Ooi Tech Yann 3145591 ADR ARCH1367 MLA Research Project B
Rust, Dust and Sand. Urban Processor.
Contents
Contents 1 3 5 9 17 19 27 35 42 43
Abstract Introduction Site1.Camden Project1.Sandcow Site2.CaliforniaCity Project2.Threading Project3.GrassSucession Project4.Sandfence Conclusion Bibliography
Abstract Rust, Dust and Sand. Urban Processor.
Ooi Tech Yann 3145591 ADR ARCH1367 MLA Research Project B
How can how natural processes can play a bigger role in creating urban landscapes? This research project looks at deserts and desertification as repositories of natural processes. Rather than looking at those processes as a series of negative or undesirable effects, can they be adapted to urban landscapes in order to create a new way of viewing these spaces? The title, Rust, Dust and Sand, implies an interest in things which are abandoned or neglected, possibly taken over by nature. This idea played into the selection of the site, which is California City, located in the Mojave Desert, North America. It is a city which does not exist, in a place where it barely survives but endures despite that. With a population of 14 000 people in 2009, it is a small bedroom community stretched over a large city-scale infrastructure network. As a result, the urban condition is fragmented, with the spaces in between buildings left empty and barren. Through understanding the city as a collection of sub-natural and architectural spaces while the desert is examined through the processes which shapes it, natural processes are broken down into moments in time, imposing them into different states of being through the manipulation of the landscape. The goal of the project is to create a better environment for the people who live there, both physically and mentally, by providing them with spaces which grow and change over time, transforming the subnatural spaces throughout the city into functional areas. The broader ambition is have these open spaces open up and form a network of connections which forms a symbiotic relationship with the city, providing benefits for its surrounding context.
Nutrients
Community
Water Cycle
Succession
Deposition
Erosion
Gissen, D 2011, ‘Thoughts on a heap of rubble’, Kerb, no. 19, p. 50.
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Introduction Processes and relationships in the landscape layer on top of each other and eventually form the actual spaces in which we inhabit. Using this statement, would it be possible to take advantage of the constantly changing combinations of processes and relationships in order to generate a system of designing that takes advantage of that? The research tries to answer this question of how landscape processes can be used in order to affect the fabric of the urban environment. Through a process of examination and experimental design, the research tries to tie various non-static processes and relationships together under a consistent design which allows for the changing nature of those elements to manifest themselves. The research presented in this document demonstrates the building of an understanding about the processes in work, and designing interventions which manipulate the factors driving the processes. Working through each process in this way allows for a deeper understanding of the intricacies of each item, especially when we have to consider more than one process affecting the same intervention at the same time. I am quite interested in how I might be able to engage these processes and relationships to generate designs and strategies which allows for growth and change depending on the landscape itself.
There is no single prescribed method of engaging with a particular process; instead, the intervention offered depends on the factors driving the change of the space as well as what is available as tools to manipulate those factors. The position the work takes is that as a facilitator for physical change, influencing a change in the perception of a space through the performance of the transformation. The process of selection is reminiscent of Ian Mcharg’s deliberate ecological inventory, which weighs all of the available resources and existing elements in order to generate a suitable outcome which provides the best solution for the situation. Again, it is believed that through these processes which constantly offer spaces which change along with time, the perception of those spaces will turn into an appreciation of the moment, taking advantage of the landscape as it exists before it changes into something else. The way science explains these processes, although they give us an understanding of how they operate, provides a false impression that they are mechanisms which work independently from each other. The reality is that all of these processes work with each other, and therefore get affected by activity in one area as much as another area, with varying responses based on the situation.
