Andy Chan Portfolio by PDF Uploads

REWILDING INDUSTRIES

REMEDIATING GRANGEMOUTH, SCOTLAND

THESIS PORTFOLIO STUDIO: EDGE CONDITIONS ANDY CHAN

1.0 | PROJECT INTRODUCTION

Rewilding Industry To showcase my interest in sustainability and addressing the climate crisis, my thesis project is phased

CONTENTS

parallel to the Scottish Government’s climate action plan 2018-2032 where the goal is for Scotland to become carbon neutral by 2045.

1.0 - PROJECT INTRODUCTION

3 I am proposing a research centre that also serves as a testing ground to allow researchers and

2.0 - EXPLORING DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLLUTION

4 -15

3.0 - CONTEXT OF GRANGEMOUTH

16 - 31

university students to experiment, research and learn sustainable remediation methods to breakdown soil contamination identified at the Grangemouth Refinery site. The primary remediation techniques in this project are phytoremediation and bioremediation, the scheme also focuses on growing their own phytoremediators and also looking at additional strategies to push more success into the remediation techniques such as cultivating biochar to

4.0 - REMEDIATION AND STRATEGY

32 - 45

enhance the remediation process and integrating plant nano-bionic technology to give plants nonnative functions to detect different types of pollutants in the soil.

5.0 - DESIGN APPROACH

46 - 57

Where there will be a decline in the in the use of petrol and diesel vehicles, a speculation of reduced capacity in petroleum manufacturing may occur that could cause reduced operations in certain

6.0 - DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

58 - 67

areas at the Grangemouth Refinery site. Opening an opportunity to remediate the contaminated site. Once the remediation process have matured and completed, the plants will remain and allow nature to take place to enable them to overgrow and gradually return into a natural habitat for the species

7.0 - FINAL OUTPUTS

68 - 93

of the Firth of Forth Estuary.

Recap In the following section, I recap on themes and research from the thesis outline, as a thorough investigation was carried out to help me find a suitable site to develop my thesis project. I investigated multiple sites at the Firth of Forth Estuary, such as Portobello, South Queensferry and Granton Harbour, before finally deciding to choose Grangemouth as the intervention site. I also investigated different types of pollution and even tourisrm to identify a protagonist for this thesis, which led to soil contamination being the key issue for this project to address. Although parts of the thesis outline do not apply to the current design, but the process learned throughout the analysis is something I aim to frame within this portfolio.

2.0 | EARLY COASTAL EDGE EXPLORATION Portobello Pollution leading to inadequate bathing waters was a subject

Present Day

1830s

1840s

that was investigated at Portobello beach. As pollution of human waste, pigeon waste and bacteria were the sources of contribution within the Figgate Burn which ends up in the North Sea via Portobello Beach. The mapping shows how the bacteria

1850s

1860s

1870-1950

1950-2010

Historical Layers

spreads and travels. The mapping exercise also has a suggestive layer to propose a remediating idea to the site to clean up the water. The precedent of Oyster-tecture by SCAPE was used as a

Mapping- Exploring with different layers

suggestion by using oysters to filter the water and create new uses for the site.

Industrial language on surrounding building at Granton Harbour

Mapping- Spread of pollution

Impact of nature - Salinity of the air coating the rocks with yellow lichen

The journey I walked while exploring Granton Harbour

Granton Harbour The mapping of Granton Harbour explored how the land was formed through its industrial history. Each historical event was modelled on a separate layer, and over time it can be seen and

Points of interest (landmarks)

animated how the formation of the harbour developed over time. On the other hand, a field trip to Granton Harbour took place

Layer- Community engagement

Opportunites to propose something. Fieldwork Layers

and using the same layering technique, I mapped out my journey, landmarks, districts and interests that I found at the site and superimposed to see if there were any correlation. South Queensferry The South Queensferry mapping experimented with my interests of the site, the history and the transport links it had with the

Mapping- Overall collage mapping

Inchgarvie as it is now uninhabited and inaccessible meaning the history of Inchgarvie can only be learned through books

Layer- Inchgarvie history

Superimposed Historical Layers

Mapping- Aim to have clean bathing water

Layer- Inchgarvie boat route

and online sources, and this argues that the physical history is metaphorically flowing away in the Forth and it is forgotten. Additionally, Queensferry has three dominating bridges which allow the site to be explored with different layers as they were also formed over history, adding additional layers above the and and water. Overall, the South Queensferry mapping is a collage Superimposed Fieldwork Layers

of all the elements I found interesting about the site.

Mapping- A suggestive layer to remediate the water

Portobello Beach 4.

The Apparatus and Superimposing

Granton Harbour

Mapping- Dominance of the bridges

South Queensferry 5.

2.0 | NURDLE POLLUTION AT THE FORTH What are nurdles? Nurdles are identified as the raw material for almost all of our day to day plastic products. They come in the form of tiny discs or lentil-shaped pellets, weighing only a fraction of a gram and measuring 5mm or less. Over 300 million tonnes of plastic created each year globally, with massive quantities produced and transported across the globe, then melted to make anything from wheelie bins to plastic bottles. How do nurdles end up on the beaches? Due to the miniature sizes of nurdles, they are easily spilt at any stage of the handling and transport process. Some nurdles are

Image of Nurdles

spilt directly into the sea from the shipping containers. Nurdle pellets are usually lost when spills on land are not cleaned up correctly, which usually causes the nurdles to find their way to the sea through drains and waterways. Although the spillage may be a fraction of a percentage of nurdles handled by the company, but the accumulation of nurdles over time will make its way to the marine environment and consequently, volunteers discover nurdles in huge numbers on the shoreline all around the world. Why are nurdles harmful? For centuries, the Firth of Forth estuary and its tributaries connected to it have been exposed to heavy industrial pollution. The harmful industrial chemicals known as ‘persistent bioaccumulating toxins’ (PTB), when PTB has entered a human or animal tissue it can cause long term health damage. Although, many uses are PTB are banned, but traces of it can still be found in the sediment and water in the Firth of Forth. In the marine environment, plastic including the nurdles attract and absorb PTBs and can increase the concentration to much higher levels in the surrounding water. A sample of nurdles collected in the Forth esturary has been analysed for a variety of chemicals, the results shows traces of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), also showing high levels of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).

Project Manifesto Collage Although some companies have taken steps to improve waste management, screening techniques, more efficient ways of transportation and handling nurdles, many others continue to pollute the marine environment with nurdles which end up getting consumed by marine life. The collage aims to raise awareness that the nurdles are killing marine life at the Forth, and if nothing is done, more life will perish

Sources: https://www.nurdlehunt.org.uk/the-problem.html 6.

and causing greater damage to the environment. However, this is a global issue, and it can’t just be solved in one area as there is not a critical mass to justify a proposal. Therefore, it is not the direction that this thesis will take to remediate the South Queensferry.

