Anna Barilla MLA 2011 by marieluise jonas

a machine for living

MUSSEL PARK

Anna Maria Barilla RMIT MLA 2011

Research Question ................................................................................................................

4-5

Abstract .................................................................................................................................

6-7

Introduction.............................................................................................................................

8 -11

THE CONVENTIONAL WAY (Stormwater management)

12 -21

- What is the Conventional Way? ............................................................................................. - Why change the Conventional Way? ..................................................................................... - Yarra River (Water quality) ...................................................................................................... - What happens when we change the Conventional Approach?............................................... CONVENTIONAL EDGE CONDITIONS - Context Map............................................................................................................................ - Why Batman Park, Melbourne?............................................................................................... - Natural Edge Conditions.......................................................................................................... - How to challenge the Edge Condition...................................................................................... - Ancient Method of Water Harvasting .................................................................................... • a tool to understand topography - Design Development............................................................................................................... A SHIFT TO UNCONVENTIONAL APPROACH

14 - 15 16 - 17 18 - 19 20 - 21 22 - 49 24 - 25 26 - 29 30 - 31 32 - 33 34 - 37 38 - 49 50 - 57

- Wetlands & Water Senistive Urban Design (WSUD)............................................................... 52 - 53 - How to challenge Wetlands?................................................................................................... 54 - 57 NATURAL FILTERS: SALT WATER MUSSELS - Natural Filters........................................................................................................................... - Why Mussells........................................................................................................................... - Mussel’s Filter Cycle................................................................................................................ - Mussel Cultures.......................................................................................................................

58 - 71 62 - 63 64 - 67 68 - 69 70 - 71

Contents FISHERMAN’S BEND, PORT MELBOURNE - Site Selection........................................................................................................................... - Why Fisherman’s Bend, Melbourne?....................................................................................... - Site Analysis............................................................................................................................. - Fromer Brownfield Site............................................................................................................ - Case Studies............................................................................................................................ DESIGNING THE MUSSEL MACHINE

72 - 89 74 - 75 76 - 79 80 - 85 86 - 87 88 - 89 90 -123

- Masterplan Vision..................................................................................................................... 92 - 95 - Designing the System.............................................................................................................. 96 -99 - Proposed Water Infrastructure................................................................................................. 100-101 - Primary Canal........................................................................................................................... 102-105 - Bridges..................................................................................................................................... 106-109 - Secondary Canal...................................................................................................................... 110-113 - Relationship between Canals.................................................................................................. 114-119 - Tertiary, Catchment & Parkland Canal..................................................................................... 120-121 - Houses..................................................................................................................................... 122-123 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Using Mussel Park as a tool for water management to drive urban developments

124-169

- Following the Planning Minister’s Vision.................................................................................. 126-127 - Dwelling Typology..................................................................................................................... 128-131 - Implementing the Machine on site......................................................................................... 132-133 - No Impact on site (Zone 3)..................................................................................................... 134-143 - Activating Zone 1, 2 & 3.......................................................................................................... 144-149 - Water Quality............................................................................................................................ 150-163 - Zone 1..................................................................................................................................... 164-165 - How the site develops over time............................................................................................. 166-169 EXHIBITION LAYOUT

170-175

- Layout....................................................................................................................................... 172-173 - Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 174-175 Reference................................................................................................................................ 176-178 Bibliography.............................................................................................................................

179

How to challenge conventional water management in an urban development?

Research Question

The increase of population, extra demand for water, increased pollutants levels, have raised new sets of questions and concerns regarding the effectiveness and functionality of the conventional water system. One initiative, the Water Sensitive Urban Design, aims to minimize the impact of urban developments in our waterways and bays and to integrate wetlands with the urban cycle. Despite this momentum, the results in the field of sustainable urban planning and design have been disappointing. It is still too rigid to effectively respond to the dynamics of spatial developments. Major roads act as a barrier between urban development and wetlands, reducing human interaction and access. The aim of the Mussel Park project is to evaluate the current water infrastructure and its relationship with human, nature and urban development. The proposal is an unconventional urban water infrastructure generated by salt water mussel culture. The chosen site is Fisherman’s Bend in Port Melbourne.

The Mussel Park looks at new ways to reengineer the urban water cycle to implement, purify and, recycle water from the Yarra River for domestic and, recreational use. The excess is diverted back into the river with the end result of improved water quality in the natural systems. This new infrastructure controls the water flow, creates optimal conditions for the mussels to thrive in and, allows for a larger volume of water to be filtered. Mussels are more efficient than conventional wetlands because they have been directly implemented with houses and are used for food productions hence, the system responds to spatial developments. The different water qualities of the proposed canals determine development type whether its residential, commercial, high or low density. Poor water quality is for visual use and secondary contact. As the water becomes cleaner, the characteristics change to allow for primary contact with edible mussels. The form of the canal is not only a social urban performer but it is used to create greater space for water and waterfront views.

Abstract This unconventional way not only purified the water but, produced a system capable of growing with urban development’s providing a new way of living with water. This infrastructure is visible and multi functional. It effectively conserves and recycles water for future consumption; it is flexible and regenerative, more-like natural systems. It co-exists with human activity and ensures a more efficient use of water resources in urban areas. It provides a more ecologically sustainable urban environment. The Mussel Park becomes part of the urban fabric that balances lives, work and play environment.

Introduction

The conventional approach to water management is that of an independent grid system made up of concrete underground discharge pipes. This system quickly and efficiently removes and re-directs storm water runoff into receiving waters. However the increased level of pollutants in the water coupled with, new social relations and the increased number of population, has raised new sets of questions and concerns regarding the effectual functionality of the system. The project, ‘The Mussel Park’, challenges this conventional water resource management so that future Australian cities may provide the new generation with clean, livable and accessible places. It is about the use of mussels inside canals, to improve the water quality before people could interact with it.

The first site selected to test the ideas behind the project, was Batman Park in Melbourne, along the Yarra River because of the poor water quality and the conventional edge condition between the land and the water. The aim was to change it into a more flexible and accessible area, for it to adapt to the shifting environment of water level. The idea has been to transform the existing topography to respond to the shifting environment and create new rules of engagement between nature and people and, to create a design tool to harvest and clean storm water. A canal containing salt water mussels was thought about to be built on the site to filter and, clean the water from the Yarra River and storm water. It still functioned as a wetland, where plants too cleaned the water before diverting it back into the river. But the mussels would do more than that, they provided a new aqua culture for living whilst still contributing to cleaning water bodies.

Collage of the conventional urban stormwater management.

10.

The initiative from the Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD), also aimed to minimize the impact of urban developments in our waterways and bays and, integrate wetlands with the urban cycle. But it is too rigid to effectively respond to the dynamics of spatial developments. Major roads act as a barrier between urban development and wetlands, reducing human interaction and access. Fisherman’s Bend in Port Melbourne was also chosen because, the Planning Minister’s vision, driven by high density and high rises parallel to the river, is seen as a conventional urban development approach. Dense urban areas have little water infiltration space, the result is rising river levels which threaten public amenities. The Mussel Machine was designed to re-engineer the urban water cycle to implement, purify and, recycle water from the river for domestic and, recreational use. The excess is diverted back into the Yarra River with the end result of improved water quality in the natural systems.

This new infrastructure controls the water flow, creates optimal conditions for the mussels to thrive in and, allows for a larger volume of water to be filtered. It works as a machine because of the spatial parameters of the canal which create optimal conditions for mussels to filter. The next step was to implement the Mussel Machine in Port Melbourne to become the Mussel Park. The Mussel Park is a catalyst for designing. It’s not just a machine to clean water but an urban renewal for the existing and future developments. The Mussel Park is integrated into the urban fabric to balance life, work and play environment. It offers different engagements with the water according to the water quality. As the water quality changes so does the type of development, dwelling density, recreational activities, edge condition and access to the mussels.

Collage of the un-conventional urban stormwater management . Multi functional in managing and improving other resources.

11.

12.

The Conventional Way?

13.

What is the conventional way?

Water Management & Developments The conventional urban stormwater management consists of underground concrete pipes that convey stormwater runoff from the catchment and, discharge it directly into the receiving waters. This hard system has been used since settlement with little regard for the “ecological integrity of our receiving waters”1. This conventional treatment of stormwater runoff in urban developments has been driven by an attitude of “out of sight out of mind”2. This attitude reflected the management of stormwater runoff having neither value as a useful resource nor any amenity qualities for the urban environment. These urban practices lead to degradation of our natural environment.

14.

Fig 2.

Fig 1.

Fig 3.

Fig 4.

Vassallo Constructions : Mulherin Drive Drainage Project. 2011. Vassallo Constructions : Mulherin Drive Drainage Project. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.vassallo.com.au/info. php?projectName=2. [Accessed 25 September 2011]

Figure 1.

City of Troy Warned to Halt Illegal Discharge | Riverkeeper. 2011. City of Troy Warned to Halt Illegal Discharge | Riverkeeper. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.riverkeeper. org/news-events/news/city-of-troy-warned-tohalt-illegal-discharge. [Accessed 25 September 2011].

Figures 2-3.

Stormwater | WakeUP Wake County. 2011. Stormwater | WakeUP Wake County. [ONLINE] Available at: http://wakeupwakecounty.com/cms/Stormwater. [Accessed 25 September 2011]

Figure 4.

15.

Why change the conventional way?

The urban area in the Yarra Catchment has one of the worst water qualities when compared to the rural and forest areas. Also the change in climate means, more and irregular rainfalls, higher temperatures, sea level rise, soil drying out and flooding. This concrete pipe system cannot accommodate for these changes as it is mono functional, rigid and not flexible. It is one of the main causes of our natural environment dreadful conditions. It is important for the water infrastructure to not only be visible but, to be sustainable in order to accommodate for the changing climate and, increase of urbanisation. To also be multi-functional and effectively conserve and recycle water for future consumption while being flexible and regenerative, mimicking natural systems.

Water Quality in the Yarra Catchment

Port Phillip Bay

16.

Very Poor Poor Moderate Good Excellent

Urbanization in the Yarra Catchment

Urban Rural Forest

Port Phillip Bay

17.

Yarra River (Water Quality)

The Yarra River through its lower section has experienced rapid increase of urbanization which has contributed to the contamination of the watershed system which in turn has affected the water quality. This research only concentrates on the lowers sectors of the Yarra River because it has the worst water quality when compared to the nearby rivers and creeks. Refer to the graphs on the right. The graph on the opposite page shows the difference between the upstream and downstream water bodies. In the downstream the velocity and the level of the water is higher and contains more sediment material, nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metal and fine sediments. These pollutants originate from a variety of sources including construction sites, synthetic and organic litter and atmospheric deposition. Stormwater is a major source of pollution in rivers and creeks. It affects the overall health of waterways. The volume of stormwater runoff to receiving waters is higher and rapid in urban catchments because dense urban areas have little space for heavy rainfall. As stormwater runoff rates increase so does water borne pollution such as litter, sediments, heavy metals and nutrients. In turn, it increases the nutrient content and pollutant levels in receiving waters, making the water unfit for both habitats and recreational activities for instance swimming.

Fig 5.

Fig 6.

Fig 7.

Fig 8.

18.

Context Map - Detail Maribyrnong River Moonee Ponds Creek

Dights Falls fresh water and salt water mixes

CBD Stony Creek

Hobsons Bay Yarra River Port Phillip Bay

Yarra River - Upstream vs. Downstream Flow downstream

upstream

width

depth velocity sediment The graph above shows the difference between the upstream and downstream river. In the downstream the velocity and the level of the water is higher and contains more sediment material. Dense urban areas have little infiltration space for heavy rainfalls.

Melbourne Water : Rivers and Creeks : River Health : Index of River Condition. 2011. Melbourne Water : Rivers and Creeks : River Health : Index of River Condition. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.melbournewater.com. au/content/rivers_and_creeks/river_health/index_of_river_condition.asp?bhcp=1. [Accessed 25 September 2011]

Figures 5-8.

19.

What happens when we change the conventional approach?

Watersquare The Watersquare designed by a Dutch company called De Urbanisten offered a new sustainable solution to the“flooding cities due to heavy rainfall”3. The unconventional urban policy by the City of Rotterdam looked at new ways to store and collect water. This Watersquare stores rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood creating an “attractive space to meet, play and engage in sports”4. During heavy rainfalls the square will be filled with water where streams, brooklets and ponds will emerge hence offering new programs for people. The rainwater will than slowly recede, into nearby bodies of water or into the soil. Most of the year, this Watersquare will remain dry. This has resulted not only as a “social and public angle but also commercially” because it has influenced property values and the health of people living and, or working nearby. By challenging the conventional ways, a spatial infrastructure for water and people to co-exist was successfully generated, creating new interaction between human and the environment. However, the project does not address the water quality issues beforehand as, the water is filtered first before it enters the Watersquare. This water is also not recycled for residential use. Its only purpose is to improve nearby water bodies and to be briefly enjoyed by the public.

Fig 9.

20.

World Architecture News, Official Home Page, architecture news, architecture jobs. 2011. World Architecture News, Official Home Page, architecture news, architecture jobs. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. worldarchitecturenews.com. [Accessed 25 September 2011].

Figures 9-12.

Fig 10.

Fig 11.

Fig 12.

21.

22.

Conventional Edge Conditions

23.

Context Map

Batman Park, Melbourne. The first site selected is Batman’s Park, in Melbourne. It’s been chosen because it has a conventional edge condition along the Yarra River.

West Melbourne

Fishermans Bend

Port Melbourne

Port Phillip Bay

24.

CBD

Docklands

Site_01: Batman Park South Wharf

South Bank Melbourne

South Yarra

25.

Why Batman Park, Melbourne

Conventional Built Edge Condition The first site selected is Batman’s Park in Melbourne. This park is a great example of a conventional built edge condition with its distinct boundary between water (river) and land (built area). It sits on an almost flat section of the riverbank which very occasionally floods. This built edge condition is not accessible or flexible and cannot adapt to the shifting environment of water level fluctuation. A ‘fluid terrain’ would benefit this area to blur the boundaries between water and land. Also allowing people to enjoy the river.

LAND

E C O T O N E

WATER

P L A N T S

LAND

WATER

How to integrate water & land?

upland zone

ecotone = land & water no defined boundary riparian zone INCREASE THIS ZONE

aquatic zone

Oil & Water Experiment (representation of water and land)

boundary between land water water and oil create their own boundary

increasing water, land formations

boundary between land water

26.

r St nce Spe

ark nP

a atm

s Wa

King y

Detail: Edge Condition Batman Park Edge Condition

Yarra River

Primary movement Concrete Path

Grass

Edge condition rock

Detail: Edge Condition

Batman Park, Melbourne

re nst

flow

dow

27.

28.

