“I want my village...my gay village�
(David Kito Kisule)
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Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL
MA Architecture and Historic Urban Environments
BENVGHE5
Design Practice for Historic Environments
Tutor: Hannah Corlett Aikaterini Karadima Michail Polyzos
16107875 16121613
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*All the illustrations are produced by the studying group, with the exception of the ones mentioned with footnotes.
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Until the 13th century, there were two major points that constituted the core of the settlements outside of the city walls; these points were: _ the stone chapel of St. Mary (white stone chapel), first recorded in the 13th century, which lay beside the Whitechapel High Street and was the sole inspiration of the name of the area of Whitechapel, and _the hospital of St. Mary Spital, which was founded in 1197 and later gave its name to Spitalfields
Whitechapel 16th Century
1| Whitechapel Background
Whitechapel is one of the oldest parts of the city of London, since its history started with the cut of a new road in order to link London with the city of Essex. The afore-mentioned road was, and still is, the core of the district of Whitechapel and the borough of Tower Hamlets, currently named Whitechapel High Street. Over the years, the development of the area commenced across the Whitechapel Road where a settlement appeared with a distinct agricultural character, with a great number of coaching inns to accommodate travellers to and from London, rendering the area a stop outside the city.
Whitechapel 13th Century
hospital of St. Mary Spital
chapel of St. Mary
1| Whitechapel Background
Whitechapel 17th Century
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1. Bridget C., O’Brien C. and Pevsner N., London: East; Vol 5 (Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of England), Yale University Press, UK, 2005, p.322-323
German immigrants Allocation
1| Whitechapel Background
By the late 16th century, the area of Whitechapel started becoming the supplementary area of the city, also known as the other half of London. Located east of the city centre it attracted the less fragrant activities of the city, such as tanneries, breweries and slaughterhouses1. The establishment of the afore-mentioned concentration of industries and warehouses, has attracted a large number of people both from internally and across the seas that chose to relocate and settle as immigrants. Over the years, there were many different immigration groups, but the major ones that caused an impact, affected and formed the contemporary Whitechapel were: _a large wave of Huguenot refugees, who fled from France in 1685, and settled to the area around the Spitalfields market and the modern Artillery Lane. This specific group of Huguenot immigrants assisted to the establishment of a strong silk-weaving centre, marking also the beginning of the industrialisation of the area during the 17th century, _ a nucleus of German immigrants, which settled in south Whitechapel on the fringe of the built areas, in order to establish a number of sugar refining workshops, to process goods from the New World2,
Huguenot refugees Allocation
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_an influx of Ashkenazi Jewish refugees followed, by the later 19th century, on the run from pogroms in Eastern Europe. They settled in Whitechapel, close to the docks, and hence the East End became known as a Jewish neighborhood. They also had their own avantgarde literary and artistic movement, “The Whitechapel Boys”, and _the establishment, by the mid-20th century, of a rather large immigration wave predominantly from Bangladesh, that affected the area around Brick Lane where they settled in a degree that renamed the area to Banglatown. This continuous and successive relocation of people from different backgrounds resulted to a rather multi-cultural and multi-religious collage that is apparent throughout the various neighbourhoods of Whitechapel. This fact, resulted to an intriguing outcome, since the area of Whitechapel does not present an aggregation of various, different nucleus of small communities that are located close to each other, but one indivisible community with a medley of people. In other words, the fact that Whitechapel was rendered to an immigrant receptor concluded to a rather strong community sense, still apparent to the current Whitechapel community. 2. Davies A., The East End nobody knows : a history, a guide, an exploration, London : Macmillan, London, 1990, P. 129
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1| Whitechapel Background
Bangladeshi Allocation
Ashkenazi Jewish refugees Allocation
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However, there are many examples throughout the area that the aforementioned community sense is cracked. There are several examples of inequality and violence against certain groups of people that are conspicuous and in some occasions, have acquired spatial features.
Altab Ali Park4
Jagonari Women’s Centre5
2| Community sense cracking
The most significant examples that showcase the community sense cracks are the following:
racist attacks First of all, the most well-known instance is the Altab Ali Park, which is a small park on Alder Street, White Church Lane and Whitechapel Road, formerly known as St. Mary’s Park. The park was renamed to Altab Ali Park in 1998 in memory of Altab Ali, a 25-year-old Bangladeshi clothing worker, who was murdered on 4th May 1978 in Adler Street by three teenage boys as he walked home from work. Ali’s murder was one of the many racist attacks that came to characterise the East End at the time. At the entrance to the park is an arch (created by David Petersen) developed as a memorial to Altab Ali and other victims of racist attacks. The arch incorporates a complex Bengali-style pattern, meant to show the merging of different cultures in East London. Along the path down the centre of the park are letters spelling out “the shade of my tree is offered to those who come and go fleetingly”, a fragment of a Bengali poem by Rabindranath Tagore3. And finally, in the southwest corner of Altab Ali Park stands the Shaheed Minar, which commemorates the Bengali Language Movement. The monument is a smaller replica of the one in Dhaka and symbolises a mother and her martyr sons. violence against women Furthermore, another significant example is the door of the Jagonari Women’s Educational Resource centre. This door stands as a simple entrance to this educational centre. The centre was founded in 1987 for women mostly from the Bangladeshi community to be occupied throughout the day, offering English lessons and various sorts of help to mothers, having children’s playgrounds and other relevant facilities. What is rather important is the transformation of this facility to a totally different resource centre, where after years and years of immigrants blending in to the westernized model of living, the faculty is more likely to hold events, where women can get information about matters of abuse, domestic violence and other forms of criminality against them. There; they can gather, 3 and 4. Survey of London, ‘Altab Ali Park, Whitechapel’, 15 April 2016 [online blog]. 5. Domestic abuse campaign launches at Whitechapel’s Jagonari Centre, September 2012, [online blog].
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6. Domestic abuse campaign launches at Whitechapel’s Jagonari Centre, September 2012, [online blog]. 7, 8 and 9. J. Murphy, ‘Gay Muslims campaign at Whitechapel station to encourage support for LGBT worshippers’, 21 October 2015[online newspaper]
The last is considered the most fragile and targeted community, and this statement is strengthened by the fact that it is common ground of stigmatisation across the different nationalities and religions of Whitechapel9.
