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d in many different fields, including modeling, raphy, journalism, and in the military. However, ry starts in her hometown, Poughkeepsie. At the Miller was introduced to photography by her Around 1922, Lee Miller was expelled from her and, at the youngage of 18 in 1925, moved to She studied at the Ladislas Medgyes' School of raft and majored in theater design, afterwards ng to New York in 1926. Sometime later, Miller outed by American Vogue, and she appeared on nt cover as a drawing in 1927.
by Lee Miller spread to almost all branches of Vogue in her lifetime. In America, many famous photographers, such as Edward Steichen, George Hoyningen-Huene, and Arnold Genthe, visited Miller in hopes of her modeling for them. While modeling, Miller would also ask these photographers about their photography process and learn why they became interested in that line of work. Miller’s career was amazing but sadly short-lived. While modeling under
American Vogue in 1929, one of her photos was licensed without her knowledge to advertise menstrual products, which were considered taboo at the time. Miller took this opportunity and momentarily left the modeling space, moving to Paris to focus on her arts with photographer Man Ray.
Eléctricité portfolio In 1929, Lee Miller went to Paris to work with surrealist artist Man Ray.
Working with Ray as his apprentice, he and Miller discovered a new technique in photography called solarization, which is where the image is reversed in tone wholly or partly. This technique was seen in 1931 in their project Eléctricité, a portfolio of work. While in Paris, Lee Miller also worked on projects like Exploring Hand in 1930 and The Blood of a Poet starting in the 1930’s. “Exploring hand” (1930). The photo is of a jewelry shop in France where the rings bought were so big that they often scratched the glass of the front door. “The Blood of a Poet” (1932). Lee Miller played a white statue in this film. To look as white as possible on camera, she was covered in butter and flour, which would often melt due to the heat of the lights on the set.
WW2 In 1932, Lee Miller returned to New York and opened a studio under her name. Even with the severe economic downturn of The Great Depression, Miller’s studio was still quite successful, along with her casual return to modeling. Miller in 1940, after convincing her supervisor Audrey Withers to sign her up, became a war correspondent and photographer on the war front in England for British Vogue. After Hitler’s suicide in WW2, Miller in 1945 was given a tip that a house somewhere in Munich still had coal, electricity, and clean running water. This was a very rare combo for the war-affected area; however, it turns out that this was the home of Adolf Hitler. With the help of David E. Sherman, Miller orchestrated a photoshoot of herself bathing in Hitler’s bathtub.
This photo served as a way of removing Hitler’s godlike stature and became a symbol marking the end of the war.
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ns worldwide, even when all member states of the countries of the United Nations afterFor World War II Nations accepted the UDHR in 1948. instance, define the basic rights that of humans. was the yo International reported in 2017 UDHR and 2018, to state human beings nr document 158 countries wereuniversally oppressedthat fromallexpressing tain inalienable rights. It has a preamble and thirty ws. hat cover human rights regarding freedom of on, more. thatrights everyabuse thatreligion, even in and 2024, thereItisalso stillstates human being should beisfree from slavery, torture, ng worldwide, a serious problem. By and yating arrest detention. in or Universal Human Rights Month, we have
ce to think deeply about human rights and help the movement to stop the violation of human rights. e different themes each year related to Universal Rights Month, and this year would be the 70th ary. In December, we could celebrate the Universal Rights Month by volunteering, reading the UDHR, y thinking about human rights. Your small tion can change the world to a better place.
What materials should schools use to and accounts, so that they have the resources to develop individual opinions. Take teach history with multiple Christopher Columbus for example - arguably, the most controversial figure. Despite his great discovery of the United States continent, he left behind a legacy of perspectives? exploitation and devastation for Native American communities. Should his statues future generations? What is the legacy that controversial figures leave behind?
Personally, I think students should be presented with all of the different perspectives
be taken down or should they remain? Should Columbus day have continued or is it right to change that to Indigenous people’s day? These are all questions debated between not just historians, but everyone. Each person views Columbus with a different perspective, formulated through their upbringing, culture, and belief systems. These perspectives are at the heart of why history and figures are controversial, and I believe students should not be taught the “right” or “wrong” way of thinking about these moments. Schools should provide numerous accounts of historical events from different sources, giving students the chance to form their own view.