Using the fluctuation of water level to change the conventional edge condition

Edge Condition - How to respond to the shifting environment? How to create an informative walk to expose people to various ecosystems on the site? Through inundating and creating variety of paths?

the interaction with the user with water is detached n

ractio

o inte

-n visible

existing movement naturally drawn to water How do we engage people to water?

surrounding context

water

- by transforming the existing path I’m directing people’s views - transforming the function of a path (perhaps provide seating, skateboarding area) other activities

- allowing the path to be flooded in certain areas - allows natural occurrence to change the direction - what happens when the water recedes? - it reveals the landscape’s function - ecosystems are formed

How do people move within a particular space in response to water? To what depth of water will people change their direction?

29.

Natural Edge Conditions

The Effects of Water Over time water transforms the topography of soil, sand and rock. It’s important to understand the dynamics of this phenomenon before planning for change: dry soil cracks; wet soil falls apart (erosion); water waves going in and out constantly and visibly change sand scenery; water interacting with minerals present in rocks produce chemical reactions (e.g. salt crystals). Working with beach follies helped understand how the more one tried to control water flow, the quicker the site would be destroyed.

SAND

form effects of water changes the form

SOIL

dry / cracks

clay soil

erosion soil

30.

Ripple marks agitation by water (current or waves) or wind.

Beach Follie Catenary

current Linguoid / Lunate

straight ripple

less restriction

ROCK

Sinuous Ripple

restricting

weathering breakdown

Chemical weathering

Hydraulic action

Salt-crystal growth

- water interacts with minerals - It is absorbed by the minerals in rocks - various chemical reactions occur

- pressure is exerted when waves force air into crevices - the air is then released as waves - it retreats - causing small forceful,

- solutions seep into cracks - evaporate - leaving salt crystals - salt crystals heat up - salt crystals expand -exert pressure on the confining rock

high-pressure explosions

Perspective View of Batman Park YARRA RIVER

s ng Ki

Flinders St

ay W

n pe

secondary movement

water movement

Flinders St

primary movement

ay W

31.

How to challenge the edge condition?

The challenge was to successfully mimic the natural edge conditions of water level fluctuations and, applying it to Batman Park. After designing it, the question was whether mimicking the aesthetics of natural phenomenon actually responded to the shifting environment? The result was a successful modification of movement through the site which helped change the program/activities.

32.

33.

Ancient Method of water harvesting

Kunds The Kund was a water tank used in India, in ancient times, to harvest water. This was a “circular underground well” with a “saucershaped catchment area which gently sloped towards the centre where the well was situated”5. The Kunds were built in relation to the valleys and the watershed characteristics of the regions. They diverted water by creating swales and vegetated surfaces. This was achieved by understanding the system through careful analysis of topography and terrain. A kund was more than just a water tank. It was a “social urban performer”6. It engaged in social relationship and created new sets of cultural values for a more cohesive society. “The process of water resource management transcends far beyond engineering skills to supply water to a community but is more related to a holistic understanding of the environment, water cycle, human needs, the landscape and topography of the region”7. It led to the establishment of an effective system for the city.

Figures 13. Kunds of the Thar Desert - Rainwaterharvesting.org. 2011. Kunds of the Thar Desert - Rainwaterharvesting.org. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/methods/traditional/kunds. htm. [Accessed 25 Fig 13. September 2011].

34.

A Tool to Understand Topography

Using the contours of the fingerprint as a tool to understand topography. I looked at how they responded to water, how they expanded and contracted.

Understanding topography using the contours formed on your fingers.

When the skin is immersed in water it folds and wrinkles hence its surface area is increased. I translated these observations into topography and applied it to the Batman site. As the water level rises certain activities expand while other contract. Hence according to the tidal range the site will always be constantly and visibly changing.

Radial Loop Translated fingerprints into topography

When the skin is immersed in water - a wrinkle is a fold, ridge or crease in the skin which when immersed in water causes a temporary skin condition - outer layer of skin absorbs water - surface area of the skin swells - skin expands un evenly - resulting in a larger surface area, forcing the skin to wrinkle.

35.

EXPANDING & CONTRACTING

vertical forces increase surface area

decrease surface area

As the water level increases certain activities will expand while other activities will contract. This will be achieved by transforming the topography.

- translating the fingerprint into topography - applying it to Batman Park - using level change to expand/contract activities on site SP

FLINDERS STREET

KIN

WAY

36.

Spe

nce

Flinders street

r st

ree

ay sw ng Ki How do people move within a particular space in response to water? Where we can have the maximum amount of activities from transforming the topography? How water changes the spatial and temporal qualities of the site? How do places constantly and visibly change? How can topography evolve and adapt to the changing patterns and flows of the Yarra River?

37.

Design Development

The proposal for Batman Park was to understand the existing watershed of the site and change it to respond to the fluctuation of the Yarra River and sea level rise. The idea was to increase public interaction and change the programs and activities on the site. The main problem with the site was the poor water quality of the River. Hence a new canal was created which will use saltwater mussels to filter and clean the water from the Yarra River. Another canal was designed to capture and clean stormwater runoff. The iterations on the right were designed to increase water velocity since mussels prefer fast running water.

Yarra River Tidal Range W A T E R L E V E L

1.0 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 .1 0

Minimum: .100m Maximum: .900m Average: .800m

12AM

2AM

4AM

6AM

8AM

10AM

12PM

2PM

4PM

6PM 8PM

10PM

TIME

Iterations for Increasing Velocity Slow Velocity

Increasing Flooding

Yarra River

Increasing Flooding

Yarra River Does not increase velocity

Slow Velocity

38.

inlet

outlet

Catchment Area Total Area = 9,205 square meters Annual Rainfall = 650mm Total Annual Liters = 5,983250 liters 20% evaporation and absorption 3.0 =1,196650 liters

1.5 1.0 .5 1.0

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 3.5

3.0 2.5

2.0 1.5

1.0 .5 1.0 1.5

1.5 2.0 3.0

RIV

Proposed contours. The existing topography has been transformed to collect rainwater from the site. The water collected will be filtered by a variety of plants before it is allowed to enter the smaller canals.

2.5 2.0

RA YAR

.5 1.5 1.0 2.0

2.5

2.5 3.03.54.0

2.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5

1.0 .5 2.0 1.5

1.0 .5 1.5

1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0

1.5

Water Level

1.0

2.0 1.0 1.5 2.5

Submerged in water Low Tide - lower zone = larger mussels body size Medium Tide High tide - Upper Zone = smaller mussels

4.0 4.5

.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 3.0 2.01.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0

5.0 5.5 6.0 3.0

Mussels live in the intertidal zone (where the tide comes in and out). They prefer the middle zone which is submerged and exposed each day and has the highest algal diversity. Mussels are excluded from upper zone because they do not have enough time to feed there.

Mussels location Mussels attached to surface Mussels attached on rope net (Hanging Culture)

Mussels prefer high velocity and running water. They capture more food when the water velocity is higher.

Velocity Pattern of Proposed Waterway Lower Higher

A new canal to be connected to the Yarra river was proposed. It was designed to increase water velocity hence facilitate mussels feeding ability.

outlet Flow of Ya

rra River

inlet

39.

The efficiency of water diversion takes into account an understanding of the role of topography in “catching the rain”8. The unconventional proposal also takes the design of a fingerprint to map the contours of the area. The existing topography has been transformed and designed to harvest and clean rainwater from the site as well as water coming from the Yarra River. Water from the Yarra River is driven naturally into the Primary Canal via a man-made inlet. It is cleaned by mussels and it is then discharged back into the Yarra River at the lower end. During high tide excess water moves into the Secondary Canal which contain mussels too but, also serve to harvest storm-water.

Before the rainwater enters the Secondary Canal it is filtered and cleaned by vegetation. The end result is a cleaner waterway people can use and enjoy. The bottom right hand corner is an insight to the topography. The lowest area is made of crushed oyster shells which offer natural filtration during increase water level. This strip contains bulbous plants which lay dormant during dry times hence; people are able to walk on them. They will re-grow and flower when the area becomes wet.

PRIMARY CANAL

TR K AC

TR S

AR ND

N CA

SE A

OUTLET

FOOTPATH SPENCER STREET INLET

OUTET

RA YAR

RIVE

40.

1:600

CKS TRAM TRA

EET STR S R DE FLIN INE IN L A R T

AR ND

N CA

PRIMARY CANAL

KINGS WAY FOOTPATH INLET YARRA RIVER

Yarra River High Tide Low Tide

B PRIMARY WATERWAY MOVEMENT SECONDARY WATERWAY Contours

.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

Provides for natural filtration and purification to reduce the nutrient in the water, and thus inhabiting the development of algae boom.

Osyter Shell Lowest Area

Grasses

Bulbs Third lowest point

Able to survive adverse conditions

rainwater diverted into swale

When there is no water.

Filtering Strip Second Lowest Area

Hill Highest Area

Floating Path Primary Movement

The vegetation will filter the water before enters the swale. Grasses require more water. Filtering Strip Third lowest point

The vegetation will filter the water before enters the swale. Grasses less water.

When there is water

Waterway Proposed

At the end of the waterways the water will be clean enough to allow people to swim. The water will than be diverted back to the Yarra River

no water

increase water

41.

T This is a collage which shows how the floating path will adjust to the changing conditions. For instance time when there is no water and when there is a 500mm water increase. As the water increases the path changes. The plans on the right show how the site changes from no water to a 4m water level increase. w

Adjustable Floating Paths

Primary Movement

Secondary Movement

Water Level Increase

Primary Movement

Secondary Movement

0.5 Water Level Increase

Primary Movement

Secondary Movement

0.0 Water Level Increase

42.

INLET

RA YAR

OUTET

RIVE

During low tides, the park allows people to wander, play and relax within a vast open space. During higher water levels the water inundates the site completely thus changing the visitor experience to activities like fishing. The topography has been transformed to respond to the shifting environment to create new rules of engagement between nature and people. Places that are constantly and visibly changing. They help define a sense of place and identity as in a natural environment.

Sections AA - Water Level Increase 0m Increase

0.5m Increase

1.0m Increase

A 1.5m Increase

2.0m Increase

2.5m Increase

3.0m Increase

3.5m Increase

4.0m Increase

43.

Section AA (changes in water level)

0m Increase

0.5m Increase

1.0m Increase

1.5m Increase

2.0m Increase

2.5m Increase

3.0m Increase

3.5m Increase

4.0m Increase

YARRA RIVER

44.

YARRA RIVER

45.

Secondary Canal - Hanging Culture (decrease in water level)

water collected from surrounding area

.5m .5m

During low rainfall conditions Mussels are able to survive without water for several days depending on the specie. When there is no water it will allow people to go underneath the nets and experience a new place. People exploration of the new site will also educate them about cleaning water.

1.5m

Archimedes Screw As you turn it, water from the primary waterway is collected in the tube allowing the water to travel, spilling in the upper area.

Section BB Low Tides existing contour

Floating Path

lowest area

Secondary Waterway

crushed oyster shell

High Tides existing contour

46.

Secondary Canal - Hanging Culture (increase in water level)

.5m

Medium Tide High Tide

.5m

During high rainfall conditions Wild mussels can be harvested all year however in winter mussels are at their fattest and in peak condition. It usually takes 16 - 24 months for the mussels to grow to market size being 50.8 mm minimum, before they are harvested.

1.5m

Primary Waterway

Floating Path

Yarra River

Submerged Medium Tide High Tide

47.

Mussels are used to improve the water quality of the Yarra River. When there is no water, people are able to go underneath w the nets and explore and experience a new place. This in turn will also educate them about another way to clean water. However I realized that it still functioned as a wetland. For instance the wetland used plants to clean the water before diverting it back into the river. This is exactly what the mussels were doing. But here came the realization that this was much more than a typical park. The mussels not only cleaned the water but created a new system. They provided work, food for people and attracted aquatic and wildlife animals. They provided a new aqua culture for living whilst still contributing to cleaning water bodies.

Section AA

existing contour

Primary Canal

crushed oyster shell

existing contour

48.

Primary Waterway

crushed oyster shell

Primary Canal

49.

50.

A shift to Unconventional Approach

51.

Wetlands & Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)

Numerous initiatives have been taken to try and change the conventional ways. The attempt has been to provide for a more “ecologically sustainable urban environment”9. One of them is known as Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). WSUD The WSUD is a new approach to managing urban stormwater to minimize the impact of urban developments in our waterways and bays. Their strategies include protecting natural systems, integrate stormwater treatment into the landscape, protect water quality, reduce run-off and peak flows and, to add value while minimizing development costs. This new approach to urban planning and designs integrates land development with the natural water cycle. This is achieved through bio-retentions, swales and wetlands which convey natural systems in order to provide more liveable communities. Despite this momentum, the results in the field of sustainable urban planning and design have been disappointing. The system does not take into account community expectations, economic, climate change, development types and the characteritic of the environment (environmental value, climate, topography and soil type). The WSUD policy too rigid to be able to respond to the dynamics of spatial developments. There should be numerous policies for different sites and urban development’s. Wetlands have also not been integrated with developments. The precedents on the right show how urban wetlands have been integrated into the urban cycle. Wetlands are separated from housing developments from roads, hence reducing access and interaction. Wetlands are the most common natural filter used for urban developments. However they are not the only natural filters.

Conventional Wetlands Wetlands consist of sedimentation basins, ephemeral basins and a variety of marshes which work to improve the water quality for water bodies. They also provide areas for wildlife breeding, increase habitat quality and are regenerative natural systems as; they continuously recycle back to living organism. (They abate flooding issues).

Fig 14.

Typical Wetland Diagram

Figure 14. Wetlands - nature’s filter, n.d. Melbourne Water, Viewed 10 June 2011 <http://education.melbournewater.com.au/content/rivers_and_drainage/wetlands_-_natures_filter/wetlands_-_natures_filter.asp>

This image is a great example of how water management drives the spatial design for developments. However it is still separated by roads and does not allow for public interaction.

Case Study - Lynbrook Estate, n.d. Melbourne Water, Viewed 10 June 2011 <http://www.melbournewater.com. au >

Figures 15-17.

Fig 15.

52.

Lynbrook Estate Lynbrook Estate is a Greenfield residential development in the south eastern growth corridor of Melbourne (35kms from CBD). It consists of medium density allotments (average size 600m2) and parklands which incorporate the WSUD (Water Sensitive Urban Design) principles and practice. The drainage system is designed to collect stormwater from parks, roads and gutters which is than directed and treated in the bio filtration system along the streetscapes. The bio filtration system consists of grassed and landscape swales. The streetscape acts as a sub-catchment area. The water flows in the wetland system before being discharged in an ornamental lake and then, slowly recedes into the Eumemmerring Creek.

Hyde Park Urban Wetlands Hyde Park Lake is composed of a 3 hectare urban wetland located in central Perth in Western Australia. The vision for the wetland is to maintain ecological functions, provide habitat for local fauna and to clean the water before it enters nearby water bodies. Underground stormwater drains are diverted in the wetland before receding to nearby water bodies. The problem with Hyde Park is that even though, there is underground stormwater directed towards the wetland, it’s still separated from the urban developments. Houses surround the wetlands but are not directly in integrated with each other.