2.0 | TIMELINE - AN ANALYSIS ON THE HISTORY OF SOUTH QUEENSFERRY This historical analysis of South Queensferry looks at the industrial history that is higfhlighted in the timeline and also how the current infrasturcutre was formed over time by

Sources:

anlalysing historical maps. Also, I looked the connections it once had with Inchgarvie by investigating its history, and finally idenfying why the three brigdes were built. I aim to

https://queensferry-at-war.weebly.com/queensferry-history

use this analysis to look for a subject to intervene for the thesis project. Through this exercise I learned that analysing history in greater depth can help to devise new themes and

https://queensferry-at-war.weebly.com/interesting-war-facts/inchgarvie-island

directions for the design project.

https://www.theforthbridges.org/forth-bridge/history/ https://www.portedgar.co.uk/history

2.0 | NETWORK AND NOISE POLLUTION South Queensferry is situated in the centre of key transport networks in Edinburgh. Detection of noise pollution from aircraft taking off and landing, traffic travelling along the Queensferry Crossing and Forth Road Bridge and trains moving along the Forth Rail Bridge. Not to mention the movement of cargo ships and cruise ships moving along the Forth, the mapping exercise shows the issues and complaints that the current transport network has raised by the locals living in the area. The model mapping illustrates the scars (bridges and ports) highlighted with the white card. They are the infrastructure that developed over history that began to weave the current transport network. The transport network weaved in different layers (from the sea to the air) is represented with the various coloured thread at different heights. This further emphasises South Queensferry being an opportunistic site as many modes of transport go past South Queensferry, resulting in people to stop and visit. Hence, a remediating proposition could tie with tourism to further attract more visitors to see South Queensferry as it is already a tourist location in Edinburgh.

Key: Transport Network Vehicle Route Railway Route Aircraft Takeoff/Landing

Model Mapping Weaving of the Transport Network

10.

Queensferry Transport Network and Noise Pollution

Key: Transport Network Ships Network Railway Network Vehicle Network Aircraft Ascend/Descend Route

Queensferry Weaving of the Transport Network

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2.0 | UNDERSTANDING TOURISM PRINCIPLES What lessons can be applicable to a non tourism related design project?

The analysis of tourism was to identify themes to strengthen my interest in sustainability. However, tourism was not the best solution to promote themes of tourism, but strategies of aestheticisation and ecological tourism apply to the design of this thesis.

Tourism Through Aestheticisation

Sustainable Tourism

Ecological and Heritage Tourism

Issues with Tourism and Architecture

As defined by the architecture, the physical form makes these spaces more

Sustainable tourism is a development model which factors the resources for locals and

Ecotourism leads to sustainable tourism development through the rational use of

Culture and heritage are sometimes forgotten in architecture, as design sometimes

aesthetically pleasing with recognisable markers and creates a particular sense of

visitors’ that include economic, social and aesthetic needs and providing the same

natural and historical tourist resources to avoid mass tourism’s negative consequences.

solely focuses on the economy. However, architecture and tourism can not be

place that ‘draw’ visitors to these spaces. These spaces provide a focal point for the

requirements for future generations. Furthermore, sustainable tourism emphasises

Ecotourism provides social and economic benefits as these recreational spaces and

separated; it is argued as a product of complex social, economic and political interests

visitor’s attention and experience. A consideration of Vitruvius’ three fundamental

the need for conserving the cultural and heritage traditions of local communities. All

create new jobs and attract visitors, which increases living standards. The ecological

that simultaneously shape and reflect the conditions of our environment. There are

principles of architecture leads to achieving aestheticisation.

points mentioned address the preservation of resources for future generations through

nature of ecotourism reflects the preservation of the diversity of fauna and flora areas,

different groups who ‘view, use, produce and run’ this piece of touristic architecture but

tourism.

and they are preserved because these elements support the wellbeing of locals.

with other interests in mind, resulting in conflict between these groups. For example,

The principles follow:

the conflict of interests between a resident and tourist could occur, the resident seeks

Firmitas – Relating to the structure and technical aspects, including the use of

Sustainable tourism aims to push environmental protection, limit the negative socio-

Heritage tourism embraces both ecotourism and cultural tourism which focuses on

the architecture proposal as its heritage and is something to be proud. Still, the tourist

materials, spaces and enclosures created, and the environmental conditions that

economic impacts that come with tourism, and benefit local people economically and

conserving natural and cultural heritage. The sites of tourism include visits to historic

would view it as a landmark, a cultural artefact, an object of economic value, and a

feature light, sound, air heat and ventilation.

socially. Overall, achieving sustainable tourism requires maintaining the mentioned

sites, museums, art galleries and exploring national parks. When proposing heritage

sign.

Utilitas – Referring to the buildings’ functional and social performance, that varies

resources and fulfilled by maintaining cultural integrity, providing ecologies, and

tourism programs, there must be an appreciation in the collected memories, and

depending on the building’s intent of use.

biodiversity to the site. This is applicable in terms of remediating South Queensferry

intangible traditions once occurred on the site.

Venustas – Refers to what the building looks like and how it appears to the human

through sustainable tourism.

Considering culture to architecture is critical to preserve its heritage to the site, but this depends on how the architects propose the response. Is it through the form of the

eye?

Both ecotourism and heritage tourism apply to South Queensferry. It contains heritage

proposal or materials used? How is the history and heritage reflected in the design?

However, with aestheticisation there must be a consideration to the culture and

elements such as the Forth Bridge which was classed as a UNESCO World Heritage

What elements in the area are celebrated? These questions help to form a response to

hertiage of South Queensferry so it does not become a project proposed for just the

site in Scotland. It has a deep history, as identified in the historical analysis. Ecotourism

South Queensferry to retain its heritage and culture. Finally, consideration for a key

aesthetics.

can arguably be achieved through phytoremediation if new green spaces are created.

program that benefits all users to reduce the tension on these conflicts.

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2.0 | EARLY DESIGN PRINCIPLES

My initial interest at the Edge Conditions Studio was the coastal edge, which has remained true. The early design principles model has elements that have been applied to the design, which is showcased within the model.

Public external spaces to serve the public realm and to attract more visitors by using it as meeting and breakout space

Greenery added as part of the phytorediation and urban regneration strategy

Provision of walks and activites on the water to connect the land and the sea and providing panoramic views out to the Firth of Forth

Obscure building forms to aestheticise the site to draw more attention

Introducing timber as a sustainable build.

