Louis Hermawan Portfolio by PDF Uploads

Framing

STAGE 3 ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO Louis Oliver Hermawan / 180279944 / Newcastle University / BA(Hons) Architecture / 2018 - 2021 Studio - A Manifesto For Housing Louishermawan12@hotmail.co.uk

CONTENTS Illustrated report 4 Framing 1 8 Framing 2

Testing

Synthesis

Cultural Bibliography

110

Bibliography

116

List of Figures

117

Appendix

118

Key

• New/improved work • Group work • Submitted for different module

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ILLUSTRATED REFLECTIVE REPORT This year has been a huge learning curve for me, and I feel I have developed my skills as a designer significantly. Developing a comprehensive project throughout the academic year has been a challenging but rewarding experience, and working digitally has encouraged me to apply and explore ideas in different ways. The integration of other modules has helped mould my design, and provided me with a far greater understanding of architectural practice. I elected to join the studio A Manifesto for Housing because of my concerns for the future of housing and my desire to contribute to the resolution of the housing crisis. An increasing number of contemporary housing projects have become focused on profit-driven designs, with a lack of consideration for the needs of the resident. Within the studio, there is an exciting opportunity to develop a project at the heart of a neighbourhood in Elswick, Newcastle. The existing tower block on the site has the potential to become a landmark figure for retrofit construction, and a contributing solution to the housing crisis that also responds to issues raised by Global Warming and tower blocks built in the 1960’s that are reaching the end of their life-cycles.

Illustrated Report

Adapting rather than demolishing creates the opportunity to build on existing culture and values of the area, adding weight and value to the site through lived experiences rather than aesthetic interventions. The project aims to challenge contemporary perceptions around social housing and tower block living, to try and use good architecture to shift opinions and promote the environmental and economic benefits of retrofit construction in a manner that embraces relations with the local community rather than creating an ‘exclusive’ neighbourhood that exists within some sustainable communities. For Framing, it was important for us as a studio to understand not only the issues around contemporary social housing, but also the benefits and implications of existing solutions to the problems we identified. Developing a strong understanding of both good and bad contemporary housing through readings and precedents helped develop our studio manifesto, striving for high-quality housing that is sustainable both socially and environmentally. This manifesto provided a strong framework for the earlier stages of my design. The Joy of Less by Wendy Steiner considers the emerging disconnect between ‘sustainability’ and ‘pleasure’ and inspired my primary concept of improving ‘connectivity’. Upon reflection it is interesting to see how that concept has formed and been informed by my design through various iterations.

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ILLUSTRATED REFLECTIVE REPORT The 3015 Theory into Practice essay was useful in refining and further framing the key theories and motivations behind my design. Exploring the idea that ‘housing must suit its inhabitant’ and relating this to the 2009 regeneration project at Cruddas helped me further understand what helps make good social housing, but also the exploration of mapping as a way of representing the ‘connections’ I was proposing. The Testing stage was for me the most important section of the design process. Using the theories and ideas framed in the first semester to inform my early design choices helped me thread and continue these concepts all the way through my project, across a number of different scales. The idea of ‘connectivity’ was translated into two routes through the building, used to influence movement and create moments for social and vidual interactivity, while also descending with with the natural landscape. This then informed my exploration of the apartments cohousing scheme proposed within the podium. The 3014 Professional Practice essay was crucial to my project as it forced me to consider in greater detail the requirements of the client. The nature of social housing demands low cost construction, and this report helped me understand other ways in which these costs could be minimised. 6

Illustrated Report

The 3013 Integrated Technology booklet was a very useful body of work that helped me explore the sustainable parameters of the studio brief. Within this, I was able to build on ideas of adaptability and control through my environmental strategies, particularly within the tower block where the proposed winter gardens would provide residents with greater control over lighting and ventilation. For the Synthesis stage of my design, I wanted to animate the improved sense of community created by the new routes and social spaces. and how these linked multiple parties together in open spaces with generous visual connectivity and encouraging social interaction. My dissertation helped me in this regard, understanding how to tie together multiple ideas into a convincing argument, where each intervention is sensitive to the other and the project responds to the social, environmental and economic demands of the brief. The integration of all the modules throughout the year has guided my design process, and allowed me to develop a cohesive, coherent project that meets the needs of the individual resident, the local community and the wider city of Newcastle. As a dominant figure of the Newcastle skyline, Cruddas Park will stand as a promotion of the benefits of retrofit architecture, encouraging adaptation rather than demolition, a sustainable approach that can be integrated into everyday life and not just architecture.

FRAMING

“More fundamental than form are the concepts that hold housing together” Framing was important in helping shape and define our understanding of existing issues around contemporary social housing. Studying housing precedents such as L.I.L.A.C, Alton Estate and Boscoe Verticale before cross examining them with related readings was key in coining our approach to the analysis of Cruddas Park. For this reason, I decided to split the Framing section into two phases, one for research and analysis of precedents and the second for initial explorations into my design for the building. We exercised our research this in the round table discussion at the end of Framing, where with my group we tested successful features of some of our precedent studies on elevations of Cruddas Park.

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THE SITE

The site for the project is Cruddas Park, a social housing scheme situated in the Elswick area of Newcastle, UK. The residential building is a concrete tower block, built in 1969, and sits perpendicularly above a shopping centre. The concrete megastructure dominates the local skyline, its north facade sits adjacent to the busy Westmorland Road providing direct access to and from Newcastle city centre. To the south rich pockets of unused green space overlook the River Dene. The sites to descend with the site towards the River Dene, creating the opportunity for views towards Newcastle and Gateshead over the river.

Newcastle, UK map

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THE SITE

Further south than the green space, towards the bottom of the hill are the Riverside Dene tower blocks, which were also regenerated in 2009 with Cruddas Park. Sunlight is most prominent on the south and western facades of the buildings, although the impermeable form of the concrete block doesn’t currently maximise this opportunity. There is a strong prevailing wind from the south-west but this is mitigated by the vast quantity of trees around the site. Entrances to the podium struggle to deal with the tricky vertical changes caused by the descending landscape, with circulation and access unclear and unwelcoming.

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DEMOGRAPHICS + REGENERATION

In order for a housing regeneration scheme to be successful, it must consider the needs of current residents rather than aiming to appeal to future residents. A study in to the existing demographics within Cruddas revealed a generally older demographic, most of whom were either retired or unemployed. A newspaper article by the Chronicle provided an insight into the difficult living conditions experienced by residents over the lockdown period. The need for more generous space is made evident, both within private and public spaces.

“It’s hard not having any areas to sit outside in. I wish we had a communal garden because we can’t do anything we are just stuck in these four walls. I can’t visit my friends or to a garden to talk to my neighbours.”

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SUSTAINABILITY: DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM

After my initial investigation, I wanted to focus on a successful feature of the tower block - the biomass heating district system. The community heating feature promotes sustainability and helps the building achieve a “Decent Homes” standard due to its retrofit installation underneath the tower. Rather than a profit driven intervention, this benefits current residents by alleviating fuel poverty, particularly significant given the demographic of the social housing typology. The system is an example of successful retrofit within tower block housing and the analysis helped me identify it as something I wanted to retain within my project.

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THEMATIC CASE STUDY CITY MANIFESTE, MULHOUSE, LACATON & VASSAL

QUESTION 2: A MULTISCALE UNDERSTANDING OF HOUSING IN ITS WIDER CONTEXT

SOMCO1 (Previous development)

New development

This study analyses the design by Lacaton and Vassal in 2005, the practice famous for designing experimental low-budget housing. The architects aim was to develop an efficient project economy that created the largest possible services for housing, aiming to ease the pressure on the dense neighbourhood of Mulhouse by proposing an attractive, mixed-apartment scheme that offered twice as much surface area as the standard. The terrace is made up of 14 apartments that offer flexibility and control to the residents through their open plan and sliding doors that allow climate to be controlled through a winter garden feature. The design was embedded into its site through historic references to the previous housing estate, SOMCO1, following the same rigid, geometric grid that existed and constructing their housing on top of the existing concrete slab on site. Lacaton and Vassal used the slab to define the plan form of the building, before applying their unique and creative approach to social housing.

Housing scheme arranged following existing historic geometric plan

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NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE

The spatial organisation of the apartments responds to the existing issue within the surrounding dense neighbourhood. The plan reveals the architects desire to prioritise maximum surface area over the number of units. The architects aimed to appeal to their average-income residents by creating a more widely spaced, open, bright and affordable apartment. The ground floor is built as a ferro-concrete structure with a height of three metres and generous glazing which can be opened to maximise the volumetric feeling within. The upper floor is a greenhouse-type construction frame that sits on top of the concrete structure. The success of the design is made evident in the fact that almost twice as much volume is created than the social housing standard. This is also achieved through the introduction of the ‘winter garden’ on the upper floor, which provides a flexible space creating the opportunity for extra indoor/outdoor space dependent on the residents choice.

Images the external view of the terraced housing design. Photos by Lacaton & Vassal. Accessed on 12/12/20 at https://www.lacatonvassal. com/index.php?idp=19

Diagram highlighting the arrangement of apartments

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UNIT SCALE

The architects response to the social housing typology is to provide a large amount of control to the resident. Often social housing is inflexible in its adaptation, creating a sense of lack of ownership. The architect responds to this by maximising apartment through open plan spaces that encourage expression of individuality. The creation of identity celebrates the communal aspect of dense neighbourhoods.

Diagram showing the performance of ventilation features within a unit.

This desire for control is further exerted through the resident’s ability to control the climate of their aparment through the winter garden and mobile screens. This flexibility provides the opportunity to either ventilate the apartment in warmer conditions or retain heat when colder while also providing the choice for additional interior/exterior space. The deble manner that provides control to the resident and offers them further flexibility in designing the aesthetic of their space.

Images showing how furniture is used to define thresholds, contributing to expression of individual living space and identity and overall sense of ownership.