2| Community sense cracking
Immigration Raids Graffiti
And, most importantly, the community worth mentioning is the LGBTQI homophobia (Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Queer/Questioning and Intersex) community. The LGBTQI community is the common one which is equally stigmatised by all the communities throughout Whitechapel7. The stigmatization is a result of both religious and cultural attributes from the origins of each specific community settled at Whitechapel. For this reason, this community does not appear spatial characteristics on the extent of the afore-mentioned. The main way of expressing the social rejection is either through public demonstrations, in order to demand freedoms and rights that they are deprived of, or through street art installations (graffiti, pin-ups, collages etc.) scattered throughout Whitechapel as a remainder of this inequality. Namely, the LGBTQI community’s demonstration methods are through periodical or inanimate means, a fact that showcases vividly the social exclusion and rejection, and the possible mental and physical violence that they were targeted by.
LGBTQI Activism8
participate in talks, and protest against all the above matters. In other words, what started as an educational institution was turned to a, still active, centre to foster abused women of Whitechapel6.
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Human sexual behavior has been profoundly shaped by the nature of cities while at the same time people’s sexual activity has had a major influence upon the structure of those cities. A principal reason for this aspect of the socio-spatial dialectic is that sexual activity is not just a primitive biological urge but is also a form of learned behavior that is profoundly affected by cultural values. Homosexuality involves emotional and sexual attraction between people of the same sex and has existed in all cultures. Cities have also had a profound impact upon the development of homosexuality. Generally, cities have provided greater anonymity and tolerance of alternative lifestyles compared with the hostility towards gays and lesbians manifest in rural communities, especially where fundamentalist views are dominant.
Homosexuality has been an offence in most Western societies until recently. In the United Kingdom, it was only after the Sexual Offences Act of 1967 that homosexual activity was decriminalized, provided the activity took place in private between consenting adults over the age of 21. The age of consent for homosexuality in the United Kingdom was reduced to 16 in 1988. Nevertheless, persecution continued; in 1988 two men were arrested for kissing at a bus stop in Oxford Street, London on the grounds that it incited ‘public offence’10.
3| LGBTQI Community
Mapping of gay spaces in cities has led to a broader understanding of the necessary requirements of such geographical clustering. First, these sites have to be in areas that minimize the risk of recognition; second, they have to be situated close to major transport routes to allow easy access and dispersal; third, the sited need a vantage point to keep watch for homophobic people or unwanted members of the public.
Knopp(1990) draw attention to areas in US cities with distinctive gay lifestyles. During his research, he noted that at the Marigny district of New Orleans many middle-class gays in the area became concerned over the preservation of historically important areas within the city11.
It has been argued that the geographical concentration of gay people could, as in the case of ethnic minorities, provide a base for political mobilization against repression and discrimination. However, the effectiveness of gay ghettos has been a matter of questioning. Issues concerning the development of HIV and AIDS in these sites and matters of exploitation of gay lifestyles leading to economic class division by entrepreneurs who tend to provide services only to those who are youthful and wealthy excluding the older and poorer members of LGBTQI community should be noted12. 10, 11 & 12. P. Knox and S. Pinch, Urban social Geography: an indroduction: Prentice Hall, 2010, pp.287-288
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13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
crimes, _the UK Lesbian and Gay Immigration Group (UKLGIG)16, which is a charity that promotes equality for LGBTQI people who seek asylum or wish to immigrate to UK to be with their same-sex partner, and _the Mermaids and the Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays group17, which are family support groups for children and teenagers with gender identity issues.
‘Albert Kennedy Trust ‘, http://www.akt.org.uk ‘Broken Rainbow’, http://www.brokenrainbow.org.uk/about-us/purpose ‘Galop, the LGBT+ anti-violence charity’, http://www.galop.org.uk ‘UK Lesbian and Gay Immigration Group (UKLGIG)’, http://uklgig.org.uk ‘Mermaids and the Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays group’, http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk
3| LGBTQI Community
LGBTQI Groups Logos
The fact that is worth mentioning is that; the districts around Whitechapel, such as Benthal Green, Shoreditch and Wapping, host a plethora of venues addressed to the LGBTQI community, while at Whitechapel there is a complete lack of different venues and places for them. The afore-mentioned fact underlines even further the inequality and rejection towards these people. Whereas, the problem has been identified and there is a municipal effort to support the community by educating and economically, mentally and physically supporting concerned people. Specifically, there are numerous groups and organisations publicized by the official Whitechapel and Tower Hamlets web pages and blogs. Some of the most active and important are the following: _the Albert Kennedy Trust13, which is group that is targeting LGBTQI homeless young people, _the Broken Rainbow14, which is supporting LGBTQI people experiencing domestic violence, _East London Out Project (ELOP), which provides various services as well as volunteering opportunities for LGBTQI community members, _Galop15, which is a LGBTQI community safety charity that gives advice and support to those affected by homophobic and transphobic violence or hate
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3| LGBTQI Community
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All these groups and institutions do amazing and exemplar work in order to educate and assist people both from UK and across the seas, as a means to have a better, protected and humane life. However, the main problem is that none of the groups is represented in the area of Whitechapel. Therefore, if someone living in the area wants to come in contact with any the aforementioned groups and institutions needs to search for their headquarters around London, since they are not spatially represented. Consequently, for the purpose of the present project it is thought suited to propose a complex where one of the groups could be closer to this rather problematic area. Furthermore, it is considered suited to grant LGBTQI asylum facilities to accompany the group headquarters, so as to create a starting point that could not only protect, but also familiarise and educate the adversaries that currently cause severe problems to this community.
The UK Lesbian and Gay Immigration Group is considered the most suitable of the currently active groups, since the immigration attribute is compatible with the area of Whitechapel. In addition, the LGBTQI community could be the next immigration group that could be part of the district collage, furthering somehow the multiculturalism that pre-existed to the area.
