Human-centered Autonomous Future: Research and Design

HUMAN-CENTERED AUTONOMOUS FUTURE Research and Design

kimminji@mit.edu 617-710-0031

Department of Urban Studies and Planning Massachusetts Institute of Technology kyabe@mit.edu 617-470-6899

11.313 - Professor Alan Berger

Keiko Yabe MinJi Kim

WHAT DOES AUTONOMOUS MOBILITY TECHNOLOGYCHANGE IN OUR SOCIETY?

More Sharing

Use of parking lot or garage space for other purposes

Need for road where passengers can get on/off safely

Need space to charge and park shared vehicles

Spaces to put kiosks and to call autonomous vehicles needed

Improving the mobility of the socially underprivileged

Reduce place for vehicles

Uses less road space and can widen sidewalks

Need a hierarchy of roads based on purpose or speed

New traffic signs, lighting, and sign systems needed

Reduce barriers

Need for micromobility roads and spaces to park them

Needs space to place products when the recipient is not on site

Step/curb removal to enable robot delivery

Improving the mobility of people with disabilities

STAKEHOLDER

OPPORTUNITIES and CHALLENGES

Opportunity: Eliminate the need for manpower in the delivery business.

Challenge: Create a solution for the first and last 1 mile delivery process, which used to be carefully carried out by human hands.

DEVELOPER & DESIGNER

SERVICE PROVIDER END USER GOVERNMENT

Opportunity: repurposing the car used area into human-centric area.

Chanllenge: Public-private boundaries will need to be designed seamlessly to accommodate automated vehicles.

Opportunity: A new way of thinking about changing the concept of mobility and sharing the means of transportation to achieve it.

Challenge: The diffusion and understanding of technology and changes in lifestyles.

URBAN PLANNER

Opportunity: Preparing for an era of artificial intelligence that can upgrade human living systems and community environments.

Challenge: Numerous stakeholders and current institutions, difficulties in coordinating government regulatory issues.

Opportunity: Enable freedom of access, a fundamental right of every citizen under “The American Disabilities Act.”

Challencge: Designing autonomous driving-based cities requires new challenges and innovations in laws and facilities.

WHAT SHOULD WE CHANGE FOR THE NEW ACCESSIBILITY?

Shift from Car-centered to Human-centered (Street)

Review areas such as road lanes and parking lots given for cars, and modify them to the length and area needed in autonomous driving.

Closer to the Road or Alley (Housing)

The distance from the exit of the house to the road or alley needs to be increased to allow for the smooth movement of goods and people even if the driver of the delivery, bus, etc. is no longer available.

Closer to Houses and Facilities (Pick and Drop)

Pick-and-drops also need to be designed to be more direct to the entrance of the house or facility.

Remove the Barrier (Curb)

In order to assist the elderly and disabled to move around on their own, it is necessary to make the curbs as flat as possible, which act as barriers.

Connect Community and Mobility (C&G HUB)

In addition to smoothly connecting tech bundles, hubs connecting people to people and traffic to traffic will play an important role in the coming sharing society. New regulations are needed to develop hubs.

SHIFT FROM CAR-CENTERED to HUMAN-CENTERED (STREET)

BIKELANE GENERALLY 5 FEET

DRIVEWAY 12 FEET

PEDESTRIAN MIN 5 FEET

MICROMOBILITY LANE MIN 5 FEET

PEDESTRIAN MIN 10 FEET

DRIVEWAY 10 FEET

CLOSER TO THE ALLEY (HOUSING)

REER YARD SETBACK

5 FEET

SIDE YARD SETBACK

5 FEET

MIN PARCEL AREA

2,000 SQ FT

MIN LOT WIDTH 40 FEET

FRONTYARD SETBACK 10 FEET

30 FEET

SHARED AUTOCOUNT ACCESS 30 FEET

PEDESTRIAN 5 FEET

CURRENT CODE NEW CODE NEW CODE DRIVEWAY 12 FEET

ZONING ORDINANCE

3.3-1 “R-1” SINGLE-FAMILY DISTRICT PG 42

REER SETBACK 5 FEET 30 FEET 6 FEET

ZONING ORDINANCE

PEDESTRIAN 6 FEET

CURRENT CODE DRIVEWAY 10 FEET

3.3-1 “R-1” SINGLE-FAMILY DISTRICT PG 42

SIDE SETBACK NOT OCCUPY MORE THAN 30 PERCENT OF THE REAR YARD

GARAGE MAX SIZE 1,100 SQ.FT.