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DETAIL

At the scope of a detail level consideration, it is the aluminium mobile screens that allow the winter garden to become a flexible space. The use of this technology needs to be easily accessible for all residents and is achieved through sliding screens. The success of the opportunity of control for the residents is dependent on this feature, and is also relevant considering the sensitive economic state that most residents may be in. By providing a heating system that uses natural ventilation and is easily maintained, living costs are reduced due to less need for electric heating/lighting. The screens are designed to be effective in both providing shade and also retaining heat, the detail diagram highlights how this is done through a combination of opaque/clear materials and insulated panels.

Image showing a winter garden with a mobile screen slid back. Photo by Lacaton & Vassal.

Detail diagram showing the properties of the aluminium sliding door that defines the winter graden.

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ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY: PRECEDENT RESEARCH

As part of our initial research, we were asked to work in groups and explore a series of readings and precedents each week to help develop our understanding of housing in its modern context. The Form of Housing considers the changing attitudes towards housing, which is considered the “most extensive single element of the city.” The critical text suggests new approaches to housing, such as mixed developments and tower blocks, failed to break in their attempts to revolutionise and break the existing patterns around housing. The “continuous fabric” of 19th century terraced housing was successful as it could cater for all types with minor adjustments - maisonettes, full houses, flats etc. Each dwelling shared a similar “desirable” relationship to its environment. The following pages are explorations of social housing projects and what makes them successful. Image from a zoom call with Tabitha, who I worked with regularly over Zoom calls to discuss precedent buildings and readings during the days between tutorials

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Alton Estate Roehampton, London - an example of housing spatial coordination Alton Estate, like Cruddas, shares a sensitive relationship with both the built and natural environment. The eastern and western tower block collectives highlight the effects spatial organisation has on behaviours and interactions. At the time of its construction, the mixed-housing development emerged as the “new world”, reflecting on the documentary Building Sights reveals how the perception around high-rise housing has skewed with time. The precedent also reveals how placing the tower blocks on columns helps keep the landscape intact, and the spatial arrangement of tower blocks maximises light and circulation.

Alton Estate east block facade

Diagram of green space influencing tower block arrangement with Alton Estate

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Chelsea Court, Louise Baverman - an example of successful contextualisation

L.I.L.A.C Cohousing Bramley, Leeds - an example of a sustainable, closed community LILAC cohousing is an example of a sustainable, closed community. A ‘ModCell’ system uses straw-bale construction to promote ecological living within a tight-knit community where spaces and facilities are shared. Allotments within the site promote responsibility and productive use of green space, forming a relationship between sustainability and pleasure that is considered within The Joy of Less, by Naeve Brown. However, the exclusivity of the community coincides with Brown’s theory that in choosing ‘sustainable’ architecture we must sacrifice ‘pleasure’. The text suggests that contextualisation, as one of ecology’s most powerful resources, is the most effective way of integrating sustainability and pleasure into architecture. 22

L.I.L.A.C (Low Impact Living Affordable Community)

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The ‘vertical forest’ appears to be an example of successful green architecture.

Bosco Verticale

Milan, Italy - an example of ‘shallow’ sustainable architecture An example of iatrogenic architecture. Exploration reveals that although appearing sustainable at first, the tower is an example of the ‘cheap’ sustainable buildings as highlighted in the ‘Iatrogenic Architecture’ text by . While performing efficiently and achieving a sustainable operational standard, it neglects the energy consumed in the production stage. In this case, the energy involved in structurally supporting the trees and hoisting them into place significantly offsets sustainability gains. Having said that, I feel the image of the two towers together is powerful and atleast sparks discussion around sustainable architecture, this could be something I use to take advantage of Cruddas Park’s vertical dominance. 23

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OUR MANIFESTO FOR HOUSING

In the light of a global pandemic and current cliamte and housing crisis’ the call to “stay at home” has placed UK housing under a spotlight. This spotlight has further higlighted the shortcomings of current housing and indeed housing standards which are far from the world leading innovation found in 20th century British social housing and modernism. Housing must become more sustainable, both socially and environmentally. It must encourage community through spaces and design which weave into the existing culture and context. Affordability and flexibility will promote diversity and in turn ownership of housing projects for its inhabitants.This sense of a housing type which not only allows but promotes community, culture and wellbeing will create architecture which is animated and activated by its occupants; thus, restoring British Housing to its former optimistic and progressive role. 24

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(REFLECTION) CELEBRATION PIECE

Working as a group during lockdown conditions involved regular zoom calls to discuss and converse over the precedents and readings we were studying. The initial ‘Framing’ stage encouraged me to explore both the successful and less successful aspects of the site, Cruddas Park. By investigating other housing precedents, I was able to appreciate the opportunity within the existing biomass heating system recently retrofitted at Cruddas Park. This became an area I focused my analyis on, and informed my design concept of ‘connectivity’. The idea that Cruddas is well connected to its local surroundings below ground is not visible above ground, and so there is the opportunity to use the intervention to improve relations between the building and its surroundings. To reduce the disparity created by the tower blocks megastructure and instead embrace its dominance to create a busy node that can provide for its local community. Exploring the studio themes of responsible housing increased my concious of some of the nonp-physical features that are significant in making a ‘home’, security, lighting and visual connections all heavily influence residential quality of life. The following images are the result of my group’s analysis of similar housing precedents, and how what their successful features may look if applied to Cruddas Park.

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• Group work

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• Group work

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FRAMING

My intentions within this second half of the framing module were to develop and finalise the strategy I would apply in Semester 2 through testing and exploration on site. I also aimed to explore how best to represent this exploration by studying different architects and their drawings, including Muf Architects, James Stirling and John Tallis. I planned to expand on the theme of ‘connectivity’ that I looked at when researching the biomass system in place at Cruddas Park. By developing a multi-scale strategy, I could improve the well-being of residents domestically and their relationship with the wider neighbourhood. A strong sense of community would add weight and value to the Elswick area through an approach different to the aesthetic focus of the 2009 redevelopment project. 28

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SITE VISIT

Circulation mapping exercises completed on site

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IDENTIFYING THE ROUTE I wanted to improve the permeability of the site by creating a connection between the tower block and the podium. The existing shopping centre feels very closed inside, and offers no relation to the tower block above as if it is trying to ignore its presence. Given the dominance of the tower block, I feel an opportunity is wasted here, its dominance should be embraced and the tower has the potential to become a local landmark for the wider community. By creating a more welcoming, inviting route through the building, the podium could benefit more from the busy circulation routes to the north of the site provided by Westmorland Road. By making use of this, the opportunity within the pockets of green space to the south of the site could also be maximised, providing the greenery with more purpose and inviting people to use it. The and tion and

new route aims to connect the north south of the site, improving circulaand usage of the wider environment adding weight and value to the site.

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Alton Estate

Cruddas Park

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PERMEABILITY

I found the concrete slab to block the natural flow of the landscape down towards the river, and that it blocked the potential of the large green space to the south of the site. I made it my intention to improve the fluidity of the site by providing a more inviting route through the shopping centre, that would acknowledge and appreciate the tower block to help embed it within the site. This drawing represents the elevations visible on the route through the podium, overlayed with the structural plan to help me understand how the column grid structure defines the permeability of the space. The tower block is overlayed on the processional route to highlight its ever presence. The drawing was complete in the style of John Tallis, as I found his style of elevation mapping beneficial in representing routes through a space. This exercise helped me understand circulation within the site, and allowed me to identify the north-south axis as my preferred primary circulation route and a continuation of the parallel circulatino routes to the north formed by the terraced houses. This helped frame what would be the most effective way of influencing movement through the shopping centre. John

Tallis

London

Street

Views

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DEVELOPING THE ROUTE Once I had identified the desired route through the building, I then began considering what interventions contribute to the journey through the building. I decided, in order to embrace the verticality of the tower block, to locate the primary route passing underneath it. Furthermore, to cantilever the eastern facade above the route, creating a strong visual connection and using the route as a link between the two functions. By proposing the route as external, there is the opportunity to create a highstreet, using shops and entrances to create more attraction and therefore a more inviting route.

Proposed route in section

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Perspective of proposed route from tower block

Water Pod Gardens, London

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REPRESENTING THE ROUTE

As well as developing the design of the route, I wanted to explore ways of representing this that I could use during the later stages of my design. By studying James Stirling’s style of line drawing, from an almost worms-eye perspective, I was able to understand how to represent a route in relation to its buildings elevations and materiality. This inspired my drawing used to represent the proposed route and its relationship with the tower block and the descending landscape. Upon reflection, I feel added context on the northern and southern facade would have benefited the narrative of the ‘route’ through the building, providing greater justification as to the chosen route as a continuation of existing circulation paths in the wider context. As well as this, an acknowledgement of secondary circulation routes and how they might compliment the new proposal would have provided a stronger sense of the ‘connectivity’ I wanted to create.

James Stirling, Sheffield University, 1953

James Stirling, Florey Building 1966

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UNDERSTANDING THE TOWER BLOCK The podium is defined by a grid of concrete supporting columns. In response to the studio’s environmental parameters, any modification of the podium would have to make use of this existing structure for economic and environmental reasons. Before considering the apartments it was important to understand the structural elements of the tower block, so I could determine what was adaptable. During this exploration, I learnt that supporting the tower block at its base, where it meets the podium, are a series of concrete supporting columns. My earlier decision to cantilever the base of the tower block now had to incorporate these elements into the design, which I used this to contribute further to the identity of the route. As the new route descends towards the south of the site, the exposed columns would elongate and present the idea of the podium ‘opening up’ towards the green space.

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

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Exploded axo of existing structure

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TOWER BLOCK EXPLORATION

During my analysis of Lacaton & Vassal’s Mulhouse Cite Manifeste I considered efficient ways of using space within confined spaces defined by their structural shell. After understanding the structure of the tower block, and the restraints of the six horizontal shear walls within each tower block floor, I began early explorations of how I could maximise volume within a defined perimeter. One benefit of the existing structure is that the horizontal shear walls removed load beairing properties from the external walls, allowing for extensions to be attached ot the tower. The main considerations in the early explorations of the apartments were how to create generous apartments that provide flexibility and avoid the rigid modularity of tower block apartments. Considering how to treat the sensitive balance that exists within housing, the role it plays in informing the inhabitant’s everyday life but also how the inhabitant can decorate their space in order to express identity and individuality.