Sustainable designs are seen as an extra layer of developments to drive the efficiency and flexibility in spatial designs. the use & activity is limited to a remote observation, walking along the designated paths and fully immersed with the site

major road acts as a barrier between developments and landscape thus reducing interaction and access

the interaction with the user with water is detached

Fig 18.

Separation of urban development’s and natural system wetland. Only connected by underground pipes. Fig 19.

Fig 16.

Fig 20. Hyde Park, n.d. Syrinx Environment, viewed 10 June 2011, <http:// www.syrinx.com.au/product/key-projects/01-RE-hyde-park-restoration-master-plan.html> Figures 18-20.

Fig 17.

53.

Challenging Conventional Wetlands

Undulate Wetland Machine The ambition of this project was to contribute to the quality of life and health of the expanding city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The wetlands designed incorporated recreational spaces and wildlife habitats which responded to the ephemeral condition of the flood. The Arroio Diluvio (Arroyo Flood) is an example of how the increase in urbanization has had a negative impact on the environment. The consequence of peoples disregard for nature has resulted in an increase of pollutants in the water. The proposal was created not only to solve the technical problems of cleaning the water but, to provide an area for the public, vegetation and wildlife. The idea was to change the rules of engagement between plant, animal (terrestrial/aquatic) life and people in wetlands. The strategy was to create artificial filtering mounds. It allowed an understanding of the process for cleaning water and how to engage people with water and, questioned the idea of a wetland? However it still followed the same patterns as conventional sustainable developments. The wetlands haven’t been integrated with urban developments.

Water Flow

54.

Increase in Water Level Decrease in Water Level

55.

Filter Feeders: Natural Filters Sand Bubbler Crab emerge from burrows filter sand consuming detritus turning the sand into a ball used pellet is tossed over their back creating a memory network to indicate where food has already been extracted local tidal system act as is a parameters in this system

Interactive Filtering Mounds How do the Mounds Filter Water? These mounds are made of different mediums. Each one is designed to filter the water and remove different size pollutants while adapting to the fluctuation of the water level. Steel Mesh

Crushed Brick - Mound

Crushed Oyster Shell

Coarse Sand - Mound

WATER FILTERS The mounds are held together by steel mesh which still allows for certain types of vegetation to grow through.

Provides for natural filtration and purification to reduce nutrient level in the water, and thus allowing the development of algal bloom. This mound is located in the Sediment Basin.

Grass - Mound

CAPTURES WATER RUNOFF (Stabilizes earth) Very coarse sand is good for rapid water filtering. It filters the water and removes the small pollutant particles.

Grass mounds adapt to existing vegetation to filter storm-water runoff. The medium of the mounds are same as the existing soil type. Grass serves as a cushion to protect the soil from heavy rain while their roots keep the soil particles together, both minimizing erosion.

56.

Decrease in Water Level

Increase in Water Level

Flooding the area (Water flexible. Design Intervention fixed)

Plan View

Positive Mounds Negative Mounds Section aa

57.

58.

Salt Water Mussels

59.

60.

61.

Natural Filters

Wetlands are the most common natural filters used for urban developments. However they are not the only ones, there are many different techniques to clean water. This research aims at provoking a new way of thinking about natural filters for urban developments.

62.

remove carbon dioxide plants

produce oxygen

evapotranspiration

capture larger sediment sand

coconut (husk)

capture dirt

Absorbs water

NATURAL FILTERS

Water enters the coconut through its husk. The water travels through many fibers.It gets purified and it is stored away. takes almost 9 months to filter one liter of water

oyster

consume many harmful pollutants while feeding

move more freely in the sea

clams

consume many harmful pollutants while feeding

polluted by oil or other possible contaminants (can concentrate hydrocarbons in their flesh)

mussels

consume many harmful pollutants while feeding

fresh water attached to the rocky surface fresh water, marine environments, streams, lakes and creeks salty intertidal zone where the ocean meets the shore

63.

Why Mussels?

Mussels = Filter Mussels are bivalve mollusks. They can be found in both fresh and salt water habitats. They are known as filter feeders and biological monitors because they consume a variety of microscopic particles (algae, bacteria and organic particles) including pollutants. The rate at which they filter water is very fast. One mussel can filter 2-3 liters of water per hour. 27 mussels will filter 1,000.00 liters of water per hour.

64.

How Mussels Filter 1 MUSSEL 1 day = 1 mussel = filters 36L

1m H

filter 2-3 liters of water per hour

water

W L biological monitors

phosphorus

60% of the plankton

pollutants

algae organic particles

v=L*W*H v = 1m *1m * 1m v = 1 cubic meter volume = 1,000 liters = 27 mussels

nitrogen

consume

bacteria microscopic sea creatures

Fig 21.

“Harbour water from jar is filled in two. In the right one, a handful of mussels are placed. The left glass is used as comparison”10.

1 tonne of mussels remove approximately 10kg of nitrogen.

Fig 22.

“After an hour, the mussels have filtered the water so that it becomes transparent ”11.

Figures 21-22. Die lebende Welt der Weichtiere. 2011. Die lebende Welt der Weichtiere. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.weichtiere.at. [Accessed 25 September 2011]

65.

Spatial Qualities Mussels prefer fast flowing water and exposure to sunlight. They also relay on inundation to protect themselves from predators and, they can easily attach themselves to textured objects.

Mussel Habitat energy sunlight

food availability algae

algae grow in shallow waters. as algae grow CO2 is consumed and oxygen is released

Flowing Water

River mussels Flood Plain Mussel static water

Inundation

can survive out of the water for several days

wooden pillar

Adhesive Ability

rocks

rope

golf ball

66.

excellent water quality moderate water quality edible for human consumption

usage

poor water quality chicken (animal) feed

organic farming industry (fertilizers)

food chain

very poor water quality

aquatic life

wildlife & birds

(crushed) mussel shell 95-99% calcium carbonate by weight Provides for natural filtration and purification to reduce the nutrients in the water, and thus enabling the development of algal bloom.

Beds of shells are the ideal resting places for coastal birds at high tide

Scape Oyster-tecture The project Oyster-tecture by Kate Orff uses oysters to clean the polluted water. Her vision is to clean up polluted water and protect the city from sea level rise whilst restoring aquatic habitats. Kate Orff states that her idea was to “help start a movement, not do a design”12. The project is driven by the ecological process of oysters to re-generate “decimated shellfish industries”13. However her project involves eating the oysters once the water is cleaned. This is not possible because when the oysters filter the water, the pollutants remain stored inside them.

Fig 23. Landscape Architect: Kate Orff Location: New York City’s Aim: clean up pollutted water and protect city from sea level rise.

Fig 24.

Rising Currents at MoMA, 2010, Arch Daily, viewed 10 June 2011, <http://www.archdaily.com > Kate Orff, “Scape / Landscape Architecture” Harvard Design Magazine 33, Fall/22 Winter (2010–2011): . 23. http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/research/publications/hdm/current/HDM33_Orff.pdf

Figure 23. Figure 24.

67.

Mussel’s Filter Cycle

The logic of mussels and how they operate and circulate water. The mussels’ complex gill structure creates currents which move the water over the gills allowing them to filter it more efficiently and fast. First the water runs over the gills and then the filaments trap particles in a laminar flow which diverts the food into the mouth. This continuous cycle of inhaling, filtering, feeding and exhaling inspired me to challenge the water urban cycle. The current urban cycle collects and diverts stormwater into a wetland which than slowly recedes into receiving water bodies. It does not allow the full potential of ecological process to drive the whole project and to connect people to their immediate environment. The whole operation of the Mussel Park has been influenced by the mussel filtering cycle. It’s about collecting water from the Yarra River, filtering it, use it for recreation and domestic purpose and then return the excess back into the river.

Mussel Filtering Cycle

inhaling filtering CYCLE water

exhaling

feeding

Current Urban Cycle collects

nti o

na l

EXHALE

un c

INHALE

CYCLE

on ve

stormwater

filter it (bio swale) (wetland)

Yarra River

return (pipes)

store (artificial pond)

Mussel Park System (changing current urban cycle)

collects

filters CYCLE Yarra river

returns

uses it

68.

How Mussels Circulate Water?

GILLS gills act as the sieves to remove the particles from the water water flows out

- particles trapped in mucous

Palps

- flowing down gills

- particles flowing towards mouth mouth filaments

cilia (small hairs)

food particles move water and food particles by beating together rhythmically in waves

69.

Harvesting Techniques

Types of mussel culture There are numerous mussel culture techniques and the chosen techniques are the intertidal pole culture and the long line culture because of the type of water and the spatial conditions they require. Intertidal Pole Culture (Bouchot) Ropes carrying young mussels are placed on vertical poles in the intertidal area. As the mussels grow they move onto the pole where they will continue to grow until they reach commercial size. This farming technique is predominately used in France. Long line & Hanging Culture: Mussels are place on ropes that remain suspended in the water from a long line composed of buoys.

70.

Intertidal Pole Culture

large tidal ranges Bottom Culture

Longline System

1-2m 4m

4m min

Hanging (Floats)

They are shallow water organisms, occurring to a maximum depth of 10 metres

deep areas 0.5m min

0.028m

150 mussels per meter

71.

72.

Fisherman’s Bend, Port Melbourne

73.

Context Map

The second site is Fisherman’s Bend in Port Melbourne. The Planning Minister’s vision is driven by high density and high rises which is seen as a conventional urban development.

West Melbourne

Site_02:

Fishermans Bend

Port Melbourne

Port Phillip Bay

74.

CBD

Docklands

South Wharf

South Bank Melbourne

South Yarra

75.

Why Fisherman’s Bend?

Fishermen’s Bend is currently a lightindustrial area made up of factories and vacant lots. The vision for this area is to be transformed into suburb housing for “tens of thousands of people”14. The State Government claims it would be “a suburb of high-density accommodation that is unlike anywhere we’ve seen in Australia’’15. Their vision is not to create a sustainable area but to copy “Manhattan (but without the car vs. pedestrian conflict)”16. Their solution to their problem is to remove cars. When cars are removed, surveillance is removed as well as areas for water catchments. Their only concern is to maximize population density. The project involves a mix of developments at different densities with a range of building heights. Their focus is an attractive water edge with clean water which cannot exist since the water is currently brown and polluted.

76.

2011 « The Melbourne Urbanist. 2011. 2011 « The Melbourne Urbanist. [ONLINE] Available at: http://melbourneurbanist.wordpress.com/2011. [Accessed 25 September 2011]

Figure 24.

- 200 hectares - 15,000 dwellings - high rise - high density

Areas under Consideration - converting factories into homes - built in stages

Fig 24.

North side - not part of the current proposal at this stage

- converting factories into homes

77. 77 7 7 7..

Docklands

Northshore, Hamilton

Fisherman’s bend will unavoidably have the same faith as Docklands. High rise density prevents the population from truly understanding the implications of the current water consumptions and waste pattern.

The masterplan for Northshore in Hamilton, Queensland, Australia, inner-city urban renewal project. It consists of 137 hectares on a waterfront land of residential and commercial areas. The buildings range from 3 to 15 storey with 2 land mark buildings of 20 and 23 storey to identify the mixed use heart. This is a great example of how high density dwellings take precedence against waterfront views.

Fig 25. Docklands $9bn plan for next decade, 2009, Docklands apartments, viewed 10 June 2011 <http://docklandsapartments.com.au>

Fig 26.

Figure 25.

The Hamilton Northshore, 2011, Spacehero Blog, viewed 10 June 2011, <http://www.spacehero.com.au/app/webroot/blog/?p=503> Figure 26.

78.

Challenging developments along river

Conventional developments along river

RIVER

canals

EDGE CONDITION

HIGH RISES 15+ STOREY

high rise built parallel to river conventional edge conditions low rise built parallel to river new canals, more green space

79.

Site Analysis

Images from top to bottom - water edge condition - access to the Yarra River - West Gate Park - business/industrial

80.

81.

Infrastructure

West Gate Freeway Streetscape Train Line

Dwellings

Business / Industrial - includes carspaces Residential - includes front & back lawns Residential - High rises

Primary School Ports

Privately owed (vacant land, front & back lawns)

82.

Green Spaces

West Gate Park Reserve Ovals

Yarra River (Water Depths)

10-15m 5-10m Restricted Water Downstream Flows Upstream Flows

Pervious Surfaces

83.

Businesses & Light Industrial

Highly active employment area

BUSINESSES Docks LIGHT INDUSTRIAL Manufactures GM Holden’s headquarters and Holden Engine Operations • Aerostaff • Air International • Australian Aerospace and Defence Innovations • Boeing’s Phantom Works • Defence Science and Technology Organisation; • GKN Aerospacee; • Hawker de Havilland • Toyota • RMIT University Sir Lawrence Wackett Centre for Aerospace Design

84. 84. 84

Australian Aerospace & Defence Innovations

GM Holden’s headquarters

85. 8 85 5.

History of Site

Fisherman’s Bend is a former brownfield site.

86.

Figure 27. Runways under the West Gate in the 1940s? : Heritage and Conservation - Melbourne, Victorian & Australian Architecture Topics. 2011. Runways under the West Gate in the 1940s? : Heritage and Conservation - Melbourne, Victorian & Australian Architecture Topics. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. walkingmelbourne.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=1770. [Accessed 25 September 2011].

Fig 27.

87.

Case Study

Former brownfield site

Don Valley Brickworks Park

Brownfields are sites that have been environmentally contaminated by former industrial facilities. The soil contains toxic pollutants such as hydrocarbon, lead smelting, asbestos and heavy metals leached from fuel oils. Hence minimal disruption to the soil is important.

Located: Toronto, Ontario Designed: du Toit Alsop Hillier, Diamond & Schmidt (Architects & Landscape Architects) Date: 1997 Site: 16.5 acres of former quarry and industrial site. Description: Wetlands installed to provide areas for aquatic and wildlife habitat and to protect receiving waters. How: quarries converted into ponds Used wetlands and ecology to portray the site’s past. Salvaged materials were reused. Storm water management system, with a series of canals which collect and filter runoff

How post industrial sites can be re-used effectively within urban fabrics? How to deal with former brownfield sites? - make them more sustainable - wetlands - park - water recycle

Fig 28.

Fig 29. Toronto’s Evergreen Brick Works « Full-time Flaneur. 2011. Toronto’s Evergreen Brick Works « Full-time Flaneur. [ONLINE] Available at: http://meganrolph.wordpress.com/2011/01/24/torontos-evergreen-brick-works. [Accessed 25 September 2011] Figures 28-29.

88.