LOADING

5 FEET

NEW CODE CURRENT CODE

ZONING ORDINANCE

3.3-1 “R-1” SINGLE-FAMILY DISTRICT PG 42

LOADING AREAS ATTACHED TO BUILDINGS CAN BE OF THE FOLLOWING TYPES: EXTENDED TO THE MAIN BUILDING OR SHADED

PASSENGER LOADING ZONE DIMENSIONS MIN 20FT * 96 IN

MIN 10 FEET

NEW

CODE

REMOVE THE BARRIERS (CURB)

2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design

Fair Housing Act Design Manual, 1-6

CURB SHOULD BE FLAT WHENEVER POSSIBLE, BUT SHOULD BE PROVIDED ONLY WHERE WALKWAYS AND DRIVEWAYS ARE ADJACENT TO EACH OTHER.

CONNECT COMMUNITY AND MOBILITY (C&G HUB)

Exceptions in “Charge and Gather

Hubs”: At C&G Hubs, non-residential functions is partially allowed. The size and spacing of facilities and their functions are limited by the following.

Size: One story 500 square feet, Two story 1,000 square feet. (Complies with accessible building.)

Spacing: 1 hub per 1/4 mile radius

Functions: Allowed facilities in the C&G Hubs are convenience stores, direct sales places, cafes, laundromats, and bookstores.

Mayfair Development & Design Control Document [03]

• Convenience stores with/without Gasoline Sales in "Mixed density residential" are not permitted under the current Mayfair Land Use regulations. In other words, charging spaces with small stores such as convenience stores cannot be located in the residential zoning.

CM hubs Car route Next Generation Mobility route Walking route

Austin

New Braunfels, San Antonio

1/4 mile 5minutes walk

USER PROFILE

Name Health condition Digital familiarity Public transport usage (before moving)

“ Pain Points Conservative Liberal Passive Active

Jane Married, living with husband in wheelchair (85) 80 Adult Community, TX Housewife Walking, chorus, cooking Average travel distance

Lived in San Antonio for her husband's job, but moved to this age-friendly community when her husband became disabled three years ago

Concerns about isolation in a new community. Also worried about growing old while taking care of my disabled husband

TECHNOLOGY BUNDLE

Autonomous Bus (Sharing)

Stops at CG Hubs

On-demand Bus (Sharing)

On-demand

Taxi (Personal)

These tech bundles operate in a load hierarchy. People can choose according to time, climate, price, and other uses. In particular, sharing provides more choice and access to services at lower prices.

Route No. of users per vehicle 10

Booking/ using system

A or B (two routes)

App / Kiosk / Phone / TXT

Price (in the site) $20 per month / $1.70 per ride

Advantage Disadvantage

Price, hub to hub direct route Have to go to bus stops (hubs)

Autonomous Car (Personal)

Personal vehicle

icons: https://www.flaticon.com/

Route Number of people

Booking/ using system

Price (in the site)

Advantage Disadvantage

4~6 A+B+C

Personal vehicle

Maintenance and Insurance No need to book / share Need garage, High cost

6~8 B+C

App / Kiosk / Phone / TXT

Stops anywhere, but visits on an optimized route because it is shared $5.0 per ride

Price, Door to door route Optimized route takes longer

Micro-mobility

Located in front of the CG hubs and can be left anywhere, but it returns to the hub in an optimized state.

Stops anywhere for one person or group use

App / Kiosk / Phone / TXT 1 or 2 B+C+D

$1.0/ 30 mins or monthly $20

Suitable to enjoy walk, cheap Unsuitable for bad weather

4~6 A+B+C

App / Kiosk / Phone / TXT

$7.0~ (groups/individual)

Door to door route, on time Expensive Price

Delivery robot

Delivers anywhere including postboxes, so no recipients are required

App / Kiosk / Phone / TXT 0 A+B+C+D

$3.0 / trip No recipients required Price

JOURNEY MAP

Transportation Time

Activity

Weather Wait / Ride Price (for Jane)

06:30-06:45

Go for a walk to a park with her husband

06:45-07:15 Walk along the pathway in the park

07:15-07:30

MICRO MOBILITY

07:30-7:50

Talk with their neighbors at the C&G hub

See her husband off to catch the bus to the hospital and take the micromobility from the C&G hub back home along the greenway.

ONDEMAND BUS

Go to a lunch with frends (ride on the same ondemand bus) .