Faiza is a Muslim lesbian from Pakistan19. When she was young, Faiza married a Christian man without her family’s consent. After the wedding, she discovered that her husband was unemployed, alcoholic and a drug user and severely abused her, beating and raping her. With the collusion of his mother, he started to sell her to other men. Faiza tells how three or four men would rape her in a day, in her room, while her husband and his mother waited outside. Faiza got pregnant several times and has three children. Her husband beat her more after she had the children because he said they were not his. Two days after the birth of her second daughter, Faiza’s husband brought home three men who all raped her. She haemorrhaged and was taken to hospital. When Faiza’s parents died and left her an inheritance, she refused to hand it over to her husband. When Faiza discovered that her husband and motherinlaw were planning to lock her in the kitchen and set her on fire, she dispersed her children amongst friends and ran away, using her money to buy her way to the UK. Faiza is now in a lesbian relationship in this country. She has been refused asylum in the UK.
The UK Lesbian & Gay Immigration Group18 apart from being a charity that promotes equality and dignity for lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex people, it also assists people who seek asylum in the UK, or who wish to immigrate there to be with their samesex partner. The people that are interested in moving to UK are from all around the world, where more than 80 countries consider homosexuality illegal, in five of these the death penalty can apply (Sudan, Mauritania, Nigeria, Iran and Afghanistan). Moreover, the persecution experienced by LGBTQI people goes well beyond any official prosecutions. The violence, humiliation, inequality and discrimination many LGBTQI people face, can be enacted by state officials, but is also often experienced within their own communities and families without any recourse to protection. UKLGIG assists LGBTQI people who have come to the UK to seek a safe place from persecution, and supports LGBTQI activists who are working to change the attitudes and legislation in their home countries.
The organisation was created in 1993, as Stonewall Immigration Group, by same sex couples and their lawyers to share information, inform and advise lesbians and gay men wanting to remain together in the UK on the basis of their relationship. The group is, also, very active as far as the legislative representation of the community, since it was actively operative to several bills concerning the community, including amongst others the Civil Partnership Bill which ensures equal immigration rights for same sex couples. The activities that the group tackles include:
_support LGBTQI asylum seekers: provide support & information via the helpline and in person, refer to solicitors for legal
18. ‘UK Lesbian & Gay Immigration Group’, http://uklgig.org.uk [online][accessed 23 February 2017] 19. ‘LGBT IMMIGRATION STORIES’(2011)[online]. Available from: https://lgbtculture.wordpress.com/2011/05/11/5-stories-fiaza-pakistan-agnes-sierra-leonehamid-algeria-lucille-cameroon-and-joseph-uganda[accessed 15 March 2017]
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3.1| LGBTQI Community|UK Lesbian and Gay Immigration Group
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3.1| LGBTQI Community|UK Lesbian and Gay Immigration Group
Lucille is a lesbian from Cameroon20 Lucille founded an underground women’s support organisation in Cameroon that developed into a lesbian group. At the end of November 2006, three days before the group was due to meet, Lucille was summoned by the police and warned that the group and the meetings were illegal so Lucille decided to change the place and time of the meeting and it went ahead. Four days later she was arrested at her workplace, held for fifteen days without charge, raped, tortured and then released. After her release, she continued to organise meetings for the group, which consisted of around forty women being careful, changing the venue and time of the meetings to avoid detection, but he was again arrested. Once again, she was beaten and raped. Lucille escaped with the help of a lesbian guard and entered the UK illegally on 29th May. At the end of August Lucille gave birth to the baby conceived during her ordeal of repeated rape and torture last November. Lucille is awaiting the result of her asylum claim.
20. ‘LGBT IMMIGRATION STORIES’(2011)[online]. Available from: https://lgbtculture. wordpress.com/2011/05/11/5-stories-fiaza-pakistan-agnes-sierra-leone-hamid-algerialucille-cameroon-and-joseph-uganda[accessed 15 March 2017]
help, organise a monthly support meeting, visit detention centres and run other social support projects
_research and policy: monitor and research relevant legal developments and issues, research human rights in countries of origin, work to ensure LGBTQI people are treated equally and with dignity in the asylum process, and network with organisations and individuals working on related issues in UK and internationally, _training and Information: provide training and information on LGBTQI asylum issues to relevant service providers in the refugee and LGBTQI community, solicitors and other legal advisers.
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Agnes had a happy with her mother and brothers and sisters, was educated towards computer science and had a good job. In September 2002, she met an American woman and had a twomonth relationship with her. When this woman left, Agnes looked for other lesbians but her approaches to other women led to abuse.
Hamid is a 30yearold gay man from Algeria21 Hamid knew he was gay whilst he was still in primary school but his sexuality is illegal and a taboo subject in Algeria. The fact that Hamid looks effeminate means he is perceived as gay and he has, therefore, suffered verbal and physical abuse since his early teens. He was beaten when he was thirteen and by seven men when he was eighteen. After finishing university Hamid came to the UK on a tourist visa and claimed asylum which was refused and has been deported to Algeria. With the support of UKLGIG, Hamid is making a claim to the European Commission of Human Rights. Unfortunately, this could take two years and in the meantime Hamid will have to hide and make sure that neither his family nor the Algerian authorities find him.
In November of the same year Agnes’s family asked her to marry a cousin. She told them she couldn’t because she is a lesbian. Agnes’s family beat her and forced her into the marriage where she was repeatedly raped. She went to the police and explained her situation but was told it is a family matter and she had created the situation herself. Agnes’s family told all her relatives and the community that she was a lesbian. This led to constant abuse resulting in losing her job and the discovery that her family was planning to have her circumcised as they had been advised this would remedy her sexual orientation problem. As she strongly objected they then began to starve her. Again, Agnes went to the police and yet again was told they would not help. In fear for her life, she contacted her American girlfriend who arranged for an agent to help her to leave the country. Agnes arrived in the UK in January 2003 thinking she was going to the United States. When she reached immigration control, the agent accompanying her had disappeared so Agnes told the immigration officer what had happened to her and claimed asylum. At this time, Agnes was unaware that she was pregnant. Agnes has been refused asylum in the UK.
