Liene Greitane Portfolio by PDF Uploads

YEAR 3

ACADEMIC PORTFOLIO STUDIO 1 A MANIFESTO FOR HOUSING

ARC 3001 LIENE GREITANE ID 180387766 2020/2021 1

FRAMING

4-34

CONTEXT POLITICS CONCERNS COMMUNITY DEMOGRAPHICS CASE STUDIES GROUP WORK CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE CORRIDORS STREETS IN THE SKY CRUDDAS PARK NEW PROPOSAL COMMUNAL LIVING COMMUNAL ROOMS GROUP MANIFESTO PROCESS WORK

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

TESTING

36-48

PODIUM RESIDENTIAL TOWER PROCESS WORK THINKING THROUGH MAKING

38 42 44 48

SYNTHESIS

52-76

VIVA LAS CRUDDAS PODIUM RESIDENTIAL TOWER COMMON CORES FIRE STRATEGY ENVIRONMENTAL STARTEGY

54 56 62 72 74-75 74-75

CULTURAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

78-83

BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ENDNOTES

84 85 86

APPENDIX

88-93

CASE STUDY-MULHOUSE LACATON & VASSAL

94-97

-NEW/ IMPROVED WORK 2

PUBLIC

PPRIVATE

ELSWICK PARK

CRUDDAS PARK

Before the redevelopment in the 60s, the site was occupied by ter raced houses for factory workers. The Cruddas Park house was built between 1967 and 1969. The area had a reputation of being underde veloped and even impoverished, the city over the years has launched multiple redevelopment projects. However, non-have truly succeeded in re-vamping the Cruddas Park.

PUBLIC

PPRIVATE

CONNECTION TO THE CITY

ELSWICK PARK

CRUDDAS PARK

In 2009 the council had already undertaken the development of the area. 5 Of the 1o tower blocks got renovated and made 80% more efficient. Newcastle city council agreed to provide access to mortgages to promote influx of owner-occupiers to the area1.

2020

2019

2018

After the Grenfell fire in 2017 new fire safety regulations were starting to be implement ed, The Park Dene houses were deemed to have some improper elements, while Crud das Park house had suffered few arson in cidents that highlighted the lack of water sprinkling system and fire safe retrofitted doors.

In 2013 5 out of 10 towerblocks were demolished as part of the £90 mil regeneration project of the area. With private investors pulling out of the redevelopment project, the council was left with no funds to impliment their plan. The buildings were de molished at a cost of £ 2.98 mil and the site was left to sell to private firms2.

2017

In 2015 ‘Audi Newcastle’ building was built on a near vacant land. The Cruddas Park House Plans were passed in February 2014 to fit replacement aluminium double-glazed windows and fix new external wall insulation and most of this work took place in 20153.

In 2018/2019 Newcastle Eagles basketball arena was built on the site of the previous tower blocks. the building host import ant events for the Cruda Park House residents and other com mu nity members.

2017

2013

2012

2011

The are has been an interest for the council since 2000, when a multimillion redevel opment plan was put forward to revamp the impoverished area. The redevelopment came to halt during the financial crisis of 2008.

figure 1

Cruddas Park House is surrounded with greenspace. However, there are no facilities to accommodate the visitors and the ihabitants of the Cruddas Park house. The nearest park is over the street-the Elswick park, it has a wide range of facilities, including a community garden.

figure 5

figure 2

figure 3

figure 4

After the Covid-19 lockdown, a lot of the inhabitants have been left in a harrowing situation, locked in their flats with almost no possible way to socialise. A lot of the people in the building are older or with disabil ities, which makes it harder for them to get out of the building. Some even raised concerns regarding the lift, only one of two was working, without which it would be impossible to get out of the building for the majority of the residents. All the previous concerns are especially ac centuated during the pandemic.

ments commun the resi lectively those m figure 2

COMMUNITY MAPPING OF CRUDDAS PARK

ENTRE NG C PPI HO DS AN SE OU

CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE TENANTS GROUP

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EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: CULTURAL:CULTURAL: CHARITIES: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: A A. ST MICHAEL’S A. ST MICHAEL’S RC PRIMARY A RC PRIMARY VIVA LAS CRUDDAS VIVA LAS CRUDDAS A. IPCC CHARITY; B. WEST END WOMEN AND

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PHARMACY

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RECREATION, LEISURE AND SPORTS:

ROYAL SOCIETY OR PROTECTION OF BIRDS

OASIS CAFE

A. ST MICHAEL’S RC SEVENTH DAY ADVEN STEVENS AND ST PA CHURCH

WEST END WOMEN AND GIRLS

IRIANA CONVENIENCE WestSTORE End

Women And Girls Centre Was The First And Only Open Access Community RECREATION, LEISURE Based AND SPORTS: Women And Girls Centre In Newcastle,Their Aim Is NEWCASTLE EAGLES To COMMUNITY Build TheARENA Power Of Disenfranchised Women And Girls.7 ELSWICH POOL

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PUBLIC SERVICES: CRUDDAS PARK LIBRARY ELSWICK PARK

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VIVA LAS CRUDDAS A. PAKISTAN ISLAMIC CENTRE; B. POLISH AndCENTRE Girls CentreV I V A L A S C

BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIES:

CHURCHES:

POST SERVICE

RUDDAS

RECREATION, A. IPCC CHARITY; B. WEST END WOMEN ANDLEISURE AND SPORTS GIRLS CENTRE

People & Culture (IPCC) ROYAL SOCIETY OR PROTECTION OF BIRDS organisation working in the North East that promotes social CHURCHES: CRUDDAS PARK SURGERY CHURCHES: inclusion of refugees, asylum seekA. ST MICHAEL’S RC CHURCH; B. NEWCASTLE A. ST MICHAEL’S RC CHURCH; B. NEWCASTLE andC. other minority communities. SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISTers CHURCH; ST SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH; C. ST STEVENS AND ST PAULS; One D. ELSWICK STEVENS ANDin STthe PAULS; D. ELSWICK PARISH of PARISH their centres is located BUSINESS CHURCH AND INDUSTRIES: CHURCH Cruddas Park Shopping Centre.

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CHURCHES:

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TENANTS GROUP

GROUPS: CENTRE; B. ASHFIELD NURSERY Community Based Women And Girls CRUDDAS LIBRARY SCHOOL; C. RYE PARK HILL CASTLE NURSERY CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE TENANTS GROUP CRUDDAS Centre In Newcastle,Their AimPARKIsHOUSE To TENANTS GROUP

ROYAL SOCIETY OR PROTECTION OF BIRDS NEWCASTLE EAGLES COMMUNITY ARENA ELSWICH POOL

Investing in ROYAL SOCIETY OR PROTECTION OF BIRDS PHARMACY is a charity

OASIS CAFE

IRIANA CONVENIENCE STORE

RECREATION, LEISURE AND SPORTS: NEWCASTLE EAGLES COMMUNITY ARENA ELSWICH POOL

PUBLIC SERVICES:

CRUDDAS PARK LIBRARY

ELSWICK PARK

POST SERVICE

OASIS CAFE

CHARITIES:

ROYAL SOCIETY OR P

PHARMACY

COMMUNITY GROUPS

Was The First And Only Open Access PUBLIC SERVICES: A. CRUDDAS PARK EARLY YEARS

ST STEVENS COURT NURSING HOME A. IPCC CHARITY; B. WEST END WOMEN AND POST SERVICE GIRLS CENTRE

CHURCHES: H CHURCHES CHURCHES A. ST MICHAEL’S RC CHURCH; B. NEWCASTLE A. CRUDDAS PARK EARLY YEARS ES TRIES S SSTTRI U U D SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH; C. GROUPS: D N CENTRE; B. ASHFIELD NURSERY I N I D PUBLIC SERVICES: ND STEVENS AND ST PAULS; SS AN SCHOOL; C. RYE HILL CASTLE NURSERY ESSD.AELSWICK PARISH NEPARK I N I S CRUDDAS HOUSE TENANTS GROUP S BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIES: U U B CHURCH B

SOCIAL SERVICES:

HEALTH SERVICES:

Build The Power Of Disenfranchised SOCIAL SERVICES: ELSWICK PARK Women And GirlsCHARITIES: CHARITIES:

IRIANA CONVENIENCE STORE A. IPCC CHARITY; B. WEST END WOMEN AND GIRLS CENTRE

A. PAKISTAN ISLAMIC CENTRE; B. POLISH C A CENTRE CRUDDAS PARK SURGERY

A. ST MICHAEL’S RC PRIMARY VIVA LAS CRUDDAS SCHOOL; ELSWICH POOL B. NEWCASTLE COLLEGE; C. RAZZMATAZ A. PAKISTAN ISLAMIC CENTRE; B. POLISH D. HAWRON CENTRE THEATRE SCHOOL; West End Women PRIMARY SCHOOL

GROUPS:

CHARITIES:

VIVA LAS CRUDDAS PHARMACY B

A. IPCC CHARITY; B. GIRLS CENTRE

petitions meneging the building. EAGLES those COMMUNITY ARENA CULTURAL: CULTURAL: EDUCATIONALNEWCASTLE INSTITUTIONS:

RECREATION, LEISURE AND SPORTS OASIS CAFE

SOCIAL SERVICES:

ST STEVENS COURT NURSING HOME

HEALTH SERVICES:

VIVA LAS CRUDDAS PHARMACY

A. ST MICHAEL’S RC PRIMARY A B SCHOOL; S B. NEWCASTLE COLLEGE;ICC.ERAZZMATAZ V R THEATRE SCHOOL;SD.E HAWRON C TH PRIMARY SCHOOL EAL

GIRLS CENTRE

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D EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:

