Anna Barilla Concise ADR by marieluise jonas

Research Question ...........................................................................................................

4-5

Abstract ..............................................................................................................................

6-7

Introduction......................................................................................................................... 8 -11 THE CONVENTIONAL WAY (Stormwater management) -

What is the Conventional Way? .............................................................................. Why change the Conventional Way? ...................................................................... Yarra River (Water quality) ...................................................................................... What happens when we change the Conventional Approach?..............................

CONVENTIONAL EDGE CONDITIONS - Context Map............................................................................................................ - Why Batman Park, Melbourne?............................................................................... - Natural Edge Conditions.......................................................................................... - How to challenge the Edge Condition...................................................................... - Ancient Method of Water Harvasting .................................................................... • a tool to understand topography - Design Development............................................................................................... A SHIFT TO UNCONVENTIONAL APPROACH

12 -21 14 16 18 20

15 17 19 21

22 - 49 24 26 30 32 34

25 29 31 33 37

38 - 49 50 - 57

- Wetlands & Water Senistive Urban Design (WSUD)................................................ 52 - 53 - How to challenge Wetlands?................................................................................... 54 - 57 NATURAL FILTERS: SALT WATER MUSSELS - Natural Filters........................................................................................................... - Why Mussells........................................................................................................... - Mussel’s Filter Cycle................................................................................................ - Mussel Cultures.......................................................................................................

58 - 71 62 64 68 70

63 67 69 71

Contents FISHERMAN’S BEND, PORT MELBOURNE - Site Selection........................................................................................................... - Why Fisherman’s Bend, Melbourne?....................................................................... - Site Analysis............................................................................................................. - Fromer Brownfield Site............................................................................................ - Case Studies........................................................................................................... DESIGNING THE SYSTEM, MUSSEL PARK

72 - 89 74 76 80 86 88

75 79 85 87 89

90 -123

- Masterplan Vision.................................................................................................... 92 - 95 - Designing the System.............................................................................................. 96 -101 - Proposed Water Infrastructure................................................................................ 102-103 - Primary Canal.......................................................................................................... 104-107 - Bridges..................................................................................................................... 108-111 - Secondary Canal..................................................................................................... 112-115 - Relationship between Canals.................................................................................. 116-119 - Tertiary, Catchment & Parkland Canal..................................................................... 120-121 - Houses..................................................................................................................... 122-123 Design Development Using Mussel Park as a tool for water management to drive urban developments

124-149

- How Fisherman’s Bend should be developed......................................................... 126-129 - Dwelling Typology..................................................................................................... 130-133 - The Planning Ministers Vision for the development of Fisherman’s Bend.............. 134-137 • How to use Mussel Park as a tool for water management to drive urban developments? - How to Activate Stage 1 of Developments?............................................................ 138-147 - Future Trajectory...................................................................................................... 148-149 Reference Bibliography

150-152 153

How to challenge conventional water management in an urban development? or (How to use water management as a tool to drive urban developments?)

Research Question

Conventional water recourses management need to be challenged to ensure that future Australian cities are clean, liveable and accessible. In early times, the conventional, independent grid system approach was an effective scheme which quickly and, efficiently removed stormwater runoff onto receiving waters. The increase of population, extra demand for water, increased pollutants levels, new social relations and climate change, has raised new sets of questions and concerns regarding the effectiveness and functionality of the system. The aim of the project is to evaluate the current water infrastructure and its relationship with human, nature and urban development. It is important for the water infrastructure to not only be visible but to be multi functional in order to effectively conserve and recycle water for future consumption and, to be flexible and regenerative, more like natural systems.

Numerous initiatives have been taken to try and change the conventional ways. The attempt has been to provide for a more â&#x20AC;&#x153;ecologically sustainable urban environmentâ&#x20AC;?. One initiative known as, Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD), is a new approach to managing urban stormwater to minimize the impact of urban developments in our waterways and bays. Wetlands have been integrated with this urban cycle to improve water bodies and enhance environmental values. Despite this momentum, the results in the field of sustainable urban planning and design have been disappointing. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s still rigid to be able to respond to the dynamics of spatial developments. Wetlands are not completely incorporated into urban developments as major roads act as a barrier between urban development and wetlands, reducing human interaction and access. Urban water and human activity need to co-exist to ensure more efficient use of water resources in urban areas as, the pressure for lack of fresh water increases.

Abstract The proposal is of an unconventional water urban infrastructure generated by salt water mussel culture to create better sustainable approaches to designing. The chosen site is Fishermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bend in Port Melbourne as, the Planning Ministerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vision is driven by high density and high rises which is seen as a conventional urban development. The Mussel Park looks at new ways to re-engineer the urban water cycle to implement, purify and, recycle water from the river for domestic and, recreational use. The excess is diverted back into the Yarra River with the end result of improved water quality in the natural systems. The new water infrastructure controls the water flow, creates optimal conditions for the mussels to thrive in and, allows for a larger volume of water to be filtered. Unlike the conventional wetlands, mussels are more efficient because they have been directly implemented with houses and are used for food productions. This unconventional way not only purified the water but, produced a system capable of growing with urban developmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s providing a new way of living.

Introduction

To ensure that Australian cities of the future are clean, liveable and accessible places, conventional water infrastructure need to be challenged. The current grid system which consists of concrete underground pipes is not flexible enough to adapt to the increase of urbanisation and the effects of climate change. Even though there has been a shift to more â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;sustainableâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; developments through wetlands it is still too rigid to be able to respond to the dynamics of spatial developments.

The role of Landscape Architect is not only to promote better living conditions for people by encouraging more sustainable urban developmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s but to consider natural systems as an important part of designing and planning decisions.

colllage of the conventional urban stormwater management

10.

colllage of the un conventional urban stormwater management Multi functional in managing and improving other resourses

11.

12.

The Conventional Way?

13.

What is the conventional way?

Water Management & Developments The conventional urban stormwater management consists of underground concrete pipes that convey stormwater runoff from the catchment and, discharge it directly into the receiving waters. This hard system has been used since settlement with little regard for the “ecological integrity of our receiving waters”1. This conventional treatment of stormwater runoff in urban developments has been driven by an attitude of “out of sight out of mind”2. This attitude reflected the management of stormwater runoff having neither value as a useful resource nor any amenity qualities for the urban environment. These urban practices lead to degradation of our natural environment.

14.

Fig 2.

Fig 1.

Fig 3.

Fig 4.

Vassallo Constructions : Mulherin Drive Drainage Project. 2011. Vassallo Constructions : Mulherin Drive Drainage Project. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.vassallo.com.au/info. php?projectName=2. [Accessed 25 September 2011]

Figure 1.

City of Troy Warned to Halt Illegal Discharge | Riverkeeper. 2011. City of Troy Warned to Halt Illegal Discharge | Riverkeeper. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.riverkeeper. org/news-events/news/city-of-troy-warned-tohalt-illegal-discharge. [Accessed 25 September 2011]. Figures 2-3.

Stormwater | WakeUP Wake County. 2011. Stormwater | WakeUP Wake County. [ONLINE] Available at: http://wakeupwakecounty.com/cms/Stormwater. [Accessed 25 September 2011]

Figure 4.

15.

Why change the conventional way?

The urban area in the Yarra Catchment has one of the worst water qualities when compared to the rural and forest areas. Also the change in climate means, more and irregular rainfalls, higher temperatures, sea level rise, soil drying out and flooding. This concrete pipe system cannot accommodate for these changes as it is mono functional, rigid and not flexible. It is one of the main causes of our natural environment dreadful conditions. It is important for the water infrastructure to not only be visible but, to be sustainable in order to accommodate for the changing climate and, increase of urbanisation. To also be multi-functional and effectively conserve and recycle water for future consumption while being flexible and regenerative, mimicking natural systems.

Water Quality in the Yarra Catchment

Port Phillip Bay

16.

Very Poor Poor Moderate Good Excellent

Urbanization in the Yarra Catchment

Urban Rural Forest

17.

Yarra River (Water Quality)

The Yarra River through its lower section has experienced rapid increase of urbanization which has contributed to the contamination of the watershed system which in turn has affected the water quality. This research only concentrates on the lowers sectors of the Yarra River because it has the worst water quality when compared to the nearby rivers and creeks. Refer to the graphs on the right. Fig 5.