Each intervention considers the elements on site, as well as the conditions unique to that area. Through exploring the possibilities offered by these processes in smaller interventions throughout the landscape, this builds up a deeper understanding of what each of these interventions offer, both in comparison to each other as well as in the larger picture, when they’re integrated into a larger strategy. Among the processes which the research tries to engage with includes geological processes which form the landscape that include weathering, deposition and erosion. At the same time, ecological processes which inform the growth of vegetation are considered as well. 3
This project is based on the premise of a fictional dust storm carrying enough sand from central Australia to cover a small town west of Sydney named Camden, in sand. The basic process which creates that scenario is deposition, but there is hardly much that we can do to prevent such an occurrence of that magnitude from happening. Hence, the objective for the interventions would be to examine the possibilities for adaptation to the new landscape which now partially consists of sand dunes layered upon what was once farmland. The question asked here was how we might be able to adapt to a new landscape after it has been changed through the act of artificial desertification via duststorms. Intended as a strategy for adaptation after er a sudden climactic event which causes desertification, this project looks at specifi ific processes inherent within a landscape which supplies the event. Taking an almost ost Mcharg-ian method of cataloguing thesee different processes, several of the most apparent ones affecting the landscape within the constructed scenario were chosen osen and explored further in terms of how they ey worked, and how they might be taken advantage of. The project attempts to follow low n the same method of inquiry as Mcharg in ct, their Woodlands New Community project, tory except instead of a comprehensive inventory ntory of ecological conditions on site, an inventory of processes and relationships relating to desertification and its impacts on site were formed. Among one of the elements available on site which was available to be used were the cows from the pastoral fields, some of which
would have now been turned into dunes of sand. Taking advantage of their mobility and fertilizing capabilities, cattle was used as a tool for manipulating the landscape. Holistic Land Management was used as a reference in terms of what was possible to reverse desertification. By choosing between several methods of herding and penning the cattle, each with a different result over a different time scale, what used to be dunes of sand could be affected accordingly. The herders use their concentrated livestock herd to either break soil surfaces, compact soil to ensure seed germination or recycle dead plant material biologically and rapidly.
Sections of renewal after desertification via the activity of cows threading on the soil as well as the addition of organic matter via their droppings, creating pits and valleys in which seeds and water get trapped within, encouraging new vegetation to emerge.
Visualization of sand building up over time. Effect is exaggerated to see what it would look like when the whole area is buried in sand.
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Quick study of the test area chosen and the breakdown of its urban and agricultural areas.
Top right - Calculation of amount of time required in order to fill Sydney up to a meter during a massive dust storm.
Camden, NSW
Population - 3,166
(2006)
Single parent families - 20% Couples without children - 36% Couples with children - 42% Australian born - 82%
The existing ownership of the pastoral lands are fragmented. As sand fills the space and grazable areas diminish, the carrying capacity of each area is diminished significantly. If remaining grazable areas are unified and a plan set in place to guide the cattle from a grazable area to the next, the capability of the land can be balanced out.
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Project1.Sandcow Sand carried in by the wind is a form of artificial desertification, with the same effect of degrading the land.
Top - First method of penning the cattle. Enclosing the cattle between the edges of sand and grazable areas would cause the cows to displace sand, as well as fertilize the area. These same principles apply for all the methods.
Bottom - Cell grazing. Adapted from holistic land management, cows are left in strictly regulated lots, for certain periods of time between 3 days to a week. They are then moved to another lot and the previous lot is left to recover for 3-9 months.
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The third method is not about penning the cows, rather about movement across the dunes, imprinting the sand with hooves, which create catchments for seeds and water to get trapped within. Occasional cow droppings accelerate this process by adding organic material to the otherwise dead sand.
Top - Combined strategic plan for the movement of the cows to affect the sand dunes. Bottom - Elements valued within the strategic plan, based off characteristics of unpredictable landscapes and images.
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Relationships between processes of land degradation which ultimately leads to desertification.
Relationship between productivity of the land and the health of the soil.
als Anim
ts
an Pl Soil
Water
Earth
Fertilizer Water ls ma Ani nts
Soil
Pla
Earth
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Visualising the effect of sand being poured into the city by the wind and how spaces might still be able to be used afterwards. Integrated with the passing of the cows through the area, can social events be used to signify the moment, since the cows would only move through an area every 4-9 months.
