Master of Architecture Thesis Document

PRIMARY ADVISOR:

ADVISORS:

KELLY

LONSWAY, BESS KREITEMEYER, HANNIBAL NEWSOM, JOEL KERNER

Our planet is experiencing an unprecedented extinction event, in that is not caused by an asteroid or other natural disaster but by humans. We are losing countless species of plants and animals the and human population is rising rapidly. The United Nations predicts that human population will increase from 7.9 billion (2019) to 10.9 billion in 2100 (1) This increase in population worsens density in urban areas as well as intensifies urban sprawl. There has been an upward trend of humans moving from rural to urban areas in the last 10 years and mega-cities are on the rise. This rapid increase in human population has not and is not predicted to bode well for ever shrinking animal habitat. This lack of habitat and greenery hurts humans as well as animals. Availability of green space and nature improves statistics on violent crime, helps with mental health, improves air quality and combats climate change.

If cities are expected to expand and grow, how can cities reintegrate vital animal habitat back into the fabric of the city? Some cities have been successful in passing legislation that makes maintaining habitat and integrating greenery into new buildings a requirement. The Singapore Green Plan for 2030 sets goals for the city in terms of reducing waste, creating new green spaces, improving public transit, lowering reliance on diesel cars and producing food locally. (2) These methods are proving to be successful in creating a sustainable “garden city”. What is there to learn from leg islation like this? And how can it be applied to cities with similar densities.

Is it possible for Manhattan to become a “garden city”. The area of Manhattan used to rival Yellowstone national park in terms of biodi versity in the 1600s. Before it became a concrete jungle it was home to Grey wolves, bears, harbor porpoises amongst thousands of other species of plants and animals. Prior to Dutch settlement in 1609 it was known as “Manahhat ta” or in English “island of many hills” by the native Lenape people. Now there is zero intact original habitat in Manhattan although some species have survived over 400 years of urbanization. (3)

Manhattan presents a good opportunity for habitat reintroduction and reintegration in

that it may soon offer up massive amounts of space for redevelopment with the current and projected movement away from the use of private cars. The 23 square miles of Manhattan is covered in spaces designated to car use from street parking, garages and multilevel parking structures. If you add up all these spaces you are left with an area four times as large as central park. There are already several proposals to ban cars in Manhattan including placing tolls on cars south of 60th street, which was delayed due to the pandemic, and completely banning cars from fourteenth street. It seems odd to designate so much space for cars when more than half of its population does not own a car. In terms of those who do not live in Manhattan and commute in, more than 88 percent use public transportation.(4) Many people want to take this space and give it back to the citizens of New York. But what if it is given back to the non-human citizens as well, existing and prior animal and plant residents. Where can habitat fit into the street-scape, parking structures and bridges in order or allow humans as well as plant and animal species to travel through the island. This allows for safer, cleaner, human travel as well as a way for animals to move from habitat core to core. In GIS mapping done by the Living Atlas habitat cores are currently being connected around the borders of Manhattan and not through it.(5) Re-wilded streets-capes allow for a system of travel for species to move thats been missing for centuries.

Walking out of your walk up or luxury condo and into a world of people traveling not by car but by bike, train, bus or walking will hopefully lead to a new investment in preserv ing landscapes that still exist and remain intact. How can you truly invest in and care about something that you have never see with your own eyes.

ABSTRACT

The British Headquarters Map, circa 1782, is the best record of Mannahatta’s early topography and ecology. The National Archives of the UK, ref. MR1/463. figure 1

John Randel’s grid plan for Manhattan, mapped in 1811. The New York Public Library figure 3

figure 2

Illustrations of NYC habiat prior to industrialization The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, The New York Public Library. “New York in 1776, from the rear of Col. Rutger’s house, East River ; engr[raved] by W. G. Jackman.” New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed March 23, 2022. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/5e66b3e8-

THESIS

MAIN

How can we as architects facilitate a better understanding of and relationship to the natural world for city dwellers specifically?

As urban sprawl worsens and cities expand more and more people reside in cities rather than in rural areas. This causes human to ecosystem relationships to further fracture.

Worsening urban sprawl is destroying valuable habitat for endangered species in addition to further separating city dwellers from fostering relationships with valuable species and ecosystems.

Where can species and micro ecosystems be worked back into the fabric of large sprawling cities like New York City?

The projected lower reliance on cars as the primary means of transportation in densely populated cities like New York City opens up large swathes of land for ecosystem redevelopment. Imagine walking out of your apartment on your way to the train or bus into a system of boardwalks and micro wetlands and being able to hear birds chirping and see small mammals running beneath your path.

In addition to the street-scape architectural elements like a facade or roof could be re-appropriated as habitat. How can a facade panel shed water as well as house a bat or a beetle?

Although re-wilding can be though of as a movement to recreate the past it can also be seen as a reintegration of valuable species in a controlled way. How do we determine which species to bring back. There are many species known for their ability to provide ecosystem services. Bats, bees, beetles and butterflies are pollinators and small felines and birds of prey provide pest control.

We can not completely re-wild Manhattan to the forests of 1609 but we can locate and redesign and architectural components to work dually as habitat while still providing their human functions.

REWILDING

TERMINOLOGY

MATERIAL EXPERIENCE

FERAL ECOLOGIES

POSITION

INVERTIBRATES

As architects, we are operating in a landscape of shifting ecological and cultural values. We must not only develop strategies for incorporating diverse habitats into the spatial and built environment, but we must also take on the challenge to radically rethink the spatial and visible dimensions of animals and urban organisms. In the process of doing so, we will not only enable urban citizens to envision the possibilities of living among ‘pests,’ we’ll also unshackle architecture from some of its time-loaded assumptions and cultural biases. It is only then that architecture can become a vehicle for provoking new priorities, rather than simply responding to them. Here are some issues for architects to consider as we proceed into an emerging bio-synthetic world.