CHURCHES: P H C OU R SOCIAL SERVICES: G A. ST MICHAEL’S RC CHURCH; B. NEWCASTLE SOCIAL SERVICES: SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST CHARITIES: CRUDDAS PARK CHURCH; C. STCHARITIES: ST STEVENS COURT NURSING HOME ST PAULS; D. ELSWICK PARISH STSTEVENS STEVENSAND COURT NURSING HOME HOUSE TENANTS CHURCH A. IPCCB.CHARITY; WEST END A. IPCC CHARITY; WEST ENDB.WOMEN ANDWOMEN AND GROUP GIRLS CENTRE HEALTH SERVICES: HEALTH SERVICES:

CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE TENANTS GROUP

LEGEND:

ES IC A

E SCHOOL; SCHOOL; LS CENTRE B. NEWCASTLE C. RAZZMATAZ A B.GIRLS NEWCASTLE COLLEGE; C. COLLEGE; RAZZMATAZ I PAKISTAN ISLAMIC CENTRE; B. POLISH A. PAKISTANA.ISLAMIC CENTRE; B.C POLISH THEATRE SCHOOL; D. HAWRON THEATRE SCHOOL; D. HAWRON SO CENTRE CENTRE PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL ROYAL SOCIETYCOR PROTECTION OF BIRDS CRUDDAS R A. CRUDDASA.PARK EARLY YEARSEARLY YEARS UD PARK D GROUPS: CENTRE; B. ASHFIELD A CENTRE; B. ASHFIELD NURSERY S P NURSERYGROUPS: SCHOOL; C. RYE HILL AR CASTLE NURSERY SCHOOL; C. RYE HILL CASTLE NURSERY CRUDDAS HOUSE TENANTS GROUP CRUDDASSPARK HOUSEPARK TENANTS GROUP K

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IPPC CHARITY A. ST MICHAEL’S RC CHURCH; B. NEWCASTLE Investing in People & C.CulSEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH; ST Cruddas Park House TennantsSTEVENS Group ture is a D. charity organAND(IPCC) ST PAULS; ELSWICK PARISH BUSINESS AND(CPH) INDUSTRIES: isation working in the North CHURCH promotes and protects the inD E promotes social inEast that trests of the house tennants. They have OASIS CAFE A clusion of refugees, asylum B seekers and other minoria Facbook page ‘Cruddas Park House ty communities. One of their PeopleSTORE The IRIANAThe CONVENIENCE C A Stories’ for communicentres is located in the Crudty announcments and communication/ dasCHURCHES Park Shopping Centr6e. ES STRI community building between the resiINDU D N A RECREATION, LEISURE AND SPORTS: NESS dents. The group collectively presents BUSI LEGEND:

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ised by artist Karen Underhill that takesGPARK HOUSE TENANTS GROUP CRUDDAS B place in the cruddas shopping centre, SOCIAL SERVICES: oasis café. The workshops celebrate CHARITIES: ST STEVENS COURT NURSING HOME ‘everything great about cruddas5’. It is A. IPCC CHARITY; B. WEST END WOMEN AND for all ages and abilities, participants GIRLS CENTRE dess up, indulge in their alter egos. The ES VIC R E HEALTH SERVICES: workshop recieved community iinvest-B HS ALTBIRDS EOF ROYAL SOCIETY OR PROTECTION H CR ment fund (cif) from YHN. Due to covidC R U D D A S P A R K H O U S E UD DA PHARMACY SP S the workshop had to be cancelled4. AR ITIE

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COMMUNITY MAPPING OF CRUDDAS PARK

This community map shows all the institutions and community association within and surrounding Cruddas Park. Local institutions provide services and facilities for the community and the community associations are the groups of individuals that live in the area. The surrounding area has aWrange of faEST END WOMEN IPPC CHARITY cilities, like parks, swimmming pool, community garden, various association in Cruddas People &House Cul- habitants are limited to the West Women An groups.Investing However, accessEnd to the ture (IPCC) is a charity organCentre Was The Fir community, mainly because of the demographic situation isation working in the North East that promotes social inclusion of refugees, asylum seekers and other minority communities. One of their centres is located in the Cruddas Park Shopping Centr6e.

Only Open Access Com Based Women And Gir tre In Newcastle,Their To Build The Power Of franchised Women And

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EMPLOYED SICK OR DISABLED

The demographics show that a majority of the inhabitants of the Cruddas Park House are elderly men living in a single room flat. Only ¼ of residents are employed. The majority of the people are bound to spend their days inside the Cruddas.

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PHARMACY

BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIES:

CHURCHES:

CRUDDAS PARK SURGERY

OASIS CAFE

A. ST MICHAEL’S RC CHURCH; B. NEWCASTLE SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH; C. ST STEVENS AND ST PAULS; D. ELSWICK PARISH IRIANA CONVENIENCE STORE CHURCH

RECREATION, LEISURE AND SPORTS:

IRIANA CONVENIENCE STORE

LEGEND: CHURCHES

RECREATION, LEISURE AND SPORTS: ELSWICH POOL

ES STRI CULTURAL: INDU EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: D PUBLIC SERVICES: N A NESS RC PRIMARYELSWICH POOL A. STUMICHAEL’S B SI VIVA LAS CRUDDAS NEWCASTLE EAGLES COMMUNITY ARENA

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CRUDDAS PARK LIBRARY

A. PAKISTAN ISLAMIC CENTRE; B. POLISH CENTRE ELSWICK PARK

CRUDDAS PARK LIBRARY SCHOOL; A. CRUDDAS PARK EARLY YEARS B. NEWCASTLE COLLEGE; C. RAZZMATAZ GROUPS: A. PAKISTAN ISLAMIC CENTRE;POST B. POLISH CENTRE; B. ASHFIELD NURSERY SERVICE THEATRE SCHOOL; D. HAWRON CENTRE SCHOOL; C. RYE HILL CASTLE NURSERYPARK ELSWICK PRIMARY SCHOOL CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE TENANTS GROUP

LEGEND:

A. CRUDDAS PARK EARLY YEARS GROUPS: POST SERVICE CULTURAL: CENTRE; B. ASHFIELD NURSERY SOCIAL SERVICES: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: SCHOOL; C. RYE HILL CASTLEA.NURSERY ST MICHAEL’S RC PRIMARY CRUDDAS PARK CHARITIES: HOUSE TENANTS GROUP VIVA LAS CRUDDAS

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ES IC VLEGEND: E STSCHOOL; STEVENS COURT NURSING HOME LS IA SOCIAL B. NEWCASTLE COLLEGE; C. RAZZMATAZ SERVICES: CULTURAL: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: C THEATRE SCHOOL; D. HAWRON SO A. ST MICHAEL’S RC PRIMARY CHARITIES: VIVA LAS CRUDDAS STSCHOOL; STEVENS COURT NURSINGPRIMARY HOME SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES:

A. IPCC CHARITY; B. WEST END WOMEN AND A. PAKISTAN ISLAMIC CENTRE; B. POLISH GIRLS CENTRE CENTRE

IPCC CHARITY; B. WEST END WOMEN AND B. NEWCASTLE COLLEGE; C.A.RAZZMATAZ CRUDDAS PARK EARLYA.YEARS A. PAKISTAN ISLAMIC CENTRE; B. POLISH ROYAL SOCIETY OR PROTECTION OF BIRDS GIRLS CENTRE THEATRE SCHOOL; D. HAWRON GROUPS: CENTRE; B. ASHFIELD NURSERY CENTRE PHARMACY PRIMARY SCHOOL SCHOOL; C. RYE HILL CASTLE NURSERY

RECREATION, LEISURE AND SPORTS S HEALTH CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE TENANTS GROUP ICE SERVICES: A. CRUDDAS PARK EARLY YEARS ERV ROYAL SOCIETY OR PROTECTION OF BIRDS S GROUPS: CENTRE; B. ASHFIELD NURSERY H

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CHURCHES A CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE TENANTS GROUP CR UD DA S

CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE TENANTS GROUP

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The demographics show that a majority of LOCAL INSTITUTIONS C D C the inhabitants of the Cruddas Park House B The that aredemographics elderly menshow living inaamajority single of room COMMUNITY MAPPING OF CRUDDAS PARK D the inhabitants of the Cruddas Park House COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS flat. Only ¼ of residents are employed. LOCAL INSTITUTIONS are elderly men living in a single room COMMUNITY MAPPING OF CRUDDAS PARK The majority of the people are bound C C B COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS flat. Only ¼their of residents are employed. B B to spend days inside the Cruddas. LOCAL INSTITUTIONS The majority of the people are bound C C DB B B to spend their days inside the Cruddas. D

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A. ST MICHAEL’S RC PRIMARYCENTRE; B. ASHFIELD NURSERY VIVA LAS CRUDDASGROUPS: SCHOOL; SCHOOL; C. RYE HILL CASTLE NURSERY CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE TENANTS GROUP B. NEWCASTLE COLLEGE; C. RAZZMATAZ A. PAKISTAN ISLAMIC CENTRE; B. POLISH THEATRE SCHOOL; D. HAWRON CENTRE A PRIMARY SCHOOL SOCIAL SERVICES:

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A. PAKISTAN ISLAMIC CENTRE; B. POLISH CENTRE

A. CRUDDAS PARK EARLY YEARS CHARITIES: ST STEVENS COURT NURSING HOME GROUPS: CENTRE; B. ASHFIELD NURSERY B SCHOOL; C. RYE HILL CASTLE NURSERY A. GROUP IPCC CHARITY; B. WEST END WOMENAAND CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE TENANTS

ENTRE NG C PPI HO DS AN SE OU

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60-64

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65-75 2 153%% 75-84 65-75 13% 75-84 4% COMMUNITY MAPPING OF CRUDDAS PARK 85-89 4% COMMUNITY MAPPING OF CRUDDAS PARK 85-89 5% 12%

COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS A

LK WA IN 5M

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THEATRE SCHOOL; D. HAWRON CRUDDAS PARK D PRIMARY SCHOOL

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A The demographics show that a majority of PA D RK 13% the inhabitants of the Cruddas Park House H are elderly menA living in a single room B COMMUNITY MAPPING OF CRUDDAS PARK CR U COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS CRUDDAS PARK flat. Only ¼ of residents are employed. LEGEND: DD AS LOCAL INSTITUTIONS S PA HOUSE TENANTS CULTURAL: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: TIE are bound 4% The majority of the people S RKGROUP C ARI CE C A. ST MICHAEL’S RC PRIMARY I H H B VIVA LAS CRUDDAS EV BC B SCHOOL; to spend their days inside the Cruddas. LS IA B. NEWCASTLE COLLEGE; C. RAZZMATAZ ENTRE NG C PPI HO DS AN SE OU

COMMUNITY MAPPING OF CRUDDAS PARK

20-29

3 192%%

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LOCAL INSTITUTIONS

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SICK OR DISABLED

ENTRE NG C PPI HO DS AN SE OU

COMMUNITY MAPPING OF CRUDDAS PARK

PA RK

HOUSE TENANTS GROUP

S CE

LEGEND:

LK WA IN 5M

LOCAL INSTITUTIONS

S CE

S AL UP O CI CRUDDAS O R PARK S G

LK WA IN 5M

SICK OR DISABLED

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AMAPPING OF CRUDDAS PARK COMMUNITY B

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COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS

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MAPPING OF CRUDDAS PARK 1 2COMMUNITY %

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3 0COMMUNITY - 4 4 MAPPING OF CRUDDAS PARK

EDU CAT IO N AL I NST IT

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DEMOGRPHICS

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LOCAL INSTITUTIONS

UTIO NS

COMMUNITY MAPPING OF CRUDDAS PARK

ELSW

POST

RECREATION, LEISURE AND

RECREATION, LEISURE AND SPORTS

This community map shows all the institutions and co association within and surrounding Cruddas Park. Loca This community showsservices all the institutions and tionsmap provide and facilities forcommunity the community association within and surrounding Cruddas Park. Local institucommunity associations are the groups of individuals th tions providethe services and facilities for the community and the area. The surrounding area has a range of facilities, l community associations the community groups of individuals that live in swimmmingare pool, garden, various associatio the area. TheHowever, surrounding area has a range of facilities, parks,to the Cruddas House habitants are like limited swimmming the pool,community, community garden, association groups. mainly various because of the demographic s However, Cruddas House habitants are limited to the access to the community, mainly because of the demographic situation. 13

The design maximizes The design maximizes energy efficiency energy efficiency

‘YOUR HOMES NEWCASTLE’ manages the CRUDDAS HOUSE on behalf of city council

The design maximizes energy efficiency COLLECTIVE PROPERTY & COLLECTIVE PROPERTY COLLECTIVE PROPERTY INDIVIDUAL USE && INDIVIDUAL INDIVIDUALUSE USE

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CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE

GROUP WORK - DEMOGRAPHICS, POLITICS AND ECONOMY SELF-MANGAGMENT The house is built over time as it is used.

COLLECTIVE PROPERTY & INDIVIDUAL USE

CESSION OF USE

YOUR HOMES NEWCASTLE

New resident pays a fee to the Housing Cooperative and receives it back when leaves . Housing Cooperative is responsible for the managment of the house.

LA BORDA

HOUSING COOPERATIVE

COMMUNITY LIFE Cooperation links are established in domestic settings.

CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE TENANTS GROUP

SUSTAINABILITY Central courtyard that concentrates all circulation.

COMMUNAL LIVING

‘YOUR HOMES NEWCASTLE’ manages the CRUDDAS HOUSE on behalf of city council

Tenants collectively write a petition to the managing body.

Tenants are individually resposible for their flats.

The design maximizes energy efficiency

saves 10% of space with shared storage rooms and laundry rooms

ACCESSIBILITY Affordable Housing.

Using the affordable materials.

Funded by residents and contributors.

BUILDONG COSTS: 850 EUR/M2

CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE

Has this global pandemic highlighted the epidemic of loniless?

With the majority of the residents of Cruddas Park living on their own, loniless can be very common especially during COVID-19.

R50 Co-Housing , Berlin , Germany This co- housing block in berlin isnpired my proposals for Cruddas House Park. With exterior circulation all the way around each ﬂoor of the building this encouarges interaction between

PUBLIC

PPRIVATE

PUBLIC

PPRIVATE

The number of residents living on their own becomes even more signiﬁcant due to the lack of social interaction spots within the site. Therefore i propese with Cruddas House Park that each apartment has a balconly which connects with the other residents of that ﬂoor. Not only will the balcony encourage people to spend time outside which is important in these times but also encourages interaction between the residents which will help prevent people becoming lonely.

ELSWICK PARK

PUBLIC

PPRIVATE

CRUDDAS PARK

ELSWICK PARK

CRUDDAS PARK ELSWICK PARK

POLITICS

In 2018/2019 Newcastle Eagles basketball arena was built on the site of the previous tower blocks. the building host important events for the Cruda Park House residents and other commu nity members.

13/06/2019

CRUDDAS PARK

HOUSING TENURE FOR THE TRELLICK TOWER After Grenfell

2019 In 2015 Audi Newcastle building was built on a near vacant land. The Cruddas Park House Plans were passed in February 2014 to fit replacement aluminium double-glazed windows and fix new external wall insulation and most of this work took place in 2015. [https:// newcastleareas.wordpress.com/ cruddas-park/]

9/10/2017

22/09/2017

HOUSING OCCUPANCY IN CRUDDAS PARK

2015 In 2013 5 out of 10 towerblocks were demolished as part of a £90 mil regeneration project of the area. With private investors pulling out the council was left with no money pull the plan through. The buildings were demolished at a cost of £ 2.98 mil and the site was left to sell to private firms [https:// www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/ north-east-news/cruddas-parkflats-now-demolished-1421916].

26/02/2013 25/02/2013 23/02/2013

2012

Community Politics

There is a Crudas Park House Tennants Group (CPH) that is promoting and proteting the intrests of the house tennants. They have a facbook page ‘Cruddas Park House The People The Stories’ for community announcments and communication/community building between the residents. The group collectively presents petitions to organisations like Your House Newcastle (YHN) under which menigment is the Cruddas Park House. Recently they have put forth a request for reopening of the Community Room.

CONNECTION TO THE CITY

Investing in People & Culture (IPCC) is a charity organisation working in the North East that promotes social inclusion of refugees, asylum seekers and other minority communities. One of their centres is located in the Cruddas Park Shopping Centre. [https://i-p-c.org/] At some point there have been asylum seekers housed in the Cruddas Park House.

After Grenfell

CONNECTION TO THE CITY

Community Politics

The Cruddas Park House suffered multiple

COMMUNITY MAPPING OF CRUDDAS PARK C

‘Cruddas Park House don’t have seals on the fire doors and gaps under the doors. It’s not acceptable.’’[https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-

LEGEND: ES

ES IC EV

VIC

LOCAL INSTITUTIONS

SE R

Cruddas Park House was one of the objects that was lit up during the campaign commemorating 2 years since the Grenfell fire. The messege projected on the side of the building raised concerns about unfit conditions in case of fire.

CONNECTION TO THE CITY

CIA SO

PU BL

2009

‘Cruddas Park House don’t have seals on the fire doors and gaps under the doors. It’s not acceptable.’’

COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS

east-news/newcastles-cruddas-park-lit-up-16426031]

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:

A. ST MICHAEL’S RC PRIMARY SCHOOL; B. NEWCASTLE COLLEGE; C. RAZZMATAZ THEATRE SCHOOL; D. HAWRON PRIMARY SCHOOL A. CRUDDAS PARK EARLY YEARS CENTRE; B. ASHFIELD NURSERY SCHOOL; C. RYE HILL CASTLE NURSERY

PS OU GR

CU LTU RA L

24/03/2011

TIO NS

14/11/2011

In 2009 and a revamp of the became fearful arson attacks the residents highrises was underway. Five of the about fire alarms, the lack of sprinkler towerblocks werefire renovated andsafety in general. systems, unfit doors and Cruddas Park wasPark one of the ThereHouse is a Crudas House Tennants Group (CPH) that made 80% more energy efficient. promoting proteting intrests of the house tennants. They objects thatiswas lit up and during thethe campaign The project cost £ 36 mil. have a facbook page ‘Cruddas Park House The People The Stories’ for The revamped tower commemorating 2 years since the Grenfell community announcments communication/community building blocks were renamed ‘Riverside fire. The messege on theand side of the betweenprojected the residents. Dene’. [https://www.chroniThe group collectively presents petitions to organisations like building raised concerns about unfit condiclelive.co.uk/news/north-eastYour House Newcastle (YHN) under which menigment is the Crudtions in casedas ofPark fire. news/joy-old-cruddas-park-towHouse. Recently they have put forth a request for reopening ers-1401206] of the Community Room. Newcastle City Council agreed to provide access to mortgages to promote influx of owener-occupiers to the area. [https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north[https://newcastleareas.wordeast-news/newcastles-cruddas-park-lit-up-16426031] press.com/cruddas-park/]

EDU CAT ION AL IN STIT U

HOUSING OCCUPANCY IN THE TRELLICK TOWER

CRUDDAS PARK COMPARRISON WITH THE TRELLICK TOWER

The Cruddas Park House suffered multiple arson attacks and the residents became fearful of the about fire alarms, the lack of sprinkler systems, unfit fire doors and safety in general.

