MAD SDO SHA
T R I - C O N T I N E N TA L M A S T E R ’ S D E G R E E I N ADVANCE D ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN The contemporary practice of architecture is undergoing an accelerated process of globalization. To take advantage of the great business opportunities offered by inter national markets, as well as theoretical knowledge and practical experience, companies in the sector need architects with the skills to work in complex interdisciplinary teams and achieve common success. The Tri-Continental Master’s Degree in Advanced Architectural Design offered by Universidad Europea de Madrid’s School of Architecture aims to meet this demand through joint academic- professional periods in three world-class universities, located on different continents. During the Master’s program, students will carry out specific assignments that are coordinated in each host city: T H E O R E T I C A L F O U N D A T I O N S O F A R C H I T E C T U R A L D E S I G N SPAIN: Universidad Europea School of Architecture, Madrid. P R O F E S S I O N A L
de
Madrid.
I N T E R N S H I P
CHINA: Tongji University Architectural Design and Research Institute, Shanghai. MASTER´S GRADUATION PROJECT USA: NewSchool of Architecture and Design, San Diego. The Master’s program offers students a platform that combines in one year the knowledge, experience, and the skills of an inter nationally- oriented architect, which a traditional training in architecture cannot offer. Upon completion of the Master’s program, the extensive exposure of students to intercultural contexts and the networks of personal contacts established, will facilitate their access to leading positions in any inter national public or private engineering or architectural firm or studio. At present, there is no graduate program in Spain with a scope equaling that of the Tri-Continental Master’s Degree in Advanced Architectural Design by Universidad Europea de Madrid’s School of Architecture. The program is designed, developed, and taught by leading professionals and specialists with real market experience in inter national architectural projects.
RUND THE WORLD TRIP Tri-Continental Master has been also a great chance to travel round the world, to meet other cultures and visit architecture from different historic periods and styles. The Kremlin and Saint Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow; Shanghai skyscrapers; the Great Wall, traditional chinese palaces and temples in Beijing; the landscape of Guilin; the urban diversity of Tokyo; spectacular beaches in Hawaii; San Diego Downtown; Eames House, Ennis House and Disney Opera House in Los Angeles; The Strip in Las Vegas; Far nsworth house and Chicago downtown; Manhattan, the World trade center, the Empire State, Guggenheim museum, MOMA, the new Museum, and Central Park in New York. These are some buildings and places we have visited during this 6 month long travel that began in Madrid and has finished in Madrid, always flying to the East.
TOKYO
SHANGHAI
CHANGSHA
GUILIN
HONOLULU
BEIJING
MOSCOW
LOS ANGELES LAS VEGAS
SAN DIEGO NEW YORK
CHICAGO MADRID
IND E X M 3 C _ MAD M A D _ 0 1 T O BE OR NOT T O BE AN APPLE M A D _ 0 2 COLONI ZI NG E V E RY WHE RE M A D _ 0 3 LI V I NG I N CLOU D - CU CK OO- LAND M A D _ 04 U RBAN PE RFORM ANCE M A D _ 05 CONNE CT I NG 4 GRE E N PAT H M A D _ 06 U RBAN FLOWE R M A D _ 07 U RBAN FLOWE R M APPI NG
M 3 C_ SH A S HA _ 0 1 I NT ROD U CT I ON S HA _ 0 2 E NE RGE T I C CONT E X T S HA _ 0 3 U RBAN ANALY SI S M 3 C_ SDO S D O _ 00 I NT ROD U CT I ON S D O _ 01 E NE RGE T I C CONT E XT S D O _ 02 U RBAN ANALY SI S S D O _ 03 U RBAN PROPOSAL S D O _ 04 BU I LD I NG D E FI NI T I ON S D O _ 05 BU I LD I NG RU NNI NG S D O _ 06 RE FE RE NCE S M 3 C_ L E C T U R E S & V I S I TS
MAD
MAD
F O U N D A T I O N S
O F
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN A B S T RA C T T h e o r y- b a se d se ssi o ns a re st ruc t ure d i n c o m p l em e nt a ry wor k sh o p s i n whi c h st ude nt s l e a r n ho w t o i nt e g ra t e t he t e c hno l o g i c a l , a rt i s t i c a nd c o nt e xt ua l pa ra m e t e rs t ha t e m b o d y t he c o m pl e xi t y o f a rc hi t e c t ura l a nd u rb a n t he m e s. Le a r ni ng i s st ruc t ure d a ro und a s e ri e s o f c a se st ud i e s o f re c o g ni ze d q ua l i t y a n d t he a ssi g nm e nt o f re l a t e d a rc hi t e c t ura l d e s i g n pro j e c t s.
IND E X M A D _ 01 T O BE OR NOT T O BE AN APPLE M A D _ 02 COLONI ZI NG E V E RY WHE RE M A D _ 03 LI V I NG I N CLOU D - CU CK OO- LAND M A D _ 0 4 U RBAN PE RFORM ANCE M A D _ 0 5 CONNE CT I NG 4 GRE E N PAT H M A D _ 0 6 U RBAN FLOWE R M A D _ 0 7 U RBAN FLOWE R M APPI NG M A D _ 0 8 SPRE AD I NG LI BRARY
TO BE OR NOT TO BE AN APPLE MATTER & GEOMETRY Matter: Physical substance in general, as distinct from mind and spirit; (in physics) that which occupies space and possesses rest mass, especially as distinct from energy Geometry: the shape and relative arrangement of the parts of something; the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, solids, and higher dimensional analogs. AIM From a non-scale position, we need to understandthe capability of matter to be organized according to geometric structures. We will analyze the properties and qualities of the matter with wich we are working and propose its organizational system in order to manipulate their dense conditions. METHODOLOGY We will consider the apple as an object of study. An apple with all its material properties, those that are related to the sense that we perceive it such as apple. We will mesure these parameters, or just the main ones we consider, and then we will build a double scaled apple. We will analyze how apple will change according to the new scale, which properties are kept and which ones change and how.
WHAT AN APPLE IS
1
Apples are part of the apple tree's reproductive strategy. It contains the seeds that will grow as the next generation of apple trees. About 5 years later these trees will be able to produce flowers, and these flowers will become apples and seeds. But in this wheel there are more ingredients. Trees need water, minerals, CO2 and solar energy for the photosynthesis and feed. Also the flowers need bees for pollinate. At least, the sun allows fruits to ripen.
HOW WOULD BE A DOUBLE SIZED APPLE?
2
If an apple is scaled by 2, its surface wills increase by 4, and its volume by 8. It minds that if a normal apple weighs about 200gr, the scaled apple will weigh 1600gr, and it will have consequences on all the elements of the apple's cycle. Thus, in a simple scaled apple, we will have bigger trees that will grow along 40 year for give us apples. And the process from the flower to the grown apple will be 6 years long. Obviously we can't scale the seasons and it won't work.
HOW WOULD BE FLOWERS AND SEEDS CHANGE?
3
If we observe the nature, there isn't a direct relation between the flowers shape and size and the fruits. The flowers are linked with the animals that will pollinate them. Therefore, flowers will be the same. In contrast, seed are linked with fruits, and the more seeds there are, the more effective is the reproduction. Then, as scaled apples need 8 times more effort, the apple tree will produce 8 times less apples, and if a normal apple has 5 seed, the scaled apple will have 40 seed.
HOW WOULD GROW THE APPLE TREE? The apple tree will have to hold heavier apples and the trunk will bend. Then the tree can grow and became thicker, and it will take much time, or it can become lower. There is the same problem with branches. In one hand the tree can have special branches to hold these extra loads. An in the other hand, if the tree is lower, scaled apples can lie on the ground, and the tree won't need to become more rigid.
4
HOW WOULD APPLES GROW? The shape of the scaled apple will depend of the gravity, and the surface exposed to the sun. The more exposed surface, the better will ripen the apples. For that reason the double-sized apple gets longer. Also the time from the first apple flowers to the apple's harvest time is about 9 months long. For that reason, an scaled apple will must grow 8 times faster.
5
THE APPLE-MELON Apple-melons grow from a low tree with thin trunk and branches, and it lies on the ground when it becomes heavier. For growing faster, it absorbs a lot of water in the pulp. As the apple-melon is on the ground, it has a thick skin for extra protection. It is a very digestive and hydrating fruit.
6
THE BANANA'PPLE Banana'pple trees has a huge trunk and very thin branches with leafs. Flowers, that will become banana'pples, sprout from special branches next to the trunk that are capable of hold the fruits. Banana'apple doesn't absorb water as apple-melon, thus it has a dense and concentrated pulp around the seeds. Children love it, it is very sweet.
7
THE RED-APPLE-PEPPER Red-apple-pepper is as big as apple-melon, but instead of absorbing water, inside it is empty and all the pulp is next to the skin, so it is lighter and the pulp is spongy. Red-apple-pepper tree is a small tree, but higher than apple-melon tree, and its fruits hold from very flexible sprung branches. It is a fruit used in a lot of desserts.
8
COLONIZING EVERYWHERE GROUPING Group: a number of people or things that are located close together or are considered or classed together. [art] two or more figures or objects forming a design. [chemistry] a set of elements occupying a column in the periodic table and having broadly similar properties arising from their similar electronic structure. [chemistry] a combination of atoms having a recognizable identity in a number of compounds. [mathematics] a set of elements, together with an associative binary operation, that contains an inverse for each element and an identity element. AIM From a non-scale position, we need to understand the capability of geometric figures to be organized based on rules and systems. We will discuss the properties and qualities of a modular and geometric system to understand and manage the complexity of the growth potential of these systems. METHODOLOGY We will start by creating a two-dimensional singular piece able to generate a continuous and regular fabric. This piece must be created together with a family of orders and rules that will allow us to create at least five different variations. These variations must keep the ability to associate within a plane surface. We will thus have five pieces of a regular two-dimensional growth. In the next step, we will make a transition to the third dimension, so that the resultant piece will be able to create a new family of orders and rules that allow the pieces to form volumes.
HOW TO COLONIZE AS ESCHER?
1
From a regular polygon that is capable of filling the plane, we associate different shapes A, B and C, with edges 1, 3 and 5. Then we rotate these shapes from 1 to 2, from 3 to 4 and from 5 to 6. Finally we get an irregular shape capable of filling the plan to, as Escher's lizards.
HOW TO COLONIZE AS A TANGRAM?
2
From a shape capable to filling the plane, as an square, we can split it as we like, and with these pieces there will be always a way to fill the plane. In Tangram, the original square is split by a family of 7 pieces.
A 1 2
C
6
5
3
APPLYING ESCHER SYSTEM TO 2D Hexagon is chosen because it is the bigger regular polygon capable of filling the plane. For creating the new shape, an arch with radius 2/3 the hexagon's apothem, is associated to edges 1, 3 and 5. These are rotated from 1 to 2, from 3 to 4 and from 5 to 6 and the new shape is gotten.
3
A, B and C variation are the same for get a shape as modular as possible.
4
B
APPLYING TANGRAM SYSTEM TO 2D The next step is to split this shape for getting a 5 pieces family, and as it will be split by the same arch used before the final pieces will keep as modular as possible.