-Joyce Hwang of Ants of the Prairie

Living Among Pests Originally published in Volume #35: Everything Under Control

SMALL STRUCTURES

ACKOWLEDGEMENTS

1. Design and the Biodiverse: Kristina Hill Kristina Hill Program Director of IURD and Associate Professor of Landscape Architecture & Environmental Planning and Urban Design, College of Environmental Design; University of California, Berkeley

FROM SPECIES TO SYSTEM: BIODIVERSITY IS ON FIRE

2. Design and the Biodiverse: Joyce Hwang Joyce Hwang Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Architecture; University of Buffalo

3. Design and the Biodiverse: Gena Wirth Gena Wirth Design Principal, SCAPE DESIGN FOR INVERTEBRATES

4. Design and the Biodiverse: Nina-Marie Lister Nina-Marie Lister Professor and Graduate Director, School of Urban + Regional Planning; Ryerson University Director, Ecological Design Lab; Ryerson University Founding Principal, PLANDFORM DESIGN FOR DIVERSITY: BETWIXT CULTURE AND NATURE AND THE WILD BETWEEN

5. Design and the Biodiverse: Erin Moore Erin Moore Professor of Architecture and Environmental Studies; University of Oregon SPATIAL PRACTICE FOR AN INSEPARABLE WHOLE: DESIGN, RESISTANCE, AND BIODIVERSITY

6. Design and the Biodiverse: Richard Weller Richard Weller

Meyerson Chair of Urbanism and Professor and Chair of Landscape Architecture, Executive Director of the McHarg Center; Weitzman School of Design, University of Pennsylvania

If someone were to replicate my thesis either in an academic or a professional forum I would hope that they would be able to first recognize that urban sprawl and an increasing population density in cities is leading to a disconnect between city dwellers and ecosystems. We desperately need legislators, politicians and young people to reinvest in the species and ecosystems that are quickly disappearing from the urban fabric?

Where are the architectural in between spaces that can be filled with built habitat. How can proximity, immersion and representation be used to foster this re invigorated interest in re-wilding our built landscape.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

-

LIST OF MEDIA

FIGURE 1 : The British Headquarters Map, circa 1782, is the best record of Mannahatta’s early topography and ecology. The National Archives of the UK, ref. MR1/463.

FIGURE 2: The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, The New York Public Library. “New York in 1776, from the rear of Col. Rutger’s house, East River ; engr[raved] by W. G. Jackman.” New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed March 23, 2022. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/5e66b3e8-de08-d471-e040-e00a180654d7

FIGURE 3: The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, The New York Public Library. “This map of the city of New York and island of Manhattan....” New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed May 12, 2022. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47d97a92-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99

FIGURE 4,5,6: Arcgis.com. Accessed May 12, 2022. https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=0d2f35395c3c43ecb7685df9be63dd84. (Green Infrastructure Center Inc., Esri)

FIGURE 7: The Welikia (“Way-LEE-Kee-Uh”) Project. Accessed May 12, 2022. https://welikia.org/.Google Maps. Google. Accessed May 12, 2022. https://www.google.com/maps/place/Manhattan,+New+York,+NY/@40.7591704,-74.0392706,27789m/ data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x89c2588f046ee661:0xa0b3281fcecc08c!8m2!3d40.7830603!4d-73.9712488.

FIGURE 8: Arcgis.com. Accessed May 12, 2022. https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=7a846ea386cb40ce8527137cdf525b09. Green Infrastructure Center Inc., Esri

FIGURE 9: Arcgis.com. Accessed May 12, 2022. https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=f8352a73777b4f23800cbd4cf83bcc72.Green Infrastructure Center Inc., Esri

FIGURE 10: Arcgis.com. Accessed May 12, 20222. Green Infrastructure Center Inc., Esri, https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=f8352a73777b4f23800cbd4cf83bcc72

FIGURE 11: Welikia 1609 map. Accessed May 12, 2022. https://welikia.org/m-map.php.

FIGURE 12: Welikia 1609 map. Accessed May 12, 2022. https://welikia.org/m-map.php.

FIGURE 13, 14: World Park Project. Accessed May 12, 2022. https://theworldpark.com/.(Concept: Richard Weller,Graphic design by Madeleine Ghillany-Lehar)

FIGURE 15: Arcgis.com. Accessed May 12, 2022. https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=7a846ea386cb40ce8527137cdf525b09. Green Infrastructure Center Inc., Esri

FIGURE 16: Streetscape Sketches, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 17: “Hotspot Cities.” AFEW - Hotspot Cities. Accessed May 12, 2022. http://atlas-for-the-end-ofthe-world.com/hotspot_cities_main.html.

FIGURE 18: Arcgis.com. Accessed May 12, 2022. https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=0d2f35395c3c43ecb7685df9be63dd84.

FIGURE 19: Arcgis.com. Accessed May 12, 2022. https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=0d2f35395c3c43ecb7685df9be63dd84.

FIGURE 20 : Parking diagrams, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 21: Parking diagrams of the Streetscape, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 22: Initial Concept Sketch, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 23: Design scope Sketch, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 24: Pollinator and Pest Predator Diagram, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 25: Roof Life Cycle Analysis Diagram, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 26: Roof Axon Drawing, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 27: Roof Axon Use Diagram, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 28: Site Plan, Elevation, Food chain Diagram Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 29: Site axons Diagram Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 30: Facade Life Cycle Analysis, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 31: Facade Full Section, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022). 2022).

FIGURE 32: Current and Proposed street Diagrams, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 33: Animal Travel Section, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 34: Re-wilded street scape sketches, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

FIGURE 35: Street full section sketches, Meaghan Kelly, “Urban Rewilding” (Syracuse University 2022).

SECTION 1 - MAIN BODY - RESEARCH

MEAGHAN KELLY

CONTEXT - CASE STUDIES

PRIMARY ADVISOR: JOEL KERNER

Choose issue and clearly define it: Loss of species diversity in cites

Determine possible design solutions : urban re-wilding

Based on research on cities with urban sprawl and species loss determine focus city: Manhattan

Determine which cities are successful in urban re-wilding to research means of successful re-wilding: Singapore

Determine focus species based on research of pollinators and pest predators and their benefits to the city.

Research the specific dietary and habitat needs of chosen focus species

Define scope based on the scapes of street, facade and roof

DESIGN

Based on species research design habitat within scapes

WHAT IS URBAN REWILDING?

WHAT IS REWILDING?

RESTORATIONVS REWILDING

According to Nina-Marie Lister: “Design for

Culture and Nature and the Wild Between”

-Management focused

Returns to idealized ecosystems Reset/ fixed (implies bro-ken)

preservation -Colonial/ American preser-vation

in time, where? Implies baseline conditions

Native Species, no invasives

-Stewardship Initiated

Reorganizes, regenerates degraded ecosystems

Reintegrate beyond just with human

embraces change Post colonial, Euro centric

ended

shifting

“Rewilding, or re-wilding, activities are conservation efforts aimed at restoring and protecting natural processes and wilderness areas. This may include providing connectivity between such areas, and protecting or reintroducing apex predators and keystone species.”

