RESEARCH
2013
B DRC MLA Project
r e m o t e
s e n s i n g Aerial imaging + Thermal sensing
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12 Francois Roche i’mlostinParis
b u i l t - i n
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s u s t a i n a b l i t y
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Renzo Piano California Acadamy of Sciences
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30 Emilio Perez Pinero Transportable theatre
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As an environmentally adaptive structure, the California Acadamy of Sciences by Renzo Piano, uses automation to control internal ventilation. Motorized windows automatically open and shut to allow cool air into the building. Sustainability was a key aspect of the design. This project is one of the ten pilot ‘green building’ projects of the San Francisco Department of Environment, aiming to get platinum LEED certification. The design outcome is that the building will consume 30-35% less energy than required by code.
Image Sources aerialimagingsolution.com -
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www.new-territories.com - 18+21
www.wired.com - 27+28
www.elclubdigital.com -
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conservationdrones.org -
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www.wired.com -
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www.arquitecturapfc.es -
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www.melbourne2006.com.au -
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greenbrbl.wordpress.com -
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rolu.terapad.com -
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www.directionsmag.com -
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inhabitat.com -
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www.roulottemagazine.com -
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news.stanford.edu -
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rolu.terapad.com -
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www.greenbuildnews.co.uk -
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Cermak road Chicago
Opened in October 2012, the first phase two mile stretch is part of the Blue Island/Cermak Sustainable Streetscape project in Pilsen, which was introduced in 2009 with the aim of reducing overall energy usage by 42 percent. The $US14 million initial project’s full range of data and sustainable elements will not be available until the street canopy fills in and cooling technologies are activated in the summer. The project will eventually extend along Cermak and Blue Island all the way to Western in Chicago and is not only green, but is also cheap: the current 14 blocks cost 21 percent less to build than similar projects Chicago City officials considered, and should be cheaper to maintain. The location runs through an industrial zone which links the state and US highways, and whilst not eligible for LEED certification because it is not a building, the project will record quantifiable results through a set of equally aggressive sustainability goals charting eight performance areas such as storm water management, material reuse, energy reduction, and place making.
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S i t e A : Vi c t o r i a Pa r a d e , E a s t M e l b o u r n e
Site B: Sydney Road, Brunswick
Image Sources mw2.google.com - 01+03
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Image Source: www.lternet.edu
THE URBAN CONDITION
2013
B DRC MLA Project
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How can aerial photogrammetric and thermal mapping of urban environments generate logical data to determine design outcomes in an attempt to mitigate “Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect� in the built environment?
How resolution affects the image Image resolution quantifies how much detail can be seen in an image. Higher resolution images contain more detail than lower resolution images. In digital imagery, this detail is made up of pixels, which are square dots, that when placed next to each other, begin to make up the image. In aerial imagery, resolution is quantified by the actual length of each pixel as it would be measured on the ground
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Resolution selection Image resolution should correspond to the features that will be identified and measured in the imagery. If small features need to be identified, high resolution imagery will be required. Larger features do not require high resolutions. The resolution of an image needs to be about 2X the length of the 07
object, to pick out the object from the background. This allows counting. (For a vehicle that is 2 meters wide, a resolution of 1
1 pixel = 1/2 meter
meter / pixel is required) When the resolution is 8-10X the length of the object, the object can be identified. (For a vehicle that is 2 meters wide, a
35 pixels = 17 meters
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resolution of 1/4 meter / pixel is required). As the resolution is increased further, the type of vehicle can be determined: Pickup
1/32 meter / pixel 16,384 pixels
1/16 meter / pixel 4,096 pixels
1/16 meter / pixel 4,096 pixels
1/4 meter / pixel 256 pixels
8,137 MB / 2.5900km2
2,034 MB / km2
2,034 MB / km2
127 MB / km2
Truck. As the resolution is increased even further, a trained observer may even be able to determine the make of the vehicle.
Pixel size The image in (fig.08) shows the individual pixels from the image in (fig.07). The size of each pixel is the same, so the size of features in the image can be measured. 09 1/2 meter / pixel 64 pixels 31 MB / 2.5900km
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2 meters / pixel 4 pixels
1 meter / pixel 16 pixels 7.9 MB / 2.5900km
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2.0 MB / 2.5900km
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4 meters / pixel 1 pixel 0.50 MB / 2.5900km
Image Sources www.earthimaging.com - 01+05
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www.earthimaging.com - 06+09
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METHOD
2013
B DRC MLA Project
S U R FA C E A N A LY S I S
2013
B DRC MLA Project
This research project suggests that there is not one set solution for mitigating Urban Heat Island. There needs to be a combination of strategies incorporating scientific analysis, materiality and application of natural systems. These practices should function together within an ecological framework to design a thermally responsive and sustainable urban surface.