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Site2.CaliforniaCity
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2,743
5,955
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10,829
13,107
14,365
14,718
14,842
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Timeline 10
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Houses: 3,507 (3,047 occupied: 2,069 owner occupied, 978 renter occupied) Housing density: 17 houses/condos per square mile
California City is ultimately never achieved a fraction of the success its founder and visionary Nat Mendelson saw for it. Far from being one of the largest cities in North America to rival Los Angeles, it struggles along as the city with the smallest population in the state of California. The urban form, originally designed in the late 1950’s was based on the typical gridion system employed throughout America as seen in Manhattan City, albeit supersized to stretch across the Mojave Desert. Government plans for the city show that it clings on to Mendelson’s original vision, with huge swathes of land painted with various programs, blissfully ignoring the realities of the desert the City is located within and the fact that the actual developed area is a tiny dot on their masterplan despite having been in existence for over 50 years.
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Krieger explains the creation of the American cities are “..created overnight, “camps in a desert” or clearings in a forest, without the benefit (or the liability) of preexisting contexts, retain this evanescence.” He goes on further to say “The expectation of becoming a “metropolis “is ubiquitous among American settlements, and a remarkable number of these metropolises have flourished. Many continue to re-enact the speculative fervour that facilitated their origins, experiencing jarring cycles of booms and busts (existing as solid or “see-through”cities, as contemporary developers would say). Rarely do their geographical settings or limitations of infrastructure impede a dream of becoming the next Chicago - or as it was assumed before the railroads began crisscrossing the Middle West, the next Cairo, Illinois. 3 For each Cairo that failed a Kansas City flourished, and is still For young Americans in the 1940’s, familiar with only being formed, acquiring sufficient “weight” and a fabric the auto-scaled, gridiron city and the antiurban theories with which to inspire or delimit subsequent developof the previous architectural generation, the traditional ment.” urban spaces, the pedestrian scale and the mixtures, This stubbornness for settlements to exist and aspire yet continuities, of styles of the Italian piazzas were a to dreams of being metropolises is an important factor significant revelation. about California City. Having experienced many housing speculation bubbles itself, with prices of land and Existing as almost an antithesis to Las Vegas, the con- homes doubling bringing in an influx of residents each dition of the landscape in California City is barren and time, California City is a prime example of one of these sparse. Filled with shrubbery on the outskirts, as one aspiring, fluctuating settlements. draws closer, the foliage thins out, eventually replaced by European and Mediterranean trees. Within urban Jackson (1997, P74) states that the street has taken area itself, the landscape is a mix of hard constructed over the role of making landscapes, at least in the and barren, rocky surfaces. American context of the experience of their cities. If this is the case, would it be possible to change something The project’s goal then, is to reintegrate processes engineered to be unchanging and almost horizontally found in the city’s context back into the urban environ- monolithic to allow for the spaces it creates and urban ment to allow for changes to occur in the city’s fabric. forms around it to be influenced by the processes that I have investigated? In the larger picture, the research so far has been looking at how certain landscape processes can be exploit- From that, there is an importance for the creation of ed in order to gain some physical change in spaces. something which changes over time, a landscape which gets affected by forces and changes with it. By studying these processes it was clear that I wanted OMA’s Parc Le Villette is one example which employs to integrate them into the plan somehow, but how? this method and applies it to social and programmatic They draw parallels to agricultural processes where systems. Although I am working with ecology, I do not vegetation changes seasonally, the contours are wish to exclude the needs of people within the process continually regraded, and things operate for maximum of design. efficiency. Following this sort of thinking and by looking at these processes, what type of efficiency am I aiming to achieve?
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Project2.Threading Vegetation is selected by size and its propagation methods, their location split into three different zones on the creek. Larger trees are located on the higher edges of the creek, providing shade for the lower areas. Light grasses and annuals are located on the lowest areas with shrubs populating the middle.