Syracuse

True Nature Foundation True Nature Foundation, 2022, https://truenaturefoundation.org/what-is-rewilding/.

MANHATTAN HABITAT

VALUABLE INTACT HABITAT SURROUNDING MANHATTEN

What was the ecosystem?

An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscapes, work together to form a bubble of life.

National Geographic Society, 2012, https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/ecosystem/.

Although there is little left to remember its past the biodiversity of Manhattan once rivaled that of Yellowstone National park, Yosemite and the great Smoky mountains with 55 distinct ecological communities.

Manhattan is something like one percent the size of Yellowstone. Yellowstone is 2.2 million acres and it has 66 ecosystems. Mannahatta had 55.

The Welikia (“Way-LEE-Kee-Uh”) Project, accessed May 12, 2022, https://welikia.org/ about/overview/.

figure 4, 5, 6 :

This layer represents modeled Intact Habitat Cores, or minimally disturbed natural areas. It was created as part of Esri’s Green Infrastructure Initiative and is one of five companion layers that can be used for Green Infrastructure Planning. (Green Infrastructure Center Inc., Esri)

“coastal oak-pine forest” and “red maple swamps.”

MANHATTAN HAS NO REMAINING ORGINAL HABITAT

Prior to 1609 Present figure 7

On the left a rendering of 1609 Manhattan from the welika project and on the right a google maps image from present day The Welikia (“WayLEE-Kee-Uh”) Project. Accessed May 12, 2022. https://welikia.org/.

megalopolis

figure 4

figure 5 figure 6

SPECIES

SPECIES RICHNESS

figure 8

There is no habitat left in Manhatten but the areas surrounding it in New Jersey, Delaware and Long Island maintain habitat and a species richness.

HABITAT

Least cost paths connecting habitat cores

there are no connections moving through Manhattan preventing species travel from habitat to habitat eastern us habitat connectors

The two left side maps show Species richness from living atlas esri gis database at three different scales NatureServe Network. April 2021. The Map of Biodiversity Importance. Arlington, VA. U.S.A. After fi ve years of research The Welika Project determines it is likely that “1000 species of plants and vertebrate animals (24 species of mammals, 233 birds, 32 reptiles and amphibians, 85 fish, and 627 species of plants, and unknown numbers of fungi, lichens,

how can connections be made through Manhattan from one habitat connector to connector

“This layer represents modeled Least Cost Paths (LCPs) among neighboring Intact Habitat Cores. It was created as part of Esri’s Green Infrastructure Initiative and is one of five companion layers that can be used for Green Infrastructure Planning.” -https://www.arcgis.com/home/item. html?id=f8352a73777b4f23800cbd4cf83bcc72

SPECIES RICHNESS

MAMMALS

Common Name -Scientific Name

Meadow Vole Microtus pennsylvanicus

White-footed Mouse

AMPHIBIANS

Common Name -Scientific Name

Common Name Scientific Name

Peromyscus leucopus

Deer Mouse - Peromyscus maniculatus

Southern Flying Squirrel Glaucomys volans

Eastern Gray Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis

Eastern Cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus

Raccoon Procyon lotor

Masked Shrew Sorex cinereus

Eastern Chipmunk Tamias striatus

Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis

Big Brown Bat Eptesicus fuscus

Red Bat Lasiurus borealis

Hoary Bat Lasiurus cinereus

Silver-haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagans

Gray Wolf Canis lupus

Bobcat Lynx rufus

Mountain Lion uma concolor

Gray Fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus

American Black Bear Ursus americanus

Dog-Canis lupus familiaris

White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus

BIRDS

Common Name Scientific Name

Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus

Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis

Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus

Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus

American Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos

Common Raven Corvus corax

Passenger Pigeon Ectopistes migratorius

Black-capped Chickadee Poecile atricapillus

Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum

American Robin Turdus migratorius

Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum

Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus

Canada Warbler Cardellina canadensis

Purple Finch Carpodacus purpureus

American Kestrel Falco sparverius

Baltimore Oriole Icterus galbula

Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia

Rose-breasted Grosbeak Pheucticus ludovicianus

Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens

Bay-breasted Warbler Setophaga castanea

Blackpoll Warbler Setophaga striata

White-breasted Nuthatch Sitta carolinensis

House Wren Troglodytes aedon

Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus

Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura

Wild Turkey Meleagris gallopavo

Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia

Eastern Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus

Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata

Long-billed Curlew Numenius americanus

Eskimo Curlew Numenius borealis

Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus

Veery Catharus fuscescens

American Woodcock Scolopax minor Swainson’s Thrush Catharus ustulatus

Ruby-throated Hummingbird Archilochus colubris

Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus

Wilson’s Warbler Cardellina pusilla

Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus

Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi

Red-bellied Woodpecker Melanerpes carolinus

Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea

Black-throated Blue Warbler Setophaga caerulescens

Magnolia Warbler Setophaga magnolia

Black-throated Green Warbler Setophaga virens

Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas

Eastern Kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus

Great Crested Flycatcher Myiarchus crinitus

Hairy Woodpecker Picoides villosus

American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Empidonax flaviventris

Nashville Warbler Leiothlypis ruficapilla

Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla

Warbling Vireo Vireo gilvus

Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea

Northern Saw-whet Owl Aegolius acadicus

Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla

REPTILES

Common Name Scientific Name Probability

Snapping Turtle Chelydra serpentina

Brown Snake Storeria dekayi

Eastern Milk Snake Lampropeltis triangulum

Eastern Worm Snake Carphophis amoenus

Spotted Turtle Clemmys guttata

Eastern Mud Turtle Kinosternon subrubrum

Eastern Box Turtle Terrapene carolina

Northern Black Racer Coluber constrictor

Northern Ringneck Snake Diadophis punctatus

Timber Rattlesnake Crotalus horridus

Northern Water Snake Nerodia sipedon

Eastern Ribbon Snake Thamnophis sauritus

Green Frog Rana clamitans

Two Lined Salamander Eurycea bislineata

Red Spotted Newt Notophthalmus viridescens

Eastern Spadefoot Toad Scaphiopus holbrookii

Spring Peeper Pseudacris crucifer

Spotted Salamander Ambystoma maculatum

Fowler’s Toad Bufo fowleri

Northern Gray Treefrog Hyla versicolor

Southern Leopard Frog Rana sphenocephala

Wood Frog Rana sylvatica

Blue Spotted Salamander Complex Ambystoma laterale Marbled Salamander Ambystoma opacum