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LINE OF ENQUIRY The project aims to reimagine Cruddas Park through a multi-scaled strategy that will benefit both public and private members. - Expanding internal space within the tower block apartments, creating more generous living spaces that provide greater opportunity for adaptation and expression of identiy - Repurposing green space to the south of the site by introducing water and sports facilites, providing an outlet for residents within the tower block who feel confined within their flat - Creating a route through the podium to create a more welcoming space using improved visual connectivity - Promoting sustainable living by decreasing the size of the car park, and instead introducing a car pool system, as well as improved bicycle and pedestrian routes. - Modify the podium so that it descends with the landscape, encouraging movement towards the newly designed park - Designing an efficient structure that retains much of the existing concrete for carbon sequestration, and also reuses demolished materials where possible - Using a new programme to organise space, controlling movement through the building to create moments of social and visual interaction.

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REFLECTION

The second phase of the Framing process has been very effective in helping me develop the manifesto for housing that I would carry forward in my design. I tried to explore and test ideas across a variety of scales, something I decided to do after studying the multi-scale wider context of my thematic case study. By initially considering my strategy at the scale of the townscape, I wanted to look at ways I could improve the neighbourhood before beginning to design the tower block. Once I had added value and weight to the site I could then design my dwellings more effectively, creating stronger connections between the tower block, the shopping centre and the surrounding neighbourhood. My intention to connect all aspects of the site and fuse them into one cohesive community has become clearer and upon reflection this allowed me to begin the testing stage with a more accurate scope at the type of housing I wanted to try and create. I would liked to have dedicated more time to my final set of drawings, as I feel they don’t represent the wider line of enquiry I had defined. As well as this, dedicating more time to the analysis of existing social spaces and entrances, as at a smaller scale these are some of the most important opportunities within functions that accomodate both public and private facilities.

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Testing

3 TESTING

Having declared my manifesto during the Framing stage, Testing became an important exploration of finding an architectural language that could represent and express these points across a variety of scales. I aimed to continue to develop the route, which as the link offered the potential to unify the various functions throughout the building. Furthemore, I could begin to explore the technical aspects of my designs, using construction methods and materials to further solidify the goals of the manifesto. As well as environmental strategies that make sustainable living easier and more simple.

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MASSING The massing was developed in response to the building’s physical, social and environmental context. Situated at the top of a hill, a more permeable design would encourage movement through the building and benefit the green pockets of space to the south. Also, allowing the massing to flow with the descending landscape would help embed it within its context, as well as creating more surfaces for glazing and thermal mass. The mass was finally refined to combine angular views towards Newcastle with an internal descending route that would compliment the external route at multiple points. The development of two primary routes within the building played a significant role in programme organisation during the later testing stages.

Original Form

Continuation of landscape

Fluidity

Connectivity

Testing

The internal route was designed as a direct response to the existing entrances to the podium. There is a lack of clarity and confusion created by these entrances, the internal route that ‘ribbons’ through the various tiers of the programme feeds the external route at multiple points, while simultaneously influencing movmenet to converge to the south of the site at the new park.

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ORGANISING SPACES The external route that connects the north and southern facade of the buildings is proposed as the link between the public and private spaces. Its function as a courtyard-like space allows it to become an organising element, around which circulation can be controlled in a more organised fashion. Influencing movement like this allows for the creation of moments for social and visual interaction. The programme for the building is intended to be organised in response to the existing entrances to the site, which are unclear and unwelcoming. While acting as a courtyard, it would provide a link between the public and private spaces, along which multiple entrances and access points will create a busy ‘highstreet’ which embraces the dominance of the tower block through its exposed supporting columns. The drawing on the right is a circulation study, drawn in the style of Muf Architects who focus on a chosen area of a design for analysis, considering the various groups of people that may use the route.

Muf Architects ‘Making Space in Dalston’ 2009

Testing

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1st PLAN ITERATIONS The development of the two routes through the building was most easily explored through plans and sections before modelling. The focus of the programming was on the courtyrad space, using it as an organising element around which the other functions would be arranged. The public half of the podium is banded in three tiers of progammes, with the new ramps encouraging diversification of movement between each space. A second iteration of the James Stirling style drawing completed in Framing demonstrates how the route has developed into two, one external ‘highstreet’ and one internal winding path. The winding path draws inspiration from the proposed Swiss ski resort by BIG Architects. BIG, Audemars Piguet Hotel des Horlogers, 2018

Testing

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TOWER BLOCK ITERATIONS In consideration of the strong prevailing winds on site and the great heights of the tower blocks, balconies as an extension for the apartments was unsuitable. Instead, I drew inspiration from Lacaton and Vassal, the 2021 Pritzker prize winners who I studied during the Thematic case study. Their focus on social housing makes use of winter gardens as flexible extensions to existing buildings. The extension space provides the resident with an opportunity to be totally ‘free’.

Woschitz Group, Hoho Vienna, 2020

Testing

An interesting precedent by Kevin Veenhuizen Architect’s offers a winter garden with an angled balcony space. I wanted to incorporate this element into my design so that I could create neighbouring pairs of apartments within the tower block floorplan. I studied this plan and drew inspiration for it when programming the retrofit design of the apartments, with circulation and utilities located in the furthest back spaces where less natural light reaches. An open plan approach to the rest of the apartments allows for light to reach the deeper spaces, enhanced through exposed timber walls with strong reflective properties.

Kevin Veenhuizen Architect’s, His Loft 2020

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CREATING VARIATION Inspired by MAIO Architects, this drawing highlights the variety that the winter garden extensions will create due to their flexibility. The use of mobile screens creates versatility, with inhabitants provided with the option for a balcony space, winter gaden space, or even a double spanning space should they choose to open up and share their space with the neighbour. This was designed to encourage family members or friends to move into neighbouring apartments, with shared thresholds similar to those created within terraced housing typologies.

MAIO Architects, 110 rooms 2016

Testing

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ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY

Mobile screens provide additional glazing which in turn provides residents with greater control over lighting and ventilation. In the Summer, mobile screens can be opened to create a balcony space and naturally ventilate the apartments. In the Winter, the winter garden becomes a thermal buffer zone, offering an extra layer of insulation achieved through triple glazed windows. To support this natural ventilation, MVHR system’s will be installed in each apartment, linked into the biomass heating system currently under the tower. This system will be located in a boiler room, now located at the back of the living space. It will be made accessible from the corridor so that maintenance can easily access it, this will also allow for routine checks on the MVHR system’s filters which regularly need checking. The creation of a boiler room also allows for the introduction of a recessed entrance to the apartments, creating nooks within the corridor that break up its narrow longevity.

Testing

Service cupboard is located at the back of the living space so not to have an impact on light entering, this creates the opportunity for a recessed entrance and creates a threshold within the corridor The kitchen is the spatial backbone, elongating living space and creating visual gneerosity as space opens out onto winter garden Open plan living space allows maximum light to enter Bedrooms are partnered with the shallower half of the winter garden as they require more natural light The winter garden becomes a seasonal buffer zone, offering residents greater control over lighting and ventilation

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COHOUSING TYPOLOGY

The cohousing scheme was developed to provide a greater variety of residenc. Designed within the podium, the scheme aims to replicate the success of British terraced housing in the 20th century, using the existing structure of the podium. Materiality would be used to differentiate the old from the new, an idea The decision to locate the housing on the northern facade of the podium meant that lighting became an issue. An interesting atrium for Memo House by BAM Architects inspired the introduction of an atrium within my scheme. I was also inspired by Howarth Tomkins Dovecote Studio as an example of integrating new structures within the existing. This was something I wanted to explore through my efficient structure, using the concrete grid of the podium to define the cohousing units.

BAM! Arquirectura, Memo House 2016

Testing

Haworth Tomkins, Dovecote Studio 2010

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REFINING THE CONCEPT As part of a peer exercise, I wanted to revisit and reiterate the concepts established in Framing. A sketch exercise where I attempted to summarise my design in 2 minutes, 1 minute, 30 second and 10 second time restraints helped remind me of the intention behind the use of a route to form multiple ‘connections’. For my second design iteration I wanted to establish the architectural use of routes as an organising element through my programme. Greater emphasis on rooting the new circulation as the fundamental link bewteen the rich variety of public and private functions within the building, and through that strengthening the relationship between the residents and the wider community.

Testing

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2nd PLAN ITERATIONS The proposed angled ramps created difficult spaces when drawn in plan. While the concept of a descending route was met the design made inefficient use of space, and so had to be reconsidered. The demolition massing diagram reveals the intent to work with and adapt the existing, rather than constructing new, in order to capitalise on the large carbon store within the existing megastructure. The programme diagrams reveal the three-banded system defined by the circulation routes. Although appearing as one continous route from an external perspective, the northern ramp serves a private function and only the southern ramp is public. Considering the residential function of the cohousing scheme, consideration must be given to thresholds and boundaries.

Testing

Podium basement programme

Podium ground level programme

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DEMOLITION DRAWINGS The new plan highlights the economic and environmental construction approach to the project. By retaining the existing concrete columns and foundations, construction cost and time is reduced significantly. Furthermore, carbon stored within the concrete is retained, and demolished concrete is to be reused to create roof lights over the descending paths. This idea of doing more with what we have acts as a contribution to local identity, rather trying to replace it.

Existing structure plan

Testing

New structure plan

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2nd ITERATION The sections express the new stepped form of the building, which allows for increased glazing and views. Furthermore, thermal mass is increased and there is greater opportunity for passive ventilation.

Testing

Elevation (south)

Section AA

Section BB

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2nd ITERATION PLANS

Basement plan

Ground floorplan

At the lowest level of the podium, the car park has been reduced in size to try and discourage cars as the primary source of transport to the site. A car pool system will be introduced for residents to support this, and bicycle and pedestrian access will be improved around the site. The utilities and services have been retained on the private half of the building to the west, and the southern facade has been repurposed with community serving facilities that overlook the park.