The graph on the opposite page shows the difference between the upstream and downstream water bodies. In the downstream the velocity and the level of the water is higher and contains more sediment material, nitrogen, phosphorus, heavy metal and fine sediments. These pollutants originate from a variety of sources including construction sites, synthetic and organic litter and atmospheric deposition. Stormwater is a major source of pollution in rivers and creeks. It affects the overall health of waterways. The volume of stormwater runoff to receiving waters is higher and rapid in urban catchments because dense urban areas have little space for heavy rainfall. As stormwater runoff rates increase so does water borne pollution such as litter, sediments, heavy metals and nutrients. In turn, it increases the nutrient content and pollutant levels in receiving waters, making the water unfit for both habitats and recreational activities for instance swimming.

Fig 6.

Fig 7.

Fig 8.

18.

Context Map Zoom In Maribyrnong River Moonee Ponds Creek

Dights Falls fresh water and salt water mixes

CBD Stony Creek

Hobsons Bay

Yarra River Port Phillip Bay The graph above shows the difference between the upstream and downstream river. In the downstream the velocity and the level of the water is higher and contains more sediment material. Dense urban areas have little infiltration space for heavy rainfalls.

Yarra River - Upstream vs. Downstream Flow downstream

upstream

width

depth velocity sediment Melbourne Water : Rivers and Creeks : River Health : Index of River Condition. 2011. Melbourne Water : Rivers and Creeks : River Health : Index of River Condition. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.melbournewater.com. au/content/rivers_and_creeks/river_health/index_of_river_condition.asp?bhcp=1. [Accessed 25 September 2011]

Figures 5-8.

19.

What happens when we change the conventional approach?

Watersquare The Watersquare designed by a Dutch company called De Urbanisten offered a new sustainable solution to the “flooding cities due to heavy rainfall”3. The unconventional urban policy by the City of Rotterdam looked at new ways to store and collect water. This Watersquare stores rainwater from the surrounding neighborhood creating an “attractive space to meet, play and engage in sports”4. During heavy rainfalls the square will be filled with water where streams, brooklets and ponds will emerge hence offering new programs for people. The rain will than slowly recede, into nearby bodies of water or into the soil. Most of the year, this Watersquare will remain dry. This has resulted not only as a “social and public angle but also commercially” because it has influenced property values and the health of people living and, or working nearby. By challenging the conventional ways it was able to generate a spatial infrastructure for water and people to co-exist, creating new interaction between human and the environment. Even though the project challenges the conventional ways of water management it still does not address the water quality as the water is filtered first before entering the Watersquare. This water is not recycled for residential use. Its only purpose is to improve nearby water bodies and to be briefly enjoyed by the public.

Fig 9.

20.

World Architecture News, Official Home Page, architecture news, architecture jobs. 2011. World Architecture News, Official Home Page, architecture news, architecture jobs. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. worldarchitecturenews.com. [Accessed 25 September 2011].

Figures 9-12.

Fig 10.

Fig 11.

Fig 12.

21.

22.

Conventional Edge Conditions

23.

Context Map

Batman Park, Melbourne. The first site selected is Batmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park, in Melbourne. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s been chosen because it has a conventional edge condition along the Yarra River.

West Melbourn

Fishermans Bend

Port Melbourne

Port Phillip Bay

24.

ne CBD

Docklands South Wharf

Site_01: Batman Park Melbourne

South Yarra

25.

Why Batman Park, Melbourne

Conventional Built Edge Condition The first site selected is Batman’s Park in Melbourne. This park is a great example of a conventional built edge condition with its distinct boundary between water (river) and land (built area). It sits on an almost flat section of the riverbank which very occasionally floods. This built edge condition is not accessible or flexible and cannot adapt to the shifting environment of water level fluctuation. A ‘fluid terrain’ would benefit this area to blur the boundaries between water and land. Also allowing people to enjoy the river.

LAND

O C T O N E

WATER

P L A N T S

LAND

WATER

How to integrate water & land?

ectone = land & water no defined boundary

upland zone riparian zone INCREASE THIS ZONE

aquatic zone

Batman Park Edge Condition

water Yarra river

Primary movement Concrete Path

Edge condition

Grass

Oil & Water Experiment (represents water and land)

boundary between land water water and oil create their own boundary

boundary between land water

increasing water, land formations

26.

tm r nce S pe

rk Pa n a

King

y s Wa

27.

28.

Using the fluctuation of water level to change the conventional edge condition

Edge Condition - How to respond to the shifting environment? How to create an informative walk to expose people to various ecosystems on the site? Through inundating and creating variety of paths? the interaction with the user with water is detached ction

tera - no in visible

existing movement naturally drawn to water How do we engage people to water?

surrounding context

water

- by transforming the existing path I’m directing people’s views - transforming the function of a path (perhaps provides seating, skateboarding area) other activities

allowing the path to be flooded in certain areas allows natural occurrence to change the direction what happens when the water recedes? it reveals the landscape’s function ecosystems are formed

How do people move within a particular space in response to water? To what scale of water will people change their direction?

29.

Natural Edge Conditions

The Effects of Water Over time water transforms the topography of soil, sand and rock. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important to understand the dynamics of this phenomenon before planning for change: dry soil cracks; wet soil falls apart (erosion); water waves going in and out constantly and visibly change sand scenery; water interacting with minerals present in rocks produce chemical reactions (e.g. salt crystals). Working with beach follies helped understand how the more one tried to control water flow, the quicker the site would be destroyed. SAND

form

SOIL

effects of water changes the form

dry / cracks

clay soil

erosion soil

30.

Ripple marks agitation by water (current or waves) or wind. current Catenary

Linguoid / Lunate

straight ripple

less restriction

Sinuous Ripple

restricting

Beach Follie

ROCK

weathering breakdown

Chemical weathering

Hydraulic action

Salt-crystal growth

- water interacts with minerals - absorbed by the minerals in rocks - create various chemical reactions

- pressure is exerted when waves force air into crevices - then released as waves retreat - causing small forceful,

- solutions seep into cracks - evaporates - leaving salt crystals - salt crystals heat up - salt crystals expand -exert pressure on the confining rock

high-pressure explosions

Perspective View of Batman Park YARRA RIVER

s ng

Flinders St

ay W

c en

secondary movement

water movement

Flinders St

primary movement

ay W

31.

How to challenge the edge condition?

The challenge was to mimic the natural edge conditions of water level fluctuations and, applying it to Batman Park. After designing it, the question was whether mimicking the aesthetics of natural phenomenon actually responded to the shifting environment? The result was a successful modification of movement through the site which helped change the program/activities.

32.

33.

Ancient Method of water harvesting

Kunds The Kund was a water tank used in India, in ancient times, to harvest water. This was a “circular underground well” with a “saucer-shaped catchment area which gently sloped towards the centre where the well was situated”5. The Kunds were built in relation to the valleys and the watershed characteristics of the regions. They diverted water by creating swales and vegetated surfaces. This was achieved by understanding the system through careful analysis of topography and terrain. A kund was more than just a water tank. It was a “social urban performer”6. It engaged in social relationship and created new sets of cultural values for a more cohesive society. “The process of water resource management transcends far beyond engineering skills to supply water to a community but is more related to a holistic understanding of the environment, water cycle, human needs, the landscape and topography of the region”7. It led to the establishment of an effective system for the city.

Figures 13. Kunds of the Thar Desert - Rainwaterharvesting.org. 2011. Kunds of the Thar Desert - Rainwaterharvesting.org. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/methods/traditional/kunds. htm. [Accessed 25 September 2011].

Fig 13.

34.

A Tool to Understand Topography

Using the contours of the fingerprint as a tool to understand topography. I looked at how they respond to water, how it expands and contracts. When the skin is immersed in water it folds and wrinkles hence increase the surface area. I translated these observations into topography and applied it to the Batman site. As the water level rises certain activities expand while other contract. Hence according to the tidal range the site will always be constantly and visibly changing.

Understand topography by using the contours formed on your fingers.

Radial Loop Translated fingerprints into topography

When the skin is immersed in water - a wrinkle is a fold, ridge or crease in the skin when immersed in water - temporary skin condition - outer layer of skin absorbs water - surface area of the skin to swell - skin expands un evenly - resulting in a larger surface area, forcing it to wrinkle.

35.

