GUO Chuanyu_Invisible Refugees by RMIT Landscape Architecture

Chuanyu Guo

S3777939

[ Invisible Refugees ] Help endangered Dunnart and other wild lives recover from the significant bushfire, Experience landscape through the perspective of animals.

"It's surely our responsibility to do everything within our power to create a planet that provides a home not just for us, but for all life on Earth." “It is that range of biodiversity that we must care for - the whole thing - rather than just one or two stars.”

Sir David Attenborough WWF film - ‘A Life on Our Planet’

Autobiography & Gratitude

It has been a tough and unusual year for me honestly, frequent lockdowns, self-closing at home and new emails about COVID-19 has made up my memory about this year. But thanks for all these great people who support me in the hard time. Grateful to meet these patient and thoughtful tutors in my project, Thanks Jessica Stewart, Elise Northover and Jen Lynch. Thanks for guided me to research into my project deeper and deeper step by step, and also have given a lot of good advices and constructive comments for me, hope everything goes well with these great and talented people in later days. Thanks to all members of RMIT MLA design research team for offering this great opportunity to develop and explore my interests in the field of Landscape of Architecture.We made a very unique and unforgettable memory together. The initial thoughts which drive me to explore this project comes from my own experiences of being a volunteer in the streets animals shelter in my hometown. How about other creatures living environments when humans are enjoying the lives we get? Then the period of choosing my project meet the breaking news of significant bushfire season of Australia in the late of 2019 to 2020. After reading an article called "The 119 species in need of immediate intervention" in the conversation website, I met my "client" of my project -KI dunnart. That's the real start of our journey. Lastly, I would like to thank my dear parents and friends who always support me no matter what happens, how lucky I am to have these support and love during my exhausted and sad times.

Thanks All.

Contents

0 Before Intro 0-1 Autobiography & Gratitude

1 Intro 1-1 Abstract 1-2 Introduction 1-3 Client and Stakeholders

9 11 12

2 Issue Identifying 2-1 Issues Globally 2-2 Issues Australia 2-3 Issues Kangaroo island 2-4 Vegetation Classification Changes 2-5 Prevention Technology from Precedents

14 16 18 20 24

3 Client Dunnart 3-1 Our Client 3-2 Three Main Threats 3-3 Strategies and Management Actions 3-4 Record Map 3-5 Life Cycle 3-6 Main Predator Home Range

27 28 29 30 31 32

4 Linkage Corridors 4-1 Corridor Framework 4-2 Corridor generation 4-3 Potential Habitat Patches 4-4 Avoiding Areas 4-5 Corridor Master Plan - L

35 38 44 48 50

5 Corridors Landing 5-1 Corridor Master Plan - M 5-2 Corridor Section - M 5-3 Corridor Master Plan - S 5-4 Mix of Ages Classes Mosaic Patches 5-5 Section Before and After - S 5-6 Habitat Structure

53 56 58 60 64 68

6 Corridors Details 6-1 Ecology Loop of Grasstrees 6-2 Grasstrees Detail Sketch 6-3 Ecology Loop of Trunks 6-4 Artificial Trunks 6-5 Trunks Detail Sketch 6-6 Corridor Detail Master Plan & Sketch