The ground floor of the podium retains its primary function as a shopping has become more permeable through a sloping path that provides access communal facilities on the south facade of the building. An external pedes route divides the podium, creating a courtyard like space with a multiple p private entrance and access points. The college has been relocated to the more private half of the podium, to seperate traffic congestion and respec thresholds for residents.

centre, but s to the strianised public/ e western ct privacy

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First floorplan

Tower block floorplan

The highest level of the podium, located on the northern facade to create the new stepped form, is made up of the two storey cohousing units. The new terrace is provided a shared balcony with south facing views, provided with access by the northern sloping path. The first floor of the tower block highlights the introduction of a timber modular extension. The new winter gardens provide residents with a completely flexible ‘free’ space and instead applies modularity to the structure. Efficiency is increased by making use of the existing shear wall structure to apply the extension, avoiding the use of supporting columns at its base.

Demolition plans for the tower block highlight the intention to divert the new loads from the timber extension into the existing infrastructure. The modules will attach to the concrete shear walls, and the load will then be transferred through the transfer slab and concrete supporting columns into the deep pile foundations. 69

2nd ITERATION

Populated section and site axonometric, highlighting the courtyard and the pedestrianised route to the south of the site The axo highlights the green roof that is introduced to help blend with the landscape and reduce the towers dominance.

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Testing

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THINKING THROUGH MAKING

Thinking Through Making encouraged me to consider materiality within my design. As part of retrofit construction, large amounts of concrete were going to be removed from the existing building. As part of the manifesto’s focus on sustainable living, it became important to maximise on the possibility of reusing materials. The reuse of concrete, to create murals that provide an interesting link between the old and new constructions, offers a chance to create a visual connection for visitors. Inspired by Yale University Art Gallery by Louis Kahn and the Salmtal Secondary School, I explored the possibility of reusing concrete to create roof lights and textures to add depth to the narrow circulation ramps.

Yale University, Louis Kahn

Salmtal Secondary School, Sprireirtrenner Architekten

Testing

GALLERY

Building on ideas of a ‘route’ through the building, this drawing was an exploration into providing functions to the ramped corridors to create a more interesting journey. A local arts gallery and celebration area could provide an interesting dynamic to the shopping centre, as well as promoting the design’s approach to ‘making use of the existing’ and celebrating concrete’s ability as a material to be reused. 73

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THIRD ITERATION

The integrated technology module completed over Easter also allowed me to further analyse my design, where I acknowledged I could make more efficient use of the ramped spaces. The decision to now have both ramped paths as public maximises circulation across three levels of the podium instead of two. The new programme is now more practical as it uses the sunpath to organise it into three tiers. e The new programme for the building was now defined by the sunpath. Activities that relied on less natural lighting, such as the gym, were relocated to the northern facade. While the cohousing scheme was relocated to the southern facade, with the library and community space which would be used more during the day. of the ramped spaces. The decision to now have both ramped paths as public maximises circulation across three levels of the podium instead of two. The new programme is now more practical as it uses the sunpath to organise it into three tiers.

Second iteration plans

Programme diagram highlighting courtyard as organising element 74

New programme arranged in response to sunpath

Testing

New plans

As part of improving the route through the building, the ramp within the shopping centre has been opened up, creating a larger space with improved visual connections. The northern ramp has been made external, and now provides public functions in the upper floors of the gym and restaurant.

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TESTING REFLECTION I was able to use Testing to explore both the housing units and the podium through a series of iterations. This was beneficial as it allowed me to integrate a number of points from my line of enquiry, and link them into a coherent design through the processional route through the building. Furthermore, I was able to explore a variety of types of representation to explore circulation, programming and lighting. I feel my design developed significantly and made use of the framework set in first semester. I was unsure whether to pursue making such durastic changes to my design as we entered the Synthesis stage, but upon reflection I am happy and feel I achieved a more resolved design. The new design responds more directly to the environmental features of the site, and although I have lost the stepped form of the podium I feel I have found a mediation between my design concepts and a rational design.

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Synthesis

SYNTHESIS

Synthesis became an important process in both research and application. I felt I had developed a lot of good ideas through Testing, but that they weren’t conveyed clearly as a coherent, single design within my outputs. I wanted to use a more realistic style within Synthesis to help realise the sense of community I was trying to inspire through the architecture. Furthermore, to provide user-experience for both public and private users, with atmosphere created not only through social and physical form but also lighting.

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Tower Block Regeneration

Adaptable living space

“Winter gardens at every level are as efficient as other insulation but also create new living spaces where people can meet and be more free than in their former flat”

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Tower Block

Versatile modularity

Tower block section

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Tower block plan

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Extended Apartment

Adaptable living space 1.

1. Original apartment, where corridors and storage make inefficient use of space and natural lighting 2. Internal retrofit makes more efficient use of space, services and access located at the back of the open plan spaces as they demand less natural light 3. Service space for the localised vents and MVHR system located at the back of living space, simultaneously creating a recessed entrance to create a more private threshold within the corridor 4. The winter garden extension provides residents with a ‘free’ space, building on ideas of adaptability and ownership. The space also acts as an additional layer of insulation and thermal buffer zone during the winter. 5. The retrofitted apartment is now less restricted, providing a greater degree of flexibility, emphasised further through the winter garden space which provides control to the resident.

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Inhabitation Identity

Synthesis

Winter Garden Providing freedom to residents, giving them the chance to define their own living space

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Efficient Structure

Modular construction

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Efficient Structure

Responsible housing

Tower block fire escape route strategy

Apartment fire strategy

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Cohousing terrace

Atrium creates thresholds and privacy from pedestrianised street, reused concrete is used for added privacy and to relate the cohousing units to the podium

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Cohousing terrace

Adaptable living space

1. Existing grid structure used to define shell of residential unit

2. 1. Existing grid structure used to define shell of 1. grid structure used 1. Existing grid structureaccomodation used to define shell of 1. Existing Existing grid structure used to to define define shell shell of of unit accomodation accomodation unit accomodation unit unit 1. Existing grid structure used to define shell of accomodation unit

2. Atrium introduced to bring light into both floors

2. Atrium introduced to bring light into both floors 2. introduced to 2. Atrium introduced to bring light into both floors 2. Atrium Atrium introduced to bring bring light light into into both both floors floors 2. Atrium introduced to bring light into both floors

3. Semi-private spaces created through shared balcony, inspired by terraced housing, private spaces also provided through accessible roof space 4. Entrance recessed to create threshold and improve privacy from pedestrianised street 5. The cohousing unit makes up a terrace of six. Front gardens encourage residents to maintain plants, creating a sense of ownership within the podium and park

3. 4. Entrance recessed to create threshold and 4. recessed 4. Entrance recessed to improve create threshold and to 4. Entrance Entrance to create create threshold threshold and and privacyrecessed improve improve privacy improve privacy privacy 4. Entrance recessed to create threshold and improve privacy

5. finishes applied to module 5. finishes applied to 5. Final finishes applied5.toFinal module 5. Final Final finishes applied to module module 5. Final finishes applied to module

3. Semi-private and private spaces created through 3. Semi-private and private spaces through 3. Semi-private and private created through 3.spaces Semi-private and private spaces created created shared balcony space and accessible rooftop through space shared space and shared balcony space and accessible rooftop space shared balcony balcony space and accessible accessible rooftop rooftop space space 3. Semi-private and private spaces created through shared balcony space and accessible rooftop space

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Atrium

Guiding natural light to define spaces and create thresholds

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Partition wall

A piece of old in the new

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Section AA (south)

Visual connectivity

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Elevation (south)

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Old meets new

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Creating connections The design forges a stronger link between the tower block and the podium through a multi-purpose external space. The prominent route connecting the north and south of the site features multiple entrance and access points, creating a bustling space shared between residents and members of the public. As it descends, the exposed columns supporting the tower block elongate, subtly encouraging movement towards the newly landscaped park that overlooks the River Dene. The space defines the rest of the programme, and promotes visual connections across multiple vertical levels within the site.

Initial courtyard diagram

Initial circulation concept diagram

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Opening spaces The renovation of the shopping centre now maximises its potential as a primary circulation point at the centre of the podium. Spatially, it compliments the courtyard, using the preserved eastern entrance to feed the primary route that descends towards the park. The existing concrete structural columns are not only retained, but celebrated, as is the tower block which is now visible and embraced from within the shopping centre. A partition wall, formed from reused concrete claimed during the demolition stages of construction, creates interesting light patterns and textures, further building on the idea of visual ‘connectivity’ between spaces.

Existing plan

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Community The southern facade of the podium has been transformed into a busy pedestrian route designed to form a link between the building and the rich green spaces within the park. The cohousing scheme founds a strong sense of community, shared between residents and public visitors and inspired by the previous success of terraced housing. A shared balcony space provides residents with a semi-private space to overlook the park, encouraging participation in planting and social interaction. The relocated library protrudes from the south-east corner to create thresholds and respect privacy within the cohousing gardens. Civic functions are identified by a regular facade that is defined by the columns within the existing structure.

30 second concept sketch

Illustrated manifesto

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SYNTHESIS REFLECTION Synthesis was the most enjoyable of the design sections, I thoroughly enjoyed creating atmosphere across a variety of scales to suggest the different functions and users within the podium. I was using a rendering software for the first time and was content with the perspective outputs. Photoshop helped create brighter scenes and allowed me to add more depth and materiality, although the latter is something I would have liked to have explored in greater detail. I feel materials had the potential to emphasise the links I was trying to forge between multiple functions and ideas, and although I was able to explore this through the repurposed concrete tiles I feel I was not able to explore its tactility enough.