4
COLONIZING 2D FAMILY Finally it's gotten a 5 pieces family, not only capable of filling the plane in a regular way, but also in different ways using all of them or not. Half-moon
Shield
Hat
5
Shuriken
Batman
6
APPLYING ESCHER SYSTEM TO 3D C
In 3D case, cube is chosen because it is the only platonic solids capable of filling the space by itself. 6 4
5
7
2
B 6
A
2
3
4
B
The first step is to create a variation on faces 1, 3 and 5, and rotate these from 1 to 2, from 3 to 4 and from 5 to 6.
3 1
C
5
1
A
APPLYING ESCHER SYSTEM TO 3D From previous variations and the 3 cube main axis, the cube can be split in 3 similar pieces, where its difference is the 3D orientation.
C B
8 A
COLONIZING 3D FAMILY At least 3 main pieces (A, B, C) are gotten and it is needed to solve its joint. When A, B and C are joint at the corners, each piece gets a different connection. And when 2 main pieces are joint at the wings a fourth X-piece makes the node stronger
9
C-piece B-piece A-piece
10
X-piece
11
LIVING IN CLOUD-CUCKOO-LAND HOW MANY TIMES Time: the indefinite continued progress of existence and events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole. Times: (following a number) expressing multiplication. Multiply: obtain from a number another which contains the first number a specified number of times; Increase in number. [organism] increase in number by reproducing. [plants] propagate Reproduce: produce a copy or representation of; create something very similar to something else, in a different medium or context. [organism] produce offspring by a sexual or asexual process. AIM Let’s get into the density of built objects through an understanding of density of various known architectures and the capability of those buildings for multiplication. This will stablish, though a coparative method, a new architectural situation that multiplies the capability of the first. METHODOLOGY Firstly we will select three recognizable architectures because of its intrinsic value. Each of those architectures will contain one of these separate programs: residential, auditorium and museum. We will review its dense conditions and we will compact the three buildings into one that will add the terms of use of the original three ones but, nevertheless, only multyplying by 1.5 the surface area of one of them, wich will serve as a base building. We must therefore analyze the system of circulations and public spaces, the size of the programs and schedules, the formal and gravitational structure, and so on, to make it work as a single organizational structure.
HOW TO LIVE IN CLOUD-CUCKOO-LAND? (UP, Pixar's animation film)
1
WHAT IS HIDDEN IN THE FOG? What is in the fog is always a mystery, King Kong island, Bermuda Triangle or The Lost World are some examples.
2
HOW TO BUILD A FRANKENSTEIN? The aim is to build a new building from 3 different building in the way these buildings keep working in the new Frankenstein building. In this case 3 very different ingredients have been selected, a straight lines shaped dwellings, an unshaped exposition building, and a curve shape music hall
THE COMPACT DWELLINGS
STRAIGHT
LINE
3
SHAPED
(Mountain Dwelling, BIG) From this building, only the upper dwelling part have been taken. Thus the garage lower part become a void for integrate other building.
THE UNSHAPED BUILDING
FOGGY
4
EXPOSITION
(Blur building, Diller & Scofidio) In spite of its changing shape, the blur building has a regular structure hidden inside. For that reason not only it is the "cloud-cuckoo-land" but also the structure.
5
THE FLOWING CURVED MUSIC HALL (J.S. Bach music hall, Zaha Hadid) The curved fabrics in J.S. Bach Music Hall not only are an acoustic utility, but also lay out the different auditorium parts, guide people to their seats and focus the attention on the stage.
6
HOW ARRIVE HOME THROUGH THE BLUR? "Your home its floating on a cloud. Your home is a cloud, and paths of soft fabric, lights and music will take you home through the fog. Relax & enjoy.�
7
8
9
FROM "FRANKENSTEIN" FRANK'STEIN"
10
TO
"SUPER-
One step further, a Frankenstein building becomes a "Super-Frank'stein" when original ingredients cannot be recognized as a single piece, and it is kept the way these pieces works
11
URBA N
PE R FO R MANCE
ANALOGICALLY SMART CITIES Analogy: a comparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification; a correspondence or partial similarity; a thing that is comparable to something else in significant respects. [logic] a process of arguing from similarity in known respects to similarity in other respects. [biology] the resemblance of function between organs that have a different evolutionary origin. Smart: clean, tidy, and stylish; bright and fresh in appearance. [place] fashionable and upmarket. [informal] having or showing a quick-witted intelligence. AIM What is the ambient noise level on a street at rush hour? How do shadows of trees change its position on a public square during a journey? What are the patterns and intensity of use and the circulatory flows on a public space? Which names are the neighbours inhabiting a determinate building? What is the energy consumption level used to light an avenue for a year? What is the level of CO2 emissions due to materials used to pave a sidewalk? As a matter of fact our increasing capacity to have access to a high level of information in real time has modified our way to do some daily things, such as the way in which we relate to each other or do the shopping. Paradoxically there are many other questions concerning us daily but that are still exclusively managed by specialized technicians, that becomes particularly significant when we consider data and information associated to management and design of public spaces in our cities. METHODOLOGY Let’s imagine the way in which we would live and experience a urban space where all users could openly visualize the diagram of shadows projected by adjacent buildings, the distance between the facades of these buildings or the origin of the paving stones used to pave it. Let’s also imagine that we can see all this information and data physically drawn on the surfaces composing this space and on the elements to which it refers. Would there be a change on the way in which citizens use, perceive and interpret a urban public square in which all these data have been made visible?
WHERE?
1
The location selected is de San Jose de Calasanz Park. A lot of factor influence the park, there a school, a professional academy with children and young people who play there, also restaurants, bars, a parking and homeless who use to sleep there. the aim is to understand how all this factors coexist in the park and with the park, and show it to the people to analyze their reactions.
2
C O N N E C T I N G 4 G R E E N PAT H RETURNABLE Return: [no object] come or go back to a place or person; turn one's attention back to something;come back or recur after a period of absence [object] give, put, or send something back to a place or person; feel, say, or do the same feeling, action, etc. in response [finances] a profit from an investment Back: toward the rear; in the opposite direction from the one that one is facing or traveling; expressing a return to an earlier or normal condition; in or into the past; in return AIM We have to be able to think about density, not only in building terms, but also in programe and land use. Empty spaces are much more common than we think. We will think about these left spaces that the city infrastructure leave with no apparent use. METHODOLOGY Each student will select two different urban voids and work with the reconsideration of their use. How we can access to those spaces, how we can give them back to citizens, how can we programme them with new and appropriate uses... Any of those spaces is already transformed by the surrounding and therefore they have to be thought as part of a new reality that is not ‘public space’ as we know it.
PA R Q U E D E L OESTE
CRISTO REY SQUARE
1
CANAL ISABEL II ISLAS FILIPINAS
WHERE ARE THE URBAN VOIDS? UNDERUSED AEEA ISLAS FILIPINAS
INACCESSIBLE AREA
INEFFICIENT INFRASTRUCTURE
2
UNDERUSED AREA CRISTO REY SQUARE
INACCESSIBLE GREEN VOID INACCESSIBLE AREA
HOW DOES IT CONNECT 4? The aim is to connect two big green areas in Madrid and to get public space back to Arg端elles. A green path connects Parque del Oeste and the sports facilities of Canal Isabel II, through Cristo Rey Square and the cross road of Cea Bermudez St. and Islas Filipinas Ave.
HOW IS THE GREEN PATH? The green path consist of 4 layers: 1. The water path will increase the air humidity in a place as dry as Madrid, and will makes the environment cooler in summer 2. The walk path inserts people into this green space and gets independence from the city 3. Low trees layer keeps short visual from the walk path. 4. High trees layer keeps a longer green vision. Trees layers produce a green perspective from the walk path and hide the city.
3
4
5
6
U R B A N
F L O W E R
URBAN SUSTAINABILITY Sustainabie: able to be maintained at a certain rate. [phylosophy] the long-term maintenance of responsibility, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions, and encompasses the concept of stewardship Stewardship: ethic that embodies responsible planning and management of resources [history] responsibility given to household servants for managing household or domestic affairs. Sustain: strengthen or support physically or mentally; keep something going over time or continuously. [latin] sustinere, from sub- ‘from below’ + tenere ‘hold’. AIM it is time for us to activate all layers that have to do with public expertise. It is not only about where is the space that we use and how we get there, is about how we use it, relating it with environment. METHODOLOGY We will work in the development of a PUBLIC MACHINE. As a public venue, it has the aim of making public space better qualified for the uses that it has to support. But as a machine, it should quickly take into account the real figures of its environment and work with them as a matter of a new way of building public capacities.
WHAT IS THE AIM? O2
SUN
CO 2 Q CYANOBACTERIA
1
Organic Matter
HUMAN
BIOMASS Water LED
U Food
ELECTRICITY
FLYWHEEL
Ek
The project consist of an urban machine able to reproduce a new ecosystem in the city. In this ecosystem people will have a very important role. Every time children are playing, or people are exercising, their energy will be used. Moreover, the air will be cleared and at least the city will obtain a perfect organic matter for biomass. Q = heat Ek = kinetic energy U = potential energy
HOW DOES IT CLEAR THE AIR?
2
Nature has its own system, photosynthesis. Plants and seaweeds produce organic material from water and CO2, and release O2 to atmosphere. Cyanobacteria are the most efficient at photosynthesis, in fact, they produce almost the 90% of O2 in the earth. In photosynthesis is needed the chlorophyll for get energy from Sun, but it doesn't work with all the wavelength of light. Mainly it takes blue an red light, therefore we can reproduce photosynthesis during the night with LEDs.
3
HOW IS THE STRUCTURE? During the day Sun light is used by photosynthesis, and at night it's used LED light. So the structure must adapts. Using SMA (Shape Memory Alloy) it is possible to built a structure than changes its shape by heat in the morning and cool at night.
4
WATER
BIOMASS
5
FLYWHEEL
HOW IS HUMANS?
ENERGY
PRODUCED
FROM
When people exercise, their bodies emit heat and their muscles transform nutrient in movement, in other words, muscles produce kinetic and potential energy. By dynamos, piezoelectric and triboelectric materials, it is possible to transform human movements in electricity. Also by "rough silicon nanowires", sport clothes can get electricity from body's heat.
6
DYNAMOS GAMES Swing, seesaw and marry go round, con produce electricity by dynamos. Also "soccket" is a soccer ball that produce electricity when it is rolling and is kicked.
7 Merry go round Soccket
PIEZOELECTRICITY GAMES Piezoelectric materials produce electricity when they are deformed. It can be applied on the floor and spring riders. Polyvinylidene fluoride is a flexible piezoelectric polymer, for that reason it adapts better to children games and sport floors.
8
Spring rider
TRIBOELECTRICITY GAMES Triboelectric effect produce electricity when two materials get electrically charged after they come into contact. The ebonite and silicon are the most efficient materials for producing electricity from their contact with leader, human skin and heir, nylon and wood. It can be applied on slides and surfaces that will be in contact with clothes and people.