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his quote’s claims of inauthenticity, it's not wrong to say this book forced the her look family straight expected into the the eyes children of slavery to knowand about seethe it for world what around it was them, instead Harriet of osed to ignore to fruitful the brutality learningthat opportunities. came with She it. Uncle attended Tom’s Sarah Cabin Pierce’s made Academy, the North face one rst itiesschools happening to offer in the andSouth. encourage This was academic one ofsubjects the many along books withthat thesparked traditional the ng of of women slaveryduring in America the period. forever.Stowe quickly learned her voice had value and confident in her thoughts about the world at a young age. She was known to enly doesabout one book her beliefs, writtenwhich by aiswoman exceptionally at a time impressive when they for could a timenot when even women own ally in their shunned name from become the so debate unbelievably table. Keep popular in mind that itthat wasStowe the second-most was sharingsold her he en 19th women century couldn't behind eventhe vote Bible? or own Who property. is this woman, where did she come from, motivated her to write this book? er her time at Sarah Pierce’s Academy, she still had a hunger for knowledge that d many other young people of her time. She attended another school called Female Seminary and then became a teacher. She has improved her writing and en many essays here.
of her family’s encouragement to participate in meaningful conversation and herself in her education, she quickly learned her voice did have value and confident in her thoughts about the world at a young age She was known to speak bout her beliefs, which is exceptionally impressive for a time when women were hunned from the debate table. Keep in mind that Stowe was sharing her voice men couldn't even vote or own property.
me, the media dishonestly called slavery “the peculiar institution.”.People didn't ke slavery, but because it provided a great portion of their daily necessities, they t on it. Uncle Tom’s Cabin portrays slavery in a very intense light that the upper class was not used to hearing. Stowe’s hope for the story was to make build empathy for the characters by giving them positive traits instead of izing them into crude stereotypes.
e book did a great job of bringing public attention to enslaved individuals, Stowe hite woman and inadvertently created and perpetuated harmful stereotypes. As d by Langston Hughes, Uncle Tom’s Cabin was one of “the most cussed and d books of its time.” It was even adapted into a play in 1852 and turned into a 1987. While it was—and still is—a very controversial read, Stowe’s ability to e others to speak out unapologetically against the unjust is truly admirable.
towards her, but she still persevered and continued her work for equality. She was a close friend of Eleanor and Franklin D. jump which the modern tobecame theirmiddle deaths. her motivation class. In response, She was in life she in for every joined education respect the Committee and a self-made self-advancement. of Safety, womanand whoatrose Theordore from humble Roosevelt’s recommendation, Roosevelt, they named her as a the director andpaid alsoadvocate an unofficial “black cabinet”. New became England theand executive origins to secretary. become As America’s highest leading woman infor theindustrial New York safety Stateand Government, workers’ she worked in the NY State rights. Industrial Commission enforce safety laws as sheshe hadfounded broughtthe about. Frances confronted the White House over lies Mary McLeod Bethuneto was a veryfactory influential figure, Daytona She that the wasemployment bornIndustrial in Boston rate aswas Fannie going up in Girls the Perkins midst inof1880 thelater depression. andtoraised inof Worcester, Normal and Institute for Coralie N*gro in 1904, be part BethuneMassachusetts. In her mostUniversity, publicly She had known passionate role she served loveofforhigher 12learning, years aswhich the Secretary continued of Labor at Mount for Holyoke. president Roosevelt. She was the first Cookman thea first institution education for Blacks in Florida. Her Frances woman Perkins hold awas cabinet elected position class in president, theofUnited andStates. in herAs senior the secretary year,women. sheof found labor, shepurpose played in a key an role in writing legislation work in to education helped uplift scores young African American Shetrue also economics for the New course Deal, that including focused minimum industrialism laws. England Additionally, and America. played pivotal role in creating the Social Security showed leadership in the areanew ofoncivil rights wage and in women's rights. She she became onea of Act In of 1935. Frances She Perkins went faces onaccepted to and holdvoices her a position position asgeneral Secretary of Labor of the for Philadelphia years, longer Research than any other Secretary of Labor. the1907, most recognizable of theas civil rightssecretary movement and12 was a helper and Protective Frances Perkins Association. was a to forceful Thisadvocate new organization for massive aimed public to works thwart programs the diversion to bring of newly the nation’s arrived unemployed back to work. unofficial advisor several U.S. presidents like Franklin D. Roosevelt, giving immigrant She continued girls,toincluding serve under black Roosevelt women on from committees, the South,In and into prostitution. one This of his newmany workbiographies in her later life. African Americans a spokeswoman in the government. hereven role,wrote she emphasized motivated Frances Perkins her to was continue an intelligent her education andpolitical dedicated so she participation could woman be better whoforimproved equipped the to address lives ofcomplex thousands of workers across America, education, economic opportunity, and African Americans. issues. and an She inspiration went totothe anybody University whoof wants Pennsylvania’s to do the same Wharton today.school to study philanthropy and economics before becoming a fellow with the New York School of Philanthropy.