H E AT M I T I G AT I O N S T R AT E G I E S
2013
B DRC MLA Project
“twin imperatives of sustainability and community building can be complementary� Nanyang Technological University Singapore CPG Consultants Images Source: www.arch2o.com
Reduces Urban Heat Island Evaporative cooling provided by green roofs assists to reduce elevated temperatures existing in urban areas as a result of heat-absorbing impervious surfaces such as roads, footpaths and conventional roof structures.
Improves Community Livability Green roofs help to improve the liveability of an urban community. Organic mass from the soil and vegetation creates an acoustical barrier which assists in the reduction of sound propagation, reducing local noise pollution levels. By providing people with more outdoor recreational spaces and opportunities such as urban agriculture, green roofs have the capacity to contribute towards improved community interactions that help build social capital.
Improves Habitat Increased vegetation in the urban environment helps to support biodiversity and provides valuable habitat for a variety of flora and fauna. This helps to soften the environmental impact of urbanisation.
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“ e v o k i n g t h e s i t e ’s historic salt marsh e c o l o g y, t h e d e s i g n f o r the courtyard incorporates native grasses to filter and absorb stormwater runoff” Cardiovascular Research Building San Fransisco C.A Andrea Cochran Landscape Architecture Image Source: www.asla-ncc.org
Reduces Atmospheric CO2 Bio-retention and infiltration methods reduce the accumulation of atmospheric greenhouse gases. This is defined by the process of carbon sequestration which captures and stores carbon dioxide for long-term cycles.
Reduces Urban Heat Island Through evaporative cooling and the reduction of surface reflectivity, these practices work to mitigate the urban heat island effect, reducing urban energy consumption.
Improves Community Livability Well-maintained, bio-retention and infiltration practices facilitate improvements in urban aesthetics and encourage recreational opportunities within communities which can lead to better social networks in local neighbourhoods. There is also the potential for these practices to help decrease local noise transmission through sound absorption.
Improves Habitat Bio-retention and infiltration practices provide habitat and increase biodiversity, through the inclusion of variable natural environments.
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“All the landscape serves a dual purpose. Aesthetically; providing green space for employees and the public. Functionally; housing water filtration systems� Burbank Water + Power Burbank C.A AHBE Landscape Architects Images Source: www.ahbe.com
Reduces Atmospheric CO2 Through the reduction of water treatment, carbon dioxide, (CO2) emissions created through the energy consumption from power plants is decreased. Compared to impervious asphalt and cement, which produce high lifecycle CO2 emissions, permeable pavement contributes towards a cleaner future environment through the reduction of lifecycle CO2 formations and evaporative emissions.
Reduces Urban Heat Island Permeable pavement absorbs less heat than conventional impervious pavements. This contributes towards a lowering of thermal heat through the reduction of surrounding near-surface air temperatures which leads to a decrease in the energy consumption used for cooling buildings.
Improves Community Livability Some types of permeable pavement such as porous asphalt reduce local noise pollution and glare.
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Improves Air Quality Local reclamation of rainwater helps to reduce the need for water treatment and as a result, treatment facilities decrease their energy consumption. This contributes towards a reduction of air pollutants being emitted from power plants.
Reduces Atmospheric CO2 Power plant emissions exacerbate the impacts of climate change by increasing CO2 levels. By reducing the energy consumption of water treatment facilities, CO2 emissions from power plants is further decreased.