9
Slide
HOW IS ENERGY KEPT? Common batteries are very pollutant, for that reason is needed another system for keeping the energy. NASA has developed the FES (Flywheel Energy Storage) that keeps energy as rotational energy with a 97% efficiency and a very long lifespan.
10
URBAN FLOWER MAPPING ENERGY APPS Energy: the strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity [physics] the property of matter and radiation that is manifest as a capacity to perform work Work: ctivity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a purpose or result. [phisics] the exertion of force overcoming resistance or producing molecular change. Application: the action of putting something into operation; sustained effort; hard work. [computering] piece of software designed and written to fulfill a particular purpose Software: operating information used by a computer. Hardware: tools, machinery, and other durable equipment; physical components of a computer or other electronic system. Map: diagrammatic representation of an area showing physical features. [biology] representation of the sequence of genes on a chromosome or of bases in a DNA or RNA molecule. Mapping: associate a group of elements or qualities with an equivalent group, according to a particular formula or model. [mathematics] an operation that associates each element of the domain with one or more elements of the range. AIM it is now time to analyze the results of our PUBLIC MACHINE on the spaces that were described before. It is not only about where is the space that we use and how we get there, it is not even about how we use it, relating it with environment, but also about how can we analyze and communicate changes. METHODOLOGY We will work in the development of an analogical app. An analogical app must show how city behaves in relation with the parameters and facts that we are studying. The parameters and facts that our PUBLIC MACHINE was dealing with. The app, we will call it MAPP, will show the real situation of the public space we worked with and how much we changed it through the understanding of the real problems and possible solutions. We now have a machine that is able to change the world. Lets narrate the world what we have created!!
WHAT WAS THE AIM? O2
SUN
CO 2 Q CYANOBACTERIA
0
Organic Matter
HUMAN
BIOMASS Water LED
U Food
ELECTRICITY
FLYWHEEL
Ek
The project consist of an urban machine able to reproduce a new ecosystem in the city. In this ecosystem people will have a very important role. Every time children are playing, or people are exercising, their energy will be used. Moreover, the air will be cleared and at least the city will obtain a perfect organic matter for biomass. Q = heat Ek = kinetic energy U = potential energy
WHAT WE GET FROM SUN? The Sun is one of the main sources of energy in Earth. Plants and bacteries catch energy from Sun radiation, also reptiles use Sun energy for warming its body. Nowadays we can convert Sun energy into electricity by solar panels, but, in spite of be the most efficent way, is it the most sustainable way? For producing solar panels special materials and processes not sustainables. Thus, why not to learn from nature for get a system sustainable from all points of view.
Photosynthesis production depending on sunlight intensity
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700 W/m2
HOW DOES PHOTOSYNTHESIS WORK?
mgCO2/dm2*h 40
60 50
30 40
37
25
30
20
20 10 10 0
The photosyntesis performance depends on the sunlight intensity and temperature. For that reason it must been taken into account how the weather will affect the humans' ecosystem.
2
0 mgO2/dm2*h
-10
% 100
1
0
7500 5000 10000
15000
20000 Lux
80 60 40 20
Photosynthesis performance depending on temperature
0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60 ยบC
WHAT WE GET FROM LEDS?
470nm
We can reproduce photosynthesis during the night in a very efficient way by using just the main light it uses: a 60-70% of red LEDs and a 30-40% of blue LEDs.
625nm
3
Blue LED - 13lm - 3,5V - 470nm - 1W Red LED - 40lm - 2,2V - 625nm - 1W Therefore we waste 70W/h*m2 (42blue LED & 28red LED) per "flower". If we use LED an average of 12h per day in 25 "flowers" we will have a waste of 147.000W/day.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700 W/m2
HOW MUCH OXYGEN IT PRODUCE? mgCO2/dm2*h 40
60 50
30 40
37
25
30
20
20 10
8
10 12 0
0 mgO2/dm2*h
-10 1630 0
7500 5000 10000
15000
It is able to keep the photosynthesis working 24h per day thanks to LEDs light. Durind the day it is easy to get 7500lux, so we can get the highest oxygen production, 25mgO2/dm2*h. On the night we can get 1680lux and keep the photosynthesis at 30%, so it will produce 8mgO2/dm2*h.
4
At last, taking into account the temperature, we will get in total an average of 5.350gO2/dm2*day
20000 Lux
Photosynthesis production depending on sunlight & LEDs
HOW MUCH ENERGY WE CAN GET FROM CHILDREN GAMES? With piezoelectric materials on floor and springriders, a 40kg child produces: running: 1,25W/step 11.250W/h swinging: 4.995W/h
1,85W/swing
*
150steps/min
=
45swings/min
=
5 *
Therefore, 6 children playing 3,5h per day (2 running and 4 on spring-riders) will produce 148.680W/day.
mgCO2/dm2*h
mgO2/dm2*h
1400
900
1000 800
6
HOW MUCH OXYGEN DO CHILDREN CONSUME?
800
1200
700
Sleeping: 17gO2/h
600
Low activity: 21,67gO2/h
500 400
600
300
400
200 200
High activity: 140gO2/h Considering that 6 children will play 3,5h/day, they will consume 5.530gO2/day
100 0
0 00
03
06
09
12
15
21
18
24 hours
6 children oxygen consumption during 1 day
kg/mounth 1000
HOW MUCH BIOMASS WE OBTAIN? The performance of biomass production from cyanobacteria is about 200T/ha*year. Each flower is 7m2 * 25 flowers and taking care of how temperature affects its biorhythm, it will be produced 3067Kgbiomass/year.
800
600
7
400
200
0 ene
feb
mar
apr may
jun
Biomass
jul
ago sep
production
oct
nov
throughout
dic
ene
a
year
1 year
As the urban machine depends of Sun and weather we can map how it works through a polar system with 3 main magnitudes: hour, months ,and specific magnitudes. So we have a perspective of the average day of every month and the whole year.
8
1 day
9
GRAFICS
Sunlight readiation
Children oxygen consumption
LEDs radiation
10
Urban flowers oxigen production
Electrical production and consumption
Biomass production
gO2/h 900 750 600
W/m2
450
1200 1000 800
300 600
150
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7500 15000 22500 30000 37500 45000
W/h
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Kg/mounth Solar radiation (W/m2) LED ilumination (W/m2) O2 consumption (gO2/h) O2 production (gO2/h) + _ Electricity production/waste (W/h) Biomass production (kg/mounth)
11 ENE
MAR
FEB
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MAY
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12 JUL
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DIC
S P R E A D I N G
L I B R A R Y
HYBRIDS Hybrid: a thing made by combining two different elements; a mixture. [biology] the offspring of two plants or animals of different species or varieties. Combine: unite; merge. [chemistry] unite to form a compound. AIM An infrastructure is the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. We will work on a single block of Gaztambide neighbourhood. One common block as an example of the regular grid, the regular density and the regular programmes of Ensanche de Argüelles. We will begin by talking about programmes and hybridizing them METHODOLOGY We will insert 1.500.000 books on the block. 1 linear meter of books on a shelf contains 46 books. 1 person without a stair can reach books up to 1.8m high. All books must be publicly accessible as in a library. How many new libraries we have within the block is important for us to understand the capability of a programme to be hybrid.
WHERE? in the block chosen there is a lot of courtyards of different sizes that provides hoses with light and fresh air.
1
Also it is supposed in Spain that the ventilation is done from windows to bathrooms and kitchens, where the air is taken out by chimneys. A library is a light and fresh space, why not to combine both, library and courtyard to create a more efficient and functional space.
HOW? Once the courtyards are identified the “spreading library” will begin filling them with books
2
WHAT ELSE? 1.5 Million books are a lot!! and also the spreading library is scattered and it still doesn’t work.
3
Once the courtyards are filled the library begins spreading, then in the most efficient ways it will create connections between the courtyard.
1
2
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4
4 5
6
7
8
2
1
Original block
3
Growing up
4
5
Spreading
5
Connecting
6
Improving connections
The whole library
6
HOW DOES IT WORK? Firstly the spreading library grows up by gangways and stairs. This gangways works as canopies for the windows and controls the sunlight in houses but as it is lower than the floor level people can´t look inside the houses. All walls become bookshelves. Finally the courtyard is covered with glass, It can work as a greenhouse, it doesn’t block the sun light and can control the inner temperature.
S
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HYBRIDS: MULTYFUNCTION & STRUCTURE Multifunction: having or fulfilling several functions. Function: an activity or purpose natural to or intended for a person or thing [design] practical use or purpose [mathematics] a relationship or expression involving one or more variables Structure: the arrangement of and relations between the parts or elements of something complex; the quality of being organized; a building or other object constructed from several parts. [latin] ‘structura’, from ‘struere’, to build. AIM An infrastructure is the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. We will work on a single block of Gaztambide neighbourhood. One common block as an example of the regular grid, the regular density and the regular programmes of Ensanche de Argüelles. We will begin by talking about programmes and hybridizing them METHODOLOGY We will combine 7 blocks in one hybrid super-block. It is important to take into account their functions in order to keep them working correctly Finally we will analyze how the structure it needs is. We refer to structure to the broadest concept of structure, not only the capacity of resist load but also the structure needed to connect al them, allow their smooth running, etc.
HOW ARE 7 BLOCKS COMBINED IN ONE? All urban functions have a peak hour. To combine functions taking into account this will make the most of urban spaces during all the day.
1
HOW FUNCTIONS ARE COMBINED? Not only is important the peak hours to find the functions that can share the same space, also it is important how should be these spaces, their compactness. The more compact is the fuction, the lower is its position in the block and the less porosity it has. In this way functions can combine in a way where all them has a right grade of lightning and opening.
誰
1_Sports+Enterteinment 2_Housing 3_Exhibition+Enterteinment 4_Market+Shopping+Enterteinment 5_Cinema/Theater+Religion+Enterteinment
+
6_School+Cinema/Theater 7_Market+Eating
1 2
2
3 4
5 6
7
3
4
MAIN BLOCK
SELECTED URBAN PIECES
This block has been selected as the host that will catch 6 blocks more to become a superblock. But this block is already a multifunctional urban area with residential, commercial, educative and religious buildings.
Instead of choosing blocks, it is possible to a couple of buildings, with the same area, taking into account not only its function but also its location. In this way, the target is to create a green net along the whole neighborhood and not only green voids parks.
5
6
EXTRAPIECES
INVOLVED RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
Blue areas are urban peices that have not been selected by its function, but their locations improve the future green net and creates interesting connections
The last step is to identify the residential areas that are involved in the process, not because their own functions, but because they are already mixed with functions caught to be part of the superblock.
63
SP
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54 70
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ING 27
HEIGHT (m)
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% 30
% 20
% 10
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%
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%
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EX + M+ EN SH T+ +EN R+ EN ED +T M PL+EA OT
%
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LE
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(m
)
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(m
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DENSITY (%) 90
5
10
0
12
S
H PO E OU R M XH S T ( S AR IB ING SP ) E HO K ITI N T T P ET ON R HE ER ING (M ( E EL AT T ( ) EX ) E DU IG ER EIN SH A C IO T A N ( M ) T E IN T G IO (R ) NT (E N ) (E A (E N ) D ) )
7
HOW IS THE STRUCTURE? Considering MAD_08 as a reference, we can use the library function as the structure that will connect all the superblock at the same time provide natural light and sun to them.
