T u Y a H a n
selecte w o r k 2 0 0 | 2 0 1
d s 6 4
2
Special thanks to those who support me until today. And dedicated my works to every person who has ever been trying to explore ways of making our environment truly joyful/sustainable/beloved...
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
3
4
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
CONTENTS
Landscape/Architecture 2008.04-06 B & B at Sicao A comprehensive local understanding led to design cues. Architecture 2008.10-12 New Generation of Congregate Housing A comprehensive local understanding led to design cues. Architecture 2008.12-2009.02 FOLD the SPORTS CENTER - The interface between campus and city. Observing the urban environment, then organizing composite program in a mega structure.
Architecture/Urban Planning 2009.11-2010.06 HI LIFE - Heighten our city lives by urban agriculture. College graduation project, a summary of university learning. Urban Phenomena Observation 2012.10-2013.02 FROM CIAM TO CYBERSPACE - Architecture and the Community. Research studio project Architecture/Urban Planning 2013.03-2013.06 FENCE, TRADE, DESIRE, HAPPINESS: Shenzhen from Necessity to Destination. Research/Design studio project Urban Observation/Planning 2013.09-2014.02 Unplanned Urbanity - A fairy tale about reclaiming Asian city sense. Thesis project Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
5
6
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
B & B at Sicao Spring 2008, 2nd. Semester design studio, NCKU architecture department
B & B at Sicao
7
天淨沙﹒秋思 馬致遠 枯籐老樹昏鴉， 小橋流水人家， 古道西風瘦馬。 夕陽西下， 斷腸人在天涯。 Withered vines, old trees, crows appears when the dusk. Little bridge, running water, and a house. The ancient road, westerly, a thin horse. When the sun sets, A heartbroken man is far away from home.
8
This program was started with a Yuan Dynasty verse and a site. The challenge of this project is negotiating the relationship between ecological landscape and architecture. This verse 天淨 沙﹒秋思, is written by Yuan Dynasty poet 馬致遠, mainly constructed with many adjectives and nouns, I used elements of this verse to correspond to the elements within this site: Withered vines and old trees versus the mangrove in the site; Crows versus waterfowls in the Sihcao wildlife preserve; Running water versus the Yenshui river’s hydrology; Ancient road corresponded to the old river channel; Westerly corresponded to the climate conditions of this site. Then use these basic elements as main themes of analysis to find the design cues...
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
Withered vines and old trees
The Mangrove area in the back of Sihcao Dajhong Temple is the best natural mangrove observation area. Along the side of drainage way less than 200m, we can see three different types of mangroves: Black Mangrove is the majority, and then is the most saltresistant sandy Limnitzera racemosa Willd, and a few tiri tabua (Rhizophora stylosa Griff). When seeing the top of mangroves, one also can see birds’ activities in the forest and tidal crabs in the forest. To the east of Dajhong Temple, one can see Mudskippers in the aqueduct. Minor Mangrove, some people also call it “the general definition of red forest” or “the associated plants with Mangrove” are belonged to woody species - Excoecaria formosana (Hayata), Linden hibiscus, Seaside clerodendrum, Indian Almond, Heritiera littoralis, Barringtonia racemosa and so on, and herbaceous plants - Suaeda nudiflora, Sporobolus virginicus, Sea purslane and so on. Grown in salty area and always in the swamp or tidal area, those plants must be able to stand for dry and salty environment. Therefore some people also refer these plants as salt-grown plants. Some are Parasitic Plants or Climber plants such as Trifoliate jewelvine, Weed passion flower, Cuscuta chinensis, South dodder and so on.
Crows
There are more than 228 unique species of wild birds residing in Tainan City. To protect these precious birds, Tainan has established several wildlife refuges in the area. Notable refuges include Sihcao Wildlife Refuge, one of Taiwan’s most important wetland refuges, Taiwan’s only Black-winged Stilt Breeding Reserve and the Black-faced Spoonbill Reserve. Walk to the Yenshui riverbank from Anping Tree House and you will see the mangrove forest, a paradise for several species of egrets. Westward along the riverbank (downstream) is the Lakeside Water Bird Park. At the western end of the park is a large wind-breaking forest, also an excellent spot for bird watching.
The running water
Yenshui river is located in western Taiwan. Two major tributaries of the river are Xuxian river and Tanding river, pour into the mainstream from North and South. Two river confluence in Yongkang, called Yenshui river, flows through the Tainan City area, pour into the Taiwan Strait at Anping Mainstream is about 41 km, the catchment area is about 222 square kilometers, the average annual runoff is about 8 seconds/cubic meters. Because seasonal rainfall varies violently causes significant dry season, advances the development of lakes, ponds, and downstream drainage channel, to irrigate and alleviate the flooding. Nowadays, downstream pollution is the biggest threat. In addition to many industrial areas were built within the basins, population and settlement highly concentrate, domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater, livestock wastewater are the main sources of pollution; the downstream and adjacent Jianan Dazhen, also polluted by waste water which contains quantity of heavy metals.
The ancient road
Formerly known as Xingang River, Yenshui river’s formation are closely related to the coast line’s changes of advance and retreat. Since Holocene, the shore line retreated apparently two times, caused the formation of the ancient Taijiang inland sea; before 18 centuries, the ancient Yenshui river injected directly into the Taijiang inland sea. In 1823, due to the suddenly strong changes in the river floods of Zengwen river nearby which have large amount of sediment, Taijiang inland sea were deposited so quickly, resulting in the deposition of ancient Yenshui river’s tidal land expanded abidingly at estuary, showing today’s appearance.
The westerly
Yenshui river’s basin located in subtropical monsoon climate zone, dry and cold in winter and summer was rainy typhoon season. According to the statistical data of previous years from Tainan weather station, the year-round average temperature of this area is 24.1 ℃, annual average maximum temperature in July is about 32.9 ℃, annual average minimum temperature in January about 13.7 ℃, from June to September each year is the highest temperature, the temperature gradually decreased since October. Tainan’s average relative humidity is 78.4%, the dissimilarities in each month is insignificant; total annual rainfall is about 1,672 mm, the monthly rainfall is between 20 ~ 417mm. The rainfall concentrated in summer (May to September), accounting for 86.6% throughout the year, the rainfall’s distribution is rather uneven. Yenshui river’s wet period is around May to September each year, the average flow is 12.67 CMS, the dry season is October to April of the following year, the average flow for the 1.4 CMS, showing difference between wet and dry season is enormous.