FISH

Common Name Scientific Name

Crevalle jack Caranx hippos

Atlantic silverside Menidia menidia

Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod

Ninespine stickleback Pungitius pungitius Porgy (Scup) Stenotomus chrysops

Atlantic needlefish Strongylura marina Red hake Urophycis chuss

Fourspot flounder Hippoglossina oblonga Atlantic rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax

Winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus

Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus Hickory shad Alosa mediocris

American shad Alosa sapidissima

Fourspine stickleback Apeltes quadracus Conger eel Conger oceanicus

Weakfish Cynoscion regalis

Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

Spot Leiostomus xanthurus

Little skate Leucoraja erinacea

Striped bass Morone saxatilis

Striped mullet Mugil cephalus Longhorn sculpin Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus

Striped cusk-eel Ophidion marginatum Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus

Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus Rock gunnel holis gunnellus

Windowpane Scophthalmus aquosus

Northern puffer Sphoeroides maculatus

Spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias

Hogchoker Trinectes maculatus

Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus

Black sea bass Centropristis striata

Lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus

Oyster toadfish Opsanus tau

White mullet Mugil curema

Atlantic mackeral Scomber scombrus

Threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus

Striped searobin Prionotus evolans

Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus

Naked goby Gobiosoma bosc

Tautog Tautoga onitis

Atlantic herring Clupea harengus

Cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli

Silver perch Bairdiella chrysoura

Spotfin killifish Fundulus luciae

Sea raven Hemitripterus americanus

Inland silverside Menidia beryllina

Black drum Pogonias cromis

Grubby Myoxocephalus aenaeus

Pigfish Orthopristis chrysoptera

Northern kingfish Menticirrhus saxatilis

Spotted hake Urophycis regia

American sand lance Ammodytes americanus

Round herring Etrumeus teres

Sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus

Rough silverside Membras martinica

Striped anchovy Anchoa hepsetus

ANIMAL SPECIES CATALOGUE

PLANTS

Common Name Scientific Name

Virginia threeseed mercury Acalypha virginica L. red maple Acer rubrum L. American hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana Walt. starved panicgrass Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.)Gould prairie fleabane Erigeron strigosus Muhl.exWilld. Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.)Planch.

black cherry Prunus serotina Ehrh. roundleaf greenbrier Smilax rotundifolia L. blackhaw Viburnum prunifolium L. American chestnut Castanea dentata (Marsh.)Borkh. white wood aster Eurybia divaricata (L.)Nesom northern red oak Quercus rubra L. flameleaf sumac Rhus copallinum L. mapleleaf viburnum Viburnum acerifolium L. nimblewill

Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F.Gmel. smooth rockcress Arabis laevigata (Muhl.exWilld.)Poir.

wild sarsaparilla Aralia nudicaulis L. butterfly milkweed Asclepias tuberosa L. smooth yellow false foxglove Aureolaria flava (L.)Farw. parasol sedge Carex umbellata SchkuhrexWilld. striped prince’s pine Chimaphila maculata (L.)Pursh scaldweed Cuscuta gronovii Willd.exJ.A.Schultes

nakedflower ticktrefoil Desmodium nudiflorum (L.)DC. prostrate ticktrefoil Desmodium rotundifolium DC. marginal woodfern Dryopteris marginalis (L.)Gray American burnweed Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. red fescue Festuca rubra L. Virginia strawberry Fragaria virginiana Duchesne licorice bedstraw Galium circaezans Michx. fragrant bedstraw Galium triflorum Michx. black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.)K.Koch spotted geranium Geranium maculatum L. cream avens Geum virginianum L. American witchhazel Hamamelis virginiana L. eastern redcedar Juniperus virginiana L. mountain laurel Kalmia latifolia L. trailing lespedeza Lespedeza procumbens Michx. woodland flax Linum virginianum L. trumpet honeysuckle Lonicera sempervirens L. feathery false lily of the vally Maianthemum racemosum (L.)Link partridgeberry Mitchella repens L. rock muhly Muhlenbergia sobolifera (Muhl.exWilld.)Trin.

common evening-primrose Oenothera biennis L. switchgrass Panicum virgatum L. broad beechfern Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.)Fée

American lopseed Phryma leptostachya L. clammy groundcherry Physalis heterophylla Nees pitch pine Pinus rigida P.Mill. climbing false buckwheat Polygonum scandens L. Christmas fern Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.)Schott

Norwegian cinquefoil Potentilla norvegica L. black oak Quercus velutina Lam. Carolina rose Rosa carolina L. Pennsylvania catchfly Silene caroliniana Walt.ssp.pensylvanica(-Michx.)Clausen wreath goldenrod Solidago caesia L. clasping Venus’ looking-glass Triodanis perfoliata (L.)Nieuwl. highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L. early blue violet Viola palmata L. fox grape Vitis labrusca L. pignut hickory Carya glabra (P.Mill.)Sweet roundlobe hepatica Hepatica nobilis Schreb.var.obtusa(Pursh)