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CULTURAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

READINGS

I have enjoyed reading a lot this year to help develop my understanding of housing within the wider architectural community. As well as readings, I have really enjoyed exploring the work of Lacaton and Vassal. Their rational approach to social housing inspired a lot of my own design decisions, and their ethical approach to housing is something I would like to take forward. A podcast on Dezeen with Jean-Phillipe highlighted to me the rich variety of benefits provided through winter garden extension schemes, achieved through lowcost construction that is driven by the idea of generosity. However, while being generous, one should only add what is missing to a design, and not too much more, as listening to the people rather than projecting your own opinions is an important factor of good social housing. Accessed on 10/03/21 available from: https://www.dezeen. com/2021/04/22/jean-philippe-vassal-face-to-face-podcast-interview/

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TALKS

This year small talks by the Architecture Society have hosted some interesting speakers and have really helped develop and provoke some interesting ideas that I could translate into my own designs. In particular, the talk by Ingrid Petit from Feilden Fowles who spoke on her design for the Grade 1-listed Fratry at Carlisle Cathedral. I was impressed by the project’s approach to refurbishing an existing building, and how the relationship between the new and the old was crafted. Another talk that I found very interesting was by Paul Karakusevic of Karusevic-Carson Architects. The practice is at the forefront of British housing and I have been inspired by their work on the Kings Crescent Estate, so to hear first-hand experiences from the project was very useful and informative.

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DIGITAL MAGAZINE During the first semester, I worked with some friends from the course to create a digital magazine. We tried to find an alternative way to express the music we enjoy and recorded three hour-long sets in scenic outdoor spaces across Newcastle. We filmed, produced and edited the sets which taught me a lot about graphics. Although originally intended as an outlet from architectural studies, we found relating our interest in music with landscaping an exciting exploration of visual representation. We used a 360 degree camera to film the sets, before editing and curating them into scenic videos to be streamed.

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Cultural Bibliograhy

STUDIO CULTURE Fortunately, this year I am living with other people who are on the course. Throughout the year we have adapted to working from home, from casting models to peer exercises where we critiqued eachother’s designs. It has made it easier for us to share books and other resources, and has reduced the loss of studio culture that we all benefited from greatly in the previous years. This encouraged regular discussions and exercises about our work, as well as being able to collectively watch lectures and talks we are interested in. Peer feedback and discussion was especially helpful in moments when I became stuck or fixated on specific elements of my design, explaining and discussing these problems helps simplify them and to develop rational solutions.

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THEMATIC CASE STUDIES Fondaco dei Tedeschi Venice

The library of resources made available through the variety of thematic case studies on Miro was very informative and useful. It was interesting to look at buildings that I would not have looked at within the parameters of my studio on housing in such depth. 11 Hebelstrasse Apartment Along A Party Wall Herzog & de Meuron Thematic Housing Typology Isobel Prosser, Benoit Rawlings, Jiwoo Kim Philip Russell, Hana Baraka

“Change is the only constant in life”

NANTES SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE FRAC DUNKIRK

LACATION & VASSAL

LACATON AND VASSAL DUNKIRK, FRANCE GROUP 1 SHUJAAT AFZAL EMILY DUCKER ADA DING NATALIA STASIK JACOB BOWELL

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Creative Synergies Group 3: Question 01: Ehan Halimun Question 02: Ella Freeman Question 03: Xinrui Lin Question 04: Chao Jung Chang Question 05: Anna Toft

Cultural Bibliograhy

Terrassenhaus

Wohnheim Sargfabrik BKK-2 Architects Co-Housing Vienna, Austria

Brandlhuber+ Edme, Burlon and Muck Petzet Architekten Berlin 2018

City Ruins ARC 3001 2020-21

AgroCité atelier d’architecture autogérée

ST. PETER’S SEMINARY GILLESPIE, KIDD & COIA

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albrecht, J. 1988, “Towards a Theory of Participation in Architecture - An Examination of Humanistic Planning Theories” Journal of Architectural Education Vol. 42. No. 1 (Taylor & Francis Ltd.) pg. 24-31 Archer, J. 2005, “Introduction: Built Spaces and Identity” Architecture and Suburbia (University of Minnesota Press) pg. 1-14 BIG. 2020, BIG Formgiving - an Architectural Future History, (Denmark: Taschen) Botton, A. D. 2007, The Architecture of Happiness, (United Kingdom: Penguin Books Limited) Brown, N. 1967 “The Form of Housing” Architectural Design, Vol. 37. no. 9 Calderon, C. & Beltran, M. R. 2018, Effects of fabric retrofit insulation in a UK high-rise social housing building on temperature take-back. Chappell, D. & Dunn, M. H. 2015, The Architect in Practice, (Wiley 11th Edition) Jackson, P. 2002, John Tallis’s London Street Views 1938-1840, (London: London Topographical Society) accessed on 4/11/20 available from https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015051808932&view=2up&seq=4&size=150, pg. 74 Koren, L. 2012, Concrete, (London: Phaidon Press Ltd.) Lewis, K. 2015, Graphic Design for Architects, Taylor & Francis Madden, D. J. & Marcuse, P. 2016, In Defense of Housing: the Politics of Crisis, pg. 12 Moe, K. 2015 “Iatrogenic Architecture: Unreliable Narratives of Sustainability” Well, Well, Well No. 40 S/S 2015 (Harvard Design Magazine) Rendell, J. 2017, Condensing and Displacing: A Stratford dream-work, [digital] accessed on 10/11/20 available from: https://www.janerendell.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Rendell-Arrys-Bar-1310125-revised-V3.pdf Steiner, W. 2019 “The Joy of Less” No. 30 (Sustainability) + Pleasure, Vol. 1: Culture and Architecture (Harvard Design Magazine) Sudjic, D. 1986, New Directions in British Architecture: Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, James Stirling, United Kingdom: Thames and Hudson

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References

LIST OF FIGURES

Page 16 Chroniclive, 2020, ‘I’ve had tears running down my cheeks” Newcastle highrise residents speak of lockdown strugles, [online] accessed on 08/03/21 available from: https:// www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/ Page 19 Lacaton & Vassal, 2005, Cite manifeste, Mulhouse, [online] accessed on 12/12/20 at https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=19 Page 22 Archdaily, 2014, Bosco Verticale / Boeri Studio, [online] accessed on 19/11/20 available from: https://www.archdaily.com/777498/bosco-verticale-stefano-boeri-architetti Archello, (2003) Chelsea Court - Louise Baverman Architects, [online] accessed on 12/11/20 available from: https://archello.com/story/29987/attachments/photos-videos/13 Arup, 2017, How do you engineer a forest in the sky? [online] accessed on 19/11/20 available from: https://www.arup.com/projects/bosco-verticale Flickr, 2010, Alton Estate: Roehampton, [online] accessed on 19/11/20 available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/london_from_the_rooftops/4538280411/in/photostream/ The Selfbuild Guide, 2012, Low Impact Living Affordable Community, [online] accessed on 12/11/20 available from: https://www.the-self-build-guide.co.uk/low-impact-living-affordable-community/

Architect’s Journal, 2018, Labour pledges 1 million new council homes, [online] accessed on 05/05/21 available from: https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/ labour-pledges-1-million-new-council-homes Page 56 Muf Architects, 2009, Making Space in Dalston (online) accessed on 12/11/20 available from: http://muf.co.uk/portfolio/making-space-in-dalston-2/ Page 58 Dezeen, 2018, BIG reveals plans for Swiss hotel with zigzagging ski slope on its roof, [online] accessed on 08/11/20 available from: https://www.dezeen. com/2018/04/16/bjarke-ingels-group-big-architecture-audemars-piguet-hotel-des-horlogers-switzerland-le-brassus/ Page 61 Divisare, 2020, His loft, [online] accessed on 10/01/21 available from: https://divisare.com/projects/432025-kevin-veenhuizen-architects-mwa-hart-nibbrig-his-loft Page 62 MAIO Architects, 2016, 110 rooms, [online] accessed on 10/02/21 available from: https://www.maio-architects.com/project/110-rooms/ Page 66

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Archdaily, 2016, MEMO House / BAM! Arquitectura, [online] accessed on 03/03/21 available from: https://www.archdaily.com/870793/memo-house-bam-arquitectura

Jackson, P. 2002, John Tallis’s London Street Views 1938-1840, (London: London Topographical Society) [book] accessed on 4/11/20 available from: https://babel.hathitrust. org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015051808932&view=2up&seq=4&size=150, pg. 74

Archdaily, 2010, Dovecote Studio / Haworth Tompkins, [online] accessed on 06/05/21 available from: https://www.archdaily.com/89980/dovecote-studio-haworth-tompkins/5000596817_a17396ab8a_o?next_project=no

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Dezeen, 2020, Water Gardens Pode underneath high-rise seems to be “excavated from tower block”, [online] accessed on 12/10/20 available from: https://www.dezeen. com/2020/09/23/water-gardens-pod-underneath-high-rise-tower-block-london/

Archdaily, 2015, AD Classics: Yale University Art Gallery / Louis Kahn, [online] accessed on 05/02/21 available from: https://www.archdaily.com/83110/ad-classicsyale-university-art-gallery-louis-kahn/5b020929f197cc1615000229-ad-classics-yaleuniversity-art-gallery-louis-kahn-photo

Page 40 Stirling, J. 1998, Writings on Architecture, (Milan: Sikra) Page 43

https://www.archdaily.com/297578/salmtal-secondary-school-canteen-spreiertrenner-architekten/50af0f7cb3fc4b278500019f-salmtal-secondary-school-canteen-spreiertrenner-architekten-image?next_project=no

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APPENDIX CASE STUDY

HOUSING IN MULHOUSE BY LACATON &VASSAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTEXT

RE-USE, RE-ADAPTATION, APPROACH TO SITE TO PRODUCE HIGH QUALITY HOUSING AT A LOW COST TOWNSCAPE NEIGHBOURHOOD CREATIVE RESPONSE DESIGN AND STRATEGY

Marcelina Debska Louis Hermawan Louis Hermawan Marcelina Debska Liene Greitane Liene Greitane Zarin Tasneem Mir Marcelina Debska

Bibliography

List of figures

RE-USE, RE-ADAPTATION, APPROACH TO SITE They believe the view of the architect is as extending far beyond just building, but creatively engaging with the regulatory aspects of each project. This approach to their projects brings an element of individualism, where the changes are independent of the building.