EXPANDING & CONTRACTING vertical forces increase surface area

decrease surface area

As the water level increases certain activities will expand while other activities will contract. This will be achieved by transforming the topography.

- translating the fingerprint into topography - applying it to Batman Park - using level change to expand/contract activities on site SP EN

FLINDERS STREET

KIN

WAY

36.

Spe

Flinders street

nce

r st

ree

Ki ng ay

sw How do people move within a particular space in response to water? Where we can have the maximum amount of activities from transforming the topography? How water changes the spatial and temporal qualities of the site? Places that are constantly and visibly changing. How can topography evolve and adapt to the changing patterns and flows of the Yarra River?

37.

Design Development

The proposal for Batman Park was to understand the existing watershed of the site and change it to respond to the fluctuation of the Yarra River and sea level rise. The idea was to increase public interaction and change the programs and activities on the site. The main problem with the site was the poor water quality of the River. Hence a new waterway was created which will use saltwater mussels to filter and clean the water from the Yarra River and, another waterway to clean stormwater runoff. The iterations on the right were designed to increase water velocity since mussels prefer fast running water.

Yarra River Tidal Range W A T E R L E V E L

1.0 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 .1 0

Minimum: .100m Maximum: .900m Average: .800m

12AM

2AM

4AM

6AM

8AM

10AM

12PM

2PM

4PM

6PM 8PM

10PM

TIME

Iterations for Increasing Velocity Slow Velocity

Increasing Flooding

Yarra River

Increasing Flooding

Yarra River Does not increase velocity

Slow Velocity

38.

inlet

outlet

Catchment Area Total Area = 9,205 square meters Annual Rainfall = 650mm Total Annual Liters = 5,983250 liters 20% evaporation and absorption 3.0 =1,196650 liters

1.5 1.0 .5 1.0

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 3.5

3.0 2.5

RIV

Proposed contours. The existing topography has been transformed to collect rainwater from the site. The collected water will be filtered by variety of plants before entering the smaller waterways.

2.5 2.0

RA YAR

2.0 1.5

1.0 .5 1.0 1.5

1.5 2.0 3.0

.5 1.5 1.0 2.0

2.5

2.5 3.03.54.0

2.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5

1.0 .5 2.0 1.5

1.0 .5 1.5

1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0

1.5

Water Level

1.0

2.0 1.0 1.5 2.5

Submerged in water Low Tide - lower zone = larger mussels Medium Tide High tide - Upper Zone = smaller mussels Primary canal Secondary Canal

4.0 4.5

.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 3.0 2.01.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0

5.0 5.5 6.0 3.0

They live from the intertidal zone (where the tide comes in and out). They prefer the middle zone which is submerged and exposed each day and has the highest algal diversity. Mussels are excluded from upper zone because they do not have enough time to feed there.

Mussels location Mussels attached to surface Mussels attached on rope net (Hanging Culture)

Mussels prefer high velocity and running water. Mussels get more food when the water velocity is higher.

Velocity Pattern of Proposed Waterway Lower Higher

Mussels prefer high velocity therefore I had to increase the velocity by proposing a new waterway which connects to the Yarra River.

outlet Flow of Ya rra River

inlet

39.

The efficiency of water diversion takes into account an understanding of the role of topography in â&#x20AC;&#x153;catching the rainâ&#x20AC;?8. The unconventional proposal also takes the design of a fingerprint to map the contours of the area. The existing topography has been transformed and designed to harvest and clean rainwater from the site as well as water coming from the Yarra River. Water from the Yarra River is driven naturally into the Primary Canal via a man-made inlet. It is cleaned by mussels and it is then discharged back into the Yarra River

at the lower end. During high tide excess water moves into the Secondary Canal which contain mussels too but, also serve to harvest storm-water. Before the rainwater enters the Secondary Canal it is filtered and cleaned by vegetation. The end result is a cleaner waterway people can use and enjoy. The bottom right hand corner is an insight to the topography. The lowest area is made of crushed oyster shells which offer natural filtration during increase water level. This strip contains bulbous plants which lay dormant during dry times hence; people are able to walk on them. They will re-grow and flower when the area becomes wet.

PRIMARY CANAL

TR K AC

TR S

AR ND

N CA

SE A

OUTLET

FOOTPATH SPENCER STREET INLET

OUTET

RA YAR

RIVE

40.

1:600

CKS TRAM TRA

EET STR S R DE FLIN INE IN L A R T

AR ND

N CA

PRIMARY CANAL

KINGS WAY FOOTPATH INLET YARRA RIVER

Yarra River High Tide Low Tide

B PRIMARY WATERWAY MOVEMENT SECONDARY WATERWAY Contours

.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

Osyter Shell Provides for natural filtration and purification to reduce the nutrient in the water, and thus inhabiting the development of algae boom.

Grasses

Lowest Area

Bulbs Third lowest point Able to survive adverse conditions

rainwater diverted into swale

When there is no water.

Filtering Strip

Hill

Second Lowest Area

Highest Area

Floating Path

The vegetation will filter the water before enters the swale. Grasses require more water.

Primary Movement

Filtering Strip

Waterway

Third lowest point

Proposed

The vegetation will filter the water before enters the swale. Grasses less water.

When there is wate

At the end of the waterways the water will be clean enough to allow people to swim. The water will than be diverted back to the Yarra River

no water

increase water

41.

T This is a collage which shows how the floating path will adjust to the changing conditions. For instance no water and when there is an increase of 500mm. w As the water increases the path A changes. The plans on the right show how the site changes from no water to a 4m water level increase. Adjustable Floating Paths

Primary Movement

Secondary Movement

Water Level Increase

Primary Movement

Secondary Movement

0.5 Water Level Increase

Primary Movement

Secondary Movement

0.0 Water Level Increase

42.

INLET

RA YAR

OUTET

RIVE

During low tides, the park allows people to wander, play and relax within a vast open space. During higher water levels the water inundates the site completely thus changing the visitor experience to activities like fishing. The topography has been transformed to respond to the shifting environment to create new rules of engagement between nature and people. Places that are constantly and visibly changing. They help define a sense of place and identity as in a natural environment.

Sections AA - Water Level Increase 0m Increase

0.5m Increase

1.0m Increase

A 1.5m Increase

2.0m Increase

2.5m Increase

3.0m Increase

3.5m Increase

4.0m Increase

43.

Section AA

0m Increase

0.5m Increase

1.0m Increase

1.5m Increase

2.0m Increase

2.5m Increase

3.0m Increase

3.5m Increase

4.0m Increase

YARRA RIVER

44.

YARRA RIVER

45.

Secondary Canal - Hanging Culture (decrease in water level)

water collected from surrounding area

.5m .5m

During low rainfall conditions Mussels are able to survive without water for several days depending on the specie. When there is no water it will allow people to go underneath the nets to experience a new place. By doing this it will allow people to explore in return will educate them about cleaning water.

1.5m

Archimedes Screw As you turn it, water from the primary waterway is collected in the tube allowing the water to travel, spilling in the upper area.

Section BB Low Tides existing contour

Floating Path

lowest area

Secondary Waterway

crushed oyster shell

High Tides existing contour

46.

Secondary Canal - Hanging Culture (increase in water level)

.5m

Medium Tide High Tide

.5m

During high rainfall conditions Wild mussels can be harvested all year however in winter mussels are at their fattest and in peak condition. It usually takes 16 - 24 months for the mussels to grow to market size being 50.8 mm minimum, before they are harvested.

1.5m

Primary Waterway

Floating Path

Yarra River

Submerged Medium Tide High Tide

47.

Mussels are used to improve the water quality of the Yarra River. When there is no water, people are able to go underneath the nets and explore and experience a new place. This in turn will also educate them about another way to clean water. However I realized that it still functioned as a wetland. For instance the wetland used plants to clean the water before diverting it back into the river. This is exactly what the mussels were doing. But here came the realization that this was much more than a typical park. w The mussels not only cleaned the water T but created a new system. They provided work, food for people and attracted aquatic and wildlife animals. They provided a new aqua culture for T living whilst still contributing to cleaning water bodies. w

Section AA

existing contour

Primary Waterway

crushed oyster shell

existing contour

48.

Primary Waterway

crushed oyster shell

Primary Waterway

49.

50.

A shift to Unconventional Approach

51.