SOCIAL SERVICES: ST STEVENS COURT NURSING HOME

CULTURAL: VIVA LAS CRUDDAS A. PAKISTAN ISLAMIC CENTRE; B. POLISH CENTRE

GROUPS: CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE TENANTS GROUP

CHARITIES: A. IPCC CHARITY; B. WEST END WOMEN AND GIRLS CENTRE

CR UD DA S

B PA RK

HEA

S LTH

PHARMACY CRUDDAS PARK SURGERY

BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIES:

ROYAL SOCIETY OR PROTECTION OF BIRDS

CHURCHES: A. ST MICHAEL’S RC CHURCH; B. NEWCASTLE SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH; C. ST STEVENS AND ST PAULS; D. ELSWICK PARISH CHURCH

OASIS CAFE IRIANA CONVENIENCE STORE

RECREATION, LEISURE AND SPORTS:

NEWCASTLE EAGLES COMMUNITY ARENA

ELSWICH POOL

CHURCHES

CYCLE SHOWING THE LACK OF DIVERSITY WITHIN THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE

ICES

IES ARIT

The demographics show that Cruddas Park House is heavily made up of males who are out of work. With no provisions or community for children it is not suprising no children live in the block. With only 25% of the residents employed it means m the rest of the residents will be spending a lot of time meaning provisions of adequete housing size and community facilities should be a priority.

ERV

H ENTRE NG C PPI HO DS AN SE OU

CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE TENANTS GROUP A

HEALTH SERVICES:

LK WA IN 5M

NESS BUSI

ES STRI D INDU

PUBLIC SERVICES: CRUDDAS PARK LIBRARY ELSWICK PARK POST SERVICE

The map above hughlights the surrounding facilities which encourage women’s participation in society.With a predominately male demographic in Cruddas Park it is important to make women feel welcome safe, with facilities speciﬁcally for them. The Cruddas Early Years Centre will encourage familes to reside in the area. The West End Womens and Girls Centre is a group where women have the opportunity to meet, have fun, learn skills, look at issues relevant their lives and generally build conﬁdence in a safe and supportive environment. The Childrens Services, which is located in Cruddas Park House podium is currently closed, however it is interesting to se that th there was one a service in place to support children. Therefore there is a platform to build upon with regards to diversifying the demographic.

RECREATION, LEISURE AND SPORTS

CORRIDORS

SELF-MANGAGMENT The house is built over time as it is used.

L SPACES :50 N

COLLECTIVE PROPERTY & INDIVIDUAL USE

CESSION OF USE

YOUR HOMES NEWCASTLE

New resident pays a fee to the Housing Cooperative and receives it back when leaves . Housing Cooperative is responsible for the managment of the house.

LA BORDA

HOUSING COOPERATIVE

COMMUNITY LIFE Cooperation links are established in domestic settings.

SUSTAINABILITY Central courtyard that concentrates all circulation.

COMMUNAL LIVING

The design maximizes energy efficiency

saves 10% of space with shared storage rooms and laundry rooms

CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE TENANTS GROUP

Tenants are individually resposible for their flats.

ACCESSIBILITY Affordable Housing.

Using the affordable materials.

BUILDONG COSTS: 850 EUR/M2

‘YOUR HOMES NEWCASTLE’ manages the CRUDDAS HOUSE on behalf of city council

Tenants collectively write a petition to the managing body.

Funded by residents and contributors.

CRUDDAS PARK HOUSE

CORRIDORS

COMMUNAL SPACES A3|1:50 N

Corridors and Hallways are considered to bea passageway, connetion between two destinations. Often also dark, badly ventilated, and narrow, these are not a place, where people would like to spend their time. The gloomy corridors are often a space to be avoided. People might choose the shortest way to get to the flat, evading the chance to meet their neighbours. The dark and gloomy spaces might even feed an asocial behaviour making the corridors dangerous even for the residents of the building. These characteristics may be associated with the lack of ownership amongst the residents of the building. How to promote ownership of this shared space, make it more social and space to spend the time?

The ‘streets in the sky’ was one of the ways the architects intended to deal with the asocial space. A feature of build-ings like the now demolished Robin Hood Gardens in London and the Park Hill flats in Sheffield, these spaces were designed to be spacious and sociable. They dealt with the darkness and narrowness of the passageway, letting in the sunlight and the fresh air. The street is indeed a space for socialisation, a place, where life happens, people meet and spend their time in. However, a healthy street is full of elements that allow life to happen and invite the passer-by to stay and enjoy the place. What might these ‘streets in the sky’ be missing is the invitation to life.

figure 6

figure 7 figure 8

figure 9 figure 10

GROUP MANIFESTO

CONNECTIONS AND CIRCUL ATION CONNECTIONS AND CIRCUL ATION

DIAGRAMS OF THE COMMUNAL SPACE

CONNECTIONS AND CIRCUL ATION

GLAZED ADDED SPACE

SUNLIGHT SUNLIGHT

D I A G R A M S O F T H E C O M M U N A L S P AC O CM MEU N A L

SPACE

SUNLIGHT

CONNECTIONS AND CIRCUL ATION

GLAZED ADDED SPACE

Testing part focuses on the use of public and private space. The project explores levels of common space, starting from the very private individual flats that further connect to the communal space in the residential tower, exiting the tower it becomes a semi-public open space for the residents and the guests of the Cruddas Park. Level lower it becomes a public space for the visitors of the commercial part of the Cruddas Park. The project explores ways to connect private and public, to facilitate community interactions and make the Cruddas Park an inviting place for people surrounding it. It aims to provide a space for different community interactions that interflow with each other. .

The roof of the podium is brought down to the street level to provide an easier access to the open public space and the entrance to the tower. The redeveloped podium hosts existing facilities such as the Cruddas Park library, post service, pharmacy, café, and space for the Newcastle College. In addition, new facilities are added such as the surgery and grocery store, all easily accessible to the Cruddas Park House residents. The easy access to essential amenities for the Cruddas Park House residents is inspired by the 15-minute city concept6, that proposes a sustainable way of planning, with all the necessary amenities being located in 15-minute walking distance. The focus on this project is to promote locality and provide space to the whole of the community.

At this stage I was trying to explore ways to create a communal space for the residents. The flats previously suffered from uneven distribution of the sunlight, to improve that, some of the existing exterior walls are taken down and replaced with polycarbonate sliding doors that would allow for sunlight to pass through the tower. A new access door and an exterior corridor would allow residents to access their flats. Some of the flats got an added extension.

The Thinking through making explores ways to use the demolished concrete in architectural and structural ways. One way to use it was with gabions, that would collect the demolished materials in metal mesh boxes and stack them to use it as a retaining wall or part of the façade.

figure 11

figure 12

figure 13

5:1 ledom

model 1:5

The project aims to tackle problems related to contemporary urban loneliness, especially common within elderly population. The redevelopment of the Cruddas Park House is called ‘Viva Las Cruddas’ after the workshop that was organised in the Cruddas Park before the Covid-19 lockdown started and was created to help people experiencing loneliness to socialise with one another. The project is focused on housing for the elderly demographic, it uses common cores to create a social space for interactions. The whole scheme is created to allow for different communities to interact and facilitate a ‘local spirit.’ The redeveloped podium allows for easy access for all the essential amenities for the elderly residents, as well as creates an opportunity for different social groups to meet each other and interact.

LIBRARY ORIGIANL PODIUM PHARMACY

COOFFICE SPACE NEWCASTLE COLLEGE

SHOPPING CENTRE

CAR PARK

SECTION

CAR PARK

MECHANICAL ROOM

STORAGE ROOMS

SHOPPING CENTRE

ENTRANCE TO THE TOWER

BASEMENT PLAN

COMMUNITY BUILDING NEWCASTLE COLLEGE SURGERY

SHOPPING CENTRE COMMUNITY BUILDING

ENTRANCE TO THE TOWER

POST OFFICE LIBRARY / OFFICE SPACE

ENTRANCE TO THE TOWER SURGERY

SHOPPING CENTRE

ENTRANCE TO THE TOWER SHOPPING CENTRE

PHARMACY

CORNER SHIOP

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

1ST FLOOR PLAN

TYPICAL PLAN 1

TYPICAL PLAN 2

TYPICAL PLAN 3

TYPICAL PLAN 4

The residential tower consists of three cores that are connected to the flats and serve as the common space for the residents. Every core is connected to 3 to 7 flats, (typically 6 or 7, except for the lowest and the highest levels of the building). The use of the communal space depends on the residents, it can be a reading room, a game room, a lounge, winter garden… The common cores are double floor spaces with large polycarbonate glazing and sliding doors, that allow for sunlight and fresh air enter the building. Flats have windows facing the common space that allows for secondary sunlight to enter the flats as well as create a visual connection with other residents of the building. The interior of the cores is kept light to reflect the sunlight as much as possible.

summer sun

54 °

summer sun

winter sun

54 °

11 °

winter sun 54 ° winter sun

winter sun

11 °

54 °

11 °

Sergison Bates Case Study Urban Housing Vienna, Austria 2013

Studio 1 A Manifesto for Housing Thomas Adams Alexander McCall Samuel Hare Eleanor Jarah Dawei Zhao

FRAC DUNKIRK LACATON AND VASSAL DUNKIRK, FRANCE GROUP 1 SHUJAAT AFZAL EMILY DUCKER ADA DING NATALIA STASIK JACOB BOWELL

11 Hebelstrasse Apartment Along A Party Wall Herzog & de Meuron Thematic Housing Typology Isobel Prosser, Benoit Rawlings, Jiwoo Kim Philip Russell, Hana Baraka

SERGISON BATES ARCHITECTS SUBURBAN HOUSING ZURICH 2019 ARCHITECTURAL THEORETICAL POSITION

The Architecture of Together and Apart, an inquirty into apart-ment buildings by Matiss Groskaufmanis, Evelina Ozola, Anda Skrejane. The book is an extension to the Latvian extension in 2018 Venice biennale and talks about the housing blocks in Latvia and the development of those throughout the years. Different authors explored topics start-ing from the connection between the state ideology and the develop-ment of high-rises during the Soviet times to the recent recession and the consequence’s left on the housing market.