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3.0 | SCOTTISH CONTEXT Grangemouth is a small town in the Falkirk Council area that is 26 miles west of Edinburgh. It hosts UK’s largest oil refinery, which began its operation in 1924 and rapidly expanded after World War 2. This map also pinpoints other researched sites along the Firth of Forth Estuary in this project

Key: Site of Intervention - Grangemouth Investigated Sites Scotland’s Council Areas Water Networks

Firth of Forth Estuary Grangemouth Falkirk

South Queensferry

Granton Harbour Portobello City of Edinburgh

North Lanarkshire

West Lothian

Mid Lothian

North Sea

Edinburgh

English Channel

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Scotland

Falkirk

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3.0 | POLLUTION AT FIRTH OF FORTH ESTUARY At the beginning of the project, I was interested in the coastal edge. I focused on researching the Firth of Forth Estuary by analysing types of pollutions and industries contributing to the contamination. This included research into plastic pollution, surface water quality and key heavy industries ranging from petroleum manufacturing, shipping ports and nuclear plants. After investigating several sites around the Firth of Forth Estuary, I have chosen Grangemouth as the site of Interest as petroleum manufacturing emits a range of emissions from greenhouse emissions to soil pollution. Grangemouth has a deep industrial history of petroleum manufacturing, with the first plant established in 1924 and still operates today.

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3.0| FALKIRK GREEN CORRIDOR NETWORK CSGN - Green Corridor Desription A good-quality environment offers opportunities for promoting a sense of well-being and healthy lifestyles, addressing the legacy of vacant and derelict land across Central Scotland, supporting active travel (by encouraging walking and cycling to school, shops or work along green corridors), and working to ensure that all communities can benefit from proximity to well-managed and accessible greenspace and landscape. As the project involves landscaping and planting phytoremediators, this is an opportunity to increase Falkirk’s Green network.

Sources: https://www.falkirk.gov.uk/services/environment/environmentalpolicy/docs/green-network/Falkirk%20Greenspace%20 -%20A%20Strategy%20for%20our%20Green%20Network. pdf?v=201702161345 20.

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3.0 | SOIL TYPES - FALKIRK As this project focuses on remediation of soil pollutant, it is key to understand the types and conditions of soils that exists in the current context.

Soil Type

Parent Material

Description/ Usage

Mineral Gleys

Drifts derived from carboniferous sandstones, shales and limestones.

A soil formed under poorly drained conditions, characterrised by the reduction of its ferrous state.

Brown Earths

Fluvioglacial (flowing meltwater) sands and gravels derived mainly from carboniferous rocks.

A soil showing limited acidification, often associated with temperate broadleaf forest.

Peaty Gleys

Drifts derived from Carboniferous sandstones, shales and limestones.

A soil that is acidic and poorly drained, resulting in a low potential for forestry and agriculture. The support wet heathland and rough grassland communities

Peat

Organic soils.

A brown deposit resembling soil, formed by the partial decomposition of vegetable matter in the wet acidic conditions of bogs and fens.

Mineral Podzols

Drifts derived from Carboniferous sandstones, shales and limestones

Podzols are generally infertile and are physically limiting soils for productive use. They are extremely acidic and are lacks in most plant nutrients.

Alluvial Soil

Recent riverine and lacustrine (associated with lakes) alluvial deposits.

Alluial soil is loose, unconsolidated soil or sediment that has been eroded by water and redeposited in a non-marine setting. It is typically made up of a variety of materials, including fine particles of silt and clay and larger particles of sand and gravel.

Peaty Podzols

Drifts derived from basaltic rocks.

These acid, nutrient deficient soils support a number of important vegetation communities of conservation interest, for example heather moorland and native pinewoods.

Sources: https://map.environment.gov.scot/Soil_maps/?layer=1 22.

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3.0 | INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF GRANGEMOUTH Learning from the site’s history to justify a strong argument for the project’s proposal.

Sources: https://map.environment.gov.scot/Soil_maps/?layer=1

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3.0 | INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF GRANGEMOUTH Analysing historial maps to understand how Grangemouth developed it strong industrial presence.

Sources: https://map.environment.gov.scot/Soil_maps/?layer=1

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3.0 | GRANGEMOUTH NEIGHBOURHOOD From the neighbourhood analysis, the buildings next to the Firth of Forth Estuary are identified as being industrial. This is because the water network enabled the construction of Grangemouth Docks to import and export goods. This opens up an opportunity to connect the Firth of Forth Estuary to the project.

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3.0 | GRANGEMOUTH INDUSTRIES This map illustrates the various types of industries at Grangemouth, ranging from timber merchants, chemical manufacturing and petrol manufacturing to showcase the intensity of industrial activity at Grangemouth.

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4.0 | INEOS AS THE ANTGONIST This mapping exercise collates headlines from numerous online articles that depict Ineos as the antagonist polluting Grangemouth with various contaminants from PCB’s, greenhouse gasses and metalloid contaminants. Furthermore, causing fires and explosion, which resulted in evacuating the local neighbourhood. This justifies why Grangemouth is an opportunistic site to propose remediation and reverse the damage caused by the antagonist. Also, it creates an opportunity to create a safe space for people and the local wildlife as a way f giving back to the site.

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4.0 | MORE SOIL CONTAMINANTS From this map, I extracted data from the Disposal License Application, as they collected soil sample which had a range of contaminants showing from metalloids, PCBs and Hydrocarbons. Alhtough this data is collected from the Grangemouth Docks area, it means theses contaminents could be seeping into the groundwater and polluring the soil of the wider Grangemouth.

Metal/ Metalloid Contaminants

Polycarbonated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hyrdocarbons (PAHs)

Soils can become contaminated by the build up of heavy metals and metalloids through emissions from expanding industrial areas, mining, disposal of high metal wastes, lead-bassed gasoline and paints, land application of fertilizers, animal manures, sewage sludge, pesticides, wastewater irrigation, coal combustion residues, spillage of petrochemicals, and atmospheric deposition.

PCBs are highligh toxic, persistent pollutants that are bioaccumulkated in animals. The production of PCBs ceased in the UK during the 1970s, but they still enter the marine ecosystem through the disposal of industrial plant, emissions from old electrical equipment and from landfill sites.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic micropollutants which are resistant to natural environmental degradation due to their hydrophobic nature.