In the early years of his career, Philippe Lacaton spent five years in Niger, which he describes as a formative experience. Witnessing first-hand what could be achieved with very little, through innovation and creativity of those living in scarcity. This personal experience brought lessons of scarcity and economy of resource into Lacaton and Vassal’s practice; do the maximum with the minimum.

These ideas also drove their opposition to demolition. Both Vassal and Lacaton feel there are always transformative opportunities that can be achieved through the adaption of space and that demolition should not be an option. Re-using and adapting space, create more environmental, economic and social benefits. Relocation and displacement of people when a building is demolished is a social issue. Their methods work against pernicious form of gentrification that targets the poor by tearing down existing affordable housing, replacing it with market rate units, which forces lower income citizens to relocate where land and rents are cheaper.

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Tabitha Edwards Tabitha Edwards Louis Hermawan Louis Hermawan Marcelina Debska 11 Design and strategy

MODULARITY UNIT DETAIL MATERIAL EFFICIENCY ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY CLIMATE CRISIS OTHER BUILDINGS OF ITS TYPE RELEVANCE TO THE STUDIO THEME

CONTEXT

Context

Figure 1: Images of Niger from Jean-Philippe Vassal’s five year trip.

Appendix

In 2004, a year before the cite manifest project, Lacaton and Vassal published a manifesto, PLUS. A response to the French Government’s proposal to demolish urban, post-war social housing and replace it with smaller, more expensive new units. This introduced their position of “never demolish, never remove or replace, always add, transform, and re-use” through the idea of reusing the space and re-adapting it. (Shown through images), described as “Walls and facades are removed, balconies are added, communal spaces created.”

Lacaton and Vassal believe having a decent and generous space could improve the standards of social housing along with more light and freedom. More space allows people to share and invite, which creates more social living space. Lacaton and Vassal follow a design process of the “scale of life”, starting with the dweller and working outwards from private to public space and not to consider them as blocks. When looking at the cite manifest, they brought in these ideas of more space, freedom, light and air. A mix of spaces was formed, all open plan with two floors, all with open space, light and air. Figure 4: Adaption of previous structure on site.

Figure 3: History of Mulhouse site

Figure 8: Ground Floor plan : examples of mixed dwelling spaces

Figure 6: Concept image of Lacaton and Vassal’s vision for the dwelling spaces.

TO PRODUCE HIGH QUALITY HOUSING AT A LOW COST

COST

SPACE Figure 12: Idea of more, higher quality dwelling space for less money.

Figure 10: Design concepts applied to City Manifeste.

Figure 5: Adaption of the site and previous structure.

“The goal isn’t just to keep the soul and history of the building, but also to add another. We want to bring it into the present and into the future.” These ideas are explored in the Mulhouse site as the history of the factory, social housing and workers in the area were implemented into the design. In the middle of the 19th century, the area representing a better condition for the workers, driving Lacaton and Vassal’s ideas of improving the site through re-adaptation. In Mulhouse, the old factory was stripped back to its primary structure, which Lacaton used as a base for their design.

Figure 2: PLUS Manifesto with images of Lacaton and Vassal’s concept example.

Figure 7: First floor plan : examples of mixed dwelling spaces

For this project, Lacaton and Vassal wanted to re-think the idea of social housing, what social housing could be, what it should be and the possibilities. They wanted to create more space and a higher quality of space for less money and question the relationship of cost and space. They explored this in the cite manifest by selection of materials, the construction programme and methods. The inexpensive industrial materials were used to a minimum, simply, avoiding sophistication of use. Their approach to the site and using part of the previous structure also reduced the costs further. The selection of materials also needed to benefit the quality of space to achieve their ideas of light, space and air. An open structure was also adopted with columns, beams and floors, without trying to make walls.

Figure 11: Images of spaces in completed project.

Figure 9: Examples of mixed types of dwelling spaces within project.

TOWNSCAPE

figure 1 SOMCO1 (Previous development)

figure 2 New Development

The design was embedded into its site through historic references to the previous housing estate, SOMCO1, following the same rigid, geometric grid that existed and constructing their housing on top of the existing concrete slab on site. Lacaton and Vassal used the slab to define the plan form of the building, before applying their unique and creative approach to social housing.

Figure 13: Image of space within dwelling with material selection, use and construction programme.

figure 3 Housing scheme arranged following existing historic geometric plan

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NEIGHBOURHOOD

figure 5

UNIT

The architects consideration for the context of the social housing building type is revealed through the large amount of control that is provided to the resident. Often social housing is inflexible in its personal adaptation due to the residents lack of ownership, the architect responds to this by creating the opportunity for this through the buildings structure. The decision to maximise apartment space in a wide, open plan manner gives the resident the power to adapt their space and express their individuality. The creation of identity celebrates the communal aspect of dense neighbourhoods.

figure 7 Diagram showing the performance of ventilation features within a unit.

This desire for control is further exerted through the resident’s ability to control the climate of their aparment through the winter garden and mobile screens. This flexibility provides the opportunity to either ventilate the apartment in warmer conditions or retain heat when colder while also providing the choice for additional interior/exterior space. The design respects its environment in a flexible manner that provides control to the resident and offers them further flexibility in designing the aesthetic of their space.

The success of the design is made evident in the fact that almost twice as much volume is created than the social housing standard. This is also achieved through the introduction of the ‘winter garden’ on the upper floor, which provides a flexible space creating the opportunity for extra indoor/outdoor space dependent on the residents choice. figure 7

figure 8

figure 6 Figures 5 & 6: Images the external view of the terraced housing design. Photos by Lacaton & Vassal. Accessed on 12/12/20 at https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=19

figure 9 Figures 8, 9 & 10: Images showing how furniture is used to define thresholds within each unique apartment.

figure 4 Diagram highlighting the arrangement of apartments

MODULARITY

MATERIAL EFFICIENCY

The modularity of the housing scheme relies on two levels of multipurpose, open living space in both areas. Where the ground level is mostly occupied by large modular space that incorporates living, dining, and cooking functions with a garage space. Every house has an individual greenhouse structure that is considered as top floor and is varying from 19 to 50 m2 in its size providing large, flexible, bright interiors that are permeable. ‘Only the bathroom and the garage, which at the same time serves as an entrance zone, are separated from the layout and divide the house into functional areas, but with uninterrupted, open transitions. However, this one-room-house principle only works because of the unequal division of floor space between ground floor and upper floor. Varying the widths of the houses results in different room sizes to suit the different internal functions. In addition, positioning the party walls at an angle on plan explores the possibilities between the prescribed minimum room size and the desirable maximum room size.’ 1

figure 4

The ground floor of the housing is constructed out of concrete elements that were precasted and the previous construction was preserved and reused, which makes the material efficient and sustainable. The concrete structure is supported by beams and columns on the top and acts as a foundation for the greenhouse structure at the top. The first floor structure is mainly constructed out of aluminum frames, plastic sheets, and tension roads. That sequence takes inspiration mainly from the architect’s experience from Africa but put in European climate and standards. Choice of materials rely on the character of the site that was mainly industrial in its character and the cost efficiency.2

figure 10

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Jeska, Simone, Transparent Plastics (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008)

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2 “Ilot Schoettlé”, Architectuul.Com, 2020 <http://architectuul.com/architecture/ ilot-schoettle> [Accessed 14 December 2020]

figure 8

Appendix

The materials are combined in layers to provide proper insulation and sustainable environment within the flat. The pre-vious construction was reused as the main structure and the new additions are creating secondary and tertiary structures that could be partially moved or uncovered.

DETAIL

At the scope of a detail level consideration, it is the aluminium mobile screens that allow the winter garden to become a flexible space. The use of this technology needs to be easily accessible for all residents and is achieved through sliding screens.The success of the opportunity of control for the residents is dependent on this feature, and is also relevant considering the sensitive economic state that most residents may be in. By providing a heating system that uses natural ventilation and is easily maintained, living costs are reduced due to less need for electric heating/lighting.

This technique relates to the architect’s previous experiences from African practice back in the days, but it was iterated to adjust it to the European climate. The layers could be uncov-ered to provide appropriate insulation and airflow. The mate-rials themselves (mainly plastics) provide appropriate barrier and insulation, while they seem to be a good choice. The main idea behind this was to recreate in some way the greenhouse structure and all the features of it, but the choice of materials was being made based on the character of the area. It also created quite sustainable construction from the point of view of the construction realm, although the struc-ture is mainly plastic and its variation to provide the conti-nuity of insulation, which turns out not to be environment friendly. The architects took as their role models the intelli-gent systems of glasshouses, which guarantee an optimum environment for plants at all times - an obvious transfer of technology and typology.3

figure 11 Image showing a winter garden with a mobile screen slid back. Photo by Lacaton & Vassal.

The screens are designed to be effective in both providing shade and also retaining heat, the detail diagram highlights how this is done through a combination of opaque/clear materials and insulated panels.

As an overall visual position - it becomes a new interpretation of European housing in terms of materiality. While in Europe most housing takes an approach to screen-off (mul-tiple layers of insulation, glazing, membranes etc.) the out-side world, Mulhouse is doing the opposite thing partially exposes the interior without losing the insulating properties and allows to unfold the layers.

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To furthermore relate the project to the climate crisis it is important to look at sustainability of living within the housfigure 16 ing unit. What is important is the practice and ideas behind the project. The sustainability depends on three intersecting considerations. The diagram (figure 12) on this page describes, how societal, economic, and environmental practices overlay each other and three-dimensionally presents sustainability7.

ECONOMIC

figure 12 Detail diagram showing the properties of the aluminium sliding door that defines the winter graden.