Cities for People is book written by Jan Gehl This book talks about ways to improve the urban environment, so it is better suited for humans. A modern city should foster civic life and urban planning can facilitate it.

Architecture of Appropriation ,On Squatting As Spatial Practice by René Boer , Marina Otero Verzier , Katía Truijen The book is about the squatting practice in the and the history of it in the Netherlands . Its role in urban design through essays, sketches and photo reports.

‘Walk’

Valga, Estonia Sensitively observed by: Liene Greitāne

During the August of 2020 the annual European Architecture Student Assembly was hosted in Estonia, the city of Valga. I got a chance to participate in this event and be part of the (in)Sensitive townscapes workshop. The workshop focused on encapsulate buildings and spaces that have been abandoned and forgotten. EASA is an annual event that happens every year with over 600 participants from various countries coming together and taking part in different workshops for 2 weeks.

My walks start from Priimetsa kool as I am stationed there, for the time being. First, I got familiar with the centre of Valga. It takes a bit of a time to get to the town centre, yes, but exercise is good, and it gives some time to ‘smell’ the town. Walking towards the centre, I encounter a massive concrete building… it kind of reminds me of a blue ship. The corridor on the side wriggles it way upwards and, hey, there is a window there to sail the blue ship in the sea of green… Ah, and there it is the house on Riia street, it is where my workshop happens. It must be cleaned at first as apparently, no one has used these rooms for a few years. The floor needs mopping and the windows cleaning and, oh, so many spiders (I counted two species of those). While wandering through the town, I see a house. Weathered and sunken, the green coloured timber, is leaning on sides left and right. It must have been a grandma’s house, look at the embroidered waves on the windows and the neat and wavy trim under the roof… It seems lonely now, and lonely people pass it… (I do not know if others noticed as well, but a tabby cat is roaming the streets, I have seen the cat multiple times.) Then, I walk to the north of the town, over the river… In the small wooden bandstand, people are celebrating, loughs and yells are heard from a distance, I do not know what they are saying though. I walk through the street of peoples’ homes, until I reach a mowed field, at the end of the field, in the longer weeds something’s hiding...

Evening Chronicle, Cruddas Park (Riverside Dene) (2010) <https://www. chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/cruddas-park-flats-now-demolished-1421916> [Accessed 13 December 2020]. Kay’s Geography, Cruddas Park (Riverside Dene) (2020) <https://newcastleareas.wordpress.com/cruddas-park/> [Accessed 13 Decem-ber 2020]. Yeung, P., 2021. How ‘15-minute cities’ will change the way we socialise. [online] Bbc.com. Availa-ble at: <https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201214-how-15-minute-cities-will-change-the-way-we-socialise> [Accessed 7 June 2021].

Figure 1 <https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/newcastles-cruddas-park-lit-up-16426031> [Accessed 7 June, 2021] <https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tyne-49197936> <https://mobile.twitter.com/C_M_Knight/status/880096392852668416> [Accessed 7 June, 2021] <https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/government-not-making-money-available-13738834> [Accessed 7 June, 2021] Figure 2 <https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/newcastles-cruddas-park-lit-up-16426031> [Accessed 7 June, 2021] Figure 3 Screenshot, < https://twitter.com/C_M_Knight/status/880096392852668416> [Accessed 7 June, 2021] Figure 4 Screenshot < https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-eastnews/coronavirus-newcastle-north-east-elswick-18131493> [Accessed 7 June, 2021] Figure 5 Screenshot < https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-eastnews/coronavirus-newcastle-north-east-elswick-18131493> [Accessed 7 June, 2021] Figure 6 <https://www.archdaily.com/922184/la-borda-lacol/5d420dec284dd1dba30000e9-la-borda-lacol-photo?next_project=no> [Accessed 7 June, 2021] Figure 7 < https://www.archdaily.com/922184/la-borda-lacol/5d420f12284dd1d5f5000664-la-borda-lacol-photo?next_project=no> [Accessed 7 June, 2021] Figure 8 La Borda/Lacol, < https://www.archdaily.com/922184/la-borda-lacol/5d420e12284dd1dba30000ea-la-borda-lacol-section.[Accessed 7 June, 2021] Figure 9 < https://www.rent.com.au/blog/reinventing-density-pioneering-self-made-city> [Accessed 7 June, 2021] Figure 10 < https://www.rent.com.au/blog/reinventing-density-pioneering-self-made-city> [Accessed 7 June, 2021] Figure 11 < https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/collections/gabion/> [Accessed 7 June, 2021] Figure 12 <https://www.archdaily.com/903689/the-versatility-of-gabion-walls-from-infrastructure-to-urban-furniture> [Accessed 7 June, 2021] Figure 13 <https://sheffield.digital/about/regional-partners/regional-partner-barnsley-dmc/> < https://www.rent.com.au/blog/reinventing-density-pioneering-self-made-city> [Accessed 7 June, 2021]

1 Kay’s Geography, Cruddas Park (Riverside Dene) (2020) <https://newcastleareas.wordpress.com/cruddas-park/> [accessed 13 December 2020]. 2 Evening Chronicle, Cruddas Park (Riverside Dene) (2010) <https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/cruddas-park-flats-nowdemolished-1421916> [accessed 13 December 2020]. 3 Kay’s Geography, Cruddas Park (Riverside Dene) (2020) <https://newcastleareas.wordpress.com/cruddas-park/> [accessed 13 December 2020 4 https://www.facebook.com/karenunderhillartist [Accessed 7 June 2021]. 5 Greitane, Liene, 2021, Porosity. 6 Yeung, P., 2021. How ‘15-minute cities’ will change the way we socialise. [online] Bbc.com. Available at: <https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20201214-how-15-minute-cities-will-change-the-way-we-socialise> [Accessed 7 June 2021].

AUTHOR NAME

maijs 31, 2021

Project Location

PROJECT TITLE

45 M

CASE STUDY

HOUSING IN MULHOUSE BY LACATON &VASSAL

In 2004, a year before the cite manifest project, Lacaton and Vassal published a manifesto, PLUS. A response to the French Government’s proposal to demolish urban, post-war social housing and replace it with smaller, more expensive new units. This introduced their position of “never demolish, never remove or replace, always add, transform, and re-use” through the idea of reusing the space and re-adapting it. (Shown through images), described as “Walls and facades are removed, balconies are added, communal spaces created.”

RE-USE, RE-ADAPTATION, APPROACH TO SITE

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTEXT

RE-USE, RE-ADAPTATION, APPROACH TO SITE TO PRODUCE HIGH QUALITY HOUSING AT A LOW COST TOWNSCAPE NEIGHBOURHOOD CREATIVE RESPONSE DESIGN AND STRATEGY

List of figures

Tabitha Edwards Tabitha Edwards Louis Hermawan Louis Hermawan Marcelina Debska

These ideas also drove their opposition to demolition. Both Vassal and Lacaton feel there are always transformative opportunities that can be achieved through the adaption of space and that demolition should not be an option. Re-using and adapting space, create more environmental, economic and social benefits. Relocation and displacement of people when a building is demolished is a social issue. Their methods work against pernicious form of gentrification that targets the poor by tearing down existing affordable housing, replacing it with market rate units, which forces lower income citizens to relocate where land and rents are cheaper.

Marcelina Debska Louis Hermawan Louis Hermawan Marcelina Debska Liene Greitane Liene Greitane Zarin Tasneem Mir Marcelina Debska 25 26

They believe the view of the architect is as extending far beyond just building, but creatively engaging with the regulatory aspects of each project. This approach to their projects brings an element of individualism, where the changes are independent of the building.

In the early years of his career, Philippe Lacaton spent five years in Niger, which he describes as a formative experience. Witnessing first-hand what could be achieved with very little, through innovation and creativity of those living in scarcity. This personal experience brought lessons of scarcity and economy of resource into Lacaton and Vassal’s practice; do the maximum with the minimum.

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11 Design and strategy

MODULARITY UNIT DETAIL MATERIAL EFFICIENCY ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY CLIMATE CRISIS OTHER BUILDINGS OF ITS TYPE RELEVANCE TO THE STUDIO THEME Bibliography

Context

Bibliography

List of figures

Figure 4: Adaption of previous structure on site.

Figure 7: First floor plan : examples of mixed dwelling spaces

Figure 1: Images of Niger from Jean-Philippe Vassal’s five year trip.

SPACE Figure 12: Idea of more, higher quality dwelling space for less money.

The modularity of the housing scheme relies on two levels of multipurpose, open living space in both areas. Where the ground level is mostly occupied by large modular space that incorporates living, dining, and cooking functions with a garage space. Every house has an individual greenhouse structure that is considered as top floor and is varying from 19 to 50 m2 in its size providing large, flexible, bright interiors that are permeable.