Arsenic Cadmium Chromium Copper Mercury Nickel Lead Zinc

Heptachlorobiphenyl Hexachlorobipheny Pentachlorobiphenyl Tetrachlorobiphenyl Trichlorobiphenyl

Acenaphthene Acenaphthylene Anthracene Benzo(a)anthracene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(b)fluoranthene Benzo(e)pyrene Benzo(ghi)perylene Benzo(k)fluoranthene

As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn

Chrysene Dibenzo(ah)anthracene Fluoranthene Fluorene Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene Naphthalene Perylene Phenanthrene Pyrene

Souces: https://marine.gov.scot/sites/default/files/bpeo_report_ redacted.pdf 34.

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4.0 | TYPES OF SUSTAINABLE REMEDIATION

Remediation is defined as the action of remediating something, in particular ways of reversing, stopping or preventing further environmental damage. The theme of remediation came to mind when I was reading ‘Landscapes of industrial excess: A thick sections approach to Gas Works Park’ by Thaïsa Way, as the text explained how a former gasworks site in Seattle was remediated through land reclamation and transformed into the Gas Work Parks which serves public. It retains and celebrates its industrial heritage by embracing the gas towers into the design and also using bioremediation techniques to reverse the damage to the soils. These themes inspired me to

Phytofiltration - Removal of contaminants from the water by roots, leaves and stems.

Rhizofiltration - Submersion of the roots of terrestrial plants in order to remove pollutants from the water

look deeper into remediation as the key driver of this thesis. I am interested in sustainable design, but I have never attempted an approach to propose an architectural response that’s looking to heal the site with the key. My usual approach looks at strategies to make architectural design more sustainable in terms of social sustainability and exploring environmental strategies that make the building more sustainable rather than the healing the site. Blastofiltration - Using young plant seedlings growing in aerated water to remove toxic metals from the water.

Therefore, to continue my interest in sustainable design with ‘remediation’ as the key driver for this thesis. I aim to look at sustainable ways to remediate a site within the architectural response for the refinery site at Grangemouth. Phytoremediation

Bioremediation

Phytoremediation is a technique that uses plants to clean up contaminated land with the process of natural attenuation

Bioremediation is the use of natural, native or manually introduced microorganisms to consume and breakdown

and through the plants transpiration process. The diagrams above show phytoremediation techniques in coastal

pollutants in order to clean up a contaminated site. This works in an oxic (an environment, a condition, or a habitat

environments through filtration via plants.

where oxygen is present) and anoxic (an environment without oxygen with microbes live, but oxygen is toxic to them) environments. Bioremediation is a scientific approach to clean up the contamination within a site, and deep knowledge

Phytoremediation is cheaper than conventional land remediating methods and can treat a wide range of organic

is required to understand all relationship of how the microbes would react with contaminants in the soil and groundwater

contaminants in the levels of low to moderate soil and groundwater in the contaminated sites. This method of remediation

of the site. However, climate conditions can affect the process of bioremediation as the microbes will react to different

comes with benefits, this includes the engagement of residents and the community of the site by educating the dangers

conditions and can result in it not working.

of the contamination in polluted land and water, and implementing the natural ways that can be imposed to provide remedies to tackle the contamination. New plants that are introduced to the site, especially on marginalised lands can

With reference to the Gas Works Park in Seattle, Richard Haag and Richard Brooks had demonstrated an understanding

support nutrient cycles and crop pollination to promote a long-term improvement of soil conditions. Also, the introduction

of adding sawdust and organic matter that was incorporated with the contaminated soil, and then understanding how

Souces:

of vegetation may create new habitats and increase canopy cover, but this is down to strategic planning of where each

the bacteria would digest hydrocarbons before another layer biomass is added. Overall, it took a year to sample

Phytoremediation management of environmental contaminants.

plant goes. However, there are drawbacks of phytoremediation, and this includes constant maintenance and monitoring

the soil to see if it became fertile to allow vegetation to grow, but it shows that bioremediation is a precise, timely and

Volume 3 (Ansari et al., 2016, p. 310)

on the plants, soil and groundwater, which can be costly. Finally, phytoremediation is a timely process and takes five

technical method.

years for it to reach full maturity. 36.

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4.0 | PHYTORMEDIATION IN MORE DEPTH What is Phytoremediation? Phytoremediation is the direct use of living plants to degrade and remove contaminants within soils, sediments, sludge, surface water, and groundwater. By harnessing the natural capabilities of plants, we can remove, degrade and stabilise the contaminants. Phytoremediation is a low-cost but time-intensive alternative to traditional remediation techniques on sites where contaminants are identified. It can be an effective approach to reduce the leaching of pollutants within the soil and groundwater and works

Phytovolatisation The plants volatise the pollutants into the atmosphere.

hand in hand with other remediation techniques. How does it work? There are multiple ways in which plants are used to remediate polluted sites. They can break down or degrade organic pollutants or contain and stabilise metal pollutants as filters or traps.

Phytodegradation

Phytoextraction

Using enzymes, the plants degrade the

Contaminants are stored in the leaf and

contaminants within plant tissue.

stem.

Phytostabalisation

Rhizodegradation

Plants assimilates large quantities and

In the rhizospere of plants, the roots uses

immobilise rather than degrading the

enzymes to immobilise the biochemical

pollutants.

activity within the pollutants.

Rhizofiltration The roos absorb contaminants from the groundwater.

Phytoaccumulation The plants absorbs the contaminants.

Sources: https://powerplantsphytoremediation.com/bio-1 38.

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4.0 | CATALOGUE OF PHYTOREMEDIATORS What is Phytoremediation? Phytoremediation is the key method of remediation, I have researched and produced a catalogue of phytoremediators that breaks down the identified soil pollutants from the previous mapping exercises. Also including the growing conditions required to provide space in the scheme for them.