71 72 74 75 76 78

7 Simulation in Long Time 7-1 Simulation in Long Time

8 Reflection & Conclusion

9 Bibliography

[ CHAPTER 1 ] INTRO

[ CHAPTER 1 ] 1-1

INTRO

Abstract

Extensive bushfires in late 2019 and early 2020 burnt 95 per cent of the remaining habitat of the Kangaroo Island Dunnart. Fortunately, the dunnart persisted in unburnt patches of vegetation, but the population was reduced to perilously low levels. If we do not take any action, the small carnivorous marsupial found only on Kangaroo Island will be extinct in next 20 years. The three main threats to dunnart is bush fire, land clearing and predator hunts. The extensive bushfire can potentially wipe out an entire population and the vegetation patch which they rely on to live, as these remnants have become increasingly isolated from one another, lack of connective bush corridors can mean that re-colonization is less likely to occur, which means the amount of them will keep decrease. The vegetation corridor which composed with core habitats, corridors and buffers ,steppingstones and scattering trees will become the new escaping tunnel and bushfire preventing fence for mitigating the negative influence of more and more extensive and frequent bushfire, which could improve the potentiality of survival in the upcoming bushfire disaster and afterwards. Landscape matrices method and basic technology for preventing fire are used for generating the plan. With climate changes all the times, the extreme weather will only become more severe and frequent. A good disaster response is not enough if we are going to give the unique wildlife the best chance of survival. Governments must pre-emptively address the underlying causes of wild lives vulnerability.

[ CHAPTER 1 ] 1-3

INTRO

Introduction

There is no doubt that the black summer bushfire season during 2019-2020 across the Australia impressed us deeply though time has passed quickly. The bushfire brought us more than eight million hectares of burning land full of smoke and ash. It has reported that more than one billion of animals have been killed in the disaster. Here is a timeline of some unforgettable news at that time: November 2019 - The bushfires raging in eastern Australia have intensified, killing at least three people, injuring more than 30, burning 150 homes and forcing thousands of residents to flee their homes as of midnight on the 9th. In addition, about 350 koalas in a local sanctuary were killed in the fires. December 31, 2019 Severe hill fires in many parts of southeastern Australia, including New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia, have caused more than 20 deaths, destroyed more than 2,000 homes, and forced thousands of local people from their homes.The smoke from the mountain fire crisis, which has been going on for months, has drifted to New Zealand, 2,000 kilometers away from it, causing a decline in air quality and even haze in New Zealand. On January 8, 2020, it had killed at least 25 people and burned more than 2,000 homes. According to a Brazilian meteorological company, smoke from the fires has now drifted to the southern part of Brazil. Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison, acknowledging failures in the response to the bushfire crisis, said he would put forward a proposal to Cabinet to establish a royal commission to respond to the bushfire disaster, and would also discuss how the federal government could step in and assist the states with greater flexibility in the event of a disaster. In addition, as the bushfires have caused great psychological trauma to people in the affected areas, Morrison announced that he will invest 76 million Australian dollars to provide psychological counseling and comfort to the people. On January 11, 2020, another fire-fighter was tragically killed at the scene of the Australian hill fires, and the number of people killed in Australia during this hill fire season rose to 28, of which the number of firefighters has reached four. Around January 12, 2020, favorable weather such as rainfall, cold temperatures, and no strong winds in Australia's mountain fire zone reduced the fire intensity in New South Wales, but did not fundamentally change the forest fire dynamics in NSW. In the neighboring state of Victoria, forest fires are still on the rise. What could we do when the big tragedy happened...

[ CHAPTER 1 ] 1-4

INTRO

Client and Stakeholders

- Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Communities - General public - WWF – Australia

CLIENT DUNNART

e rs at e St hold e ak

C Sta omm ke uni ho ty lde rs

National Stakeholders

- Department of Environment and Natural Resources

- Commercial tour operators on Kangaroo Island

- Department for Water

- Friends of the Dudley Peninsula

- Friends of Parks South Australia

- Friends of Parks - KI Western District

- General Public

- Country Fire Service (Kangaroo Island group)

- Indigenous community

- Eco-Action Landcare Group

- Natural Resource Management Council

- General Kangaroo Island community

- Zoos SA

- Kangaroo Island Community Seed Bank

- Country Fire Service - Kangaroo Island Council - South Australian Museum - Kangaroo Island Flora and Fauna Club - Transport South Australia - Kangaroo Island Private Landholders - Forestry SA - Local Indigenous Community - Conservation Council of South Australia - SA Water

- Kangaroo Island Natural Resources Management Regional Board

[ CHAPTER 2 ] ISSUE IDENTIFYING

[ CHAPTER 2 ] 2-1

ISSUE IDENTIFYING Issues (Globally)

climate change is significantly increasing the risk of wildfires by stimulating hot and dry conditions and high-risk weather. Over the past 40 years, the length of fire seasons has increased by 20 percent across more than a quarter of the world’s vegetated land surface.

