Intentions of Study As part of the TMA 1603 Integrated Urban Design module this booklet is an in-depth urban contextual analysis of Huddersfield Town Centre and the University of Huddersfield Campus. The study has been compiled and presented by a group of eight Master of Architecture Students investigating both the physical and social characteristics of the chosen areas. Starting with the long history of the town this booklet aims to provide a good understanding of the context of the Town and University campus ready for a Master-planning scheme to be developed from it.
Huddersfield Red Group Members Mitchell Hattersley Matthew Wrigley Zakaria Chhima Raphaella Vasiliou Sean Nkazi Nombela Emily Christodoulou Theodora Solonos Corina Christou
Contents
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006
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144
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Social & Demographics Social Divides Tourism & Culture S.W.O.T. Analysis
Planning Factors
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Planning Factors Listed Buildings New Developments S.W.O.T. Analysis
Climate & Environment
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092
History
Timeline Historical Figure Ground Then & Now
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Opening Statement Boundaries Figure Ground Anti-Form
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044
Introduction
Geology & Topography Flooding Climate Solar Study Green Areas S.W.O.T. Analysis
Urban Composition Axis Density Links & Connections Circulation Permeability Noise Climate Lost Spaces Nodes Landmarks Building Uses Transport
Architectural Expression
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Districts & Zones Sequential Sketches Doors Windows Street Furniture Materiality & Textures Skylines Sections S.W.O.T. Analysis
Physical Model Physical Model
Introduction
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Introduction
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01
Introduction Opening Statement Boundaries Figure Ground Anti-Form
Introduction
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HUDDERSFIELD COUNTRY:
United Kingdom
COUNTY:
West Yorkshire
CO-ORDINATES:
53.6450째 N, 1.7798째 W
POPULATION: 134,987
Introduction Huddersfield is one of the largest towns in the UK with a population of 134,987 according to the 2011 Census. (West Yorkshire Observatory, 2011) Situated in the heart of the Moors in West Yorkshire, it lies halfway between Manchester and Leeds. It has great transport connections, with the M62 and Railway connecting it with Manchester and Leeds and the M1 connecting it to the South. In the past it also had great connections via the Huddersfield Broad and Narrow Canals. It has always been an industrialised town and along with nearby villages had a booming industry in Wool and textile. Whilst the industry has declined, there are currently still numerous mills functioning. Huddersfield also played a huge role in the industrial revolution, with the Luddites staging a campaign in the area, attacking local mills due to the fear of losing their jobs because of advances in technology. Along with its rich industrial history and Victorian architecture, it is also known for being the birthplace of Rugby League and its football team became the first in history to win three successive league titles. Harold Wilson, who later went on to become Prime Minister with the Labour Party, was born in Huddersfield and a statue of him currently stands outside of the train station. The town also boasts a successful University, winning the Times Higher Education University of the Year award in 2013 and the Entrepreneurial University of the year in 2012. (University of Huddersfield, n.d.)
Introduction
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Boundaries Introduction
010
For the purposes of this Urban Study we chose to focus on two boundaries, the first is focused on Huddersfield Town centre, within the Ring Road, as shown on the opposite page. The line that defines this boundary was based on the Unitary Development Plan by Kirklees Council and studying this area will help to inform about the history and character of Huddersfield. The second boundary is focused more closely on the University of Huddersfield Campus and will be the main area of concern. This boundary is based on what land and property the university owns and allows possible room for expansion.
Introduction
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Figure Ground
Introduction
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Anti-Form
Introduction
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History
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History
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History Timeline Historical Figure Ground Then & Now
Timeline Huddersfield
1716: The first map of township is created. Huddersfield is very small with most houses strung out along a single street named ‘the Town Street’. (Redmonds, 1981)
History
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75: Roman historians mention fierce and warlike Brigantes that occupied the North of England. There is evidence of a Roman Settlement called ‘Cambodvnvm’ at 1137: King Stephen Slack/Outline. builds a castle and (Huddersfield One, n.d.) grants it to Henri de Laci. The location of this castle led to ‘Castle Hill’ being given its name. (Huddersfield One, n.d.) 1086: Recorded in the Domesday Book under the name of Oderesfelt and Odrefeld. (University of Huddersfield, n.d.)
1599: William Ramsden purchases the freehold to the manor of Huddersfield. His son Sir John Ramsden purchases the adjoining Almondbury not long after, in 1627. (Whomsley, 1992)
1399: The manors of Huddersfield and Almondbury are passed to the crown. (Huddersfeld One, n.d.)
1671: Huddersfield market is established by Sir John Ramsden after being granted permission by the King to hold a weekly market. (Law, 1992)
1776: Sir John Ramsden’s Canal, now known as Huddersfield Broad Canal is opened, allowing coal to be brought into Huddersfield and finished textiles to be shipped out. (Pennine Waterways, n.d.)