Scientific Name

English/ Common Name

Growth Condition

Pollutants it Remediates

Aeschynomene Indica Alnus Astragalus Membranaceus Averrhoa Carambola Bambusoideae Brassica Campestris Brassica Juncea Cynodon Dactylon Cytisus Scoparius Echinogalus Crusgalli Dianthus Chinensis Elsholtzia Splendens Festuca Arundinacea Foenumgraecum Helianthus Annuus Jatropha Curcas Lolium Arundinaceum Lolium Multiflorum Lolium Perenne Lycopersicon Esculentum Medicago Sativa Oryza Zatvia Panicum Bisulcatum Paspalum Vaginatum Pennisetum Americanum Pennisetum Atratum Pinus Sylvestris Populus Populus Deltoids Paulownia Tomentosa Pteridophytes Pterocarpus Indicus Salix Sorghum Vulgare Spinacia Oleracea Tamarix Gallica Thlaspi Caerulescens Trifolium Repens Trigonella Triticum Aesitivum Vicia Faba Vetiveria Zizanioides Zea Mays

Jointvetch Alder Mongolian Milkvetch Star Fruit Bamboo Field Mustard Brown Mustard Scutch Grass Scotch Broom Cockspur Grass Rainbow Pink Shiny Elsholtzia Tall Fescue Fenugreek Sunflower Purgin Nut Tall Fescue Ryegrass Perennial Ryegrass Tomato Alfalfa Rice Chaff Panicgrass Crowngrass Pearl Millet Atratum Grass Scots Pine Poplar Eastern Cottonwood Princess Fern Narra Willow Broom Corn Spinach Tamarix Alpine Pennygrass White Clover Fenugreek Common Wheat Broad Beans Perennial Grass Maize

Greenhouse, Spiked Soil Field Greenhouse, Spiked Soil Field, Greenhouse, Spiked Soil Field Greenhouse Greenhouse Field Greenhouse Greenhouse, Spiked Soil Greenhouse Greenhouse, Field Greenhouse Greenhouse Greenhouse Greenhouse Field Field Greenhouse, Spiked Soil Field, Greenhouse Greenhouse Field Greenhouse, Spiked Soil Field, Greenhouse, Spiked Soil Field, Greenhouse, Spiked Soil Field, Greenhouse, Spiked Soil Field Field Field Field Field, Greenhouse Greenhouse Field Greenhouse Greenhouse Field Greenhouse Field Greenhouse Field Field Greenhouse Field

Phenanthrene, Pyrene Ni, Zn Phenanthrene, Pyrene Cd Cr, Pb Cr Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn PAH Cd, Cr, Cu Ni, Pb, Zn Phenanthrene, Pyrene Cd, Zn, Pb Cu PAH Cr Cr, Zn Cr PAH PAH Chrysene Cr Benzo(a)pyrene As Phenanthrene, Pyrene Cd, Cu Cd, Zn Cd, Zn PAH Ni, Zn, PCB PAH Cd, Cr, Cu Ni, Pb, Zn As Cr Ni, Zn Phenanthrene, Pyrene As, Cr Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn Zn, Cd PAH Cr PAH PAH Cd, Zn, Pb PAH, Pyrene

Aeschynomene Indica

Alnus

Astragalus Membranaceus

Averrhoa Carambola

Bambusoideae

Brassica Campestris

Brassica Juncea

Cynodon Dactylon

Jointvetch

Alder

Mongolian Milkvetch

Star Fruit

Bamboo

Field Mustard

Brown Mustard

Scotch Broom

Cytisus Scoparius

Echinogalus Crusgalli

Dianthus Chinensis

Elsholtzia Splendens

Festuca Arundinaceais

Foenumgraecum

Helianthus Annuus

Jatropha Curcas

Scotch Broom

Cockspur Grass

Rainbow Pink

Shiny Elsholtzia

Tall Fescue

Fenugreek

Sunflower

Purgin Nut

Lolium Arundinaceum

Lolium Multiflorum

Lolium Perenne

Lycopersicon Esculentum

Medicago Sativa

Oryzia Zatvia

Panicum Bisulcatum

Paspalum Vaginatum

Tall Fescue

Ryegrass

Perennial Ryegrass

Tomato

Alfalfa

Rice

Chaff Panicgrass

Crowngrass

Pennisetum Americanum

Pennisetum Atratum

Pinus Sylvestris

Populus

Populus Deltoids

Paulownia Tomentosa

Pteridophytes

Pterocarpus Indicus

Pearl Millet

Atratum Grass

Scots Pine

Poplar

Eastern Cottonwood

Princess

Fern

Narra

Salix

Sorghum Vulgare

Spinacia Oleracea

Tamarix Gallica

Thlaspi Caerulescens

Trifolium Repens

Trigonella

Triticum Aesitivum

Willow

Broom Corn

Spinach

Tamarix

Alpine Pennygrass

White Clover

Fenugreek

Common Wheat

Vicia Faba

Vetiveria Zizanioides

Zea Mays

Broad Beans

Perennial Grass

Mazie

Sources: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Selected-examples-of-successful-phytoremediation-trial-for-inorganic-contaminants_ tbl2_264347645 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Examples-about-phytoremediation-coupled-with-the-application-of-organic-amendments-of_ tbl2_257657895 40.

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4.0 | BIOCHAR AND PLANT NANOBIONICS There are additional techniques that works hand in hand with phytoremediation to add to the success and there are 2 methods researched. The first is adding biochar to the soil which will be produced within this scheme, and is created by burning food waste, wood and leaf litter which is sustainable as its created with waste. Biochar has proven success to mitigate soils contaminated with heavy metals and reduce the toxicity in the soil. Plant nanobionics is more of a detection method by adding nanotechnology into plants to give it a non-native function. With the example of spinach, carbon nanotubes are embedded to the leaf of the spinach and from the diagram, the roots pick up the arsenic up to the steam and leaves through transpiration and the carbon nanotubes emit a signal picked by infrared cameras that send an email to the researcher to state that pollutants detected

Biochar for Remediation

Sources: https://www.hw.ac.uk/news/articles/2021/plant-and-foodwaste-could-help-clean-up.htm https://bottom-up-biochar.com/wp-content/uploads/BiocharPractical-Guide.pdf https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2020.521512/ full https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332776266_An_ Insight_into_Plant_Nanobionics_and_Its_Applications https://www.technology.org/2016/11/01/spinach-plantsengineered-nanotechnology-can-detect-explosive/ https://www.sciencedaily.com/ releases/2020/12/201202114513.htm#:~:text=Researchers%20 have%20developed%20%2D%2D%20for,measure%20arsenic%20 in%20the%20environment. https://phys.org/news/2020-12-class-nanobionic-sensor-arsenic-

Plant Nanobioics - Detection Method

Biochar is created by putting plant or food waste under very high heat and without the presence of oxygen. This charcoal-like substance can be used to improve soil quality and yields of agricultural produce.

A research team ran by Michael Strano, a Professor of Chemical Engineering at MIT, and he describes this method as ‘the goal of plant nanobionics is to introduce nanoparticles into the plant and give it non-native functions.’