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nowho parties wins and thethe most origin votes of this in each type of government. eation of a not necessarily a majority of votes ge out tendency the framework for such afor winner-takesthe government of the new States le-member in 1789, district the Constitution system to made no mention of partisan System parties. a two-party Many organization of the nation’s is founders deeply
d such by a concept partisan known groups.asAlexander Hamilton called ger’s the most law,”fatal named disease” after the of popular French governments, eorge scientist Washington Maurice Duverger. warned in his farewell address in at political factions would lead to a “frightful vasiveness m.” of the two party system nited States stems from political sr,and during historical Washington’s tendencies. presidency, While political elites ady today divided may not themselves completely intofall two under opposing camps: at sts,orled Republican, by Hamilton; mostand identify Anti-Federalists as (or he atic-Republicans) other, showing the headed system’s up by Thomas Jefferson. wo eness. factions fought over the relative power of the government to the state governments, as well as the United States should align itself with either ritain or France.
y elections led to key transitions in the party systems: tion of 1800, in which Jefferson defeated John marked the beginning of the end for Federalism, and ion of 1824, in which John Quincy Adams won the cy despite losing the popular vote to Andrew .
’s supporters formed a new coalition based on nian ideals that became the Democratic Party. ’s opponents formed the Whig Party, which hewed o the Federalist tradition in favoring a more powerful government. The Whigs collapsed by the 1850s, and nti-slavery Republican Party emerged to clash with Jackon’s party, the Democrats.
Change in Voting RightsOver Time in the US
options, restricted participation. In the early years, voting was highly restricted. Initially, only white, property-owning men could vote, often with religious testselections, to verify their faith asand Christians. Voting was conducted through paper ballots or even voice votes, In traditional newspapers public forums allowing minimal become far more inclusive, welcoming all citizens regardless of gender, have shaped voter privacy. opinions.Today, Now, voting media has includes race, economic status, or religious identity. television, online platforms, and social media, allowing immediate and widespread influence. This increased Early restrictions on voting were broken down over time, typically through constitutional amendments and the access contrasts with the past systems where fewer Voting Act of 1965. changes people Rights were informed aboutThese candidates andgradually policies, expanded the voting rights, making voting the right for everyone.elections In modern all adult citizens can vote, and the government is continuously making efforts for keeping lesselections, transparent. further equal access. The expansion of voting rights has had a powerful As technology has advanced, the elections impact on creating more equitable policies have acrossimproved from lever machines and punch cards to electronic voting. Modernareas, option,particularly early voting, which is when people cast various after the Voting Rights Act of their ballots before the Official Election Day, aims to make votingFor more convenient, though theyinclude also bring new concerns about security and data integrity. 1965. instance, new protections the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which prohibited discrimination in housing; the Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984, which required polling places to be accessible to elderly and disabled voters; and the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, which extended protections to people with disabilities. By including more voices, policies like ADA were enacted to promote equal access and rights for people across the country. In summary, the evolution of voting rights and practices reflect broader societal aims towards inclusivity and transparency. Understanding this history is important as we approach future elections and highlights the importance of equal access in the electoral process.
ks, Movies, and Art ped of war, define propaganda the nation. artExploring hasVisual been utilized the connections by
rts on the rception of merican History
es literature, to manipulate film, and public art with opinion, U.S.glorifying history reveals war their pressing l influence dissent. on how Colonial historical art such events asare “The viewed. Massacre” portrays one benevolent party ore ng aofgreat books, cause, movies, and antagonizing and visual artthe is the opposite ability to tell a denreflect silencing the cultural their voices. setting of a certain time. Literature been a tool for telling historical narratives, with authors ct ledging and fiction this aspect to illuminate of art ishuman crucialexperiences. for Novels “The ndingGrapes its complex of Wrath” role in byshaping John Steinbeck societal evoke the ps ons, of as American it invitesfamilies critical during engagement the Great withDepression, alngnarratives. the economic hardship and resilience of the time. profoundly y, film too has shaped the potential perceptions to bring throughout history to life an visual history effects. by showcasing Films suchsocietal as the recent values,“Oppenheimer” s,e American and aspirations. historyFrom during novels, Worldvisual War 2art, and and impactful odern s regarding films such the consequences as “Oppenheimer,” of political art haspower. ed reflects publicthe perception cultural setting greatly.ofToday, a certain many era. They reveal porary beliefs,artists and conflicts tackle pressing that define issues different such aseras in an change, history. identity, For instance, and social in the justice. Civil In Rights addition, Movement, eofand digital visual art art andbecame social media powerful platforms tools for further advocacy and hange. rtistic expression, Works like Ralph allowing Ellison’s diverse“Invisible voices to Man” and onversations tings of Faithand Ringgold challenge show mainstream the struggles narratives. for racial always by spotlighting been a vital the force voicesand of continues marginalized to do so ynities. telling These the stories works of of the art American encourage past individuals and to gdistressing on culturaltopics contexts, suchultimately as race, injustice, shaping and our political They ndinghelp of American shape the history perception and of society. American history by ing views and uplifting distinct perspectives.