Wetlands & Water Senistive Urban Design (WSUD)

Numerous initiatives have been taken to try and change the conventional ways. The attempt has been to provide for a more “ecologically sustainable urban environment”9. One of them is known as Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD). WSUD WSUD stands for water sensitive urban design. It’s a new approach to managing urban stormwater to minimize the impact of urban developments in our waterways and bays. The strategies include protecting natural systems, integrate stormwater treatment into the landscape, protect water quality, reduce run-off and peak flows and, to add value while minimizing development costs. This new approach to urban planning and designs integrates land development with the natural water cycle. This is achieved through bio-retentions, swales and wetlands which convey natural systems in order to provide more liveable communities. Despite this momentum, the results in the field of sustainable urban planning and design have been disappointing. It’s still too rigid to be able to respond to the dynamics of spatial developments. There should be numerous policies for different sites and urban development’s.

Conventional Wetlands Wetlands consist of sedimentation basins, ephemeral basins and variety of marshes which improve the water quality for water bodies. They also provide areas for wildlife breeding, increase habitat quality and are regenerative natural system as; they continuously recycle back to living organism. (They abate flooding issues).

Fig 14.

Typical Wetland Diagram

Figure 14. Wetlands - nature’s filter, n.d. Melbourne Water, Viewed 10 June 2011 <http://education.melbournewater.com.au/content/rivers_and_drainage/wetlands_-_natures_filter/wetlands_-_natures_filter.asp>

Case Study - Lynbrook Estate, n.d. Melbourne Water, Viewed 10 June 2011 <http://www.melbournewater.com. au >

Figures 15-17.

Fig 15.

52.

Lynbrook Estate Lynbrook Estate is a Greenfield residential development in the south eastern growth corridor of Melbourne (35kms from CBD). It consists of medium density allotments (average size 600m2) and parklands which incorporate the WSUD (Water Sensitive Urban Design) principles and practice. The drainage system is designed to collect stormwater from parks, roads and gutters which are than directed and treated in the bio filtration system along the streetscapes. The bio filtration systems consist of grassed and landscape swales. The streetscape acts as a sub-catchment area. The water flows in the wetland system before being discharged in an ornamental lake and then, slowly recedes into the Eumemmerring Creek. Sustainable designs are seen as an extra layer of developments to drive the efficiency and flexibility in spatial designs.

Hyde Park Urban Wetlands Hyde Park Lake is a 3 hectares of urban wetlands located in central Pert in Western Australia. The vision for the wetland is to maintain ecological functions, provide habitat for local fauna and to clean the water before it enters nearby water bodies. Underground stormwater drains are diverted in the wetland before receding to nearby water bodies. The problem with Hyde Park is that even though, there is underground stormwater directed towards the wetland, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s still separated from the urban developments. Houses surround the wetlands but are not directly in integrated with each other. the use & activity is limited to a remote observation, walking along the designated paths and fully immersed with the site

major road acts as a barrier between developments and landscape thus reducing interaction and access

the interaction with the user with water is detached

Fig 18.

Fig 16. Fig 19.

Separation with urban developmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and natural systems wetland and is only connected by underground pipes.

Fig 20. Hyde Park, n.d. Syrinx Environment, viewed 10 June 2011, <http:// www.syrinx.com.au/product/key-projects/01-RE-hyde-park-restoration-master-plan.html> Figures 18-20.

Fig 17.

53.

Challenging Conventional Wetlands

Undulate Wetland Machine The ambition of this project was to contribute to the quality of life and health of the expanding city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The wetlands designed incorporated recreational spaces and wildlife habitats which responded to the ephemeral condition of the flood. The Arroio Diluvio (Arroyo Flood) is an example of how the increase in urbanization has had a negative impact on the environment. The consequence of peoples disregard for nature has resulted in an increase of pollutants in the water. The proposal was created not only to solve the technical problems of cleaning the water but, to provide an area for the public, vegetation and wildlife. The idea was to change the rules of engagement between plant, animal (terrestrial/aquatic) life and people in wetlands. The strategy was to create artificial filtering mounds. It allowed an understanding of the process for cleaning water and how to engage people with water and, questioned the idea of a wetland? However it still followed the same patterns as conventional sustainable developments. The wetlands havenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t been integrated with urban developments.

Water Flow

54.

Increase in Water Level Decrease in Water Level

55.

Filter Feeders: Natural Filters Sand Bubbler Crab emerge from burrows filter sand consuming detritus forming the sand into a ball used pellet is tossed over their back creating a memory network to indicate where food has already been extracted local tidal system act as is a parameters in this system

Interactive Filtering Mounds How do the Mounds Filter Water? These mounds are made of different mediums. Each one is designed to filter the water and remove different size pollutants while adapting to the fluctuation of the water level. Steel Mesh

Crushed Brick - Mound

Crushed Oyster Shell

Coarse Sand - Mound

WATER FILTERS The mounds are held together by steel mesh which still allows for certain types of vegetation to grow through.

Provides for natural filtration and purification to reduce the nutrient in the water, and thus inhabiting the development of algae boom. This mound is located in the

Sediment Basin.

Grass - Mound

CAPTURES WATER RUNOFF (Stabilizes earth) Very coarse sand is good for rapid water filters and it filters the water by removing the small size particles of pollutants.

Grass mounds adapt to existing vegetation to filter storm-water runoff. The medium of the mounds are same as the existing soil type. Grass serves as a cushion to protect the soil from heavy rain while their roots keep the soil particles together, both minimizing erosion.

56.

Decrease in Water Level

Increase in Water Level

Flooding the area (Water flexible. Design Intervention fixed)

Plan View

Positive Mounds Negative Mounds

Section aa

57.

58.

Salt Water Mussels

59.

60.

61.

Natural Filters

Wetlands are the most common natural filter used for urban developments. However they are not the only natural filters and there are also many different techniques to clean water. This research aims at provoking a new way of thinking about natural filters for urban developments.

62.

remove carbon dioxide plants

adding oxygen water hyacinth absorb

Water lettuce

capture larger sediment sand

NATURAL FILTERS

capture dirt

oyster

consume many harmful pollutants while feeding

sea

coconut

Water enters the coconut through its husk

The water travels through many fibers being purified where it is stored away STERILE in the nut itself

move more freely

takes almost 9 months to filter each liter of water clams

consuming the freefloating phytoplankton that exists in the waterways

polluted by oil or other possible contaminants (can concentrate hydrocarbons in their flesh)

mussels

fresh water, marine environments, streams, lakes and creeks salty intertidal zone where the ocean meets the shore

fresh water attached to the rocky surface

63.

Why Mussels?

Mussels = Filter Mussels are bivalve mollusk which can be found in both freshwater and salt water habitats. They are known as filter feeders and are biological monitors because they consume a variety of microscopic particles (algae, bacteria and organic particles) and pollutants in water. One mussel can filter 2-3 liters of water per hour. 27 mussels will filter 1,000.00 liters of water per hour.

64.

How Mussels Filter 1 MUSSEL 1 day = 1 mussel = filters 36L

1m H

filter 2-3 liters of water per hour

water

W L biological monitors phosphorus

60% of the plankton

pollutants

algae organic particles

1m v=L*W*H v = 1m *1m * 1m v = 1 cubic meter volume = 1,000 liters = 27 mussels

nitrogen

consume

bacteria microscopic sea creatures

Fig 21.

“Harbour water from jar is filled in two glasses. In the right one, a handful of mussels are placed. The left glass is used as comparison”10.

1 tonne of mussels remove approximately 10kg of nitrogen.

Fig 22.

“After an hour, the mussels have filtered the water so that it becomes transparent ”11.

Figures 21-22. Die lebende Welt der Weichtiere. 2011. Die lebende Welt der Weichtiere. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.weichtiere.at. [Accessed 25 September 2011]

65.

Mussels prefer fast flowing water and exposure to sunlight. They also relay on inundation to protect themselves from predators and, they attach themselves to objects. Mussel Habitat

energy sunlight

food availability alage

algae grow in shallow waters. as algae grow co2 is consumed and oxygen is released

Flowing water

river mussels Flood Plain Mussel static water

Inundation

can survive out of the water for several days

wooden pillar

Mussel Culture

rocks

rope

golf ball

66.