B & B at Sicao
9
Accessibility analysis: Ecologically sensitive areas that require much less availability; agricultural areas need to have some vehicles for transportation; residential and commercial areas need the traffic convenience. Between these areas are some public transportation, carrying and evacuation the crowd.
first level of accessibility (walk or by bicycle) second level of accessibility (by motorcycle) third level of accessibility(by car)
introduce offshorefish farming
by rafts
fisherman's homef
ish farmst
our guide
travelers
experience collecting fisheries
observing wetland ecology
Tour of the wetland ecosystem
city
10
Activity analysis: Fishermen are engaged in aquaculture on workdays, journeying between fish farms and home. On holidays, visitors from the city come here to spend their vacations, learn wetland ecology and experience rural life. During holidays, fishermen became tour guides, teaching local knowledge and provide their houses as the B&Bs, lead the visitors to experience their daily life. Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
tributary
mainstream lake
entrance
fishery
observe the tidal flat
main route
home stay
birdwatching
exit
CONCEPT _ Flow Control Learning from river’s water-regulating mechanism: Whenever the torrential rain, great quantity of water pouring into the river in a short period. It dramatically demands regulation otherwise will result in flooding. At this moment, the lakes play an important role in water regulation, the excess water is temporarily stored in lakes, gradually disperses after the heavy rain. Lakes become water storage system during the low rainfall period, let the river flow remain stable. Find a strategic location within the site, this location as a crowd flow control center. Like the function of the lake, let some part visitors stay here and experience activities such as bird watching, observing wetland ecology, accommodation, and involving in fish farming; other parts of people deep into the ecological protected areas. (Only on foot or by bike)
B & B at Sicao
11
Green roof Viewing platform Bicycle path Water area
SITE PLAN
2
2
2 4
4
4
1 4
2 1. Main interior route (including reception hall, coffee bar, reading zone, and aisle)
3
2
2. Guest rooms 3. Platform for fisheries experiencing 4. Platform for intertidal observing
GROUND FLOOR PLAN Circulation analysis: The circulation of this project play an important role in the crowd control system. It’s divide into two routes: one is on the rooftop which provides open spaces for outdoor activities; other route is in the building, providing interior spaces for accommodation. 12
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
B & B at Sicao
13
14
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
South elevation
For inviting warm sunlight, the wide windows located at south elevation. The horizontal shading devices filter out the direct sunlight.
North elevation
In order to resist northerly winds, the north facade has to minimize the openness. (Windows here are only for sun-lighting and viewing)
5m
B & B at Sicao
15
16
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
New Generation of Congregate Housing Fall 2008, 1st. Semester design studio, NCKU architecture department
New Generation of Congregate Housing
17
Before thinking: What is the New types of collective housing, we must start with “What is housing?” “What is our houses for?” Originally, people built houses as resistance to the invasion of the external environment. These houses invite the gentle wind, the warm sunlight, pure water, and soothing green. With the development of civilization, our houses need to have more functions such as the transportation of electric power and running water, the places for public recreation… HOUSE is the container which loads the demands of our lives; New prototype of congregate housing is for loading new demands of modern people. SITE The site is located beside the river bank of Yanshuei River, south of the site is Anping District, is the first developed area of the Taiwan, rich in culture and tourism resources. The constructions, cultural relics mostly lifted from 17th century Dutch colonial period to the 19th century during the reign of the Qing legacy , such as Zeelandia, Eternal Golden Castle, etc., are the most important sightseeing and cultural resources in Tainan. The north of site is Yanshuei River, in the Taijiang National Park. Sandbar and luxuriant mangroves diffused beside the river, let this area becomes an important bird habitat. The east of site is adjacent to national monument - Julius Mannich & CO. As an important cultural and tourism asset, it attract a large number of tourists from around the world during holidays. This is the best place to learn and experience Taiwan’s history, culture, and endemic tradition.
SITE
18
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
ISSUE In the 1990s, because of human use the natural resource excessively, the impact intensified, the issue called “carrying capacity” began to be discussed. When the world is facing global warming issues, Taiwan’s capita carbon emissions, on the other hand, still remain three times higher than the global average. At this critical time, planners must be more positive, to response to the global environmental crisis. Face to of low-carbon emission era, propose environmental planning strategy which is not only reducing carbon emissions, but also recycle carbon emission actively. Creating zero emission, resources sharing, the new type of environment friendly community. Resources within the site Wind
North of north east is the most frequent wind direction, the annual average wind speed is about 2.34 m / sec. Using the void and solid of masses and strategical site planning, get comfortable gentle breeze and resist the cold gale.
Sun
Average annual total sunshine hours are 2327.9 hours. Horizontal staggered masses can get more sunshine area.
View
The site near Yanshuei River embankment, north side of the site has excellent natural scenery; east side near old Tait & Co. Merchant and Anping Tree House, rich in valuable cultural and natural landscapes. Through staggered masses to create the appropriate void, so that all of residents, neighbors, and visitors can enjoy the local scenery and share public assets.
Person C
coffee and bagel
Person M a lunch set
A group of friends
big hamburgers, L size French fries, L size cokes...
It’s really inconvenient to carry so much things without a reusable tray!!
A family: two happy
children set, cokes and hamburgers for parents.
go to their seats at the counter
go to the recycle bin sit down and eat
dump the trash and recycling
CONCEPT _ Tray: the one fit for all Just like the role trays play in the fast food industry, this project suggests the main structure as carrier to load users’ various needs. Though housing units and components are prefabrication products, but it still remain great range of flexibility. Each unit shows its individuality by optional components which depends on each users characteristics and demands. New Generation of Congregate Housing
19
Dwelling unit
Provide households places to living in. Each unit formed by the basic framework of beams and columns, reducing walls to open up for communicating with the natural environment as possible. The form of surfaces can be freely changed (based on environment and personal needs) which identifies each unit.