Additionally, Heriot-Watt University and Edinburgh University have teamed up mixing biochar and microorganism to explore the best combination to clean up contamination. The trials have shown that several types of microorganisms mixed with bio-

The plants were designed to detect chemical compounds known as nitroaromatics which are used in explosives and land-

char are good at degrading soil polluted with petrochemicals during the experiments.

mines. When these chemicals are present and sampled naturally by the plant, the embedded carbon nanotubes on the plant leaves emit a fluorescent signal that is captured by an infrared camera. The camera is connected to a small computer or smart-

Additionally, experiments with biochar in laboratory vessels, greenhouse pot, and field plots show it can mitigate soils con-

phone, which then sends an email to the researcher.

taminated with heavy metals. The results suggest that biochar is capable of immobilising heavy metal elements in soil, offering a promising method to reduce the toxicity in the soil.

Plants are very environmentally responsive and are great analytical chemists. Their extensive root network grounded in the soil is constantly sampling groundwater and have the ability to transport that water into their leaves. Hence, they can detect small

Although various remediation methods are available to remediate contaminated soil, they mostly rely on intensive treatments

changes in soil conditions; with the chemicals they emit, they produce a wealth of information that can be accessed to resolve

that require expensive onsite infrastructure, energy, and resource use. Using biochar is a sustainable and inexpensive remedi-

these adverse changes.

ation technique by using waste products and microbes. For example, rice, spinach, fern and Pteris cretica can hyperaccumulate arsenic. Hyperaccumulators are plants capable of growing on soil and water with high concentrations of metal with no detrimental effects.

soil.html 42.

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4.0 | REWILDING - BRINGING BACK NATURE

This project aims to use phytoremediators to remediate soil contamination, also using plants as an opportunity to rebuild natural habitats for the wildlife at the Firth of Forth Estuary. This diagram shows the types of birds and marine life living at the Firth of Forth Estuary and the periods when they stay there.

Sources: https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2019-07/ Habitats%20Regulations%20Appraisal%20%28HRA%29%20 on%20the%20Firth%20of%20Forth%20-%20A%20Guide%20 for%20developers%20and%20regulators_1.pdf

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5.0 | PURPOSE AND CONCEPT

Key: Primary Railway Route

A Moving Lab… As identified in the site justification diagrams, the reuse of the road and rail network allowed the proposal of mobile labs by

Secondary Railway Route Refinery to the closest Station Connecting Grangemouth to Railway Network All Stations

readapting train carriages and shipping containers. This enables

Key City Stations

remediation to take place at the wider Grangemouth Refinery site.

Grangemouth (Intervention Site)

Connecting to the UK railway network allows these mobile labs to

Existing Operating Oil Refineries in the UK

move to other university locations. It will enable students studying plants science, environmental science, soil science and biological sciences to learn about these sustainable remediation techniques within the courses. Additionally, connecting to the UK railway network allows these labs to move to the remaining five refinery sites in the UK to perform remediation when they become vacant in the future and rewild the areas. Concept Collage The concept for this project is derived from a passage from the book ‘The Hidden Life of Trees’. The passage influencing this project is ‘Trees are like human families; tree parents live together with their children, communicate with them, support them as they grow, share nutrients with those who are sick or struggling, and even warn each other of impending dangers.’ Metaphorically, the proposed research centre is the parent tree that grows the nutrients (phytoremediators) and shares them with the neighbouring trees that are sick or struggling (contaminated sites). Gradually these sites will be healed through the process of phytoremediation.

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5.0 | SITE APPROACH DIAGRAMS Using clues from the site as opportunites to jusfiy the project proposal

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Responding to Different Edge Conditions

Existing Infrastructural Network

Live Site

Developing a response to interact with the different edge conditions.

Using this as an opportunity to move the labs to remediate the widers site.

Grangemouth Refinery has operating vessels which continues to contaminate the land, opportunity to remediate.

Existing Greenery

Firth of Forth Estuary Water

Massing Concept

Using this plot to grow the phytoremediators and proposing a landscape intervention.

Pumping in the water to irrigate the plants and supply water to the research centre.

The project consists of static and moving masses that takes advantages of the existing aspects from the site.

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5.0 | PROGRAMME: RESEARCH FUNCTIONS

Growing the Phytoremediators

5.0 | PROGRAMME: EDUCATIONAL FUNCTIONS

Researching/ Experimenting

Applying Findings to Site

Learning in Lectures

Producing the Biochar

Sharinging Findings and Research

RESEARCH

Learning on a Live Site

Engaging with Professionals and Researchers

EDUCATE

Space

Area Required

Further Requirements

Description of Activity

Space

Area Required

Further Requirements

Description of Activity

Decontamination Area

88m2

Deconamincation Showers - 8m2 Gowning Area - 20m2 Changing Rooms - 60m2

A space to change and put on the appropriate lab attire before conducting work in the lab, and also to decontaminate after working with soils, contaminatents and other potential hazardous substances.

Decontamination Area

88m2

Deconamincation Showers - 8m2 Gowning Area - 20m2 Changing Rooms - 60m2

A space to change and put on the appropriate lab attire before conducting work in the lab, and also to decontaminate after working with soils, contaminatents and other potential hazardous substances.

Plant Nanobionics Laboratory

80m2

Soil Sample Store - 4m2 Equipment Store - 4m2

A lab space that allows researchers and students to experiment and explore different nanobionic technology embedded into the appropriate phytoremediators to seek the best results to detect different types of pollutants in soils.

Plant Nanobionics Laboratory

80m2

Maintenance Store

A lab space that focuses on the production of biochar by burning the leaf litter and waste in kiln via pyrolysis. Also enable researchers and students to mix the biochar in different soil samples with microorganisms to identify the best solution to remediate different pollutants in the soil along with using the correct phytoremediator.

Biochar Research and Production Laboratory

80m2

Leaf Litter/Biochar Store - 4m2 Soil Sample Store - 4m2 External Kilns - 200L

Biochar Research and Production Laboratory

80m2

Leaf Litter/Biochar Store - 4m2 Soil Sample Store - 4m2 External Kilns - 200L

Winter Garden

585m2

Maintenance Store - 10m2

A controlled environment to grow the phytoremediators that are listed then that can be taken to the labs or allotments for the remediation experiments.

Lecture Theatre

300m2

20*0 Seats

A space where lectures are delivered to the students by researchers. A venue to host public talks to discuss the sustainable techniques to remediate contaminated.

Aquaponics Facility

585m2

Filtration Room - 10m2 Maintenance Store - 10m2

Using a modern farming technique to grow smaller phytoremediators, but one of the main reason is to use the filtration system to ‘charge’ the biochar to give it the nutrients as the biochar absorbs the ammonia and cleans the aquarium water.