Through their natural propagation processes, the tree’s fruit will fall, rolling down to the lower areas, while the winds will carry the seed of the grasses and annuals up to higher ground. Due to their location in an area which naturally gathers water during rain events, the plants have a larger reserve of water to draw from, increasing the chance of propagation.
This project is about the reintegration of the dry creek bed back into the fabric of the city. The creek bed exists as a tiny modified ditch hidden away in the alley behind homes. Taking advantage of amount of space around the creek bed, the project creates a stepped terrace leading downwards to the creekbed from the edge of the road. The project aims to unfold over time, slowly improving the ecology of the site as the sites expand outward, depending on need and capacity. This parallels OMA’s strategy for Downsview Park in Toronto Canada. There, they employ “interim states” which are short term schemes which build up over time as finances allow. Much like Jackson’s (1997) exploration of the landscape, he learns much of a place from the local news. In the same way, the collection of pieces of news regarding California City tells us about its workings and cycles of operation.
Following onto Archizoom’s explorations into the idea of the fading away of architecture within the metropolis, their method of inserting objects into spaces can be adapted to allow for urban typologies to change and blend from the existing sporadic form of the town to something which allows for social integration to increase. Of course, rather than creating a limitless utopian city of the future, the method of inserting various multipurpose objects into the city fabric is replaced with urban spaces encouraging natural processes to inform the larger fabric of its context. The original site had a drop of about 2 meters over a distance of 50 meters. The design calls for another drop of a meter in order to create some gentle slopes as well as 8 meter wide areas where activities can occur. 19
Proposed contours for the creek. Stepped terraces up and down along the sides of the creek allow for events (social or natural) to occur on them. The smaller diagrams illustrate flooding events at different levels, with the terraces either forming a platform from the water or as a floodplain.
Just north to the site, there is a road flanked with expanses of sand; electricity poles and fences on the sides of the road are buried in a significant amount of sand. Considering the contours of the site, the wind will definitely bring sand in, causing little mounds to form under obstacles, like the trees, shrubs and groundcover. This is then used to when it rains, to channel rain thanks to this makeshift barrier. Of course, the rain will eventually wash away some of the sand, taking it down the creek. Planting was an intention which came after looking at the possibility of taking advantage of the water systems known to
exist within the desert. Using plants endemic to the region and adapted for its climate, the availability of water would bolster the plant’s survivability, allowing them to thrive and prosper, with hopes that they might spill out along these systems, back into the larger landscape. The plants are split into 3 groups, trees, shrubs and groundcovers/grasses. The highest level on the site will be planted with trees, and the level below it with shrubs and finally with groundcovers/grasses. The reason for this is that the seeds of groundcovers and grasses have an easier time travelling uphill, due to the wind, so they might be able to inhabit areas which might be more suitable for them, eventually spilling out into the rest of the city. 21
Shrubs and grasses along the terraced edges provides a boundary, reorienting movement along it, rather than through it. They serve a secondary function, which is to act as sand-traps. The area around the creek has a significant amount of exposed sand, which leads to active (moving) sand dunes during stronger wind events.
Exaggerated vertical scale sections. Height x3 of width. Colours represent different zones of planting.
Trapping the sand will reduce the amount of active sand dunes moving throughout the area. Top left - Sand burying half a fence and an electricity pole.
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Visualising how the vegetation might start to interact with the wind, trapping sand. If there is enough sand, a small embankment will be created, redirecting water to flow along the edges of the terraces instead of straight down into the creek. Over time, the water cycle will be introduced into the system, floods might wash away the accumulated trapped sand.