Private open space
Provide private outdoor space for residents to do some leisure activities and carbon recycling. Each household have 40 to 50m2 of private outdoor space. If used to grow plants, it can reduce carbon about 50 to 400 kg each year. (If planting high density shrubs that can reduce carbon 438Kg/m2 per year; if planting flower plants that can reduce 46Kg/m2 per year)
Public open space
Provide residents and visitors the outdoor open space for leisure, recreation and carbon recycling. (The amount of carbon recycling will be evenly distributed to each dwelling unit.)
Infrastructure
Contains the main structure, water, electricity, waste and resource pipelines, public corridors, vestibule.... To hold the whole building in order to place and swap the housing units, and ensure the living function in the community operates normally.
View from private open space 20
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
Carbon emission and recycle in each family In Taiwan, the average population each household approximately is 3 people. Each person in Taiwan, on average, produces 10.89 tons of carbon emissions per year, according to the world carbon emissions report published by the International Energy Agency. So each family will produce 32.67 tons of carbon emissions a year, total 38 households; produce 1241.46 tons of carbon emissions each year. We have public open spaces about 1354.5m², private open spaces about 1520m², reduce about 1388.114 tons of carbon emissions.
10.89T of CO per year 2
x38
reduce
1117.314T of CO per year
reduce
270.804T of CO per year
2
1241.46T of CO per year
2
reduce
2
1388.114T of CO per year 2
Dwelling unit Based on the location of pipeline cores, housing units are divided into A and B two types. The basic structure are beams and columns, except of the structures, all the compartments also can be installed or removed in accordance with the users’ needs such as the number of dweller, interior design, natural lighting and the extent of privacy and so on. The form of surfaces can be changed according to the dwellers’ requirements.
Solid wall
For privacy, completely obscure the natural light, wind, people’s attention and contact.
Transparent windows
For lighting and viewing, the light and vision can penetrate but proof the wind and person’s immediate contact.
Colored or reflective glass
For sun shade, has the function of transparent window but can shade the strong sunshine.
Shutter
Shades the intense sunshine and also the vision. Slightly allows ventilates which can filter the gale.
Curtain
With high mobility, collocated with the transparent window, can filter the intense sunlight and ensure dwellers’ privacy. New Generation of Congregate Housing
21
5m
5m
22
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
5m
East elevation
North elevation
West elevation
South elevation
5m
New Generation of Congregate Housing
23
View from river bank side
Provide residents and visitors the outdoor open space for leisure, recreation and carbon recycling. (The amount of carbon recycling will be evenly distributed to each dwelling unit.)
The Entrance
The main entrance toward to East, the public open space in the middle of community combine with nearby attractions (Anping Tree House), creates inviting atmosphere.
24
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
Street side view
Using staggered masses to create the appropriate void, so that all residents and neighbors, visitors can enjoy the local scenery.
New Generation of Congregate Housing
25
26
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
FOLD the SPORTS CENTER - The interface between campus and city. Fall 2008, 1st. Semester design studio, NCKU architecture department
FOLD the SPORTS CENTER
27
50m
The interface between campus and city Today’s social structure is an open network system. University is a complex social organization, need to be established as a multilevel space and activities, to support and meet the needs of social members. The researches, culture, tourism of campus, not only to serve the campus educated, but also open to the community, to achieve social sharing. Making the school’s educational resources to the greatest extent use and reflect the attentions to the public’s.However, this campus, on the contrary, uses a long wall as the interface, making the two sides’ relationship become incompatible as oil and water.
Site Conditions At the back side of Tainan station, the site is located beside the main entrance of National Cheng Kung University. University Avenue divides this area into two parts: north side campus area and south side commercial district. Site is located at the interface between the 28
campus and city. Walk from the exit of the train station toward the East, south side is the tallest building in Tainan ShangriLa Hotel, the north side is the playground; next to the playground is our site( the status quo is several sport courts), south of the site is fragmentary green area and governTu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
ment apparatus. East side of the site is the main entrance of campus and a large indoor stadium. Right opposite to the site is the main business district of this area, stores mainly serve the student population, such as restaurants, copy shops and stationer and so on.
after the mo group are at lipophilic gro the water, fin molecules w solution’s su will stretch t will be biase When the co molecules c long-chain li surfactant m each other i the hydroph by water mo form aggreg concentratio achieve a ce to form. The the larger m micelles beg concentratio concentratio doesn’t exce mance of su
are incompatible, and its junction is a clear dividing line, just like we use wall as the interface with the campus as a city. If we add some surfactants can, we can discover that its border began to blur. Finally, by the role of surfactants, oil and water molecule star to diffusion and form a solution. Maybe we can use surfactants’ mechanism to develop a strategy to make campus’s resources and activities to achieve communication.
MONOLAYER SOLUBLE MONOMER WATER MICELLE
Strategy In order to improve the relationship between the campus and the city, we must develop a strategy to soften this boundary, so that activities in and outside the campus can have some communication, to achieve maximum use of resources. If we compare the relationship between campus and the city to oil and water, we can find that in the general case, they are incompatible, and its junction is a clear dividing line, just like we take wall as the interface between campus and city. If we add some surfactant, we can discover that its border began to blur. Finally, by the role of surfactant, oil and water molecule star to diffusion and form a solution. Maybe we can use surfactant’ mechanism to develop a strategy which communicates the campus’s resources and activities with the outside world.
Mechanism Micelle, is the structure of surfactant, when the surfactant dissolved in water, low concentration surfactant molecules are surrounded by water molecules and become dissociative monomer , after the molecules’ hydrophilic group are attracted by water, the lipophilic group will be excluded from the water, finally, the surfactant molecules will distribute over the solution’s surface, and its lipophilic side will stretch the air, while the hydrophilic will be biased to aqueous solution side. When the concentration of surfactant molecules continues to increase, the long-chain FOLD the SPORTS CENTER
lipophilic molecules of the surfactant molecules will be attractive to each other into a group structure, while the hydrophilic groups will be attracted by water molecules, shift to water, than form aggregates. When the concentration of the surfactant solution achieve a certain level, micelles begin to form. The higher the concentration is the larger micelle would be. When the micelles begin to form, the surfactant concentration called Critical micelle concentration(CMC). If the CMC value doesn’t exceed certain level, the performance of surfactant can’t fully display.