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CASE STUDIES
2013
B DRC MLA Project
Case study
D a r l i n g S t r e e t S t o r m w a t e r H a r v e s t i n g Pr o j e c t City of Melbourne
The Darling Street Stormwater Harvesting project in East Melbourne is an innovative stormwater harvesting project that provides treated stormwater to irrigate neighbouring parks and tree medians, including Darling Square, Powlett Reserve and medians in Grey, Simpson, Powlett and Albert streets. The project took advantage of a local streetscape upgrade - including replacement of poor performing golden elms, modification of tree islands and resurfacing of roadway - to trial a new stormwater harvesting technology that requires infrastructure to be installed below ground. The project harvests stormwater from two nearby existing drains. After diversion from the drains, the stormwater flows through a Gross Pollutant Trap (GPT) and a sedimentation chamber before being stored in underground tanks. Pumps can then be used to convey the collected stormwater into the above-ground biofiltration systems for treatment. The treated stormwater is finally stored in a holding tank ready for irrigation use. This project is an initiative derived from City of Melbourne’s ‘Total Watermark – City as Catchment’ strategy and addresses three of its main targets: water demand reduction, use of alternative water sources and stormwater quality improvement. It also provides a range of social, environmental and economical benefits.
Drivers and Objectives
Darling Street is the pilot project for the City of Melbourne’s long term stormwater harvesting strategy, which aims to annually implement 1-2 systems on various sites within the municipality. The project took advantage of a local streetscape upgrade to trial a new stormwater harvesting technology that requires infrastructure to be installed below ground. The main objective of this project was to reduce potable water demand by providing an alternative water supply source for irrigation of local parks and tree medians. The harvesting capacity of the system was therefore sized to meet irrigation demand for the nominated streets and reserves within the precinct. Other objectives included: •
keeping costs and spatial footprint of the system as low as possible
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achieving environmental benefits through the reduction of runoff volumes entering downstream water bodies
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delivering an enhanced public realm for the community.
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Case study
C o m o Pa r k S t o r m w a t e r H a r v e s t i n g Pr o j e c t City of Stonnington
Como Park is a premier recreational site situated on the banks of the Yarra River, in the City of Stonnington. This inner Melbourne sporting ground is used all year round for social and sporting events. In the face of a prolonged drought, Stonnington Council embarked on a stormwater harvesting project to ensure the park’s future. The project aimed to meet the irrigation demands of this site using harvested stormwater instead of relying on potable water. This innovative project intercepts and diverts stormwater that would otherwise discharge untreated into the adjacent Yarra River. The stormwater is intercepted from two nearby stormwater drains that drain a 365 hectare catchment. Stormwater is diverted from these drains into a large underground concrete tank with a 300kL capacity. The water is treated before irrigation via a gross pollutant trap and a ultra-violet filter. The water yield for irrigation is between 15-20 ML per year which provides Como Park a guaranteed source of fit-for-purpose water and independence from Victoria’s potable water supply. This project received a merit award in the category of ‘stormwater harvesting and re-use’ at the 2009 SIA National Stormwater Excellence Awards.
Drivers and Objectives
When the project was planned, water restrictions were compromising the ability for the oval for sporting and recreation amenity. This resulted in restricted usage of the park to conserve the playing surface. Como Park was also one of 27 sites in a study initiated by the four inner Melbourne municipalities. This study used a ranking system to identify the potential of these sites for substituting and reducing reliance on potable water. Como Park was ranked second highest within the study providing additional justification to proceed. The study and the restrictions on water use drove two key objectives for the project: 1. Achieve a significant reduction in potable water use; and 2. Provide a secure supply of water for irrigation to future proof the site.
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D E S I G N I N T E G R AT I O N
2013
B DRC MLA Project
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SITE DESIGN
2013
B DRC MLA Project
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APPENDIX & REFERENCE
2013
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D E S I G N I N G T H E U R B A N S U R FA C E green roofs www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz - Extensive Green (Living) Roofs for Stormwater Mitigation issinstitute.org.au - GREEN ROOFS AND VERTICAL GARDENS greensource.construction.com
D E S I G N I N G T H E U R B A N S U R FA C E bioretention + infiltration water.epa.gov - Green-Infrastructure-OM-Report www.acochran.com
D E S I G N I N G T H E U R B A N S U R FA C E permeable pavement continuingeducation.construction.com - Design Considerations for Vegetated Permeable Pavement www.cmaa.com.au - DESIGN OF PERMEABLE PAVEMENTS FOR AUSTRALIAN CONDITIONS www.greentechmedia.com
D E S I G N I N G T H E U R B A N S U R FA C E water harvesting 1.
www.ladpw.org - Appendix 8-J: South Gardena Recycled Water Pipeline Project
www.state.hi.us - A Handbook for Stormwater Reclamation and Reuse www.state.hi.usg
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