8
S HA
SHA
PROFESSIONAL INTERSHIP A B S T RA C T A s el e c t i o n of sp e c i f i c p rof essi on al in te r n sh i p s wi l l a l l o w st ud e nt s t o e xpe ri e nc e t h e d i ff e re nt st a g e s o f t he d e ve l o p m e nt o f re a l a rc h i t e c t ura l pro j e c t s, usi ng re p re se nt a t i ve w o rk s i n S h an g h ai . D uri ng t hi s p e ri o d , t he w o rk i ng m e t ho d o f t he pa rt i c i p a nt s i n t he M a s t e r ’s pro g ra m wi l l b e o ne o f c o l l a b o ra t i o n w i t h i n m ul t i d i sc i p l i na ry t e a m s.
IND E X S HA _ 01 I NT ROD U CT I ON S HA _ 02 E NE RGE T I C CONT E X T S HA _ 03 U RBAN ANALY SI S
HEMINGWAY SUN TIME HOTEL A 5 star Hotel in the Hemingway Marina; it is a 8 floors and have 620 rooms, which are: 556
Regular double rooms.
6
Regular rooms for handicapped guests
4
Mini suites
25
Junior suites
27
One dorm suites
2
Presidential suites
(Two bedroom suites are One bedroom suite + Regular double room) Sitting on a 70,000 m2 plot the hotel must have all the amenities and facilities of a worldwide 5 star hotel. This being a hotel near the ocean it should be resistant to the salty weather and must be able to withstand any kind of hurricane.
Main gate rendering
General resort bird eye view
EAST VIP WING
East VIP wing, Floor 2-Junior suites
Roof
Plans respond to how to design a fluid space with the minimum of divisions to get a free and flexible space.
F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2
The biggest difficulty was to design a bathroom layout capable to adapt to how the plans grow on the upper floors because of the faรงade slope.
3700
7200
28600 6800
7200
3700
Roof F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2
East VIP wing, Floor 3, junior suites East VIP wing, Floor 4, one & two bedroom suite
Roof
F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2
F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2
East VIP wing, Floor 6, one & two bedroom suite
1100
Roof
7200
28600 6800
7200
3700
3700
F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2
F7 F6 F5 F4 F3 F2
1100
Roof
East VIP wing, Floor 5, one & two bedroom suite
7200
28600 6800
7200
3700
1100
3700 Roof
East VIP wing, Floor 7, presidential suite
M O U N TA I N M A S T E R P L A N A multi purpose master plan for a 350,000 m2 plot with a mountain in the middle of it. Programs for the master plan include: Hotel Offices Retail Housing Private Housing (villas) Sports Museum Convention Center National Park (mountain top)
40
1-2F
3-5F
2F 3F
2F
2F
6F
3F
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30
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6F 40
2F 100
90
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50
80
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60
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100
70
2F 90
80
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8F
3F
50
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2F
4F
2F
4F
30
8F
8F
5F 55
8F 60
5F
10F
40
2F
4F
15F
3F
15F
3F
3F
15F
2F
8F 4F
3F
4F
18F
15F
4F
2F 24F
2F 11F
24F 20F
2F 16F
24F
11F
13F
16F
24F
11F
18F
16F
18F
16F
13F
2F
11F
11F
11F 2F
2F
11F 16F
2F 2F
80
60
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40
4F
30
8F
8F 8F
2F
4F
15F
3F
15F
3F
3F
15F
2F
8F 4F
3F
SUSTAINABLE MUSEUM
15F
ARCHITECTURE
The three boxes museum adapts to de slope and create a soft boundary between the city and the mountain park. Each box with its roofs and the contrast of light and solid volums bring to mind the traditional chinese arquitecture but in a moder n context.
W O R K S H O P
M A P P I N G
As a part od the staff, we join in the workshop in order to collect as information as possible about how the guest interacts. There were all kind of professionals professionals related with the urban developmen, architects, consultants, engineers and developers. A really interesting mixsure of people from different countries. The topic was how to improve the bund in a conflictive point arround Waibaidu bridge, the posibility of open private green spaces as public parks and how to improve the river, clean its water and make it closer to the cityzens.
TABLE 3 PROFILE
PAR TICIPATION RATE & LANGUAGES
MAIN CONNECTIOS & IDEAS GENERATING AREA
INFLUECE AREA INTERACTIONS
CHOCOLATE CONSUMERS
SDO
SDO
S . E . A .
&
S . U . N .
A B S T RA C T S . E . A . & S .U .N. , b o t h a re t he ke y o f a s u s t a i na bl e f ut ure , t he se a a s t he o ri g i n o f l i f e , a n d t he Sun a s t he so urc e o f a l m o st a l l t he k i n d s of e ne rg y we ha ve . B u t w ha t re a l l y m e a ns S .E .A . & S .U .N .? S . E . A . m e a ns Se a we e d E ne rg y A rt i f a c t , a wa y o f s t o ra g e t he Sun e ne rg y c l e a nl y, a K i nd o f b a t t e ry, t he o rg a ni c m a t t e r. And S .U .N . m e a ns S u s t a i na b l e U rba n N e t wo rk. T he re f o re S .E .A . & S . U.N . i s m o re t ha n re ne wa b l e e ne rg y, i t i s a w h ol e st ra t e g y t ha t i nt e ra c t s wi t h t he c i t y a n d i mpro ve s i t , f ro m g re e n a re a s a nd urb a n fa rm s t o a he a t hy l i f e st yl e , f ro m a n e c o no m i c e n g i n e t o t he e duc a t i o n a nd a ne w urb a n c u l t u re, a l l t he m l i nke d i n a n e t e r na l whe e l .
IND E X S D O _ 00 I NT ROD U CT I ON S D O _ 01 E NE RGE T I C CONT E X T S D O _ 02 U RBAN ANALY SI S S D O _ 03 U RBAN PROPOSAL S D O _ 04 BU I LD I NG D E FI NI T I ON S D O _ 05 BU I LD I NG RU NNI NG S D O _ 06 RE FE RE NCE S
INTRODUCTION When people hear Califor nia, they probably think about the Sea, surfing, long beaches, the Sun and a wonderful weather. But the Sea is also the origin of life and the key for the earth balance and the Sun is the source of almost all kind of energy we have in the Earth, not only the solar energy and biomass, but also the wind part of the wind is caused because the difference of temperatures and oil and coal becomes from algae and plants who lived more that 100.000 years ago. What really means S.E.A. & S.U.N in this project and in San Diego context? S.E.A. means Seaweed Energy Artifact. Nowadays seaweeds are responsible of the 90% of the photosynthetic processes, so they are the main key to maintain the balance of atmosphere and also to fix the carbon in organic matter. The photosynthesis transforms the solar energy in biochemical energy through the chlorophyll, in other word, the organic matter is a way of storage the Sun energy, as the nature have done during the last couple of million years, and when animal eat and breathe or humans gets energy from fuels, they are just bur ning organic matter, reverting the photosynthesis to get this energy. S.U.N. means Sustainable Urban Network. Therefore S.E.A. & S.U.N. is more than renewable energy, it is a group of performances, strategies and elements related in an urban plan, that work together to improve the city. But in this process is very important to keep the balance between what the city is consuming and what is producing. Thus, we can talk about sustainability and not to compromise our future. In this context the seaweed are the key for close the cycle not only producing free energy but also recycling.
SUN MAIN WIND NE
SW
PURE AIR
ELECTRICITY
IRRIGATION WATER
BIOMASS
VEGETABLES WORK
SAN DIEGO
PEOPLE
WAVES & TIDE
CHILDREN GAMES & GYM
MARKET & URBAN GASTRONOMY FARM SEWAGE WATER
POLLUTANT AIR ORGANIC WASTE
IT’S A POLLUTANT CITY PEOPLE SHOULD MAKE THE MOST OF PUBLIC SPACE IT IS NEEDED MORE GREEN AREAS
The city will provide the S.E.A. & S.U.N. with organic waste sewage water, and also pollutant air from the freeway and factories to feed seaweeds bioreactors that will produce pure air, and clean water. The pure air will improve the current air pollution that affects the inner part of Califor nia, one of the most pollutant in U.S. And the clean water will be used to irrigate the urban farms, finally we will obtain vegetables that will be sold in the farmers’ market and surrounding restaurants as a key for a more healthy life style. Furthermore the seaweeds will become biomass from where S.E.A & S.U.N. will obtain and store biogas, and the city will get free energy. It is very important also to make people sensitive to the waste of energy and how important is to save it, so also San Diego citizens will lear n how to live in a responsible and more healthy way, according to a new urban culture.
E N E R G E T I C
C O N T E X T
First of all it is essential to analyze the electric power context of San Diego and understand its magnitude comparing it with other cities, countries and the whole world.
EARTH 132,000 TWh/year 7,038,000,000 pple 29.8 Billion T CO2
US 3,741 TWh/year (#2) 314,300,000 pple 5.46 Billion T CO2 (#2)
CN 4,693 TWh/year (#1) 1,347,000,000 pple 7.03 Billion T CO2 (#1)
ES 267.5 TWh/year (#13) 47,190,000 pple 0.33 Billion T CO2 (#20)
SDO 18,800 GWh/year 1,301,000 pple
NYC 55,940 GWh/year 19,470,000 pple
CHI 27,320 GWh/year 2,707,000 pple
SHA 82,100 GWh/year 23,020,000 pple
MAD 25,070 GWh/year 3,265,000 pple
May be the San Diego’s power consumption doesn’t look relevant, but if it is taken into account the rate between the electrical consumption and the population the real situation will emerge. In the case of New York and San Diego, why a city 15 times less populated has a consumption jus 3 times smaller? What are de differences? will it be the density, or may be the efficiency of facilities, or, may be, the people responsibility? probably a mixture of these and a lot more like the weather and the buildings design.
How many we need to satisfy San Diego’s consumption? Windmill
Solar PV
4290 u
860ha
Cyanobacteria
=
=
=
=
18,800 GWh/year
Tidal station
2040 u
236000 t
Also this comparison allows us to understand which kind of infrastructures we need to cover San Diego’s power consumption. Of course it is possible just to use free energies, but the main key is to make people sensitive to this problem and teach them how to live in a more responsible way.
WHERE DOES SAN DIEGO’S POWER COME FROM? The 75% of the electric consumption in San Diego is from non renewable energies, mainly natural gas and nuclear power, but also from coal. And the remaining 25% comes from renewable sources, mainly hydroelectric power. Because of the Califor nia’s topography and the need of keep water hydroelectric power plants were highly developed during the 20th century. Furthermore its capability of storage energy during the demand valleys is very useful as a complement of nuclear plants and other power plants that have to be working 24 hours a day. But nowadays the investment is focused on photovoltaic power and windmills, two fields that are growing day by day.