29
Break the wall
STEP 1 - ORIGINAL College and city has been completely blocked by a straight solid wall. The interaction between college students and citizens are just watching through the wall. The relationship between the campus and the city is alienating and unrelated.
STEP 2 - FOLD Fold this straight line, make it become a broken-line and form some void spaces in the same time. These spaces are not only belong to the college but also belong to the city. The scopes of activities will overlap. Students and citizens can attend common activities here.
STEP 3 - BLUR Place many programs and transform the structure to be penetrable. Induce college members and citizens proceed to interact directly. The original direct and clear boundaries began to blur.
08:00
09:00
10:00
12:00
13:00
15:00
16:00
20:30
21:30
22:00
17:00
SITE
17:30
30
18:00
19:00
20:00
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
22:30
Activities
8:00
10:00
13:00
15:00
15:30 16:00 16:00
17:00 17:00
18:30 18:00
8:30
10:30
13:00
14:00
17:00 15:30
17:30 16:00
18:00 17:00
Affection If we regard the campus and student-related activities as the hydrophilic; the activities more related to the community and city as the lipophilic; the sports center as the surfactant, its affection would be blurring originally clear boundary between the two sides, and create interactions.
FOLD the SPORTS CENTER
31
B”
A
2
2
4 5
4
3
A”
6
6 B
Ground Floor Plan 10m
10m
32
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
Section AA’
7
6
6
1st. Floor Plan
A”
7
1. table tennis 2. basketball court
8
9
2nd. Floor Plan
3. badminton court
10
4. volleyball court 5. reception hall 6. snack bar 7. club activities 8. rhythmic gymnastics classroom
7
9. gym 10. SPA 10m
3rd. Floor Plan
Section BB’ FOLD the SPORTS CENTER
33
Urban side interface The folding mass creates many surfaces face to different direction, showing many sports, commercial, cultural and artistic information. The public activities happen at the entrance plaza induces every passersby to enjoy various events.
34
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
College side interface The folding mass forms several outdoor squares and sport courts, campus clubs and school team members can practice and show their skills here, accepting the applause from the crowd.
Interior spaces The transparent surfaces can allow the information exchanges, no matter from outside or inside.
FOLD the SPORTS CENTER
35
36
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
HI LIFE - Heighten our city lives by urban agriculture. Fall 2009 - Spring 2010 full academic year design studio, NCKU architecture department
HI LIFE
37
The source of our food The process of food transportation is just like nutrition delivery in human’s body. The longer distant from the center, the problem of lacking for nutrition will be more urgent, causes some gaps such as split hair or nails.
the wholesale midstream wholesale retail sale every community every family
Although Chianan Plain have some paddy fields in 1910, but their crops are all depend on weather. Without Water facilities, the Chianan Plain was as dry as a desert one hundred years ago. After the completion of Chianan Canal, farmers improved the fields to exclude the salt from the soil, and implemented three-year rotation system. Four years later, Tainan became Taiwan’s new food warehouse. In recent years, because the pressure of metropolis expansion, some farmlands have been converted to land for urban development. And because of the temptation of higher profits, young people prefer to be engaged in industry and commerce. The agricultural population is decreasing. Most of the agriculture areas are located in coastal areas. The barren land with high salt content, seriously affecting agricultural development in Tainan City. Agriculture in Tainan City has shown recession. 38
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
The problem we are facing now!! How will we feed our cities beyond the age of cheap oil? Does the old concept that the cities are for people to live in and the countryside is for growing food in still have any relevance when our cheap transport system is no longer able to function? We should view our cities as much in terms of being productive spaces as we view our rural areas. Creating networks of green spaces throughout the city, which are connected by cycle paths and walkways,combining urban agriculture, recreation and a wealth of other uses. Methodology Defining the continuous and discontinuous areas (in all aspects) within the city. Then find out the critical points to interfere urban agriculture, which mend the discontinuous areas (gaps). Finally, this city will be fed and faraway fields will be reduced. Hope this action will be the motive power of the city’s evolution.
The whole city.
Identifying the continuously landscape.
Finding gaps.
Improve the public open space in the city. Then combine all the urban functional program, turn it to a productive landscape which is rich in uses.
housing
Community housing
apartment buildingo
ffice building
open space
apartment building
office building
open space
Add productive landscape…
housing
Community housing
HI LIFE
Inserting productive landscape.
Feeding the city.
Mending gaps.
Program Imagine our cities as the productive space, we can create networks of green spaces throughout whole city, which are connected by cycle paths and walkway, which combine urban agriculture, the green network, recreation and a wealth of other uses. Through the productive landscape, we can create various open spaces (outdoor/interior, semi-outdoor space…),so that our city lives can be more beautiful and healthy. 39
Large-scale analysis Finding gaps in the city.
Gaps TheThe The Gaps Gaps Analyzing Analyzing the origins the origins of gaps, of gaps, Analyzing the origins of gaps, then proceed a series of surgery to recover the urban gaps. then proceed then proceed a series a series of surgery of surgery to recover to recover the urban the urban gaps. gaps.
A A
TYPETYPE
B B
TYPETYPE
C C
TYPETYPE
D D
TYPETYPE
40
The Edge The Edge
Suture Suture
A1
UrbanUrban and rural anddevelopment rural developmentHomeostasis Homeostasis and organizations and organizations unevenly unevenly causescauses the gaps. the gaps. junction. junction.
The Explottation The Explottation
B1 B1
A4
A3
A3
A4
A4
B1
B1 B1
B5 B5
B1
B5
B5
B5
B5
C3
C3
C3
Implant Implant
HeavyHeavy traffic causes traffic causes the gaps the of gaps Add of foreign Add foreign objects objects to the body to the body people’s people’s interactions. interactions. to assist to assist bodily bodily functions. functions.
