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Tabitha Edwards A Manifesto for Housing Stage 3 Academic Portfolio BA (Hons) Architecture

Contents

Illustrated Reflective Diary 4 Project Framing 8 Thematic Case Study Report 44 Project Testing + Thinking Through Making 60 Synthesis 100 Cultural Bibliography 134 List of Figures 142 Bibliography 144

Illustrated Reflective Diary

Our studio, ‘A Manifesto for Housing’, set out to challenge and respond

On my first visit to the site, I found it quite difficult to orientate

to the failing current housing landscape. With the pandemic at the

myself around the podium, not being able to find the entrances

forefront over the past year, a spotlight has been cast on the home.

or understand the purpose of the entrances. Reflecting on

Aiming to challenge the current housing landscape, we are exploring

this visit, I decided I would need to change the massing

themes of housing in it’s political context, community and civic

of the podium in order to take advantage of the morning

space, intersectionality and inclusion, and questioning the normative

and lunchtime light, but to also make the podium more

assumptions of the home. Working collectively as a studio on researching

permeable and accessible. I found photography was helpful

the current housing context, we created a manifesto, a collective of the

for understanding the site and then using google maps for a

themes and drivers we discovered and found most important. I found this

widescale view. Upon reflection, I feel a more developed group

an interesting way of positioning myself to move forward in my project,

model would have helped to understand the ground around the

with drivers to refer back to as the project developed.

site, in terms of the slope down towards the South, as I found it difficult to represent this during my process.

Our site is Cruddas Park House, a tower block situated in Elswick, on

I found Terraformed, by Joy White, has further given me a lens

the outskirts of Newcastle City Centre. It consists of 168 flats within the

of a different perspective into a sense of place, housing and

tower, all with no direct outdoor access from their homes. The podium

the spaces around it and its effects on the wider community.

has a shopping centre which feels disconnected from the rest of the

Exploring themes of music, gentrification and structural racism in

site, with unclear access points and circulation around the podium. An

the inner city. Further reading into the theoretical positions of the

investigation into Cruddas Park revealed a strong sense of community

architects Lacaton and Vassal, and their method of working from

identity, however, the space is facing a range of issues from unsuitable

the “scale of life” has informed my design process throughout

living conditions to fire safety risks and a high level of isolation during this

the project. Their approach of “re-use and re-adapation of the

time of the pandemic. Prioritising the existing community there, I found

site” has helped me to explore the current Cruddas Park House

exploring the site context in this way gave me more of an understanding

site and how it can be adapted for environmental, social and

of the negative connotations of tower blocks and living within a tower

economic purposes.

block. That perceptions, stigmas and preconceptions can affect and start to shape how the space is lived, which is why I felt it was so important to take a user focused approach.

I created protest posters as part of a group exploration, looking at key issues driving the need for the changes stated in our Manifesto. I found this way of working assisted me into a mode of an objective way of thinking, ready to drive change. Working as a group and collating these posters created rich discussions with different collaborators bringing a range of insights. I felt a sense of emotional impact working in this way, something that began to drive my propositional style of working.

Illustrated Reflective Diary

When exploring and presenting our Thematic Case Studies,

In the early stages of my design process, I started from the scale

I found it helpful to look across different studios case studies

and perspective of the user. To explore this, I used perspective

through both the reviews but also reading their reports in Miro.

drawing to test the existing route up the flats. Model making

On reflection, this helped me to get a broader range and library

has been an important process as I moved onto exploring

of different case studies that I could go back to if needed. I

individuality, individual and communal entrances. I modelled the

have documented this library in my Cultural Bibliography. Within

existing entrances and began to test and rework these through

our studio we created a cross studio board with all of our Case

model. Reflecting on this, I found this way of working successful

Studies, key themes and any extra information. All of these

for testing the intimate scale of the atmosphere I was trying to

related to our studio and meant that we could use this as a

create.

library for information.

In my dissertation, I explored and questioned the amount of space that could be used for urban farming (growing food) within homes and the exisitng green space- specifically terraced housing in Newcastle. This helped me question the amount of outdoor space and possible growing space at Cruddas Park House, and how these themes might be applied at a different scale and type of housing ; The tower block. My dissertation also explored shared garden spaces which inspired the allotments and private green space for the residents at Cruddas Park.

Illustrated Reflective Diary

The ‘Theory into Practice’ module has influenced and helped

Very quickly into the year I had to develop my digital

me to gain different perspectives of housing through a variety

modelling skills due to the lack of in studio and workshop

of lenses. Seminars have bought discussions of security, not just

nature. I used modelling in SketchUp to explore and

as a physical aspect, but both social and economic. Looking at

represent the larger neighbourhood scale. I found this way

different theoretical positions of architects, such as the Smithson’s

of model making, which was new to me, a useful way of

has also given a perspective of their approach to housing.

setting up and exploring different aspects of design. I used it

Themes of displacement have also been bought into discussion,

to show massing, but also elements of detail too – such as the

and the questioning of moving residents, where they go, what

façade. Having this model also meant I could use different

happens to them, what effects does it have on the people. This

sides of the model and determine what I wanted to show to

piece of work was also a chance to reflect within the year rather

the viewer. Although this is not a way I usually work, I have

than just at the end. I enjoyed this as it gave me a chance to

found it a new skill that I have been progressing throughout

look back on the project progression so far and assess if there are

the year and I hope to use in future projects.

elements I wanted to further explore.

A precedent that particularly influenced my design was Unité d’Habitation by Le Corbusier. The way the flats overlap the corridor and create double height spaces was helpful to explore my own ways of creating double height entrance spaces. I also enjoyed the way that each flat entrance was coloured which then bled through to the façade of the building, revealing identity and individuality of each flat. This inspired the use of colour in my process and design.

Illustrated Reflective Diary

Moving towards the synthesis stage of my design, I found it helpful to understand how to use my model to show the scheme. I used my digital model to dissect it apart and create an axonometric. Rather than extruding it all, I only showed the important areas of the scene and where I wanted the viewers focus. This was also a new process and way of working for me. This meant it did take time for me to test and experiment with how the axonometric would work. I feel the final drawing works successfully for showing the entire scheme as a whole with opportunity to zoom in and show intimate moments. I have enjoyed working outside my comfort zone of hand drawing and modelling, pushing my skill set in working in different ways. I hope to progress this further and carry this on in future projects. Most importantly, I have found that working in this studio and on this project has given me an insight into contemporary issues involving social housing and the way different people are living – an issue that is very much in line with the current and foreseeable climate crisis.

Illustrated Reflective Diary

Project Framing

Cruddas Park House,Newcastle Upon Tyne

Our site is Cruddas Park House, a tower block just South-West from Newcastle City Centre. Our studio is undertaking the tower block as an exploration of the home. The massing of the site feels dominating with the podium difficult to understand and navigate your way around the site and entering the podium. The current use of the site is a residential tower with flats and the podium hosts a shopping centre, college and library. Throughout this initial process, I was exploring the site through a lens of environment and ecology. Other group members explored through perspectives of materiality, typology, site history and demographics as presented in the following pages.

Figure 1 - Site Photography

Figure 2 - Site Section

Project Framing

= New/Improved work since Review

Figure 3 - Large Scale Site Plan (Elswick and the wider context of Newcastle Upon Tyne.

Site History: Cruddas Park + Elswick UNEMPLOYMENT After the industrial revolution, Elswick fell into decline after the coal mining industy diminished, with many people being unemployed. Within this context, Cruddas Park House was built. From this time to 2014, the site has faced demolition and attemps of regeneration. In recent times, the Grenfell Tower incident has caused huge uncertaimties with living is high rise towers over fire

HOMES DEMOLITION

safety concerns. This wider context has massively affected the

ANTI

residents at Cruddas Park House today.