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Consumption percentages of San Diego 25%
75%
HOW MUCH DOES SAN DIEGO’S POWER CONSUMPTION COST? 600
Usually it is thought that free energies are more expensive that non renewable energies, but this is just in certain cases, and it is needed to analyze the economic aspect from a broader perspective.
500 400 300 200 100
Solar energies use to be more expensive than non renewable ones, and also windmills cost is similar to natural gas. However these are just a part of renewable energies, Hydroelectric, biomass and geothermal power use to be cheaper and they are essential to cover the power demand. In conclusion the cost average is lower in free energies.
96 $/MWh
106 $/MWh
Energy cost in California ($/MWh) Summer
Winter
HOW COULD SAN POWER DEMAND ENERGY?
DIEGO JUST
FULFILL THE WITH FREE
Solar power, windmills and tidal power depends of the environment and they have a lot of peaks and valleys but we can to adjust it to the demand curve by using other renewable energies.
0
3
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Power demand supply
24 0 Hours
3
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On one hand geothermal energy is very regular and it can be used as a basis and on the other hand hydroelectric and biomass energy are able to regulate its production to adapt to the demand. Moreover, hydroelectric plants can storage the excess of energy during the demand valleys. Thus, combining the different kinds of free energies it is possible to create a system able to adapt to the demand.
Solar Photovoltaic potencial in SDO
Main wind
Tide
Tide
Main wind 12 h/day
IS IT REALLY APPLICABLE TO SAN DIEGO?
8 h/day
Tide 4 h/day
Due to the weather and geography of San Diego, there is a great potential and the city is not making the most of it. This plan indicates how many hours of Sun the buildings roofs get, and also because of the latitude and the sunny weather San Diego have a great solar potential.
75 kW
25 kW 49 kW 27 kW
31 kW 155 kW
51 kW
2 kW 31 kW
30 kW
96 kW
51 kW
173 kW
Commercial Residential Goverment
Photovoltaic panels instaled
In contrasts, in the downtown this potential is wasted and almost, just gover nment buildings have photovoltaic panels installed. Moreover the temperature difference between the Pacific and the Earth cause regularly thermal winds, the San Diego Bay geography and the Pacific ocean give a good chance to the city to get tidal energy, and, in addition, the agriculture, farms, parks maintenance, and organic waste are a great opportunity to get biomass. N 20% 16%
NW
NE
12% 8% 4%
5 m/s
W E
4 m/s 3 m/s 2 m/s
SE
SW
1 m/s 0,4 m/s
S
Distribution of tidal phases
Wind rose, directions and intensities percentages
How much renewable electricity does San Diego produce? San Diego uses the sewage waterfalls as hydroelectric power stations and sewer and landfill gases as biogas for getting free energy. These facilities produces 20,057 kW per year. Also San diego is the city with more solar panels on roofs. 2,262 houses produces part of its energy, 19,427 kW per year, but that only represent a 0,89% of the total energy waste of San Diego Therefore, San Diego produces by its own 40MW free energy per year from photovoltaic panes on roofs and urban facilities. In spite of this, it is only produced a 1.86% of the whole energy waste of San Diego.
What about San diego air quality? Califor nia is one of the most pollutant states of the U.S., not only because the industry, that is powerful in this state, but also because the traffic and the excessive use of the car. Another reason is the huge power demand, specially in summer, when the the demand rise up thanks to the air conditioning. Specifically in San Diego, each year is being emitted 15.5 millions tones of CO 2 This aspect is very close to the energy consumption and the efficiency of cities and building, and also, is not just a gover nment problem, citizens have the power of reduce it considerably. Nevertheless San Diego enjoys a goo air quality because of the wind. The most part of the pollution is emitted during the day when the air comes from the sea and carries the pollution to the inner country where it concentrates and becomes a problem. For that reason, in spite of having a good air quality, big cities are the origin of this pollution and the place where it must be reduced.
CONCLUSION In Conclusion, there is the potential and a great chance, but it is not used. there is the presence of all kind of natural forces that can be used to get free energy, and the hydroelectric plants that already exist are the key to regulate the peaks and valleys of energies such as the wind power and photovoltaic. There is also good initiatives, San Diego is a good example, it is the city with more photovoltaic panels installed on the roofs in the U.S. but it is just an small part of all this potential and it is not enough if we compare it with the consumption. The key is to reduce the power consumption and to be more responsible. Electric companies establish that just improving the insulation, facilities and appliances of buildings, it can be reduced the power consumption by 30%. But also, people have the power of improve this saving above 50%. It is not just gover nment duty, that have to improve all the infrastructure, all people must collaborate for a better future because they have the real power for changing the situation.
U R B A N
A N A L Y S I S
San Diego is probably one of the most clear examples of the american dream, to get a good job well paid, to have a big house with a green grass garden and a cool big car. In fact a lot of people from mexico live in San Diego looking for this chance of a better life. But like a lot of people achieve, more or less, this dream, the city becomes big and huge, lots of houses with their gardens, houses that needs a wide street to arrive with a big car from any direction and a good water plumbing for irrigate all the grass around the house in an environment not really appropriate for it. Freeways connects all this in a fast way and then you can go faster from your home to your job without going out of your car and drinking a coffee. Multiply it by 1,300,000 people and you get traffic twice a day in a very spread city and the public life reduces to malls where you can park your car. Then, when you look back to downtown it looks empty, conquered by big company buildings and parking.
W H AT IS WR O N G ? I N WH AT M O M E NT IT S TO PS WO R K I N G AN D B E CO M E S UN SUSTA I N AB LE? F ro m m y p oi n t of vi ew th e mai n p ro b l e m i s t h e scale . M ay b e you h ave a gre a t i d e a , b u t i f i t do esn ’t fin d th e cor rect s cal e , i t w o n ’t w o rk . W H AT IS T H E SC ALE O F C I T IE S ? T h e cities d on ’t h ave j u s t a s c a l e , b e c a u s e o f t heir co mp l ex i ty a l ot of e l e m e n t s w i t h differen t scal es wor k togeth e r. B u t t h e m o s t im po rtan t s cal e, th e reas on b e c a u s e a c i t y exists, is th e h u man s cal e. I f t h e c i t y l o s e s t h e h u m an sca l e, i t l os es i ts s ou l .
The fourth problem is the absence of green areas in downtown. There is already a big park, Balboa Park, but the freeway moves it far away from downtown. Nevertheless there isn’t a whole green areas system that combines smaller neighborhood parks with big city green areas as Balboa Park. The last problem, from my point of view, is the failure to adapt to new social structures that the city has. A clear example is the freeway, it was a great idea years ago and it solved traffic problems, but nowadays it cannot adapt to a more pedestrian and interconnected city. HOW CAN THIS PROBLEMS BE SOLVED? My proposal works from 2 main concepts, the layering and diversity.
How big SCALE Scale refers to the correct dimension of urban elements. It depends on who is going to use it and how it will be used. It is not the same to go by car, by trolley, walking or ridding a bicycle, they have different speeds and stops rhythm, thus, why they share he same urban grid? why not the city becomes as complex as all the ways of moving through it? Also it consist on make sense of the different perceptions of the city and try to make it nicer from all them. Finally it is to control the dimension of every element depending on its circumstances
T h e first p rob l em we can f i n d i n S a n D i e g o do w n to w n i s th e l ow d en s i ty. t h e c i t y c o re i s f ull o f co rp or ati ve b u i l d i n gs a n d p a rk i n g s a n d wh en th e off i ce ti me i s ov e r i t b e c o m e s deserted. If i t i s p reten d ed to c re a t e a n a c t i v e c ity cen ter f i r s t of al l th ere s ho u l d l i v e p e o p l e , a n d fo r t h at reas on i t i s n e e d e d u rb a n e lem en ts th at attr act th em. A l s o t h i s l o w den sity cau s es th at th e u rb a n fa c i l i t i e s beco m e les s eff i ci en t, f or ex a m p l e , t h e p u b l i c t ran spo rt m u s t cover a h u ge a re a , a n d a l s o i t t akes a lo t of ti me, s o i t real l y fa i l s t o re p l a c e t h e car an d th e tr aff i c i s n ot re d u c e d . C o n sequ en tl y, th e s econ d p ro b l e m i s t h e leadin g ro l e of th e car i n t h e c i t y a n d t h e presen ce o f al l th e i n f r as tr u c t u re s j o i n t t o i t . T h e San D i ego u r b an gr i d h a s a re a l h u m a n scale, bu t i t i s i n vad ed b y car s a n d p e d e s t ri a n areas are red u ced . To red u ce t h e t ra ffi c , t h e w h o le g rid wor k s togeth er an d d i s p e rs e s t h e cars in stea d of red u ci n g th e a m o u n t o f c a rs . M o reo ver al l th es e car s n eed p a rk i n g . T h e s e parkin g d i s p l ace oth er buildings fro m do wn to w n an d create voi d s i n t h e c i t y. An o th er prob l em rel ated wi th t h e l a s t o n e , a re t he bo u n da r i es s u r rou n d i n g d o w n t o w n . To t h e n o rth an d eas t of d own town t h e fre e w a y i s dividin g the ci ty. On on e h an d t h e p e d e s t ri a n co n n ectio n b etween b oth s i d e s b e c o m e s v e ry u n co m fo rta b l e an d p rod u ces s o c i a l d i v i s i o n s , o n th e o ther h an d th e B al b o a P a rk a n d C i t y Co lleg e are d i vi d ed i n s tea d o f b e i n g a co n tin u o u s green area an d p l a y g ro u n d s . To t he So u th an d Wes t th e wate rfro n t l o o k s fa r aw ay fro m d own town , n ot on l y b e c a u s e t h e t rain rails becomes a h ard b o u n d a ry, b u t a l s o becau se b i g b u i l d i n gs as h o t e l s a n d t h e co n ven tio ns cen ter d i d n ’t ta k e c a re o f t h e co n n ectio n s b etween th e c i t y a n d t h e w aterfro n t.
The diversity will be the character of the city, it will make the city unique will allow the people locate them selves just with a look and break the monotony of walking through it. This concept plays with two different levels of the city. On one hand all the building functions are mixed. An area can be focused on one main function but also it need diversity, to combine it with other functions to have life the whole day. On the other hand the “city’s look”, is more focused on the aesthetic of the city. How the streets can have a strong perspective an finish with the sunset or break it with curves looking a smaller and more pedestrian scale. Moreover, how is the visual relationship between building and open spaces. The landmarks can become a very important ingredient in the city. It allows to create a reference map of the city, like a map in the citizens mind and gives to the city a special personality, such as we can see in cities like Rome with the obelisks or Florence with Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral’s dome.
How it looks DIVERSITY Diversity is about how heterogeneous enriches the image of the city, also it is about a chaotic order, a natural order, apparently without laws where all kind of connections are possible according to the society complexity
The layering of the city consist of a way of working. All the city elements can be classified in different layers, and at the same time the layer are more or less related creating a hierarchy, but at the end all layer have to work together properly. Each layer or layer group has the power of focus on each city problem in a more easy way, but it is very important to analyze what problems can solve each layer.