The Pollution The Pollution
A1
OpenOpen
Improper Improper exploitation exploitation causescausesOpenings Openings to link to with link the with outside the outside the gaps. the gaps. supports. supports.
The Traffic The Traffic
A3
A1
C3C3
C3
C1 C1
C1
C2 C2
D2D2
D2D4 D4
C2
Eliminate Eliminate
Industrial Industrial pollution pollution causescauses the the Remove Remove contaminants, contaminants, secretions, secretions, ecological ecological destruction. destruction. necrotic or infected necrotic or infected tissue tissue in the in the injuredinjured tissue.tissue.
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
D1 D1
D1
D4
D4
D4
D4
Chose A1 as my site. Our goals are: To perfect ecological network.
of heavy traffic and increase quality open spaces.
Improve the living function of this area.
Reduce the negative effect
Provide enough spaces for urban agriculture.
Improve the dwelling quality of street houses.
Strategy
Improve the living function through
Reduce the negative effect of heavy traffic and increase quality of open spaces
Perfecting ecological network AND providing enough spaces for urban agriculture by step
feeding.
adding activities spots at every 400m.
by adding layers.
The distance between every spot are friendly for pedestrians.
Vertical circulations
The cultivations
Urban functions
Circulations
Improve the dwelling quality of street houses by setting
criteria.
park
commercea
rt and culture
new design
400m 1200m
PARK
GREEN
Green roof can cool the heat of concrete surface and prevent the illegal constructions.
Every two houses have a patio whose width is 3m which provides enough sunlight for interior spaces to solve the problem of dark intermediate spaces.
Add a skywalk at 2F, it can provide shadow for GF which replace the function of arcade. Preventing people from occupation the public spaces. (Because the functions of arcade and sidewalk are overlapping in some ways.) HI LIFE
If storekeepers are willing to provide some spaces on 2F to extend the skywalk, they will get some reward.
41
New prototype of street house According to the design criteria, I developed the new prototype of street house which improves the dwelling quality, produces food, and gains better connection with productivity landscape and New prototype of street house natural environment. According to the design criteria mentioned earlier, developing the new prototype of street house which improve the dwelling quality, produces a few food, and gain better conection with productivity landscape and natural enviroment.
section
ground floor plan connected with the public walkway
second floor plan (layer of skywalk)
third floor plan
fourth floor plan
fifth floor plan
roof plan
42
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
HI LIFE
43
44
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
HI LIFE
45
46
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
FROM CIAM TO CYBERSPACE - Architecture and the Community. Fall 2012, research studio, The Berlage Center for Advanced Studies in Architecture and Urban Design
FROM CIAM TO CYBERSPACE
47
“The Community” might be the most frequently used term over the last 50 years of Architectural and Urban discourse. For decades, “the community” has served as a legitimization for anything from Team X to New Urbanism, from Celebration to “vancouverism”. But what is “the community”? Where should we look for the proper definition? How did communities appear in the past and how do they form today? Can ‘the community” influence the design of its own space, territory or context? If yes, what could be the relationship between the community and architecture in the future? At times, architecture’s (and particularly architectural education’s) fling with the digital seems little more than an elaborate effort to infinitely defer one inevitable conclusion: the limited relevance of architecture’s most sacred cow – physical space – and thus the limited relevance of architecture as a material discipline altogether. It is as though Architecture’s obsession with its own relevance to the community seems to forever prevent real knowledge of the community. Is it possible to make a non-self-centered assessment of the real effect of the internet on the community? 48
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
Public space to cyber space - From virtual to physical The advent of the Internet as the most pervasive form of communication was perceived as the beginning of the end of traditional communities, since they could all of a sudden be replaced by virtual communities which were emancipated from the constraints of the physical. The Internet revolution led to two extremes; at one end, an all encompassing but watered down global community of social networks of which almost everyone is a member, and at the other end, communities of distinct interests or subcultures where anyone from anywhere in the world (and with even the most perverted of interests) can now encounter like-minded individuals.
In virtual communities, these subcultures have gained a liberating platform; seemingly detached from – and yet existing in parallel to – actual physical spaces. The virtualphysical constructs exhibits emerging examples of virtual communities that are gradually manifest as crystallized urban spaces, even resulting in an entire city district adopting the characteristics and aesthetics of the virtual form. The physical as the second life of the virtual. The emergences of these alternative urban communities could potentially redefine the relationship between the community and the city; as such authentic communities can successfully exist within a physical urban condition.
Flash mobs, protest movements and revolutions aside, how could the crystallization of virtual communities in the physical (urban) space affect the city? It is important to stress the urban aspect of these phenomena since it is clear that the Internet is – at least for the moment - still strongly connected to the telecommunication infrastructures most readily available in and closely related to urban areas. Does the ephemeral nature of virtual constructs prevent lasting and meaningful intervention on the urban landscape? Or is there evidence of a virtual community inhabiting and actually shaping the character of a city? And if there is, what makes them successful and how can we define their relationship with the city? Could they possibly point the way for communities to inhabit cities in the future? The truth, as it turns out, is stranger than fiction. FROM CIAM TO CYBERSPACE
49
Shinyokohama Arina in Akihabara, 2004 Venice Biennale http://tamaki.bake-neko.net/topb30b.htm 50
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
Stranger than fiction Akihabara is one of sub-centres within Tokyo. What makes Akihabara strangely different is that the aesthetic image of the whole district has been shaped by its association with the community of the Japanese subculture called “otaku.” Otaku is one of the most well-known forms of Japanese youth subcultures, which evolved in opposition to mainstream Japanese social value. Originally coined for a “marginalized and stigmatized geek subculture”, the term has since embodied different meanings for different people. For some it evokes images of sociopathic, and out of touch with reality. For others, and increasingly, it suggests a distinctive style of geek chic: a post-modern sensibility expressed through arcane knowledge of cyber pop culture and striking technological fluency. In essence otaku culture can be understood as an obsessive geek culture centered on the devotion to Japanese popular culture and the consumption and collection of its products and whose members are technologically savvy if somewhat socially awkward individuals who are often described as “physically unattractive and unstylishly dressed”. In Japan’s post war economic boom, Akihabara became the best known place in Japan for consumer electronics. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, the personal computer market began to make inroads into Akihabara and gradually almost all the electronic appliance shops were edged out. The internet boom of the 1990s, coupled with the explosion of video games, manga and anime culture that brought about the next step in the evolution of Akihabara. “In a way, Akihabara was a place where people came to buy symbols and idols of the future” - Morikawa, “Learning from Akihabara” The cross breeding of these industries led to the blurring of the lines between high-tech consumer goods, culture, amusement and lifestyle. Akihabara, already Japan’s preeminent technological mecca became a stage set on an urban scale, the district became the platform for the transformation of a virtual subculture into a physical community, and hobby paradise. Walking through Akihabara, and into the various different shops which catering to the myriad of eccentric obsessions is akin to a journey through otakus’ minds. What was once virtual has gone physical; an online subculture as an urban experience, a city district lifted out of the page of a Manga (comic book).
