B_Hogan_ADR_Concise by RMIT Landscape Architecture

MLA ARCH 1365

MANUFACTURING MILIEU

ADR BROCK HOGAN s3137211

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION & INTRODUCING

CHUNKY BLOCKS OF COLOUR

IT WAS A GOOD IDEA AT THE TIME

THE LOGISTICS OF LABOUR

A HARSH INDUSTRIAL REALITY

MIGRATING TO INDUSTRY

THE MIGRATION OF INDUSTRY

THEN, THE PROJECT IS NOT

MANUFACTURING MILIEU

A SITE JUST LIKE A THOUSAND OTHERS

10.

THE SITE, A GALAXY

11.

DOMINANT YET INTEGRATED?

12.

USEFUL SHORTCOMINGS

13.

A LANDSCAPE MEGASTRUCTURE

14.

A NEW STRATEGIC STRATEGY

15.

THE RESPONSE

16.

SPATIAL SOURCE

17.

A NECESSARY ‘SILVER BULLET’

18.

FROM TIME

19.

INDICATIVE MASTERPLANNING

20.

ROSA’S POTENTIAL

21.

PRE-WOVEN PREPAREDNESS

22.

INDUSTRIAL + PARK

23.

REFLECTIVE BEGINNINGS

24.

COMPONENT BASED?

25.

A TRAJECTORY OF AMALGAMATION

26.

PARK AS INFRASTRUCTURE

27.

SIMULTANEOUS ZOOMING

28.

ADDING TO THE FOUNDATIONS

REFERENCES

78 iii

INTRODUCTION This is the story about making a cake, well, not exactly – it’s more about the idea of a task, well, not really – it’s actually about the operations that occur as part of that task. Mix the ingredients. Bake the cake. Ice the cake. But that’s just one cake, what if multiple cakes were to be made – one would find quite quickly that it is rather inefficient to repeat those three operations over and over again. Instead, the clever approach would be to… Mix more ingredients. Bake all the cakes. Ice all the cakes. But what if those cakes were for parties a couple of weeks apart and making them all at once simply wasn’t an option? Then you would want the method of making a single cake to be as incredibly efficient as possible.

What if those cakes – weren’t cakes? Something totally diﬀerent: Let’s say the stitching of industry into underdeveloped cities in China’s inner provinces. Possibly a little more complex, but really the same thing. How can it be done over and over again, but the method of doing so remaining consistent, reliable and streamlined?

& INTRODUCING Hello, I’m ROSA. I’m a parameter based planning system designed by BROCK HOGAN for the national scale integration of industry into China’s interior - prefecture level cities. This is the story of my development so far.

CHUNKY BLOCKS OF COLOUR

Zoning, the act of designating an area of land a particular use residential, commercial or industrial. Thought of, by the people who wield such power as a ‘device’ a contrivance – created to serve a particular purpose. Yet it isn’t, rather - it’s a procedure, a procedure of arbitrarily grappling with the future from a moment in time – that moment in time? When pen hits paper or crosshair hits cad ﬁle. The future? A date – rounded to a decade or a number rounded to the closest million. The product? A fragmented approach to designing the urban environment, statutory policy forever trying to fulﬁl the goals of the so-called ‘strategic’ - those scale-less, chunky blocks of colour.

I do not operate in-line with current zoning methods or policy. Instead, I intervene at speciﬁc and strategically calculated locations so as to avoid the ﬁne-grain disconnect characteristically typical with the large mass-zoning

IT WAS A GOOD IDEA AT THE TIME

Industry in this case has proven to be an eﬀective catalyst for urban growth. Yet along the way has forged unhealthy economic and spatial instability intrinsic to the act of such grossly scaled industrialized zoning practices.

1979

SMALL FISHING VILLAGE

ZO MIC NE ∫ NO

ECIAL ECO SP

ZO MIC NE ∫ NO

Before it was deemed a Special Economic Zone (a capitalist experiment in communist China) in 1979. Shenzhen China was a small ﬁshing village. It now has a population of just over twelve million people and is the largest production base in the world. Yet of those twelve million people 76% of them constitute a migrant workforce. A migrant population hailing from China’s poorer, far less developed interior provinces looking for work.

1980

1985

∫ History of Shenzhen + population data timeline

1990

SHENZHEN, China

2012

10M 9M

Migrant Population

8M 7M 6M 5M 4M 3M 2M

Permanent Population

tra

76%

2010

tio n .