MARGANILISED COMMUNITIES

Figure 4 - Studio Group Work Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing

EMPTY PROPERTY

DISPLACEMENT “REGENERATION” LONELINESS

I SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

CRIME

CONCERNS OVER FIRE SAFETY

Project Framing 11

= New/Improved work since Review

Exisiting Residents of Cruddas Park An investigation into Cruddas Park revealed a strong sense of community identity, however, the space is facing a range of issues from unsuitable living conditions to fire safety risks and a high level of isolation during this time of the pandemic (See Figure X). The negative connotations of tower blocks and living within a tower block are explored.

Figure 5 - Study of Exisitng Residents and exisiting perceptions of the site.

Site Demographics

Figure 8 - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Through studies of the site demographics, the lack of communal space became amplified after finding a high numner of residents live alone. With the current COVID-19 situation, it is vital that isolation and loniness within the tower is tacked through creating a sense of purpose and space to interact with others. With a high number of retired, sick or disabled residents currently living in Cruddas Park House, a focus on accessiblity should also be addressed.

The demographics show that Cruddas Park House is heavily made up on Males who are out of work. With no provisions or community for children it is not suprised no children live in the block. With only 25% of the residents employed, there should be a concern of affordablity, as well as adequate living spaces.

Figure 6 - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown) Figure 7 - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing 13

= New/Improved work since Review

The Local Context: Services + Routes 1. Boots Ltd Store 2. Cruddas Park Shopping Centre 3. McColl’s Shop 4. St Michael’s RC Church 5. Convenience Store 6. OYO House (2 star Hotel) 7. Irina Sisina Dressmaker 8. Cruddas Park Early Years Centre 9. Hardware Store 10. Nothern Kings Gym 11. Our Lady of Czestochowa Church 12. Anchor Retirement Housing 13. Hawthorn Primary School 14. Elsiwck Hall Care Home 15. Community Action on Health (CAOH) 16. Newcastle Central Mosque 17. Elswick Pool 18. West End Women & Girls Centre 19. Norcare Veterans Centre 20. Marie Curie Hospice, Newcastle 21. St Paul’s C of E Primary School 22. Newcastle College 23. Newcastle Sixth Form College 24. Rye Hill Castle Nursery

This image illustrates the local context of Elswick with the services available. With excellent transport connections with many bus stops directly outside Cruddas Park, it feels that there is a lack of density and therefore reveals the possible opportunies for a densified Cruddas Park as it provides the space for more activity. Research found many schools, colleges and groups, futher suggesting a possible = Site (Cruddas Park) Figure 9 - Services and Routes map of the site and wider Elswick context

Project Framing

public communal space for these groups of people to interact.

= New/Improved work since Review

Analysis of the Exisiting Architecture (Whole Site Scale)

Looking at the scale of the existing entire site, the massing shows possible opportunities that could be explored. Currently, the exisitng podium is enclosed and shut off. Studying the orientation and lighting of this area reveals this could be a bright and light space for the morning and early afternoon. This will inform the way I will use the podium, with moves to enhance and open up that space. The West side of the podium catches the afternoon and evening sun, meaning this space could be used for seating and a place for evening activities.

Figure 10 - Exisitng site analysis of podium

Figure 11 - Sunlight study of exisitng podium

Figure 12 - Light study of exisitng podium and site

Project Framing 15

Analysis of the Exisiting Architecture (Basement/Podium Level)

Figure 14 - Exisitng podium with main entrances and routes study

Figure 13 - Exisitng Basement plan with highlighted parking space

Looking at the scale of the exisiting basement

and

podium

level

immediately clear that there is an intersection of the pedestrian and the car routes. This makes it difficult for pedestrians to move around the site safely. Also, in the basement space, a huge amount is given to car parking, with much of it not being used. In the massing of the site, it is unclear to know where the entrances are, as well as their use. When working on my individual design I aim to take more of a focus on pedestrian access and routes.

Project Framing

= New/Improved work since Review

Analysis of the Exisiting Architecture (Tower/Flats)

Dark narrow stairs

Long, narrow, anti social corridoor

Entrances are flat doors against the thin coridoor, with no individuality revealed.

Figure 17 - Analsysis of flat layouts

No private external space

dark, which has been pushed

space and the living space. This

flats repeated up the entire tower. With East and West facing

follows

unconcious

gender stereotyping, where

facades, there is opportunity to create dual aspect flats, giving

their living spaces.

apartments

little connection between this

Looking at the scale of the flats, there are 168 single aspect

to use the South-West prevailing wind to draw fresh air through

The kitchen space is small and to the back of the flat. There is

Figure 15 - Analysis of exisitng flats

residents chance to have morning and evening sunlight, and

Single Aspect

Figure 16 - Analaysis of exisitng flats

a woman is expected to be in the kitchen which is hidden away. To combat this, I aim to make the kitchen a bright open space, connected tot he eating spcae.

Project Framing 17

Environment and Ecology Exisitng green space + Biomass District Heating System

To develop our understanding of the site futher, in smaller groups we explored themes in more detail. Our group looked at the environment and ecology of the site. We questionned and examined the existing green space and its purpose, finding large open green spaces, but with bad connections to the podium and tower itself. However, we found underground connections of the exisitng Biomass district heating system, and it’s benefits to the direct residents, wider community and wider environment.

Figure 18 - Studio Group Work Green Spaces

Project Framing

Figure 19 - Study of Exisitng heating system group work (sources unknown)

Environment and Ecology Biodiversity + Environmental analysis of site

On a site visit, we documented the plant species directly on and around the site. We found little variation and saw low levels of biodiversity. With large open green spaces around the site, we see opportunites for this to be densified with a variety of plant species to enhance the biodiversity of the area. With the site being large and open with the protuding tower, we also explored the direction and pressure of the South-West prevailing wind.

Figure 20 - Studio Group Work Environment and ecology (sources unknown)

Figure 21 - Studio Group Work Site Section

Project Framing 19

A Collective Stance on Housing Before comparing our initial analysis of Cruddas Park against a range of precedent studies, we decided to position ourselves in the current context and our approach towards housing to take forward. We found this a sucessful way of collaberation and researching the current climate and housing crises.

20 22 - Group work with Author’s contribution Figure

Alton Estate

CONNECTIONS

DEMOGRAPHICS

(Roehampton, London)

Like Cruddas Park, Alton Estate is built up on grass inside Richmond Park in West London. A mixed development scheme buit in response to the housing shortage in London after the Second World War (1955), including Terraced Housing, Maisonettes and two collectives of ‘modern’ tower blocks (West & East). Designed as a modern solution to a contemporary issue and was praised as the “new world” due to the variation of modern influences expressed in the West and East tower blocks. The large-scale buildings embrace a sensitive relationship with both one another and the sloping landscape, enhanced in the Western Estate tower blocks that “float” above the ground.

Alton Estate + “Building sights”

This study can help inform us on how to investigate Cruddas Park, its sensitive relationship to both the built and natural environment and how tower blocks respond as part of a mixed collective development scheme. Also an example of how spatial organisation within a collective of towers impacts behaviour and interactions. Alton West Tower Block

Alton East Tower Block

Like Cruddas Park, Alton Estate is built up on grass inside Richmond Park in West London. A mixed development scheme buit in response to the housing shortage in London after the Second World War (1955), including Terraced Housing, Maisonettes and two collectives of ‘modern’ tower blocks (West & East). This study has informed me on how to investigate Cruddas Park, its sensitive relationship to both the built and natural environment and how tower blocks respond as part of a mixed collective development scheme. Also an example of Figure 25 - photograhs of Alton Estate

how spatial organisation within a collective of towers impacts behaviour and interactions.

Figure 23 - Studio Group Work Research (Sources Unknown)

Figure 26 - Building sights BBC

Figure 27 - Studio Group Work Site plan + study (Sources Unknown)

Figure 24 - Studio Group Work +Authors imput (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing

LILAC (Co Housing) + “The Joy of Less”

I found studying LILAC was incredibly influencial for it’s successful approaches regarding sustainability, community and affordability. Straw bale construction was used, a maluable material, meaning residents were involved in the construction process. Sustainable energy sources were adopted, such as solar panels for energy. Their approach to tenure means that residents have more ownership and responsibility for their home. Green space is also used productively in the form of alltoments and communal growing space. Alongside this The Joy of Less, a reading with an approach to simplicity in its ethos, thinking about living simply to be sustainable.