- what else can mussels be used for - crushed mussel shell Molluscan shells consist of 95-99% calcium carbonate by weight while an organic component makes up the remaining 1-5%. - pet food - organic fertilizer Beds of shells are the ideal resting places for coastal birds at high tide combined with concrete

Scape Oyster-tecture The project Oyster-tecture by Kate Orff uses oysters to clean the polluted water. Her vision is to clean up polluted water and protect the city from sea level rise whilst restoring aquatic habitats. Kate Orff states that her idea was to “help start a movement, not do a design”12. The project is driven by ecological process being oysters to generate “decimated shellfish industries”13. However her project involves eating the oysters once the water is cleaned. This is not possible because when the oysters filter the water, the pollutants are stored inside them.

Fig 23.

Fig 24.

Landscape Architect: Kate Orff Location: New York City’s Aim: clean up pollutted water and protect city from sea level rise. Figure 23. Rising Currents at MoMA, 2010, Arch Daily, viewed 10 June 2011, <http://www.archdaily.com > Figure 24. Kate Orff, “Scape / Landscape Architecture” Harvard Design Magazine 33, Fall/22 Winter (2010–2011): . 23. http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/research/publications/hdm/current/HDM33_Orff.pdf

67.

Musselâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Filter Cycle

inhales filters it CYCLE water exhales

consumes

Current Urban Cycle

stormwater

nti o

na l

collects

CYCLE

filter it (bio swale) (wetland)

on ve

The operation of my Mussel Park System mimics the mussel feeding cycle. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s about collecting water from the Yarra River, filtering it, use it for recreation and domestic purpose and then return the excess back into the river. It looked at how to include ecological processes to drive the whole project and how to connect people to their immediate environment.

Mussel Filtering Cycle

un c

The musselsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; complex gill structure creates currents which move the water over the gills allowing them to filter it more efficiently and fast. First the water runs over the gills and then the filaments trap particles in a laminar flow which diverts the food into the mouth and the waste out. They inhale the water; they filter it then, exhale it back. The way they filter water, their continuous cycle of inhaling, filtering, feeding and exhaling inspired me to challenge the water urban cycle. This system collects stormwater, diverts it into a wetland which than slowly recedes into receiving water bodies.

Yarra River

return (pipes)

store (artificial pond)

Mussel Park System (changing current urban cycle)

collects filter it CYCLE

Yarra river

return

use it

68.

How Mussels Circulate Water?

GILLS gills act as the sieves to remove the particles from the water water flows out

- particles trapped in mucous

Palps

- flowing down gills

- particles flowing towards mouth mouth filaments

cilia (small hairs)

food particles move water and food particles by beating together rhythmically in waves

69.

Mussel’s Cultures

Types of mussel culture techniques Bouchot “mussel poles” “Ropes carrying young mussels are placed on vertical poles in the intertidal area. As the mussels grow they move onto the pole where they will grow until they reach their commercial size. This farming technique is predominately used in France”. Bottom Culture

Long lines: Mussels are place on ropes that remain suspended in the water from a long line composed of buoys. Other Techniques Wild fisheries: “Commercial size mussels are directly harvested from wild beds. Fishery quotas and regulations are often used to preserve the resource. This fishery can be found for example in Denmark and in the French Barfleur region”.

70.

Intertidal Pole Culture

Intertidal area

large tidal ranges bottom culture

longline system 1-2m 4m

4m min

hanging - floats

They are shallow water organisms, occurring to a maximum depth of 10 metres

deep areas 0.5m min

0.028m

150 mussels per meter

71.

72.

Fishermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bend, Port Melbourne

73.

Context Map

The second site is Fishermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bend in Port Melbourne as, the Planning Ministerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vision is driven by high density and high rises which is seen as a conventional urban development.

West Melbourn

Site_02:

Fishermans Bend

Port Melbourne

Port Phillip Bay

74.

ne CBD

Docklands South Wharf Melbourne

South Yarra

75.

Why Fisherman’s Bend?

Fishermen’s Bend currently is a lightindustrial area of factories and vacant lots. The vision for this area is to be transformed into suburb housing for “tens of thousands of people”14. The State Government claims it would be “a suburb of high-density accommodation that is unlike anywhere we’ve seen in Australia’’15. Their vision is not to create a sustainable area but to copy “Manhattan (but without the car vs. pedestrian conflict)”16. Their solution to their problem is to remove cars. When cars are removed, surveillance is removed as well as areas for water catchments. Their only concern is to maximize population density. It involves a mix of developments at different densities with a range of building heights. Their focus is an attractive water edge with clean water which cannot exist since the water is currently brown and polluted.

76.

2011 ÂŤ The Melbourne Urbanist. 2011. 2011 ÂŤ The Melbourne Urbanist. [ONLINE] Available at: http://melbourneurbanist.wordpress.com/2011. [Accessed 25 September 2011]

Figure 24.

- 200 hectares - 15,000 dwellings - high rise - high density - converting factories into homes

Areas under Consideration - converting factories into homes - built in stages

Fig 24.

North side - not part of the current proposal at this stage

77. 77 7 7 7..

Docklands

Northshore on Hamilton

Fishermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bend will unavoidably have the same faith as Docklands. High rise density prevents the population from truly understanding the implications of the current water consumptions and waste pattern.

The masterplan for Northshore in Hamilton, Queensland, Australia, inner-city urban renewal project. It consists of 137 hectares on a waterfront land of residential and commercial areas. The buildings range from 3 to 15 storey with 2 land mark buildings of 20 and 23 storey to identify the mixed use heart. This is a great example of how high density dwellings take precedence against waterfront views.

Fig 25. Docklands $9bn plan for next decade, 2009, Docklands apartments, viewed 10 June 2011 <http://docklandsapartments.com.au>

Fig 26.

Figure 25.

The Hamilton Northshore, 2011, Spacehero Blog, viewed 10 June 2011, <http://www.spacehero.com.au/app/webroot/blog/?p=503> Figure 26.

78.

Challenging developments along river

Conventional developments along river

RIVER

canals

EDGE CONDITION HIGH RISES 15+ STOREY ?

high rise built parallel to river conventional edge conditions low rise built parallel to river new canals, more green space

79.

Site Analysis

Images from top to bottom - water edge condition - access to river - West Gate Park - business/industrial

80.

81.

Water: Yarra River & West Gate Ponds

Yarra River West Gate Park Ponds

Green Spaces

Pervious Surfaces

West Gate Park Reserve Ovals Park

Topography: FLAT

Impervious Surfaces

82.

Infrastructure

West Gate Freeway Streetscape Train Line

Built

Business / Industrial - includes carspaces Residential - includes front & back lawns Residential - High rises Primary School

Privately owed (vacant land, front & back lawns of business/industrial)

83.

Businesses & Light Industrial

Highly active employment area

BUSINESSES

Docks

LIGHT INDUSTRIAL Manufactures GM Holden’s headquarters and Holden Engine Operations

A I

• Aerostaff • Air International • Australian Aerospace and Defence Innovations • Boeing’s Phantom Works

• Defence Science and Technology Organisation; • GKN Aerospacee; • Hawker de Havilland • Toyota • RMIT University Sir Lawrence Wackett Centre for Aerospace Design

84. 84. 84

Australian Au ust stra raali liian li an A an Aerospace eros er osppaaccee aan and nd D nd Defence effeen nccee nnoovvat nn atio ions ns nnovations

GM M Holden’s Hol H old ol lddeenn’’s headquarters head he adqu q aarrte ters rs

85. 8 85 5.

History of Site

Former brownfield site

86.

Fig 27. Runways under the West Gate in the 1940s? : Heritage and Conservation - Melbourne, Victorian & Australian Architecture Topics. 2011. Runways under the West Gate in the 1940s? : Heritage and Conservation - Melbourne, Victorian & Australian Architecture Topics. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. walkingmelbourne.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=1770. [Accessed 25 September 2011].

Figure 27.

87.

Case Study

Former brownfield site Brownfield are sites that have been environmentally contaminant by former industrial facilities. How post industrial sites can be re-used effectively within urban fabrics? how to deal with former brownfield sites? -

make it more sustainable wetlands park water recycle

Don Valley Brickworks Park Located: Toronto, Ontario Designed: du Toit Alsop Hillier, Diamond & Schmidt (Architects & Landscape Architects) Date: 1997 Site: 16.5 acres of former quarry and industrial site. Description: Wetlands installed to provide areas for aquatic and wildlife habitat and to protect recieving waters. How: quarries converted into ponds Used wetlands and ecology to potrays the site’s past. salvaged materials were reused storm water management system, with a series of canals that collect and filter runoff

Fig 28.