1766: Sir John Ramsden, 3rd Baronet, erects a commodious Cloth-Hall for the buyers and sellers of locally manufactured cotton. It is built out of brick rather than the traditional stone. (Gibson & Booth, 2009) 1781: George Hotel is erected in Market Square before later being dismantled and rebuilt on St Peters Street. (Gibson & Booth, 2009)
1897: Victoria Tower is built on Castle Hill to commemorate Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee. (Gibson & Booth, 2009)
1941: Hundreds of incendiary bombs and twenty high explosive bombs are dropped on and around Huddersfield. (Huddersfield Examiner, 2011)
017 History
1811: Huddersfield Narrow Canal is opened, linking Huddersfield to Ashtonunder-Lyme, Greater Manchester. The canal features the longest canal tunnel in England with a distance of 3.24miles. (Pennine Waterways, n.d.) 1812: A year after starting in Nottingham, the Luddite Rebellion spreads to Huddersfield. The campaign lasts for 6 months, with several mills coming under attack. (Oldham, 2002) 1813: In January George Mellor, also known as ‘King Ludd’, is hung at York, aged 23, for his part in the Huddersfield Luddite Rebellion campaign. (Oldham, 2002)
1930: As the use of the Cloth-Hall fades out, it is demolished to allow for the redevelopment of the site by the Ritz Cinema. (Gibson & Booth, 2009)
1920: The present centre of Huddersfield is purchased from the Ramsden Estate. (Gibson & Booth, 2009) 1876: Borough Surveyor John Henry Abbey’s designs for the Town Hall are built. (Gibson & Booth, 2009)
1836: The Parish Church of St Peter is rebuilt by the architect James Pigott Pritchett, followed by Huddersfield Railway Staton 10 years later and the Lion Arcade in 1852. (Gibson & Booth, 2009)
2001: The Huddersfield Narrow Canal is reopened, after being closed since 1944. (Pennine Waterways, n.d.)
1995: The Alfred McAlpine stadium wins the RIBA Building of the Year award. (Populus, n.d.)
Timeline
University of Huddersfield History
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1825: The Huddersfield Scientific and Mechanics Institute is founded, which the University of Huddersfield can trace its roots back to. The aim of the institute was for “the supplying at a cheap rate, the different classes of the community, with the advantage of instruction in the various branches of science and the useful arts”. It was funded by donors and subscribers, led by Sir John Ramsden. (Connell, 1992)
1841: The Young Men’s Mental Improvement Society is started at the Temperance Hotel, Cross Church Street. (University of Huddersfield, 2013) 1844: The Young Men’s Mental Improvement Society becomes the Huddersfield Mechanic’s Institution. (University of Huddersfield, 2013)
1883: Huddersfield Technical School and Mechanics’ Institution is opened on Queen Street South following £15,500 being raised, including £2000 from the Clothworkers’ Company based in London. The new institution is governed by an educational trust. (Connell, 1992)
1846: A Female Educational Institute is established and Huddersfield claims the distinction of being the first to have an institute “organised and managed on a separate and independent basis, for the education of the young women of the working classes” (University of Huddersfield, 2013)
1958: The Huddersfield Technical College is succeeded by the College of Technology. (Connell, 1992)
1896: The Huddersfield Technical School and Mechanics’ Institution becomes the Huddersfield Technical College. (Connell, 1992)
1992: After the passage of the ‘Further and Higher Education Act 1992’, Polytechnic universities became independent and Huddersfield Polytechnic became the University of Huddersfield. (University of Huddersfield, 2012)
1970: In 1968 the Secretary of State announces that he is prepared to designate the College of Technology, along with Oastler College, as a Polytechnic. In 1970 the Polytechnic is instituted and the official designation ceremony is performed on 23 April 1971. At it’s opening, there were 1540 full-time and around 2000 part-time students. (Connell, 1992)
2012: The University of Huddersfield wins Entrepreneurial University of the Year (University of Huddersfield, 2012) 2013: In November the University of Huddersfield becomes the Times Higher Education University of the Year (University of Huddersfield, 2013)
History
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Historical Figure Ground
1718 History
020 In the first map of township, it shows that the buildings are placed mainly along one road, appropriately named ‘the Town Road’. The axis of the town runs from west to east, with the market square set in the middle.
1778
The town continues to have a west to east axis. It has been built up and has started to expand outwards from the main street. There is also the addition of the Cloth Hall.
History
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1850
History
022 The town has grown considerably. There is no longer a dominate west to east axis as the town spreads out both northwards and southwards. There is also the addition of the Railway station and the building sizes have grown significantly.
1894
The town continues to spread and enlargen. Several clear axis are formed. The building size and massing has also increased.
History
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1932
History
024 The town continues to expand and grow.
1978
The Ring Road is constructed demolishing buildings in its path and creating an elliptical void around the town centre.
History
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Then & Now
Past meets Present History
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1 King Street 1990
1948
027 History
2013
History
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In 2003 Kirklees council decided to turn parts of Huddersfield town centre into pedestrian only areas, this would allow for pedestrians to shop at the various retail shops freely avoiding motorised traffic, this move went down quite well with retailers and shoppers alike as both began to pour into the town centre and which brought in much needed money which went towards helping regenerate the rest of the town centre.
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The pack horse centre sits on what was originally the yard for working horses whos owners were staying at the local inn, in 1966 this site was demolished to make way for the pack horse centre as we know it today.
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The piaza centre was built in three phases between 1969 and 1972, the area was originally occupied by the old theatre royal and the centre was originally known as the Ramsden centre.
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History
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History
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The open market was constructed in 1887 and is still in use today, the cast iron building has stood the test of time mainly unscathed and for its time was seen as great example of engineering and architectural design, the market is still in use around 3 days a week still today.
Huddersfield train station was built between 1846 and 1850 and has been recognise of one the finest classical stations outside of London. Completely constructed from Yorkshire sand stone sourced from Wakefield the buildings entrance is dominated by eight Corinthian columns which is raised by 1.5 metres above the rest of the square.
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St. George’s square has gone about many transformations over the years, from cabled trams to a green gardens to the more recent development of a statue of Huddersfield born prime minister and several water Features which has won Kirklees council a prestigious Europa Nostra award.
History
033
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In 1671 a charter was granted by Charles II to sir john Ramsden giving permission for a market to be held on what became
9 known as market place, in 1876 after many disputes between the traders of the market and the Ramsden family the local authority bought the market from the Ramsden family for ÂŁ14,453.
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Ramsden street with st. Pauls on the horizon gives great idea of how much the town has change over years, the town went through two world was and came out relatively unscathed mainly due to the construction methods used in building the local 12 structures.