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Located among the empty lots peppering California City, this intervention is about the transformation of an empty, barren lot into a naturalistic space, utilizing desert vegetation. Using a method called imprinting; this technique is facilitated by the Dixon machine. What the machine is essentially a long heavy tube, with iron plates in a V shape welded around it. The machine works by compacting the soil into small notches, breaking up the surface crust, which would otherwise reduce water infiltration and increase erosion in the area. The pits the machine creates form small catchments for water. As these pits are created, seeds for native plants are pressed into the soil simultaneously. Altogether, these factors create highly favourable conditions for the success of the plants. The timing of this intervention is during the start of winter. Although this is the wettest season of the year, it is also the coldest. As spring comes and the temperature rises, the snow and precipitation trapped in the pits will provide the seeds their first irrigation. The plants chosen are endemic native grasses, which mean that they’re adapted to the extremes of the desert and should thrive given those conditions.
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The goal of this project is to turn the empty lots in between these residential buildings into functional spaces which develops according to the usage of the space over time. The existing lots are seen as subnatural spaces, which means that even through they are a remnant of man’s activity, which is the clearing of the land for buildings, it is still recognised that the spaces are inhabited by visitors, even if it was only for a moment.
In this intervention, the success of the plants depends on the imprinted forms in the soil providing traps for what little precipitation the desert gets. The disturbance of these forms on the soil can possibly cause plants in the affected areas to fail. This process of community dynamics is recorded by the imprinted forms in the soil, which is then reflected by the success or failure of plants throughout the area. Initially starting from one ring of imprints 2 meters wide along the perimeter of the site, a yearly maintenance cycle adds a new ring as well as to repeat the process on failed areas with a different species of desert grasses. This then sets up a competition between the different species, with plants more suited to the site conditions pushing out ones which are less successful.
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“The only interventions made were an annual mowing during the second week of September (to enhance botanical diversity)... From these field experiments, Clément developed his conception of the jardin en mouvement or “garden in movement,” which follows its own logic of change with minimal human interference.” In the projects, processes are seen in the urban environment are seen through the same lens as the garden in movement. However, due to the natural condition of the sites being those of slow attrition, modifications are made in order to provoke a new series of changes in accordance to one which is more desirable. The annual maintenance cycle which Gilles uses is adapted as a tool which
repeats itself over a variable timescale in order to maintain the consistency of the interventions. After a 10 year period, the space would have been filled to the centre, the rings of grasses around the perimeter having established themselves and their population stabilized. At this point, trees which begin as shrubs, such as Honey Mesquite and Smoke Trees are introduced along the main pathways (areas with highest failure rate) to begin to indicate a formalised use for the space. Again, with time, the shrubs forming linear paths will grow into trees, changing their function into permeable shading devices.
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Succession (Seasonal)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Spring Apr May
Jun
Summer Jul Aug
Sep
Fall Oct Nov
Dec
Carnegiea gigantea Fouquieria splendens Acacia constricta Acacia craspedocarpa Acacia greggii Cercidium microphyllum Geoffreya decorticans Olneya tesota Dasylirion acrotriche Agave colorata Ambrosia deltoidea Atriplex lentiformis Calliandra eriophylla Eremophila decipiens Euphorbia antisyphilitica Jatropha cardiophylla Lycium fremontii Creosote bush scrub Grayia spinosa Caulanthus Inflatus Capsella bursa-pastoris Aster tanacetifolius Yucca brevifolia Abronia villosa Aristida purpurea Bothriochloa barbinodis Bouteloua rothrockii Digitaria californica Eragrostis intermedia Erioneuron pulchellus Muhlenbergia emersleyi Sporobolus contractus Bromus tectorum Aster abatus Amsinckia Tessellata Zinnia acerosa Lupinus succulentus Penstemon parryi Penstemon barbatus Coleogyre ramosissima Franseria dumosa
The plant list was selected from the local region’s drought tolerant plant listing, with all of the plants below being able to survive for extended periods of time without the need to be watered after being established. Each set of plants are coded by the size and area in which they go.
The plants flowering times are also mapped. During the spring and summer months, the top half of the creek would be in bloom, and once it starts to transition into fall, some of the grasses and annuals will flower in the lower half of the creek.