Fig 29. Toronto’s Evergreen Brick Works « Full-time Flaneur. 2011. Toronto’s Evergreen Brick Works « Full-time Flaneur. [ONLINE] Available at: http://meganrolph.wordpress.com/2011/01/24/torontos-evergreen-brick-works. [Accessed 25 September 2011] Figures 28-29.

88.

Fresh Kills Park

Sydney Olympic Park

Located: New York City Designed: James Corner Field Operation Date: 2008Site: 2,200 acre. world largest landfill Description: Ecological restoration is the backbone of the design. How: Proposed a long term development plan which last 30 yeras until completion to produce variety of evolving ecologies and environments. Large scale vision. Designed in stages to understand landscape and ecology processes. Multi-use park Why: to improve the quality of soils and water, and to establish diverse native plant communities

Designed: HASSELL, a multi-disciplinary planning and design firm. Public-private partnership. Location: Homebush Bay, NSW Description: sustainable urban development (WRAPP). (land remediation project). The Olympic games held in Sydney (2000) has been seen as an agent to increase ‘urban regerneration for Homebush Bay, NSW. The aim was to deal with water recycling while rehabilitating heavy contimanted industrial areas in Homebush bay so that it can become part of the publid realm (Mossop, 2000). What: enhance energy conservation, water conservation, waste avoidance and minimisation and protecting significant natural and cultural environments and biological diversity Why: water demand remove particles How: reduce salinity larger than 0.2 mimicro-filtration

reverse osmosis

Water Treatment Plant

treatment ponds

storage

Stormwater roofs

roads

Brickpit

parks

Water Reclamation Plant

Separate pipelines

Sewage major venues

Dual Water Supply Network

facilities

drinking

recycled water

Constraints: Not intergrated with urban fabric and has been described as an “urban island” because of the edge, connectivity and proximity (Hawken, 2007). Urban Sprawling Did not address the sprawling suburbs, hence a new masterplan had to be created to implemnent and overlay existing masterplan (Hawkens, 2007).

Fig 30. Site renderings by Field Operations | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. 2011. Site renderings by Field Operations | Flickr - Photo Sharing!. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.flickr.com/photos/36189491@N03/3439514064/. [Accessed 25 September 2011].

Figure 30.

Fig 31. Mossop, E. (2000) “ A blueprint for Urban Developments?” Landscape Australia August-September October 2000, Vol 22 (3), Iss 87, p. 2000

Figure 31.

89.

90.

Designing the System, Mussel Park

Mussel Park System

91.

Masterplan Vision

The aim of the project was to evaluate the current water infrastructure and its relationship with human, nature and urban development. Through analysis of the various existing urban water developments incorporating wetlands, a better understanding of the separation, which exists between the current water system (underground pipes) and urban development (buildings), has been achieved. The vision for the new proposal of Fishermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bend encompassed the unconventional idea of a new system which used mussel culture to purify some of the water diverted from the Yarra River, re-use it, with the excess sent back into the river. This produced a system designed to grow in conjunction with urban development rather than as a separate entity. The new system provided an alternative lifestyle with more communal living ways directly connected to the water infrastructure, a greater understanding and appreciation of mussels and their extraordinary water filtration ability. It also created a link between the Mussel Park and recreational spaces for social and cultural interaction.

W es

rid ge

ma r e h Fis

92. 92 92.

en B s anâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

93. 93 9 3. 3.

ra Yar The Mussel Park System The Mussel Park looks at new ways to re-engineer the urban water cycle to purify and, recycle water from the river for domestic and, recreational use. The excess is diverted back into the Yarra River with the end result of improved water quality in the natural systems. It works as a system because the new water infrastructure controls the water flow, creates optimal conditions for the mussels to thrive in and, allows for a larger volume of water to be filtered. The mussel park is made of different types of canals.

Rive

downstream flow

upstream flow

Port Phillip bay

+ve clean

94.

city CBD

sediment basins

-ve y

e at

e fre

dirty

ROAD INFRASTRUCTURES Primary Roads

Residential

sity

en el d s s mu

ter

y alit

WATERWAY INFRASTRUCTURES Yarra River Primary Waterway Secondary Waterway Parkland Waterway WATER DIRECTION Existing (Yarra River) Primary Waterway Catchment Areas (sports ground) Primary Bio Rentention Swales Bridges (Primary)

els

ble edi

ss mu

2m contours West Gate Park Water Collections - high flows Water Collections - low flows

95.

Designing the System

The shape of the waterway increases its area hence more mussels can be contained within. This will also result in a larger volume of water being cleaned.

Port Phillip Bay

96.

FORM

Lower Higher a b

c b c

straight

curvy

slower water movement lower velocity

faster water movement means cleaner water Mussels prefer high velocity.

Velocity = Rate of Water Movement

Pressures - increasing velocity in certain areas - from larger waterways to narrow waterways

SECTIONS Section aa higher velocity lower velocity medium velocity

Section bb

Section cc lower velocity higher velocity medium velocity

How water is collected higher level lower velocity

lower level higher velocity

97.

turbulent flow laminar flow

gradient energy level

Section of Waterway

- medium velocity -

faster velocity increase erosion larger sediments no floodplain

slow moving smaller sedimentts decrease in erosion increase deposition

FRICTION

less friction velocity increased

more friction velocity reduced

98.

I tested different iterations to find the best design for optimum conditions for the mussels. A constant water flow with high velocity is essential for the system to be sustainable. Higher velocity and constant flow means higher capacity of mussels to clean water.

singlular flow

increasing velocity

increase the water flow

cleanest areas

cleanest water

increasing velocity

99.

100.

Design iterations thinking about shape of the waterway

101.

Proposed Water Infrastructure

The Mussel Park is made of different types of which collect, purity and stores the water. The primary canal main role is to filter the water which, comes directly from the river after passing through the sediment basins. The secondary and tertiary roles are to control the water flows for the primary waterway to allow water to flow at optimal conditions. The secondary canal collects high tides and the tertiary canal collects flood water. The catchment areas roles are to collect extra water to help increase the low flows of the primary waterway during low rainfall and low tide. The parkland collects excess water that is not used for domestic purposes and uses it for recreation before returning it to the Yarra River.

runoff rainwater

primary canal

low tides

high tides

flood

tertiary canal catchments areas

primary canal

secondary canal

parkland canal

existing park underground storage Yarra River

Yarra River

102.

Primary Canal - diverts water from the Yarra River

Secondary Canal - control the water flows for the primary waterway - collects high tides

Tertiary Canal - control the water flows for the primary waterway - collects flood water

Catchment Area - collect water to help increase the low flows of the primary waterway during low rainfall and low tide.

Parkland - excess water that is not collected for domestic uses are used for recreation.

103.

Primary Water Infrastructure

The water from the Yarra River is diverted into the sediment basins before entering the primary waterway. These sediment basins are made of crushed mussel shell because they are rich in calcium which improves the water quality. The primary waterway distributes the water into the other waterways. The mussels are cultured on ropes. This particular mussel culture was chosen because during low water tides the mussels will always be submerged. The Ropes can go under bridges to allow for people movement.

104.

depth = 5m max low tide = 3m high tide = 4m max capacity area= 2,800,320 cubic meters Liters= 2,800,320,000 liters

max capacity of mussels = 800,000,000 mussels can fit 8m

1 mussel can filter 1.5Liters per hour 0.5min

0.028

2m min

800,000,000 mussels can filter 1,200,000,000 liters per hour Liters= 2,800,320,000 liters 800,000,000 mussels can filter 1,200,000,000 liters per hour How many hours to filter this canal? 2,800,320,000/800,000,000= 3.5 hours hence 3.5 hours must remain in basin how many lock systems? depends on flow rate Flow rate of Yarra River Min. mean (March) 6.35m3/s Max. mean (October) 47.8m3/s

02 03 04

02 03

01-04 sediment basins

Water Flow Inlet Outlets

105.

Zoom In: Mussel Culture

Typical Detail: Primary Canal 1:150 0.5m apart

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

max 1m max 1m

boat movement - high tides 15m boat movement - low tides 10m

106.