Gridded Fire Hotspots : Fire Counts

Fire Hotspots in Australia from 09/2019 to 01/2020

[ CHAPTER 2 ] 2-2

Gridded Fire Hotspots : Fire Counts

ISSUE IDENTIFYING

Issues (Australia - Kangaroo Island)

[ CHAPTER 2 ] 2-3

ISSUE IDENTIFYING

Issues (Kangaroo Island)

[ CHAPTER 2 ] 2-4

ISSUE IDENTIFYING

Vegetation Classification Changes & Bushfires

Significant Bushfire Record in Kangaroo Island in the History (Since 1989) - 2007 bushfires Lightning strikes on Thursday 6 December 2007 caused several fires on the Island. Before being contained on 16 December 2007 over 20% of the Island had been burnt totaling 900 square kilometers (220,000 acres), principally within National Park and Conservation Reserves. - 2020 bushfires Across Kangaroo Island, several fires burnt in excess of 2,100 square kilometers (520,000 acres), approximately 52% of the Island. A bushfire emergency warning was issued on 3 January 2020 as the fire advanced towards Vivonne Bay and the town of Parndana was evacuated.The fires were not declared contained until 21 January.

[ CHAPTER 2 ] 2-4

ISSUE IDENTIFYING

Vegetation Classification Changes & Bushfires

Bushfire Happened

LOOP PROCESS

After burning, vegetation starts to recovery

Low density of vegetati Less Fuel From surveying the last decades of bushfire records on kangaroo island, It has a loop of the vegetation recovery in the nature, It takes more than six months for the native vegetation to recovery themselves after bushfires.

The low density of vegetation means the bushfire are lack of fuel, so that these cells have lower possibility to suffer from bushfire damage. Bush fire also spread most slowly on these cells.

ion

Middle density of vegetation Half Fuel The middle density of vegetation means the bushfire have half of the fuel, so that these cells have some possibility to suffer from bushfire damage.Bush fire also can spread on these cells.

High density of vegetation Full of Fuel The high density of vegetation means the bushfire are full of fuel, so that these cells have the biggest possibility to suffer from bushfire damage. Bush fire also spread most rapidly on these cells.

[ CHAPTER 2 ] 2-5

ISSUE IDENTIFYING

Prevention Technology from Precedents

Big scale strategy: National Park Management Plan Precedent 1 : Belair national park management plan

Mid scale strategy: Bushfire Garden Design Guidelines Precedent 2 : Gardens designed for preventing bushfire

Small scale strategy: Street Sections Precedent 3 : Book - [ Landscape And Building Design For Bushfire Areas ]

Big scale strategy: National Park Management Plan

Master Plan & Strategy for Bushfire

Small scale strategy: Street Sections 4 kinds of technology

Prevention Buffer for Bushfire

Vegetation Barrier for Bushfire

Prevention Slope for Bushfire

Unburned Materials for Bushfire

[ CHAPTER 3 ] CLIENT DUNNART

[ CHAPTER 3 ] 3-1

CLIENT DUNNART Our client

Population: less than 500 Rating: ENDANGERED – NPW Act 1972

/ ENDANGERED – EPBC Act 1999

Estimates of home range: vary from 0.34 ha to 2.32 ha Identification: This mouse-sized animal has sooty grey upperparts which contrast with lighter grey belly fur

[ CHAPTER 3 ] 3-2

CLIENT DUNNART

Three Main threats

Bush Fire

FIRE The significant bushfire will completely ruin the covering vegetation of dunnart, which means the predator can catch them easier if they do not have the vegetation shelter, that will make the population of dunnart decrease further more.