Figure 29 - The joy of less

Figure 30 - Studio Group Work

Project Framing

Figure 31 - Studio Group Work (source unknown)

Bosco Verticale + “Iatrogenic Architecture”

Studying Bosco Vertical alongside the reading ‘Iatrogenic Architecture’ gave us a lense to question it’s sustainability and potential greenwashing through it’s use of concrete. Huge amounts of concrete and structural elements were required to hold the trees vertically up the building. This also bought a question of maintaince, and afforability following that. Vertical gardeners are required to maintain the trees, and residents are not allowed to do this themselves or be involved with the interaction of maintaining the trees. This brings the cost up massively of living this site and is now classed as ‘luxury living’ apartments.

Figure 32 - Ietrogenic Arhcitecture

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

VEGETATION

VERTICAL FOREST

Project Framing 23

Comparison to Cruddas Park House

We used Miro to collate our views and ideas taken from the readings and cross referenced them between other precedents and Cruddas Park House. Our whole studio then collated our readings and videos together to futher gain different perspectives. This created a cross studio discussion which encouraged me to read other studio members precedent studies. This process meant themes began to emerge such as individuality, sustainability and affordability.

Figure 34 - Sutdio miro board

Project Framing

Figure 34 - Sutdio miro board

Environment and Ecology Biodiversity + Environmental analysis of site

Taking all of the information researched for our three precedents, we decided to take the four elevations of Cruddas Park House and create four different scenarious as a propositional analysis and process. This thinking through making style process encouraged us to question how elements researched from our case studies could apply or inpire our projects at Cruddas Park. We asked ourselves the following and translated that into the following pages. - What would have to happen for that to happen? - How could you achieve the same thing? - Why would that not work? - How does the climate, economy and context affect these ideas? - How do the sites differ? How does this varying context affect the output? - How sustainable is that method?

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing

Propositional Analysis Poster 1

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Propositional Analysis Poster 2

= New/Improved work since Review

Key Concepts + Design ideas found (Key elements of group exploration to take forward)

I took elements from the group exploration to take forward into my individual project and apply to them to Cruddas Park.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

ELEMENTS OF GROUP EXPLORATION TO TAKE FORWARD CIRCULATION + FLOW OF SPACE RANGE OF HOUSING TYPOLOGIES ACCESS TO OUTDOOR SPACE FROM FLATS PRODUCTIVE GREEN SPACE COMMUNAL/INTERACTIVE SPACES Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing

Studio Manifesto Framing Celebration

Through discussion of our initial explorations of the site, precedents and readings, a driving Studio Manifesto was created. In a way, this made me feel like the studio had our own sense of community, that we were going to use this manifesto to drive our design process to responding to our brief. It was used to return back to at numerous stages to ensure our aims and priorities were being met.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing 29

Individual Response: Routes + Entrances to the Site (Approaching routes from wider Elswick context)

The impacts of the space on the lives of the residents at Cruddas Park pushed my approach and focus on wanting to create an experiential and engaging space. A focus on the user made me think of the articulation of spaces and routes and how a route can encourage you to do something. Starting from the macro, neighbourhood scale, I explored the routes approaching the site and the entrances to the podium.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing

Exploring the approach onto the site and podium, the massing felt dominant with unclear entrances. There were intersections of the

Routes + Entrances on the Site (Approaching routes directly on site)

pedestrian and car acess. This questioned how might people be bought through the site rather than around it and connect with the large open green space below.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing 31

Routes + Entrances to the Site: Thresholds

Within the routes directly onto the site and around the podium, I explored the thresholds on site and within the routes. Many of the spaces are lacking activity and have opportunity for possible public and interactive spaces. Using a similar propositional sketching style, I imagined what it might be like with more landscaping and seating areas to ecourage dwelling of people. Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing

These thresholds could create connections between the routes and the podium and tower.

Routes + Entrances on the Site: Doorways (Investigating the size, materiality and importance of entrances)

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Looking at doorways and entrances, there is little indication of the purpose of the entrance through materiality, size and placement. It is difficult to understand where public entrances are, as many feel private. I tested taking away the door in the massing image above. I found that taking this away there is no indication of entrance in the large massing. From this I began to think about how moves in the massing could create a sense of entrance. Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing 33

Cruddas Park - Through a lens of ownership Inital Concepts lensidentity, of OWNERSHIP + threads of IDENTITY + INDIVIDUALITY ThreadsA of individuality

Flat door in corridoor

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Un-

Shared main entrance

Thinking about the entrances and the hierarchy of entrances between the public and private space and then using that to inform my moves in the massing and plans. This is my thread to run through the spatial, organisational, experiential part of the project that also addresses the residential side of it too. I went on

Shared block

Project Framing

to test the articualtion of spaces and routes and what the routes can do and how the route can accomodate different types of experience.

Massing + Form Explorations (1:500 Massing studies in response to route studies)

Using the main routes exploration from earlier on and the wider Elswick context, I went on to test initial massing studies. The main drivers in the massing are to create a sense of entrance using massing cuts, create a permeable podium space and circulation through the site, use environmental analysis to open up the podium, and lastly create vertical routes and visual connections.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Un-

Project Framing 35

Testing massing against routes Key routes through site

Using my initial massing studies I developed some further taking specific notice of key routes directly onto the site and the connections to the large park South of the site. I also began to think about routes and views, and how the route might control the view of the spaces people are entering.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing

Testing massing against routes Plan view

I stepped back in scale and assessed how these large changes in the massing would work on a site wide scale.

Project Framing 37

= New/Improved work since Review

Line of Enquiry + Key Themes

-Transform the flats into more generous living areas with extended space and double height spaces.

-Change the journey up to the flats from the dark stairways and broken lifts to a route with bright spaces and views out.

-Enhance the large open green space into a productive area with increased biodiversity, through the use of plant species, pond area and allotments.

-Transform and reconfigure the massing of the podium to create a more welcoming and envouraging route into the site, encouraging more pedestrian movement through the site.

-Carefully consider the environmental impact when making decisions and the effects of those. Through massing changes of

ELEMENTS OF GROUP EXPLORATIONS TO TAKE FORWARD

the podium, recycle the removed material elsewhere on site. CIRCULATION + FLOW OF SPACE -Carefully consider the social impact when making decisions

RANGE OF HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

and the effects of those. If the number of flats is reduced in the reconfiguration of the tower, other housing must be designed to

ACCESS TO OUTDOOR SPACE FROM FLATS

stop displacement of the current community. PRODUCTIVE GREEN SPACE COMMUNAL/INTERACTIVE SPACES

Project Framing

= New/Improved work since Review

Strategy and Intent for Site Programme Housing, Podum + Landscape

My proposal is to keep the existing programme but enhancing the spaces and adding a courtyard space, outdoor seating and integrating the large green space. The site is a large space within Elswick, meaning it has potential to become a community hub of 1

activity for the direct and wider community. The use of the tower will remain as flats, but adding workspaces within this to respond to the current ‘work from home’ situarion and possible affects of that.

FLATS (INCREASED SPACE) WORKSPACES/ CO-WORKING PRIVATE OUTDOOR SPACE

LIBRARY SHOPS (MARKET STYLE) COLLEGE OUTDOOR SEATING/EATING AREA ADDED HOUSING (IF NO. OF FLATS IS REDUCED)

ALLOTMENTS INCREASED PLANTING (BIODIVERSITY) RECYCLED SEATING POND

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown) Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing 39

Original re-imagining of the site (BEFORE - EXISTING SITE)

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing

= New/Improved work since Review

Original re-imagining of the site (AFTER - PROPOSED SITE)

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing 41

= New/Improved work since Review

Response to Climate Crisis: Re-use + Recycle

Responding to the climate crisis has begun from the initial design and research stages. Precedents such as LILAC Co-Housing has inspired me explore the uses of green space such as allotments and inputting a variety of plant species, rather than labelling areas as green space without questioning what is required and refain from “greenwashing” as investigated with the Bosco Verticale precedent. Working with the exisitng is also key in responding to the climate crisis, with less energy being used to re-adapt rather than to completely demolish and re-build again.