Tertiary Construction Secondary Construction Tertiary Construction

Primary Construction (Original construction)

Secondary Construction Primary Construction (Original construction)

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132 482

‘Only the bathroom and the garage, which at the same time serves as an entrance zone, are separated from the layout and divide the house into functional areas, but with uninterrupted, open transitions. However, this one-room-house principle only works because of the unequal division of floor space between ground floor and upper floor. Varying the widths of the houses results in different room sizes to suit the different internal functions. In addition, positioning the party walls at an angle on plan explores the possibilities between the prescribed minimum room size and the desirable maximum room size.’ 1

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152 900 135 889

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114 186

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figure 4 Diagram highlighting the arrangement of apartments

Figure 3: History of Mulhouse site

For this project, Lacaton and Vassal wanted to re-think the idea of social housing, what social housing could be, what it should be and the possibilities. They wanted to create more space and a higher quality of space for less money and question the relationship of cost and space. They explored this in the cite manifest by selection of materials, the construction programme and methods. The inexpensive industrial materials were used to a minimum, simply, avoiding sophistication of use. Their approach to the site and using part of the previous structure also reduced the costs further. The selection of materials also needed to benefit the quality of space to achieve their ideas of light, space and air. An open structure was also adopted with columns, beams and floors, without trying to make walls.

TOWNSCAPE

This study analyses the design by Lacaton and Vassal in 2005, the practice famous for designing experimental low-budget housing. The architects aim was to develop an efficient project economy that created the largest possible services for housing, aiming to ease the pressure on the dense neighbourhood of Mulhouse by proposing an attractive, mixed-apartment scheme that offered twice as much surface area as the standard. The terrace is made up of 14 apartments that offer flexibility and control to the residents through their open plan and sliding doors that allow climate to be controlled through a winter garden feature.

UNIT

figure 1 SOMCO1 (Previous development)

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1 “Spatial Agency: Lacaton & Vassal”, Spatialagency.Net, 2020 <https://www.spatialagency.net/database/lacaton.vassal> [Accessed 14 December 2020]

The architects consideration for the context of the social housing building type is revealed through the large amount of control that is provided to the resident. Often social housing is inflexible in its personal adaptation due to the residents lack of ownership, the architect responds to this by creating the opportunity for this through the buildings structure. The decision to maximise apartment space in a wide, open plan manner gives the resident the power to adapt their space and express their individuality. The creation of identity celebrates the communal aspect of dense neighbourhoods.

figure 2 New Development

figure 7 Diagram showing the performance of ventilation features within a unit.

This desire for control is further exerted through the resident’s ability to control the climate of their aparment through the winter garden and mobile screens. This flexibility provides the opportunity to either ventilate the apartment in warmer conditions or retain heat when colder while also providing the choice for additional interior/exterior space. The design respects its environment in a flexible manner that provides control to the resident and offers them further flexibility in designing the aesthetic of their space.

The design was embedded into its site through historic references to the previous housing estate, SOMCO1, following the same rigid, geometric grid that existed and constructing their housing on top of the existing concrete slab on site. Lacaton and Vassal used the slab to define the plan form of the building, before applying their unique and creative approach to social housing.

Figure 11: Images of spaces in completed project.

In terms of sustainability and usage of space, the idea of reusing previous building and preserving it in 90% helps a lot with sustainable approach towards architecture, minimising new building through innovative design, and through an appreciation of the transformative possibilities in each situation.1As architects maintain that the refurbishment is the best way to achieve sustainable design, it greatly corresponds with the creative response towards new housing practice. Another aspect is economy factors that greatly influenced the design concept. The average cost of the property in terms of building cost and renting property per meter square is the lowest of the whole City Manifeste project.

The success of the design is made evident in the fact that almost twice as much volume is created than the social housing standard. This is also achieved through the introduction of the ‘winter garden’ on the upper floor, which provides a flexible space creating the opportunity for extra indoor/outdoor space dependent on the residents choice.

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Figure 9: Examples of mixed types of dwelling spaces within project.

MODULARITY

Accessed on 12/12/20 at https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=19

Figure 8: Ground Floor plan : examples of mixed dwelling spaces

Figure 6: Concept image of Lacaton and Vassal’s vision for the dwelling spaces.

The spatial organisation of the apartments responds to the existing issue within the surrounding dense neighbourhood. The plan reveals the architects desire to prioritise maximum surface area over the number of units. The architects aimed to appeal to their average-income residents by creating a more widely spaced, open, bright and affordable apartment. The ground floor is built as a ferro-concrete structure with a height of three metres and generous glazing which can be opened to maximise the volumetric feeling within. The upper floor is a greenhouse-type construction frame that sits on top of the concrete structure.

CREATIVE RESPONSE

Figures 5 & 6: Images the external view of the terraced housing design. Photos by Lacaton & Vassal.

COST

Figure 10: Design concepts applied to City Manifeste.

Figure 5: Adaption of the site and previous structure.

“The goal isn’t just to keep the soul and history of the building, but also to add another. We want to bring it into the present and into the future.” These ideas are explored in the Mulhouse site as the history of the factory, social housing and workers in the area were implemented into the design. In the middle of the 19th century, the area representing a better condition for the workers, driving Lacaton and Vassal’s ideas of improving the site through re-adaptation. In Mulhouse, the old factory was stripped back to its primary structure, which Lacaton used as a base for their design.

Figure 2: PLUS Manifesto with images of Lacaton and Vassal’s concept example.

TO PRODUCE HIGH QUALITY HOUSING AT A LOW COST

Lacaton and Vassal believe having a decent and generous space could improve the standards of social housing along with more light and freedom. More space allows people to share and invite, which creates more social living space. Lacaton and Vassal follow a design process of the “scale of life”, starting with the dweller and working outwards from private to public space and not to consider them as blocks. When looking at the cite manifest, they brought in these ideas of more space, freedom, light and air. A mix of spaces was formed, all open plan with two floors, all with open space, light and air.

NEIGHBOURHOOD

DETAIL

At the scope of a detail level consideration, it is the aluminium mobile screens that allow the winter garden to become a flexible space. The use of this technology needs to be easily accessible for all residents and is achieved through sliding screens.The success of the opportunity of control for the residents is dependent on this feature, and is also relevant considering the sensitive economic state that most residents may be in. By providing a heating system that uses natural ventilation and is easily maintained, living costs are reduced due to less need for electric heating/lighting.

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Jeska, Simone, Transparent Plastics (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008)

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MATERIAL EFFICIENCY

figure 11 Image showing a winter garden with a mobile screen slid back. Photo by Lacaton & Vassal.

The screens are designed to be effective in both providing shade and also retaining heat, the detail diagram highlights how this is done through a combination of opaque/clear materials and insulated panels.

The ground floor of the housing is constructed out of concrete elements that were precasted and the previous construction was preserved and reused, which makes the material efficient and sustainable. The concrete structure is supported by beams and columns on the top and acts as a foundation for the greenhouse structure at the top. The first floor structure is mainly constructed out of aluminum frames, plastic sheets, and tension roads. That sequence takes inspiration mainly from the architect’s experience from Africa but put in European climate and standards. Choice of materials rely on the character of the site that was mainly industrial in its character and the cost efficiency.2

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Figure 13: Image of space within dwelling with material selection, use and construction programme. figure 3 Housing scheme arranged following existing historic geometric plan

figure 9 Figures 8, 9 & 10: Images showing how furniture is used to define thresholds within each unique apartment.

figure 12 Detail diagram showing the properties of the aluminium sliding door that defines the winter graden.

2 “Ilot Schoettlé”, Architectuul.Com, 2020 <http://architectuul.com/architecture/ ilot-schoettle> [Accessed 14 December 2020]

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The materials are combined in layers to provide proper insulation and sustainable environment within the flat. The pre-vious construction was reused as the main structure and the new additions are creating secondary and tertiary structures that could be partially moved or uncovered. This technique relates to the architect’s previous experiences from African practice back in the days, but it was iterated to adjust it to the European climate. The layers could be uncov-ered to provide appropriate insulation and airflow. The mate-rials themselves (mainly plastics) provide appropriate barrier and insulation, while they seem to be a good choice. The main idea behind this was to recreate in some way the greenhouse structure and all the features of it, but the choice of materials was being made based on the character of the area. It also created quite sustainable construction from the point of view of the construction realm, although the struc-ture is mainly plastic and its variation to provide the conti-nuity of insulation, which turns out not to be environment friendly. The architects took as their role models the intelli-gent systems of glasshouses, which guarantee an optimum environment for plants at all times - an obvious transfer of technology and typology.3 As an overall visual position - it becomes a new interpretation of European housing in terms of materiality. While in Europe most housing takes an approach to screen-off (mul-tiple layers of insulation, glazing, membranes etc.) the out-side world, Mulhouse is doing the opposite thing partially exposes the interior without losing the insulating properties and allows to unfold the layers.

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figure 16 3

Jeska, Simone, Transparent Plastics (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008)

renewable materials recycle

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

non renewable materials

decompose

CLIMATE CRISIS

Plastic waste after demolition Recycled Plastic

waste

The scheme (figure 9)3 portrays the cycle of building materials. To avoid materials being thrown into the ecosys-tem they are being recycled or decomposed, another way to avoid material waste is renovation. Lacaton & Vassal’s project focused on cutting the construction costs, the most common materials were polycarbonate sheets and concrete.

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Shadowy Spaces

Polycarbonate is a plastic product. Plastic waste causes immense pollution as 80%4 of it gets discarded into wild-life. However, polycarbonate is durable against impact and a tough material, clear polycarbonate sheets, as the ones used in the ‘greenhouse’ part of the building, lets in the sunlight almost as well as glass. It has insulation qualities that minimise the heat loss5.

Semi-Sunlit Space figure 2

Sunlit Space

Reflective c urtain a llows t he r esidents t o m anually control the amount of sunlight that enters stheir living unit. The building also collects the radiated heat from the sunlight, the walls and the roof are insulated with glass wool2, that and the triple glazed windows and the triple sliding door on the upper floor minimise the heat loss of the building. Polycarbonate sheets used in the walls of the ‘greenhouse’ and the roof also has some insulative qualities. Wind The vaults of the roof serve as air vents, where the stale air rises and travels to the ‘greenhouse’. The ‘greenhouse’ is equipped with a manually openable roof window, that allows the inhabitants to control the airflow of the building.