Fresh Kills Park

Sydney Olympic Park

Located: New York City Designed: James Corner Field Operation Date: 2008Site: 2,200 acre. world largest landfill Description: Ecological restoration is the backbone of the design. How: Proposed a long term development plan which last 30 years until completion to produce variety of evolving ecologies and environments. Large scale vision. Designed in stages to understand landscape and ecology processes. Multi-use park Why: to improve the quality of soils and water, and to establish diverse native plant communities

Designed: HASSELL, a multi-disciplinary planning and design firm. Public-private partnership. Location: Homebush Bay, NSW Description: sustainable urban development (WRAPP). (land remediation project). The Olympic games held in Sydney (2000) has been seen as an agent to increase ‘urban regeneration for Homebush Bay, NSW. The aim was to deal with water recycling while rehabilitating heavy contaminated industrial areas in Homebush bay so that it could become part of the public realm (Mossop, 2000). What: enhance energy conservation, water conservation, waste avoidance and minimisation and protecting significant natural and cultural environments and biological diversity Why: water demand How: remove particles larger than 0.2 microns

reduce salinity

micro-filtration

reverse osmosis

Water Treatment Plant

treatment ponds

Brickpit

Stormwater

storage

roofs

roads

parks

Water Reclamation Plant

Separate pipelines

Sewage major venues

Dual Water Supply Network

facilities

drinking

recycled water

Constraints: Not integrated with urban fabric and has been described as an “urban island” because of the edge, connectivity and proximity (Hawken, 2007). Urban Sprawling Did not address the sprawling suburbs, hence a new masterplan had to be created to implement and overlay existing masterplan (Hawkens, 2007).

Fig 30. Site renderings by Field Operations | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. 2011. Site renderings by Field Operations | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/36189491@N03/3439514064/. [Accessed 25 September 2011].

Figure 30.

Fig 31. Mossop, E. (2000) “ A blueprint for Urban Developments?” Landscape Australia August-September October 2000, Vol 22 (3), Iss 87, p. 2000

Figure 31.

89.

90.

Designing the Mussel Machine

Mussel Park System

91.

Masterplan Vision

The aim of the project was to examine and evaluate the current water infrastructure and its relationship with people, nature and urban development. To produce a system designed to grow in conjunction with urban development rather than as a separate entity. The new system was to provide an alternative lifestyle with more communal living directly connected to the water infrastructure. The vision for the new proposal of Fisherman’s Bend encompassed the unconventional idea of a new system which used mussel culture to purify some of the water diverted from the Yarra River, re-use it, with the excess sent back into the river.

W es

rid ge

rm e h s

92. 92 92.

en B s an’

93. 93 9 3. 3.

The Mussel Machine The Mussel Machine is a new way to reengineer the urban water cycle. It purifies and, recycles water from the river for domestic and, recreational use. It is made of different types of canals. The machine is designed to: 1. Improve water quality by a. maximising the volume of water to be cleaned. This is achieved through increased surface area using canals (hence zig-zag design). This also allows for optimum levels of mussel density to be incorporated; 2. Allow for new housing developments 3. create new and better waterfront views and; 4. Include provisions to divert excess water back into the river. The machines ability to work effectively depends on adequate canal size (length, width and depth), water flow rate (mussels depend on high water speed to thrive) and volume (boat movement).

ive

r Yar

downstream

upstream flow

It works as a system because it controls water flow, creates optimal conditions for the mussels to thrive in and, allows for a larger volume of water to be filtered.

W es

Port Phillip bay

+ve

clean

94.

CBD

m flow

sediment basins

-ve

t es

fre

dirty

ity

ens

ld sse

MUSSEL MACHINE

ble

edi

alit

qu ter

Primary Canal Secondary Canal Parkland Canal (low flows) Yarra River Bridges Parks Dwellings Roads

scale 1:1100

e uss

95.

Designing the System

Spatial Parameter for Canals The size of the canals determine the water volume and flow rate which in turn, determine the volume of water being cleaned and the amount of mussels available for harvesting. A thin width will increase the flow rate (mussel thrive where water travels at high velocity The water travels in two directions. These are the upstream and downstream flows. Only the water from the downstream is collected because for this system to work there is a need for a faster water speed and a constant water flow. A zig-zag pattern will increase the area hence more mussels can be contained within which, will result in larger volume of water being cleaned.

Port Phillip Bay

Water collected downstream has more of a constant flow rate compared to the upstream.

96.

FORM

Lower Higher a b

c b c

straight

curvy

slower water movement lower velocity

faster water movement means cleaner water Mussels prefer high velocity.

Velocity = Rate of Water Movement

less friction velocity increased

more friction velocity reduced

Pressures - increasing velocity in certain areas - from larger waterways to narrow waterways

SECTIONS Section aa higher velocity lower velocity medium velocity

Section bb

Section cc lower velocity higher velocity medium velocity

How water is collected higher level lower velocity

lower level higher velocity

97.

Testing of different iterations to find the best design for optimum conditions for the mussels. A constant water flow with high velocity is essential for the system to be sustainable. Higher velocity and constant flow means higher capacity of mussels to clean water.

singular flow

increasing velocity

increase the water flow

cleanest areas

cleanest water

increasing velocity

98.

Design iterations; thoughs about shape of the waterway

99.

Proposed Water Infrastructure

The Mussel Park is made of different types of canals which collect, purity and store the water. The primary canal main role is to filter the water which, comes directly from the river after passing through the sediment basins. The secondary and tertiary canal roles are to control the water flows for the primary waterway to allow water to flow at optimal conditions. The secondary canal collects high tides and the tertiary canal collects flood water. The catchment areas roles are to collect extra water to help increase the low flows of the primary waterway during low rainfall and low tide. The parkland collects excess water that is not used for domestic purposes and uses it for recreation before returning it to the Yarra River.

runoff rainwater

primary canal

low tides

high tides

flood

tertiary canal catchments areas

primary canal

secondary canal

parkland canal

existing park underground storage Yarra River

Yarra River

100.

Primary Canal - diverts water from the Yarra River

Secondary Canal - control the water flows for the primary canal - collects high tides

Tertiary Canal - control the water flows for the primary canal - collect flood water

Catchment Area - collect water to help increase the low flows of the primary canal during low rainfall and low tide.

Parkland - excess water that is not collected for domestic purpose is used for recreation.

101.

Primary Canal

The water from the Yarra River is diverted into the sediment basins by weirs, before entering the primary canal. These sediment basins are made of crushed mussel shell and are rich in calcium which improves the water quality (high nutrient levels decrease the pH level of water while Calcium increases the pH hence works on creating a balance). The primary canal distributes the water into the other canals. The mussels are cultured on ropes. This particular mussel culture was chosen because during low water tides the mussels will always be submerged. The Ropes can go under bridges to allow for people movement.

depth = 5m max low tide = 3m high tide = 4m max capacity area= 2,800,320 cubic meters Liters= 2,800,320,000 liters

0.5min

0.028

max capacity of mussels

2m min

= 800,000,000 mussels can fit 1 mussel can filter 1.5Liters per hour 800,000,000 mussels can filter 1,200,000,000 liters per hour

Liters= 2,800,320,000 liters 800,000,000 mussels can filter 1,200,000,000 liters per hour How many hours to filter this canal? 2,800,320,000/800,000,000= 3.5 hours hence 3.5 hours must remain in basin how many lock systems? depends on flow rate

Flow rate of Yarra River Min. mean (March) 6.35m3/s Max. mean (October) 47.8m3/s

102.

01-04 sediment basins

Water Flow Inlet Outlet

103.

Typical Detail: Primary Canal 1:150

0.5m apart

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

boat movement - high tides 15m

Zoom In: Mussel Culture

boat movement - low tides 10m

104.

max 1m max 1m min 3m

50m

max 1m max 1m min 3m

105.

Bridges

These are the primary bridges. The low points are where the mussels are cultured and the high points allow for water boat movement. The beginning of the waterway consist of higher mussel density hence it will need to have more bridges but the width of them is a maximum of 2m because It needs exposure to sunlight. More connections will provide greater linkage to the waterway allowing formulation of local communities with each block.

106.

Pedestrians & Cyclist (6m wide) Vehicles (15m wide)

107.

Bridges on Primary Land

Bridges on Primary Canal

High points No Mussels underneath bridge - allows for boat movement Low points Mussel Culture underneigh bridge - no boat movement

108.

Bridges

distance between bridges min: 5m

1m - tidal 1m 1m

109.

Secondary Canal

(High Tides) The secondary canal collects water originated from high tides and diverts it back into the primary canal through weirs. The mussels here will be cultured by the intertidal pole culture. Mussel can survive without water for several days. Water is also collected from swales and bioretention swales. The watershed has been reconfigured to maximize runoff collection. The water will be cleaned before entering the secondary canal.

110.

Water Flow Inlets from Primary Canal Outlet

111.

Mussel Culture

Intertidal Pole Culture

Intertidal pole culture, also known as the bouchot technique. Mainly utilised in France. Typical Detail: Secondary Canal

1:50

.5m apart

high rainfalls 1m high tides 1m

112.

Typical Detail: Bioretention Swale

113.

Typical Detail: - Water Flow

Section AA

The sections below show how the water (high tide) flows from the Primary Canal to the Secondary Canal.

SECONDARY WATERWAY

Section AA The water collected from streetscapes and watershed visually flows through the streets towards the primary bio-retention swales before entering the secondary waterway. secondary water flow movement Section aa 1:1500

Primary Road

Catchment Areas (Sportsground)

bridge

20m

65m

20m

street

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

bridge road

dwellings

45m

70m

85m

100m

15m

115m

Section bb 1:1500

Primary Road

Catchment Areas (Sportsground)

street

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

bridge road

dwellings

20m

60m

75m

85m

100m

15m

120m

secondary water flow movement

114.

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

PRIMARY WATERWAY

primary bio-rentention swale

bridge

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

160m

100m

Primary Waterway 20m

50m

street dwelling secondary dwelling street 8m

11m

10m

Catchment Areas (Sportsground)

primary road & train line

55m

30m

Catchment Areas (Sportsground)

primary road & train line

50m

30m

Zoom in - Water Flow

high tide flows to bridge

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

165m

100m

secondary waterwa

Primary Waterway 40m

50m

street dwelling secondary dwelling street 8m

10m

11m

10m

115.

The relationship between primary and secondary canals

+VE

At the beginning of the waterway, the distance between the two primary canal is 150m. This is to provide extra secondary waterways, hence more cleaning and more catchment areas.

Section CC 1:250

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

boat movement

mussells

boat movement

50m PRIMARY CANAL

SECO

ROAD

WATER QUALITY

Section BB 1:250 Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

mussells

boat movement

50m PRIMARY CANAL

ROAD

SECONDARY CANAL

ROAD

-VE

Section AA 1:250

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

boat movement

mussells

boat movement

50m PRIMARY CANAL

ROAD

SECONDARY CANAL

ROAD

SECONDARY CANAL

116.

C C B D

boat movement

mussells

boat movement

50m

ONDARY CANAL

ROAD

PRIMARY CANAL

boat movement

SECONDARY CANAL

ROAD

boat movement

50m PRIMARY CANAL

ROAD

mussells

boat movement

mussells

boat movement

50m ROAD

SECONDARY CANAL

ROAD

SECONDARY CANAL

ROAD

117.

TERTIARY WATERWAY T Flood Levels

Underground Water Flow Inlets from Primary Canal Outlets The tertiary canal collects and directs flood water underground to the existing park. Here it will be cleaned and then diverted back into the Yarra River. It has been designed underground because 90% of the time this area would be dry so mussels could not be used.

CATCHMENTS Low water flows

Underground pipes Outlets into Primary Canal

The catchments areas main role is to capture rainwater which will only be diverted into the primary canal during low flows and low rainfalls. This area also has sportgrounds.

118.

PARKLAND Excess water

Water Flow Inlet from Primary Canal Inlet from Secondary Canal Outlets to Yarra River Before the water enters the parkland it is collected and used for domestic and recreation. It has the cleanest water but it does not have mussels because there is no constant flow. The excess water is diverted back to the river.

119.

Dwellings

Dwellings have been directly integrated with the canals and are part of the landscape. Greenroofs retain rainwater. The dwellings have been located in the flood free zone. Front lawns are communal areas which are connected to the system. It’s important for a new building regulation to include placement, orientation and formation of streets to provide greater connection.

Dwelling has a Waterfront View of secondary waterway

biorentention swale

swale

road 1.3m

dwelling 1m

biorentention swale

secondary

10m

Dwelling has a Waterfront View of primary waterway

swale

road 1.4m

dwelling 1m

road 1m

PRIMARY WATERWAY 1m

50m

120.

orientation

ave. size

more sunlight

g_0

llin

dwelling_01 d

waterfront view

_02

elli

15m

road

10m

15m

water communal front lawn

10m

one side must overlook waterway residential / commercial areas flood prone area

views between residential areas residential

residential

max level

commercial

park land

residential

bridges

max level

residential

max level

commercial

121.

Summary of the Machine

What is the Mussel Machine? A device for cleaning some of the water in the Yarra River using salt-water mussels. What is the Function? - capture, clean, use and divert water maximise; - mussel density - water quality - waterfront views - housing density - canals surface area Why does it work as a machine? It follows a cycle; Takes into consideration the spatial parameters of the canal; - volume and velocity of water - length, width and depth of canals To what degree can the machine be modified? The water quality must not be compromised The modification depends on site conditions and the type of development. The width and depth of the canal can be modified to adapt to the site. However the length and volume of the canal must be the same so that the water quality is not compromised. Depth mininum: 3m maxinum: 10m

Width

mininum: 10m maxinum: 50m Length must be 3km Volume maxinum capacity 2,800,320 liters

Preferred Velocity: 3.2km/h

122.

123.

124.

Design Development

125.

Following the Planning Minister’s Vision

The Planning Minister’s vision is driven by high density and high rises which is seen as a conventional urban development. The plan is similar to Docklands in Melbourne which, is about high rise areas parallel to the river where most dwellings don’t actually have a waterfront view. High rise density prevents the population from truly understanding the implications of the current water consumptions and waste pattern.

How to Activate Zone 1 working with existing low points. Minimal impact on site

Zone 1 is the area which will be developed in the next decade. The aim is for high rise and high density for approximately for 7,500 homes.

Zone 2 shows the area which is under consideration. The planning ministers vision is to acquire the land in 40-50 years.

1m - 4m

The north side of the West Gate Freeway, Zone 3 is not part of the planning minister’s proposal at this stage because it is a highly active industrial and business area. However it does not mean that it will not be developed in the future.

Potential Flooding Areas How to reduce future flooding on site

First it was about designing the machine and how the system will work and then it was about how the machine is implemented on site to become the Mussel Park. The aim was to follow the existing planning minister’s vision on how the site will be developed. How to use the primary canals from the mussel machine to activate zone 1? How can the primary canals inform and follow the planning minister’s vision? How to work with the existing site and employment area?

Potential flooding area Special Building

Heritage Buildings

Hertiage

126.

