography Terrain

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Geography Soil

The soil in this region predominantly consists of Laterite rocks or Red Soil. The hard strata is often cut to create archiectural levels in settlements. Laterite is a porous rock and where the soil is loose, grass ans shrubs take root. In densly vegetated parts, the top soil has a high humus content and can be fertile.

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Geography Vegetation

BANANA & PLANTAINS

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PAPAYA

COCONUT

RAMPHAL

CASHEW

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03. Local Architecture

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Local Architecture Building Materials

RED OR LATERITE SOIL

LOCALLY AVAILABLE SOFT-WOODS

LATERITE BLOCKS

MANGALORE TILES

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Local Architecture Entrances & Compound Walls

STONE BRIDGES OVER DRAINS

STONE STRIPS

A TRADITIONAL GATE

MUD WALL AROUND FRONT-YARD

CUT-EARTH LEVELS

BROKEN GLASS ON WALLS

SIMPLE DEMARCATION

LOW HINGED WOODEN GATES

The village typically has kuchcha compound walls and simple gates. The belief in the need for compound wall for security does not seem like a priority.Compound walls are not necessarily used for security. The compound wall in these homes simply serves the purpose of marking a boundary. Some compounds are lined with colourful shrubs or just low mud walls.

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Local Architecture Front Yards

A PLANT OR TREE

THE TULSI

GRIND-STONE

WASHING STONE

CHILDREN’S PLAY-POLE

CHICKEN COOPS

AN OUTDOOR BED

CLOTHESLINES

The front yards of all homes typically have four main things; a tree, the tulsi plant, a grind-stone and a washing stone. In addition, the front yard serves as a private gathering space, a play area for children or a place to leave clothes to dry. Chicken and their coops are placed in front yards.

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Local Architecture Verandah / Porch

RESIDENCE NAMES

FAMILY & GATHERING SPACE

CONTEMPLATIVE SPACE

EXTENDED PORCH

AN OUTDOOR ROOM

OUTDOOR POOJA-ROOM

PET-SPACE

The verandah or porch is an architectural feature not present in every home. However, the activities that happen in the verandah are replicated in other homes in the open. All families can benefit from the addition of a verandah to their homes.

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Local Architecture Habitable Rooms

WOODEN DOORS

GROOVES FOR CEILING RAFTERS

SOFT-WOOD ROOFING FRAME

LARGE SQUARE WINDOWS

NO LINTELS OVER DOOR FRAME

POOJA SHELVES

ARCHED DOORWAYS BETWEEN ROOMS

Habitable spaces are simple cubicles which are interconnected by a dining space or small corridor. Generally, the rooms are no bigger that 8’ x 8’ with the hall extending length-wise and the bedrooms in a square. Habitable spaces do not directly connect to the toilets. Kitchen is adjacent to the dining space.

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Local Architecture Kitchens

REAR OR SIDE LOCATION

SIMPLE LOW OTA

TRADITIONAL CHULHA ARRANGEMENT

CHARRED WALLS

LOFTS

Kitchens are usually located on the rear side of the homes and primarily used by the women-folk. The main mode of cooking is the wood-stove and there is no gas connection. Kitchens typically have a loft and a shelf-recess for storage and a window acts as the only ventilator. Smoke fills the rooms and darkens the walls.

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Local Architecture Toilets

DUG-OUT PIT FOR TOILETS OUTSIDE HOMES

OUTER ACCESS TO TOILETS

SMALL SQUARE VENTILATORS

ORISSAN PAN

EXTERNAL FURNACE

WATER BOILING APPARATUS

The toilet, when attached to a home, is built over a large pit. The W/C is of the Orissan Pan style and there are no taps or flowing water inside. There is a furnace-like apparatus for boiling large quantities of water with fire-wood. People who do not have access to attached toilets use the shared toilet provided by the Government.

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Local Architecture Sheds

ATTACHED SHED WITH TOILET

COVERED KUCHCHA SHED

SEMI-COVERED KUCHCHA SHED

KITCHEN STORAGE

KUCHCHA VERANDAH SHED

SEMI-PUCCA OUTEHOUSE

OUTER KITCHEN

VERANDAH SHED

All inhabited homes have a shed. The shed is essentially a kuchcha structure. It primarily acts as a spill-over space for domestic activities and as an outdoor storage unit. Social or group activities do not take place in these sheds.