Zoom In: Mussel Culture

mussels

min 3m

50m

107.

Bridges

These are the primary bridges. The low points are where the mussels are cultured and the high points allow for water boat movement. The beginning of the waterway consist of higher mussel density hence it will need to have more bridges but the width of them is a maximum of 2m because It need exposure to sunlight. More connections will provide greater linkage to the waterway allowing formulation of local communities with each block.

108.

Pedestrians & Cyclist (6m wide) Vehicles (15m wide)

109.

Bridges on Primary Land

Bridges on Primary Canal

High points No Mussels underneath bridge - allows for boat movement Low points Mussel Culture underneigh bridge - no boat movement

Bridges

distance between bridges min: 5m

110.

1m - tidal 1m 1m

111.

Secondary Water Infrastructure (High Tides)

The secondary waterway collects high tides and is then diverted back into the primary waterway. The mussels will be cultured by the intertidal pole culture. Mussel can survive without water for several days. Water is also collected from swales and bio-retention swales. The watershed has been reconfigured to maximize runoff collection. The water will be cleaned before entering the secondary waterway.

112.

Water Flow Inlets from Primary Waterway Outlets

113.

Intertidal pole culture, also known as the bouchot technique is mainly utilized in France.

Typical Detail: Secondary Canal .5m apart

high rainfalls

1m high tides

114.

Typical Detail: Bio Rentention Swale

115.

Typical Detail: - Water Flow

Section AA

How the water (high tide) flows from the Primary Waterwat to the Secondary Waterway

SECONDARY WATERWAY

Section AA The water collected from streetscapes and watershed visually flows through the streets towards the primary bio-retention swales before entering the secondary waterway. secondary water flow movement Section aa 1:1500

Primary Road

Catchment Areas (Sportsground)

bridge

20m

65m

20m

street

dwellings

bridge

dwellings

45m

70m

bridge 6m

dwellings 85m

bridge 6m

dwellings

bridge road

dwellings

100m

15m

115m

Section bb 1:1500

Primary Road

Catchment Areas (Sportsground)

street

dwellings

20m

60m

75m

bridge 6m

dwellings 75m

bridge 6m

dwellings 85m

bridge 6m

dwellings 100m

bridge road

dwellings

15m

120m

secondary water flow movement

116.

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

PRIMARY WATERWAY

primary bio-rentention swale

bridge 6m

dwellings 160m

bridge

dwellings

Primary Waterway

100m

20m

50m

street dwelling secondary dwelling street 8m

11m

10m

Catchment Areas (Sportsground)

primary road & train line

55m

30m

Catchment Areas (Sportsground)

primary road & train line

50m

30m

Zoom in - Water Flow

y secondary waterwa high tide flows to bridge 6m

dwellings 165m

bridge 6m

Primary Waterway

dwellings 100m

40m

50m

street dwelling secondary dwelling street 8m

10m

11m

10m

117.

The relationship between primary and secondary canals At the beginning of the waterway, the distance between the two primary waterways is 150m. This is to provide extra secondary waterways, hence more cleaning and more catchment areas.

Section BB

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

swale

biorentention swale

swale

biorentention swale

Section cc 1:450

PRIMARY WATERWAY

road

50m

1.5m 3m 1m

dwelling 10m

secondary 2m

dwelling 2m

10m

road 1.4m

dwelling

5.6m

10m

secondary

dwelling

10m

roa 1.4m

5.6

Section CC

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

swale

biorentention swale

swale

Section dd

PRIMARY WATERWAY

road

50m

1.5m

5.8m

dwelling 1m

secondary 3m

dwelling 3m

10m

road 1.3m

dwel 1m

Towards the end, the waterways are cleaner. The use of secondary ones has been reduced to 1 waterway.

Section DD Primary Waterway Zoom in

Secondary Wate

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

biorentention swale

swale Section ee

PRIMARY WATERWAY 50m

road 1.6m

5.8m

Dwelling 1.5m

10m

secon 3.5m

118.

C C B D

biorentention swale

dwelling 1m

10m

lling

secondary

dwelling

10m

biorentention swale

dwelling 3m

dwelling

5.6m

10m

secondary

dwelling

10m

road 1.4m

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

road 1m

4.8m

PRIMARY WATERWAY 1m

50m

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

swale

biorentention swale

secondary

road 1.4m

swale

biorentention swale

swale

5.5m

dwelling

road

PRIMARY WATERWAY

5.5m

50m

erway Zoom in

ndary

Dwelling 3.5m

Flood Level High Tide Low Tide

swale

biorentention swale

10m

road 1.5m

PRIMARY WATERWAY 2m

50m

119.

TERTIARY WATERWAY Flood Levels

Underground Water Flow Inlets from Primary Waterway Outlets The tertiary waterway collects and directs flood water underground to the existing park. Here it will be cleaned and then diverted back into the Yarra River. It has been designed underground because 90% of the time this area would be dry so mussels could not be used. CATCHMENTS Low water flows

Underground Outlets into Primary Waterway

The catchments areas main role is to capture rainwater which will only be diverted into the primary waterway during low flows and low rainfalls. This area also has sportgrounds.

120.

PARKLAND Excess water

Water Flow Inlet from Primary Waterway Inlet from Secondary Waterway Outlets to Yarra River The collection points depend on the velocity of the water flow because the mussels can filter only so much. Two types of collections points for high and low flows. Before the water enters the parkland it is collected and used for residential. This waterway does not have mussels because there are no constant flows. The excess water will be diverted back to the Yarra River.

121.

Dwellings

Dwellings have been directly integrated with waterways and part of the landscape. Greenroofs retain rainwater. The dwellings have been located in the flood free zone. Front lawns are communal areas in which are connected to the system. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important for a new building regulation to include placement, orientation and formation of streets to provide greater connection.

Dwelling has a Waterfront View of secondary waterway

biorentention swale

swale

road 1.3m

dwelling 1m

biorentention swale

secondary

10m

Dwelling has a Waterfront View of primary waterway

swale

road 1.4m

dwelling 1m

road 1m

PRIMARY WATERWAY 1m

50m

122.

orientation

av. size

more sunlight

ng_

elli

w dwelling_01 d

waterfront view

_02

elli

15m

road

10m

15m

water communal front lawn

10m

one side must overlook waterway residential / commercial areas flood prone area

views between residential areas residential

residential

max level

commercial

park land

residential

bridges

max level

residential

max level

commercial

123.

124.

Design Development

125.

How Fishermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bend should be developed

How I think the site should be developed according to the Mussel Park System why should it developed this way? - more efficient what are the problems with this? - does not work with existing planning Ministerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vision - not working with existing employment area as its destroying the whole site - not working with the natural topography of the site

Inlet

Stage 1: Sedimentation Basins - lock systems - no access to water - boats are allowed (slow speed) - crushed mussel shell - no mussels - existing business and industrial remain - waterway integrates into existing site Stage 2: Cycle Cleaning - motor boats - dwellings on edge - apartment blocks - medium density - increase water cleaning efficiencies - water needs to be pumped from end to start - water enters next stage only when water quality is moderate Stage 3: Boating Recreation - motor boats - commercial - business - floating paths - floating docks - public aquaculture Stage 4: Residential - higher residential density - houses on edge - fishing - public aquaculture - kayaking - canoeing - rowing - swimming Stage 5: Mussel Farming - aquaculture - mussel harvest - mussel markets - commercial areas - restaurants - business - low density housing - collection point - water storage - some existing dwellings transformed into markets - replacing trucks to boats Stage 6: Parkland - public space - no constant flow - public area

126.

4. 5.

127.

Stage 2

WATER: Primary Canal Water Quality very poor: contaminated poor moderate good

swimming

very good

edible mussells

excellent

Mussels Spatial Qualities Mussel Density very high high moderate low low to none

RECREATION / Access to canal Edge Condition hard rock vegetation

128.

4. 5.