Use and re-adapt the existing concrete structure with embodied carbon and minimise demolition.

Maintain the existing biomass heating system as it is already sufficient and would take alot of energy to replace.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Framing

Introducing a new pond area to enhance animal and plant species + public space.

Using recycled building material from partial demolition to support making landscaping such as pathways.

Introducing new plant species in order to increase biodiversity and sequester carbon.

Maintaining all existing trees on site to sequester carbon.

Using recycled building material from partial demolisiton to make gabion seating on site public seating.

Reduced car parking space to encourage car pooling, clycling + walking to reduce carbon emissions.

= New/Improved work since Review

Response to The Housing Crisis

Rich communal spaces to interact with neighbours and the public.

An area of private outdoor space, which could be used for allotments. Giving the residents their own green space.

Co working spaces for residents to have space to work and interact if needed (working from home).

Access to semi-outdoor spaces in the form of balconies or winter gardens.

A large pond space for the residents to interact with, introducing rich public spaces, combatting the negative stigma of high rise living.

Large openable windows in each flat for residents to control air flow and have access to fresh air.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Responding to the housing crisis is critical for our housing manifesto, When we explored the current housing situation in the UK we found huge numbers of homes were unsuitable, unafforable and unsecure. On top of this, the Pandemic has Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

meant many have had to stay at home and work from home. But for many, this was an uncomfortable experience as their homes could not support this. In my design proposal I aim to specifically respond to this by creating light, spacious, affordable homes that have rich communal spaces and access to outdoor spaces from each individual flat. Tacking lonieness and creating an enjoyable place to live, fighting the stigmas associated with high rise living.

Project Framing 43

= New/Improved work since Review

Thematic Case Study Report (Housing in Mulhouse by Anne Lacaton + Jean-Philippe Vassal)

In the early years of his career, Philippe Lacaton spent five years in Niger, which he describes as a formative experience. Witnessing first-hand what could be achieved with very little, through innovation and creativity of those living in scarcity. This personal experience brought lessons of scarcity and economy of resource into Lacaton and Vassal’s practice; do the maximum with the minimum. Lacaton and Vassal believe the view of the architect is as extending far beyond just building, but creatively engaging with the regulatory aspects of each project. This approach to their projects brings an element of individualism, where the changes are independent of the building.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

44 Thematic Case Study Report

Architect’s Theoretical Position Re-Use, Re-adaptation + Approach to the site

In 2004, a year before the cite manifest project, Lacaton and Vassal published a manifesto, PLUS. A response to the French Government’s proposal to demolish urban, post-war social housing and replace it with smaller, more expensive new units. This introduced their position of “never demolish, never remove or replace, always add, transform, and re-use” through the idea of re-using the space and re-adapting it. (Shown through images), described as “Walls and facades are removed, balconies are added, communal spaces created.” Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

These ideas also drove their opposition to demolition. Both Vassal and Lacaton feel there are always transformative opportunities that can be achieved through the adaption of space and that demolition should not be an option. Re-using and adapting space, create more environmental, economic and social benefits. Relocation and displacement of people when a building is demolished is a social issue. Their methods work against pernicious form of gentrification that targets the poor by tearing down existing affordable housing, replacing it with market rate units, which forces lower income citizens to relocate where land and rents are cheaper.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Thematic Case Study Report 45

Approach to Historical Context (Moves to physical and social context)

“The goal isn’t just to keep the soul and history of the building, but also to add another. We want to bring it into the present and into the future.” These ideas are explored in the Mulhouse site as the history of the factory, social housing and workers in the area were implemented into the design. In the middle of the 19th century, the area representing a better condition for the workers, driving Lacaton and Vassal’s ideas of improving the site through re-adaptation. In Mulhouse, the old factory was stripped back to its primary structure, which Lacaton used as a base for their design.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Thematic Case Study Report

Architect’s vision: Living spaces (Light, Air + Space)

Lacaton and Vassal believe having a decent and generous space could improve the standards of social housing along with more light and freedom. More space allows people to share and invite, which creates more social living space. Lacaton and Vassal follow a design process of the “scale of life”, starting with the dweller and working outwards from private to public space and not to consider

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

them as blocks. When looking at the cite manifest, they brought in these ideas of more space, freedom, light and air. A mix of spaces was formed, all open plan with two floors, all with open space, light and air. Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Thematic Case Study Report 47

Vision + Design for Affordability (High quality, low cost housing + living)

COST

SPACE

For this project, Lacaton and Vassal wanted to re-think the idea of social

This study analyses the design by Lacaton and Vassal in 2005, the practice famous for

housing, what social housing could be, what it should be and the possibilities.

designing experimental low-budget housing. The architects aim was to develop an

They wanted to create more space and a higher quality of space for less

efficient project economy that created the largest possible services for housing, aiming to

money and question the relationship of cost and space. They explored this in

ease the pressure on the dense neighbourhood of Mulhouse by proposing an attractive,

the cite manifest by selection of materials, the construction programme and

mixed-apartment scheme that offered twice as much surface area as the standard.

methods. The inexpensive industrial materials were used to a minimum, simply,

The terrace is made up of 14 apartments that offer flexibility and control to the residents

avoiding sophistication of use. Their approach to the site and using part of the

through their open plan and sliding doors that allow climate to be controlled through a

previous structure also reduced the costs further. The selection of materials

winter garden feature.

also needed to benefit the quality of space to achieve their ideas of light, space and air. An open structure was also adopted with columns, beams and

The design was embedded into its site through historic references to the previous housing

floors, without trying to make walls.

estate, SOMCO1, following the same rigid, geometric grid that existed and constructing their housing on top of the existing concrete slab on site. Lacaton and Vassal used the slab to define the plan form of the building, before applying their unique and creative approach to social housing.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Thematic Case Study Report

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Creative Response to existing site

In terms of sustainability and usage of space, the idea of reusing previous building and preserving it in 90% helps a lot with sustainable approach towards architecture, minimising new building through innovative design, and through an appreciation of the transformative possibilities in each situation.1As architects maintain that the refurbishment is the best way to achieve sustainable design, it greatly corresponds with the creative response towards new housing practice. Another aspect is economy factors that greatly influenced the design concept. The average cost of the property in terms of building cost and renting property per meter square is the lowest of the whole City Manifeste project.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

The spatial organisation of the apartments responds to the existing issue within the surrounding dense neighbourhood. The plan reveals the architects desire to prioritise maximum surface area over the number of units. The architects aimed to appeal to their average-income residents by creating a more widely spaced, open, bright and affordable apartment. The ground floor is built as a ferro-concrete structure with a

Tertiary Construction

height of three metres and generous glazing which can be opened to maximise the volumetric feeling within. The upper floor is a greenhousetype construction frame that sits on top of the concrete structure.