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Local Architecture Backyards

ROADSIDE BACKYARD

NATURAL UNDERGROWTH

VEGETABLE GARDEN

PLAY AREA

WOOD AND STONE STORAGE

SECONDARY SHED OR OUTHOUSE

UNKEMPT SLOPES

CLOTHESLINE

Every home has a backyard. Depending on the size of the plot allotted to the family, the size of the backyard varies. Generally, the backyard is the most densely vegetated and least artificially maintained part. Some homes have a second shed in their backyards while others use it as kitchen gardens.

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04. Cluster & Community

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Clustering Macro Principles

Houses are organized in a grid manner along the South-West to North-East direction.

The frontyards of houses are alinged with the dominant valleys on the site leading from the top to the 9 m wide access road.

TO MIJAR BUS STOP

SITE BOUNDARY IS TENTATIVE UNTIL ACCURATE DATA IS SUPPLIED BY THE CLIENT. INDIVIDUAL PLOT BOUNDARIES ARE TENTATIVE UNTIL ACCURATE DATA IS SUPPLIED BY THE CLIENT.

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Clustering Micro Principles

FRONT YARDS IN A ROW, POSSIBLY ALONG THE VALLEY LINE

HOUSE EXTENSIONS TEND TO BE DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT

HOUSES ON A FRONT-REAR ARRANGEMENT FOR PRIVACY

GAPS BETWEEN NEW AND EXTENDED BUILDINGS

Homes do not face each other. Rather, rows of houses are flanked by open spaces on either side which create a series of private and semi-private front and backyards. Sometimes, the backside of one house can be used to support a shed. Extensions of houses happen adjacently but often without joining. This is due to the strip foundation and construction of separate plinth.

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Community Features Shared Facilities

COMMON ACCESS ROAD

SHRINE TO THE VILLAGE DEITY

COMMUNITY WATER TAPS

ELECTRIC METERS FOR EACH HOUSEHOLD

WATER TANK

COMMUNITY WATER TANKS

GOVT. COMMON TOILET FACILITY

Essential services such as access, water and electricity are shared by the whole community. Additionally, the settlement has its own village deity to which a small shrine has been built.

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Community Features Pioneering Moves

ORGANIC VEBEGATABL GARDEN

SOLAR PANELS

CLEANLINESS AND DECORATION

SATELLITE TV CONNECTION

Some families are more enterprising than others. Important pioneering moves in the community include solar harvesting for lamps, digital cable connection for TV viewing, kitchen garden for vegetables & spices and investment in horticulture & cleanliness.

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05. Case Studies

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Macro Level- Architecture & Local Context Belapu, Udipi Belapu is located just inland from the Udipi coast and is a mid-sized village of about five hundred families. Access to the site is from the NH-17 just South of Udipi. The mildly undulating landscape is used for paddy farming among other things.

TO BELAPU PANCHAYAT

Houses are organized in a N-S orientation in a grid-iron pattern.The residents have access to various facilities on site as well as access to public transport to travel between the village and highway.

Terrain

Laterite or Red Soil is the dominant soilt type. Black Rock is also present in abundance. The terrain on this land is undulating but the height differences are not drastic. The vegetation here is less dense with a predominance of shrubs and grass. Trees grow in distinct patches.

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Shared Facilities

BUS STOP

CRECHE

CREMATORIUM

WATER TANK

MOSQUE

ROAD SIDE SHOP

In addition to homes, the development takes into account a variety of shared facilities for the community including bus stops, creches, water tank, crematorium, mosques and gathering spaces. Houses with street front have opened shops.

Architecture LAYOUT

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

BEDROOM

BEDROOM

LIVING / DINING

TOILET

KITCHEN

PLINTH

EXCAVATION & BOREDER PIT

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

LOAD-BREAING WALLS

PLINTH

DAAMAR FILLING

FINISHED QUALITY

CEMENT PLASTER

WOODEN ROOF FRAMES

Walls are finished in cement plaster and painted in bright colours. Wood is coated with opaque varnish or brown oil paint on the inside. Houses have vitrefied floor tiles and windows are protected with MS grillwork. Faux-pillar made of hollow concrete form individual porces for every home.

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Macro Level Ralegan Siddhi

Key points: Ahmadnagar

MAHARASHTRA

Ralegan siddhi village in Maharashtra, located in the Parner taluka of Ahmednagar district, with a population of 2000 inhabitants. The village covers an area of 982.31ha. It falls in the rain shadow region of the Sahyadri mountains. It receives extremely low and erratic rain fall, approx. 400-500mm annually, from July to September.Hence making it a drought prone area.