18℃ 15℃ 9℃ 03 - 02

AV BUS WAlK/ DELIVERLY ROBOT

ONDEMAND BUS WALK ONDEMAND TAXI

12:00-14:00 14:30-15:30 15:30-16:00

Join chorus practice at the community center

Buy food at a grocery (just next to the hospital) Use delivery robot to bring laggage home

16:00-16:30 Talk with neighbors and her husband at a park-by C&G hub

16:30-17:45

icons: https://www.flaticon.com/

Go back home

$5.0/5=$1.0 ($5.0/car*trip) $0.0 $3.0/3=$1.0 ($3.0/car*trip)

10 mins’ wait/ 5 mins’ ride

Phone call

$1.0

30 mins’ walk (Walk slowly talking with her husband.)

0mins’ wait (grab from the hub)/ 20 mins’ walk (Enjoy greenery)

WALK $0.0 5 mins’ walk

$1.7 $0.0 $3.0

15mins’ wait (rush hour)/ 15 mins’ ride 5mins’ wait (delay)/ 5 mins’ ride

5mins’ walk 0mins’ wait/ 15 mins’ delivery

$7.0/2=$3.5 ($7.0/car*trip)

Total price: $11.2 Total wait: 33 mins

Phone call

Check the time-table at the community center

App (young neighbors at the hub can teach them how to use) App (clinic staff members can teach them how to use)

CURB TO KITCHEN DESIGN SITES

Based on Jane’s journey map, we decided 4 design sites.

Transportation Activity

ONDEMAND BUS WALK

Go for a walk with her hasbund Talk with neighbors at the C&G hub

ONDEMAND BUS

MICRO MOBILITY WALK

AV BUS

Go to lunch with her friends

WAlK/ DELIVERLY ROBOT

ONDEMAND TAXI

Go to grocery store Meet her huasbund and go back home together TAXI

RESIDENTIAL

To accomplish this plan, the curb and pick-and-drop code would need to be changed.

CURB:

On the new street to be developed, the curb should be a semi-flat system instead of mounted up.

The sidewalk will be designed 1 inch higher than the roadway, and the drainage slope will be the same as it is now, dropping to a drainage facility along the curb.

In the boarding area, the curb should be a 1 inch rubbing type to allow smooth traffic to and from the pedestrian walkway without bumps.

Provide a drainage section to allow drainage at the edge of the roadway as before.

ICK

PICK AND DROP:

Facilities should: Have bigger pick and drop (10ft * 40ft) in order to allow buses drop by.

Number: At least 1 pick and drop for 1 facility.

Standard size: 9ft * 16ft minimum 6ft

Length 16ft: follow the current code

By making the lanes one-way and connecting to the house with allies only, the main street can be made more pedestrian-oriented and narrower. With the new space this would create, 54 new homes could be built. (527 houses in total)

The street appears narrower and denser, but the large yards facing the street allow for more space to relax.

Main entrance side

CHARGE AND GATHER HUB

At the Mobility Hub, a husband in a wheelchair can take a walk with his wheelchair-bound husband by switching from an on-demand bus to a micromobility vehicle. She meets her neighbors, has tea at a cafe, and waits for the bus for her husband's clinic.

Transportation Activity

Go for a walk with her hasbund Talk with neighbors at the C&G hub

Go to lunch with her friends

Go to grocery store Meet her huasbund and go back home together

CHARGE AND GATHER HUB

The realization of such a plan would require a new code for C&G hubs, as follows

Exceptions in “Charge and Gather Hubs”: At C&G Hubs, non-residential functions is partially allowed. The size and spacing of facilities and their functions are limited by the following.

Size: One story 500 square feet, Two story 1,000 square feet. (Complies with accessible building.)

Spacing: 1 hub per 1/4 mile radius

Functions: Allowed facilities in the C&G Hubs are convenience stores, direct sales places, cafes, laundromats, and bookstores.

Hub connecting people to people and mobility to mobility

Smooth Mobility Connections

STREET

After taking an on-demand cab to a restaurant with friends, walk to enjoy open-air window shopping. People-centered streets create lively activity.

Transportation Activity

Go for a walk with her hasbund Talk with neighbors at the C&G hub

MOBILITY

Go to lunch with her friends Go to grocery store Meet her huasbund and go back home together

Current plann in Mayfair DDCD

Curbless, people-centered streets that are easy for the elderly to walk on

Pick and drop directly into the facility

TOWARD CURB TO KITCHEN