21 and 22. ‘LGBT IMMIGRATION STORIES’(2011)[online]. Available from: https:// lgbtculture.wordpress.com/2011/05/11/5-stories-fiaza-pakistan-agnes-sierra-leonehamid-algeria-lucille-cameroon-and-joseph-uganda[accessed 15 March 2017]
3.1| LGBTQI Community|UK Lesbian and Gay Immigration Group
Agnes is a 25yearold lesbian from Sierra Leone.22
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Whitechapel Today
4| Site Allocation
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As it is mentioned above Benthal Green, Shoreditch and Wapping, which are neighbouring Whitechapel on the north, host a plethora of venues addressed to the LGBTQI community. Consequently, it is considered that the proposal could not include the entertainment feature, but only as a minor auxiliary use, if it is situated in proximity of the aforementioned areas, therefore on the northernmost part of Whitechapel. Also, it is considered to add to the proposal a market in order to present to the community members, that are going to relocate to this new asylum, the possibility to work and practice their craft in this new relatively-protected environment. Furthermore, market places and shopping areas are used in various occasions in masterplanning as a meeting point between communities. And, since this proposal is seeking to be a magnet/meeting point of different people to educate and familiarise,
a market is considered a rather fitting aspect of the intervention. The next step would be to determine the site of the proposed asylum which has to meet certain requirements. First of all, in order to be in close proximity to Benthal Green, Shoreditch and Wapping the site should be on the northernmost part of the area. Secondly, it is preferable to be situated on a relatively segregated area to provide the required isolation and sense of protection that these people seek on their first steps of their new life. And lastly, the area should also be highly chosen to not only bring people inside this new space to familiarise and come close to the LGBTQI community, but also augment the possible passer-by circulation to let the market aspect of the scheme flourish respectively.
4| Site Allocation
According to UKLGIG, there are three main life aspects that should be covered so as to start the reintegration of a physically or mentally traumatised person. These three are accommodation, employment and entertainment, since psychologists and sociologists believe that with those he can be occupied and productive to start healing its scars. Therefore, based on this theory the proposed intervention is structured.
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4| Site Allocation|Centre Exclusion
With the purpose of limiting the research area for the intervention site; Space Syntax theory was utilised, so as to filter the area of Whitechapel and narrow it down to the one that meets all the qualifications. In addition, since it was considered preferable to run the analyses in a smaller scale, it was decided to set the radius on 1000 meters. Consequently, the analyses were measuring and run in a neighbourhood scale and not the whole London system. Before everything, the centre of the district is excluded from the analyses, since there; is found the highest concentration of nationalities and religions that LGBTQI community is frowned upon. And more importantly, the Bangladeshi community, which dominates a large part of the centre of the area, considers homosexuality repulsive and illegal (penalty of 10 years to life imprisonment). So, a site on the fringes of the area is sought, in order to be on the area of Whitechapel, but at the same time at a distance of the district core.
4| Site Allocation|Centre Exclusion
Whitechapel [Centre Exclusion]
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4| Site Allocation|Integration NACH1000
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The next step was to run an axial analysis that measures the choice possibility of the remaining system. Choice measures movement flows through spaces. Spaces that record high choice are located on the shortest paths from all origins to all destinations. Choice is a powerful measure at forecasting pedestrian and vehicular movement potentials23. From the results of the analysis only the highest values indicated by yellow (0.75-1.00), orange (1.00-1.25) and red (1.25-1.50) colors are kept, since the intervention site is important to be situated in a highly-chosen area. The high choice value indicates that a large number of people will go through the site, and therefore not only the market is going to operate unimpededly, but also different people will come closer to the LGBTQI community in order to be accepted. The remaining values (0.00-0.75) were excluded from the next analysis, due to the low choice value displayed. 23. Bafna, Sonit. “Space syntax: A brief introduction to its logic and analytical techniques.� Environment and Behavior 35.1 (2003): 17-29.
[selected segments]
4| Site Allocation|Integration NACH1000
Whitechapel Integration NACH1000
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4| Site Allocation|Choice NAIN1000
Finally, remaining system was examined for the integration variable. Integration24 is usually indicative to how many people are likely to be in a space, and is thought to correspond to rates of social encounter and land usage. Since the site sought must be situated on a relatively segregated area, only the segments with the lowest values are kept. Therefore, only the blue (0.42-0.76) and light blue (0.76-0.85) areas were kept, while the rest were excluded as well.
24. Bafna, Sonit. “Space syntax: A brief introduction to its logic and analytical techniques.� Environment and Behavior 35.1 (2003): 17-29.
[selected segments]
4| Site Allocation|Choice NAIN1000
Whitechapel Choice NAIN1000
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After the analyses, there are three clearly definite areas that meet all the requirements and are still situated on the interior of Whitechapel, 1. the two sides of Thrawl Street 2. the surrounding area of White Kennett Street 3. the area around Artillery Lane
Artillery Lane|Mixed Uses
4| Site Allocation|Site Choice
The Thrawl Street area is excluded, since it is an exclusively residential, it is believed that the market aspect is not going to work to a purely residential area. Furthermore, the surrounding area of White Kennett Street is a rapidly developing area, that it is strongly characterized by the Coventry University and the business center that it is currently developing on the area. Consequently, a sensitive community like the LGBTQI community, that is seeking this sense of protection and tranquillity, is not going to prosper to an area like this. Finally, the area around Artillery Lane is currently occupied by a mix of retail and recreation uses, that are compatible to the proposed retail part of the intervention. In addition, the fact that the street is relatively silent and still during the morning hours can also add to the sense of isolation and protection that is needed.