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Project4.Sandfence
Located along the upper edge of the city and the desert, the aim of this intervention is to engage the o road community by providing an interface between the open desert and the city. In order to achieve this, sand dunes are created utilizing sand fences. Through the creation of these changes in topology that reflects dunes further out in the desert, the intervention will work as a miniature play space for o-roaders travelling through the area. Arranged in a circle rather than a straight line, this ensures build-up of particles no matter which direction the wind comes from. The size of the rings, calculated based on the angle of incidence of sand, creates a sloped dune which still reserves enough space within it to maintain a circular form.
Angle of repose Sand = 34 degrees
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1.5
Sand fences work by slowing down the movement of wind passing through them, causing turbulence and forcing sand particles to settle around the fence in a relatively predictable fashion, depending on the direction of the wind. What is interesting about this process of deposition is that the sand gathers in a large mound some distance behind the actual fence, not immediately ahead or behind it. Over time, those dunes will grow large enough to bury the original sand fence, requiring a second fence to be placed along the highest areas of the created dune. This fence then creates a second, larger dune some distance behind it, in roughly the same direction, depending on the prevailing winds that season.
To get a mound 1m tall, it takes up at least 1.5m around itself
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Given enough time and periodic reimplementation of the circular sand fences along the top edges of the created dunes, the created form would be a long, wavy circular form, snaking along the direction of the wind. Within this intervention, the sand fence itself isn’t too tall, about 350mm tall, which creates a mound just as tall as or taller than the fence itself. The time period for this intervention is variable, depending on the intensity and amount of sand the wind brings.
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A large pile of particles was used to test patterns of distribution when hit by winds of increasing intensity. Initially a large diameter tube was used to direct the direction of the wind. The result was not satisfactory, so the end of the tube was flattened out to help concentrate the flow. A large pile of particles doesn’t spread evenly, so it was spread out to increase the surface area. A larger intensity impulse of wind provided a significant distribution of particles across the surface. This behaviour might be different from what happens during wind storms.
Tests of wind particles against urban forms in several configurations, with the distance between the source of the particles and the model changing. Particle distribution patterns created from the pile being several inches away. Test scenarios were set so that the particles were both several inches away and right next to the test patterns to understand how distances affects the distribution.
The first element which was examined was the wind itself, and how it would begin to shift and manipulate the sand it carries. Models were constructed in order to examine the patterns which the particles create over different typologies.
The images show an attempt at abstracting the distribution patterns of the particles by selectively picking out the lighter parts of the picture where the particles have accumulated. The method has some success in terms of showing the general distribution and volume of particles in certain areas.
Unfortunately, the method is susceptible to uneven lighting and shadows. Some of the images simply become a black and white montage of where shadow and light is. A few observations, particles tend to gather behind windbreaks, instead of being stopped ahead of it.
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Digital version of the tests conducted above. Partially successful, however the digital version lacks several elements which is vital for understanding wind in real life. One of those elements is wind pressure. It is useful to have done these tests however, since now we can tell the difference between results of real modelling and digital models
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Conclusion Conclusion The work so far builds up an understanding of the dierent processes involved, and introduces methods of manipulating them. In the smaller interventions, each of them responds to site, aiming to promote some form of physical change on it. At the current stage of the project, the work lacks a binding force; a guiding strategy and a framework in which they can be deployed. In the final phase of the research, a framework will be developed in which the techniques which were research could be engaged based on the strategy appropriate and relevant to landscape theory. Having to understand every single process that eect the urban environment was beyond the scope of the research and so this research chose to focus on several geological and biological processes which exist through most sites and how they could contribute to the larger system. In order to take the research further, an understanding of a range of systems would be needed; such as economical social and environmental. Designing with processes is about thinking about programming and form of spaces over time and to consider how they are part of a larger interconnected mechanism. Considering desertification and the processes it embodied began as an exercise in separating the whole and to understand each component, testing how each of them operate in dierent conditions through smaller design interventions. Through this method, understanding of the operations can be built up, albeit on a small scale. To fully understand the consequence, more scales are needed, and the importance then lay in the relationship between them all.
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