Fisherman’s Bend & Port Melbourne (Planning Minister Vision)

ZONE 1

ZONE 2 Areas under Consideration - converting factories into homes - built in stages

- 100 hectares - 7,500 dwellings - high rise - high density

ZONE 3 North side - not part of the current proposal at this stage - highly active employment area

2 1

127.

Dwelling Typology

For the housing typology it was important to have low rises to prevent casting shadows on the waterway. More sunlight on waterways means more food for mussels, bigger mussels, more efficient filtering. The housing typology is designed as low rises but high density and all houses must have a waterfront view.

Collecting Rainwater Rooftop

Balconies

Design Tool_01: Dwelling must not cast shadow on waterway

Solar Studies Summer Sun

Winter Sun

setback 75degree

28degree

No highrises

Orientation Dwelling Waterfront View

Increase Sunlight

more sunlight

canals

Increasing Sunlight Balconies

Facade

Spacing

Topography

more food

bigger mussels

more filtering

128.

shade morning afternoon evening E N

Topography

Water Edge Set Back

North Slope

South Slope E

S W

W S

N E

N W

E S

S E

W N

129.

Level Apartment (occupy one level)

Mixed Typology

Apartment Block

The houses are orientated to increase individual dwelling’s waterfront view. Each owner occupies one level.

The first level is occupied by commercial businesses. The following levels are for residential use.

Are located outside the Mussel Park to prevent casting on the canals and to try and meet the housing demands.

Residential Commercial

underground garage

semi-private

underground garage

streetscape Level apartments

public

s ob

Commercial underground garage

Mixed Commercial / Residential

public

Apartment

20m

20m 15-20m

max 20 storey

3-6 storey

av. 40m 10m

av. 100-300 square meters

av. 50-80 square meters

av. 300-400 square meters

communal roof garden communal roof garden

communal roof garden

- New housing typology for the Mussel Park. - All dwellings must have waterfront view

130.

Townhouse The only dwelling that can be located on the edge of the canal if it is south position. (no shadow cast on canal)

garage

semi-private

Town Houses

West 8 Borneo Sporenburg Site area: Around 30ha Parking: Average 1 space per dwelling Density: Average 100dph across the site Brief: higher density, housing development Spatial Design: - waterfront development - vibrant urban landscape - colourful buildings facing the calm waterfront areas - low-rise housing - intimate houses descend toward the water - sublime relationship between indoor and outdoor space

3-4 storey

10m 20m

Fig 32.

av. 200 square meters

Fig 33.

roof garden / terrace private

urban theory Borneo Sporenburg masterplan. 2011. urban theory Borneo Sporenburg masterplan. [ONLINE] Available at: http://urbantheorywest8amsterdam. blogspot.com/. [Accessed 25 September 2011]

Figures 32-33.

Contemporary Townhouses | . 2011. Contemporary Townhouses | . [ONLINE] Available at: http://dawntown.org/2009/12/26/ contemporary-townhouses/. [Accessed 25 September 2011].

Figure 34.

Fig 34.

131.

Implementing the Machine on Site

The Mussel Machine creates the criteria which will allow the system to be implemented on a site. It is made up of its own set of design tools. Modification to the machine can be made as long as site conditions are assessed. They also depend on the type of development. However the water quality must not be compromised. The width and depth of the canal can be modified to adapt to the site. However the length and volume of the canal must be the same so that the water quality is not compromised. The length of the canal should be kept to have a water velocity of 3.2km/h not to compromise the ability for mussels to thrive in.

Very Poor

Moderate

Poor

Excellent

Iteration 01: Low Impact on all Areas

Mussel Machine

The iterations below tested how the primary canal can be implemented on site to have low impact yet still activating Zone 1. The problem with this was that the water was not clean enough before entering zone 1.

Site Condition

Zone 1

How can the primary canals be reconfigured to activate Zone 1 and to inform future developments? - using the water quality to inform types of development.

132.

zone 1

Iteration 02: Impact on Existing Residential

Iteration 03: High Impact on Zone 3

The iterations below tested how the primary canal The iterations below tested how the primary canal can be implemented through existing residential. The can be implemented on site to have high impact on problem with this was that poor water quality was Zone 3 yet still activating Zone 1. The problem with entering an existing residential development. this was that by having high impact it would prevent trucks from entering the industrial area, hence affects the ports. It works for small business which do not rely on trucks as they can enter their business on boats. However being a highly active area, low impact is required here.

133.

No Impact on Site (Zone 3)

Iteration 01 The first iteration chosen to be tested further was for the canals to have no impact on site for existing business to activate Zone 1. It was successful but it did not address how the canals can inform future developments because the canals did not increase the surface area on site. Also the water was not clean enough before entering Zone 1. By testing this iteration it helped to realize how important it is to increase the surface area of the primary canal.

134.

How can we allow motorboats in waterways?

The degree of impact is related to motor size, water depth and sediment type. 10 hp motor

Max: 2m

50 hp motor

Max: 4.5m

Why are motorized watercraft important to aquatic ecosystems - connect to urban fabric - increase recreational use in waterways - highly valued water recreational activity - most people use boats for fishing - Fewer impacts have been noted at depths greater than 10 meters.

hp motor can re-suspend sediments of all sizes to water depths

Yarra River Canal Dwellings Existing Green Space

135.

The sections below show how the site is implemented over time Phase 01: Canals implemented through all the zones. This area needed to be raised in order to improve flood control hence soil cut and fill operations are used. Existing Site: Zone 01 Section bb

West Gate Freeway

Stage 1 - Vacant Land

Phase_01: Primary canals Zone 01

West Gate Freeway

primary canal

Phase_01: Cut & Fill Zone 01

Cut Total Cut: 1800 square meters Fill Total Fill: 2200 square meters Extra: 400 square meters required Existing Contour

136.

zone 1

high tide low tide

road

primary canal

private land docks

Hobsons Bay

137.

The section below shows phase 02 which is about the implementation of the secondary canals and the residential area.

Detail_03: Greenspace & Canal

Detail_04: Greenspace & Canal

bio swale

existing contour

bio swale high tide low tide

high tide low tide

level apartment

path

boat access

bike track green spaces

mussel culture primary canal

docks boat townhouses

level apartment

bike track & path

boat access

green spaces

Phase_02: Residential Development Zone 01 Section bb

Detail_04

Detail_03

existing contour

primary canal - water direction

West Gate Freeway

3 storey Streetscape 3 storey residential residential

green space

primary canal

3 storey Streetscape 3 storey residential residential

green space

primary canal

3 storey Streetscape 3 storey green space residential residential

primary canal

138.

Detail_05: Streetscape - cars

Detail_04: Primary Canal - Townhouses ROOFTOP

high tide low tide

existing contour

mussel culture primary canal

two-lane bio bio carriageway swale swale street foottown- footpath street level parking path apartment parking houses

boat docks townhouses

Detail_05

3 storey Streetscape 3 storey residential residential

mussel culture public spaces

primary canal

townhouses

Detail_06

green space

primary canal

3 storey Streetscape 3 storey residential residential

streetscape tram line

Apartment Building

public green space

Hobsons Bay

139.

The sections below show how in order to activate Zone 1 the primary canals needed to go through Zone 3. -the existing roads are transformed into the primary canal. - low impact on industrial and business - large front yards are not used by employment entities hence canals can occupy this space making it part of the system.

Existing Site Section aa

Yarra River

Phase_01: Primary canals

Yarra River

140.

a a

Zone 3 Zone 1

10m

docks

streetscape

front lawn

Nestle

existing contour

high tide low tide

10m

ports

primary canal

front lawn semi-private

Nestle

141.

The sections below show how the site may be developed over time for Zone 3. - de-industrialize the area and build the residential one. The problem with no impact for business was that Zone 2 will not have canals hence no waterfront view. How can low impact in Zone 3 can be achieved whilst increasing the surface area of the canal for the entire site?

Detail_01: Streetscape - mixed use

ROOFTOP

Detail_01 - Bridge

bridge

existing contour high tide low tide existing contour

underground carpark bio swale

bio swale level footpath street apartment public parking

two-lane street footpath carriageway parking public

bike path floating path tram line vegetated bio swale - green space

footpath public mixeduse

De-industrialize - Zone 3

Yarra River

142.

a a

Zone 3

Detail_02: Streetscape - tram line & bike path

existing contour

mussel culture primary canal

bio swale

high tide low tide

tram line bike path green space

mixeduse

Detail_01

floating path

mussel culture primary canal

Detail_02

10m

semi-private 3-6 storey residential

streetscape

3-5 storey residential

tram line bike track

Primary Canal

existing facade is kept

143.

Activating Zones 1, 2 & 3

In order to activate Zone 1 the canals needed to go through Zone 2 and Zone 3. The planning minister’s vision only focuses on one zone at a time and each development is independent from the other. Whereas the new system is done in phases and are all connected through the canals. It’s a device that thinks through all the phases.

Zones

Phase 01: Implementation of the Primary Canals through Zone 2, 3 & 1. Refer to Figure 1 on how the site is developed according to impact on site. Zone 1 because is a vacant area can have high impact. Zone 2 has medium impact because the planning minister wants to develop this area in 40-50 years. Zone 3 has low impact which follows the planning minister’s vision because it is highly active industrial and business area. This area will be developed later in the future.

2. 1. Phase_01: Implementing Canals through Zones 1,2 & 3

Canals that are implemented on existing green spaces and vacant land have high impact because they are seen as areas to increase the water filtering. Phase 02: Implementing secondary canals and residential in only Zone 1. Secondary canals being implemented to control the water flows and to increase the surface area for water. The zig-zag shape of the canals is used to increasing the surface area to create more houses with waterfront views.

The primary canals have been reconfigured on site to following the planning minister’s vision for how the zones are developed according to the timeframe. The same length as the canal and the volume of water is used in the mussel machine so that the water quality is not compromised.

Phase_02: Activating Zone 1 through residential & secondary canals

Figure 4: The development time-line Shows how the site will be developed over time. Phase 03: - only occurs in zone 2 - de-industrialize the area in Zone 2 for residential and secondary canals to abate for flooding. Phase 04 - only occurs in zone 3 - de industrialize the area in Zone 3 for residential and secondary canals to abate for flooding.

144.

Figure 1: How the Mussel Machine is implemented on site according to Zones

AC MP

DESIGN TOOL

ZONE 1

high

vacant land

I OF

A RF

TIN

high

LIN

E AR

L WE

high

TE WA

employment area

medium medium

AL QU

C PA NS

excellent

nill

ZONE 2

ITY

A SC

nill

removal low medium

high varies

ZONE 3

docks highly & active employment area

low

high varies

Figure 2: Development Time Line Present

2020

2050

Phase_01

Phase_02

Phase_03

Phase_04

de-industrialize residentia secondary canals employment

employment

Zone_01

primary canals

Zone_02

primary canals

2100

residential secondary canals mussel markets

de-industrialize Zone_03

residential primary canals

secondary canals employment

145.

MASTERPLAN: MUSSEL PARK Phases 1 & 2

Primary Canal Secondary Canal Yarra River Bridges Parks Dwellings Roads Blocks Business / Industrial scale 1:1200

excellent water

moderate water

West Gate Park

mussel markets D

j j

i i

146.

Docklands

CBD

Port Melbourne

Hobsons Bay

sed

ime

nt b

asin

con

trol

poin

F F F

very poor water poor water

G H

Detail_01

G H poor water moderate water

147.

Future zoning of the site depends on the water quality of the river. The water quality w that isn’t the best has low density for future housing as it was more important to have large green open spaces rather than just focusing on purely the canals. Excellent water quality has high density. Refer to w pages 147-149.

Dwellings

Freeway & Roads

148.

Primary & Secondary Canal

Primary Canal Secondary Canal

Future Zonning Future business and commercial zones are located within a 50m radius to the West Gate Freeway.

50-100m radius

ate

st G We

e Fre

50-100m radius

High Density / High Rises High Density / Low Rises Medium Density / Low Rises Low Density / Low Rises Commercial / Business Mussel Markets

149.

Water Quality

The graph shows the different types of water quality which effect the edge condition and the type and density for future developments. The water quality was taken from the Environmental Report, Yarra Watch 2009-2011, Publication in July 2011. This was provided by Mr. John Dean from EPA Victoria. The water quality was determined based on the level of E. coli (Escherichia coli). High E. coli levels prevent primary contact with the Yarra River. Shallow water level provides more sunlight on the canals which, lowers E. coli level. Thus clean water means lower E. coli. The images below shows the different usage of mussels dependent on the water quality it is harvested from. Edible mussels are only found in moderate and excellent water quality areas.

usage

excellent water quality moderate water quality edible for human consumption

poor water quality chicken (animal) feed

organic farming industry (fertilizers)

food chain

very poor water quality

aquatic life

wildlife & birds

(crushed) mussel shell 95-99% calcium carbonate by weight Provide for natural filtration and purification to reduce the nutrient levels in the water, and thus enabling the development of algal bloom.

150.

Water Quality: Primary Canal

inlet

Very Poor Poor Moderate Excellent outlet Water Quality

E.coli

Characteristics

Edge

Recreation boats visual use not suitable for swimming

Zone

Edible Mussels

Edible Usage

Mussel Density

business

none

crushed shell for canals & paths

maximum capacity

mix-use low denisty

none

fertilizers animal feed

maximum capacity

very poor

1001 and 5000 org/100 mL

secondary contact

hard edge

poor

201 and 1000 org/100 mL

secondary contact

hard edge terraced

Water Quality

E.coli

Characteristics

Edge

Recreation

Zone

Edible Mussels

Edible Usage

Mussel Density

mix-use medium density

yes

public

medium

mix-use high density

yes

mussel markets maximum capacity only embankments for public

varies

yes

mussel markets only

fishing boating activities kayaking canoeing no generally for swimming

less than 200 org/100 mL

Primary Contact

(low rainfalls

soft edge terraced

fishing boating activities kayaking canoeing swimming

Very Good

none

Primary Contact

soft edge stone embankment

all forms of recreation

soft edge intimate space semi/private

all forms of recreation

Moderate

Excellent

none

Primary Contact

swimming

varies

151.

The project deals with the potential to generate new relevant spatial conditions in urban developments that can contribute to create a stronger local identity. The diagram on the opposite page shows how the site is developed in zones and phases and how the water quality changes. The water quality will determine the kind of water engagements and type of development. Areas where the water quality is very poor will be used for employment only (light industrial and commercial). Low density housing will be allocated in areas with poor water quality. Medium water quality will have medium density housing. While the bulk of the residential area will be allocated where the water quality is excellent.

152.

F H H i i

J J

PRIMARY CANAL

F G G

Very Poor Poor Moderate Excellent

SECONDARY CANAL

Existing Site

Section FF

Section GG

Section HH

Section ii

ZONE 2

Section JJ

ZONE 1 VACANT

Phase 01: Implementing Canal Through Existing Site

Phase 02: Implementing Secondary Canals & Residential only in zone 1 not in this zone e2 this phase takes place o

Phase 03: De-industrialize, Implementing Secondary Canals & Residential

SECONDARY CANAL ARE IMPLEMENTED IN ALL ZONES TO INCREASE SURFACE AREA (hence improve water filtering)

153.