How to work LAYERING The layering of the city is not an solution or something buildable, it's more about how to understand the city and its complexity and how to work with it. To divide city in layers can be useful for concentrate in one dimension of city, but at last all layer are related and how these are coordinated and work together is more important than each layer could work by its own. The more connections are between layers the more complex becomes the city.
CONNECTIONS FREEWAY BALBOA PARK_1
RESIDUAL SPACES
BOUNDARY PROBLEMS
POLIFUNCTIONAL
WATERFRONT TEMPORARY/MOVING FACILITIES SHANGHAI BUND_2
SLOW FOOD_15
GASTRONIMY
BAD DISTRIBUTION OF GREEN AREAS ALL STREETS ARE THE SAME
IT'S A CAR CITY
TRANSPORT STREETS HIERARCHY
EMPTY SPACES USED AS PARKING
NO DENSITY
SCALE
PEDESTRIAN
NO REAL PEDESTRIAN AREAS
PARKING BUILDINGS 1111 LINCON ST. MIAMI_3
BICYCLES
1933 BUILDING (SHANGHAI)_4 MIX USES
BUILDINGS
GREENERY
WATER
MIX SIZE
LAYERING
DIVERSITY LONG VIEWS
BRIDGE 8 (SHANGHAI)_8 MATADERO (MADRID)_9 OPEN-AIR PERFORMANCES_7
PERSPECTIVE
CITY LOOKS NICER: FLORENCE_5
CREATIVE
GALERIES
NOT FLEXIBLE SYSTEM
EXHIBITION CORRIDOR SPORTS
VS
SHORT VIEWS
TOKYO_6
CREATIVE OFFICES
EDUCATIVE ADAPTABLE TO SOCIETY
COMMERCIAL
ADAPTABLE FUNCTIONS
RESIDENTIAL OFFICES
ENZYMATIC "LIVING IN MODERN CITIES" MANUAL
AIR
RECYCLING
WATER
PUBLIC ACTIVITIES
GARBAGE
ENERGY PRODUCTION SHADOW ELEMENTS APP'S
SMART SHANGHAI
FARMER'S MARKET
City concepts and targets
Residential, Commercial & Offices
Creative
This group of layer refers to building functions. Each layer have its own density map that indicate where this function have more presence or less, for example in B street there are a lot of bank offices, also the farmers market is an example of how a street can become commercial once a week.
This layer, in a city like San Diego, where lot of artists and creative offices house in downtown, becomes very important. Also is very close to educative layer and galleries can become a kind of museum where these professions can show their works. This relationship can improve the education in a more creative way and determinate the future and personality of the city.
Education The educative layer is not only schools and colleges, but also libraries, museums, and sports facilities that can be shared with the city. On one hand, it is very important that all the elements of this layer are well connected, but on the other hand, their distribution in thecity should be as homogeneous as possible and accessible for everybody.
Transit The transit layer deal with the traffic problem in Downtown. It is very important to create ahierarchy between street, to focus the traffic in main streets, to design less busy residential
streets, and to free space for pedestrian areas. This idea is very close also to public transport.
this way we can empower the economic activity and also create a new pedestrian experience through the whole city.
Transport
Greenery
To improve the public transport layer is essential to reduce the use of the care in downtown. It is very important to create a really alter native of the car, and it will be needed when the car loses its place in the city. Pedestrian In the project, to create pedestrian streets is one of the strategies used for revitalize the downtown. This layer is related with main commercial areas and also with green areas. In
This layer includes all kind of green areas, from parks to green streets and urban farms. In downtown it is already designed a net of parks, but S.E.A. & S.U.N. goes belong this. Green streets will connect all green areas in a real net and solve, finally, the green path between Balboa Park and the waterfront. Furthermore urban farms are considered like a new kind of park that also gives to the citizens a chance of cultivate their own vegetables an opens the door to a more healthy life style.
Greenery & pedestrian layer
Gastronomy Between the idea of pedestrian streets and urban farms, in the S.E.A. & S.U.N. it is proposed to convert K street in a pedestrian street focused on restaurants and terraces where not only p eople will have a pedestrian experience with tree shadows and water elements but also they will be able to seat and enjoy with the gastronomic products of Califor nia. Polyfunctional Finally, this layer refers to spaces that can change by temporary facilities and spaces shared by different layers. It makes possible to adapt public space to what people needs and reach the urban space in a flexible way.
How changes Green areas
ADAPTABILITY
Green streets net Pedestrian streets Farmers’ market areas
The society is changing faster and faster and cities have to adapt to it. May be the solution is a great smart building, or may be the solution is to build very flexible infrastructures that can be rebuild and adapted easily. Finally functions must adapt to what people need.
Cores net and main axis
Enzymatic refers to small strategies that can improve the city and empower its development. For example, to improve the streets with shadow elements such as trees will convert them in a more comfortable pedestrian experience. The farmer’s market will improve the economic activity and also invite to the people to enjoy the street in a different way. In the S.E.A. & S.U.N. the production of energy and recycling is very important and also to join the people in theproject by public activities. Moreover it is important in the project to teach the citizens how to live in a more heathy and sustainable way, for example, editing a manual about how to live in moder n cities.
Downtown core
How to do
New cores net Main development axis
Transit & transport layer
ENZYMATIC Enzymatic refers to small strategies that can improve and accelerate the activity of a city but it doesn't mean to make big changes or big investments.
Visual references and open spaces realtionship. (next page)
Main open areas
Main visual references
Main visual connexions
Main presence directions
Transit street Transport street
N O R T H F R E E WAY PARK
COUNTY’S PARK BRODWAY PIER Main West connexions between the waterfront and dowtown Great view os the bay and downtown
Connect Cedar st with the waterfront Activates North waterfront Great views on the bay
Connection between downtown and Bankers Hill Cityt protection from freeway
AMERICAN PLAZA Business area High rise residential & offices Transport center Skyline key point
B st / 2nd ave
BALBOA PARK Main green area in San Diego downtown
CITY COLLEGE
B st / 6th ave Financial area High rise offices High presence on East downtown
Transport center Educational area Local reference on east downtown & Park Blvd
Administrative area & cultural center City hall Civic theater High rise offices high presence on East downtown
CITY COLLEGE PARK Balboa-waterfront path piece Link between Balboa park and downtown
CENTRAL IDEA DISTRICT PARK Part of the Balboa-waterfront green connexion visual references on downtown core, hotels area and SDO library
SOUTH EAST V I L L A G E DISTRICTI PARK Centeroiece of the connexion between Balboa park and the waterfront. Energy educative activities Great visual references on downtown, holtes area and SDO library
U S S M I D W AY MUSEUM Cultural point at waterfront Great view os the bay and downtown
SDO LIBRARY Cultural center Local presence on East downtown
SEAPORT VILLAGE Commercial and green area Great view os the bay and downtown linked to tourism area and hotels
CONVENTIONS CENTER PARK MARINA PARK Market St / Habour Dr Tourism center Hotel area High rise hotel High presence on Market st Skyline key point
Directly connected to the conventions center Great view os the bay
Balboa-waterfront path piece Main South connection between dowtown and the waterfront. Great views on the bay
URBAN FARM EAST FREEWAY PARK
IMPERIAL TRANSIT CENTER
Connecxion between dowtown and Grant Hill. City protection from freeway IDEA District urban farm Views on K st
Transport center presence on park blvd
PETKO PARK Sport center Padre’s baseball stadium High presence on 8th & 9th streets
FOOTBALL AREA Sport center Future Chargers’ football stadium High presence on 14th & 15th streets
URBAN PROPOSAL At urban scale different layer join to form a complex city focused on citizens life and experiences. Green and pedestrian areas, gastronomy and commercial streets are the main interventions but also the transit, transport and residential streets allows to create a clear streets hierarchy. S.E.A. & S.U.N. focus in the area between J St. in the north, K St. in the south, in the east the freeway and Park Blvd. in the west. It becomes an essential piece in the connection of downtown to the east across the freeway, and also in the green path between Balboa Park and the waterfront.
Location
All green areas are connected in an urban net. Not only there are parks as the park planned at 14th St. between Island Ave. J St., but also green streets, such as the 14th St. and 17th St. and an urban farm. Green streets are a new kind of streets that connects all park in downtown creating a real continuous green net. They are curved to slow down cars and at the same time, instead of straight lines of trees on both sides of the street, there are spots of trees, small forests, so the perspective of the street is short and it looks like walking through a forest. In the 14th St. there are no parking and the sidewalks get a leading role, because the target is to be an important piece in the connection between Balboa Park and the waterfront. In contrast the 17th St. has just one car lane and parking on the west side, because on the west side there is the urban farm. This urban farm will solve the boundary with the freeway at the same time it connects both sides and provides the city with a new green area. The main axis are K St. and 15th St. K St. is a pedestrian street that one hand will solve the access to the future Chargers’ football stadium, and on the other hand it will be a gastronomic area related with the urban farms, Califor nian agriculture, the concept of Slow Food and a more heathy life style. It is divided in three areas by trees and water element. Both sides can be occupied by restaurants and cafes terraces to improve the public live of the area, while the central part will be focused on people and temporary activities and expositions. Also trees will provide shadow,
and water elements will refresh the air. 15th St. focus on commercial activity and once a week it becomes pedestrian to house the farmers’ market. For that reason it must be flexible. on both sides there are 8ft wide parking, the same wide of containers, so, using the modulation and structure of container it is possible to build cafes, kiosks and terraces that will be able to place temporarily and remove them when they are not needed. Island Ave., J St. and 13th St. are residential streets, in other words, they are balanced between pedestrian, car lanes and parking with presence of trees and urban fur niture. Due to the orientation they are not symmetrical, the pedestrian are is concentrated in the north or east side where there will be sun during the hours of more activity. Theses sides can adapt to the people demands by placing special containers with facilities, like in the 15th St., in a temporary way. Market St. and 16th St. are the main transit streets. Market St. cross the area from east to west and it has a boulevard because it importance. In contrast 16th St. cross the area from north to south and it is a perfect place to place creative offices mixed with residential, for that reason in this case is more important to have parking at both sides that a boulevard like Market St. Finally Park Blvd specialize as a transport street just for the trolley, but also a car lane can be use just for busses and emergencies.