Jeska, Simone, Transparent Plastics (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008)

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY SOCIAL

VIR

NT AL

The Lacaton & Vassal’s project in Mulhouse is an interest-ing case study, it was built specifically to reduce the cost of space, giving the residents an area about twice as big com-pared to average housing unit without increasing the price. To achieve that, it had to use building materials not often found in housing. Inspired by the local greenhouses, the ar-chitects used polycarbonate sheets and metal frame to build the upper floor of the project. The cost of material signifi-cantly decreased the construction price. The residents get to have an extra room, where to spend their time and expand their living space. The ‘greenhouse’ allows the sunlight to enter the space giving light and warmth, as showed before, manual ventilation and curtains to reflect the sun were implemented to help to regulate the inner climate. These aspects of the project present the multi-dimensional approach that architects take to build a well serving and sustainable house.

figure 12

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Sunlight Solar energy is a constant resource that people have learned to harness in various ways. The Lacaton & Vassal’s building in Mulhouse explores bioclimatic design solutions, especially relating to sunlight, to provide comfort and cut energy costs for the residents. The ‘greenhouse’ on the upper floor is turned toward the south to illuminate the interior of the building. The clear polycarbonate roof and walls of the ‘greenhouse’, as well the large windows, allow most of the house to be illuminated by the sunlight.1

Shadowy Spaces Semi-Sunlit Space figure 2

Sunlit Space

Reflective c urtain a llows t he r esidents t o m anually control the amount of sunlight that enters stheir living unit. The building also collects the radiated heat from the sunlight, the walls and the roof are insulated with glass wool2, that and the triple glazed windows and the triple sliding door on the upper floor minimise the heat loss of the building. Polycarbonate sheets used in the walls of the ‘greenhouse’ and the roof also has some insulative qualities. Wind The vaults of the roof serve as air vents, where the stale air rises and travels to the ‘greenhouse’. The ‘greenhouse’ is equipped with a manually openable roof window, that allows the inhabitants to control the airflow of the building.

1 Ilot Schoettlé, Mulhouse, France by Lacaton & Vassal <http://architectuul.com/architecture/ilot-schoettle> [accessed 14 December 2020] 2 David Mimbreroz, ‘Viviendas en Mulhouse Anne Lacaton&Jean Philippe Vassal’, Tectonica 19, plásticos, p.75

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7 David Bergman, Sustainable Design (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012), p. 19-27.

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OTHER BUILDINGS OF ITS TYPE

renewable materials

decompose

non renewable materials

recycle

CLIMATE CRISIS

Plastic waste after demolition Recycled Plastic

waste

The scheme (figure 9)3 portrays the cycle of building materials. To avoid materials being thrown into the ecosys-tem they are being recycled or decomposed, another way to avoid material waste is renovation. Lacaton & Vassal’s project focused on cutting the construction costs, the most common materials were polycarbonate sheets and concrete.

manufacturing

waste

construction

Polycarbonate is a plastic product. Plastic waste causes immense pollution as 80%4 of it gets discarded into wild-life. However, polycarbonate is durable against impact and a tough material, clear polycarbonate sheets, as the ones used in the ‘greenhouse’ part of the building, lets in the sunlight almost as well as glass. It has insulation qualities that minimise the heat loss5.

waste

3 David Bergman, Sustainable Design (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012), p. 19-27. 4 Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, Plastic Pollution <https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution> [accessed 14 December 2020]. 5 Omnexus The Material Selection Platform, A Complete Guide to Polycarbonate (PC) <https://omnexus.specialchem.com/selection-guide/polycarbonate-pc-plastic> [accessed 14 December 2020]. 6 Civil Engeneering , Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete () <https://civiltoday. com/civil-engineering-materials/concrete/15-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-concrete> [accessed 14 December 2020].

renovate

Concrete manufacturing is responsible for up to 8% of emitted greenhouse gases. While it is a concerning factor, concrete is also long-lasting and durable, the affordabili-ty and little maintenance that concrete demands makes it appealing material to use in construction. Concrete is also recyclable, so the demolition of concrete buildings may not produce a lot of waste6. The building was constructed on the grounds of a factory and the concrete base of the ground floor remains the same.

figure 1

occupancy

waste

Lacton and Vassal’s Building (in red) is part of a bigger experimental housing project, ‘Cité Manifeste’ consisting of 61 housing units designed by five different architects.

demolition

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All of them have different materials and form but the same design theology of responding to the climate crisis, giving flexibility to residents regarding use and making low cost 2 storey social house.

CO2 emitions from manifacturing Decomposing Concrete after demolition

The project pursued the objective of crisis aspects of regulations and construction processes with solutions that were feasible for all stakeholders in the promotion and construction process.

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Using Concrete structures of previous buildings

Case study building as a building type essentially focuses on collective housing. Most of the spaces within home and connection to the streets are kept free. Living around community and allowing visual connections within homes makes it very successful. (Collage on left)

RELEVENCE TO THE STUDIO THEME

Building programme: No fixed threshold for use Every tenant gets space on both ground and first floor

figure 2

Comparing all the buildings by different architects that are part of the same experimental collective housing project

Logements, Shigeru Ban

figure 3

-Use of local housing plan (carré mulhousien) -Rain water harvesting -Private gardens and terrace -External stairs for social interaction -Stepped back for communal space Although they are all co houses, it differs from the case study building by having unsheltered and outdoor stairs.

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The whole scheme as a City manifesto is a creative response towards the new housing practise and is tightly bonded with the studio theme which is a creative response towards new housing. The case study is a manifesto for new, better housing within the existing structures. It is a repre-sentative for a sustainable design that considers people not only as inhabitants but as owners and contributors to the wider community aspect. It encourages the communi-ty through spaces and design to form relationships. By the cultural and historical relevance crates diverse and flexible ownership promoting community and wellbeing.

Environmental Approach: Inducing winter gardens and vegetation Making maximum use of day light Greenhouse structure for heating Sliding doors for natural ventilation Bioclimatic building design Communal Approach: Pedestrianised communal space alongside building

figure 5

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Micro Green, Ducan Lewis

Caratere Special, Matthieu Poitevin

Colored Mutation, Jean Nouvel

-Alternating between car park and entrance. -Public and private threshold -Winter garden -Metal barrier with plantation as secondary structure as curtain. -Natural ventilation -Threaded boundary wall to encourage social interaction.

-Minimalism by using reusing materials from local construction site -Rain water harvesting -External balcony -Flexible use of internal spaces

-Keeping roadways intact underneath -Internal use of bright colours to reduce industrial material affect -Rain water harvesting -Light through translucent peripheral walls -Backyards for garden space -Shaded alleyway for pedestrians

The main is door is directly on road lacking a continuous communal space.

Open and transparent like the case study building.

Too small opaque and small windows compare to the case study building and lack of open garden at the front. 2

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figure 17

Appendix

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 23 Semi-collective Housing Units / Lacaton & Vassal, ArchDaily(2012) <https://www.archdaily. 15 com/254147/23-semi-collective-housing-units-lacaton-vassal?ad_medium=gallery> [Accessed 14 December 2020] 16 2 A.Lacaton (November Conferences), (2014) <https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=EetqDufVrJU&t=1397s> [Accessed 12 December 2020]

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Manifesto of the architect and approach towards collective housing. History plays an important role in the typology in the neighbourhood. Although all are mostly residential houses. Height stays same around the neighbourhood but in terms of use, freedom of space, flexibility in use and communal spaces around for gardening and vegetation helps grow community within the neighbourhood. Additionally, resources and worked within the community is also shared as tenants come from various backgrounds.

Logements, Shigeru Ban

3 Abalos, Iänaki, Karine. Dana, Anne Lacaton, and Jean-Philippe Vassal. Lacaton & Vassal : Obra Reciente = Re-cent Work. 2G (Barcelona, Spain) N. 60. Barcelona: G. Gili, 2011.

David Bergman, Sustainable Design (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012), p. 19-27. Márquez Cecilia, Fernando, and Richard C. Levene. Lacation & Vassal 1993/2017. 2017.

17 Neppert Gardens” 59 Dwellings At Mulhouse By Lacaton & Vassal - BMIAA”, BMIAA, 2015 <https://www.bmiaa.com/neppert-gardens-59-dwellings-at-mulhouse-by-lacaton-vassal/> [Accessed 14 De-cember 2020] 18 Never Demolish, Ruby Press <https://ruby-press.com/projects/never-demolish/> [Accessed 10 December 2020]

4 Architectuul, Mulhouse, France, by Lacaton and Vassal (2020) <http://architectuul.com/architecture/ilot-schoettle> [Accessed 15 December 2020] 19 Ruby, Ilka., Andreas. Steiner, Ruby, Andreas, and Steiner, Dietmar. Lacaton & Vassal. 2G (Barcelona, Spain) ; No. 21. Barcelona: G. Gili, 2002. 5 Eumiesaward”, Miesarch.Com, 2020 <https://miesarch.com/work/2181> [Accessed 14 December 2020] 20 Schittich, Christian., Andrea. Wiegelmann, and Institut Für Internationale Architektur-Dokumentation. Semi-detached and Terraced Houses. In Detail. München : Basel: Edition Detail ; 6 Fillion, Odile, Cité Manifeste de Mulhouse (2009) < https://imagesdelaculture.cnc.fr/-/citeBirkhäuser ;, 2006. manifeste-de-mulhouse-la-> [Accessed 13 December 2020] 21 Sinarquitectura, Niamey (Niger), Lacaton & Vassal, 1984, (23 September 2013)< http://arquitecturasinarquitectura.blogspot.com/2013/09/niamey-niger-lacaton-vassal-1984.html> [Accessed 7 Ilot Schoettlé, Architectuul.Com, 2020 <http://architectuul.com/architecture/ilot-schoettle> on 11 De-cember 2020] [Accessed 14 De-cember 2020] 8 Is the right to housing real? Curry stone foundation, (2018) <https://currystonefoundation. 22 Social Housing (14 dwellings in Cite Manifeste), (2020) <https://miesarch.com/work/2181> org/practice/lacaton-vassal/> [Accessed 11 December 2020] [Accessed 12 December 2020]

Logements, Shigeru Ban Colored Mutation, Jean Nouvel

23 Social Housing in Mulhouse, France 2005 <http://www.wohnmodelle.at/index. php?id=80,71,0,0,1,0> [Accessed 10 De-cember 2020] 10 Journal for architecture and urbanism, can design change society? (2016) <https://lacatonvassal.com/data/documents/20190910-123849ARCH_PLUS_PB_EN_DS.pdf> [Accessed 11 December 24 Social housing, Mulhouse, Lacaton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index. 2020] php?idp=19> [Accessed 13 December 2020] 11 Lacaton & Vassal”, Lacatonvassal.Com, 2020 <https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index. php?idp=19> [Accessed 14 December 2020] 25 Spatial Agency, Lacaton and Vassal <https://www.spatialagency.net/database/lacaton.vassal> [Accessed 14 December 2020] 12 Lisa Schmidt-Colinet, The Challenge of Inhabitation (2008) <http://www.wohnmodelle.at/index.php?id=80,71,0,0,1,0> [accessed 14 December 2020]. 26 The manifest city – Mulhouse – 68 <https://caractere-special.fr/en/la-cite-manifeste/> [Accessed 10 December 2020] 13 Îlot Schoettlé, Social Housing in Mulhouse (2005) <http://www.wohnmodelle.at/index. php?id=80,71,0,0,1,0> [accessed 14 December 2020].

figure 8

Jeska, Simone, Transparent Plastics (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008)

14 David Mimbreroz, ‘Viviendas en Mulhouse Anne Lacaton&Jean Philippe Vassal’, Tectonica 19, plásticos, 70-87. Simona Jeska, Transparent Plastics Design and Technology (Basel,Boston and Berlin: Birkhauser, 2008), p. 86-91.