Steyermark white baneberry Actaea pachypoda Ell. Jack in the pulpit Arisaema triphyllum (L.)Schott spear saltbush Atriplex patula L. alternateleaf dogwood Cornus alternifolia L.f. Tuliptree Liriodendron Tulipifera Virginia mountainmint Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.)T.Dur.&B.D.JacksonexB.L.Robins.&Fern. smooth blackberry Rubus canadensis L. forked bluecurls Trichostema dichotomum L. slimspike threeawn Aristida longispica Poir. white vervain Verbena urticifolia L. Allegheny hawkweed Hieracium paniculatum L. whorled milkwort Polygala verticillata L. common hackberry Celtis occidentalis L. devil’s darning needles Clematis virginiana L. chestnut oak Quercus prinus L. slender threeseed mercury Acalypha gracilens Gray slenderleaf false foxglove Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl)Raf. winter bentgrass Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.)B.S.P. upland bentgrass Agrostis perennans (Walt.)Tuckerman tall thimbleweed Anemone virginiana L. lyrate rockcress Arabis lyrata L. densetuft hairsedge Bulbostylis capillaris (L.)KunthexC.B.Clarke oval-leaf sedge Carex cephalophora Muhl.exWilld. Pennsylvania sedge Carex pensylvanica Lam. mockernut hickory Carya alba (L.)Nutt. sanddune sandbur Cenchrus tribuloides L. pipsissewa Chimaphila umbellata (L.)W.Bart. black bugbane Cimicifuga racemosa (L.)Nutt. American hazelnut Corylus americana Walt. moccasin flower Cypripedium acaule Ait. Dillenius’ ticktrefoil Desmodium glabellum (Michx.)DC. smooth small-leaf ticktrefoil Desmodium marilandicum (L.)DC. panicledleaf ticktrefoil Desmodium paniculatum (L.)DC. field horsetail Equisetum arvense L. roundleaf thoroughwort Eupatorium rotundifolium L. rough hawkweed Hieracium scabrum Michx. rattlesnakeweed Hieracium venosum L. hairy pinweed Lechea mucronata Raf. hairy lespedeza Lespedeza hirta (L.)Hornem. violet lespedeza Lespedeza violacea (L.)Pers. northern bayberry Morella pensylvanica (Mirbel) Kartesz blackgum Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. northern evening-primrose Oenothera parviflora L. witchgrass Panicum capillare L. Canadian lousewort Pedicularis canadensis L. black chokeberry Photinia melanocarpa (Michx.)Robertson&Phipps

PLANTS

Common Name Scientific Name common cinquefoil Potentilla simplex Michx. narrowleaf mountainmint Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Schrad. American wintergreen Pyrola americana Sweet white oak Quercus alba L. scarlet oak Quercus coccinea Muenchh. littleleaf buttercup Ranunculus abortivus L. blisterwort Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. bristly dewberry Rubus hispidus L. black raspberry Rubus occidentalis L. toothed whitetop aster Sericocarpus asteroides (L.)B.S.P.

gray goldenrod Solidago nemoralis Ait. Blue Ridge blueberry Vaccinium pallidum Ait. New York ironweed Vernonia noveboracensis (L.)Michx.

summer grape Vitis aestivalis Michx. poverty rush Juncus tenuis Willd. devil’s-tongue Opuntia humifusa (Raf.)Raf. groundcedar Lycopodium complanatum L. spring forget-me-not Myosotis verna Nutt. waxflower shinleaf Pyrola elliptica Nutt. widowsfrill Silene stellata (L.)Ait.f. annual ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. eastern poison ivy Toxicodendron radicans (L.)Kuntze early saxifrage Saxifraga virginiensis Michx. devil’s beggartick Bidens frondosa L. coastal sweetpepperbush Clethra alnifolia L. flowering dogwood Cornus foemina P.Mill. intermediate woodfern Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.exWilld.)Gray

sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua L. common yellow oxalis Oxalis stricta L. Pennsylvania smartweed Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) M. Gómez marsh blue violet Viola cucullata Ait. groundnut Apios americana Medik. common ladyfern Athyrium filix-femina (L.)Roth tall blue lettuce Lactuca biennis (Moench)Fern. eastern hayscented fern Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) T.Moore flaxleaf whitetop aster Ionactis linariifolius (L.)Greene Canada mayflower Maianthemum canadense Desf. Canada germander Teucrium canadense L. downy yellow violet Viola pubescens Ait. bigleaf aster Eurybia macrophylla (L.)Cass. early meadow-rue Thalictrum dioicum L. common serviceberry Amelanchier arborea (Michx.f.)Fern.

Allegheny serviceberry Amelanchier laevis Wiegand field pussytoes Antennaria neglecta Greene spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium L. sicklepod Arabis canadensis L. downy yellow false foxglove Aureolaria virginica (L.)Pennell gray birch Betula nigra L. sand bittercress Cardamine parviflora L. Hitchcock’s sedge Carex hitchcockiana Dewey bitternut hickory Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.)K.Koch mat sandbur Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.)Fern. partridge pea Chamaecrista nictitans (L.)Moench sweet fern Comptonia peregrina (L.)Coult. roundleaf dogwood Cornus rugosa Lam. Great Plains flatsedge Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.)Marcks ssp.lupulinus northern bush honeysuckle Diervilla lonicera P.Mill. common persimmon Diospyros virginiana L. Philadelphia fleabane Erigeron philadelphicus L. woodland sunflower Helianthus divaricatus L. Illinois pinweed Lechea racemulosa Michx. sweet crabapple Malus coronaria (L.)P.Mill. violet woodsorrel Oxalis violacea L. Virginia groundcherry Physalis virginiana P.Mill. eastern white pine Pinus strobus L. erect knotweed Polygonum erectum L. tall rattlesnakeroot Prenanthes altissima L. basil mountainmint Pycnanthemum clinopodioides Torr.&Gray

American black currant Ribes americanum P.Mill. zigzag goldenrod Solidago flexicaulis L. composite dropseed Sporobolus compositus (Poir.)Merr. Lowrie’s blue wood aster Symphyotrichum lowrieanum (Porter) Nesom

lowbush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. narrowleaf vervain Verbena simplex Lehm. sixweeks fescue Vulpia octoflora (Walt.)Rydb. red columbine Aquilegia canadensis L. American spikenard Aralia racemosa L. maidenhair spleenwort Asplenium trichom

SPECIES MAP

WEST FORTEENTH STREET ORIGINAL SPECIES

Common Name Scientific Name

Meadow Vole Microtus pennsylvanicus

White-footed Mouse Peromyscus leucopus Deer Mouse Peromyscus maniculatus

Beaver Castor canadensis

Southern Flying Squirre Glaucomys volans

Eastern Gray Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis

Masked Shrew Sorex cinereus

Eastern Cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus

Eastern Chipmunk Tamias striatus

Raccoon Procyon lotor

Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus

Eastern Mole Scalopus aquaticus

Dog Canis lupus familiaris

Big Brown Bat Eptesicus fuscus

Silver-haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagans

Red Bat Lasiurus borealis

Hoary Bat Lasiurus cinereus

Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis

Gray Wolf Canis lupus

North American River Otter Lontra canadensis

Bobcat Lynx rufus

Mink Neovison vison

Mountain Lion Puma concolor

Gray Fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus

American Black Bear Ursus americanus

White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus

Landscape Feature

Quantity/

Percent Coverage

Topography

Minimum elevation (feet) -2

Average elevation (feet) 4 Maximum elevation (feet) 15 Hilltops Hillsides Valleys