Thrawl Street|Residential
White Kennett Street|Business Centre
4| Site Allocation|Site Choice
Potentian Intervention Cores
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Parliament Court View
5| Artillery Passage
Artillery Passage View
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The area surrounding area around Artillery Lane is a rather historically rich area. In 1537, the land that was owned by priory of St Mary Spital and was leased to the “Fraternyte or Guylde of Artillery of longbows, Crossbowes and Handegonnes”. A couple of years later, in 1539, the monastery was dissolved by Henry VIII who used the site as the old artillery ground to train and test fire weaponry. This fact lead to the naming of the streets after the old artillery ground was closed. Since then, a lot of plans and ideas were formed in order to leave behind these events and cleanse the area from its former use25. In general, the region is highly visited but also is relatively detached. It is an area rather ‘hidden’ with a distinctive and vibrant ambiance which can act as a vantage point for the protection from homophobic actions and as a safe place for the users to colonize the space. Beside the fact that the area is immediately connected to central roads, it nevertheless remains visually secluded. Artillery Passage, which is originally named Smoke Alley or Raven Row, is a surviving fragment of the 17th century street pattern, characterized by its network of historic narrow passages, lanes and courtyards. Parliament Court, which is a narrow street which ends to Artillery Passage and could be used as a secondary entrance to the intended intervention, consists an apparent example of the aforementioned street pattern26. The buildings are mainly narrow-fronted Georgian 2, 3 and 4-storey houses with mansard roofs and retail uses on the ground floor. They are not set back from the street or lane, and form continuous building lines and a clearly-defined enclosure to the street. There are often several uses within each building, including significant number of residential dwellings, and this fine-grain mix of domesticscale units is an essential characteristic of the area. 25. ‘The Priory of St. Mary Spital’, Survey of London: Vol. 27, Spitalfields and Mile End New Town, ed. F H W Sheppard, London, 1957, p. 21-23. 26. ‘Artillery Passage and south side of Artillery Lane’, Survey of London: Vol 27, Spitalfields and Mile End New Town, ed. F H W Sheppard (London, 1957), pp. 226-236.
Par
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5| Artillery Passage|Historic Background
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56 and 58 Artillery Lane shopfront28
5| Artillery Passage|Historic Background
A rather characteristic attribute of the area is the strikingly strange width-depth analogy with the street being too narrow for the building heights. This fact is a residue of the original urban fabric of the 17th century, a fact that once more underlines the strong historic essence that this area bears. An important thing is also the Raven Row27, which is an art exhibition centre housed in a pair of typical 17th century buildings. Raven Row is housed on nos 56 and 58 Artillery Lane, which were built around 1690 on land that was previously a weapons practice ground, and in the Middle Ages the site of the monastery of St. Mary Spital, the largest hospital in Europe. In the 1750s the buildings were transformed into luxury shops in the Rococo style by Huguenot silk merchants, Protestant settlers from France. In 1827 no. 58 was modernized with a plain Regency front, only a few years before the weaving economy collapsed and the area became impoverished. The gallery which is a listed Grade I building is a rather
Raven Row Gallery
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27. London Borough of Tower Hamlets, ‘Artillery Passage-Conservation Area’, adopted by Cabinet: 7th March 2007
28 and 29. 56-58 Artillery Lane, E1, 21 March 2014.[online blog].
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important piece of architecture, since it is a refurbished typical Whitechapel building which combines the business center and the accommodation of a family. The ground floor of a typical housing typology was occupied by the retail part of the complex, while the first floor was used as a workshop and the top floor as the residence of the family. Although the complex does not keep its original layout, residues of the typology can be still seen. In addition, a couple blocks further down the street on 19 Widegate Street there still is a typical example of Georgian building that combine retail, workshop and accommodation. The interesting part about this building is that it has kept its original mixed-used typology and is not converted.
5| Artillery Passage|Historic Background
19 Widegate Street
56 and 58 Artillery Lane section29
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Sandy's Row Synagogue
5| Artillery Passage|Historic Background
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5| Artillery Passage|Historic Background
Reviving Housing Typology
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On the corner of Artillery Lane and Bell Lane it is situated the Providence Row Night Refuge and Home and Convent of Mercy, a non-sectarian charity by Reverend Daniel Gilbert on 1860. The current building was constructed in 1868 to provide refuge accommodation for 300 homeless women and children and 50 men. In 1990, the complex was converted to student accommodation and is still in use until today.
5| Artillery Passage|Historic Background
Also, in the area there is a set of religious buildings which showcase the multi-religious tendencies of the area. Specifically, these two buildings were the Sandy’s Row Synagogue and the Baptist’s Chapel. Sandy’s Row Synagogue was established in 1850 in a building which had originally been a Huguenot church that had been constructed in 1766 and is one of the earliest surviving examples of a chapel converted for Jewish worship. On the other hand, the Baptist’s Chapel was used as a Christian chapel until 1910s when it was converted to a synagogue, until 1990s when it was converted to office building. The sole element that still stands and is indicative of the former use is the dome of the chapel. According to its denominations the Jewish worshipers of Sandy’s Row has positive attitudes toward homosexuality and the LGBTQI community in general.
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5| Artillery Passage|Historic Background
All the above are some important reasons that resulted to the listing of a majority of the buildings both in national and regional level. Furthermore, the two street lamp posts found in Artillery Passage are listed, and also their location in the middle on the two ends of this narrow street is ideal in order to showcase their uniqueness, that led to their listing. Also, the fact that this area is rather important for historic social and architectural value, it is apparent since it is part of the Artillery Passage Conservation Area, as it was decided by the Borough of Tower Hamlets. As conservation area is considered a piece of urban fabric of notable environmental or historical interest and importance which is protected by law against undesirable changes.
Listed Street Lamp Post situted in Artillery Passage
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Listed Street Lamp Posts
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6| Conceptual Precedents
In order to understand how buildings and complexes, that their main use is to host, educate and help people, work; several conceptual precedents are examined. These examples are about sensitive social groups that face problems in their everyday life and want to find a way-out to overcome these problems. _Youth Centre in Niafourang by Project Niafourang30. A non-profit organisation Friends of Niafourang began a project in late 2010 with three architecture students from the Norwegian University of Sciencee and Technology NTNU. They were looking to construct a youth centre in the small coastal village in the Casamance region of Senegal. In addition, the village is very poor with a high unemployment rate, and the project sought to improve conditions for local youth and create jobs in the village. The project involved the local community in both the building and planning stages, in order to create a sense of ownership and pride in the constructed building. Construction took place without access to electricity and many of the local villagers volunteering to help. The Youth Centre is still in use, with a large multi-purpose space, storage space and library/computer room.
Youth Centre in Niafourang31
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_ Welfare Centre for Children and Teenagers in Paris32 by Marjan Hessamfar and Joe Verons Architects Associes. Even major cities like Paris benefit from a community centre that focuses on the care and welfare of the youth. The Welfare Centre for Children and Teenagers acts as an emergency residential centre and children’s shelter. Its purpose is to be a place where young people can feel welcomed and protected. While the structure serves a serious purpose, it was important to the architects that this sense of emergency was not sensed by the children. It was important that they feel assured, that it is a place where they can feel completely safe and their education can continue uninterrupted. The L-shaped structure was designed with varying stepped levels in the centre, offering large recreation terraces on each floor in order to optimise access to daylight and open views.
