Earth
By Yeonatan Lazar
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Earth
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Contents Introduction
1
Structure
2
Crust
2
Mantle
4
Core
5
Rock cycle
6
The changing earth
8
Weatherin g
8
Erosion
9
Landforms
10
Glossary
12
Index
13
Bibliography
14
Author page
15
Introduction Earth is made by four layers. These layers by rocks at different temperatures. The earth's surface is always moving and making new landforms. This book will tell you about some landforms and how they are made. You will also learn about the different layers and how the rocks are made.
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Structure Crust The earth has 4 layers: crust, mantle, outer core and inner core. We are standing on earth's crust. The crust is 5-40 km thick. As well the crust is made of tectonic plates the plates are always moving.
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Tectonic plates- big/huge plates 2
If the plates slide becomes a earthquake, when plates bump. It forms a mountain and when there are holes in the in the surface it forms a erupting volcano. In the earth's surface (crust) there are 20 plates or so. The crust is made most of all by rocks and sand. You can't drill below 50 km.
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3
Mantle The second layer is the mantle. The mantle is made of magma and rocks. The mantle is 3,000 degrees Celsius and 2,700 km underground. If you go lower it will became hotter and hotter. The mantle is between the outer core and the crust.
Mantle
Magma- melted rock
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4
Core There are 2 cores: outer core and inner core. The outer core is 2,200 degrees Celsius and 2,700- 5150 km underground. The inner core is 5,000 degrees Celsius and 5,150 Km -6,378 Km underground. The cores are made of melted iron and nickel, but because of the pressure is great the core cannot melt.
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5
Rock Cycle Our rocks which we see are made in the rock cycle. First of all, a volcano erupts and the magma cools to igneous rocks. There are igneous rocks which cool fast and some cool slow. After a long time, the igneous rocks break to pieces from weathering and erosion. The rocks are pressed into layers of sedimentary rock. Then it goes to a place with water and comes underground. After that the pieces move with the plates and finally a volcano erupts and the cycle continues.
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6
7
The changeing earth Weathering There are many kinds of landforms which are made by different process. One of them is weathering. Weathering can make an arch and other landforms. Weathering can make sand which are tiny rocks. This happens from wind, water and temperature changes. Big rock are broken down into smaller and smaller and smaller rocks. There are also physical and chemical reactions that crack rocks and change their shape.
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8
Erosion There is some thing similar to weathering which is erosion. Erosion can form a canyon, a cliff and more. Erosion is usually formed by water or wind.
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Landforms There are a lot of landforms. But how are they made? Here are some examples for landforms and how are thy made: Devils tower- it formed by magma which cooled and split apart. photo credit
Hvitserkur- it made by slices of lava. photo credit
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Fairy chimneys- it made by a long time of weathering (wind) that took away the rocks between the cimneys
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Grand canyon- it formed by erosion of water.
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11
Glossary
Erosion
Wind or water which takes rocks and sand
Landforms
A shape on earth surface
Magma
Melted rock underground
Pressure
Pushing or squeezing
Sedimentary rock
Layers of sand,stone or mud Huge/ big plates
Tectonic plates
Weathering
It is the process which breaks ricks to small pieces
12
Index Surface
1&2
Center of the earth
4 5&6
Rocks Grand canyon
8
Hvitserkur
8
Chimneys
8
Devils tower
8
13
Bibliography
How the earth works The changing face Earth
John farndon Celeste eraser Andrew charman
Rocks and minerals
Keith lye
Journey beneath the earth What is under earth surface
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Author page My name is Yeonatan lazar. I am 10 years old in AISB I wrote this book because there is a lot to learn about earth, its interesting and it help us to understand better the place we are living in. More than that we can find that there are all the time new findings about earth and landforms , so there is never an end for this information.
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Blurb Have you ever wondered what layers the earth has? How our rocks are made? Or how many landforms are made by different processes? In this book you will find out all answers for those questions and more.
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