Secondary Construction Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Primary Construction (Existing)

Thematic Case Study Report 49

Design + Strategy: Modularity and the Unit

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

The modularity of the housing scheme relies on two levels of multipurpose, open living space in both areas. Where the ground level is mostly occupied by large modular space that incorporates living, dining, and cooking functions with a garage space. Every house has an individual greenhouse structure that is considered as top floor and is varying from 19 to 50 m2 in its size providing large, flexible, bright interiors that are permeable. Varying the widths of the houses results in different room sizes to suit the different internal functions. In addition, positioning the party walls at an angle on plan explores the possibilities between the prescribed minimum room size and the desirable maximum room size.’ 1

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

The architects consideration for the context of the social housing building type is revealed through the large amount of control that is provided to the resident. Often social housing is inflexible in its personal adaptation due to the residents lack of ownership, the architect responds to this by creating the opportunity for this through the buildings structure. The decision to maximise apartment space in a wide, open plan manner gives the resident the power to adapt their space and express their individuality. The creation of identity celebrates the communal aspect of dense neighbourhoods. This desire for control is further exerted through the resident’s ability to control the climate of their aparment through the winter garden and mobile screens. This flexibility provides the opportunity to either ventilate the apartment in warmer conditions or retain heat when colder while also providing the choice for additional interior/exterior space. The design respects its environment in a flexible manner that provides control to the resident and offers them further flexibility in designing the aesthetic of their space.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

50 Thematic Case Study Report

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics

Flexible Spaces: The Detail Semi-Permeable spaces

At the scope of a detail level consideration, it is the aluminium mobile screens that allow the winter garden to become a flexible space. The use of this technology needs to be easily accessible for all residents and is achieved through sliding screens.The success of the opportunity of control for the residents is dependent on this feature, and is also relevant considering the sensitive economic state that most residents may be in. By providing a heating system that uses natural ventilation and is easily maintained, living costs are reduced due to less need for electric heating/lighting. The screens are designed to be effective in both providing shade and also retaining heat, the detail diagram highlights how this is done through a combination of opaque/clear materials and insulated panels.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown) Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Thematic Case Study Report 51

Materiality (A cost efficient + sustainable approach)

The ground floor of the housing is constructed out of concrete elements that were precasted and the previous construction was preserved and reused, which makes the material effi-cient and sustainable. The concrete structure is supported by beams and columns on the top and acts as a foundation for the greenhouse structure at the top. The first floor struc-ture is mainly constructed out of aluminum frames, plastic sheets, and tension roads. That sequence takes inspiration mainly from the architect’s experience from Africa but put in European climate and standards. Choice of materials rely on the character of the site that was mainly industrial in its char-acter and the cost efficiency.2

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown) Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Thematic Case Study Report

The Greenhouse Structure (Environmental approach to structure)

The materials are combined in layers to provide proper insu-lation and sustainable environment within the flat. The pre-vious construction was reused as the main structure and the new additions are creating secondary and tertiary structures that could be partially moved or uncovered. This technique relates to the architect’s previous experiences from African practice back in the days, but it was iterated to adjust it to the European climate. The layers could be uncov-ered to provide appropriate insulation and airflow. The mate-rials themselves (mainly plastics) provide appropriate barrier and insulation, while they seem to be a good choice.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

The main idea behind this was to recreate in some way the greenhouse structure and all the features of it, but the choice of materials was being made based on the character of the area. It also created quite sustainable construction from the point of view of the construction realm, although the struc-ture is mainly plastic and its variation to provide the conti-nuity of insulation, which turns out not to be environment friendly. The architects took as their role models the intelli-gent systems of glasshouses, which guarantee an optimum environment for plants at all times - an obvious transfer of technology and typology.3As an overall visual position - it becomes a new inter-pretation of European housing in terms of materiality. While in Europe most housing takes an approach to screen-off (mul-tiple layers of insulation, glazing, membranes etc.) the out-side world, Mulhouse is doing the opposite thing - partially exposes the interior without losing the insulating properties and allows to unfold the layers.

Thematic Case Study Report 53

Environmental Strategy Improving comfort + reducing energy costs

Sunlight: Solar energy is a constant resource that people have learned to harness in various ways. The Lacaton & Vassal’s building in Mulhouse explores bioclimatic design solutions, espe-cially relating to sunlight, to provide comfort and cut ener-gy costs for the residents. The ‘greenhouse’ on the upper floor is turned toward the south to illuminate the interior of the building. The clear polycarbonate roof and walls of the ‘greenhouse’, as well the large windows, allow most of the house to be illuminated by the sunlight.1Reflective curtain allows the residents to manually control the amount of sunlight that enters stheir living unit. The building also collects the radiated heat from the sun-light, the walls and the roof are insulated with glass wool2, that and the triple glazed windows and the triple sliding door on the upper floor minimise the heat loss of the building. Polycarbonate sheets used in the walls of the ‘greenhouse’ and the roof also has some insulative qualities.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Wind: The vaults of the roof serve as air vents, where the stale air rises and travels to the ‘greenhouse’. The ‘greenhouse’ is equipped with a manually openable roof window, that al-lows the inhabitants to control the airflow of the building. Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown) Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Thematic Case Study Report

The Construction Process (A response to the climate crisis)

The scheme (figure 9)3 portrays the cycle of building materials. To avoid materials being thrown into the ecosystem they are being recycled or decomposed, another way to avoid material waste is renovation. Lacaton & Vassal’s project focused on cutting the construction costs, the most common materials were polycarbonate sheets and concrete. Polycarbonate is a plastic product. Plastic waste causes immense pollution as 80% of it gets discarded into wild-life. However, polycarbonate is durable against impact and a tough material, clear polycarbonate sheets, as the ones used in the ‘greenhouse’ part of the building, lets in the sunlight almost as well as glass. It has insulation qualities that minimise the heat loss5. Concrete manufacturing is responsible for up to 8% of emitted greenhouse gases. While it is a concerning factor, concrete is also longlasting and durable, the affordability and little maintenance that concrete demands makes it appealing material to use in construction. Concrete is also recyclable, so the demolition of concrete buildings may not produce a lot of waste6. The building was constructed on the grounds of a factory and the concrete base of the ground floor remains the same.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown) Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Thematic Case Study Report 55

Cite Manifeste: Other buildings of it’s type

Lacton and Vassal’s Building (in red) is part of a bigger experimental housing project,

‘Cité

Manifeste’

consisting

of 61 housing units designed by five different architects. All of them have different materials and form but the same design theology of responding to the climate crisis, giving flexibility to residents regarding use and making low cost 2 storey social house. The project pursued the objective of crisis aspects of regulations and construction processes with solutions that were feasible for all stakeholders in the promotion and construction process.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Thematic Case Study Report

Collective Housing (A comparison: Social Housing)

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

History plays an important role in the typology in the neighbourhood. Although all are mostly residential houses. Height stays same around the neighbourhood but in terms of use, freedom of space, flexibility in use and communal spaces around for gardening and vegetation helps grow community within the neighbourhood. Additionally, resources and worked within the community is also shared as tenants come from various backgrounds. Built as 39 duplex apartments to explore individuality within social housing by distributing them within 11 housing blocks (6 rental, 5 sold). Programme as a nucleus made of a kitchen, a bathroom, toilets, and a staircase leaving the rest as a open plan (alike Case Study building) with glazed greenhouse winter garden windows viewing gardens that promote neighbourhood relationships.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Thematic Case Study Report 57

Housing in Mulhouse: Relevance to Studio Themes (Re-use, Affordability, Power the the people)

The whole scheme as a City manifesto is a creative response towards the new housing practise and is tightly bonded with the studio theme which is a creative response towards new housing. The case study is a manifesto for new, better housing within the existing structures. It is a repre-sentative for a sustainable design that considers people not only as inhabitants but as owners and contributors to the wider community aspect. It encourages the Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

communi-ty through spaces and design to form relationships. By the cultural and historical relevance crates diverse and flexible ownership promoting community and wellbeing.

Thematic Case Study Report

= New/Improved work since Review

Reflection (Elements to take forward in individual design)

- A power to the user/resident, by creating

generous,

flexible

living

spaces.

- Re-use + Re-adapation of the existing structure through retrofit. Decisions of removing and adding without demolishing the entire buiding, by working with what is already there.

- A winter garden space within each flat which creates a light semi-

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

outdoor space.

Studying the housing project in Mulhouse by Lacaton and Vassal has hugely influenced the way I will consider my design in the next stages. Working as a group to explore and produce this work triggered many - Creating two storey flats and a range

conversations between our group of re-use and sustainability, as shown

of units to create diversity within the

in the presentation image above. In terms of relevance to my own

flats. Overlapping the flats can be a

project, there are specific aspects and drivers I aim to apply to my own

way of connecting the flats through

design, as shown in the images to the left.

design decisions.