30 and 31. ‘Youth Center In Niafourang / Project Niafourang’(2012), Available from: http://www.archdaily.com/217208/youth-centerin-niafourang-project-niafourang 32 and 33. ‘Welfare Centre for children and teenagers in Paris / Marjan Hessamfar & Joe Verons architectes associes’(2014), Available from: http://www.archdaily.com/512588/welfare-centre-for-children-and-teenagers-in-paris
_ Los Angeles LGBT Centre by Leong Leong34. In 2014, five prestigious architecture firms were involved in a high-profile architecture competition to redesign the Los Angeles LGBT Centre. Michael Maltzan, Frederick Fisher, Predock Frane, MAD and Leong Leong were each awarded a $20,000 stipend to develop proposals for the new campus. Designs were to include arts, educational and affordable housing programs for more than an entire city block in Hollywood. It was announced in August of last year that Leong Leong were selected as the winning agency that would masterplan and design the Los Angeles LGBT Centre’s new mixed-use site in Hollywood, California. The new 183,700-square-foot building will coordinate with the Centre’s existing facility to provide a unique mix of 140 affordable housing units; centre for homeless youth offering 100 beds to those in need; as well as a new administrative headquarters and cultural arts centre. The campus is expected to open in 2019, on the centre’s 50th anniversary.
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Los Angeles LGBT Centre35
Welfare Centre for Children33
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34 and 35. K. Rosenfield, ‘Leong Leong to Design New Mixed-Use Campus for Los Angeles LGBT Center’, 25 August 2012, Available from: http://www.archdaily.com/772480/leong-leong-to-design-new-mixed-use-campus-for-los-angeles-lgbt-center
7| Intervention Intentions
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As it is obvious creating an asylum, or better named a village, that is going to grow as part of the fabric that it is placed is rather complicated. So, at the beginning of the designing process, a couple of design intentions and incentives were placed, as they were though important; not only so as to help the new community prosper and evolve, but also to provide the necessary safety valve in favor of the protection of the pre-existing historic urban fabric. First of all, the fact that the site is such a compact part of Whitechapel; where the percentage of ground floor vacancy is approaching zero, led to the apparent decision that the scheme should be developed on a first floor up level. The only exception would be the entrances that would work as lifters and filters from the ground floor level to the upper floors, where the village will be developed. Furthermore, these entrances would simultaneously pose as landmarks and “barkers� of this new/different condition taking place. In this way, the village will be able to develop autonomously and in a relatively protected and isolated area, while at the same time it will act as different people and community linker. Secondly, as Artillery Passage and the surrounding area is rather packed as far as the built fabric is concerned, it was decided that the proposal would damage and remove the minimum possible fabric in order to maintain this historically important part of the city. Consequently, the main intervention would be structured with lightweight additions that could, in the future, be removed. This reversibility attribute is important, since the tensions created during the operation of the scheme could not be as beneficial as expected and part or the scheme as a whole must be altered or even removed completely. Furthermore, the existing built fabric will be used to host the accommodation units of the LGBTQI community that are going to settle there. These accommodation units are rather important, since together with the market formation consist the core of the proposed intervention. It was decided that the units would be placed in the buildings that will be part of the proposal and are of three stories high, excluding the ground floor level. The reason for the three-story requirement is the fact that the accommodation units are proposed to be structured as the original Whitechapel housing unit, where the ground floor was used for retail, the first floor for workshop spaces and the top floor as the family residence. Therefore, the buildings that do not meet this requirement and cannot provide the necessary space in order to be organised horizontally, are going to be used for auxiliary to the village uses. In other words, the accommodation and retail parts of the intervention are merged in order to revitalise the old housing typology of Whitechapel; while at the same time give the possibility to the people settling there to be productive and active so as to enliven the quickest possible the proposal and this part of the city in general. Also, the fact that the accommodation and street level are separated by two storeys is going to filter and lessen the nuisance caused by the street level market. In other words, this triptych of retail-workspace-accommodation has to offer
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Intervention site
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red blue orange
vacant building religious building building use incorporated to the intervention
a lot of advantages to the proposal and facilitate the everyday life of the LGBTQI community that is about to settle there. In addition, Artillery Passage is a still active part of Whitechapel, so it was from the start one of the main intentions to avoid damaging the pre-existing condition that is still working. Therefore, one of the first steps of the in-situ research was to document the vacant spaces in all the levels provided. The vacant spaces were chosen to accommodate different aspects of the proposal, while uses that were considered coherent to the proposal were absorbed as parts of the intervention. Specifically, the majority of the buildings were vacant from the first floor up and therefore could easily be acquired and be part of the scheme. Also, the rest of the buildings mainly host residential uses on the upper floors and consequently, they could possibly be absorbed and added to the proposal, in the future. Last but not least, provided that Artillery Passage exhibits a dramatic width-height analogy, it was decided to avoid strong intervention gestures and heavy structures above, in the interest of the unobstructed light penetration to the street level. In other words, it is sought to design the minimum possible pathways and additions over the Passage, since defective lighting could lead the ground floor level to fail. Consequently, the majority of the interventions are proposed to be placed on the uncovered area on the back of the building blocks and the rooftops, in order to reuse these seemingly disused spaces.
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VGA Analysis on Artillery Passage
The first thing to start thinking on the designing process were the input points to the intervention. As it is already aforementioned, since the main entrances should attract passer-by’s attention; they have to be placed in the most visually connected spots of the intervention. With the purpose of locating these points; a Visibility Graph Analysis was run in the interest of allocating the entrance structures to the most suitable and beneficial places for the better operation of the scheme. As it is apparent from the graph (highlighted with warmer colors), the most highly visible spaces are the intersection of Artillery Passage and Artillery Lane, as well as the full length of Widegate Street. So, the two major entrances are placed to these areas. It was decided to place the strongest structure in the former, since it presents higher visibility values, and at the same time it could be connected with Raven Row Gallery. This connection is substantial, since Raven Row Gallery could act as an advertiser of the goods provided on the market of the proposed village, and simultaneously elevate the possible visitors. On the other hand, Widegate Street is more subtle on the ground floor level, and since it is housed in a fully vacant building, it is proposed to be combined with the administration offices needed by the UKGIG. Aside from the two inputs mentioned above, a third one was placed on the Parliament Court alley. This entrance is composed solely by an elevator. The reason for this addition, is mainly sematic, and it refers to the equality that the present intervention conveys. As the village proposed intends to give to any LGBTQI community member the possibility for an equal and humane life, so does the elevator that provides the possibility to people with mobility or other limitations to be part of the new condition and not feel excluded. What is more, the upper landing of the elevator is situated on the core of the intervention, conveying to this input a great importance; even though it is practically hidden on the ground floor.