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History
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The palace theatre was originally constructed in 1909 and went through a series of transformations and refurbishments during its time, most notably in 1937 when the theatre caught fire and had to be re built, from the building was occupied from 1962 14 as a bingo hall and in 1997 was converted into a nightclub, unfortunately the building today stands empty and is in dire need of repair, plans have been put forward by the current owner to transform the building into student accommodation.
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The Lawrence Batley theatre was not always used for the purpose as we know it today, built in 1819 originally as a Methodist
15 church the structure got used for many varying needs including a mission(Christianity)/ arts centre / squash club /restaurant / disco, today however it is Huddersfield home for theatre, comedy and music.
History
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The parish church of Huddersfield owes its foundation to walter de laci who first built the church in 1073. There have been
16 many alterations and additions to the church since that time including two large rebuilds one in 1506 and the one which
stands today in 1836. The clock tower is a typical style of the Gothic architecture of its time and has been a key factor in the growth of Huddersfield town.
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The old county court building was originally built in 1825 after the construction of the new civic centre to the north of town it was later converted to the courthouse brewery were visitors could have a drink in the old stalls and courtroom, today the building is owned by nightclub chain Tokyo industries.
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The central services building was constructed in 1977 as part of the ongoing transformation to convert the campus from a
18 technical college to a polytechnic.
19 â–ś
The Ramsden building was originally known as the mechanics institute and later the technical college, it was purpose built for the technical college in 1881 and is a grade 2 listed building. A notable feature of this building is the four shields which occupy the entrance which represent the family crest of the Ramsden family, sir Thomas brook family, cloth workers company and the borough of Huddersfield.
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History
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The canalside buildings of university were originally built in 1865/66 and were known as the larchfield mills, converted in 1994 they are now occupied as lecture space and teaching areas for the university of Huddersfield.
21 â–ś
The Milton building is today occupied by the drama department and conveys as theatre, teaching and lecture spaces. Built originally as a church in 1884 the building is in a Victorian design with gargoyles and ornate decoration surrounding the building.
History
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Social & Demographics
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Social & Demographics Social Divides Tourism & Culture S.W.O.T. Analysis
Social & Demographics
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Social & Demographics
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Social & Demographics
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Social & Demographics
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Social & Demographics
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Social & Demographics
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Social & Demographics
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Huddersfield is a large market town in the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees, in West Yorkshire, England, halfway between Leeds and Manchester. Huddersfield although small has achieved allot in a relatively short space of time. Huddersfield is well known as being the birth place of rugby league. In 1895 the Huddersfield giants were formed a local rugby league team. (the history of rugby league) They can currently been seen partaking in their trade in the European super league at the Jon Smiths stadium which was originally the Alfred McAlpine stadium and more recently the Glapharm stadium which was completed in 1994. (Morley 2005 ) This multi-use stadium not only hosts all of the Huddersfield giants home games it also plays home to the towns local League 1 football team the Huddersfield Town F. C. The Stadium Seats 24,500 people along with hospitality boxes and conference rooms. This magnificent structure was awarded the RIBA building of the year in 1995( Morley, 2005). This magnificent structure has played host to a multitude of international events like the Rugby league world cup of semifinal of 1995 ,2000 and 2013 to name a few.
The University Huddersfield also boasts of fine educational institutes like the University of Huddersfield which was voted the university of the year for the year 2013 .The university can traces its roots back to a science and mechanical Institute which was founded in 1825. The institute took on many other roles before being finally becoming The University of Huddersfield in 1992. (History) 1846 - Female Educational Institute Formed. 1883 - New Technical School Holds Exhibition. 1884 - 1896 - Technical School and Mechanics' Institution. 1896 - Technical School and Mechanic's Institute becomes the Technical College. 1958 - Technical College becomes College of Technology. 1970 - College of Technology becomes Huddersfield Polytechnic. 1992 - Huddersfield Polytechnic becomes The University of Huddersfield. Reference 1.(none) The history of rugby league http://www.napit.co.uk/viewus/infobank/rugby/superleague/history.php 2.Stephen Morley Stadia: Structural Giants Issue 22, Mar 2005 http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/articles. aspx?Index=303 3.http://www.hud.ac.uk/uni_history/index.html .en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Huddersfield#cite_note-3
Images 1.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/ Creative_Arts_Building,_ 2.https://static-secure.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Education /Pix/pictures/2008/07/17/huddersfield1.jpg 3.4..http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-D_XSTiojtWg/UE3r1azu33I /AAAAAAAAATg/EnJAtjDDfGI/s1600/UoH+Perspective+ 03+PL+2012-09-05.jpg
053 Social & Demographics
The University has Grown a lot since its establishment . It now boasts of three campuses,Queensgate Campus being the main campus , Oldham Campus located in Oldham Greater Manchester and Barnsley campus located in Barnsley,South Yorkshire. Oldham Campus opened its doors in 2005. It offers full and part-time courses at degree, diploma ,foundation degree and postgraduate degrees. In 2012 the Campus has been managing Oldham College where its programs are validated by the university of Huddersfield and lead to a University of Huddersfield award. Barnsley campus also opened its doors in 2005 and accommodates students studying journalism ,art and design and media studies. Just like Oldham campus the campus is also managed by the local collage since 2013. Where all of its courses are validated by the university of Huddersfield and also lead to a university of Huddersfield award. Actor Sir Patrick Stewart replaced Sir Ernest Hall as the university’s Chancellor in November 2003. When his schedule has permitted, he has also taught drama master classes to students studying at the university In July 2013, it was announced that Prince Andrew, Duke of York was to become the Patron of the University.