Study/ Seminar

240m2

Breakout Space 40m2 2x Computer Cluster 40m2 4x Seminar Rooms 40m2

An open space for students to conduct further reading and research in a classroom setting. A space to collaborate with other students and researchers to share different findings from the experiments.

Allotment Plots

Small Plot - 50m2 Large Plot - 100m2

Maintenance Store - 10m2

An external landscaped space that grows larger species of the listed phytoremediators, but also using the allotment plots as a live site to remediate the contamination identified at Grangemouth Docks. Overtime, the expansion of the allotment plots forms an external greenspace to serve the public realm to show learn the successful phytoremediators and also teaching future generations about what plants can do.

Adminstration Office

150m2

Tea Prep - 12m2 Printing - 2m2 Meeting - 40m2

A space for staff to carry out their day to day work, and a space for them to retreat to when they do not need to carry out teaching based activities.

Reverse Osmosis Room and Plant Room

25m2

Reverse Osmosis Facility - 30m2

The water in the Firth of Forth Estuary is Brackish and requires reverse osmosis to make the water into fresh water to irrirgate the plants, fill the aqauponics facility and to supply the facility with drinkable water.

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5.0 | PROGRAMME: PUBLIC FUNCTIONS

Public Talks

5.0 | PROGRAMME: MOBILE FUNCTIONS

Educating the Future Generation

Creating Green Spaces for the Public Realm

Lab in Shipping Container

Non Conventional Architecture to Create Landmarks

Lab in Train

PUBLIC

Learning on Live Sites

Remediating the Sites

MOVING SPACES

Space

Area Required

Further Requirements

Description of Activity

Space

Area Required

Further Requirements

Description of Activity

Entrance Foyer

15m2

Internal Garden Seats

The first point of contact when entering the research centre. An open foyer space with plants growing to visusally inform what this research centres experiments with and also creating a calm meeting/pause space.

Plant Nanobionics Laboratory (Train)

65m2

Plant Store Leaf Litter/Biochar Store - 4m2 Soil Sample Store - 4m2 Temporary Accomodation

A lab space designed within the ‘Hitachi Class 385 Electric Train Carriage’ to allow the remediaiton process to take place along the exisitng railway lines at the refinery site. Then in future phases to remediate beyond Grangemouth by moving along the UK’s railway network.

Cafe

200m2

WCs

A space for researchers, students and members of the public to buy food and drink. Also serving as an informal study, work and discussion sapce for students and researchers.

Temporary Accommodation (Train)

10m2 (within the trains 65m2)

Bedroom - 7m2 Kitchenette - 3m2

A team of 8 researchers will spend time within the train to remediate the sites, the accommodation is to provide a place for them to rest if other forms of accommodation is not available.

Lecture Theatre

300m2

200 Seats

A space where lectures are delivered to the students by researchers. A venue to host public talks to discuss the sustainable techniques to remediate contaminated.

Train Shed

680m2

Storage/Loading Space - 100m2

A new shed structure is proposed on the existing railway as a loading facility for the Plant Nanobionics Labs (Train). Also serving as shelter for the trains when they are not in use. Also a space to load equipment onto the train labs.

Allotment Plots

Small Plot - 50m2 Large Plot - 100m2

Maintenance Store - 10m2

Plant Nanobionics Laboratory (Shipping Container)

30m2

Plant Store Leaf Litter/Biochar Store - 4m2 Soil Sample Store - 4m2

A lab space designed within a ‘40ft Shipping Container’ to allow the remediaiton process to take place along the exisitng railway lines at the refinery site. Then in future phases to remediate beyond Grangemouth by moving along the UK’s railway network.

Pavilion Spaces

TBC

Seating Shelter

Part of the landscaping strategy may include proposing pavilions in the large green spot. Creating a non conventional architectural intervention with no meaning creates a landmark for for the public realm that provide shelter and seating for those who are walking around the allotment gardens once the scheme has finalised the last phase.

Temporary Accommodation (Shipping Container)

10m2 (within the trains 65m2)

Bedroom - 7m2 Kitchenette - 3m2

A team of 6 researchers will spend time within the train to remediate the sites, the accommodation is to provide a place for them to rest if other forms of accommodation is not available.

Winter Garden

585m2

Maintenance Store - 10m2

A controlled environment to grow the phytoremediators that are listed then that can be taken to the labs or allotments for the remediation experiments.

Aquaponics Facility

585m2

Filtration Room - 10m2 Maintenance Store - 10m2

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Key: Different Sectors Electricity Waste and the Circular Economy Buildings Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry Transport Agriculture Industry

5.0 | PHASING THE PROJECT WITH SCOTLAND’S CLIMATE CHANGE PLAN

Source: https://www.gov.scot/publications/securing-green-recovery-path-net-zero-update-climate-change-plan-20182032/ 54.

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5.0 | PHASING STRATEGY STOP ANIMATION To give a clearer idea on the phased steps for this project, I have created a stop animation video to communicate how this research centre remediates contaminated site with phytoremediators. Then showing how the plants gradually overgrow and rewild the sites to create a natural habitat for the species living at the Firth of Forth Estuary.

Note: If embedded video within this portfolio does not work, please watch the animation with the provided YouTube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPHuWlJKgoc

Behind the Scenes Work from Home Stop Animation Studio

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6.0 | DESIGN DEVELOPMENT The design development process within this project has been relatively unclear as I have been testing on multiple sites before settling with Grangemouth. The following montage shows a range of snapshops of my exploration ideas for this project. However, through these series of trials, it helped to devise the current design as each attempt was a learning experience to allow me to choose the ideas that I liked to develop them further.

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USING REGULATING LINES TO DEFINE MASSING

2x Seminar Room - 80m2 Computer Suite - 40m2 Breakout Space - 120m2

This massing development involved using regulating lines to determine the axis to define where each program goes within the scheme. Using regulating is also a response flow with the site context as the lines helps to define the parameters of the massing.

Circulation Core Administration Office - 160m2

This was tested on a physical model and then shown in a digital Air Walk Connecting Research Facility and Train Shed, Delivering Equipment to Trains.

model to show more detailing.

Air walkway, Viewing Deck out to the Firth of Forth Estuary 2x Plant Nanobionic Lab - 160m2 2x Biochar Lab - 160m2

Train Shed - 680m2

Using Regluating Lines to Define Site Axis Regulating Lines Axis of Production Axis of Growth Axis of Delivery

2x Seminar Room - 80m2 Computer Suite - 40m2 Breakout Space - 120m2

Cafe Cafe Lecture Hall

200m22 - 200m 300m2

Lecture Theatre

- 300m2

Aquaponics Facility - 585m2 Reverse Osmosis Room - 30m2 Plant Room - 20m²

Greenhouse Facility

- 585m2

External landscape Allotments Plant Nanobionics Lab (Train) 65m2 Per Lab

Biochar Production Area

Using Regulating Lines to Define Site Axis on Site Model

Plant Nanobionics Lab (Shipping Container) 30m2 Per Lab

Masses Defined by the Axis and Regulating Lines 60.