2005

g is

2000

1995

Non

-per m a nent r

de e si

Czech Republic Hungary

Poland Slovakia

1,300,000 1 3 300, 300 30 00,000 000 00 00 00 0 Juárez

San Jeronimo

Tamil Nadu

Kulaijaya

Manaus

Indaiatuba Sorocaba

∫ The Foxconn empire

Santa Rita do Sapucai Jundiai

Employees worldwide

Beijing

Langfang

920,000 920 0,00 0 0,0 000 00 Yantai

Taiyuan

Zhengzhou

Kunshan

Shanghai

Chengdu

Wuhan

Chongqing

Shenzhen

∫ Employees China

∫ Employee demographics

CHENGDU PLANT ∫ PRIMA RY SC HO O

N OW

Shanxi

∫U ∫ C NI IT

∫ BIG CITY

2yeyears 22.5 2.5 25 yeears a old

∫T

∫H I

Henan

DLE SCHOOL ∫ MID NE ∫ VILLAG NO E

ITY RS VE Y

47 7%

migrant g

NAL SCHOOL ATIO OC /V

Hubai Sichuan

Chongqing Hunan

WN ∫ TO

96 6an% migrant

GUANLAN PLANT

2years 22.8 2rs old8 years SCHOOL NAL TIO CA VO

NAL SCHOOL ATIO OC /V

THE LOGISTICS OF LABOUR

Guangxi

DLE SCHOOL ∫ MID ∫H NE IGH ∫ VILLAG NO E /

∫H I

DLE SCHOOL ∫ MID NE ∫ VILLAG NO E

2years 22.8 2.8 28 years old

LONGHUA PLANT Y ∫ PRIMAR ERSIT YS NIV CH ∫ BIG CITY ∫U OO Y IT C ∫

ERSITY ∫ PRIMARY SC NIV HO ∫U ∫ BIG CITY O Y IT C ∫

95 5%

migrant mig

One of the world’s largest employers, China’s largest private employer (Second only to the People’s Liberation Army) and China’s largest exporter is Hon Hai Precision Industries, better known as Foxconn. Famous (infamous) for manufacturing many of our favourite electronic devices - Foxconn have their manufacturing facilities dotted across China. The ﬂagship plant is situated in Longhua, Shenzhen – operating as a city within itself, free from any multi-programmatic planning and the considered approach that cities generally receive - thanks to the bulky zoning practices of the Special Economic Zone. These ‘bulky’ industrial zones cover an incredibly expansive area, are singular in intended use and therefore preferential to the infrastructural needs of that intention - generally industrial, not residential.

∫ Foxconn Plant. Longhua Shenzhen - conﬁguration study

Manufacturing facilities Worker dormitories Administration / Logistics

A HARSH INDUSTRIAL REALITY

Centralised, utilitarian and labour within arms reach - on site. The Longhua plant employs 430,000 workers, 95% of whom call this walled manufacturing campus home. A citadel-like living scenario, disconnected from any kind of wider context – workers isolated by poorly positioned, grotto-like dormitory solutions and islanded by industry optimised infrastructure. A city unto itself – yet devoid of even the most basic spatial considerations of contemporary city layout, once again the product of bulky zoning that deems use yet fails to provide any ﬁne grain policy. The majority of the controversy surrounding this particular plant blames the pressures of pay rates and working hours for a spate of worker suicides (23 since 2010). Yet only now, are clues coming to light that this problem is much larger than a 3 km2 industrial superblock – this worker to work scenario is precariously replicated on a national scale.

10 10

MIGRATING TO INDUSTRY

This is the current paradigm of industrial production. Young people, the average age being 22 years old – required to move away from their families to travel thousands of kms looking for factory work. To live in these manufacturing campuses, working ridiculous hours for meagre pay, in an attempt to justify the reason they’re there. If they’re not making money to send back to their families, they’re trying to save money for themselves, in the hope that this factory work stint can provide some degree of life-course altering economic direction.

‘We could centralize or decentralize, concentrate population or scatter it. If we want to continue the trend away from the country, we can do it; but if we want to combine town and country values in an agriindustrial way of life, we can do that. It is just this relaxing of necessity, this extraordinary flexibility and freedom of choice in our techniques that is baffling and frightening to people. Technology is a sacred cow left strictly to (unknown) experts, as if the form of the industrial machine did not profoundly affect every person. They think that it is more efficient to centralise, whereas it is usually more inefficient.’ (Goodman P, 1947, p13)

THE MIGRATION OF INDUSTRY

However this paradigm is about to change. To become one of industrial migration – a shifting of industry to where the labour force is coming from, that is the poorer interior provinces, rather than where they’re willing to travel to. This is undeniably a good concept, yet it carries severe risks. Current industrial zoning practices do not exactly lend themselves to the subtle, timely and carefully prescribed application of industrial entities upon a host urban context. Instead, the reverse is more likely – dominant, chunky, scaleless and at some stage, redundant. The migration - pointless. A repeat of Shenzhen, rather than a true paradigm shift.