Social & Demographics
054 Architecturally Huddersfield is a town of Victorian architecture,with Huddersfield railway station being a Grade 1 listed building described by John Betjeman as 'the most splendid station façade in England' second only to St Pancras, London. (Zientek 2005) Now this is an accolade worth bestowing on once self .The railway station in St George's Square was renovated at a cost of £4million and subsequently won the Europa Nostra award for European architecture.(Zientek 2005) The colonnaded Huddersfield railway station in St George's Square was once described as 'a stately home with trains in it', and by Sir Nikolaus Pevsner as 'one of the best early railway stations in England A bronze statue of Huddersfield born Sir Harold Wilson, Prime Minister 1964–1970 and 1974–1976 stands in front of its entrance in St George's Square.
Reference 1. Hynryk Zientek 2005 Above and beyond unveils plans for Huddersfield railway station revamp http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/above-beyond-unveils-planshuddersfield-5012560. 2.image http://www.sdhbuildingservices.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/front-of-Huddersfield-Railway-Station.jpg 3.image http://s0.geograph.org.uk/photos/48/96/489648_46fb8.jpg
Huddersfield Town Hall was designed by John H. Abbey and built in two stages between 1875 and 1881. (Huddersfield history 1990)The first section opened on 26 June 1878, comprising the Mayor's Parlour, Council Chamber, Reception Room and municipal offices including the Sanitary Inspector, Inspector of Weights and Measures, Medical Officer, Town Clerk, Borough Surveyor and the Rates Office. The second phase opened in October 1881 comprising the Magistrates' Court and Concert Hall. The hall seats up to 1,200 people and hosts events ranging from classical to comedy and from choral to community events.
Reference History of Huddersfield http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/huddsmemory.htm April 1990
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Social & Demographics
056 A trolleybus system operated from 1933 to 1968. Huddersfield bus station was opened by the Mayor, Councillor Mernagh on 26 March 1974, although it had not been completed. It is the busiest bus station in West Yorkshire with a daily footfall of almost 35,000. Most bus services pass through the bus station. Many services are subsidised by Metro. (Huddersfield History 1990) Huddersfield's bus operators reflect the national situation; local subsidiaries of three dominant national operators provide most services in the area: First Calderdale & Huddersfield provide most local services in Huddersfield and some services outside Kirklees with destinations including Bradford, Brighouse, Halifax, Manchester and Oldham. Arriva Yorkshire provide frequent services to Dewsbury and Leeds, and Centrebus Holdings (Huddersfield Bus Company) provide almost all services in the south east of the town. Other smaller operators include Teamdeck, trading as K-Line and Stotts Coaches. Centrebus Holdings purchased Teamdeck in May 2008, along with Stagecoach Yorkshire's Huddersfield depot. In November 2006, a zero-fare town centre bus service, the Free Town Bus, was launched run by K-Line in partnership with Kirklees Council and Metro
Reference Referenceddersfiled History April 1990.http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/huddsmemory.htm Stagecoach operation is sold - but not to Arriva http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/local-news/stagecoach-operation-sold---not-5037114
Beaumont Park about 2 miles (3.2 km) to the south of the town centre was bequeathed to the town in the 1880s, by the Henry Ralph Beaumont ('Beaumont's of Whitley' estate) and was opened on 13 October 1883, by Prince Leopold, fourth son of Queen Victoria, and his wife Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont (The Duke and Duchess of Albany). It is a fine example of a Victorian era public park with water cascades, bandstand and woodland. Greenhead Park is another large park in Huddersfield, situated around 0.4 miles (0.64 km) west of the town centre. A multi million pound restoration project, funded by the Heritage Lottery fund was finished in Autumn 20 12. Railway Station.
Reference http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/events/documents/BeaumontPark.pdf
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Social & Demographics
058 Jon Smith stadium and rugby Rugby was first played in the town in 1848 and the Huddersfield Athletic Club, the direct progenitors of Huddersfield Giants, formed in 1864, played its first rugby game in 1866. In Huddersfield on 29 August 1895, 22 northern clubs met in the George Hotel and voted to secede from the Rugby Football Union and set up the ‘Northern Rugby Football Union’ which became the Rugby Football League in 1922. The Rugby League Heritage Centre is in the basement of the George Hotel. Following the split of 1895, Huddersfield became a focus for rugby league and is represented by Huddersfield Giants in the Super League. Huddersfield Giants (Huddersfield Rugby League Club) has won the Rugby Football League Championship seven times, most recently in 1961–62, and the Challenge Cup six times, the last time in 1952–53. After 1895 rugby was played exclusively under the auspices of the Northern Rugby Football Union until 1909 when Huddersfield Old Boys were formed to play under rugby union rules, nomadically playing at five grounds until buying farmland at Waterloo in 1919 and, in 1946, renaming the club Huddersfield RUFC. In 1969 the club was at the forefront of a revolution in English rugby when it became the first club in the country to organise mini and junior rugby teams. The innovation spread and almost every club in the country has a thriving junior section providing a production-line of homegrown talent. Junior players at Huddersfield number over 200. In 1997 the Waterloo junior grounds were sold and the 26-acre (0.11 km2) former Bass Brewery site at Lockwood Park was purchased for its replacement. With the assistance of a £2 million grant from Sport England, the club has transformed it into a major sports complex, conference centre and business park.