Urban proposal general perspective
Pedestrian street Gastronomic area
Green street Balboa park - SDO waterfront path Pedestrian
Pedestrian
Stall
Parking
Green
Green
Water
Car lane
Furniture
Furniture
24’
4’
24’
4’
12’
24’
24’
32’
12’
Transit street One of the main E-W connexions
Residential street
Pedestrian
Pedestrian
Parking
Green
Car lane
Furniture
Parking
Green
Car lane
Furniture
South / East side
13’
15’
24’
8’
20’
15’
20’
10’
20’
15’
Commercial street District core
Commercial street Once a week farmers market takes place 15th st becomes a pedestrian area linked with Kst
Pedestrian
Pedestrian
Stall
Parking
Green
Green
Water
Car lane
20’
Furniture
8’
24’
8’
Furniture
20’
20’
Transit street One of the main N-S connexions
8’
8’
Pedestrian
Parking
Green
Furniture
Parking
Green
Car lane
Furniture
Façade flexibility 12’
8’
24’
20’
Urban farms street 17th st solve West downtown boundary
Pedestrian
Car lane
24’
8’
12’
Urban farm 15’
15’
12’
8’
BUILDING
DEFINITION
The heart of all this urban development will be a 24 stories building that will connect the main green areas and some surrounding building. It won’t be just an urban facility, moreover it will mix different functions while it becomes a new urban land mark and part of San Diego skyline. BUILDING FUNCTIONS The building is split in two main part. At the south there are the main access from a plaza, and between them a courtyard works like a big urban hall. The east part focus on office and residential function and also an exhibition area on the floor plan next to the plaza and courtyard will exhibit how the building works, its facilities and how they can join in the project. The west part is the future East V illage Market, close to 15th St. it will empower the commercial activity of the area. Also is a good chance for selling the vegetables from the urban farms. In the basement there are all the facilities that will allow the building to recycle the sewage water the pollutant air and organic waste, and finally produce biogas from biomass and electricity when the city need it.
HOUSE
FUNCTIONS COORDINATION
OFFICE
WORK
KNOWLEDGE
PEOPLE
For example, the market function supposes to carry all food during the night to be ready in the mor ning with fresh food. Consequently a lot of people is working and tracks arrive there during night. For that reason is important to separate it from the rest of the building. But also its time its hours allows to combine it with restaurants other kind of shops and temporary exhibitions.
EXHIBITION
ENERGY
MARKET
VEGETABLES
BIOMASS
ORGANIC WASTE
PURE AIR
Furthermore the green areas used for sports, children games and open air gyms can be used also, in different hours, for entertainment public activities.
WATE SEWAGE WATER
IRRIGATION WATER
0
It is important how every function coordinates during the day. Not all activities will be at the same time and it must be coordinated for a smooth running of the building.
POLLUTANT AI AIR SUN
CIANOBACTERIA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
This kind of functions symbiosis reach the space and makes it very flexible, one of the main targets to revitalize the area. 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
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24
Religion Entertainment
Entertainment
Theater
Cinema
Cinema
Sports Sports Education
Education Library
Market
Market
Exhibition Eating
Shopping
Eating
Shopping Weekdays
Function peak hours
Weekends
USES, DISTRIBUTION, ACCESS & CIRCULATION next to 15th St. the linked surrounding building house retails and housing and is connected the the neighborhood park where there are children games and open air gyms that will allow people to join in the project. In contrast the functions of the linked buildings at K St. with 16th St. are creative offices and houses with restaurants on ground floor, and also they are connected with the urban farms to the east. Main accesses are from the plaza and courtyard, but also there are secondary accesses from the parks, 15th St. and 16th St. Main circulation follows the building shape to its core, also both main pieces are connected in two point creating a continuous circulation around the courtyard, and finally the exhibition area finish rising up to a terrace on the top where it is able to see not only the whole project of S.E.A. & S.U.N. but also the neighborhood and the San Diego’s skyline.
BUILDING SHAPE EVOLUTION I
1
Initial volum It is the maximum volum buidable from urban analisis
3
Creating a courtyard It will impruve the natural ilumination and become a great tool to impruve ventilation
5
Creating a plaza To gift a public space, to impruve the main access, why not?
7
Check height Also depending on the people density inner spaces height will adapt
2
Rising up In this way the building becomes a landmark and places East Village in an urban context
4
Split In this way functions and construction fases separates into differenct but connected boxes
6
Check dimensions The shape is changed by functions its dimensions
8
Connecting plaza & coutyard Just a plaza? Why not to gift also the courtyard?
BUILDING SHAPE EVOLUTION I
9
Impruving access Adapting shape to access
11
Impruving solar gain To orient correctly the faรงades will impruve the solar gain considerably
13
Spreading phase II Two connections more... what is it looking for?! where is it going?!?!
10
Correct shadows High rise building must take care of its shadow on urban spaces
12
Spreading phase I The building connects to close buildings to share functions
14
Spreading final phase Finally the park and the urban farm, the two main green areas in the area are linked in a new way
BUILDING STAGES
6Impruve months streets Build pedestrian areas Create green areas and urban farms House farmers’ market
4The year first building stage is already built The biomass digestor are working at 100% providing electricity to the building and 100 homes. The sales and rentals provide the first incomes The empy plot can work as a plaza
1 year Build the basement and facilities support Biomass digestors begin to work, they recicle organic matter and provide energy during the building process
7 year The second phase is inaugurated The market will finish the economic impruvement
B U I L D I N G
20Îźm
R U N N I N G
Seaweeds are the main key of the running of S.E.A. & S.U.N.. Specially cyanobacteria have an essential role. They are the basis of the oceans ecosystem and if seaweeds produces the 90% of the oxygen in the world, just cyanobacteria are the origin of a 30-40% of this. By photosynthesis, cyanobacterias, using the energy of Sun, can produce organic matter and oxygen from water, CO2, nitrates and phosphates amongst others.
O2
CO2 Clean water Sewage water
Biomass digestor Biogas storage
Biogas generator
HOW THE BUILDING PRODUCE ENERGY
H O W
Th e m ain bu i l d i n g h as two wa y s o f p ro d u c i n g e n erg y, o n on e h an d i t can p ro d u c e e n e rg y instan tly to s u p p l y th e d emand d u ri n g t h e d a y by ph o to vo l tai c p an el s , an d o n t h e o t h e r h a n d it can sto rage en er gy b y b i o g a s t h a t w i l l b e t ran sfo rm e d i n el ectr i ci ty whe n t h e d e m a n d requ ires it.
T h e p h o t o s y nt he si s i s a c he m i c a l p ro c e ss w h e re t h e c h l o ro phyl l t ra nsf o rm s so l a r e ne rg y i n t o c h e m i c a l e ne rg y a nd i t i s use d t o synt he s i z e o rg a n i c m a t t e r f ro m wa t e r a nd CO2 , but , a l s o c y a n o b a c t e ri a a re sp e c i a l i ze d i n f i xi ng n i t ro g e n g a s .
Th e bio gas i s ob tai n ed fro m b i o m a s s dig esters w h ere or gan i c was t e a n d t h e d e a d s eaw eeds wi l l d i s comp os e. Mo re o v e r, n o t o n l y t h e o rg ani c was te i s recy c l e d , b u t a l s o s eaw eeds wi l l f i l ter s ewage wa t e r fro m t h e c i t y a n d take C O2 f rom th e f reewa y a n d fa c t o ri e s .
Basorbance
W O R K S
P h o t o s y n t h e si s d o e sn’t use a l l t he l i g ht f ro m t h e S u n , c h l oro p hyl l j ust re a c t s wi t h re d a nd b l u e l i g h t , fo r t ha t re a so n l e a f s a nd se a we e ds a re g re e n . Mo re o ve r t he re i s a m a xi m um s u n l i g h t i n t e nsi t y t ha t i t c a n a b so rb , l e ss t ha n 3 0 0 W / m 2 . F o r t ha t re a so n i t c a n b e p l a c e d o n fa ç a d e s o n t he so l a r pa ne l s a re no t a s e ffi c i e n t a s i t i s e xpe c t e d . Spe c i a l l y i n t he b u i l d i n g , t h e ve rt i c a l so ut h f a ç a d e i s use d f o r t h e b i o re a c t ors whe re se a we e ds wi l l g ro w, i n s u m m e r i t g e t s a l l t he so l a r ra di a t i o n i t ne e d s i n s p i t e o f n ot b e i ng t he be st o ri e nt a t i o n, but i n w i n t e r w h ere t he sunl i g ht i s l o we r i t wi l l b e m o re e ffi c i e nt , so t he se a we e d pro d uc t i o n wi l l b e v e ry re g u la r d uri ng t he who l e ye a r.
mgCO2/dm2·h
Chlorophyll-b RED
P H O T O S Y N T E S I S
Chlorophyll-a 37
BLUE
60
%
50
100
40
80
30
60
20 40
10
20
0
0
-10 400
600 500 Wavelength (nm)
600
100 0
Light used in photosyntesis
200 300 400 W/m2 7500 10000 Lux 5000
Amount of CO 2 transformed according to light intensity
0
10
20
30
40
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Photosyntesis performance according to temperature
60 Cº
HOW TO KEEP PHOTOSYNTESIS WORKING DURING THE NIGHT A s c h l o ro phyl l re a c t s wi t h ve ry spe c i f i c l i g ht w a v e l eng t h, a nd t ha nks t o t he t e c hno l o g y, we c a n re pro d uc e t hi s l i g ht i n a ve ry e ff i c i e nt wa y b y L E Ds, so we ha ve t he c ha nc e o f ke e p o n ru n n i n g t he p ho t o synt he si s duri ng t he ni g ht . B u t i t i s kno w t ha t t he e ne rg y do e sn’t c re a t e o r d e s t ro y, i t j ust t ra nsf o rm , so t o d o t hi s i n a e ffi c i e nt wa y we ne e d a no t he r so urc e o f e n e rg y, hum a ns. Hum a ns e ne rg y c a n b e t a ke n a n d u s e d , i n f a c t pe o pl e l i ke t o wa st e e ne rg y d o i n g sp o rt s a nd p l a yi ng , a nd a l so i t i s h e a l t h y. So , why no t i s t hi s e ne rg y t a ke n? We s h o u l d m a ke t he m o st o f i t ! B y c h i l dre n g a m e s a nd spe c i a l g ym s we c a n t ra n s form t he hum a n e ne rg y i n e l e c t ri c i t y t o k e e p the se a we e ds g ro wi ng d uri ng t he ni g ht , a n d a l so i t i s a ve ry a c t i ve wa y t ha t t he pe o pl e h a v e t o j o i n i n t he pro j e c t. But a s p e o pl e use t o d o t hi s ki nd o f a c t i vi t i e s duri ng t he da y, t h e i r p ro d uc e d p o we r wi l l b e c o unt e d a nd g i v e n to t he po we r g ri d, a nd d uri ng t he ni g ht i t w i l l b e re c o ve re d, a nd pe o pl e wi l l se e t he re s u l t o f t he i r ro l e i n t he S.E .A. & S.U .N. d u ri n g t he ni g ht ri si ng t he pro d uc t i o n up t o 30%
Counter
12 Children games & Free gym
96 +30% biomass/day
P H O T O V O L T A I C
P A N E L S
Azimut 180ยบ Slope 20ยบ Summer and spring/autum day
In spite o f l ocate al l th e s ol ar p a n e l s w i t h t h e optim u m o r i en tati on , th e b ui l d i n g a d a p t s i t s h ape to have d i ff eren t f ace s w i t h d i ffe re n t orien tatio n an d s l op e. I n th i s w a y, i n s t e a d o f have a peak p rod u cti on , each fa c e i s s p e c i a l f or a m o m en t of th e d ay an d t h e y e a r a n d t h e e lectricity p rod u cti on i s s mo o t h e r a n d m o re reg u lar. dur i n g th e n i gh t r i s i n g t h e p ro d u c t i o n up to 3 0 % H E A T
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C O O L I N G
Azimut -165ยบ Slope 30ยบ Spring/autumn and winterafetrnoon
Azimut 105ยบ Slope 5ยบ Summer morning
Azimut 120ยบ Slope 15ยบ Summer and spring/autum n morning
S Y S T E M
San Dieg o h as a won d er f u l w e a t h e r, a n d i t i s no t n eeded th e ai r con d i t i o n i n g a n d t h e heatin g , but b ecau s e of th e b u i l d i n g q u a l i t y, a n d peo pl e i r res p on s i b i l i ty, i t i s n e e d e d t o waste a big amou n t of en er gy.