Hydrology

Midreach stream (length in meter71

Shore

Length of shoreline (meters) 173

Soils

Rocky marine bottom Deerfield Windsor Ipswich Pawcatuck

Bedrock Geology Manhattan schist

Surface Geology Made land Stratified drift

Modern Block Area (square meters) 19,564

Lenape Land Use

Human habitat suitability

Distance to nearest Lenape encampment

(meters): 1,869

Distance to nearest Lenape trail (meters): 587

Hunting

Selected species

Diamondback Terrapin American Black Duck Spotted Turtle Common Musk Turtle Raccoon

Fishing

Selected species

American eel Hickory shad Atlantic rainbow smelt Alewife White perch

Gathering

Selected species

Gathering

gray dogwood common hackberry mapleleaf viburnum American wintergreen riverbank grape

the

Richard Weller

This

study

how

can help to reconnect habitat and aid in lessening

from the world park project showing how the concept works. (Concept: Richard Weller,Graphic design by Madeleine Ghillany-Lehar)

from the

project showing how the

in

(Concept: Richard Weller,Graphic design by Madeleine Ghillany-Lehar)

TARFAYA MOROCCO

HABITAT HABITAT CORE CONNECTORS

HABITAT CORES maps have been overlayed. species travel?

capes should be altered the habitat connector map and the habitat core Where can specific streets be selected in order to provide optimal human and

Street

the

have been

Where can specific streets be selected in order to provide

human and

travel? CAN THESE ALREADY PEDESTRIANIZED STREETS BE OVER LAPPED WITH HABITAT CORE AND HABITAT CONNECTOR DATA TO DETERMINE IF THESE EXISTING RE PURPOSED STREETS ALIGN AS NEW THROUGH WAY HABITAT CONNECTORS?

Street

Street

HUMAN MODIFIED SURFACES

URBAN SPRAWL

New York City alone contains more people than Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, both Dakotas, Nebraska, and New Mexico combined.

New York City’s population density is three times that of Los Angeles.

New York City is more populated than Mongolia, Greenland, and Norway combined.

CASE STUDY:

for the END of

The mapping and research pertaining to the Hotspot Cities has been conducted by Nanxi Dong, Zuzanna Drozdz with assistance from Rong Cong and Joshua Ketchum.

Karen C. Seto, Burak Güneralp, & Lucy R. Hutyra, “Global Forecasts of Urban Expansion to 2030 and Direct Impacts on Biodiversity and Carbon Pools,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States 109, no. 40 (2012): 16083-16088.

These are based on the IUCN’s data for Terrestrial Mammals, Amphibians, Birds, Reptiles and Freshwater Groups. See: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, http://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed June 1, 2016) and the Global Land Cover Facility, “MODIS Land Cover,” http://glcf.umd.edu/data/lc/ (accessed August 4, 2017)

AUDIENCE

City legislators:

(Success in other parts of the world in re-wilding cities is rooted in a change in legislature)

Urban Planners

Youth: Inheritors of the planet (it is important to encourage investment in landscape in the generation who will ultimate-ly be required to deal with the damage our ancestors have done)

HABITAT

SINGAPORE 2030 GREEN PLAN

some key targets

Greener Infrastructure and Buildings

2025 targets:

WHY DO WE NEED HABITAT AND A MEANS FOR INTERSPECIES TRAVEL DIRECTLY IN THE CITY?

Reduce energy consumption of desalination process from current 3.5kWh/m3 to 2kWh/m3 Singapore’s first integrated waste and used water treatment facility to be 100% energy self-sufficient (Tuas Nexus) 2030 targets:

Green 80% of Singapore’s buildings (by Gross Floor Area) by 2030

MORE PEOPLE LIVE IN CITIES - HOW DO YOU GET PEOPLE TO CARE ABOUT SOMETHING THEY HAVE NEVER ACTUALLY SEEN WITH THEIR OWN EYES, SOMETHING THAT DOES NOT DIRECTLY AFFECT THEM.

19

The above map shows habitat cores in Singapore and the below map shows the previously shown cores near Manhattan Green Infrastructure Center Inc., Esri

PARKS

2026 target:

Develop over 130 ha of new parks, and enhance around 170 ha of existing parks with more lush vegetation and natural landscapes. 2030 targets:

Double our annual tree planting rate between 2020 and 2030, to plant 1 million more trees across Singapore

Increase nature parks’ land area by over 50% from 2020 baseline

Every household will be within a 10-minute walk from a park 2035 target:

Add 1000 ha of green spaces

Green Commutes 2030 targets:

Achieve 75% mass public transport (i.e. rail and bus) peak-period modal share

Expand rail network from around 230km today to 360km by early 2030s

80% of new buildings (by Gross Floor Area) to be SLE buildings from 2030 Best-in-class green buildings to see an 80% improvement in energy efficiency (over 2005 levels) by 2030 Long-term target: Reduce desalination energy further to 1kWh/m3

Sustainable Towns and Districts 2030 target:

Reduce energy consumption in existing HDB towns by 15% Cleaner-energy Vehicles 2025 targets:

New registrations of diesel cars and taxis to cease from 2025

7 EV-Ready Towns with chargers at all HDB carparks by 2025 2030 targets:

All new car and taxi registrations to be of cleaner-energy models from 2030 33 Target 60,000 charging points nationwide by 2030, including 40,000 in public carparks and 20,000 in private premises

Triple cycling paths to 1,320km from 460km in 2020 W

Strengthen Green Efforts in Schools 2030 targets:

Achieve a two-thirds reduction of net carbon emissions from the schools sector

At least 20% of schools to be carbon neutral

“Overview,” Singapore Green Plan 2030, accessed May 12, 2022, https://www.greenplan. gov.sg/key-focus-areas/overview.

NEW YORK CITIES OPEN STREETS PROGRAM

New York City’s Open Streets program transforms streets into public space open to all. These transformations allow for a range of activities that promote economic development, support schools, and provide new ways for New Yorkers to enjoy cultural programming and build community.

acres of pavement dedicated to motor vehicles and

970 acres designated for off street parking

Manhattan

covers low-

23rd

Close to 4X the size of

Parking Diagrams of the Street scape, Meaghan Kelly

MEAGHAN KELLY

CONTEXTCASE STUDIES

PRIMARY ADVISOR: JOEL KERNER

scape

bats

pollinatorsbirds of prey

ROOF-SCAPE

bats

birds

bugs

plants

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Define scope through the surfaces of the facade street and roof.