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MASSING DEVELOPMENT-ROOF FORM An iterative process was used to develop the roof form of the building. As the site is industrial, the warehouse form became apparent and was the key driver to play around. Also, referencing the precedents illustrated below shows how the warehouse form can be articulated to create a more abstract mass for the design.

Dogger Bank Wind Farm O&M Base Ryder Architecture

The Polygon Gallery Patkau Architects

Catterick Racecourse Elliott Architects

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6.0 | DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SKETCHES The planning of the spaces was an iterative design process to decide which spaces are best placed next to each other, as referenced from the massing models. The key drivers for the layout are ‘linearity, opening views out to the Firth of Forth Estuary, and connecting the landscape with the design’. The drivers of linearity and opening views are influenced by An Turas and the Salburua Nature Interpretation Centre.

An Turas, Tiree, Scotland Sutherland Hussey Architects

An early-stage axonometric sketch defines the linear form that opens views out to the Firth of Forth Estuary and showing where the access to the site is.

This sketch plan begins to zone spaces and considering areas of landscaping. Also, using blue arrows demonstrating where views are opening out.

A more detailed sketch plan highlights circulation (in orange) and defines new entrance points within the different buildings, so there are multiple options.

This sketch aims to take advantage of the landscape to run along the linear form to provide a promenade walkway towards the water.

This sketch considers both hard and soft landscaping by providing parking and allotment/berms in a designed manner with circular options.

This detailed sketch axonometric highlighting site considerations such as sun path and prevailing wind directions. This sketch also illustrates an early stage landscape layout.

Salburua Nature Interpretation Centre, Vitoria Spain QVE Arquitectos

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7.0 | AXONOMETRIC SITE PLAN

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7.0 | GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:250@A0 21.

Key:

11.

1. Entrance 2. Car Park 3. Atrium Internal Garden 4. Lecture Theatre 5. Plant Room 6. Toilets 7. Winter Gardens 8. Storage

6. 6.

9. Aquaponics Facility 10. Fish Tank Filter and Water Pump for Reverse Osmosis

10.

11. Viewing Deck on the Firth of Forth Estuary 12. Formal Landscape

20. 9.

13. Administration Office 14. Changing Rooms

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15. Desanitisation Area 16. Plant Nanobionics Laboratory

8. 17.

17. Biochar Laboratory

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18. Biochar Production Area

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19. Landscape Pond

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20. Landscaped Promenade Walkway

12. 20. 16.

21. Informal Landscape

8. 14.

22. Train Laboratory Shed

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15.

7. 8.

13.

3. 1.

6. 6. 22. 5.

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7.0 | FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:250@A1 Key:

10.

1. Breakout Space

11.

2. Lecture Theatre 3. Projection Room 4. Adminstration Office 5. Delivery Corridor 6. Train Laboratory Shed 9.

7. Winter Gardens 8. Air Walkway 9. Aquaponics Facility 10. Cafe 11. Viewing Deck looking at the Firth of Forth Estuary from Cafe

4. 6. 4.

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7.0 | SECOND FLOOR PLAN 1:250@A1 Key: 1. Seminar Room 2. Computer Cluster

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7.0 | THIRD FLOOR PLAN 1:250@A1 Key: 1. Seminar Room 2. Computer Cluster

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7.0 | SHIPPNG CONTAINER LABORATORY

Shipping Container Laboratory Section AA

Converting shipping containers into mobile laboratories to remediate other parts of the UK.

Shipping Container Laboratory Axonometric

Accommodation

Toilet

Shower

Lab Area

Shipping Container Laboratory Section BB

Lab Area

Storage

Accommodation

Shipping Container Laboratory Plan

Storage Toilet & Shower Accommodation

Lab Space

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Toilet

Shower

Toilet

Accommodation

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7.0 | TRAIN LABORATORY Converting a Hitachi Class 385 train into a mobile lab to remediate other parts of the UK, to be used as demo carts for University students

Train Laboratory Section AA

Train Laboratory Plan

Toilet & Shower

Storage

Lab Space

Seating

Kitchenette

Accommodation

Driver’s Cab

Toilet & Shower

Train Laboratory Plan

Storage

Lab Space

Kitchenette

Accommodation

Driver’s Cab

Train Laboratory Section BB

Toilet and Shower Storage Lab Space Kitchenette & Seating Accommodation

Driver’s Cab

Accommodation

Seats

Lab Space

Storage

Driver’s Cab

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7.0 | SECTION THROUGH THE ATRIUM A section tat reveals the grand void space, and how the industrial background is visible.

Lecture Theatre

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Seminar Rooms Breakout Space Entrance Atrium Garden

Stair Core

Adminstration Office

Plant Nanobionic and Biochar Laboratories

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7.0 | PERSPECTIVE SECTION An integrated section showing the key functions of the building.

Lecture Theatre

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Seminar Rooms Breakout Space Entrance Atrium Garden

Winter Garden

Landscape Entrance

Aquaponics Facility

Viewing Deck

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7.0 | INTERNAL PERSPECTIVE: AQUAPONICS FACILITY

7.0 | INTERNAL PERSPECTIVE: LABORATORIES

Revealting a light, transparent timber constuction housing the aquaponics centrepiece.

A research facility that opens views out to the landscaped garden.

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7.0 | INTERNAL PERSPECTIVE: CAFE

7.0 | INTERNAL PERSPECTIVE: ATRIUM ENTRANCE

A cafe elevated to the first level allows it to become a viewing gallery to look out into the landscaped garden and the Forth Estuary

A grand open void space at the entrance that open views in and out of the building.

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7.0 | EXTERNAL PERSPECTIVE: FORMAL LANDSCAPING The formal lanscape enable users to interact with it as it is closer to the building. The informal landscape is designed away from the building to attract the wildlife and to give them privacy.

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7.0 | EXTERNAL PERSPECTIVE: VIEWING LANDSCAPED DECK GARDEN POND A centreconnecting Directly piecce in the thelandscape Firth of Forth garden Estuary thatwith maythe attract research smallcentre. wildlife.

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7.0 | EXTERNAL PERSPECTIVE: LANDSCAPED GARDEN POND A centre piecce in the landscape garden that may attract small wildlife.

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