Very Poor Water Quality

The proposal for this area for the future development is reserved for business and light industrial, no residential zones. The primary canal is only for visual use and secondary contact. This area focuses on creating larger open spaces not only for employees but to capture and re-direct rainwater into the secondary canals.

Existing Site street parking nature strip 90 degrees private carpark frontyard footpath existing business

street parking

frontyard

road

existing business

The existing private front yards in this area have been transformed into semi -private areas share by all employees. Currently these front lawns are not utilized by the employees. They are only used to store junk. When visiting the site many employees drive to the West Gate Park to have their lunch in the car, watching the artificial ponds. I wanted to keep this existing experience. It was important to create more large open spaces for the employees to have their lunch breaks there. The large grassed areas will provide for picnics and or, sporting events.

south position

Section FF

Phase 01: Implementing Primary Canal Implementing primary canal by turning private front yards into semi-private areas.

The semi-private areas are seen as a communal garden for all employees from different business to connect. The edge condition has been designed as a hard edge to restrict the public from eating the mussels and primary contact with the water. The right hand side shows how the site changes according to the phases. (Phase_02: Does not occur in Zone 2. Only occurs in Zone 1). The opposite page is a detail view of the type of engagement with water. P L A N V I E W

Section FF

existing business

semi-public area

- more large open spaces - only business

existing business

longline system primary canal semi-public area

Phase 03: De-industrialize, Implement Secondary Canals & Residential semi-public area new business

longline system

primary canal

semi-public area new business

Existing site

Section FF

30m

154.

Very Poor Poor Moderate Excellent

Characteristic: visual use & secondary contact Hard edge = no access to mussels

viewpoint: from bridge

Characteristic: visual use & secondary contact More open green areas for employee to have lunch and room for employee to be active for instance sporting activities

155.

Poor Water Quality

Existing Site

street parking street parking

frontyard existing business

nature strip

road

nature strip existing business

This area is similar to the very poor water quality one. It is made of more open spaces for sporting activities. However instead of business it delivers a low density residential zone. The right hand side shows how the site changes according to the phases. Phase_01 The primary canal is closer to the existing buildings because it is almost south position hence will not cast a shadow on the canal. The aim was to try and create wider widths. Phase_02: Does not occur in Zone 2. Only occurs in Zone 1).

Section GG

Phase 01: Implementing Primary Canal

Phase_03 It has a terraced hard edge and does not allow contact with the mussels as they are not edible. The opposite page is a detail view of the type of engagement with water. Section GG

existing business

primary canal

semi-public area

P L A N V I E W

semi-public area

longline system

existing business

- more large open spaces - low density residential

Phase 03: De-industrialize, Implement Secondary Canals & Residential public area level dwelling

longline system primary canal

public area townhouses

Existing site

Section GG

40m

156.

G G

Very Poor Poor Moderate Excellent

Characteristic: visual use & secondary contact Hard terraced edge also allows for fishing

Characteristic: visual use & secondary contact More open green areas for occupiers to have lunch. More room for occupiers to be active for instance sporting activities.

157.

Moderate Water Quality

Existing Site nature strip frontyard existing business

nature strip

road

private car park existing business

This area has a terraced soft/hard edge (more like an amphitheater to allow for the public to view water sporting activities. It has a low tree density. Primary contact is allowed however only if there is no heavy rain. It contains medium mussel density. The right hand side shows how the site changes according to the phases. (Phase_02: Does not occur in Zone 2. Only occurs in Zone 1). The opposite page is a detail view of the type of engagement with water.

Section HH

Phase 01: implementing primary canal

Section HH

existing business semi-public area

P L A N V I E W

existing business

primary canal longline system

semi-public area

- medium density residential

Phase 03: De-industrialize, Implement Secondary Canals & Residential

public area level dwelling

longline system medium mussel density primary canal

townhouses

Existing site

Section HH

40m

158.

H H

Very Poor Poor Moderate Excellent

Characteristic: primary contact The lower level is made of crushed mussel shell to help improve the water quality Fishing is allowed in this area.

el shell

d muss

crushe

Characteristic: water sporting activities Terraced hard/soft edge

159.

Excellent Water Quality

Existing Site

This area allows for primary contact with the water and for all types of recreation activities such as swimming. The longline system caters for commercial mussel harvesting . One side of the edge is made of a stone embankment which allows the public to harvest the mussels attached to the rock. The other side of the canal has houses which are positioned directly on the edge of the waterway. This is about creating a new lifestyle for living encouraging boat use.

Section ii

The right hand side shows how the site changes according to the phases. The images only show what the site may look like in Zone 1.

Phase 01: Implementing Primary Canal

The opposite page is a detail view of the type of engagement with water.

Section ii

primary canal stone embankment longline system public area

P L A N V I E W Existing site

For existing vacant area the canals are horizontal to increase the potential for houses to be implemented directly on the edge without casting a shadow on the waterway.

public area

Phase 02: Implement Secondary Canals & Residential

N W

E S

stone embankment level dwelling public area

longline system

primary canal

townhouses

6m Section ii

30m

160.

Houses cannot be located directly on the edge of canal because they will cast a shadow.

i i

Very Poor Poor Moderate Excellent

Canals horizontal to allow for south position dwellings on the edge of canal. Currently the site is vacant.

Characteristic: stone embankment The use of balconies is not only used to collect rainwater but to increase active surveillance in the area.

Characteristic: stone embankment which allows the public to harvest the mussels attached to the rocks.

161.

SECONDARY CANAL Excellent Water Quality

The secondary canals are used to increase the surface area and in the future will be implemented in all zones.

Existing Site

The mussels are cultured by intertidal poles because they capture high tides consisting mainly of stormwater. The mussel culture create a more intimate space with water and mussels. The water collected in this area can be for domestic use for instance flushing toilets and watering. The right hand side shows how the site changes according to the phases. The images only show how the site may look in zone 1. The existing area is vacant.

Section JJ

Phase 02: implement secondary canals & residential

The opposite page is a detail view of the type of engagement with water.

Section JJ

Vacant areas P L A N PRIMARY CANAL

Once the primary canals have been implemented the secondary canals can be implemented to increase the surface area for the water.

V I E W

secondary canals

E S

Existing developed areas Once the primary canals P CANAL have been implemented the L PRIMARY secondary canals can be implemented to increase the A surface area for the water. N V I E W

N W

E S

secondary canals

162.

J J

Very Poor Poor Moderate Excellent

Characteristic: intertidal pole culture offers a more intimate engagement with water and the mussels.

163.

ZONE 1

In order to activate Zone 1 the primary canal needed to be implemented in all zones. The sections below show Phase 1 & 2 for Zone 1. Phase 01: primary canals implemented through all zones Phase 02: secondary canals implemented residential zone implemented Cut - 720 square meters

Phase_01: primary canal (cut & fill) Zone_01

Fill - 1800 square meters

Section DD 1:175

Existing contour

PRIMARY CANAL

Phase_02: residential & secondary canals Zone_01 Section DD 1:75 no

rth

High Tide Low Tide

mixed dwelling DWELLING

town-house PRIMARY CANAL DWELLING

level apartment town-house ROAD DWELLING PRIMARY CANAL DWELLING SECONDARY CANAL

level apartment ROAD DWELLING SECONDARY CANAL

the yellow circle highlights the section above Development Time Line Present

2020

2050

Phase_01

Phase_02

Phase_03

Phase_04

de-industrialize residential secondary canals employment

employment

Zone_01

primary canals

Zone_02

primary canals

2100

residential secondary canals mussel markets

de-industrialize Zone_03

residential primary canals

secondary canals employment

164.

D zone 1

PRIMARY CANAL

town-house PRIMARY CANAL DWELLING

PRIMARY CANAL

level apartment town-house ROAD DWELLING PRIMARY CANAL DWELLING SECONDARY CANAL

level apartment ROAD DWELLING SECONDARY CANAL

town-house PRIMARY CANAL DWELLING

high-rise DWELLING

ROAD ROAD SECONDARY CANAL

Townhouse

Level Apartment (occupy one level)

Apartment Block

av. 200 square meters

av. 50-80 square meters

semi-private streetscape Level apartments

semi-private Town Houses

underground garage

garage

underground garage

s ob

public

max 20 storey 3-6 storey

3-4 storey 20m 20m

10m

av. 40m

165.

How the Site Develops over time

The opposite page shows a detail plan of zone 2 and how the site will develop over time which includes phases 1, 2 & 3. The area chosen is the transition area between poor water quality to moderate quality. Poor water quality means that it has low housing density and more parks. Moderate water quality means medium density and less large open parks. The use of secondary canals in phase 3 is seen as a device to increase the surface area.

Primary Canal Bridges Secondary Canals Sportsgrounds Dwelling (Residential) Roads

Development Time Line

Zone_01

Present

2020

2050

Phase_01

Phase_02

Phase_03

Phase_04

de-industrialize residential secondary canals employment

employment

primary canals

2100

residential secondary canals mussel markets

Zone_02

primary canals

de-industrialize Zone_03

residential primary canals

secondary canals employment

166.

phases 1 & 2

Detail_01: Phase 3 scale 1:300

De-industrialize the area Implement houses Implement secondary canals

ZONE 2

poor water moderate water

167.

The sections below show how the site will be developed and slowly de-industrialized over time in Zone 2. The reason for no dwellings located on the edge of canals is because it is not south position hence they will cast a shadow on canal.

Existing Site Zone_02 Section EE scale 1:110

ROAD

EXISTING FACTORY

Phase_01: Primary Canal Zone_02 Section EE no

rth

High Tide Low Tide

crushed mussel shells PRIMARY CANAL

EXISTING FACTORY

Phase_03: Residential & Secondary Canals Zone_02 Section EE

rth

High Tide Low Tide

crushed mussel shells DWELLING

mussels PRIMARY CANAL

level apartment DWELLING

ROAD

Development Time Line Present

2020

2050

Phase_01

Phase_02

Phase_03

Phase_04

de-industrialize residential secondary canals employment

employment

Zone_01

primary canals

Zone_02

primary canals

2100

residential secondary canals mussel markets

de-industrialize Zone_03

residential primary canals

secondary canals employment

168.

Phase 1

Phase 1: Implementing Primary Canals Scale 1:60

Phase 3: De-industrialize Implement Residential & Secondary Canals Scale 1:600

EXISTING FACTORY

ROAD

EXISTING FACTORY

crushed mussel shells ROAD

EXISTING FACTORY

SECONDARY CANAL ROAD

PRIMARY CANAL

level apartment ROAD

DWELLING

EXISTING FACTORY

crushed mussel shells

level apartment

PRIMARY CANAL

DWELLING

level apartment ROAD

DWELLING

Level Apartment (occupy one level) av. 200 square meters

underground garage semi-private streetscape Level apartments

3-6 storey 20m 10m

169.

170.

Exhibition

171.

The exhibition has been laid out as the parts of the machine The panels are printed on 10mm foam core Width of wall: 3600mm Height of wall: 2400mm +VE Section CC 1:250

MUSSEL PARK A machine for living

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

boat movement

mussells

boat movement

50m PRIMARY CANAL

SECONDARY CANAL

ROAD

How to challenge conventional water management in an urban development? WATER QUALITY

This unconventional way not only purified the water but, produced a system capable of growing with urban development’s providing a new way of living with water. This infrastructure is visible and multi functional. It effectively conserves and recycles water for future consumption; it is flexible and regenerative, more-like natural systems. It co-exists with human activity and ensures a more efficient use of water resources in urban areas. It provides a more ecologically sustainable urban environment. The Mussel Park becomes part of the urban fabric that balances lives, work and play environment.

Section BB 1:250 Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

mussells

boat movement

50m PRIMARY CANAL

ROAD

SECONDARY CANAL

ROAD

SECONDARY CANAL

ROAD

ROA

-VE

Section AA 1:250

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

boat movement

mussells

boat movement

50m PRIMARY CANAL

Out of sight, out of mind

Spatial infrastructure for water

Conventional Stormwater Management

Underground Pipes

ROAD

SECONDARY CANAL

ROAD

SECONDARY CANAL

ROAD

The Machine

Watersquare, Rotterdam

Site: Fisherman’s Bend

Docklands

Cat

Tertiary

Secondary Canal High Tides

Primary Canal

Watersquare designed by a Dutch company called De Urbanisten offered anew sustainable solution to the flooding cities due to heavy rainfall.

Low w

Flood Levels

CBD

Port Melbourne

Hobsons Bay Water Flow Inlets from Primary Waterway Outlets

Water Flow Inlet Outlets

Underground Water Flow Inlets from Primary Waterway Outlets

Unde Prima

MASTERPLAN: MUSSEL PARK 1:350

The consequence: Water quality Water Quality in the Yarra Catchment

Primary Canal Secondary Canal Parkland Canal (low flows) Yarra River Bridges Parks Dwellings Roads

Urban wetlands

Context Map Detail Maribyrnong River Moonee Ponds Creek

Dights Falls fresh water and salt water mixes

- parklands which incorporate the WSUD (Water Sensitive Urban Design) principles and practice - The drainage system is designed to collect stormwater from parks, roads and gutters - The streetscape acts as a sub-catchment area - water flows in the wetland - discharged in an ornamental lake - slowly recedes into the Eumemmerring Creek

the interaction with the user with water is detached

CBD Stony Creek

the use & activity is limited to a remote observation, walking along the designated paths and fully immersed with the site

DOWNSTREAM FLOWS

-layer of developments to drive the efficiency and flexibility in spatial designs

Hobsons Bay

Yarra River Very Poor Poor Moderate Good Excellent

Urbanization

UPSTREAM FLOWS

YARRA RIVER

Lynbrook Estate, Melbourne

Hyde Park, Western Australia

Port Phillip Bay

B B

Yarra River - Upstream vs. Downstream Flow The graph below highlights the difference between the upstream and downstream river. In the downstream the velocity and the level of the water is higher and contains more sediment material. Dense urban areas have little infiltration space for heavy rainfalls.

Separation with urban development’s and natural systems wetland and is only connected by underground pipes.

upstream

downstream

width

depth

Urban Rural Forest

Port Phillip Bay

velocity sediment

Conventional edge conditions

Wetland: Social performer Undulate: Interactive Filtering Mounds (Wetland)

user interaction with water is detached

West Melbourne

South Wharf

The idea is to change the rules of engagement between plant, animal (terrestrial/aquatic) life and people in wetlands. The strategy is to create artificial filtering mounds. It allowed an understanding of the process for cleaning water and how to engage people with water and, questioned the idea of a wetland? However it still followed the same patterns as conventional sustainable developments. The wetlands haven’t been integrated with urban developments.

tion

CBD

Docklands

visible

- no interac

Batman Park South Bank

existing movement naturally drawn to water How do we engage people to water?