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7| Intervention Network Specifications|Circulation
The most important aspect consists the network that is proposed in order to link the various parts of the intervention. As stated above the network is designed on the back of the buildings so as to not obstruct the sufficient lighting of the street level. In other words, the entire circulation system is hidden behind the buildings in order to be unobstructed. The only exception consists the pathways that link the different blocks, and together with the entrances pose as hints of the situation hidden on the back. Also, this network was designed to have continuous circulation without dead ends, therefore the systems presents successive loops for this to be achieved. The main obstacle for the structuring of the aforementioned network was the rather densely organised and built area. Consequently, in order to create these vertical passageways that are going to connect the opposite blocks, part of the buildings was cut for these passageways to go through. As it is significant to limit the damage to the built fabric, the cuts were done close to window or door openings to minimise the material removal and maintain as much possible of the original building. The differentiation between cutting the existing fabric and structuring new additions is shown on the diagram below. As is it apparent apart from the two vertical cuts there is no other significant damaging of the existing urban fabric.
cut through buildings quality described remaininng network
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Intervention Circulation Network
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7| Intervention Network Specifications|Units
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The entrance to the units is taking place on the back of the blocks, as it is subsequent of the main circulation happening on the back. The entrances to the units are located across the proposed network scattered in way that the visitor is exploring it in order to find the next, which is hidden in plain sight. Most of the unit entrances are located in immediate relation with a plaza formation, so as to avoid any circulation problems when the two movements -passageway and exiting the unit- intersect.
Intervention Units Allocation
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7| Intervention Network Specifications|Program of Uses
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The village in order to be able to work autonomously, requires a number of different auxiliary amenities that will also attract the interest of the surrounding community. These amenities are the following: _landmark. The already mentioned main entrance which is going to be structured in a tower formation to act as a metaphorical beacon of the community. This tall structure will accommodate apart from the flights of stairs that are connecting the different levels of the intervention, a viewing platform on the top level. In addition, the tower is structured in order to have the minimum visual obstruction, while the perforated panels could be used as advertising or projection spots to communicate the work of the new LGBTQI village. _public garden. The scheme incorporates two public gardens on the back of both sides of the Artillery Passage. These will not only provide a different quality open-air space to the users of the intervention, but also it will give the opportunity to the occupants of the units to be occupied by cultivating their own flowers and vegetables. _solicitors’ office. Legal help is always required in sensitive cases, such as the LGBTQI community related. Consequently, it was important to incorporate a place where people can take advice and at the same time get to know the new legal system, in case they are immigrants. Coincidentally, there was a solicitors’ office on the site and it was decided to be maintained and incorporated to the scheme. The only difference is that a second entrance is suggested on the
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first floor for the easier access. _multi-purpose spaces and open-air amphitheatre. A couple of multipurpose spaces, both sheltered and open-air, are proposed to provide with the possibility to host events, and give opportunity to different social groups and communities to come together. _public kitchen. There was a rather elaborately equipped kitchen on spot, and it was considered useful to maintain this use, but giving it a public dimension in order to attract people both from inside and outside the community. _belvedere. The elevator shaft mentioned before, on its upper landing is linked with an openair square the it situated on the main intersection of the scheme. Therefore, in order to symbolise this centrality and the importance of the spot; a rather elaborate structure is suggested. This structure is partly situated on the interior of the existing building and attempts to organise the vertical circulation of the building. And it is, also, partly developed on the exterior of the building. This structure is culminating on a belvedere/viewing point on the most advantageous point of the intervention. _medical centre. The building that is proposed to host the medical centre of the intervention, already hosts a number of doctors’ offices. Therefore, it is suggested to expand the medical centre to the remaining vacant floors in order to provide the basic medical
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treatment. In addition, the medical centre is linked via passageways with the network, to facilitate the access to it. _consulting rooms/emotional support. The LGBTQI people that are about to colonise this village are usually victims of psychological violence. So, a unit that psychological support is given to these people is important to exist on the scheme. These spaces are located close the Widegate entrance so as to be easily accessed by LGBTQI people that are not part of the village, but need professional help to deal with their personal condition. _spiritual/religious spaces. The religion is considered a rather important factor of a person’s life in several countries. Consequently, the building facing the Sandy’s Row Synagogue is suggested to be turned into a religious centre, where people have the opportunity to do their respective religious rituals and prey. These spaces are directly inked with the circulation network of the village, but at the same time it is accessible from the street level, since religious inequality is one of the main reasons of LGBTQI stigmatisation and this could pose as a receptor of gradual approval of this diversity.
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LGBTQI Village Proposal
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Intervention Structure I
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What it is described as intervention is the point on the evolution line of the village that is believed to be self-sustained and selfsufficient. There are two possibilities for this intervention. In bad case scenario, the proposal is not going to be accepted by the host or the scheme is not going to develop and operate as expected. Human behavior cannot be pre-calculated and therefore, this proposal must be submitted in a trial and error procedure in order to prove if it going to work smoothly or not. On the other hand, ideally, this village will develop to this stage gradually starting from a sole input point, possibly the one on Artillery Passage-Artillery Lane intersection, since it is easy to be acquired. The village could gradually develop even further step by step by adding more buildings to the village and creating the elaborate circulation system that is already described. Subsequently, the village will extend over the boundaries of one block and expand to the opposing bocks. On some point, it will be necessary to link the opposite facades and the building cuts will happen. After, the public amenities are required in order to be self-sustained and simultaneously attract people so as to educate and familiarize them with the village. At some point the village will reach the proposed limits and therefore it will be self-sustained and self-sufficient, as wanted. From that point on the development will be slower, since all the requirements are granted, but still the evolution is apparent since the village is organic and spreading.