- Making the flats light, airy and spacious with openable windows so that residents can control and bring in fresh air into the flats. Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Thematic Case Study Report 59

SEMESTER 1

Project Testing

I questioned the current user experience of the tower through a process of narratives. Asking myself: What it is like to walk up to the shopping centre? What is it like to walk up to the flats? To approach and demonstrate this way of thinking I was inspired by Gordon Cullen’s concepts and serial drawing techniques. I enjoy the way his work explores how we see the environment and how it reveals itself as we move through spaces.

Cruddas Park - Through a lens of ownership Threads of identity, individuality

Flat door in corridoor

Shared main entrance

Shared block Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

A serial vision study of exisitng routes

I used this process to examine how the exisiting route works and what I like about it. i found that the lack of entrance was clear, driving my focus futher into the theme of entrances.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing 61

A serial vision study of exisiting routes

With the public route to the shopping centre, there were elements from the exisitng that I wanted to keep and bring forward. For example, the double height central route.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

User Experience of the routes

Using the idea of propositional studies from my initial response to the studio brief, I have begun to create propositional drawings of these spaces of what they could do. Asking and questioning, what does the space feel like? What do you see when you go through? What makes a space public? Instead of using the standard convention of perspective drawing and with a focus on experiential space, I played with extracting the perspective and enhancing the elements of experience.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Re-

Project Testing 63

User Experience - Propositional Study

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown) 64

Hierarchy of Entrances: Public to Private

i used the study of the routes to apply this to the massing studies. I explored and tested how the route might transition from bold and enouraging moments to intimate more personal moments as residents move towards their flats.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing 65

Architectural Theory: Theory into Practice

I found the ‘Theory into Practice’ module has influenced and helped me to gain different perspectives of housing through a variety of lenses. Looking at different theoretical positions of architects, such as the Smithson’s has also given a perspective of their approach to housing. Themes of displacement have also been bought into discussion, and the questioning of moving residents, where they go, what happens to them, what effects does it have on the people.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Architectural Theory: Theory into Practice

Using miro, we did cross studio meetings with other students in our group where we would dicuss our work with one another and have dicussions about our work. I found this really helpful in taking steps forward. Using a new perspective from the other team member helped me to question the importantce of my scheme.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demograph-

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

Thinking Through Making: 1:20 Door Vinyettes

Going from the current flat entrance, a door in line with the wall against a thin coridoor, I created vinyettes of doors through modelling as a thinking through making process, looking at the form in a 1:20 scale. I tested the idea of setting back the door from the corridoor and found that putting the door at an angle formed a more private approach. I wanted to explore how to create a sense of privacy within community. i took the last model and explored how height might affect this.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

Testing 1:20 Entance Heights

I applied a double height space to the entrance, still working at a 1:20 scale. I found that the angle of the door made an interesting entrance where doorways wouldnot be directly facing eachother.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Testing collective entrances at 1:20

I tested the angles of the entrances futher and how that might work next to another door, creating a grouped entrance space.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

Precedent influence: Unite d’Habitation

I was interested by the precedent Unite d’Habitation with its use of colour. I enjoy the way each entrance is coloured and that bleeds through to the facade of the building. I also enjoy the way the flats have double height spaces and maisonette style flats. Using this I tested my models further.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

Individuality: Resident Entrances

Taking the form of the models. I wanted to test how I could further explore indiviuality and a way of

(Testing colour at a 1:20 scale)

the application of colour.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

showing where everyones entrances are. Inspired by the flat entrances at Unite d’Habitation, I testted

Using the same process and model, I tested the affect of the entrances with three themes. Texture - using a tactile approach. Materiality - using contrast in material to create entrance. And patterns such as a floor patten encouraging movement.

Individuality: Resident Entrances (Testing texture, material and pattern at a 1:20 scale)

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing 73

Individuality: Resident Entrances

Finallly, I went on to test light and how bringing light into the entrance could work and possibly coloiured

(Testing light at a 1:20 scale)

scale of the coridoor.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

light to enhance the indiviuality - so thinking about these tests, such as light, how this will work in the

Changing scales: Door - Coridoor - Flats - Facade

So taking the explorations of entrances and what that might mean for the coridoor, so when the individual door is multuplied to the scale of the coridoor and how that might change the entrances. And then how that affects the flat layouts and internal reconfiguration and then the facade.

DOOR - CORRIDOOR CORRIDOOR - FLATS

FLATS - FACADE

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing 75

Testing the Coridoor

I began by modelling the existing coridoor against the single height entrance to use as comparison as I moved forward with model making.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

Double Height entrances + The Coridoor

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

I initially began by keeping the coridoor single height, as in Unite d’Habitation, but extruding the entrances to double height. I found this to create a double height entrance space, but not create as big as an entrance as I wanted.

Project Testing

Testing raised pockets of double height space

I tested creating double height pockets of space in the coridoor where the entrances to the flat are.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Testing Coridoor to Flat connections

Using this idea, I tested how the flats might work around this horizontal core. Using this style of overlapping flats, I wanted to create a viewing point where visual connections could begin to happen between the flats and the coridoor.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing 79

Exploring circulation: The Cores

As i explored this futher, I found that the coridoor was still seeming dark. It also is still primarily a route through and transitioning space, making it difficult to create moments. As a result of my findings, I decided to test using cores of ciruclation, to also create collective entrances for groups of flats.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown) = Movement/Interaction = Circulation space Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

Core entrance spaces

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Carrying forward the angled doorways and double height spaces, I experimented with sketching of how these cores might work and how the flats will circle around them.

Project Testing 81

Double Height Cores - The stairwells

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

By wanted to create large and generous living spaces, i wanted to ensure the route up to the flats was the same. I also wanted it to be space efficient as it would provide more flat space, but also still be light. Through a process of model making and drawing, I tested this in a variety of ways against the primary focus of the double height entrance space.

Project Testing

Double Height Cores - The stairwells

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

Double Height Cores - The stairwells

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

Double Height Cores - The stairwells

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing 85

Developing the Cores

I found the most successful way of achieving these aims was to have the stairs and lift seperately. This way large windows

could

bring

light

into

the

stairwells and create bright and open routes.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

= New/Improved work since Review

Applying the cores to plans

I applied the new cores to the previous plans and arranged the flats around them. I wanted to create a range of typology of flats to transform against the exisiting 168 single aspect repeat units.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

= New/Improved work since Review

Testing a flat typologies

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

With the theme of typologies and a range of flats to create diversity within the tower, I tested how the flats might overlap eachother and provide half of the flats with fully ccessible living spaces.

Project Testing

= New/Improved work since Review

Development of plan - Existing structure

Existing

Iteration 1

Iteration 2

I used the exisitng structure to develop the plan of the flats, to ensure the most efficient re-adaptation and re-use of the site. i ensured structural walls met.

Exisitng party walls Exisiting structural walls Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing 89

= New/Improved work since Review

Flat exploration: Entrances

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Using the new plans of the flats , i began to explore what elements might change within the flats, and therefore on the facades.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

= New/Improved work since Review

Flat Entrances: Semi-Outdoor spaces

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

I want to create semi-outdoor spaces in the form of winder gardens - as inspired by Lacaton and Vassals housing in Mulhouse. I began a process of testing how this might work in plan and found that the West side was most suitable for these space.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing 91

= New/Improved work since Review

Winter Garden Testing

I used the plans of the flats to assess which winter gardens will be placed where and how this will create a module of six winter gardens that can be repeated across the entire West Facade of the tower.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

= New/Improved work since Review

Re-modelling of Massing Applying core’s into the tower how they work at ground level to be developed. Using the new changes in the tower I remodelled the massing of the tower and the podium. With the number of flats being reduced in the tower, due to the increased size of the exisitng flats, I decided to add extra housing onto the site using a CLT structure. From this, I wanted to densify the site futher and created more space for educational spaces. Finally, I focused on the transition in levels of the site and introduced ramps and stairs at the key entrances of the site.