Reference 1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smith’s_Stadium
Cultural events Huddersfield Festival of Light takes place annually in December, usually in the town centre adjacent to the railway station. Each year there is a performance by a theatre company. The finale is a firework display. The 2007 show was performed by French company Plasticiens Volants, which used large inflatable sea creatures in a parade through the streets as they told the story of ‘Pearl’. The 2005 and 2008 performances were by the Valencian artists Xarxa Teatre. The 2010 festival featured Belgian company Company Tol and their suspension act – Corazon de Angeles (Angels’ Heart) and ended on 5 December with fireworks in St. George’s Square. Huddersfield Caribbean Carnival in mid-July, begins with a procession from the Hudawi Cultural Centre in Hillhouse, through the town centre to Greenhead Park where troupes display their costumes on stage. Caribbean food, fairground rides and various stalls and attractions are available. A “young blud” stage presents Hip Hop, UK garage, RnB and bassline.[36]The Huddersfield Literature Festival is held annually in the town, and features author events, creative writing classes and poetry nights, and sometimes creative writing competitions. Since 1986 Huddersfield’s gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered community has a summer celebration and picnic. The event attracts thousands from miles around and is held as a gay pride event, usually at Castle Hill. (Simms 2013)
Reference 1.Bradley Simms, (8 December 2013). “Festival of Light”. Kirklees.gov.uk. 2.http://www.huddersfieldcarnival.co.uk/
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Students union events The University of Huddersfield’s Students union holds a variety of events,these events range from Sporting events which facilitate the universities sporting programs like rugby soccer and netball. All of these sporting programs are arranged so that the University can be represented in interuniversity programs and also for them to be held with in the domestic boundaries of the university. Democracy/student voices society holds annual Student Voice Conferences gives students a chance to contribute to making significant improvements to the students University experience by engaging directly with senior management, Deans and Directors. Each year the conference has a particular theme for discussion, and each year the University will implement changes based on what students have told them. The theme for this year is Assessment and Feedback, with a particular focus on how formative assessment is made use of. Film / television Gigs Give it a go Social / mixer Society Travel /trips Workshop / training Volunteering and community give it a go .
Social & Demographics S.W.O.T. Analysis
STRENGTHS - Presence of developer/investor interest - Regionally significant sports and leisure destinations, generating large crowds and regular users - Many historic and family associations - Over 1600 listed buildings, which is good for tourism - Good transport links - Diverse population - Strong night life scene - Most places are within walking distance from each other WEAKNESSES - Poor tourist information distribution system - A lack of tours and tour guides OPPORTUNITIES - Renovating unused buildings into student accommodation - An opportunity to create more of a vehicle free zone within the ring road, to continue the culture of pedestrianisation THREATS - The local economy is highly dependent on the public sector - Small narrow streets increase the chances of crime
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Planning Factors
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Planning Factors
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04
Planning Factors Planning Factors Listed Buildings New Developments S.W.O.T. Analysis
Planning Factors
064
Over the past few years Huddersfield Town Council have developed various projects to regenerate and develop future proposals. These developments will be shown later in the booklet, therefore an analysis can be undertaken. Currently planning policies are in the form of the Unitary Development Plan (UDP), which set out the council’s policies for the development of future land and buildings. However these are currently transferring to the current Local Development Framework (LDF), which will work in a similar process as the UDP but is a different type of plan that suits local development and distinctiveness. The LDF is made up of two kinds of documents: The development plan documents (DPD): These set out the main proposals for land and building development either in specific or the whole of Kirklees. So for example any proposals could be from community services to business projects. As a whole the DPD will act as the main strategy to help distribute development and support services. The aim is to help carry out the Councils goals and vision for Kirklees. Supplementary Planning Documents (SPDs): These cover a range of issues that provide further guidance on how these policies will be applied. This new development scheme was agreed by the council in a public meeting on the 6th March 2012 and was submitted to the State of Secretary in April 2013. The planning inspector expressed concerns with the strategy of the proposal and stated housing accommodation was low. From this the Council followed the recommendations set out by the planning inspector and withdrew the proposal in October 2013. A new scheme is currently in process where the amended plans will be submitted as soon as possible.
Considerations for the new proposal are: -Increase housing accommodation. -Established businesses and upcoming business can operate, so there are a potential for providing employment -Reduce journey lengths, travelling and reducing car use. -Allocate a range of services and facilities in convenient locations. -Enhance open spaces for sports and recreation. -Visual character of Kirklees is maintained and improved. -Care for the wildlife to prevent endangered species. -Reduce flood risk. -Clean up and reuse brown field land. (Kirklees Council,2009)
Town & Campus 1961
Planning Factors
065
1. Library 1970 2. Campus 1994 3.Campus 2004 4.Campus 2011
Planning Factors
066 Conservation and Listed Buildings Within the Kirklees Council boundary there are 59 conservation areas. They are defined as ‘areas of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance (Section 69 of the Town and Country Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas Act 1990). Furthermore they contribute to the cultural heritage and economic well being of the country and the region. A conservation area should display all the characteristics: - high architectural or historic merit; - have a distinctive overall character; - be representative of the historical, social and economic development of Kirklees; and - have a largely unspoilt character. The council has a duty to enhance and preserve the buildings within these areas and additional rules apply on listed buildings. The aim of preserving historical buildings help to enhance the special character of the place. Therefore any big or small changes must add or compliment these characteristics. Listed buildings are buildings of ‘special architectural or historic interest’ and are granted by the Secretary of State for Culture, Art and Media.