FROM CIAM TO CYBERSPACE
51
From rejection to acceptance refugees’ confidential Ostracized from and looked down on by mainstream Japanese society in the 1990s, otakus sought refuge and built their virtual community on the Internet. Certain observers have noted that this key feature of internet has its roots in Japanese cultural values on encouraging interdependence and collectivism which ultimately leads to anonymity which has led to a certain level of lawlessness. It can also be argued that otaku culture is a response to the strict rigidity of Japanese society. Otaku culture’s origin can be traced back to the rigid routines of schooling, with their emphasis on memorizing facts. As a media and technology driven form of extreme geekdom, otaku culture and the Internet is an exact match made in subcultural heaven. A key unifying trait among otaku is the tendency to collect large amount data on often the most banal of subjects. The unlimited options for communication, data sharing and ultimately consumption available on the Internet are perfect for culturing otaku culture. Here is now a network connecting likeminded people and addressing even the most perverse of their interests and consumer needs. What the virtual domain essentially provided for otaku culture is a communal platform where the objects of their fetishes could be collected and shared, away from the conformity and the rigid morality of society. For socially awkward otakus, this sprawling, non-hierarchical virtual domain is the perfect platform for obsessive data collecting, product consumption and community building while being completely anonymous and secure behind the computer screen, in their manga-decorated bedrooms. “Akihabara has come to be more an extension of private space, an otaku rooms blown up into the city” - Morikawa, “Learning from Akihabara” In virtual communities, these subcultures have gained a liberating platform, which seemingly detached from – but yet existing in parallel to – physical spaces. The virtual-physical constructs exhibits emerging examples of virtual communities are gradually manifested as crystallization in urban spaces, even resulting in an entire city district adopting the characteristics and aesthetics of the virtual form. Physical as the second life of the virtual, the emergences of these alternative urban communities could potentially redefine the relationship between the community and the city; as such authentic communities can successfully exist within a physical urban condition. “Community of interest’ has taken an urban form in Akihabara. This could be a prophetic phenomenon in which a city is simulating cyberspace, as opposed to the conventional notion of cyberspace simulating a city.” - Morikawa, “Learning from Akihabara”
52
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
FROM CIAM TO CYBERSPACE
53
54
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
From rejection to acceptance refugees’ confidential Traditionally, city is a place where strangers meet each other and gain their lives. Though its exciting visions are result from intensive social network which is embodied by gathering people with different backgrounds, city is still a place with potential conflicts. Citizens need to deal with the problems come from differences and diversity. “Akihabaraism” is an example of how the characteristics of a city is shaped through a bottom-up approach – converging of otaku community and their various fetishes – rather than a top-down approach such as government sanctioned urban planning or zoning decrees. Where a city in the traditional sense acquires character through the accumulation of history, the characteristics of Akihabara are literal representations of the tastes, interests and aesthetic preferences of its inhabitants. The rejection/acceptance of different values/lifestyles in society can lead to a new way of forming identity, which termed personapolis. It can be argued that otaku culture is a response to the rigid Japanese society. Their strong consensus finally crystallized in an urban site where they usually gather, even resulting in entire city district adopting the characteristics and aesthetics of the virtual form. Now, curious public crowd into Akihabara to observe flocks of otaku in their “natural habitat”… The novelist William Gibson, who coined the term “cyberspace”, observed that “Japan is the global imagination’s default setting for the future”. If the curious case of Akihabara which actually brings up a debate of the relationship between different values and lifestyles, could be defined as such, then it could be projected that through virtual communities of subcultures – otaku or otherwise - in other parts of the world would be able to mobilize and form physical communities. Our cities would be the collages of series of subcultures. The emergences of these alternative urban communities could potentially redefine the relationship between the community and the city. It can totally reverse the current way and goal of urban planning, which are seeking an outcome to adapt general standards, public needs and consensus. Again, avoiding the homogeneous resulted from simplifying the complexity of reality. How to negotiate these conflicting diversities, create a society which is based on accepting and tolerating differences rather than rejecting other opinions, is the key issue that we need to face to. For various reasons, cities would continue to benefit from the latest developments in technology, making them the perfect platform for the crystallization of new forms alternative communities which fostered in the virtual domain. What this could possibly lead to are a totally new ways in which the characteristics and identities of our cities are shaped in the future, by communities of different subcultures which empowered through new technologies. While this projection would greatly benefit from further exploration of the subject matter, we can be assured that the second life of communities has only just begun.
FROM CIAM TO CYBERSPACE
55
56
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
FENCE, TRADE, DESIRE, HAPPINESS: Shenzhen from Necessity to Destination. Spring 2013, research studio, The Berlage Center for Advanced Studies in Architecture and Urban Design
FENCE, TRADE, DESIRE, HAPPINESS: Shenzhen from Necessity to Destination.
57
Urban villages are a unique phenomenon that formed by China’s urbanization efforts. In big cities such as Shenzhen, the problem of urban villages in the city is more prominent. The rapid development of Shenzhen since 1980 has generated a contemporary urban landscape dotted with a series of urban villages. We are fascinated by the enclaves of buzzing urbanity and street life situated on land owned by Shenzhen’s original rural residents. But this amazing urban fabric now faces to the crisis of demolishment under the banner of urban renovation. Keeping the vibrant life within this identity-less city is the challenge we should deal with.