Of the total village area of over 980 ha, over 300 ha is not available for cultivation (about 194 ha is under forest cover).

Poor soil quality and depth, prevents water from percolating during the rains. the maximum depth is only 45cm.

Prevailing Conditions All of the rainwater use to run off and get wasted. Whatever rainwater used to get collected was sufficient to barely cultivate one crop in a year.By the year 1975, it was a poverty stricken village, in extreme drought conditions and unhygienic conditions and people finding it difficult to find drinking water and two square meals.

More than 50% of households had an average family size of eight or nine members. Around 60% of the households borrowed grains or money and defaulted paying back. Local liquor shops and bars started cropping up as a business and ruined the social scenario, especially for women.It had also led to a lot of migration to the nearby cities like Pune and Mumbai in search of livelihood.

Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

Drought Prone region Migration, unemployment, deterioration of social life Trap water- Percolate water 2 crops a year Milk and milk products Self sustaining-bio gas, schools, healh care, grain banks Increased employment opportunities Improved social scenario Model Indian Village

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Improvement and Enhancement Measures In 1975 the revival of this village was instigated by Anna Hazare a local, and an ex armyman.

The water shed related issues were taken up on priority given the conditions of the village.Trap water – percolate water was the motto applied in different ways in order to utilise the rain water to its optimum and increase water table. Simple schemes like Nalla bunds,Contour bunding,Percolation tank,Community wells,Check dams,Gully plugs and contour trenches. Shurbs and plants were planted on the hillside which recharged aquifers and made more water available for irrigation. Irrigation systems such as drip irrigation and lift irrigation was also implemented.

Along with the watershed management other problems related to cattle and society were solved with a five point scheme: Nashabandi (Ban on alcohol, tobacco, etc.)

Nasbandi (Family planning) Khurdbandi (Free cattle grazing) Compulsory community service.

Equality to all.

Other programs for the welfare of the village and for it to be self sustaining were undertaken post the critical watershed program. Some of these schemes were solar energy system development and installation, biogas plants, gobar gas plants, co-ed schools, health care facilities, community toilets, low cost housing, grain banks.

Statistical Data Today this prosperous village profits from growing 2 crops a year. Cattle management and care has led to 3000ltrs of milk being produced a day going out into the market from here earning the village 60,000 rupees /day. The per capita income of the villagers has increased from Rs. 225 to Rs. 2500.

Major banks have opened branches here now and the private savings are over 30 million rupees. It has hence become known as a model Indian village which is considered a prototype all over the region.

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Macro Level- Economics Anand Anand is the administrative centre of Anand District in the state of Gujarat, India. It is known as the Milk Capital of India. It became famous for Amul dairy and its milk revolution. This city hosts the Head Office of Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd (AMUL). Anand has seen rapid economic growth along the Anand-Vallabh Vidya Nagar and Karamsad road belt. It is well on track to becoming a Municipal Corporation with the inclusion of various peripheral villages like Karamsad, Chikhodra, Lambhvel, V. V Nagar, Bakrol, Mogri and 20 others. Economy of Anand is very vibrant which ranges from farming to big scale industries. Major crops includes Tobacco and Banana apart from the Amul Milk Factory.

Key points: Large number of unorganised milk producers Introduction of an economic organisation pattern Elimination of middle men Educating and enabling small farmers with business acumen Self sustaining village grows to a city

Anand Pattern

Milk Capital of India - Amul

The Anand Pattern is essentially an economic organizational pattern to benefit small producers who join hands forming an integrated approach in order to economy of a large scale business. The whole operation is professionally managed so that the individual producers have the freedom to decide their own policies. The adoption of modern production and marketing techniques helps in providing those services that small producers individually can neither afford nor manage. Under Operation Flood the entire institutional infrastructure set up at the village level, the district level and the state level is owned and operated by the farmers themselves. The Anand Model cooperatives have progressively eliminated middlemen, bringing the producers in direct contact with consumers.

The Anand Pattern succeeded because it gave a fair price to the farmer and high - quality milk and milk products to the consumer.

The Three Tier Structure The First Tier - Primary village Co-operative Society: This body conducts quality checks for each member and decides the profit share at the end of each year based on quality and quantity of milk. This acts as a vital link for various productivity enhancement and development programmes of farmers programmes.

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The 2nd Tier – District Union: District Union: It is a Union of primary village co-operative societies within a district. The Union buys all the societies’ milk, then processes and markets fluid milk and products. Union also provides a range of inputs and services to village co-operative societies and their members. The Union staff train and provide consulting services to support village co-operative society leaders and staff.