This stated recognition enables prevention against alteration or demolition that would affect its architectural interest. For a building to achieve this status, it is judged against a set of criteria’s. Alterations must match the original designs as well as any feature to be replaced using the same traditional features. The Listed building guidelines provide advice and further information can be obtained by contacting the council. (Kirklees Council,2011) Site Protection To preserve significant natural areas, they are given specific protection and can be categorised into three sections, which are: Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI’s), Sites of Scientific Interest (SSI’s) and Sites of Wildlife Significance (SWS’s). The sites shown on the map, are protected from development projects but can also be harmed, where appropriate uses recreation or outdoor developments are proposed. Nature Conservation A Wildlife and Ecological Strategy has enabled the Council to promote nature conservations. These actions means planning development can be restricted to protect habitats, which may be affected if developments to go ahead. In addition Tree Preservation Orders are also in place to protect nature conservations. Kirklees Council, 2007)
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STRENGTHS -Huddersfield’s location is close to major cities Manchester, Leeds and Bradford. -Location of public transport links is within the town centre. -A strong retail core. -Strong sense of local character. -Historical environment add to the genius loci of the town. -University Campus close to town centre. -Greenhead College, one of the best learning facilities in England. -Football and Rugby teams provide a boost for economy. OPPORTUNITIES -Improved access to public places will lead to reduction of car use. -Cycle lanes can be improved and thus promote healthy living. -Derelict buildings can be used for offices or residential living will encourage Town centre living and business development. -Retail Sector can be improved and there is always an development interest. WEAKNESSES -Lack of usable green space within Town Centre. -Negative impacts from high volumes of traffic cause air and noise pollution. -Ring road creates a barrier from Town centre to residential areas. -Mixed environmental conditions within town centre. -Unused buildings affect the character of the town. THREATS -Development competition from surrounding towns. -Unused historical buildings should be preserved and re-used for other purposes. -New development should be focused on a needs basis rather than pressuring for useless buildings. -Restrictions for new development will detriment the possibilities of urban growth in the Town centre. Right: Photographs from 1970 and 2014. (1970’s Photograph given by University of Huddersfield)
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The district of which Huddersfield is the natural centre lies among the foothills of the Pennines at the junction of the River Colne and its tributaries, the Holme and the Fenay Beck. Many writers have described the geology of Huddersfield area but according to Dr. Wray memoir geologically the Pennine uplands fall readily into three well marked divisions: Northern Pennines, Central Pennines and Southern Pennines or Derbyshire Hills. The Northern Pennines is the area extended from Stainmoor Pass to the Craven district and consists in the main of Carboniferous Limestone. The Central Pennines is the area embracing the high moors between Skipton and the Peak, are largely formed of sandstones and shales belonging to the Millstone Grits. And finally the Southern Pennines or Derbyshire Hills is the area that consist almost wholly of Carboniferous Limestone. In each of these three belts or zones are distinctive types of moorland directly dependent on the types of rock of which they are composed. (Woodhead, T.W., n.d.)
The three different zones of altitude have striking differences in rainfall. The prevailing winds are from the south-west and coming from the Atlantic saturated with moisture, ascend the Pennine Slopes and deposit their moisture on approaching the higher ground at Stanedge, Holme Moss and Black Hill. That’s the wettest area of the district having a mean rainfall from fifty to nearly sixty inches. The general summit plateau has a rainfall from fifty to fifty-five inches and from this wet region the rainfall lowers to the north-east showing a distinct rain shadow, notwithstanding the fact that the leeward side of the Pennines receives abundant moisture, e.g., the rainfall on the spurs and foothills is forty-five to thirty-five inches ; at Dewsbury the rainfall is only twenty-five inches, a difference of thirty inches in fifteen minutes. (Woodhead, T.W., n.d.)
In most areas water in not regarded as a geological concern but in this area has had a profound effect. From the acid peat uplands flow the headwaters of many rivers and streams. This high ground has an average rainfall of one metre (938mm to 1313mm) per annum, whereas Huddersfield town centre had a mean annual rainfall of 814.1mm in the seven years to 1996 (University data). Huge amount of the pure water that flows from the peat uplands is used from the local textile industry to treat, wash and dye the wool. Mill-owners built dams across the steep-sided to be sure that will have a steady supply of water. As the industrial revolution progressed the demand for water power grew even after the steam engine replaced the water wheel as a power source. Many of the Colne valley reservoirs were built for the Huddersfield Narrow Canal. Maintaining a water supply to the summit level of the canal was vital, as this section always lost water when barges passed through its locks. Natural springs and wells provided water for early settlements but were insufficient to supply drinking water to a growing population. To cater for this need the Victorians built reservoirs which are still in use today and can be seen in many valleys on the eastern slopes of the Pennines. (Chivers et al., A., 1998)
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The Central Pennines, is formed completely of sedimentary rocks of Carboniferous Age. Initially the beds of rock of which it is composed were in horizontal, superimposed layers., but have since been displaced by an enormous uplift formerly described as an anticline but now shown to be a broad monocline about seventy miles long, which runs west-north-west and southsouth-east, the beds having a gradual dip to the east and a steep dip on the west, the western margin being defined by a series of great fractures or faults. (Woodhead, T.W., n.d.)
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Flood Zone 2 Medium Probability This zone comprises land assessed as having between a 1 in 100 and 1 in 1,000 annual probability of river flooding (1% – 0.1%), or between a 1 in 200 and 1 in 1,000 annual probability of sea flooding (0.5% – 0.1%) in any year. All development proposals in this zone should be accompanied by a flood risk assessment. Flood Zone 3a – High Probability This zone comprises land assessed as having a 1 in 100 or greater annual probability of river flooding (>1%), or a 1 in 200 or greater annual probability of flooding from the sea (>0.5%) in any year. All development proposals in this zone should be accompanied by a flood risk assessment. Flood Zone 3b – The Functional Floodplain This zone comprises land where water has to flow or be stored in times of flood. Local planning authorities should identify in their Strategic Flood Risk Assessments areas of functional floodplain and its boundaries accordingly, in agreement with the Environment Agency. The identification of functional floodplain should take account of local circumstances and not be defined solely on rigid probability parameters. But land which would flood with an annual probability of 1 in 20 (5%) or greater in any year, or is designed to flood in an extreme (0.1%) flood, should provide a starting point for consideration and discussions to identify the functional floodplain. All development proposals in this zone should be accompanied by a flood risk assessment. (Kirklees Council, 2009)
Areas at ‘high risk’ of surface water flooding include: Birkby – Norman Park, Brighouse – Birds Royd Lane, Clayton West – Litherop Lane, Hillhouse – Calton Street and Hillhouse Lane, Kirkheaton – Church Lane, Mirfield – Parkfield Court, and Shepley – Abbey Road. Areas at ‘high risk’ or flooding from rivers, canals and other waterways include: Aspley – St Andrew’s Road, Honley – New Mill Road, Leeds Road – A62, Leeds Road – between Whitacre Street and Springbank Road, Lockwood – Lockwood Road and Mirfield – Steanard Lane. (Huddersfield Daily Examiner, 2013)
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Flood Zone 1 – Low Probability This zone comprises land assessed as having a less than 1 in 1,000 annual probability of river or sea flooding (<0.1%). All uses of land are appropriate in this zone.