Comparison with similar type and typology Boreal/Tetrarc Architectes Social Houses Nantes, France Year: 2011

figure 10

figure 11 Communal walkway (Tertiary) Greenhouse (Secondary) Concrete frame (Primary)

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Communal vegetation

figure 12

Built as 39 duplex apartments to explore individuality within social housing by distributing them within 11 housing blocks (6 rental, 5 sold). Programme as a nucleus made of a kitchen, a bathroom, toilets, and a staircase leaving the rest as a open plan (alike Case Study building) with glazed greenhouse winter garden windows viewing gardens that promote neighbourhood relationships.

List of Figures RE-USE, RE-ADAPTATION, APPROACH TO SITE figure 1: Sinarquitectura, Niamey (Niger), Lacaton & Vassal, 1984, (23 September 2013)< http:// arquitecturasinarquitectura.blogspot.com/2013/09/niamey-niger-lacaton-vassal-1984. html> [Accessed on 11 December 2020] figure 2: Social housing, Mulhouse, Lacaton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal. com/index.php?idp=46> [Accessed on 12 December 2020] figure 3:: Fillion, Odile, Cité Manifeste de Mulhouse (2009) < https://imagesdelaculture.cnc.fr/-/ cite-manifeste-de-mulhouse-la-> [Accessed 13 December 2020] Architectuul, Mulhouse, France, by Lacaton and Vassal (2020) <http://architectuul.com/architecture/ilot-schoettle> [Accessed 15 December 2020] A.Lacaton (November Conferences), (2014) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EetqDufVrJU&t=1397s> [Accessed 12 December 2020] figure 4: Authors own drawing figure 5: Authors own drawing figure 6: Authors own drawing figure 7: Social housing, Mulhouse, Lacaton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal. com/index.php?idp=19> [Accessed 13 December 2020] figure 8: Social housing, Mulhouse, Lacaton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal. com/index.php?idp=19> [Accessed 13 December 2020] figure 9: Authors own drawing figure 10: Authors own drawing figure 11: ASocial housing, Mulhouse, Lacaton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal. com/index.php?idp=19> [Accessed 13 December 2020] TO PRODUCE HIGH QUALITY HOUSING AT A LOW COST figure 12: Authors own drawing figure 13:Social housing, Mulhouse, Lacaton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal. com/index.php?idp=19> [Accessed 13 December 2020] TOWNSCAPE figure 1: SOMCO1 (Previous development) figure 2: New Development figure 3: Housing scheme arranged following existing historic geometric plan NEIGHBOURHOOD figure 4: Diagram highlighting the arrangement of apartments figure 5: The external view of the terraced housing design. Photos by Lacaton & Vassal. Accessed on 12/12/20 at https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=19 figure 6:The external view of the terraced housing design. Photos by Lacaton & Vassal. Accessed on 12/12/20 at https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=19

figure 13

CREATIVE RESPONSE figure 1:Author’s own figure 2:Author’s own figure 3: Author’s own MODULARITY figure 4: Author’s own figure 5: Author’s own figure 6: Author’s own

figure 16

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UNIT figure 7: Diagram showing the performance of ventilation features within a unit. figure 8: Image showing how furniture is used to define thresholds within each unique apartment. figure 9: Image showing how furniture is used to define thresholds within each unique apartment figure 10: Image showing how furniture is used to define thresholds within each unique apartment DETAIL figure 11: Image showing a winter garden with a mobile screen slid back. Photo by Lacaton & Vassal. figure 12: Detail diagram showing the properties of the aluminium sliding door that defines the winter graden. MATERIAL EFFICIENCY figure 7: Author’s own figure 8: https://www.bmiaa.com/neppert-gardens-59-dwellings-at-mulhouse-by-lacaton-vassal/ figure 9: https://www.lemoniteur.fr/photo/les-projets-communs-de-lacaton-vassal-ettechnal.1912199/ensemble.1#galerie-anchor figure 10: https://www.amc-archi.com/photos/equerre-d-argent-2005-nomine-cite-manifeste-61-logements,3573/lacaton-vassal-cite-manif.10 figure 11: https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Ausstellung_in_Halle_ueber_Lacaton_Vassal_847347.html?bild=1 figure 12: https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/59-dwellings-lacaton-vassal figure 13: ttps://www.houzz.fr/photos/wohnungsbau-mulhouse-anne-lacaton-und-philippevassal-phvw-vp~20182060 figure 14: Author’s own figure 15: Author’s own figure 16: Author’s own ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY igure 1: Plan, Sun Path, authors own figure 2: Sun Illuminated Interior, authors own figure 3: Section diagram, Sun Curtain, authors own figure 4: Section diagram, Insulation, authors own figure 5: Section diagram, Wind Travel, authors own figure 6: Plan, Wind Travel, authors own figure 7: Photograph of the reflective curtain from BauNetz. {https://www.baunetz.de/ meldungen/Meldungen-Ausstellung_in_Halle_ueber_Lacaton_Vassal_847347.html] figure 8: Photograph of the roof vent from the Lacaton & Vassal webpage{https://www. lacatonvassal.com/data/documents/20190711-1603451917_The%20Architectural%20Review_compressed.pdf

OTHER BUILDINGS OF ITS TYPE figure 1: Curated screenshot from google maps: Snapshot from google earth. Google Earth 2020 <https://earth.google.com/web/search/Cit%c3%a9+Manifeste,+Rue+de+l%27Arbre,+Mulhouse,+France/@47.75445823,7.32389439,236.96208067a,722.05606389d,35y, 67.77700263h,45.00025198t,0r/data=CpwBGnISbAolMHg0NzkxOWJjZjQzNDhhYzFiOjB4YTVjNGYxNGMxMWU3M2ZkNBke2scKfuBHQCHfc7vytEcdQCoxQ2l0w6kgTWFuaWZlc3RlLCBSdWUgZGUgbCdBcmJyZSwgTXVsaG91c2UsIEZyYW5jZRgBIAEiJgokCZDKtZez4EdAEWoIcyxv30dAGQ_MHSYiZR1AIRRZANXySx1A> [Accessed 06 December 2020] figure 2: Collage of ambience of Lacaton and Vassel showing free spaces: Social housing, Mulhouse, Lacton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal.com/index.php?idp=19#> [Accessed 02 December 2020] figure 3: Logements, Shegeru Ban photoshopped photograph of building: MULHOUSE, HAUT-RHIN <http://www.jdg-architectes.com/projet/mulhouse/?lang=en> [Accessed 02 December 2020] figure 4: Parti Diagram for Logements, Shegeru Ban filled trace of building plan. MULHOUSE, HAUT-RHIN <http://www.jdg-architectes.com/projet/mulhouse/?lang=en> [Accessed 02 December 2020] figure 5: Micro Green,Ducan Lewis photoshopped photograph of building: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/189784571775105621/ figure 6: Parti Diagram for Ducan lewis filled trace of building plan. figure 7: Caratere Special, Matthieu Poitevin photoshopped photograph of building http://caractere-special.fr/en/la-cite-manifeste/ figure 8: Parti Diagram for Caratere Special, Matthieu Poitevin filled trace of building plan. figure 9: Colored Mutation, Jean Nouvel photoshopped photograph of building figure 10: Parti Diagram for Colored Mutation, Jean Nouvel filled trace of building plan. http:// www.jeannouvel.com/projets/cite-manifeste/ figure 11:Collage of and diagramming with adding humans to show buildings of same type: Social housing, Mulhouse, Lacton and Vassal (2005) <https://www.lacatonvassal.com/ index.php?idp=19#> [Accessed 02 December 2020] figure 12: Plan analysis of the building figure 13: Axo of material form Boreal figure 14: Axo od Lacton and Vessel figure 15: Elevations of both compared figure 16: Plan analysis of both houses figure 17: Photographs of building: Boreal, Tetrarc Architectes, Nantes housing, Arch Daily, (02 April 2012) <https://www.archdaily.com/221771/habitat-44-tetrarc-architectes> [Accessed on 11 December 20] RELEVANCE TO THE STUDIO THEME figure 17: Author’s own COVER PHOTO: Maisons groupées, Cité Manifeste, Mulhouse - 2005 , available at: https:// www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2009/03/10/lacaton--vassal.html

CLIMATE CRISIS figure 9: Diagram, Cycle of Construction, taken from the David Bergman, Sustainable Design (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012) figure 10: Axonometric diagram, Materiality, authors own figure 11: Collage, Sustainibilty, authors own figure 12: Venn diagram of Sustainibility , taken from the David Bergman, Sustainable Design (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012)

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Cultural Bibliograhy

STAGE 3 ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO Louis Oliver Hermawan / 180279944 / Newcastle University / BA(Hons) Architecture / 2018 2021 Studio - A Manifesto For Housing Louishermawan12@hotmail.co.uk

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