The 3rd Tier The State Federation: The cooperative milk producers’ unions in a state form a State Federation which is an apex marketing body responsible for marketing of milk and milk products of member unions. The Federation also plays a role in the overall development of the district unions federated to it.

Social Impact This three tier structure has also brought about social changes in the area. The democratic election process for the office bearers at the village level has enabled more participation and equality in the manner of governance. Education in a non-school sense is also spreading. Veterinary care, the supply of balanced cattle feed, and artificial insemination centers are contributing to health education, nutrition education and sex education. There is a change in the status of women, the income from milk is considered to be earned by them and men have conceded that those women should have a say in how this money is to be spent. Migration to cities from villages of the jobless has reduced due to the employment generation enabled by this initiative.

Statistical Data

Sales Turnover

Rs (Million)

US $ (in million)

2004-05

6000

138

Number of Producer Members

6,80,962

Number of Village Dairy Cooperative Societies

1206

2005-06

7090

160

2006-07

8220

202

Total Milk Handling Capacity

4.5 Million liters per day

2007-08

10770

272

Milk Collection (Daily Average)

1.8 Million liters

2008-09

13780

310

Milk Drying Capacity

100 Mts per day

2009-10

16950

360

Whey Drying Capacity

60 Mts per day

2010-11

21110

469

2011-12

24660

528

2012-13

28500

528

2013-14

34410

574

Cattle Feed Manufacturing Capacity 1200 Mts per day

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Architecture Post Tsunami Housing, Srilanka- Shigeru ban Location : Kirinda, Sri Lanka (Asia) Architect : Shigeru Ban Architects, Tokyo, Japan Client : Philip Bay Completed : 2007 Design : 2005 Site size : 71 m2 for each house Total site area : 3'195 m²

This project provides 100 houses in a Muslim fishing village, in the region of Tissamaharama, on the southeast coast of Sri Lanka, following the destruction caused by the 2004 tsunami.

Shigeru Ban’s aim was to adapt the houses to their climate, to use local labour and materials to bring profit to the region, and to respond to the villagers’ own requirements through direct consultation.

Local rubber-tree wood was used for partitions and fittings, and compressed earth blocks for walls.

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By gathering the villagers and having discussions with them, Ban realised the importance of the following needs 1. To separate spaces for men and women as per the Muslim lifestyle.

2. To secure space for tools and compressors for divers and fishermen.

3. To make a plan where the wet spaces (toilet, kitchen, shower) are contained in the main building.

This discussion with a 100 villagers was the key to the success of this project.

Since this was a rehabilitation project, importance lay in reducing the cost and shortening construction times. Shigeru Ban devised a design with minimal components, locally produced materials and above all simplified construction. The principal material was compressed earth blocks or CEB, a compressed mixture of clay and cement available in Sri Lanka at a very low cost which does not require skilled labor. This material allowed villagers to get directly involved in the workforce to construct the houses and also imparted valuable skills for them.

Between the foundation wall and core, were placed furniture units that were made from rubber trees, also a locally sourced natural material.

As a result of overcoming these three challenges above, this activity was highly esteemed by the villagers. Accordingly, Ban was requested to propose a design for the mosque which was damaged by the Tsunami and gave a presentation to the villagers.

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Technology Solar water heating and Rain water tower- LABee - UFSC

A solar water heating and rainwater tower provides a sustainable solution to domestic water storage and heating needs. This integrated unit that can be installed within new or existing dwellings, and thus delivers a substantial improvement in the daily living conditions of residents. Due to the lack of public infrastructure, residents do not have ready access to drinking water, sewage systems and energy supply. The most serious shortcoming is potable and hot water, basic needs that are covered by the sustainable tower.

The tower itself is composed of prefabricated rings made of ferrocement. The modular system, adaptable to different needs and local situations. The smart combination of existing and proven technologies has a great potential for industrial production and realizing the associated economies of scale to reduce costs of production per unit.

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Composting Toilets

A Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT) is a toilet that operates without water and has a divider so that the user, with little effort can divert the urine away from the faeces.

Design considerations: It is important that the two sections of the toilet are well separated to ensure that: a) faeces do not fall into and clog the urine collection area in the front, and that b) urine does not splash down into the dry area of the toilet.