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Over the course of a year the average low temperature typically varies from 2(째C) to 12(째C) and the average high temperature typically varies from 6(째C) to 19(째C).
Over the course of a year the number of rain/drizzle days in a month varies from 12 days per month to 17 days per month. In 2000 the annual rainfal was 1337.3mm and in 2008 was 1295mm. In 2011 the rainfall was 650.5mm in contrast with 2012 which was 1340mm and in 2013 which was 810mm. To conclude the year with the lowest rainfall was 2011 and with the highest rainfall was 2012.
Over the course of the year typical the average expected wind speeds vary from 13(km/h) to 22(km/h). The maximum recorded wind speeds vary from 56 (km/h) to 115 (km/h). The wind speed over the last 10 years was decreased for two years and then was stable for 7 years. In 2000 the wind speed was 20,7 km/h in contrast with 2010 which was 13.4 km/h.
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Climate: A stable cool climate throught the year with plenty of rainfall, except the summer months. Environment: The public spaces are located in the center of the town whereas the green are located at Huddersfield region.
There is major lack of public spaces within the campus and that has a negative effect on creating community for the students. There is a major lack of green spaces that students can use for sitting there and spend their time.
The creation of public spaces and green areas in the campus will attract more students and create a sense of community and establish a base for them.
If they use the green spaces to build new structures, they will harass the wildlife and the biodiversity.
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Architectural Expression Districts & Zones Sequential Sketches Doors Windows Street Furniture Materiality & Textures Skylines Sections S.W.O.T. Analysis
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Huddersfield Town & Districts Architectural Expression
146 Many buildings in Huddersfield are listed. The ones shown have great historical interest
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Route 1
St.George Square
Market square
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Parish Church
Kingsgate Shopping Centre
St.Pauls Hall
As one arrives from Huddersfield train station, they naturally walk down the gentle gradient of the town. The route towards the university follows a grid like system, taking right and left turns at every other connections. The walk lacks excietment but people are invited to a dreary heart of the town, where materials and conditions of some buildings are outdated and poor. However when passing through the retail heart of the town, noticable landmarks, the movement of shoppers, students workers liven the town and add to the genius loci of Huddersfield.
University of Huddersfield-Campus Entrance
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Route 2
University of Huddersfield-Campus Entrance
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Creative Arts Building One is welcomed by three buildings: the Creatve Arts Building, Harold Wilson Building and St Pauls Hall. There is no significant entrance to the University campus but instead pathways and buildings adjacent to each other create valleys and passageways, enabling students to walk through to their desired location. Also, dull empty spaces lack creativity where a well designed space would.
Student Central
Business School
Broad Canal
3M Buckley Innovation Centre
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Route 3
St.Pauls Hall
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Science Building Throughout the campus there are notable contemporary Architecture through the use of different materials and textures. Making the campus different to Huddersfield Town. However some buildings are in poor condition and are designed that does not correspond to the surrounding buildings.
The use of different materials and textures contribute to the contemporary architecture, making the campus different to Huddersfield Town. However some buildings are in poor condition and are designed is not coherent with other buildings. On the other hand listed buildings within the campus add to the history and character. Queen Street Studios
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There are a variety of doors which use new materials,colours and textures. These can be seen on both historical and new buildings which contribute to the character of the town.
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In Huddersfield town there are a range of doors dating from different historical times.The common types of panelled doors around the town are: - Georgian five & six panels doors c.1750-1830 - Victorian three & four panels doors c.1830-1900 - Edwardian c.1900-1915 (Kirklees Council,n.d.)
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As Huddersfield has many listed buildings, there is a range of historical windows from different times. Common windows will be from Georgian, Victorian and Edwardian times. Therefore alterations should be to renovate or restore the natural appearence of windows on listed buildings. (Kirklees Council,n.d.)
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Throughout the town the use of sandstone is dominant, this implements Huddersfields character and history. However due to growth of newer development, other materials such as timber cladding and modern textures have been used indicating the growth of the town. Huddersfield is a developing town and the need to use innovative textures enable spaces to be invigorating and modern.
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The range of modern and old doors within the campus imply the development of the University. Futhermore the type of doors also indicate the entrance to a particular building. Larger entrances appear more open and welcoming whereas smaller doors appear private and unwelcoming.
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Within the campus there are strong historical features. As well as this there are newer windows as the University developed. Within the later years of the Twentieth Century historical windows was replaced with different materials.
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The campus has a variety of new and old street furniture. As well as this the colour blue on the signage is constant, implying the University theme but most of these signs are outdated and bleak. Improvements on these small details reinforces the Architectural expression of the campus.
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The University has a range of different textures compare to the Huddersfield town, whereas some of traditional textures like sandstone correlates to the materiality of the town. As Huddersfield has developed the growth of newer buildings on campus has enabled the University to distinguish itself from the Huddersfield, giving the campus a different character.