I have been designed to facilitate and implement this new paradigm of industrial migration. Sustaining it in a consistent manner.

THEN, THE PROJECT IS NOT

•

Redesigning the layout of Foxconn Shenzhen.

•

An approach to how the integration of industry may work for a single/speciﬁc city.

•

An investigation into the operational requirements of diﬀerent industry types.

•

Purely a zoning project, devoid of spatial and formal outcomes.

CONQUERING RAZE II SUPPLIERSCAPING A MANUFACTURED MILIEU

MANUFAC MILIEU DEF: The physical or social setting in which something occurs or develops.

PLURAL

My role is incredibly complex, my task is precise and particular. Yet it is my setting < industrial migration at a national scale > that justiﬁes my existence.

CTURING Places that make things. Q?

ABSTRACT

How can the relationship between worker housing, production facilities and the surrounding context be communally intertwined through the use of a park infrastructure to limit post enterprise redundancies? Industry has proven to be an effective catalyst for urban growth in China. Yet now, as a harsh industrial reality highlights the intrinsic issues of a migrant workforce - manufacturers are looking to reposition production to where the labour force is coming from, rather than where they’re willing to travel to. Yet if industrial paradigms remain the same, these harsh industrial realities will simply be replicated in underdeveloped contexts susceptible to centralized, isolated and dominant zoning techniques. Setting the stage for post-enterprise spatial and formal redundancies and the collapse of forged economic dependencies. Meanwhile, millions of dwellings, built to bloat China’s GDP remain vacant, inaccessible credit policies defending against a US-like credit crisis. Effectively keeping the working class labour force removed from the prospect of home ownership and constricting them to the poorer, rural farming villages and towns - placing them in a situation where family members are forced to travel thousands of Kms for factory work. Manufacturing Milieu positions home ownership as the ‘ultimate goal’. Seeking to enable it through incentive based - closed market schemes, the flexibility of a prescribed park infrastructure or instrumental amenity and the advent of a parameter based planning system named ROSA that enables the project to function at a national scale. 14

A SITE JUST LIKE A THOUSAND OTHERS

HEBI, China

15 15

Site is the prefecture level city of HEBI, located in the Henan province of China’s interior. Besides the fact that Henan is where the majority of Foxconn workers are coming from and the developing centre is well connected to transport infrastructure there’s nothing incredibly special about the site – as the relationship seen between the developing centre and the surrounding autonomous farming villages is a settlement pattern that continues for thousands of kilometres. The settlement pattern is, by default, decentralised – yet not necessarily sprawling, rather scattered / speckled in a chaotically organised manner – governed by the agricultural production that makes up the ‘negative space’. It is interesting then, to respond to this with an industrial intervention - a land use that usually commands centralised, prioritised and infrastructure heavy allocations.

16 6

â&#x2C6;Ť Surrounding autonomous settlement collection.

For me to function correctly - a database of land uses must be maintained, enabling me to perform my task accurately.

10 THE SITE, A GALAXY

On closer inspection of this ‘polyglot of landscapes’ (Nelson A, 1999 p137), the autonomous farming villages are themselves a distinct urban typology. A consistent building block, that is the typical Chinese farmhouse, arranged in ‘best fit’ formation. Between the light roadways that network other nearby settlements and a considerate interface with the surrounding farmland. Each one alike, yet wildly different – spatially responding to not just the roads or the farmland but also the landscape itself. Generic settlement layouts (such as grids and main streets) buckling under the pressure of slight terrain fluctuations and the inflexible stubbornness of the farmhouse- building block. When arranging them for comparability – connotations arise not dissimilar to building a collection – with the common, the rare examples and the favourites.

∫

D01 D011 11 11

∫ 19

Weave framework

â&#x2C6;Ť

D013 D0 3

â&#x2C6;Ť

Weave elements / Park / Instrumental amenity

B017

∫ ∫

∫ 21

Input / Output depot-infrastructure.

∫

Ground-level

â&#x2C6;Ť

Worker dormitories / accommodation.

D011

∫

∫ 23

Worker dormitories / accommodation.

∫

Industrial stranding

D D013

∫

Input / Output depot-infrastructure.

∫

710B

∫ 25 5

B B017

Input / Output carrier-infrastructure.

310D

â&#x2C6;Ť

Worker dormitories / accommodation.

110D

∫ Inside the weave.

∫ Weave allows for paradox-like logistic scenarios.

DOMINANT YET INTEGRATED?