SOCIALIST ECONOMY Mao Zedong
Gang of Four
“Great exodus to Hong Kong”
CULTURAL REVOLUTION
2x productive capacity
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
“First Five-Year Plan” adopted the Soviet model of economic development, stressing a heavy industrial base concentrated on constructing plants and “Second Five-Year Plan” equipment for heavy industry, much of it with Soviet assistance. 694 major undustrial sites initiated
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
“Economic reforms” Shift from heavy industry to light industry
“Danwei”
“Land reforms” divide land usages into agricultural land and urbanized areas
“Great Leap Forward” accelerated and push forward the “First Five-Year Plan” mislocation and overextension of resources.
The people's communes are good, 1958
58
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
1980 Shenzhen Special Economic Zone established 80s Caiwuwei village relocation
1981
19
982
Mechanism This phenomenon is caused by the self-contradiction of the policy. Chinese government divide land into two usages: farm land and urbanized area according to land reform policy. The farmers’ land ownership is protected by the constitution. After the open-up policy announced, the economy grow caused the demand of land for the extension of city, farmers started to sale their farm land but keep the residential part, then these farm villages swallowed by city became urban villages. Farmers lost their fields, they need a new method to survive in this city; these “urban farmers” started to cultivate the buildings and harvest from the rent. Because the farmer’s identity cannot be heritage, it’s urgent to sale the village land within the owner’s lifespan. Urban villages are now facing the crisis of extinction.
Timeline Soon later then the people’s republic of China established, the land reform policy was announced. Rearrangement of dividing land use was accomplished at 1953 when the first 5 year plan started. The idea of Danwei was also developed during these years. For rescuing the poverty and hunger caused by the failure of socialist economy model, Shenzhen special economy zone was established at 1980. After that, the rapid development of Shenzhen has generated a series of urban villages. In October 2004, the urban renovation policy was announced. This amazing urban fabric now faces to the crisis of demolishment under the banner of transforming the city into a modern, highly developed city. SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY Deng Xiaoping
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
“Law of Transfer of Land-Use Rights” split between ownership and land use
1986 focus to the fastest growth rate, South Central China “Seventh Five-Year Plan”
“Eleventh Five-Year Plan”
reduce imbalance between central, western, eastern reforming traditional industries through new technology
increase service industry jobs and urbanization and decrease energy and water consumption and pollution.
2004
Special Economic Zones - China's great open door, 1987
Urban renovation start
Only socialism can save China, only socialism can develop China, 1989
FENCE, TRADE, DESIRE, HAPPINESS: Shenzhen from Necessity to Destination.
59
Gangxia village Gangxia village is the only urban village in Futain district. The original dwellers are the later generations of a national hero Wen Tianxiang, now famous for its various cuisines by minorities. Because of its excellent location, it faces to the crisis of demolishment.
Boundary Road Urban village
Gross building area Units Population Site area
60
525000 9936 15540 162000 sq. m
Range height FAR (building bulk) Dwelling Units per Hectare Population per Hectare
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
4-12 stories 3.2 613 959
Hypothesis Though it seems the development of this city is optimistic, Shenzhen now facing its transformation period. The manufactory is moving out, it’s urgent to seek a new industry which can fuel the economy continuously. Shenzhen now we can see its concentration on the high-tech, signal communication industry. And thanks to the rapid grow of population and personal income, service industry also develop vigorously. The future immigrants would probably mainly be professional workers.
CONCEPT _ Culling Culling is the process of removing breeding animals from a group based on specific criteria. This is done either to reinforce certain desirable characteristics or to remove certain undesirable characteristics from the group. Using the idea of culling can help buildings within village keep certain degree of quality and grow new buildings which fit the basic criteria and contain new value in the same time. Independent levels Independent levels is a method where any animal who falls below a given standard in any single characteristic is not used in a breeding program. With each successive mating, the threshold culling criteria is raised thus improving the breed with each successive generation. This method measures several characteristics at once. Should progeny fall below the desired quality in any one characteristic being measured, it will be not be used in the breeding program regardless of the level of excellence of other traits. With each successive generation of progeny, the minimum quality of each characteristic is raised thus insuring improvement of these traits. FENCE, TRADE, DESIRE, HAPPINESS: Shenzhen from Necessity to Destination.
61
Criterion 1: Accessibility Main streets which should be wider than 6m which can be accessible by firefighting trucks and dustcarts; Each building should be accessible by path way which is at least wider than 3m.
for accessibility
new circulation
3m
6m
Criterion 2: Openness Culling for Lighting and Ventilation. Each building should has more than one surface faces to void space which is at least 3*width*height
for openness
original
62
void space
after culling
newly grow buildings
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
Fill new programs; Open-up the staircases; Link to the rooftop playground The new buildings will house the new comer with professional skills that fills this village with various new programs such as SOHO housing, workshop with self-production, good quality retail. This place will be the destination not only for workers, but also for all the citizens. The new fill buildings would also have an open staircase which links the ground floor to the rooftop, extends the public space vertically to the higher level with the most openness spatial quality. The open-up of the staircases also help the public security.
Open-up the staircase, which links the ground floor activities to the rooftop. The similar height of rooftop can be link together and extend, become a new layer of public space which I call it “rooftop playground�. FENCE, TRADE, DESIRE, HAPPINESS: Shenzhen from Necessity to Destination.
63
64
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
FENCE, TRADE, DESIRE, HAPPINESS: Shenzhen from Necessity to Destination.