Melbourne City

Fishermans Bend

Port Melbourne

W es

Brid

Decrease in Water Level

Increase in Water Level

Flooding the area (Water flexible. Design Intervention fixed)

South Yarra

Hobson’s Bay

How do people move within a particular space in response to water? To what depth of water will people change their direction?

Port Phillip Bay

O C T O N E

LAND

WATER

LAND

P L A N T S

WATER

How to integrate water & land?

ectone = land & water no defined boundary

upland zone

Detail: Edge Condition

riparian zone INCREASE THIS ZONE

Batman Park, Melbourne

aquatic zone

IBLE

Detail: Edge Condition

-VE

Increase in Water Level Water Flow

Decrease in Water Level

Yarra River

Primary Movement Concrete Path

edge

Port Phillip Bay

grass

Flexible edge condition

CLEAN

Designing the Machine

Spen

vertical forces

Flinders street

cer

stree

decrease surface area

way

YAR

outlet

OUTET

YAR

RIVER

a b

CBD

singlular flow

4AM

6AM

8AM

10AM

12PM

2PM

4PM

straight

South Wharf

6PM 8PM

South Bank

Fisherman’s Bend

Proposed contours. The existing topography has been transformed to collect rainwater from the site. The collected water will be filtered by variety of plants before entering the smaller waterways. 1.0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5

1.0 .5

1.0 2.0 1.5 .5

1.5

1.0 1.5 2.01.5 2.0 2.5

2.5

1.0

6.0

They live from the intertidal zone (where the tide comes in and out). They prefer the middle zone which is submerged and exposed each day and has the highest algal diversity. Mussels are excluded from upper zone because they do not have enough time to feed there.

Velocity Pattern of Proposed Canal Lower Higher

FLINDERS STREET

KINGS

Mussels prefer high velocity therefore I had to increase the velocity by proposing a new waterway which connects to the Yarra River.

WAY

increase the water flow

er Hobson’s Bay

Pressures - increasing velocity in certain areas - from larger waterways to narrow waterways

Port Phillip Bay

Primary Canal Secondary Canal Floating Bridges Existing Road Existing Footpath Osyter Shell Provides for natural filtration and purification to reduce the nutrient in the water, and thus inhabiting the development of algae boom.

Grasses

Typical Detail: Secondary Canal 1:50

SECTIONS

.5m apart

Bulbs

Lowest Area

Third lowest point

higher velocity

Able to survive adverse conditions

rainwater diverted into swale

lower velocity medium velocity

When there is no water.

cleanest areas

Section bb

FLINDERS STREET

rra

Riv

Section aa

Mussels prefer high velocity and running water. Mussels get more food when the water velocity is higher.

Hill Highest Area

cleanest water

lower velocity

higher velocity

Floating Path

The vegetation will filter the water before enters the swale. Grasses require more water.

high rainfalls

Section cc

When there is water

Filtering Strip Second Lowest Area

Primary Movement

medium velocity

high tides

Filtering Strip

Canal

Third lowest point

Proposed

no water

How water is collected higher level

The vegetation will filter the water before enters the swale. Grasses less water.

increasing velocity

more friction velocity reduced

5.0 5.5 3.0

Mussels attached to surface Mussels attached on rope net (Hanging Culture)

STR EET

Intertidal pole culture, also known as the bouchot technique is mainly utilised in France.

less friction velocity increased

4.0 4.5

.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0

Mussels location

SPE

FRICTION

2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

3.0

Submerged in water Low Tide - lower zone = larger mussels Medium Tide High tide - Upper Zone = smaller mussels

curvy faster water movement means cleaner water Mussels prefer high velocity.

slower water movement lower velocity Velocity = Rate of Water Movement

Melbourne City

South Yarra

Port Melbourne

1.5

1.5 2.0

Water Level

Docklands

2AM

TIME

R CE

West Melbourne

2.0

- translating the fingerprint into topography - applying it to Batman Park - using level change to expand/contract activities on site

RIV

W 1.0 A .9 T .8 E .7 R .6 .5 L .4 E .3 V .2 E .1 L 0 12AM

NC ER

Mussel Culture Intertidal Pole Culture

INLET

inlet

As the water level increases certain activities will expand while other activities will contract. This will be achieved by transforming the topography

Increasing Surface Area

Lower Higher

Kin

increase surface area

Increasing Velocity

Context Map

EXPANDING & CONTRACTING

At the end of the waterways the water will be clean enough to allow people to swim. The water will than be diverted back to the Yarra River

lower level

lower velocity

increase water

higher velocity increasing velocity

increasing velocity

The operation of a salt water mussel Secondary Canal - Hanging Culture (decrease in water level)

Secondary Canal - Hanging Culture (increase in water level)

Filtering Ability

Mussel Filtering Cycle

Harvesting Techniques

inhales 1 MUSSEL

1 day = 1 mussel = filters 36L

water

filter 2-3 liters of water per hour

.5m

Medium Tide High Tide

.5m During low rainfall conditions Mussels are able to survive without water for several days depending on the specie. When there is no water it will allow people to go underneath the nets to experience a new place. By doing this it will allow people to explore in return will educate them about cleaning water.

1.5m

0m Increase Adjustable Floating Paths

L 0.5m Increase

Secondary Movement

Floating Path

lowest area crushed oyster shell

High Tides

Secondary Canal

Primary Canal

Floating Path

Yarra River

biological monitors

consume

1.5m Increase

60% of the plankton 2.0m Increase

2.5m Increase

exhales

algae organic particles

pollutants

v=L*W*H v = 1m *1m * 1m v = 1 cubic meter volume = 1,000 liters = 27 mussels

usage

chicken (animal) feed

organic farming industry (fertilizers)

food chain

microscopic sea creatures

very poor water quality aquatic life

3.5m Increase

existing contour

wildlife & birds 4.0m Increase

poor water quality

bacteria

3.0m Increase

Secondary Movement

moderate water quality edible for human consumption

Primary Movement

0.0 Water Level Increase

Longline Culture

excellent water quality

consumes

0.5 Water Level Increase

Submerged Medium Tide High Tide

Intertidal Pole Culture

filters it

1.0m Increase

Primary Movement

existing contour

Secondary Movement

150 mussels per meter

water

Primary Movement

Water Level Increase

Section BB Low Tides

Section AA water collected from surrounding area

.5m

1.5m

CYCLE

“Harbour water from jar is filled in two glasses. In the right one, a handful of mussels are placed. The left glass is used as comparison”.

“After an hour, the mussels have filtered the water so that it becomes transparent”.

(crushed) mussel shell Provides for natural filtration and purification to reduce the nutrient in the water, and thus enabling the development of algae boom.

172.

How the Mussel Park informs future developments Existing Site Zone_02 Section EE 1:50

ROAD

EXISTING FACTORY

ROAD

Phase_01: Primary Canal Zone_02 mussells

Section EE 1:50

boat movement

50m

rth

PRIMARY CANAL High Tide Low Tide

crushed mussel shells

crushed mussel shells PRIMARY CANAL

EXISTING FACTORY

ROAD

EXISTING FACTORY

PRIMARY CANAL

Phase_03: Residential & Secondary Canals Zone_02 Section EE 1:50

no rth

su n

High Tide Low Tide

crushed mussel shells boat movement

mussells

level apartment

mussels

DWELLING

boat movement

PRIMARY CANAL

DWELLING

SECONDARY CANAL ROAD

ROAD

level apartment

crushed mussel shells

level apartment ROAD

DWELLING

level apartment

DWELLING

PRIMARY CANAL

ROAD

DWELLING

50m PRIMARY CANAL

Cut - 720 square meters

Phase_01: Primary Canal (Cut & Fill) Zone_01

Fill - 1800 square meters

Section DD 1:75

Existing Contour

PRIMARY CANAL

Phase_02: Residential & Secondary Canals Zone_01 Section DD 1:75 no

rth

boat movement

mussells

boat movement High Tide Low Tide

50m

mixed dwelling DWELLING

ROAD

SECONDARY CANAL

town-house PRIMARY CANAL DWELLING

level apartment town-house ROAD DWELLING PRIMARY CANAL DWELLING SECONDARY CANAL

town-house PRIMARY CANAL DWELLING

level apartment ROAD DWELLING SECONDARY CANAL

high-rise DWELLING

ROAD ROAD SECONDARY CANAL

The Mussel Park

chments

Site: Fisherman’s Bend

Parkland

water flows

Future Zonning

Dwellings

Primary & Secondary Canal

Freeway & Roads

Water Quality: Primary Canal

Excess water

Docklands

CBD inlet 50-100m radius

t Wes

te Fre

50-100m radius

High Density / High Rises High Density / Low Rises Medium Density / Low Rises Low Density / Low Rises Commercial / Business Mussel Markets

Port Melbourne

Hobsons Bay

Very Poor Poor Moderate Excellent

Primary Canal Secondary Canal outlet

Water Flow Inlet from Primary Waterway Inlet from Secondary Waterway Outlets to Yarra River

erground Outlets into ary Waterway

Iteration_01: Testing the Mussel Machine on Site

Water Quality Informing Edge Condition

Development Time Line Present

G LIN CT EA EL ITY E E PA AL AP IM AC E AR G DW QU SC N SP ET L OF RFAC ER EE ISTIN VE RE SU LE EX WAT ST GR

DESIGN TOOL ZONE 1

high

vacant land ZONE 2

employment area

high

Phase_01

Phase_02

Phase_03

2100

high

Zone_02

Primary Canals

Zone_03

Primary Canals

De-industrialize Residential Secondary Canals Employment

varies ZONE 3

Employment

De-industrialize low

low

varies

high

Water Quality

E.coli

Characteristics

Edge

Recreation

Zone

Edible Mussels

Moderate

less than 200 org/100 mL

Primary Contact

soft edge terraced

fishing boating activities kayaking canoeing swimming

mix-use medium density

yes

(low rainfalls

Very Good

none

Primary Contact

soft edge stone embankment

all forms of recreation

mix-use high density

yes

mussel markets maximum capacity only embankments for public

Excellent

none

Primary Contact

soft edge intimate space semi/private

all forms of recreation

varies

yes

mussel markets only

Phase_04

Mussel Markets

Water Quality

E.coli

Characteristics

Edge

very poor

1001 and 5000 org/100 mL

secondary contact

hard edge

poor

201 and 1000 org/100 mL

secondary contact

hard edge terraced

nill

removal medium medium low medium

docks employment area

2050

Residential Secondary Canals

Primary Canals

Zone_01

excellent

nill

2020

Residential Secondary Canals Employment

Recreation boats visual use not suitable for swimming fishing boating activities kayaking canoeing no generally for swimming

Zone

Edible Mussels

Edible Usage

Mussel Density

business

none

crushed shell for canals & paths

maximum capacity

mix-use low denisty

none

fertilizers animal feed

maximum capacity

swimming

Edible Usage

Mussel Density

public

medium

varies

MASTERPLAN: MUSSEL PARK 1:600

Primary Canal Secondary Canal Yarra River Bridges Parks Dwellings Roads Blocks Business / Industrial

basin_01 basin_01

basin_02

basin_03

Existing Industrial

south position

Existing Trees Remain

Section FF

basin_02

control points sediment basins

sed

Existing Industrial

ime

basin_03

nt bas

in con

trol

point

moderate water excellent water

Existing Industrial

Section GG

Sporting Activities / Events (Open Area)

F F

very poor water

poor water

+VE Existing Industrial

DIRTY

Existing Industrial

Bike Path

Section HH

DETAIL_01 H

West Gate Park

Bike Path

poor water moderate water

L SE

ER WAT

Section ii

mussel markets

ITY

Detail of Stone Embankment

Detail of Secondary Canal

ITY AL QU runoff wainwater

i low tides

primary canal

food

high tides

tertiary waterway catchments areas

primary canal

Semi-private Space (Intimate Area)

secondary canal

parkland canal

existing park

Yarra River

Section jj

Yarra River

Site Condition

Housing Typology Detail_01: Phases 1 & 3

Infrastructure

ZONE 2

1:200

Dwellings

Primary Canal Bridges

Secondary Canals Sportsgrounds

Dwelling (Residential) Roads Design Tool_01: Dwelling must not cast shadow on waterway

Longline Culture

Level Apartment (occupy one level)

Mixed Typology

Apartment Block

Townhouse

West 8 Borneo Sporenburg Density: Average 100dph across the site Brief: higher density, housing development Spatial Design: - waterfront development - vibrant urban landscape - colourful buildings facing the calm waterfront areas - low-rise housing - intimate houses descend toward the water - sublime relationship between indoor and outdoor space

Residential Commercial s Bay son

Commercial underground garage

semi-private

underground garage

streetscape Level apartments

public

3-6 storey

Typical Detail: Primary Canal 1:150

Business / Industrial - includes carspaces Residential - includes front & back lawns Residential - High rises

semi-private

Town Houses

max 20 storey

3-4 storey

20m

West Gate Freeway Streetscape Train Line

garage

Apartment

20m

10m

av. 40m

10m

Yarra River (Water Depths)

Hob

public

underground garage

Mixed Commercial / Residential

south position

20m

10m

setback

Primary School Ports

no high-rises

Privately owed (vacant land, front & back lawns)

av. 50-80 square meters

more sunlight

0.5m apart

av. 100-300 square meters

av. 200 square meters

more food

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

bigger mussels

max 1m

more filtering

max 1m

communal roof garden

10-15m 5-10m Restricted Water Downstream Flows Upstream Flows

Pervious Surfaces

Collecting Rainwater Rooftop

shade morning afternoon evening E

Balconies

Green Spaces

Topography

Water Edge Set Back

North Slope N

South Slope E

S W

50m

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

roof garden / terrace private

communal roof garden

min 3m

Solar Studies Summer Sun

max 1m

Winter Sun

max 1m

Increasing Sunlight Balconies

N E

Facade

min 3m N 75degree

28degree

E S

boat movement - high tides 15m

Orientation Dwelling Waterfront View

West Gate Park Reserve Ovals

boat movement - low tides 10m

Increase Sunlight

Spacing

Topography

S E

W N

Waterfront developments Spatial Qualities

Scape Oyster-tecture

Mussel Habitat

The project Oyster-tecture by Kate Orff uses oysters to clean the polluted water. Her vision is to clean up polluted water and protect the city from sea level rise whilst restoring aquatic habitats. Kate Orff states that her idea was to “help start a movement, not do a design”. The project is driven by ecological process being oysters to generate “decimated shellfish industries”.

food availability

energy sunlight

alage algae grow in shallow waters. as algae grow co2 is consumed and oxygen is released

Implementing the Machine Fisherman’s Bend & Port Melbourne (Planning Minister Vision) ZONE 1

ZONE 2

- 100 hectares - 7,500 dwellings - high rise - high density

Areas under Consideration - converting factories into homes - built in stages - converting factories into homes

Flowing water 1-2m 4m

Flood Plain Mussel static water

Conventional developments along river

Moderate Excellent

DESIGN TOOL_01: Low Impact on all Areas

DESIGN TOOL_02: Impact on Existing Residential

DESIGN TOOL_03: High Impact on Area 3

Challenging developments along river RIVER

RIVER

4m min

Very Poor Poor

Site Condition ZONE 3

North side - not part of the current proposal at this stage - highly active area

canals

EDGE CONDITION HIGH RISES 15+ STOREY

Inundation ?

can survive out of the water for several days

high rise built parallel to river conventional edge conditions

Mussel Machine low rise built parallel to river new canals, more green space

Docklands, Melbourne

Northshore, Queensland

wooden pillar

Adhesive ability

173.