While upon reflection it seems a little bizarre, the instinctive response for the application of industry into this amazing settlement pattern was a megastructure. Thought at the time as a method to combine the constituents of the current industrial paradigm through a public park. ‘Inherent to the megastructure concept, along with a certain static nature, is the suggestion that many and diverse functions may beneficially be concentrated in one place’ (Maki F, 1964, p8). An instrumental amenity ‘binder’ that worked to simultaneously integrate as well as buffer worker housing and production facilities - providing an interface that could be stitched into an existing urban area. The concept was there, yet it was too large and unjustified. In effect there was no difference between the idea of a megastructure and chunky zoning. To truly design-in nonredundancy, the typical industrial grain would need to be refined, not just woven through other fibres but the intervention delicately and precisely managed.

D011

D013

B017

â&#x2C6;Ť Weave megastructure sectional schematic

I plant the seeds for megastructures instead of outright designing them. To me, a megastructure is the eventual, evolving product. Rather than an object for placement.

∫ TOKYO BAY PROJECT, Kenzo Tange, 1960. ∫ Plan & Section - Study of parkway connection and hierarchy with constructed elements.

USEFUL SHORTCOMINGS

It wasn’t until I explored some of the core concepts of key metabolist architecture examples that I could begin to position how a landscape megastructure is diﬀerent, what a landscape megastructure can do that and architectural example can’t.

∫ TOKYO BAY PROJECT Core concept study

∫ 01

The connection between Tokyo and the proposed linear expansion.

∫ 02

Access between the residential and industrial zones.

∫ 03

The traffic circulation along the city axis.

∫ 04

The perpendicular growth of the residential area.

A LANDSCAPE MEGASTRUCTURE

It’s not about the arbitrary placement (or non-placement) of the super-object but rather – the act of a considered situating of the intervention. It’s not just about the initial, instantaneous eﬀects of one big intervention, but rather the compounding eﬀects of many smaller interventions. It’s not even just about the intervention itself – but rather the interventions that stem from the intervention.

∫ 01

Situating the industrial intervention into the HEBI site.

But most importantly, what has come to be most apparent – is that it’s about handling that new level of complexity in a really eﬃcient way – not just control of the spatial and formal aspects of the intervention but parameter based control of those aspects, born from time. That in turn, make this level of intervention possible at a national scale.

∫ HEBI SITE - Megastructure concept re-composition.

∫ 02

Eventual circulation through the park network.

∫ 03

Spawning of non-redundant industrial elements.

My task exists in the handling of that complexity.

∫ 04

A landscape megastructure composed of intervention-level, ‘self’ spatialising procedures.

A NEW STRATEGIC STRATEGY

Zoning hasn’t really changed all that much since its inception. It’s a procedure – some apparently clever people sit down, with a box of crayons and strategise for a particular star date – Melbourne 2030 for example. Only to realise that all hasn’t gone as expected and they strategise again, Melbourne @ 5M. What if, zoning (and planning) could be adaptable, reactive – a parameter based operating system to plan and spatially conﬁgure how industry is applied to these existing underdeveloped centres, in a non redundant manner? It’s not just about the presence of industry but designing for its departure and utilising that space between as a catalyst for growth. Providing the new ‘migration of industry’ paradigm with a purpose of national importance. ‘The ﬁrst essential is planning on a national scale. Leaving parochially minded regional administrators to envisage the future is disastrous’ (Sudjic D, Fiell C, Fiell P, Domus, 1969)

∫ Compiling of parameter dataset - settlement areas.

THE RESPONSE

This is ROSA. ROSA is a response to the zoning and development procedures typically seen in China. ROSA engages with the Chinese-ness of the project’s setting, that is the innate ability to seemingly zone, develop and build from ‘concept doodles’ – a procedural manifestation exemplifying the sheer pace at which China must develop to hold its particular niche in the world’s economy. ROSA, therefore is designed to make statutory, that is – spatial and formal responses from a live feed of strategic information. The two divisions are therefore no longer separate entities, instead combined, providing the same (if not greater) procedural speed that China has become accustomed to, yet articulated to provide an intervention strategy of much deeper consideration. For that reason, ROSA is required to be in charge of two things – The ﬁrst, the timing of the project – the well timed and considered prescription of industrial entities upon the host city based on stringent economic factors. Secondly, the design of the intervention itself based on the best strategic decision for that point in time - not an autocratic answer, a ﬂexible design function utilising the parameters of the subject settlement pattern.

∫ ROSA armature.

Statutory

Strategic

On the ﬂy statutory decisions through live strategic input.