65
66
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
Unplanned Urbanity - A fairy tale about reclaiming Asian city sense. Fall 2013, thesis project, The Berlage Center for Advanced Studies in Architecture and Urban Design
Unplanned Urbanity
67
The problems of large-scale organization are ignored rather than confronted. Especially within Asian context, in certain sense, it is a process of translating and practicing western ideology. This phenomenon resulted from the worship of modernization. The similar taste accompanies with the homogeneity of local identity. However, it’s the current methodology of programming Asian cities. Authorities always want to find the short cut to achieve successful plan, they erased the existing pattern without any concern about local context, turning whole environment into a perfect field for duplicating successful model. By doing so, People in Asia forgot possibilities of communal life which exists from ancient time. During the past decades, people of diverse social backgrounds and political opinions have awakened to the need of reconstructing city life. That reminds the forgotten warmth. People have sensed in dense city life some possibility of fraternity, some nostalgic intimacy, is now called in the vague term “community.” Therefore, here is a need to learn a new context of disorder and diversity, which recalls people about advantages of self-organization. There should be an education accustoming people to accept certain amount of anarchy and independency in their lives. I’ll probe how dense, disorderly, overwhelming cities can become the tools to teach people to live with this new freedom. The thesis introduces the relative advantages of both the top down and bottom up, and sees how they work in the complexity of a real environment. It also reveals the danger, if we boost either to the extreme. In order to do so, this project explored these two approaches through case studies. By choosing extreme cases, it reveals the absurdity of reality, and categorizes them into three themes which represent the characteristics of Asian cities: informality, individuality, and indeterminacy.
68
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
Indeterminacy
Individuality
diagram
Vision
Observation
Explore its origin, mechanism, driving forces, and tendency.
Case
Descriptions of contemporary social phenomena which provides background knowledge of Asia city context.
Informality
1
4
7
2
5
8
3
6
9
1. Comparison between the extreme top-down of ghost towns within China such as Ordos, and the urban village phenomena found in Chinese coast line cities. 2. Revealing the conflicting top-down and bottom-up. 3. The way to make things bet-
ter: planner as the middleman. 4. Personapolis: Learning from Akihabara, where community consensus helped form the identity of a place. 5. Refugees’ confidential: From rejection to acceptance. 6. City of consensus VS. Collaged metropolis
Unplanned Urbanity
Scene IV and limited ed by strong of a city; a prevent
7. Maeklong Railway Market: a transformable market which adapted itself after the topdown insertion of a railroad. 8. Decryption of indeterminacy: the deadlocked battle between the top-down and bottom-up. 9. Insurgent public space.
Scene V - P involved in participant
69
After studying the precedent, the research finally digs out some urban codes of Asian city life which inspire some “hunches”. Then synthesize these observations in the form of a story and collage. I tried to articulate an ideal Asian city life in 2020’s by describing 5 scenes of my characters’ daily life. Each scene presents a situation of negotiation between the top-down and bottom-up.
Thesis event
A daylong event of roundtable discussions, film screenings, Q&A sessions inspired by conversations in the 2013 thesis projects. 70
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
Unplanned Urbanity
71
Now, many Asian countries are experiencing their transition period, from autocracy to democracy; from developing to developed stage. After being suppressed and slandered by authorities, it’s time for bottom-up organizations to regain their right. The possibility of achieving the freedom lies in its acceptance of disorder and painful dislocation. But Asian countries still lack of the experience and knowledge to deal with negotiating between the top-down and bottom-up. Through the exploration of this project, we can get a better understanding of our context, being convinced of something distasteful now to the most: the jungle of the city, its vastness and loneliness, has a positive value, and learn from it. We will be able to propose a proper way of planning Asian cities.
Thesis exhibition
The Berlage Center for Advanced Studies in Architecture and Urban Design presents an exhibition of select material from the thirtyone thesis projects completed during the 2013 fall term.
72
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
Unplanned Urbanity
73
Education National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan R.O.C. Department of Architecture Bachelor of Science in Architecture Sep. 2006 - Jun. 2010
Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands The Berlage Center for Advanced Studies in Architecture and Urban Design Postgraduate Master of Science diploma Sep. 2012 - Feb. 2014
Exhibition/Publication “99% LIFE + 1% dream” NCKU ARCHITECTURE FINAL DESIGN EXHIBITION Jun. 2010
“Plan on Next” NCKU. CYCU, and THU ARCHITECTURE FINAL DESIGN EXHIBITION Jun. 2010
“DISTANCE OF 48+n PATHS” 2009-2010 Graduation Design Projects Review NCKU Department of Architecture, Tainan, Taiwan Oct. 2010
“The Berlage Laboratorium exhibition” at Shenzhen Urbanism and Architecture Biennale “Fence, Trade, Desire, Happiness: Shenzhen from Necessity to Destination” design-research project. Dec. 2013
“The Berlage Thesis Exhibition”+”Final Presentation and roundtable public discussions” 2013 fall, the Berlage 23 generation thesis projects. TU Delft, the Berlage center, Delft, the Netherlands Feb. 2014 74
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
Internship/Workshop Yuan ken Architectural Studio, Tainan, Taiwan Congregate Housing Building, Taipei (Completed) Aug. 2008
Liu Mu-Hsien Architect Associate, Tainan, Taiwan Daguang Elementary school competition (1st prize) Deguang Catholic High School Sports Center (Completed) Jul. 2009
“The Lost Temple in the Sea: RE-CLAIM the Disappearing Landscape” Design Experimentation Workshop. Faculty of Architecture, Chulalongkorn University, BangkokThailand & National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Aug. 2009
“Shell Lace Structure” Design Workshop Advisor: Anna Liu & Mike Tonkin Apr. 2010
Employment Rockwall Planning & Design Association. Co. Ltd., Tainan, Taiwan SOLAR Technology, Inc., Yongkang, Tainan Factory district master plan, employee dormitory building/ landscape design. Rong Shin Glory Fine Hotel, Tainan city Architecture and interior design Jing Day Machinery Industrial Co., Ltd., Yongkang, Tainan Factory building design Costar Machinery Co., Ltd., Yongkang, Tainan Factory building design Feng Li Enerprise Co., Ltd., Tainan Factory building design Oct. 2010 - Jul. 2012
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014
Contact Ya-Han, Tu 涂雅涵 Address: No.125, Jiaying Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 912 屏東縣內埔鄉東勢村嘉應 路125號 Phone: +886-(0)8-779-6139 +886-(0)9586-01391 E-mail: hyde_2163@hotmail.com Web: http://issuu.com/miyabi2163
75
Tu, Ya-Han selected works 2006 - 2014