Land cleaning make the habitats of dunnart more fragmentized, which means the possibility of re-colonization is less likely to occur. So that predators can catch them easier and become vulnerable for bushfires.

Predation

Land cleaning

3-3

Strategies and management actions for Dunnart

- Restore potential habitat - From western side to eastern side eastern western

- movements in different habitats benefit recolonization

" Restoring potential KI dunnart habitat in higher productivity vegetation on eastern Kangaroo Island could assist the KI dunnart to move into more habitats." -- Minutes from the Kangaroo Island dunnart workshop Monday 27 May 2019, Ozone Hotel, Kangaroo Island

- Dunnart re-colonies need habitat requirements - Vegetation structure is important when recolonization - Vegetation structure related to suitability of habitats

" The dunnart colonises an area when it meets their habitat requirements and as vegetation structure changes over time, the suitability of habitat changes" -- Ecological Fire Management Strategy Government of South Australia

- Retain some part of an entire habitat patches will be advantageous for dunnarts - Risk management start when some patches ruin entirely - Protect nearby patches " Minimising entire habitat patches from burning in a single fire event." " If a bushfire burns the entirety of one or more habitat patches, risk management measures, such as predator control should be increased to protect remaining nearby populations and prescribed burning should be avoided. " -- Ecological Fire Management Strategy Government of South Australia

[ CHAPTER 3 ] 3-4

CLIENT DUNNART Record map

From ' Fire and the KI dunnart ' wrote by Dr Rosemary Hohnen

Possibility of Occuring

The total population of the dunnart is less than 500, scattering around kangaroo island. As it is hard to detect and monitor the KI dunnart, based on the existing record map, there is another predicted distribution map to help to predict areas where dunnarts might occur more frequently, what areas management actions may be more efficient. 30

[ CHAPTER 3 ] 3-5

CLIENT DUNNART Life cycle

[ CHAPTER 3 ] 3-6

CLIENT DUNNART

Main predator home range

By using the GPS logger and transmitter collars tools, the GPS units for all cats were programmed to record position coordinates seven times in every twentyfour hours. After mapping these coordinates on site, the dot matrix make up a frame line, so the average home range of feral cats is about 2.5 km.

[ CHAPTER 4 ] LINKAGE CORRIDORS

[ CHAPTER 4 ] 4-1

LINKAGE CORRIDORS Corridor framework

Two kinds of typical corridor model

migration decrease

remain connected

There are two typical corridor model in general. If one of the corridors in the first case can not connect, the possibility of migration will decrease because of the isolation increase. But if one of the corridors in the second case can not connect, there are other way to get connected, so it will be advantageous for migration.

3 kinds of typical arrangements of habitats and corridors

unreliable for migration

advantagerous for central species

better loop model

b best model

critical habitat habitat a,b stepping stones

R(a)=0.928 R(b)=0.87 R(ab)=0.99

Based on the above models, for more complicate scenarios, If the probability of destroying the corridor is 0.2,while permeability is 0.8. R(x) means the reliabilities of successful migration from the central habitat to habitat 'x'. According to the models making, the right-side model perform best.

corridor frameworks make up

[ CHAPTER 4 ] 4-2

LINKAGE CORRIDORS Corridor generation

[ CHAPTER 4 ] 4-2

LINKAGE CORRIDORS Corridor generation

Conflicts Possibility Map

Fire Frequency History Map

2 3

= 3

Vegetation Cover Density Map

Overlay

New Map (Master Plan )

[ CHAPTER 4 ] 4-2

LINKAGE CORRIDORS Corridor generation

[ CHAPTER 4 ] 4-3

LINKAGE CORRIDORS

Potential habitat patches

Core Habitates

Breeding Zones

Vege Corridors

Transforming Zones

The dunnarts have their preferred vegetation structure for living, the area where they congregate could develope into new habitats for them to breed next generation, which would benefit their population promoting reasonably. So the first step will be picking up those potential habitates patches for dunnarts, as introverted breeding spaces. Then as preventing the significant bushfire ruin the whole core habitat of the dunnart when more and more frequent and extreme scenarios happened, vegetation corridors could become the transforming lines for dunnarts moving from burning places to unburning places. The movements in different habitats will benefit recolonization and population promotion as well.