Extra Housing massing added less flats in each floor of tower so new extra housing is needed.

Horizontal movement down through site softened with large ramps + stairs.

Massing of podium adjusted to emphasise routes + create Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

connections between spaces.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

= New/Improved work since Review

Updated response to Climate Crisis

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Project Testing

Precedent Influence: Ty Pawb, Wrexham

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

The basement is cut into taking away the large amounts of space originlly used for underground parking. This move of cuttinbg down into the podium was inspired by my precedent, Ty Pawb. A place I have personally experienced before and after retrofit, Ty Pawb converts an existing car park into a community arts centre with an internal market space and changeable spaces.

Project Testing 95

= New/Improved work since Review

Updated Site Section + Plan 1:200 Scale

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

10m

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

= New/Improved work since Review

Updated Basement Plan 1:200

10m

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Synthesis 97

= New/Improved work since Review

Updated Ground Floor Plan 1:200

0m 98

10m

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

= New/Improved work since Review

Updated Lower Flats Plan 1:200

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

10m Synthesis

Synthesis Design Stategy: Before

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

100

Synthesis

Design Strategy: After

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

101 Synthesis

Building Programme (Community Hub + Cruddas Park House)

Programatically, the public spaces are arranged around a street like space running horizontally through the site. Prviate spaces for residents and public space wraps over eachother and has moments of intersection.

RESIDENTIAL (APARTMENTS)

RESIDENT LOBBY (BIN STORE/BIKE STORE)

RESIDENT COMMUNAL SPACE

RESIDENTAL (APARTMENTS)

PUBLIC CAFE + ARTS CENTRE

UNDERGROUNND CAR PARK + SERVICES

INDOOR MARKET SPACE (PUBLIC)

LIBRARY + EDUCATION SPACE (PUBLIC)

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

102 Synthesis

Sustainability Strategy + Environmental Design

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

A key environmental strategy for this project is to retain as much of the exisitng structure as

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

possible and to reuse and readapt the space rather than to demolish. Large amounts of carbon are used when demolishing, and huge amounts of carbon are already stored in the structure meaning the best option is to reuse. The biomass district heating system will also be retained in the tower and changing this would be a long, costly to the enviornment process.

Synthesis 103

Sustainability Strategy + Environmental Design (The flats - living spaces)

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

The dual aspect apartments take advantage of the movement of wind from West to East. The layout of the apartments are designed to work alonside the East/West facing facades. The bedrooms are placed East facing so that they get morning sunlight. The living, eating spaces and winter gardens are West facing to recive late afternoon and evening sun. The angled box windows are angled towards the South so that as the morning sun moves around, maximum light is bought into the bedrooms.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

104

Synthesis

By providing escape for less people per fire core, it is a safer means

Fire Strategy: Importance of Safety

of esacpe than the previous tower where all residents shared one main core and then a smaller core. Looking at Approved Document B, alongside the flats, a 9m maximum distance is set to get to a fire protected core. In the one storey flats this is applied. For the two storey flats there are two routes of escape meaning 18m is the maximum distance.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Synthesis 105

Fire Strategy: Material choice for safety

Section 8.4 in Approved Document B states that there must be a fire resistance of the protected shaft to be a minimum of REI60. The fire resistance of the coridoor to be REI30 and any glazing to be RE 30.

FIRE PROTECTED CORE

GLAZING: RE30

CORE: REI60

CORRIDOOR: REI30

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

106

Synthesis

Sustainability Strategy + Environmental Design (Summer Daylighting Strategy - Day + Night)

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

Synthesis 107

Sustainability Strategy + Environmental Design (Winter Daylighting Strategy - Day + Night)

The winter gardens and large open windows on both sides of the tower allow for sunlight to reach deep into the plan and provide bright light living spaces. By night, flats are individually lit and controlled by the resident through electricity supplied from the grid.

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

108

Synthesis

Sustainability Strategy + Environmental Design (Summer Heating and Cooling Strategy - Day + Night)

The winter gardens with openable windows take adavantage of the Westerly prevailling wind so that fresh air moves into the flats and across the West to East layout. The East facade also has large openable windows so that fresh air can be bought in.

Concrete structure acts as thermal mass and absorbs heat from sun rays. The heat is then trapped in the concrete and slowly released during the night to warm the spaces.

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

Synthesis 109

Sustainability Strategy + Environmental Design (Summer Heating and Cooling Strategy - Day + Night)

The large glass openings on both the East and West side of the tower allow sun light to reach deep into the plan and warm the space. Concrete structure acts as thermal mass and absorbs heat from sun rays. The heat is then trapped in the concrete and slowly released during the night to warm the spaces. Due to the stacked nature of the flats, underfloor is not required as overheating could occur.

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

110

Synthesis

= New/Improved work since Review

Sustainability Strategy + Environmental Design (Services Distribution)

The services for the flats are stacked throughout the tower so that minimum distance is required for services to travel. The rooftop biomass boiler provides hot water for the residents, produced from the biomass district heating system, which supplies futher housing in the local area.

Hot water from rooftop biomass boiler Water waste

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

Synthesis 111

= New/Improved work since Review

Investigating Modularity (Prefabrication + offsite construction)

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

SECONDARY STRUCTURE Internal walls (apartments) Exisitng concrete walls

TERTIARY STRUCTURE

Steel frame + glass winter gardens

PRIMARY STRUCTURE TERTIARY STRUCTURE

Existing concrete slabs

Steel frame + glass winter gardens

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

112

Synthesis

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

Structural Strategy

PRIMARY STRUCTURE

(Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Structure)

PRIMARY STRUCTURE: The primary structure uses mostly exisitng concrete structure from the exisitng tower such as columns and slabs. New fireproof cores are inserted within the tower. These are a steel frame made offsite, then infilled with fireproof blockwork and plasterboard. These are stacked to create 2 cores. The cores will also have steel cross bracing to structurally support the building. The third core is the exisitng tower core.

SECONDARY STRUCTURE SECONDARY STRUCTURE: A curtain wall (glass) is wrapped around the podium spaces. Internal

TERTIARY STRUCTURE

walls in the flats are adjusted, with many of the exisitng structural walls remaining.

TERTIARY STRUCTURE: On the East side, prefabricated aluminium window boxes are attached to create the East facade. Winter gardens, made offsite in modules of 3 with steel frames and glass are attatched to create the West facade.

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

Synthesis 113

Construction Sequencing

Existing concrete slabs and pillars removed.

Working from the bottom upwards, cuts made in the concrete slabs

New steel frame and infill walls for new cores stacked up through the

and walls removed. Supported as progression up the tower.

building.

Synthesis

Construction of CLT apartment block.

Removal of external (non structural) walls from existing tower. Working from the bottom upwards.

Prefabricated winter gardens bought on site and attatched to

Removal of external (non structural) walls from existing tower on East

Prefabricated window boxes bought on site and attatched to

facade.

side. Working from the bottom upwards.

facade.

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

114

Preparation for CLT Frame.

Construction Sequencing

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

Work on wider site including construction of pond, planting of spaces and inputting recycled gabion seating into the public space.

The construction and readapation process starts on the podium so that there is less distruption to the current residents in the tower. By then building the CLT flats, as construction on the tower is started from the bottom and worked up the tower, residents can temporarality move into these flats on site.

Synthesis 115

Technical + Elevation Study

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

116

Synthesis

Technical + Elevation Study

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

Synthesis 117

Key Routes + Lingering Zones 1:200 SITE PLAN Entrance Cuts Variation of Routes Lingering zones

After looking at the entrances on a small, indivudal flat scale, this images takes it back to the wider site scale. The blue lines show the large-scale entrance cuts made in response to the exisitng routes onto site and therefore created in a new massing, With different types of people using different types of routes, these routes are dotted across in orange and expectived lingering zones are in red.