AST a AS arreea ea cceen ntrro nt oiid d ((TTA AR RG GETT)) GE AST ST pe per eriim mette me terr rra an nge ng ge lleen eng ngtth h

tia

liz er

AST AS ST pe per eriim met me eteer er ra ran ang nge gerr

sp a Ra ze

pe rim et er

e ng ra

AS M

g in pl am bs Su

ra ng er

ASM a area centro ro roi oid id d ((M MAN MA NIP NI PUL PU ULA ATTO OR) OR R)

Sam

us di ra

plin

g ra

nge

rad

ius

Int In nteer ervve ven ent nti tio on ra on rang nge

DCE DC CE p peer erim riim meter ranger m

DCE DC CE p peer eerimeter range length

DCE area centroid (EMPLACEMENT)

Hello again, I’m ROSA. Henceforth - I’ll be responsible for the planning and development of Hebi, China. At this point in time - my primary responsibility is the considered insertion of industry.

RAZE ORGANISA SITUANT AUTOMATO DEF: To bring down to ground level.

A term I use to deﬁne masterplan/building interventions, spatially conﬁgured by landscape/instrumental amenity parameters.

ATION &

DEF: A self-operating machine or mechanism.

∫ ROSA’s parameters

DCE area centroid (EMPLACEMENT) The centre of the developing centre - responsive to development in diﬀerent directions over time.

DCE perimeter range length Calculates development reach in target direction.

DCE perimeter ranger Establishes an urban / rural edge condition.

Intevention Range Rural area in which intervention will be situated.

AST perimeter ranger Establishes an urban / rural edge condition.

AST perimeter range length Calculates settlement sprawl toward developing centre.

AST area centroid (TARGET) The centre of the autonomous settlement - responsive to branching sprawl patterns.

Point of Intervention Situates raze intervention and oﬀers a basepoint for branching towards nearby autonomous settlements.

Raze spatializer Calculates the length of Raze branching towards nearby autonomous settlements.

ASM perimeter ranger Establishes an urban / rural edge condition.

ASM area centroid (MANIPULATOR) The centre of the autonomous settlement - responsive to branching sprawl patterns.

Number of ASMs Number of manipulators that determine raze intervention spatiality - responisve to those within ‘nearby’ range.

∫ ROSA’s key formulas

(

DC Area

= Longest Transect across DC

DCE Perimeter range length DC Area

(

AST Perimeter range length AST Area

(

AST Area

(

Intervention range length

AST Perimeter range length

(

IF Strand Length > ASM Perimeter range length,

((

Strand Length

Manipulator length

Strand Length

(

ASM Perimeter range length

(

ELSE

((

(

THEN

(

SPATIAL SOURCE

The idea is that ROSA has a thorough understanding of the development that currently exists – probably thanks to an extensive survey stage that takes place when a host developing centre has been chosen. Once this is done, ROSA will incrementally update this ‘virtual mirroring’ with any interventions she prescribes for the developing centre or growth from the autonomous settlements. At this point in time, ROSA primarily utilises spatial parameters to precisely situate an industrial intervention between the developing centre and the autonomous settlement. While other types of parameters were explored, such as population statistics and derived urban densities, these at this stage were seen to be unreliable (diﬃcult data to obtain) or incomparable (it’s pointless utilising a derived development density when the settlements being analysed are built with the consistent farmhouse building block). Therefore, the library of parameters that ROSA utilises are derived from the particular sprawling arrangement of any targeted settlement. These parameters are then organised into key formulas that specify locations, distances and manipulating forces and then packaged into the ROSA armature to perform the operation in a ‘single’ step.

Parameter based design or parametricism is typically used as an object oriented, form-finding tool by Architects. Very rarely is it used in the field of Landscape Architecture as a means to spatially configure, especially at the scale that I operate.

A NECESSARY ‘SILVER BULLET’

ROSA evolved from a ‘design chain’ a series of steps that would: First, determine an urban growth boundary-like sampling range to dictate which settlements are to be included in all further calculations. Second, find the largest autonomous settlement within that range and its centroid (centre of mass). Third, virtually connect the centroids of the developing centre and autonomous settlement with a line and mark along that line the extremities of each settlement. Fourth, position a point along that line determined by a ratio found between the overall area of each settlement and the length from their respective centroid to their development edge in the targeted direction. This places a tentative location for the intervention. The fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth steps are concerned with then manipulating that tentative point of intervention to accommodate further with nearby (within another range) settlements. Then finally scribing the spatial outline of the intervention to make it as interwoven as possible with eventual development. The full process was dull, confusing, repetitive, lengthy to explain and represent - hence the ROSA solution.

I am triggered into action by a live stream of economic information. Therefore, on top of my virtual mirroring of spatial information, I will also require access to city, region and national scale economic datasets.