There are also 3-hole separating toilets that allow anal cleansing water to go into a third, dedicated basin separate from the urine drain and faeces collection. Both a pedestal and a squat slab can be used to separate urine from faeces depending on user preference Advantages

Disadvantages

Does not require a constant source of water

Prefabricated models not available everywhere

No real problems with odours and vectors (flies) if used and maintained correctly (i.e. kept dry)

Requires training and acceptance to be used correctly

Can be built and repaired with locally available materials

Is prone to misuse and clogging with faeces

Low capital and operating costs

The excreta pile is visible

Good for areas where pit latrines don’t work (high water table, collapsing/rocky soils).

More expensive that low-cost latrine options

Large scale nutrient recovery is a realistic possibility.

Men usually require a separate Urinal for optimum collection of urine

Suitable for all types of users (sitters, squatters, washers, wipers)

Special child seats have to be provided to keep their urine and faeces separate.

Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

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06. Our Vision

Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

47

WHAT:

Creating a self-sustaining community which becomes a prototype within the region

HOW:

By understanding through direct consultation, the habits & practices of the community, and responding to their aspirations with local sensitivity and modern sensibility.

Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

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Concept

SELF-SUSTAINING COMMUNITY

ENERGY

PROTOTYPE

RESOURCES ECONOMY

Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

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Festivals

Children playing

INDIVIDUAL

SOCIAL

Occupation

Elderly villagers

AGE

Birthdays

GROUP Funerals

Adults

ECONOMIC

Worship

Drinking alcohol

COMMUNITY DRIVEN

Children

Sheds Rooms

Playground

Backyard

INDIVIDUAL

SPATIAL

GROUP

Frontyard

Toilet Kitchen

Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

Temple

50

Productive Landscapes

The idea is to generate a community that is not only self-sustainable but also productive.

Continuous Productive Urban Landscape (CPUL) proposes a coherent strategy for the introduction of interlinked productive landscapes into cities thereby creating a new sustainable urban infrastructure and supporting a re-definition of open urban space usages.

Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

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Program

ENERGY

ENVIRONMENT

BIOGAS

GOSHALA

SOLAR

PANELS & STREET LIGHTS

PRODUCTIVE LANDSCAPE

COMMON GREENS KITCHEN GARDENS (VEG. GARDENS, FRUIT ORCHARDS, HERBS AND SPICES , LEGUMINOUS PLANTS)

LOCAL MATERIALS ARCHITECTURE

Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

RESPONSE TO LOCAL CULTURE AND CLIMATE

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY ORIENTATION

52

Program

VEGETABLE GARDEN & FRUIT ORCHARDS ECONOMY

MILK & PRODUCTS

GOSHALA, SHOPS

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

GOSHALA, SHOPS

NETWORKS

SOCIETY

Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

GARDENS, TREES, SHOPS

EDUCATION

COMMUNITY OFFICE & COMMUNICATION CENTER ANGAN WADI CLASSROOMS FOR ADULTS PLAYGROUNDS

BELIEFS

CREMATORIUM TEMPLE

COLLECTIVE ACTIVITIES

COMMON ROOM

53

07. Proposed Design

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54

Master Plan: Vision for Lathrottu Village

Temple Common Room & Angawadi

Biogas plant

Community Chowk

Goshala Community Office

Existing Playground

Stepped Frontage as a Public Space Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

Entry to Village Commercial Centre

Crematorium 55

Master Plan: Proposed Access Routes

Pedestrian Routes Pedestrian & Vehicular Routes

N Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

56

Master Plan: Proposed Zoning

Community Amenities Community Open Space Commercial Centre Utility Areas

N Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

57

Master Plan: Proposed Buildings

01

05 04 03

06

02

Legend 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Existing Water Tank Biogas Plant Goshala Community Office and Anganwadi Community Toilets Temple Commercial Centre Crematorium

Community Amenities

07

Community Open Space Commercial Centre Utility Areas

08 Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

N 58

Master Plan: Proposed Residential Plots 1B BOUNDARY HEDGE

1B ACCESS PATH

3

VEGETABLE GARDEN

HOUSE

1B

4 1A

FRONT YARD

1A

1A

Typical Residential Plot Layout

1A

1B

2

1B 1A

2 1A

1B

4

1A 1A 3

N Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

59

Area Statement

Master Plan Illustration: Ground Floor Plan

03 04

05

06

02

01

S. No.

Building Use

Built Area (sqm)

Remark

1

Biogas Plant

63.0

Processing Capacity- 250 KG/day Water required - 300 l/ day Biogas generated - 15 cu m LPG - 7.5 kg/day Manure generated - 30 KG/day