Determine which species are better suited to each surface.

Explore life cycle relationship of each surface in relationship to one another.

Design each surface to suit the needs of focus species

predators - micro wetlands - elevated walking paths

FOCUS

BENEFICIAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES?

POLLINATORS AND PEST PREDATORS

BEGIN WITH

AND UTILIZATION OF

POLLINATORS PEST PREDATORS

WHY WE NEED POLLINATORS?

Worldwide, pollinators are necessary for the reproduction of over 85% of the earth’s flowering plants, including more than 2/3 of the world’s food crop species.

Pollinators are also keystone species, meaning a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend. Fruits and seeds derived from insect pollination are a major part of the diet of approximately 25% of all birds and of many mammals worldwide.

Although birds, bats, and some reptiles can provide pollination services, the vast majority of plants are pollinated by insects. And, while bees are the most important pollinators from this group, flies, wasps, beetles, moths, and butterflies are also important for the pollination of many species of plants.

“Wildlife in New York City,” Learning Hub: Wildlife in New York City Parks : NYC Parks, accessed May 12, 2022, https://www.nycgovparks.org/learn/wildlife-in-new-york-city.

CHALLENGES FACED BY NYC POLLINATORS

Unfortunately, in many places, the essential service of pollination is at risk from habitat loss and the loss of native host plants, pesticide use, and introduced insect species and diseases.

hummingbird (Archilochus colubris)

brown bats

bats

Canadian Tiger Swallowtail Aphrodite Fritillary American Lady Pipevine Swallowtail Monarch Mourning Cloak

White M Hairstreak

Tawny Emperor Falcate Orangetip Common Wood Nymph Common Buckeye Goldenrod Soldier Beetle

Brown Belted Bumble Bee

Furrow Bees aka Mining or Sweat Bees

Cutter Beesx

bald eagle

great horned owl red-tailed Hawk

American Robin red fox

43 Figure 24 Pollinator and Pest Predator Diagram, Meaghan Kelly

waste collection

pollinatorsbirds of prey bats

DESIGN NEEDS

HABITAT NEEDS

Nocturnal Winter hibernation - insulated Roost in slat like cavities Maternity colonies

DIET Herbivore and insectivore

ECOLOGICAL NICHE

Big brown bats play a very important role in their ecosystem. They are significant predators of agricultural pests which makes them quite helpful to farmers. A 1995 study found that, per year, a colony of 150 Big brown bats in Indiana or Illinois con-sumes 600,000 cucumber beetles, 194,000 scarab beetles, 158,000 leafhopper, and 335,000 shield bugs - all of which cause serious agricultural damage

animalia

HABITAT NEEDS

warm summer breeding grounds in north Amerxica milkweed plants

DIET Herbivore

ECOLOGICAL NICHE

Western monarchs have declined by more than 99 percent since the 1980s. Eastern monarchs have declined by an estimated 80 percent.

The disappearance of milkweed is a major reason for their population decline. Milkweed, which is the only place monarchs will lay their eggs and the only food caterpillars will eat, used to grow in and around agricultural crops. The systematic removal of milkweed from fields in recent years, as well as increased use of herbicides and mowing alongside roads and ditches, has significantly reduced the amount of milkweed available. They are also very sensitive to temperature changes which makes climate change a pressing issue for monarchs. -animalia

HABITAT NEEDS

nest in high elevation must have high spacious perches for large nests

DIET

opportunistic generalists, but in North America, they are most often predators of small mammals such as rodents

ECOLOGICAL NICHE

Red tailed Hawks are no longer on the endangered list, but they are still protected by the Migratory Bird Act. They’ve made quite a comeback over the past few years and you can see them sitting on top of telephone poles, billboards, fence posts, and in trees while driving in rural areas. In fact, there are quite a large number of urban hawks now, which is good for bird lovers, but sad because it comes from us developing their natural habitat.

HABITAT NEEDS

warm housing small tubular crevices

south facing/ unshaded attracted to blue flowers

DIET

Cirsium (Thistle) Asclepias (Milkweed) Helianthus (Sunflowers)

ECOLOGICAL NICHE

Bumble bee populations are doing poorly worldwide, with declines reported in North and South America, Asia, and Europe. A combination of climate change, pesticides, mono culture planting, habitat loss and fragmentation, competition, and disease transmission are responsible.

Canadian Tiger Swallowtail

Aphrodite Fritillary

American Lady Pipevine Swallowtail

MonarchMourning Cloak

White M Hairstreak

Tawny EmperorFalcate Orangetip

Common Wood Nymph

Common Buckeye

big brown batstri-colored bats

red-tailed Hawk

bald eagle great horned owl

American Robin

Pollinator/

Brown Belted Bumble Bee

Ligated Furrow Bees

aka Mining or Sweat Bees

Components to be placed on roof tops

Each component consists of a series habitats for specific species that operate together in a closed loop life cycle

Roof Axon Drawing Meaghan Kelly

each specific habitat is designed per the needs of the species as well as their size

Roof Axon Use Diagram , Meaghan Kelly

The units can be placed in order to foster interspecies travel from habitat unit to unit

How do humans occupy the space?

Site Plan, Elevation, Food chain Drawing Meaghan Kelly

sited on lower fourteenth streetthis area had been selected as a part of the nyc open streets program

Site Axons, Meaghan Kelly

bats

birds

DESIGN

bugs

dung becomes fertilizer

plants

HABITAT NEEDS

Nocturnal

DIET

HABITAT NEEDS

HABITAT NEEDS

hibernation - insulated

in

like

colonies

Herbivore and insectivore

ECOLOGICAL NICHE

Big brown bats play a very important role in their ecosystem. They are significant predators of agricultural pests which makes them quite beneficial to farmers. A 1995 study found that, per year, a colony of 150 Big brown bats in Indiana or Illinois consumes 600,000 cucumber beetles, 194,000 scarab beetles, 158,000 leaf hoppers, and 335,000 shield bugs - all of which cause serious agricultural damage

plants feed the bugs feed the birds

warm summer breeding grounds in north America attracted to red flowers

Herbivore

ECOLOGICAL NICHE

Hummingbirds feed frequently to support their high-energy nutritional needs. Plant flowers that attract hummingbirds with abundant nectar and specialized blooms for these birds to feed, and minimize the use of insecticides so there are plenty of small insects available. Adding colorful hummingbird feeders also gives the birds a rich, reliable source of supplemental food.

nest in high elevation must have high spacious perches for large nests

DIET

The flowers, besides providing nectar, are also a meeting place for finding mates. They do no long-term damage to the plants and do not bite or sting.