1 Ilot Schoettlé, Mulhouse, France by Lacaton & Vassal <http://architectuul.com/architecture/ilot-schoettle> [accessed 14 December 2020] 2 David Mimbreroz, ‘Viviendas en Mulhouse Anne Lacaton&Jean Philippe Vassal’, Tectonica 19, plásticos, p.75

Concrete manufacturing is responsible for up to 8% of emitted greenhouse gases. While it is a concerning factor, concrete is also long-lasting and durable, the affordabili-ty and little maintenance that concrete demands makes it appealing material to use in construction. Concrete is also recyclable, so the demolition of concrete buildings may not produce a lot of waste6.

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The building was constructed on the grounds of a factory and the concrete base of the ground floor remains the same. 3 David Bergman, Sustainable Design (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012), p. 19-27. 4 Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, Plastic Pollution <https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution> [accessed 14 December 2020]. 5 Omnexus The Material Selection Platform, A Complete Guide to Polycarbonate (PC) <https://omnexus.specialchem.com/selection-guide/polycarbonate-pc-plastic> [accessed 14 December 2020]. 6 Civil Engeneering , Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete () <https://civiltoday. com/civil-engineering-materials/concrete/15-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-concrete> [accessed 14 December 2020].

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waste

construction

waste

occupancy renovate

Sunlight Solar energy is a constant resource that people have learned to harness in various ways. The Lacaton & Vassal’s building in Mulhouse explores bioclimatic design solutions, especially relating to sunlight, to provide comfort and cut energy costs for the residents. The ‘greenhouse’ on the upper floor is turned toward the south to illuminate the interior of the building. The clear polycarbonate roof and walls of the ‘greenhouse’, as well the large windows, allow most of the house to be illuminated by the sunlight.1

manufacturing

waste

demolition

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CO2 emitions from manifacturing Decomposing Concrete after demolition figure 10

Using Concrete structures of previous buildings

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Case study building as a building type essentially focuses on collective housing. Most of the spaces within home and connection to the streets are kept free. Living around community and allowing visual connections within homes makes it very successful. (Collage on left)

OTHER BUILDINGS OF ITS TYPE

Building programme: No fixed threshold for use Every tenant gets space on both ground and first floor

ECONOMIC

To furthermore relate the project to the climate crisis it is important to look at sustainability of living within the housing unit. What is important is the practice and ideas behind the project. The sustainability depends on three intersecting considerations. The diagram (figure 12) on this page describes, how societal, economic, and environmental practices overlay each other and three-dimensionally presents sustainability7.

SOCIA

VIR

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Comparing all the buildings by different architects that are part of the same experimental collective housing project

The Lacaton & Vassal’s project in Mulhouse is an interest-ing case study, it was built specifically to reduce the cost of space, giving the residents an area about twice as big com-pared to average housing unit without increasing the price. To achieve that, it had to use building materials not often found in housing. Inspired by the local greenhouses, the ar-chitects used polycarbonate sheets and metal frame to build the upper floor of the project. The cost of material signifi-cantly decreased the construction price. The residents get to have an extra room, where to spend their time and expand their living space. The ‘greenhouse’ allows the sunlight to enter the space giving light and warmth, as showed before, manual ventilation and curtains to reflect the sun were implemented to help to regulate the inner climate. These aspects of the project present the multi-dimensional approach that architects take to build a well serving and sustainable house.

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History plays an important role in the typology in the neighbourhood. Although all are mostly residential houses. Height stays same around the neighbourhood but in terms of use, freedom of space, flexibility in use and communal spaces around for gardening and vegetation helps grow community within the neighbourhood. Additionally, resources and worked within the community is also shared as tenants come from various backgrounds.

Communal Approach: Pedestrianised communal space alongside building

Logements, Shigeru Ban

Logements, Shigeru Ban Colored Mutation, Jean Nouvel

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NT AL

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Manifesto of the architect and approach towards collective housing.

Environmental Approach: Inducing winter gardens and vegetation Making maximum use of day light Greenhouse structure for heating Sliding doors for natural ventilation Bioclimatic building design

Lacton and Vassal’s Building (in red) is part of a bigger experimental housing project, ‘Cité Manifeste’ consisting of 61 housing units designed by five different architects.

Logements, Shigeru Ban

All of them have different materials and form but the same design theology of responding to the climate crisis, giving flexibility to residents regarding use and making low cost 2 storey social house.

-Use of local housing plan (carré mulhousien) -Rain water harvesting -Private gardens and terrace -External stairs for social interaction -Stepped back for communal space

The project pursued the objective of crisis aspects of regulations and construction processes with solutions that were feasible for all stakeholders in the promotion and construction process.

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Although they are all co houses, it differs from the case study building by having unsheltered and outdoor stairs.

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Micro Green, Ducan Lewis

Caratere Special, Matthieu Poitevin

Colored Mutation, Jean Nouvel

-Alternating between car park and entrance. -Public and private threshold -Winter garden -Metal barrier with plantation as secondary structure as curtain. -Natural ventilation -Threaded boundary wall to encourage social interaction.

-Minimalism by using reusing materials from local construction site -Rain water harvesting -External balcony -Flexible use of internal spaces

-Keeping roadways intact underneath -Internal use of bright colours to reduce industrial material affect -Rain water harvesting -Light through translucent peripheral walls -Backyards for garden space -Shaded alleyway for pedestrians

Open and transparent like the case study building.

The main is door is directly on road lacking a continuous communal space.

Too small opaque and small windows compare to the case study building and lack of open garden at the front.

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Comparison with similar type and typology Boreal/Tetrarc Architectes Social Houses Nantes, France Year: 2011

RELEVENCE TO THE STUDIO THEME

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 23 Semi-collective Housing Units / Lacaton & Vassal, ArchDaily(2012) <https://www.archdaily. 15 com/254147/23-semi-collective-housing-units-lacaton-vassal?ad_medium=gallery> [Accessed 14 December 2020] 16

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figure 11 Communal walkway (Tertiary) Greenhouse (Secondary) Concrete frame (Primary)

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Communal vegetation

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Built as 39 duplex apartments to explore individuality within social housing by distributing them within 11 housing blocks (6 rental, 5 sold). Programme as a nucleus made of a kitchen, a bathroom, toilets, and a staircase leaving the rest as a open plan (alike Case Study building) with glazed greenhouse winter garden windows viewing gardens that promote neighbourhood relationships.

2 A.Lacaton (November Conferences), (2014) <https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=EetqDufVrJU&t=1397s> [Accessed 12 December 2020]

The whole scheme as a City manifesto is a creative response towards the new housing practise and is tightly bonded with the studio theme which is a creative response towards new housing. The case study is a manifesto for new, better housing within the existing structures. It is a repre-sentative for a sustainable design that considers people not only as inhabitants but as owners and contributors to the wider community aspect. It encourages the communi-ty through spaces and design to form relationships. By the cultural and historical relevance crates diverse and flexible ownership promoting community and wellbeing.

David Bergman, Sustainable Design (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012), p. 19-27. Márquez Cecilia, Fernando, and Richard C. Levene. Lacation & Vassal 1993/2017. 2017.

17 Neppert Gardens” 59 Dwellings At Mulhouse By Lacaton & Vassal - BMIAA”, BMIAA, 2015 <https://www.bmiaa.com/neppert-gardens-59-dwellings-at-mulhouse-by-lacaton-vassal/> [Accessed 14 De-cember 2020]

3 Abalos, Iänaki, Karine. Dana, Anne Lacaton, and Jean-Philippe Vassal. Lacaton & Vassal : Obra Reciente = Re-cent Work. 2G (Barcelona, Spain) N. 60. Barcelona: G. Gili, 2011.

18 Never Demolish, Ruby Press <https://ruby-press.com/projects/never-demolish/> [Accessed 10 December 2020] 4 Architectuul, Mulhouse, France, by Lacaton and Vassal (2020) <http://architectuul.com/architecture/ilot-schoettle> [Accessed 15 December 2020] 19 Ruby, Ilka., Andreas. Steiner, Ruby, Andreas, and Steiner, Dietmar. Lacaton & Vassal. 2G (Barcelona, Spain) ; No. 21. Barcelona: G. Gili, 2002. 5 Eumiesaward”, Miesarch.Com, 2020 <https://miesarch.com/work/2181> [Accessed 14 December 2020] 20 Schittich, Christian., Andrea. Wiegelmann, and Institut Für Internationale Architektur-Dokumentation. Semi-detached and Terraced Houses. In Detail. München : Basel: Edition Detail ; Birkhäuser ;, 2006. 6 Fillion, Odile, Cité Manifeste de Mulhouse (2009) < https://imagesdelaculture.cnc.fr/-/citemanifeste-de-mulhouse-la-> [Accessed 13 December 2020] 21 Sinarquitectura, Niamey (Niger), Lacaton & Vassal, 1984, (23 September 2013)< http://arquitecturasinarquitectura.blogspot.com/2013/09/niamey-niger-lacaton-vassal-1984.html> [Accessed 7 Ilot Schoettlé, Architectuul.Com, 2020 <http://architectuul.com/architecture/ilot-schoettle> on 11 De-cember 2020] [Accessed 14 De-cember 2020] Social Housing (14 dwellings in Cite Manifeste), (2020) <https://miesarch.com/work/2181> 8 Is the right to housing real? Curry stone foundation, (2018) <https://currystonefoundation. 22 org/practice/lacaton-vassal/> [Accessed 11 December 2020] [Accessed 12 December 2020] 9