2

Goshala (15.9 x 7.3 m)

116.40

Space provision for 20 cows

3

Common Toilets (5.9 x 2.6 m)

18.70

4

Anganwadi & Common Room (7 x 6 m)

33.20

Includes space for adult literacy classes, reading, watching TV

5

Temple (2.8 x 2.8 m)

7.8

Rebuilding existing temple

6

Existing Playground

7

Commercial Centre (8x5.5m)

23.20

Includes space for sale of milk and milk products, vegetable and fruit produce etc

8

Crematorium

260

Exact built space for this to be allocated

Existing playground is retained

07

08 Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

N 60

Master Plan Illustration and Model

N Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

61

Architecture: Plot Layout for Residences BOUNDARY HEDGE BOUNDARY HEDGE

HOUSE FRONT YARD

Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

VEGETABLE GARDEN

ACCESS PATH

HOUSE

ACCESS PATH

VEGETABLE GARDEN

FRONT YARD

62

Architecture: Unit Design Concept

Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

63

Architecture: Unit Design Concept

BACK YARD

Shed

Family Space

Court yard Kitchen

Bedroom

Living-cumdining

Toilet

Bedroom

Bedroom

FRONT YARD

Ground Floor Plan

Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

First Floor Plan

64

Architecture: Unit Design Type 1A: North Entry | 81 sqm

B SHED 3 X 2.43 M BATH 1.57 X 1.2 M

A

DINING

OTLA

KITCHEN 3 X 1.82 M

TOILET 1.2 X 1.2 M

BEDROOM 01 3X3M

A

LIVING ROOM 3X5M

BEDROOM 03 3 X 1.87 M

Plan

BEDROOM 02 3X3M

B N

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Architecture: Unit Design Type 1A

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Architecture: Unit Design Type 1A

BUILT-IN FURNITURE MANGALORE TILE ROOFING LATERITE BLOCKS MASONRY 230 MM THK

RUBBLE PACKING 230 MM THK

COURTYARD

Section AA

Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

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Architecture: Unit Design Type 1A

MANGALORE TILE ROOFING LATERITE BLOCKS MASONRY 230 MM THK

COURTYARD

Section BB

Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

RUBBLE PACKING 230 MM THK

68

Architecture: Unit Design Type 1B: East Entry | 82.28 sq m

SHED 3 X 2.43 M

OTLA

BATH 1.57 X 1.2 M

KITCHEN 3 X 1.82 M

TOILET 1.2 X 1.2 M

DINING BEDROOM 01 3X3M

LIVING ROOM 3X5M

BEDROOM 03 3 X 1.87 M

BEDROOM 02 3X3M

Plan N Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

69

Architecture: Unit Design Type 2: North Entry | 77.75 sqm

SHED 2 X 2.43 M BATH 1.57 X 1.2 M

KITCHEN 3 X 1.82 M

TOILET 1.2 X 1.2 M

DINING BEDROOM 01 3X3M

LIVING ROOM 3X5M

COURTYARD 2X5M

BEDROOM 02 3X3M

OTLA

Plan Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

N 70

Architecture: Unit Design Type 3: East Entry | 55.90 sqm This typology is specially designed for a small plot size

SHED 2.83 X 2.43 M TOILET BATH 1.57 X 1.2 M 1.2 X 1.2 M

KITCHEN 2 X 1.8 M

LIVING ROOM 2 X 2.1 M

BEDROOM 01 3X3M

BEDROOM 02 3X3M

Plan N Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

71

Architecture: Unit Design Type 4: East Entry | 89.99 sqm This typology is specially designed for highly contoured plots.

BEDROOM 02 3X3M LIVING ROOM 3 X 6.23 M FILLING

BEDROOM 01 3X3M

SHED 3 X 2.03 M

KITCHEN 3 X 1.8 M BATH 1.57 X 1.2 M

Upper Level Plan Community Capacity Building Project, Latthrotu, Mijar

TOILET 1.2 X 1.2 M

Lower Level Plan

SHED 3 X 2.03 M

N 72

EDIFICE PROJECT TEAM: Mr Manoj Choudhury, Design Director Ms Mishkat Ahmed, Urban Designer Mr Jayesh Ganesh, Urban Designer Ms Akhila Suri, Urban Designer Ms Gauri Gore, Architect CONSULTANTS: Biogas Plant Design and Vermiculture: Sampurn(e)arth Environment Solutions Pvt Ltd, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai MEP: Design Bureau, Mumbai Solar Power Design: Cygnus Solar, Mumbai