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Artillery Passage Input
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Widegate Street Input
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LGBTQI Village Intervention
Physical Boundaries of the Scheme
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The village can expand and develop further than the proposed intervention. But, as it is illustrated there are clear boundaries around the site that cannot be penetrated by the village. The expanding through these boundaries is impossible mainly due to conflicting and contrasting uses (Spitalfields Market and business centres in progress) that could not be merged. This condition is consistent with the essence that it is sought for the proposed village. These boundaries will limit the village, and therefore let it be a village and not a city hovering over a pre-existing city. The city over the city condition is not preferred; as this could lead to the failure of the one, a situation that is not sought. In other words, this village is wanted to start the friction between different communities in order to grow accustomed to the LGBTQI community. The LGBTQI community must not be treated as a community that needs special treatment forever, because this will lead to the belief that it is something special and consequently uncommon. Therefore, this village not having the possibility to expand uncontrollably will not result to a new layer which is only going to be used certain people, but as an “island� that it can act as reference point for this specific group of people. This village condition could be incorporated for different group of people around London. This will allow communities that have this feeling of uncertainty to grow and develop and have a second chance in life, in general. Ideally, there could be developed a network of villages hovering over the city of London, allowing this multidimensional character of the city to grow, flourish and be showcased, because the city itself is a collage of differences. Therefore, what is more suitable than preserving them and allowing them to show the complexity that is hidden.
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9| Bibliography and References
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Bridget C., O’Brien C. and Pevsner N., London: East; Vol 5 (Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of England), Yale University Press, UK, 2005 Davies A., The East End nobody knows : a history, a guide, an exploration, London : Macmillan, London, 1990 Knox P. and Pinch S., Urban social geography : an introduction, Harlow : Prentice Hall, 2010 London Borough of Tower Hamlets, ‘Artillery Passage-Conservation Area’, adopted by Cabinet: 7th March 2007. Available from: http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/Documents/Planning-and-building-control/Development-control/Conservation-areas/Artillery-PassageV1.pdf[ accessed 28 Ferbruary 2017] Rosenfield K., ‘Leong Leong to Design New Mixed-Use Campus for Los Angeles LGBT Center’, 25 August 2012[online]. Available from: http://www.archdaily.com/772480/leong-leong-to-design-new-mixed-use-campus-for-los-angeles-lgbt-center [accessed 13 March 2017] Survey of London, ‘Altab Ali Park, Whitechapel’, 15 April 2016 [online blog]. Available from: https:// blogs.ucl.ac.uk/survey-of-london/2016/04/15/altab-ali-park-whitechapel [accessed 12 March 2017]
‘LGBT IMMIGRATION STORIES’(2011)[online]. Available from: https://lgbtculture.wordpress. com/2011/05/11/5-stories-fiaza-pakistan-agnes-sierra-leone-hamid-algeria-lucille-cameroon-and-josephuganda[ accessed 15 March 2017] ‘The Priory of St. Mary Spital’, in Survey of London: Volume 27, Spitalfields and Mile End New Town, ed. F H W Sheppard, London, 1957, p. 21-23. Available from: British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol27/pp21-23 [accessed 13 March2017] ‘UK Lesbian & Gay Immigration Group ‘, http://uklgig.org.uk [online][accessed 23 February 2017] ‘Welfare Centre for children and teenagers in Paris / Marjan Hessamfar & Joe Verons architectes associes’(2014) [online]. Available from: http://www.archdaily.com/512588/welfare-centre-for-children-andteenagers-in-paris-marjan-hessamfar-and-joe-verons-architectes-associes[accessed 15 March 2017] ‘Youth Center In Niafourang / Project Niafourang’(2012) [online]. Available from: http://www.archdaily. com/217208/youth-center-in-niafourang-project-niafourang [accessed 15 March 2017] Buck N., Working Capital: Life and Labour in Contemporary London, Routledge: London, 2002
‘Brick Lane and Fournier Street. Conservation Area’, London Borough of Tower Hamlets, 4th November 2009
9| Bibliography and References
‘Artillery Passage and south side of Artillery Lane’, in Survey of London: Volume 27, Spitalfields and Mile End New Town, ed. F H W Sheppard (London, 1957), pp. 226-236. Available from: British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol27/pp226-236 [accessed 03 March 2017]
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Charles Booth's London. Poverty maps and police notebooks Available from: http://booth.lse.ac.uk/map/12/0.1865/51.4740/100/0
Cherry. B., O’Brien C. and Pevsner N., London 5: East, (Pevsner Architectural Guides: Buildings of England), Yale University Press, 2005 Coates N., Ecstacity: the Revitalisation of London, AA Publications: London,, 1992 Crossrail as Catalyst, Future of London report, April 2014
‘Delivering the Whitechapel Vision, regeneration prospectus’, May 2015
Jenks M., Kozak P., Takkanon P., World cities and urban form : fragmented, polycentric, sustainable?, London : Routledge, 2008 Hamdi N., Small Change: The Art of Practice and the Limits of Planning in Cities, Earthscan: London, 2004 http://transculturalmodernism.org/
Rose M., The east end of London, Cedric Chivers, 1973
Tames.R., East end past, London : Historical Publications, 2004
Our East London : a study in diversity, London : Council of Citizens of East London , 1963
9| Bibliography and References
Taylor M., Lloyd C., The changing East End : Stepney, Bethnal Green & Poplar 1860-1960, Stroud : Sutton, 1997 56-58 Artillery Lane, E1, 21 March 2014.[online blog]. Available from: London's Historic Shops and Markets, http://londonhistoricshops.blogspot.co.uk/2014/03/56-58-artillery-lane-e1.html[accessed 15 March] Walker H., East London. I : Whitechapel, Religious Tract Society, 1896. Available from: http://www.mernick. org.uk/thhol/easlon02.html Whitechapel Vision Masterplan, Supplementary Planning Document, December 2013 http://www.thejacktherippertour.co.uk/whitechapel-1880s/
http://spitalfieldslife.com/2012/09/28/the-markets-of-old-london/ https://uk.pinterest.com/pin/109845678388567112/