Conclusion The project is about a Mussel Machine which is, a device created to divert, collect and clean some of water from the Yarra River. It is made up of many canals, each with a certain task. The machine is a new tool for water management used to drive future urban developments. It aims to provoke a new way of thinking about natural filters for urban sprawl. It also creates spectacular waterfront views for housing developments as well as employment areas. The proposal is for this machine to be implemented in Port Melbourne to create the Mussel Park. The Mussel Machine relies on salt water mussels to clean the water. It is designed to accommodate for maximum mussel density, to ensure greater volume and improved water quality. The spatial parameters of the canals provide optimal conditions for the mussels to filter the water and are designed to control the volume and velocity of water. The canals can be modified depending upon the site and development proposal provided that, the length is not modified. This is to ensure the water quality is not compromised. The Mussel Park is a catalyst which provides a new framework for designing. It’s not just a cleaning machine but an urban renewal for the existing and future developments. The Mussel Park is integrated into the urban fabric to balance life, work and play environment. It offers different engagements with the water according to its water quality. As the water quality changes so does the type of development, dwelling density, recreational activities, edge condition and access to the mussels. The planning minister’s vision only focuses to develop one zone at a time making the developments independent of each other. Whereas the Mussel Park is done in phases which are all connected through the canals. It’s a device that thinks through all the phases. Unlike the conventional wetlands, mussels are more efficient because they have been directly implemented with houses and are used for food production while allowing aquatic life to co-exist. This unconventional way not only purifies the water but, produces a system capable of growing with urban development’s delivering a new way of living. It has the potential to increase property value because of the waterfront view, the employment for the mussel markets and harvesting. The role of Landscape Architects is not just to promote better living conditions for people, by encouraging more sustainable urban development’s but also, to consider natural systems as an important part of the design and planning process. Planning and design decisions need to be made with a thorough understanding of the environmental, social and economic impact as well as potential future plans. Therefore it is also important for spatial developments not to be seen as a separate entity. This will ensure a positive influence on environments including the social and ecological qualities which enrich life.

174.

175.

Reference 1. Sara D. Lloyd, “Catchment Hydrology”, Water sensitive urban design in Australian context, (2000): 1-25. www.catchment.crc.org. au/pdfs/technical200107.pdf 2. Tony H F Wong, Water sensitive urban design – a paradigm shift in urban design, .2011. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://gabeira. locaweb.com.br/cidadesustentavel/biblioteca/%7B30788FE6-98A8-44E5-861E-996D286A78B3%7D_Wong1.pdf. [Accessed 25 September 2011] 3. The Watersquare, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 2009, World architecture news, Viewed 10 June 2011 < http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com> 4. The Watersquare, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 2009, Blogspot, Viewed 10 June 2011 <http://drjinudbartlett.blogspot.com/2009/12/ watersquare-rotterdam-netherlands-by-de.html> 5. Water Harvesting Systems : Traditional Systems. 2011. Water Harvesting Systems : Traditional Systems. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Rural/thar-desert_tradi.htm. [Accessed 25 September 2011] 6. The Water Conserving Syntax: a rationale for sustainable urban performance. 2011. The Water Conserving Syntax: a rationale for sustainable urban performance. [ONLINE] Available at: http://issuu.com/rahul_labyrinth/docs/waterconservingsyntax. [Accessed 25 September 2011] 7. Water Harvesting Systems : Traditional Systems. 2011. Water Harvesting Systems : Traditional Systems. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Rural/thar-desert_tradi.htm. [Accessed 25 September 2011] 8.

Pearce, Fred, When the river run dry, Eden project books, 2006

9. Sara D. Lloyd, “Catchment Hydrology”, Water sensitive urban design in Australian context, (2000): 1-25. www.catchment.crc.org. au/pdfs/technical200107.pdf 10-11. Die lebende Welt der Weichtiere. 2011. Die lebende Welt der Weichtiere. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.weichtiere.at. [Accessed 25 September 2011] 12-13. Kate Orff, “Scape / Landscape Architecture” Harvard Design Magazine 33, Fall/22 Winter (2010–2011): . 22. http://www.gsd. harvard.edu/research/publications/hdm/current/HDM33_Orff.pdf 14-16. 2011 « The Melbourne Urbanist. 2011. 2011 « The Melbourne Urbanist. [ONLINE] Available at: http://melbourneurbanist.wordpress.com/2011. [Accessed 25 September 2011] 17-18.

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179.

Appendix MUSSEL PARK A machine for living Water Quality in the Yarra Catchment

Very Poor Poor Moderate Good Excellent

Mussel - Nature’s Filter

runoff rainwater

mussels

water

cleaner water

Mussel is a bivalve mollusk which can be found in both freshwater and saltwater

primary waterway

habitats. Mussels are also known as filter feeders because they consume variety of

low tides

high tides

R IVE AR RR YA

flood

microscopic particles (algae, bacteria and organic particles), pollutants in water. They are also known as biological monitors.

tertiary waterway

UPSTREAM FLOWS

Nature’s Filters

Port Phillip Bay

fresh water, marine environments, streams, lakes and creeks salty intertidal zone where the ocean meets the shore

mussels

Urban, Rural & Forest Map

fresh water

Urban Rural Forest

Plants: Sand

Coconut:

Oysters

primary waterway

catchments areas

secondary waterway

Clams attached to the rocky surface Water enters the coconut through its husk

adding oxygen

remove carbon dioxide

absorb

capture larger sediment

consume many harmful pollutants while feeding

capture dirt

water hyacinth

Water lettuce

parkland waterway

consuming the freefloating phytoplankton that exists in the waterways

The water travels through many fibers being purified where it is stored away STERILE in the nut itself

DOWNSTREAM FLOWS

polluted by oil or other possible contaminants

sea takes almost 9 months to filter each liter of water

move more freely

existing park

Port Phillip Bay

Yarra River

How do mussels filter water? Waterway Infrastructure

ROAD INFRASTRUCTURES Primary Roads Secondary Roads

Dights Falls fresh water and salt water mixes

Houses

1 day = 1 mussel = filters 36L

1 MUSSEL filter 2-3 liters of water per hour

WATERWAY INFRASTRUCTURES Yarra River Primary Waterway Secondary Waterway Parkland Waterway

150 mussels per meter

water

WATER DIRECTION Existing (Yarra River) Primary Waterway

1m biological monitors

v=L*W*H v = 1m *1m * 1m v = 1 cubic meter volume = 1,000 liters = 27 mussels

consume

Context Map

60% of the plankton

pollutants

Catchment Areas (sports ground) Bio Rentention Swales Bridges (Primary) 2m contours

algae

West Melbourne

bacteria

CBD

organic particles

West Gate Park

microscopic sea creatures

Docklands

Water Collections - high flows Water Collections - low flows

South Fishermans Bend

Melbourne

How do mussels circulate water? GILLS

South Yarra

Port Melbourne

gills act as the sieves to remove the particles from the water water flows out

WEST GATE FREEWAY Port Phillip Bay

narrow entrance restricts the volume of water flowing into and out of the Bay on each tidal cycle and this results in a micro-tidal range (less than two metres)

Palps

W 1.0 A .9 T .8 E .7 R .6 .5 L .4 E .3 V .2 E .1 L 0

cilia (small hairs)

- particles trapped in mucous

The Yarra has a tidal range of 2.2 metres

food particles

- flowing down gills

move water and food particles by beating together rhythmically in waves

- particles flowing towards mouth

mouth

filaments

12AM

2AM 4AM

6AM

8AM

10AM

12PM

2PM

4PM

6PM 8PM

GA TE

10PM

TIME

Mininum: .100m Maxinum: .900m Average: .800m

upstream

collects inhales filter it filters it

CYCLE

yarra river

CYCLE water

return exhales

use it

consumes

Textures / materials

width

depth velocity

Mussel Habitat

sediment

rocks

golf ball

rope

Flowing water

WEST GATE FREEWAY river mussels Flood Plain Mussel static water

Landscape Architect: Kate Orff Location: New York City’s Aim: clean up pollutted water and protect city from sea level rise. What: “created waves in the ecology/ landscape environemtal field with her restoration of damaged habitats”. How: Oysters are natural pollutant filters. driven by ecological process to generate many levels of urban interventions. Question: “How to use natural process to regenerate our own decimated shellfish industries”.

http://www.weichtiere.at/english/bivalvia/common_mussel.html

“Harbour water from Juist is filled in two glasses. In the right one, a handful of mussels are placed. The left glass is used as comparison”.

“After an hour, the mussels have filtered the water so that it becomes transparent. Source: Aldebaran (1997)”.

PORT PHILLIP BAY -VE

Inundation WATER can survive out of the water for several days

food availability alage

CLEAN algae grow in shallow waters. as algae grow co2 is consumed and oxygen is released

WATERPLEINEN (Watersquares)

Designed: Florian Boer & Marco Vermeulen Location: Rotterdam Description: Multi-functional space when dry or inundated

wooden pillar

upland

Direction of Water Flow

Primary Waterway Zoom In 1:150

Port Phillip Bay

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

Primary Waterway Zoom in

Zoom In: Mussel Culture .5m apart

Sec

Zoom In: Mussel Culture

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

max 1m max 1m

swale Section ee 1:450

mussels

WATERWAY INFRASTRUCTURE

bioren sw

min 3m

Velocity Pattern of Proposed Waterway

Velocity = Rate of Water Movement

boat movement - high tides 15m

FORM

50m

PRIMARY WATERWAY

boat movement - low tides 10m

Lower Higher

road

50m

1.6m

Dwelling

5.8m

1.5m

10m

a b a

c b c

Secondary Waterway Zoom In 1:50

straight

curvy

Pressures

slower water movement lower velocity

faster water movement means cleaner water Mussels prefer high velocity.

- increasing velocity in certain areas - from larger waterways to narrow waterways

.5m apart

SECTIONS Section aa

Section bb higher velocity

Section cc

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

How water is collected

lower velocity higher velocity

lower velocity medium velocity

higher level lower level

lower velocity

medium velocity

high rainfalls

higher velocity

turbulent flow

Intertidal pole culture, also known as the bouchot technique is mainly utilised in France.

high tides

laminar flow

Flowing Water

PRIMARY WATERWAY

FRICTION

- slow moving - smaller sedimentts - decrease in erosion - increase deposition

- medium velocity - faster velocity - increase erosion - larger sediments - no floodplain

road

50m

Section of Waterway

swale

biorentention swale

swale

Section dd 1:450

1.5m

5.8m

dwelling 1m

secondary 3m

dwelling 3m

road

10m

1.3m

gradient energy level

liess friction velocity increased

more friction velocity reduced

Bio Rentention Swale

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

singlular flow

swale

biorentention swale

swale

biorentention swale

Section cc 1:450

PRIMARY WATERWAY

road

dwelling

50m

1.5m 3m 1m

10m

dwelling

secondary 2m

10m

road 1.4m

5.6m

dwelling 1m

10m

secondary

dwelling

10m

increasing velocity

increasing velocity increase the water flow

cleanest areas

cleanest water Section aa 1:1500

Primary Road

Catchment Areas (Sportsground)

bridge

20m

65m

20m

street

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

bridge road

dwellings

45m

70m

85m

100m

15m

115m

Section bb 1:1500

Primary Road

Catchment Areas (Sportsground)

street

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

bridge road

dwellings

20m

60m

75m

85m

100m

15m

120m

180.

PRIMARY WATERWAY

Water Flow Inlet Outlets

SECONDARY WATERWAY

Water Flow Inlets from Primary Waterway Outlets

TERTIARY WATERWAY

Underground Water Flow Inlets from Primary Waterway Outlets

CBD

High Tides

sediment basin 01

sediment basin 02

sediment basin 03

sediment basins

sediment basin 03

c c

d d

primary road (bridge) primary bridge

Flood Levels

1:3000

AY EEW

E FR

T GAT

WES

+VE

DIRTY

CATCHMENTS

Low water flows Underground Outlets into Primary Waterway

D CB

ITY

W es

Y LIT UA RQ TE WA

ate

Bri

an’s

Ben

herm

Fis

PARKLAND

Water Flow Inlet from Primary Waterway Inlet from Secondary Waterway Outlets to Yarra River

Excess water

1:15000

Waterway Infrastructures

Approach to mixing programs & infrastructures

PRIMARY BRIDGES

residential / commercial areas flood prone area

ondary Waterway Zoom in

views between reidential areas

higher mussel culture 2m apart

Pedestrians & Cyclist (6m wide) Vehicles (15m wide)

secondary

.5m

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

swale

biorentention swale

ntention wale

Dwelling 3.5m

road

10m

1.5m

PRIMARY WATERWAY 2m

50m 5m apart

5m apart

exposed to sunlight more food

Bridges

10m apart less access

High points No Mussels underneigh bridge - allows for boat movement Low points Mussel Culture underneigh bridge - no boat movement

biorentention swale

swale

biorentention swale

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

Bridges on Primary Waterway

residential residential

distance between bridges min: 5m

residential

max level

residential commercial

commercial

park land

dwelling

secondary

10m

dwelling 3m

10m

road 1.4m

5.5m

dwelling

road

PRIMARY WATERWAY

5.5m

50m

Bridges on Primary Land

residential

max level

residential

max level

commercial

biorentention swale

swale

biorentention swale

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

swale

biorentention swale

swale

How water flows (high tide) flows from Primary Waterway to Secondary Waterway road 1.4m

5.6m

dwelling 1m

10m

secondary

dwelling

10m

road 1.4m

5.6m

dwelling 1m

10m

secondary

dwelling

10m

road 1m

4.8m

Zoom in - Water Flow 1:400

PRIMARY WATERWAY 1m

50m

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

SECONDARY WATERWAY

bridge

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

160m

100m

Primary Waterway 20m

50m

PRIMARY WATERWAY

street dwelling secondary dwelling street 8m

11m

10m

Catchment Areas (Sportsground)

primary road & train line

55m

30m

Catchment Areas (Sportsground)

primary road & train line

50m

30m

Zoom in - Water Flow

high tide flows to

bridge

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

165m

100m

secondary waterwa

Primary Waterway 40m

50m

street dwelling secondary dwelling street 8m

10m

11m

10m

181.