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The colour pallette indicates the difference of materials compare to the town. The blues and greys are colours from the different claddings around the campus.
Architectural Expression
Huddersfield Town North to South Skyline Architectural Expression
184 As shown in the skylines Huddersfield generally have shallow buildings. The difference in heights from the buildings respect each other. This is the same case for the campus, the heights of buildings are similar. The Central Services building is the most dominant.
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The site section shows a slight gradient towards Queen Street Studios. Therefore the gradient of the site changes, this will be important when designing the next stages for the campus. Such considerations will be to either flatten the site so the terrain is level or to keep the existing site.
Student Central
St Pauls Hall
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Queen Street Studios
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Huddersfield Town Site Section Architectural Expression
194 This section shows a slight change in level towards the west whereas quite a drop in the east of the university campus. This change in level is the terrain overlooking the canal on the south of campus. Indicating the university has significant changes within the campus and will be vital when redesigning the future proposal.
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References Chivers et al., A. (1998). Rocks and Landscapes of Huddersfield. West Yorkshire: Huddersfield Geology Group. Connell, J. (1992). From Mechanics’ Institution to Polytechnic: Further and Higher Educaton, 1841-1970. In Haigh, E.A.H. (Ed.) Huddersfield: A Most Handsome Town (pp. 561-596). Huddersfield: Kirklees Cultural Services. Gibson, K. & Booth, A. (2009). The Buildings of Huddersfield: An Illustrated Architectural History (2nd ed.). Gloucestershire: The History Press. Huddersfield Examiner (2011). Examiner’s archive reveals Huddersfield’s brush with the blitz. Retrieved from http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/examiners-archive-reveals-huddersfields-brush-4987560. Huddersfield One (n.d.). Early Huddersfield History: From Romans to Normans. Retrieved from http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/huddsdomesday.htm. Huddersfield One (n.d.). From Normans to Elizabeth. Retrieved from http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/huddselizabeth1.htm. Huddersfield One (n.d.). Huddersfield Trivia. Retrieved from http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/huddstrivia1.htm. Kirklees Council (2009). Flood Risk Assessment. Retrieved from http://www2.kirklees.gov.uk/business/planning/application_search/filedownload. aspx?application_number=2009%2F93674&file_reference=231834.) Kirklees council (2013). Population Demographics. Retrieved from http://www.placetomakeit.co.uk/invest/ location-facts/population-demographics.) Law, E.J. (1992). Markets, Fairs and Tolls in Huddersfield. In Haigh, E.A.H. (Ed.)Huddersfield: A Most Handsome Town (pp. 65-84). Huddersfield: Kirklees Cultural Services. Meteovista (n.d.) Meteovista Climate data for Huddersfield. Retrieved from http://www.meteovista.co.uk/Europe/United-Kingdom/Huddersfield/4400670. My Weather2 (n.d.). Huddersfield Climate History. Retrieved from http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/United-Kingdom/Huddersfield/climate-profile. aspx. Oldham, J.A. (2002). The Huddersfield Luddite Rebellion of 1812. In Wade, S. (Ed.) Aspects of Huddersfield: Discovering Local History 2 (pp. 9-22). Barnsley: Wharncliffe Books. Pennine Waterways (n.d.). Huddersfield Broad Canal. Retrieved from http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/hbc1.htm. Pennine Waterways (n.d.). Huddersfield Narrow Canal. Retrieved from http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/hnc2.htm. Pennine Waterways (n.d.). The Huddersfield Narrow Canal. Retrieved from http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/index.htm. Populus (n.d.). Awards. Retrieved from http://www.rodsheard.com/awards.php. Redmonds, G. (1981). Old Huddersfield. Huddersfield: Swiftprint.
Sun Calc (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.suncalc.net/#/53.6458,-1.785,12/2014.02.17/16:32. The Huddersfield Daily Examiner (2013). Marsden village centre at â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;high riskâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of flooding, Environment Agency warns . Retrieved from http://www. examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/marsden-village-centre-high-risk-6452746. University of Huddersfield (2012). Entrepreneurial University of the Year. Retrieved from http://www.hud.ac.uk/about/the-university/our-awards/ the-entrepreneurial-award/. University of Huddersfield (2012). History of the School of Education and Professional Development. Retrieved from http://www.hud.ac.uk/edu/ aboutus/history/. University of Huddersfield (2013). Public Lecture Series. Retrieved from http://www.hud.ac.uk/sas/lectures/. University of Huddersfield (2013). University of the Year. Retrieved from http://www.hud.ac.uk/about/the-university/our-awards/the-universityof-the-year/. University of Huddersfield (2014). Student Profile Data 2013/14. Retrieved from http://pinshome.hud.ac.uk/pins/. University of Huddersfield (n.d.). The History of Huddersfield. Retrieved from http://www.hud.ac.uk/about-huddersfield/history/. West Yorkshire Observatory (2011). Kirklees parishes, towns and North/South Kirklees overview profile. Retrieved from http://www.westyorkshireobservatory.org/profiles/profile?profileId=120&geoTypeId=42&geoIds=00CZT4#iasProfileSection2. West Yorkshire Observatory (2012). Population, ethnicity, religion. Retrieved from http://www.westyorkshireobservatory.org/profiles/profile?profil eId=120&geoTypeId=42&geoIds=00CZT4#iasProfileSection2. Whomsley, D. (1992). The Ramsdens of Longley 1530-1690. In Haigh, E.A.H. (Ed.) Huddersfield: A Most Handsome Town (pp. 37-64). Huddersfield: Kirklees Cultural Services. Woodhead, T.W. (n.d.). History of the Huddersfield Water Supplies. Retrieved from http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/tolson/water_supplies/geology.htm.