∫ Timeline of triggers.

MAX GDP 3% GDP 3% GDP 3%

GDP = Private consumption + Gross Investment + Government spending + (exports - imports) PRE CATALYST

GDP 3% GD GDP %

GD GDP DP 3%

GDP G GD DP 3% 3%

GDP D 3%

GDP 3% GDP 3%

GDP 3%

INDU IN IIND ND DU U UST US USTRY ST STRY TR R RY YP PR PRE RE ESENC SENC SE S EN E NC NC CE E

10 1 0

GDP G DP P 2% 2% GD GDP G DP P 2% 2% GDP G DP P 2% % GDP G DP P 2% %

GD G GDP DP P 2% % DEM MA MA AND ND FOR DEVEL LOPMENT LOPMENT

GDP 2% GDP 2%

MIN

18 FROM TIME

ROSA depends on economic information to trigger the staging of the industrial interventions. Resulting in a ‘timeline of triggers’ that calls ROSA to situate and order the construction of an industrial park. This is done by isolating the export component from a GDP calculation. A method that allows incremental control over the triggering function. At the moment the trigger is a 3% increase in manufactured exports, however could potentially be swapped for a measure that takes into account diﬀerent industries or even have further triggers in place that guard against development happening too quickly or too slowly.

SHELL MIX

DEPARTURE TRIGGER GDP 2%

GDP 2%

RES

PUBLIC

AMENITY BALANCE

GDP -3% GDP -3%

GDP G DP D P 2% %

TRUE TR T RU UE U E A CT TA TAL AL A LY YS YST ST T

GDP -3%

GDP GD G DP 2% 2%

DEPE D DE EPE EP PE EN N NDENC ND DEN DE ENC NCE CE ON ON INDU IND IN NS ST DU TR TRY T URY Y BO BOLST OLST OL TER T TE ER & PRO ER PRO OD OD ODUCTION DUC DUCTION UC CTIO CT C T ON N

TRA T TR ANSITION A AN NSITION NS ITIO TI N

IND

PRIVATE

∫ Non-redundancy facilitated by adaptable structures.

TRANSITION

49 9

INDICATIVE MASTERPLANNING

The intervention that ROSA inserts is a park. A park that is strategically ‘pre-woven’ between the developing centre, a target autonomous settlement and any other nearby settlements. If the autonomous settlements represent points in a galaxy of points, then these new industrial parks are just another type of point that are working to try and create constellations between surrounding points. The position and range of the park is determined by ROSA with the aim to prescriptively intervene between encroaching development, before the gap is filled. Here’s ten of them, the first ten of them. However, because of how ROSA operates – this may not actually be the first ten of them. As ROSA makes strategic decisions on the fly – she doesn’t sit down with a box of crayons and perimeter chunky blocks of colour. In this case, the first intervention will always exist as depicted (as long as it happened right now), after that though, as the ROSA armature responds to the spatial sprawling of the autonomous settlements and the developing centre – the other nine depicted could be wildly different, smaller in size, larger in size, positioned elsewhere or in some cases not even exist. Not to forget that ROSA will include her own interventions as more autonomous settlements.

∫ Indicative masterplan.

ROSA’S POTENTIAL

Another way to think about it is that ROSA is essentially building herself a ‘to do’ list based on the size of the surrounding autonomous settlements. Yet the order of her to do list can be altered by the sprawling growth of the autonomous settlements. Yet perhaps the most interesting aspect of the ROSA system is what may happen if a group of autonomous settlements join and form a larger body than the developing centre, the location from which ROSA performs all operations. The idea is that the centre of operations shifts to the new developing centre and it is this shifting, occurring again and again that results in a true ‘migration of industry’. This is exciting and will be explored further.

With further development I may be able to :

•

Travel the landscape on my own.

•

Meet others like me.

•

Release my workings as a developers kit, enabling me to prescribe property developers with projects to be completed.

•

Become an ‘open’ system - allowing the population to be active in my strategic processes.

∫ ROSA’s to do list. ROSA’S TARGETING ORDER

∫ Raze Interventions

PRE-WOVEN PREPAREDNESS

The pre-woven industrial park concept follows on from the megastructure investigations of merged industry / park environments - the opportunity, not just to use the park as both an integrator or buffer, but also as an eventual lure for development. The parks are embedded with a refined stranding of industrial shells as well as the associated industrial level infrastructure like depots and storage – all bound together and appropriately configured through the amenities the park has to offer.