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

50m

STAGE 3 70-80m

10m

STAGE 4

STAGE 5

STAGE 6

30-40m

20-30m

5-10m

Width

Depth

0-5m 5m

Plan Type straight

curvy

irregular open water

curvy

irregular open water

braided

small

large

small

large

medium

small to medium

very poor

poor - moderate

good

good - very good

Excellent

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

STAGE 3

STAGE 4

STAGE 5

STAGE 6

high

low

Lengh of Waterways

Water Quality

Mussel Density

nil

hanging

Mussel Culture

naturally rocks

crushed mussel shell

high naturally rocks

high floating

Mussels potential to generate new spatial conditions and stronger link to the water.

low to none naturally rocks

bottom floating hanging

Mussel Consumption

STAGE 1

Bank Type

crushed mussel shell

walled no access

yes

STAGE 2

STAGE 3

STAGE 4

walled

stone embank

terrace

Edge Type

Recreational Activities

Motorboats

hhard d edge d

yes

STAGE 5

natural slope

yes

STAGE 6

natural slope

terrace

hhard d & soft f edge d

hard h d & soft edge d

soft f edge d

no access

docks motor boats

floating docks floating paths boat activties

residential public fishing

mussel harvest commercial restaurants

parkland

up to 50 hp motor

up to 10 hp motor

none

129.

Dwelling Typology

Design Principles

Collecting Rainwater Rooftop

Balconies

Design Tool_01: Dwelling must not cast shadow on waterway

Solar Studies Summer Sun

Winter Sun

setback

75degree

28degree

No highrises

Orientation Dwelling Waterfront View

Increase Sunlight

more sunlight

waterways

Increasing Sunlight Balconies

Facade

more food

bigger mussels

Spacing

Topography

more filtering

130.

shade morning afternoon evening E N

Topography

Water Edge Set Back

North Slope N

South Slope E

S W

W S

N E

N W

E S

S E

W N

131.

Level Apartment (occupy one level)

Mixed Typology

Apartment Block

Residential Commercial

underground garage

semi-private

underground garage

streetscape Level apartments

public

s ob

Commercial underground garage

Mixed Commercial / Residential

public

Apartment

20m

20m 15-20m

max 20 storey

3-6 storey

av. 40m 10m

av. 100-300 square meters

av. 50-80 square meters

av. 300-400 square meters

communal roof garden communal roof garden

communal roof garden

132.

Townhouse

garage

West 8 Borneo Sporenburg Site area: Around 30ha Parking: Average 1 space per dwelling Density: Average 100dph across the site Brief: higher density, housing development Spatial Design: - waterfront development - vibrant urban landscape - colourful buildings facing the calm waterfront areas - low-rise housing - intimate houses descend toward the water - sublime relationship between indoor and outdoor space

semi-private

Town Houses

3-4 storey

10m 20m

Fig 32.

av. 200 square meters

roof garden / terrace private Fig 33.

urban theory Borneo Sporenburg masterplan. 2011. urban theory Borneo Sporenburg masterplan. [ONLINE] Available at: http://urbantheorywest8amsterdam. blogspot.com/. [Accessed 25 September 2011]

Figures 32-33.

Contemporary Townhouses | . 2011. Contemporary Townhouses | . [ONLINE] Available at: http://dawntown.org/2009/12/26/ contemporary-townhouses/. [Accessed 25 September 2011].

Figure 34.

Fig 34.

133.

The Planning Ministerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vision for the development of Fishermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bend

How can I implement my system, Mussel Park to only activate stage 1 of development? - working with existing deveolpment

134.

STAGE 1

- 200 hectares - 15,000 dwellings - high rise - high density - converting factories into homes

STAGE 2

Areas under Consideration - converting factories into homes - built in stages

STAGE 3

North side - not part of the current proposal at this stage

135.

How to use Mussel Park as a tool for water management to drive urban developments?

the Mussel Parl System

primary canal end of canal built existing park

- working with lower topography - working with existing fall off site - low impact on industrial and business area

136.

stage 1

- high impact on employment area - using existing green areas

- high impact on employment area - using existing green areas - water clean before reaches stage 1 development

- medium impact - working with the existing fall of site

137.

How to Activate Stage 1 working with existing low points. Minimal impact on site

How to Activate Stage 1?

1m - 4m

Potential Flooding Areas

Using existing site conditions

How to reduce future flooding on site

Potential flooding area Special Building

Hertiage Buildings

Hertiage

Yarra River Water Depths

10-15m 5-10m Restricted Water

Downstream Flow Upstream Flows downstream

Port Phillip Bay

138.

How can we allow motorboats in waterways? The degree of impact is related to motor size, water depth and sediment type. 10 hp motor

Max: 2m

50 hp motor

Max: 4.5m

hp motor can re-suspend sediments of all sizes to water depths

Why are motorized watercraft important to aquatic ecosystems - connects to urban fabric - increases recreational use in waterways - highly valued water recreational activity - most people use boats for fishing - Few impacts have been noted at depths greater than 10 meters. depth

Yarra River Canal Proposed Development Existing Green Space Dwellings Streetscape Existing Contour

Upstream

139.

- how the canals are implemented

Existing Site Section aa

Yarra River

Phase_01: Primary canals

Yarra River

140.

a a

10m

Docks

streetscape

front lawn

Nestle

existing contour

high tide low tide

10m

ports

Primary Canal

front lawn semi-private

Nestle

141.

Detail_01: Streetscape - mixed use

ROOFTOP

Detail_01 - Bridge

existing contour

high tide low tide

existing contour underground carpark

level footpath street apartment public parking

tram line

bio swale

two-lane street footpath carriageway parking public

bike path

floating path

vegetated bio swale - green space

footpath public mixeduse

Phase_02: De-industrialize site

Yarra River

142.

a a

Detail_02: Streetscape - tram line & bike path

bridge

existing contour

bio swale

bio swale high tide low tide

mussel culture primary canal

mixed-use

tram line green space

Detail_01

bike path

floating path

mussel culture primary canal

Detail_02

10m

3-6 storey streetscape 3-5 storey residential residential

tram line bike track

semi-private existing facade Primary Canal remains

143.

Existing Site Section bb

West Gate Freeway

Stage 1 - Vacant Land

Phase_01: Primary canals

West Gate Freeway

primary canal

Phase_01: Cut & Fill CUT & FILL Cut Fill Existing Contour

144.

high tide low tide

road

primary canal

private land docks

Hobsons Bay

Total Cut: 1800 square meters Total Fill: 2200 square meters Extra: 400 square meters required

145.

Detail_03: Greenspace & Canal

Detail_04: Greenspace & Canal

bio swale

existing contour

high tide low tide

level apartment

path

bike track

boat access

green spaces

mussel culture

boat access docks

townhouses

level apartment

bike track & path

boat access

green spaces

primary canal

Phase_02: Residential Development Section bb

Detail_04

Detail_03

existing contour

primary canal - water direction

West Gate Freeway

3 storey Streetscape 3 storey residential residential

green space

primary canal

3 storey Streetscape 3 storey residential residential

green space

primary canal

3 storey Streetscape 3 storey green space residential residential

primary canal

146.

Detail_05: Streetscape - cars

Detail_04: Primary Canal - Townhouses

ROOFTOP

underground carpark

high tide low tide

existing contour

bio swale mussel culture

boat access docks

townhouses

primary canal

Detail_05

3 storey Streetscape 3 storey residential residential

mussel culture

bio swale

footpath

street parking

two-lane carriageway

street parking

footpath level public apartment

public spaces

primary canal

townhouses

Detail_06

green space

primary canal

3 storey Streetscape 3 storey residential residential

streetscape tram line

Apartment Building

public green space

Hobsons Bay

147.

Future Trajectory

The future trajectory is to use the Mussel Park as a tool for water management to drive urban developments. So far the Mussel Park looks at new ways to re-engineer the urban water cycle to purify and, recycle water from the river for domestic and, recreational use. It works as a system because the new water infrastructure controls the water flow, creates optimal conditions for the mussels to thrive in and, allows for a larger volume of water to be filtered. The next stage will focus on how the Mussel Park can enlighten the spatial qualities of a development. With the right layout it should be able to positively influence and contribute to the economic, social and ecological qualities. The following items below are questions that I will need to address; - How are the canals implemented on site? - How do the canals affect existing employment area? - Should the canals affect existing employment area? - Where in the canals is the best water quality? - How does the water quality accompany the type of development and how should it be arranged? - Where are the mussels harvested, mussel markets? - Where are the edible mussels? - What are the spatial qualities of the development? - How the residential area can be implemented directly on the edge of the canal? - Types of edge conditions? - How does the Mussel Park grow with urban developments?

148.

149.

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