Azimut 180ยบ Slope 10ยบ Summer day
In th is bu ild i n g th e i d ea i s to he a t a n d c o o l t h e a ir in a f ree way b y u s i n g g e o t h e rm a l c o n du cts. F i r s tl y th e ai r i s t a k e n fro m t h e c o u rtyard, wh ere water el em e n t s re d u c e t h e a ir tem pera tu re. L ater th e ai r g o e s t h ro u g h a net o f co n du cts u n d er grou n d t o g e t t h e i d e a l t em peratu re to ven ti l ate th e b u i l d i n g . T h i s c o n du cts f or ms a comp l ex n e t w h e re t h e ou tpu t air temp er atu re can b e c o n t ro l l e d b y c h an g in g th e ai r p ath l en gth a n d s p e e d .
Sewage water
Building ventilation
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To redu ce th e con s u mp ti on o f e n e rg y i t i s e ssen tial to red u ce th e s u n h e a t g a i n a n d pro tect th e f aรงad es . Th ere are 2 s y s t e m u s e d in th e bu ild i n g. On on e h an d , t h e b i o re a c t o rs a re m ade b y s p eci al p ol ycar b o n a t e t u b e s t h a t bl o cks u ltravi ol et an d i n f r are d l i g h t , s o t h e ligh t will arr i ve i n s i d e, we wi ll s e e t h ro u g h i t , but th e h ea t i s s top p ed . On th e o t h e r h a n d , o n t h e east an d wes t f aรงad es t h e re a re u s e d mo vin g g la s s b r i s ol ei l s. Th es e a re m a d e o f a n sp ecial g las s th at wi l l b l ock th e S u n ra d i a t i o n t h at is o ve r h eati n g th e b u i l di n g , b u t a l s o i t a llo w s to l ook th rou gh i t to t h e S a n D i e g o S kylin e
Urban water elements
Clean water
Irrigation
Water storage
Geothermal air pipes
HOW MUCH ENERGY DOES THE BUILDING PRODUCE?
1600m2
3500 MWh/year
170m3 of plantation 11.3 tones seaweeds/day
900 MWh/year
+30% biomass/day
1170 MWh/year
4670 MWh/year = 790 homes = 1460 responsi b l e homes HOW TO BE RESPONSIBLE AND SAFE ENERGY
1_Insulate your home correctly, you will save energy on heting and cooling 2_Manage your windows protect your home from sun & ventilate 3_Use energy efficient lights & appiances, and use it responsibly 4_More public life & less be borred at home:
4 Bicicle; park games & gym; walk through green and 6 pedestrian areas; enjoy the gastronomic street and 9 farmersโ market; meet with friends and family: A BOOK!!! , READ
3 , : PLEASE SWICH OFF THE TV!!! : Car; Xbox;
air
conditioning; unnecessary PS3; computers,
heat; TV...
W H A T I S D E F I N I T E LY S . E . A . & S . U . N . ? S.E.A. & S.U.N. is more than a power facility or a recycling facility. it is more than a home, and office, an ex hibition area or a market . It is more than green s paces , pedes trian s treets , a commercial or a gas tronomy area. S.E.A.& S.U.N. is a piece of the future of San Diego, and a tool that citizens will us e to improve their life .
R E F E R E N C E S Q U I C K
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C O N C E P T S
Thes e are reference and ideas and concepts that have been us ed during the proces s . Thes e are not only of arquitecture, but als o about what people have us ed and us e the cities , buildings and public s pace.
F R O M B A L B O A T O T H E B AY
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The connection between Balboa Park and the waterfront has been projected from long time ago but always postposed due to other projects. How to solve it? will be park ave. the solution or is needed a more complex greenery system? How to solve the connection through the freeway, and the connection with the waterfront? huge buildings have occupied the waterfront and the bay perspective has been lost.
SHANGHAI’S BUND
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The Shanghai Bund is a river waterfront very famous. It use to be crowd, a meeting point and most glamorous restaurants and pubs are located there, but there isn't any attractive element in it. The most important value is the view it has on the Pudong
1111 LINCON ST. MIAMI
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1111 Lincon St. in Miami is a great example, built by Herzog & de Meuron, of how a parking building can be. It is not only a parking, also it is mixing uses as retails and offices and it also allows to think about flexible structures that can contain very different functions and adapt to this functions.
1933 BUINDING, SHANGHAI
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1933 building is and old slaughterhouse in Shanghai. It has an inner complexity and connections that allows to accommodate every kind of functions. Recently it has been renovated. Nowadays there are restaurants, shops, creative offices, galleries and a stage, an it has become a meeting point for cultural activities.
SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE’S DOME In Florence the cathedral’s dome by Brunelleschi becomes a landmark, in the city it can be seen between buildings, it gets an urban presence and a direct connecxion with those place where the dome con be seen.
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TOKIO In tokyo we can find a huge diversity between buildings, because buildings are independent as a earthquake protection and because the plot dimensions use to be very small. Also façades are not very protected and stores use to put a lot of advertisements. That's amazing but also there is a kind of overinformation.
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STREET PERFORMANCES Street performances and exhibitions allows to improve and revitalize the city in a very cheap way. Also allows young artist to show their work to people, and people to join in the new tendencies
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BRIDGE 8, SHANGHAY Bridge 8 is nowadays one of the main cultural focus about architecture and creative offices. It is an old warehouse that has been renovated for accommodate small offices. Also there are facilities that can be shared and exhibition areas.
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THE MATADERO, MADRID The Matadero in Madrid, was also an old slaughterhouse, as 1933 building in Shanghai, that has been refurbished for accommodate every kind of cultural activities, not only exhibitions and performances but also workshops
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GERMANY Germany began improving his electric power infrastructures from 1998 and some new laws that gave rise the renewable energy sector.
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It is the world’s third largest user of wind power with an installed capacity of 27,215 MW Also from 2004 is the first solar photovoltaic producer with an installed power of 5.9 GW It is the biggest biogass producer in Europe, they use the co-fermentation of corn and organic waste for producing 12.8TWh/year.
TREE LEAVES
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A tree leave is a kind of solar panel, but trees produce it from common materials, it gets the sun energy to create organic matter from inorganic elemnts, mainly CO2 and water. Finally when the leave falls it becomes food, so it is totally reciclable.
“ BFS’ SEAWEED PETROL EATS CO 2 ” Spanish firm opens its pilot plant where it is produced biofuel from seaweeds. It is not only capable of replace traditional fuels, also it totally sustainable.
12 INNOVADORES DE EL MUNDO Comunidad Valenciana (ES) nº86_Monday 4/apr/2012 innovadores@elmundo.es
VENICE Venice will produce 40MW from 120,000 tones seaweeds per year. This energy will be used not only to reduce the habour pollution, but also it could satisfy a half of the city demand.
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“ S T UD E NT HO N O R E D I N U S ” 4/Mar/2012
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An argentine student was honored in New York for his invention: a algue bioreactor for producing energy in rural environment where people don’t have electric facilities. The main difference is to produce electricity instead of biofuel. In addition it is cheaper than solar PV or windmills.
SLOWFOOD
Slow Food is an international movement founded by Carlo Petrini in 1986. Promoted as an alternative to fast food, it strives to preserve traditional and regional cuisine and encourages farming of plants, seeds and livestock characteristic of the local ecosystem.
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HOW TO GET ENERGY FROM HUMAN When people exercise, their bodies emit heat and their muscles transform nutrient in movement, in other words, muscles produce kinetic and potential energy. By dynamos, piezoelectric and triboelectric materials, it is possible to transform human movements in electricity. Also by "rough silicon nanowires", sport clothes can get electricity from body's heat.
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HOW GET ENERGY FROM CHILDREN With piezoelectric materials on floor and spring-riders, a 40kg child produces: running: 1,25W/step * 150steps/min = 11.250W/h swinging: 1,85W/swing * 45swings/min = 4.995W/h
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“CLEAN ENERGY FROM MUSCLE POWER� Nov, 26, 2010 The Green Microgym in Portland, Ore., has all the usual stuff you'd expect, but it has some extras as well. The gym uses specially configured exercise equipment that captures the energy you create while pedaling, converts it into electricity and channels it into the power outlets.
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TIME Business, by Tim Newcomb
URBAN FARMS Urban farms ar becoming more and more common around the word. It is a new way of understand the city for living in a more healthy and sustainable way. City Hall can rent small pieces of land form the urban farm to people who would like to sow their how vegetables. Also it becomes a green area for the city and its inhabitants.
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POP-UP CAFE, NEW YORK The Pop-up Cafe in New York is an example of how parking lane can get new uses improving the flexibility of the city.
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The parking can become a terrace, a cafe or a stalls, for that reason line parking is always with the larger side walk giving a lot of possibilities of using street. Also at 15th st the same idea is used for house the weekly farmers market. The street becomes a whole pedestrian area.
CO NTA INE R C A F E
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Using 8ft parking lane it is possible to place a container without disturbing the street and sidewalks. In this way we can add in a very flexible way temporary uses to the streets, such as the farmers market or cafes, and not only remove it easily, but also, storage it.
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MAD Angel Alonso Carlos Arroyo Ignacio Borrego Nerea Calvillo Archie Campbell Francisco Casas Enrique Encabo Inmaculada Esteban José Luis Esteban Penelas Juan Fer nández Andrino Ángel Luis Fer nández Ignacio Fer nández Solla Uriel Fogué David Franco Camilo García Edgar González Javier Her nández Antonio Juárez Juan Laguna María Langarita Alberto Martínez del Castillo Beatriz Matos Ana Méndez de Andés Carlos Merino Ricardo Montoro Víctor Navarro Martín Ocampo Fer nando Ochoa Rocío Pina Pablo Rica Carmelo Rodríguez Cedillo Mara Sánchez Ignacio Toribio Lina Toro Beatriz V illanueva SHA Theodore Spyropoulos SDO Michael Stepner
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MAD Sancho Madrilejos Nieto Sobejano 2+1 Arquitectos Selgas Cano Matos Castillo Acebo X Alonso Ecosistema Urbano Rubio y Alvarez Sala Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners Anton Garcia-Abril SHA Scenic Architecture Archi-union David Alan Chipperfield _ EMBT ARUP ALYA GMP Architekten BAU Pro-Form Architecture _JWDA Enclave 10 Design SDO Ted Smith Rob Quigley Eric Owen Moss Xten Architecture Morphosis Clive W ilkinson Architects Richard Meier & Partners Teddy Cruz Luce et Studio Malmuth + Garcia Hector Perez
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