Jeska, Simone, Transparent Plastics (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008) 23 Social Housing in Mulhouse, France 2005 <http://www.wohnmodelle.at/index. php?id=80,71,0,0,1,0> [Accessed 10 De-cember 2020] 10 Journal for architecture and urbanism, can design change society? (2016) <https://lacatonvassal.com/data/documents/20190910-123849ARCH_PLUS_PB_EN_DS.pdf> [Accessed 11 December 24 Social housing, Mulhouse, Lacaton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index. 2020] php?idp=19> [Accessed 13 December 2020] 11 Lacaton & Vassal”, Lacatonvassal.Com, 2020 <https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index. php?idp=19> [Accessed 14 December 2020] 25 Spatial Agency, Lacaton and Vassal <https://www.spatialagency.net/database/lacaton.vassal> [Accessed 14 December 2020] 12 Lisa Schmidt-Colinet, The Challenge of Inhabitation (2008) <http://www.wohnmodelle.at/index.php?id=80,71,0,0,1,0> [accessed 14 December 2020]. 26 The manifest city – Mulhouse – 68 <https://caractere-special.fr/en/la-cite-manifeste/> [Accessed 10 December 2020] 13 Îlot Schoettlé, Social Housing in Mulhouse (2005) <http://www.wohnmodelle.at/index. php?id=80,71,0,0,1,0> [accessed 14 December 2020].

figure 13

figure 16

figure 17

figure 14

figure 17

figure 15

14 David Mimbreroz, ‘Viviendas en Mulhouse Anne Lacaton&Jean Philippe Vassal’, Tectonica 19, plásticos, 70-87. Simona Jeska, Transparent Plastics Design and Technology (Basel,Boston and Berlin: Birkhauser, 2008), p. 86-91.

List of Figures RE-USE, RE-ADAPTATION, APPROACH TO SITE figure 1: Sinarquitectura, Niamey (Niger), Lacaton & Vassal, 1984, (23 September 2013)< http:// arquitecturasinarquitectura.blogspot.com/2013/09/niamey-niger-lacaton-vassal-1984. html> [Accessed on 11 December 2020] figure 2: Social housing, Mulhouse, Lacaton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal. com/index.php?idp=46> [Accessed on 12 December 2020] figure 3:: Fillion, Odile, Cité Manifeste de Mulhouse (2009) < https://imagesdelaculture.cnc.fr/-/ cite-manifeste-de-mulhouse-la-> [Accessed 13 December 2020] Architectuul, Mulhouse, France, by Lacaton and Vassal (2020) <http://architectuul.com/architecture/ilot-schoettle> [Accessed 15 December 2020] A.Lacaton (November Conferences), (2014) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EetqDufVrJU&t=1397s> [Accessed 12 December 2020] figure 4: Authors own drawing figure 5: Authors own drawing figure 6: Authors own drawing figure 7: Social housing, Mulhouse, Lacaton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal. com/index.php?idp=19> [Accessed 13 December 2020] figure 8: Social housing, Mulhouse, Lacaton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal. com/index.php?idp=19> [Accessed 13 December 2020] figure 9: Authors own drawing figure 10: Authors own drawing figure 11: ASocial housing, Mulhouse, Lacaton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal. com/index.php?idp=19> [Accessed 13 December 2020] TO PRODUCE HIGH QUALITY HOUSING AT A LOW COST figure 12: Authors own drawing figure 13:Social housing, Mulhouse, Lacaton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal. com/index.php?idp=19> [Accessed 13 December 2020] TOWNSCAPE figure 1: SOMCO1 (Previous development) figure 2: New Development figure 3: Housing scheme arranged following existing historic geometric plan

figure 11

7 David Bergman, Sustainable Design (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012), p. 19-27.

NEIGHBOURHOOD figure 4: Diagram highlighting the arrangement of apartments figure 5: The external view of the terraced housing design. Photos by Lacaton & Vassal. Accessed on 12/12/20 at https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=19 figure 6:The external view of the terraced housing design. Photos by Lacaton & Vassal. Accessed on 12/12/20 at https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=19 CREATIVE RESPONSE figure 1:Author’s own figure 2:Author’s own figure 3: Author’s own MODULARITY figure 4: Author’s own figure 5: Author’s own figure 6: Author’s own

UNIT figure 7: Diagram showing the performance of ventilation features within a unit. figure 8: Image showing how furniture is used to define thresholds within each unique apartment. figure 9: Image showing how furniture is used to define thresholds within each unique apartment figure 10: Image showing how furniture is used to define thresholds within each unique apartment DETAIL figure 11: Image showing a winter garden with a mobile screen slid back. Photo by Lacaton & Vassal. figure 12: Detail diagram showing the properties of the aluminium sliding door that defines the winter graden. MATERIAL EFFICIENCY figure 7: Author’s own figure 8: https://www.bmiaa.com/neppert-gardens-59-dwellings-at-mulhouse-by-lacaton-vassal/ figure 9: https://www.lemoniteur.fr/photo/les-projets-communs-de-lacaton-vassal-ettechnal.1912199/ensemble.1#galerie-anchor figure 10: https://www.amc-archi.com/photos/equerre-d-argent-2005-nomine-cite-manifeste-61-logements,3573/lacaton-vassal-cite-manif.10 figure 11: https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Ausstellung_in_Halle_ueber_Lacaton_Vassal_847347.html?bild=1 figure 12: https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/59-dwellings-lacaton-vassal figure 13: ttps://www.houzz.fr/photos/wohnungsbau-mulhouse-anne-lacaton-und-philippevassal-phvw-vp~20182060 figure 14: Author’s own figure 15: Author’s own figure 16: Author’s own ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY igure 1: Plan, Sun Path, authors own figure 2: Sun Illuminated Interior, authors own figure 3: Section diagram, Sun Curtain, authors own figure 4: Section diagram, Insulation, authors own figure 5: Section diagram, Wind Travel, authors own figure 6: Plan, Wind Travel, authors own figure 7: Photograph of the reflective curtain from BauNetz. {https://www.baunetz.de/ meldungen/Meldungen-Ausstellung_in_Halle_ueber_Lacaton_Vassal_847347.html] figure 8: Photograph of the roof vent from the Lacaton & Vassal webpage{https://www. lacatonvassal.com/data/documents/20190711-1603451917_The%20Architectural%20Review_compressed.pdf

OTHER BUILDINGS OF ITS TYPE figure 1: Curated screenshot from google maps: Snapshot from google earth. Google Earth 2020 <https://earth.google.com/web/search/Cit%c3%a9+Manifeste,+Rue+de+l%27Arbre,+Mulhouse,+France/@47.75445823,7.32389439,236.96208067a,722.05606389d,35y, 67.77700263h,45.00025198t,0r/data=CpwBGnISbAolMHg0NzkxOWJjZjQzNDhhYzFiOjB4YTVjNGYxNGMxMWU3M2ZkNBke2scKfuBHQCHfc7vytEcdQCoxQ2l0w6kgTWFuaWZlc3RlLCBSdWUgZGUgbCdBcmJyZSwgTXVsaG91c2UsIEZyYW5jZRgBIAEiJgokCZDKtZez4EdAEWoIcyxv30dAGQ_MHSYiZR1AIRRZANXySx1A> [Accessed 06 December 2020] figure 2: Collage of ambience of Lacaton and Vassel showing free spaces: Social housing, Mulhouse, Lacton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=19#> [Accessed 02 December 2020] figure 3: Logements, Shegeru Ban photoshopped photograph of building: MULHOUSE, HAUT-RHIN <http://www.jdg-architectes.com/projet/mulhouse/?lang=en> [Accessed 02 December 2020] figure 4: Parti Diagram for Logements, Shegeru Ban filled trace of building plan. MULHOUSE, HAUT-RHIN <http://www.jdg-architectes.com/projet/mulhouse/?lang=en> [Accessed 02 December 2020] figure 5: Micro Green,Ducan Lewis photoshopped photograph of building: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/189784571775105621/ figure 6: Parti Diagram for Ducan lewis filled trace of building plan. figure 7: Caratere Special, Matthieu Poitevin photoshopped photograph of building http://caractere-special.fr/en/la-cite-manifeste/ figure 8: Parti Diagram for Caratere Special, Matthieu Poitevin filled trace of building plan. figure 9: Colored Mutation, Jean Nouvel photoshopped photograph of building figure 10: Parti Diagram for Colored Mutation, Jean Nouvel filled trace of building plan. http:// www.jeannouvel.com/projets/cite-manifeste/ figure 11:Collage of and diagramming with adding humans to show buildings of same type: Social housing, Mulhouse, Lacton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal.com/ index.php?idp=19#> [Accessed 02 December 2020] figure 12: Plan analysis of the building figure 13: Axo of material form Boreal figure 14: Axo od Lacton and Vessel figure 15: Elevations of both compared figure 16: Plan analysis of both houses figure 17: Photographs of building: Boreal, Tetrarc Architectes, Nantes housing, Arch Daily, (02 April 2012) <https://www.archdaily.com/221771/habitat-44-tetrarc-architectes> [Accessed on 11 December 20] RELEVANCE TO THE STUDIO THEME figure 17: Author’s own COVER PHOTO: Maisons groupées, Cité Manifeste, Mulhouse - 2005 , available at: https:// www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2009/03/10/lacaton--vassal.html

CLIMATE CRISIS figure 9: Diagram, Cycle of Construction, taken from the David Bergman, Sustainable Design (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012) figure 10: Axonometric diagram, Materiality, authors own figure 11: Collage, Sustainibilty, authors own figure 12: Venn diagram of Sustainibility , taken from the David Bergman, Sustainable Design (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012)