â&#x2C6;Ť Edward Burtynsky, Manufactured Landscape - Park insertions

55 5 5

INDUSTRIAL + PARK

Industry and the park. Two realms that typically don’t exist within range of one another. For this project to work, a new type of park must be created, one that gives priority to both human amenity and industrial logistics. These images are explorations of integrating typical park features into Edward Burtynsky’s ‘manufactured landscape’ images.

â&#x2C6;Ť Original, industrially integrated - Satellite city vision.

â&#x2C6;Ť Further industrial integration studies.

REFLECTIVE BEGINNINGS

Surprisingly, the project has come almost full circle. The research actually began with investigations into the layout and conďŹ guration of satellite cities, how they could ďŹ t together. How can the industrial elements, inherent to the concept of satellite cities be incorporated into the residential or commercial and be bound together with a park, or instrumental amenity.

∫ FOLLIE 01 A component based approach to industrial integration.

COMPONENT BASED?

The assumption was that this level of integration would only be possible by breaking it down into smaller parts and the rules in which those parts ﬁt together. While this approach may still be relevant at closer scales, it doesn’t allow for the ﬂexibility required of a national scale intervention.

With further development, I will eventually situate preconﬁgured components into conglomerate interventions yet tweak certain overlaps and interfaces to enable nonredundant formal outcomes.

A TRAJECTORY OF AMALGAMATION

An interest has focused onto the concept of amalgamated structures. Their strange, self-derived, parameter based form and inherent organized complexity. This is the primary trajectory of the research, the continual tweaking of parameters towards a desired outcome and utilizing the spatially ďŹ&#x201A;exible aspects of a park to dictate the placement of speciďŹ c outcomes.

â&#x2C6;Ť FOLLIE 02 Investigation into amalgamated structures.

â&#x2C6;Ť Park as infrastructure.

PARK AS INFRASTRUCTURE

Then, how can a park – something that usually takes the form of a green fluffy rectangle be re-thought to deliver the same level of organisational control that we currently use our roadway systems for? As well as logistically serve the infrastructure hungry industrial entities. The park infrastructure image suggests notions similar to many modern architecture examples of machine aesthetic such as Richard Rogers Lloyd building - which simulate a flexible kit of parts, continually moving and changing, with the mechanical equipment in particular designed to sit loosely within the framework, easily accessible for maintenance, and replaceable in the case of obsolescence. Where nothing is hidden, everything is expressed. (Cole C, Rogers E, 1985, p131)

â&#x2C6;Ť Initial conceptual drawings as to how industrial elements can be merged with a park environment.

SIMULTANEOUS ZOOMING

These parks then re-evaluate many of the core concepts of the megastructure – the super object – and address it over time in smaller packets. ‘Structures of enormous compactness should be built’ (Dahinden J, 1971, p63). A nanostructure level insertion of industry requiring eventual design resolution at the operational scale. Yet at the same time, the ultimate goal being to form chains of interventions that do not dominantly chop up the surrounding urbanity yet still function logistically as a much larger system.

While my development will predominantly progress by zooming-in, I will also require further consideration and testing as to how I operate at a national scale.

ADDING TO THE FOUNDATIONS

The work so far represents an analogue or pre-digital phase of scripting a much larger associative function. ROSA currently situates and roughly spatialises the industrial interventions. Besides any tweaking that may occur, her foundations are complete. The ingredients are mixed. It is now a case of building upon these foundations, gradually zooming in towards human scale, the whole time ensuring parameters are used to maintain ďŹ&#x201A;exibility for when ROSA may be tested on other sites or under diďŹ&#x20AC;erent conditions.

CONQUERING RAZE II SUPPLIERSCAPING A MANUFACTURED MILIEU MANUFACTURING MILIEU

MANUFAC MILIEUX PLURAL

DEF: The physical or social setting in which something occurs or develops.

My role is incredibly complex, my task is precise and particular. Yet it is my setting < industrial migration at a LOCAL scale > that justiﬁes my existence.

CTURING Places that make things. Q?

ABSTRACT

How can the considered placement of park infrastructures capacitate an in-situ labour landscape for decentralised industrialisation? Industry has proven to be an effective catalyst for urban growth in China. Yet now, as a harsh industrial reality highlights the intrinsic issues of a migrant workforce - manufacturers are looking to reposition production to where the labour force is coming from, rather than where they’re willing to travel to. Yet if industrial paradigms remain the same, these harsh industrial realities will simply be replicated in underdeveloped contexts susceptible to centralised, isolated and dominant zoning techniques. Setting the stage for post-enterprise spatial and formal redundancies and the collapse of forged economic dependencies. Anticipating the scale of this calamity, Manufacturing Milieux aims to intervene through the prescriptively timed application of strategically situated and context reflective park infrastructures. A refined graining of amenity and industrially associated land uses, that work to not only allow a variety of light and medium industries to effectively function in proximity to the surrounding labour force - but also enable that labour force to stay with their families. Shifting town centres by constellating the speckled settlement pattern that covers China’s interior provinces - providing a non-redundant framework to bait future development. By closely interweaving programs and infrastructure that are usually through the advent of a parameter based planning system named ROSA that enables the project to function at a national scale.