ECOLOGICAL NICHE

birds of prey aid in pest control

Beetles were among the first insects to evolve to visit flowers. They are especially important pollinators for ancient species such as magnolias and spicebush. Beetles will chew through petals and other floral parts to get to the nectar within. They often defecate within flowers, earning them the nickname “mess and soil” pollinators. While pollination by beetle is less common in New York City than by other insects, beetles do pollinate native magnolias, pond lilies, goldenrod, and spirea.

NECTAR - hummingbirds

lupine California fuchsia mimulus monkey flower monard featuring pink, red or purple flowers cardinal climber, Ipomoea sloteri

NECTAR - bees salvia Russian sage catnip wisteria sea holly eryngium penstemon

California fuchsia verbena and lamb’s ear stachys

rosemary basil

calamint lavender Vitex agnus-castu chaste tree

small predators -micro wetlands

Ruby-Throated Hummingbird

Hummingbird

brown

Soldier

Facts,

Pollinator/ Pest predator Pollinator

Facade Life Cycle Analysis, Meaghan Kelly

Facade

PROPOSED

32 current and proposed street Diagrams , Meaghan Kelly

HUMAN TRAVEL

ANIMAL TRAVEL

REWILDED STREETSCAPE

wilded street scape sketches, Meaghan

SKETCH PROPOSAL

WORKS CITED AND FOR FURTHER READING

• “10 Benefits of Creating Good Public Spaces.” Accessed December 13, 2021. https://www.pps.org/article/10benefits

• “10 Best Animal Architects and Their Constructions.” Accessed November 13, 2021. https://www.wonderslist.com/10 best animal architects constructions/

• “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design,” September 12, 2014. http://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14 patterns of biophilic design/

• “AFEW - Hotspot Cities.” Accessed March 17, 2022. http://atlas for the end of the world.com/hotspot_cities_main.html

• “Ants of the Prairie › 13. Living Among Pests.” Accessed April 21, 2022. http://www.antsoftheprairie.com/?page_id=1589

• “Ants of the Prairie › Architecture.” Accessed Apri 20, 2022. http://www.antsoftheprairie.com/

• “ArcGIS - Recent Conditions in Air Quality (PM2.5).” Accessed February 16, 2022. https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?layers=8dcf5d4e124f480fa8c529fbe25ba04e

• “Architecture and Biodiversity – Designing a New Urban Ecosystem | FAIRE 2017 | Projects.” Accessed April 20, 2022. https://www.faireparis.com/en/projets/faire 2017/architecture and biodiversity designing-a-new urban-ecosystem-1297.html

• “Big Brown Bat - Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.Bio.” Accessed April 28, 2022. https://animalia.bio/big brown bat

• “Biomimicry or Biomimetic Architecture – NEWTONS DESIGN.” Accessed November 13, 2021. https://thenewtonsdesign.com/biomimicry or biomimetic architecture/

• “Biophilia, the Future of Architecture | Matthias Olt | TEDxSeattle - Bing Video.” Accessed February 3, 2022. https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=BIOPHILIA+ARCHITECTURE&view=detail&mid=AB8E7CC3B2F350F50ACFAB8E7CC3B2F350F50A

CF&FORM=VIRE

• “Bird, Pollinator, & Wildlife Habitat Not Just for National Parks Anymore. (U.S. National Park Service).” Accessed April 22, 2022. https://www.nps.gov/articles/bird pollinator wildlife habitat not just for national parks anymore.htm.

• “Can ‘Rewilding’ Land Help Address Climate Change? | Time.” Accessed November 14, 2021. https://time.com/5669025/rewild land europe/

• “Cars All but Banned on One of Manhattan’s Busiest Streets - The New York Times.” Accessed March 22, 2022. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/03/nyregion/car ban 14th street manhattan.html?msclkid=787bce92aa1311ecb303e194b7d2a77f

• “Causes, Effects and Solutions to Urban Sprawl (Migration of a Population) - Conserve Energy Future,” December 30, 2013. https://www.conserve energy future.com/causes and effects of urban sprawl.php

• “Deer, Coyotes in Yards Mean More Planning for Coexistence - The Washington Post.” Accessed November 15, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/bats insects coyotes other wildlife-make-cities their homes urban commuities are encouraging this/2020/03/20/6af40ac0 62e1 11ea-acca-80c22bbee96f_story.html

• “Facades of Manhattan Apartment Buildings from the 1902 1915 Period. I: Modes of Failure.” Accessed April 14, 2022. https://ascelibrary.org/doi/epdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CF.1943 5509.0001567

• “Green Cities: Rewilding Techniques in Urban Areas.” Accessed November 14, 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/green cities rewilding techniques in urban areas/

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• “Learning Hub: Wildlife in New York City Parks : NYC Parks.” Accessed April 26, 2022. https://www.nycgovparks.org/learn/wildlife in new york city

• “MAP: See What Manhattan Looked Like in 1609 - Midtown - New York - DNAinfo.” Accessed February 17, 2022.

• “Mapping How Urban Sprawl Will Clash With Biodiversity - Bloomberg.” Accessed March 17, 2022. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018 02 16/mapping how urban sprawl will clash-with biodiversity?msclkid=d9466079a60111eca8ed59dbb37dd0ca

• “New Natures: New Middles_UB.” Accessed April 20, 2022. https://newnaturesnewmiddlesub.cargo.site/

• “NYC Parks’ Urban Wildlife Calendar: When and Where to See Wildlife in NYC : NYC Parks.” Accessed February 11, 2022. https://www.nycgovparks.org/programs/wildlife management/calendar

• “PAU | N.Y.C. | Not Your Car Why We the People Must ‘Dominate the Streets.’” Accessed March 22, 2022. https://pau.studio/what/nyc/

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• “Richness of Imperiled Species in the United States - Overview.” Accessed March 22, 2022. https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=6e90cefddb634e6a949838e7efff55fb

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URBAN REWILDING

MEAGHAN KELLY

SYRACUSE U NIVERSITY S CHOOL O F ARCHITECTURE