norms, to declared us tooften question it so.utilizing Theestablished Fountain digitalwas ideas, platforms, especially sparking like attention Instagram conversations grabbing and that Tiktok because canto itreach was such new aaudiences crude, and questioning controversial reshapeobject, vulgar topics. These publicplatforms breaking opinions. away have By from changed disrupting traditional howtraditional artideas is shared, ofpractices good making taste. anditIt easier highlighted for more the idea arts to go viral and generate global challenging that reactions. anything– accepted good,views bad, or on content, ugly–could style, beorconsidered culture, controversial art. While traditional arts often art has not only emphasized aesthetic shocked properties audiences, like technical but also driven skill and art emotion, movements Duchamp’s attempt laid forward, the foundation influencing for conceptual how we view art, which art today. examines the meaning of art. In conclusion, controversial art plays a crucial role in pushing boundaries and redefining what the society considers
Artworks that Changed Art History
acceptable. By challenging norms, artists like Duchamp and Warhol, have not only shaped the art world but have also Another significant example the is Andy Campbell’s Soup Cans Warhol’s influenced how we perceive world Warhol’s around us. Controversy keeps our(1962). conversation alive and encourages us to explore seriesperspectives. of paintings, depicting mass-produced soup cans, broke away from the dominant art new style of the time, abstract expressionism. Abstract expressionism is an idea of conveying emotions in nonrepresentational and nontraditional techniques and style, which had a distinct undertone of elitism and exclusivity. Contrary to the dominant style at that time, Warhol said, “I don’t think art should be only for the select few, it should be for the mass of the American people.” His focus on consumer goods and celebrity culture in his artwork popularized the Pop art movement, familiarizing art by making it more accessible to everyday people and reflecting the American experience.
Corporation of New York. (n.d.). Voting rights: A short history: Voting. https://www.carnegie.org/our-work/article/votingmeline/
ng you need to know about Lee Miller · V&A. Victoria and Albert Museum. (n.d.). https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/everything-to-know-about-lee-miller?srsltid=AfmBOop751zUHgt283ACzRa6X0DlBUgXgXCe-QXRFOiqAWpmQm_y9QAP
atricia, and Gabrielle Mander. 2019. “The Grapes of Wrath | Summary, Assessment, & Facts.” In Encyclopædia Britannica. ww.britannica.com/topic/The-Grapes-of-Wrath.
eanor J. 2015. “Visual Culture Impacts US History: What Is Seen and What Is Erased?” Truthout. November 14. https:// org/articles/visual-culture-impacts-us-history-what-is-seen-and-what-is-erased/.
l Human Rights Month. National Today. (2023, August 11). https://nationaltoday.com/universal-human-rights-month/
guides: Universal human rights month: About human rights month. About Human Rights Month - Universal Human Rights Research Guides at Rio Hondo College. (n.d.). https://libguides.riohondo.edu/humanrights
(2022, October 31). Hunting for witchcraft in the French provinces: In Custodia legis. The Library of Congress. https:// .gov/law/2022/10/hunting-for-witchcraft-in-the-french-provinces/
awans, T. W. U. (2024, March 7). Centuries after Salem, witch hunts persist. theweek. https://theweek.com/culture-life/ day-witch-hunts
evision Networks. (n.d.). Salem witch trials - events, Facts & Victims. History.com. https://www.history.com/topics/colonialsalem-witch-trials
, K. (2020, October 23). Witch Hunt tourism is lucrative. it also obscures a tragic history. Travel. https:// ionalgeographic.com/travel/article/a-better-way-to-commemorate-the-witch-hunts
evision Networks. (n.d.-b). Why do witches wear pointy hats? the history behind the costume. History.com. https:// tory.com/news/witch-hat-costume-origins
A. (2023, November 23). 10 controversial artworks that changed art history. Artland Magazine. https:// e.artland.com/10-controversial-artworks-changed-art-history/
Frances Perkins Center. (n.d.). https://francesperkinscenter.org/learn/her-life/
evision Networks. (n.d.-b). Why Columbus Day Courts controversy. History.com. https://www.history.com/news/columbusroversy
E. by D. (n.d.). Biography: Mary McLeod bethune. National Women’s History Museum. https://www.womenshistory.org/ n-resources/biographies/mary-mcleod-bethune
D. (n.d.). Biography: Harriet Beecher stowe. https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/harrietstowe