RAZE ORGANISA SITUANT AUTOMATO DEF: To bring down to ground level.

A term I use to deﬁne masterplan/building interventions, spatially conﬁgured by landscape/instrumental amenity parameters.

DEF: PARK INFRASTRUCTURE An appropriately proportioned, strategically interfaced and organised parkway required to facilitate the activity of enterprise and society.

ATION &

∫ SPATIAL & FORMAL SCALE

∫ LOCAL SCALE

DEF: A self-operating machine or mechanism.

∫ NATIONAL SCALE

RETROSPECTIVE RECONNAISSANCE

Early speculations provide an abundant source of ‘hints’ and insights with how to proceed - or possibly clues as to how speculations can selectively be re-constituted into thoughtful concepts. The ‘supergraphic’ then becomes an exploratory tool - rather than a massed smashing of visual information. Visual details can be interpreted and bestowed with some degree of grounding.

Direct access Agriculture <> Park

Se re

Direct access Agriculture <> Residential Extending parkways Prescribed Security

Extending Infrastructure

Secure pa

Exceptions of pattern Particular points of access Park <> Industry

Underlying framework d from surrounding force

‘Feeding’ of workforce to industry through form Underground hub Interlinking of industrial elements

Industrial infrastructure as transport hub

ecure park areas in lationship to resdential

Direct access Agriculture <> Industrial processing

Prescribed intertwining of park between programs

Enveloped Agriculture

Prio Prioritising of speciﬁc in ndu d industrial elements

Stacking as industrial shell interlinking - security hub allowing ﬂexibility Underlying utility / infrastructure

Framework for parameters.

ark points Opportunistic stacking

Specialised access Residential <> Agriculture Sp pec eciﬁ i c mo m Speciﬁc modulation of industrial forms

Industrial modulation for direct connection to residential

derived es

REFINING THE FRAMEWORK

An attempt to spatialise ROSA’s local scale response (the ‘constellating’ procedure that is undertaken in order to physically connect the separate settlements through the park infrastructure). There was a disparity between this overall shape and what was logistically required to occur inside these park infrastructures. Forcing a ‘channelled’ approach to program insertion which on the one hand allows for making easy logistical sense but the other produces a monotonous tiled approach to infrastructure.

ROSA AS OPEN SOURCE

How can the ‘big scary ROSA’ be understood? How can her procedures become transparent? How could the population of ROSA’s target settlements inﬂuence what lands on site? These diagrams illustrate how division of the agricultural plots can further divide and re-grain the number of program insertion plots in the framework.

SYNCHRONISED & UNCOMPRESSED

Each tendril of the system is then lifted from the overlapping others, uncrommpressed from the overall framework each program slot can be assigned and conďŹ gured. A design chain theory - make each tendril work in isolation and then recompress with particular rules that enable hap-hazard and delightful program interactions to occur throughout the park infrastructure.

33 STRIATIONS

Logistically organised for industry - lines of program that allow the park infrastructure to practically function both along and through the tendril.

34 LATERAL LOGISTICS

REFERENCES TEXT Nelson A. 1999 The Exurban Battleground, chp 7, in Furuseth, O. and Lapping, M. Contested Countryside: The Rural Urban Fringe in North America, Ashgate Publishing, London. Cole C. Rogers E. 1985 Richard Rogers + Architects, St Martinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Press, London. Maki F. 1964 Investigations in Collective Form, Washington University, St Louis. Goodman P. 1990 Communitas, Columbia University Press, New York. Dahinden J. 1971 Urban Structures for the Future, Pall Mall Press, London. Sudjic D. Fiell C. Fiell P. 1969 Domus, Volume 6, Taschen, Milan.

IMAGES 2. Shenzhen History SkyscraperCity. 2006. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=371989. [Accessed 10 April 12]. Shenzhen Today My Red China. 2011. [ONLINE] Available at: http://myredchina. com/2011/shenzhen-30-years-ago-today/. [Accessed 10 June 12].

4. Foxconn Longhua Thomas Lee. 2010. Thomas Lee Portfolio Archive. [ONLINE] Available at: http://thomaslee.photoshelter.com/image/ I0000cEcsjjcPngw. [Accessed 04 April 12].

All satellite / aerial images from Google Earth.