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

118

Synthesis

Key moves for the project

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

Synthesis 119

Resident and Community Floor Plan 1:200 (Basement Level)

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

120

Synthesis

Resident and Community Floor (Basement Level)

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

Synthesis 121

Resident, Communal + Educational Floor Plan 1:200 (Ground Level)

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

122

Synthesis

Resident, Communal + Educational Floor (Basement Level)

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

Synthesis 123

Residents gardens + CLT Housing Plan 1:200

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

124

Synthesis

Residents gardens + CLT Housing Plan

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

Synthesis 125

Lower Level of Flats Plan 1:200

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

126 Synthesis

1:50 Detail: Double Height Entrances for flats

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

Synthesis 127

Upper Level of Flats Plan 1:200

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

128

Synthesis

1:50 Inhabited Unit Study

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

Synthesis

129

Core Study: Placement of Flats around Cores

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

130

Synthesis

1:50 Inhabited Core Study

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

Synthesis

131

The Transformation of Cruddas Park House

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame 132 Synthesis

Generous Bright Living Spaces

133

Figure x - concrete block infill in steel frame

SEMESTER 1

Cultural Bibliography Talks, Seminars + Lectures

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

I attended extra curricular events such as talks, seminars and lectures. One of the most influential to my projects and understanding of the current housing climate was the Festival of Place event. This focused on making happy, healthy and safe places for people to live. i found the week long event of talks to inspire me to question and consider wider aspects such as inclusivity, designing places for all people, all ages and all abilities. This event provided an online round table opportunity where you could chat to other Architects, students and more.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics

134

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Talks, Seminars + Lectures

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

I also attended other events, talks and lectures focusing on and around housing, sustainability and social spaces. For example, ‘Green Social Housing at Scale’ discussed the framework of Vienna’s social housing - the most sucessful City for providing social housing. Other talks involved discussing material choices for

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

the Climate and Ecological emergency.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

135

Thematic Case Study Reflections

Case Study 1: Dawson’s Heights

The whole scheme as a City manifesto is a creative response towards the

Studio: A Manfesto for Housing

new housing practise and is tightly bonded with the studio theme which is

Location: London

a creative response towards new housing. The case study is a manifesto for

Architect: Kate Mcintosh

new, better housing within the existing structures. It is a repre-sentative for

Type: Social Housing

a sustainable design that considers people not only as inhabitants but as owners and contributors to the wider community aspect. It encourages the

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Case Study 2: The Maggie’s Centre

The whole scheme as a City manifesto is a creative response towards the

Studio: House of Memories

new housing practise and is tightly bonded with the studio theme which is

Location: Newcastle

a creative response towards new housing. The case study is a manifesto for

Architect: Ted Cullinan

new, better housing within the existing structures. It is a repre-sentative for

Type: Care / Cancer Centre

a sustainable design that considers people not only as inhabitants but as owners and contributors to the wider community aspect. It encourages the

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Case Study 3: Wohnwerk

The whole scheme as a City manifesto is a creative response towards the

Studio: City Ruins

new housing practise and is tightly bonded with the studio theme which is

Location: Basel, Switzerland

a creative response towards new housing. The case study is a manifesto for

Architect: Christ + Gantenbein

new, better housing within the existing structures. It is a repre-sentative for

Type: Housing

a sustainable design that considers people not only as inhabitants but as owners and contributors to the wider community aspect. It encourages the

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Case Study 4: The Sackler Building

The whole scheme as a City manifesto is a creative response towards the

Studio: City Ruins

new housing practise and is tightly bonded with the studio theme which is

Location: London, 2009

a creative response towards new housing. The case study is a manifesto for

Architect: Haworth Tomkins

new, better housing within the existing structures. It is a repre-sentative for

Type: Education

a sustainable design that considers people not only as inhabitants but as owners and contributors to the wider community aspect. It encourages the

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

136

Case Study 5: Respite Centre

The whole scheme as a City manifesto is a creative response towards the

Studio: House of Memories

new housing practise and is tightly bonded with the studio theme which is

Location: Dublin, 2009

a creative response towards new housing. The case study is a manifesto for

Architect: Nial McLaughlin

new, better housing within the existing structures. It is a repre-sentative for

Type: Care Centre

a sustainable design that considers people not only as inhabitants but as owners and contributors to the wider community aspect. It encourages the

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Case Study 6: Suburban Housing

The whole scheme as a City manifesto is a creative response towards the

Studio: City Ruins

new housing practise and is tightly bonded with the studio theme which is

Location: Seeback, Zurin

a creative response towards new housing. The case study is a manifesto for

Architect: Sergison Bates

new, better housing within the existing structures. It is a repre-sentative for

Type: Residential

a sustainable design that considers people not only as inhabitants but as owners and contributors to the wider community aspect. It encourages the Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Case Study 7: Apartment Along Wall

The whole scheme as a City manifesto is a creative response towards the

Studio: City Ruins

new housing practise and is tightly bonded with the studio theme which is

Location: Basel, Switzerland

a creative response towards new housing. The case study is a manifesto for

Architect: Herzog & De Meuron

new, better housing within the existing structures. It is a repre-sentative for

Type: Residential

a sustainable design that considers people not only as inhabitants but as owners and contributors to the wider community aspect. It encourages the

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Case Study 8: Dementia Village

The whole scheme as a City manifesto is a creative response towards the

Studio: House of Memories

new housing practise and is tightly bonded with the studio theme which is

Location: Weesp, Amsterdam

a creative response towards new housing. The case study is a manifesto for

Architect: MBVDA Architects

new, better housing within the existing structures. It is a repre-sentative for

Type: Care Centre

a sustainable design that considers people not only as inhabitants but as owners and contributors to the wider community aspect. It encourages the

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

137

Illustration (The Courier)

During this academic year, I have been an illustrator the the University Newspaper, The Courier. This has involved a process where I am given a breif to create an image to relate and represent the presented article. This has involved a variety of themes and styles. I have found this to support my architectural education through enhancing my drawing skills, but to think creatively about what to produce as I have free range on what I create. The images over the next two spreads are some examples of the outputs from the year.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

138

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Illustration (The Courier)

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

139

Readings: Terraformed

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Very early on in the design project, I read the book Terraformed, by Joy White. After reading this I also watched a livestream of Joy White being interviewed about the book. I found these to massively influence the way I approached my design project. It made me feel that I should take a sensitive and tenative approach to both the design and the exisiting residents there. The book was inspiring and informative.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

140

Creative Activity: Dance Choreography

Product Photography

During this year I have been a Dance Coach for the Newcastle University Dance Team. I had a team of 13 dancers of which I choreographed a 3:30 minute piece. Due to the pandemic, this was perfomed in a different style than usual - filming and editing, a digital curation of the final performance. As well as visually designing the dance for a digital performance, I used Premier Pro to edit the videos into one video, I also used sketching to demonstrate positions to the team. I find this a different way of expressing my creativity, through performance and Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Un

expressive physical art.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

Over the past year I have done product photography for a beauty company. I am given a breif of the style and atmosphere required and then translate that into atmospheric images. The focus of these images were holistic therapy with a focus on the ocean, seaweed and waves. I enjoy exploring with photography, a different medium and way of working than other methods I have been using in my architectural education this year.

Figure x - Studio Group Work Demographics Research (Sources Unknown)

141

List of Figures Figure 1 – Author’s Own work Figure 2 – Author’s Own work Figure 3 – Author’s Own work Figure 4 – Group work Figure 5 – Author’s Own work Figure 6 – Group work Figure 7 – Group work Figure 8 – Group work Figure 9 – Author’s Own work Figure 10 – Author’s Own work Figure 11 – Author’s Own work Figure 12 – Author’s Own work Figure 13 – Author’s Own work Figure 14 – Author’s Own work Figure 15 – Author’s Own work Figure 16 – Author’s Own work Figure 17 – Author’s Own work Figure 18 - Group work Figure 19 – Group work Figure 20 – Group work Figure 21 – Author’s Own work Figure 22 – Author’s Own work Figure 23 – Group work Figure 24 – Group work Figure 25 – Group work Figure 26 – Group work Figure 27 – Group work

142

143

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