Eucalyptus forests

Plantation forests

Mallee

Shrub lands

Vegetation structure is important when recolonization,they preferred areas which meet their habitats requirements. There are four kinds of vegetation could make up the potential patches for dunnart, Eucalyptus mallee,plantation forests, Eucalyptus forests and shrublands.

[ CHAPTER 4 ] 4-3

LINKAGE CORRIDORS

Potential habitat patches

[ CHAPTER 4 ] 4-4

LINKAGE CORRIDORS

Avoiding area based on land use

Avoiding areas map based on land use

Cropping Areas

Irrigated, Residential and Farm Infrastructure Areas

Transportation and Services Areas

[ CHAPTER 4 ] 4-5

LINKAGE CORRIDORS

Corridor Master Plan - L

[ CHAPTER 5 ] CORRIDORS LANDING

[ CHAPTER 5 ] 5-1

CORRIDORS LANDING

Corridor Master Plan - M

Legend

Roads

Plantation Vegetation Cover

Eucalyptus forest and woodland

Mallee

Water Body

Cropping Lands

Corridors fream

Western River Refuge Zone

Shrublands

Potential Habitates

[ CHAPTER 5 ] 5-1

CORRIDORS LANDING

Corridor Master Plan - M

3 km

[ CHAPTER 5 ] 5-2

CORRIDORS LANDING Corridor Section - M

[ CHAPTER 5 ] 5-3

CORRIDORS LANDING

Corridor Master Plan - S

250

500

1000 m

[ CHAPTER 5 ] 5-4

CORRIDORS LANDING

Mix of Ages Classes Mosaic Patches

Create a fire mosaic at a landscape scale to produce a patchwork of different age class vegetation over the long-time loop "Promoting a habitat mosaic consisting of a range of post-fire age-classes"

[ CHAPTER 5 ] 5-4

CORRIDORS LANDING

Mix of Ages Classes Mosaic Patches

To mitigate the threat of bushfires in western river refuge zone through more effective prescribed burning. The key thing of prescribed burning is try to reducing the fuel and make sure prescribed burning is inside the grid as planning and would not ruin an entire patch of the habitat. Try to make a range of post-fire age-classes vegetation patch and keep the efficient loop in the future.

250

500

1000 m

[ CHAPTER 5 ] 5-5

CORRIDORS LANDING

Sections Before and After - S

Before

Eucalypt Forests

Mallee

Euc Fo

calypt orests

Cropping Land

[ CHAPTER 5 ] 5-5

CORRIDORS LANDING

Sections Before and After - S

After

Core Habitates (Breeding Zones)

Unburned Fences

Vegetation Barrier

Prevention Prevention Buffer Slope

[ CHAPTER 5 ] 5-6

CORRIDORS LANDING Habitat Structure

[ CHAPTER 6 ] CORRIDORS DETAILS

[ CHAPTER 6 ] 6-1

CORRIDORS DETAILS

Ecology Loop of Grasstrees

Grass trees do not shed their old leaves. The bases of their leaves are tightly wrapped around their stems and held together by a strong, waterproof resin. As the old leaves accumulate, they form a thick "skirt" around the trunk of the tree. This skirt is an excellent habitat for native mammals. During bushfires, the tightly packed leaf base protects the stems from the heat and allows the grass tree to survive the fire. and also providing a shelter for the animals.

BUSH FIRE atmospheric loss

seed release

BUSH FIRE

ash cycle spike abscission

ash cycle

[ CHAPTER 6 ] 6-2

1:5 @A4

CORRIDORS DETAILS

Grasstrees Detail Sketch

[ CHAPTER 6 ] 6-3

CORRIDORS DETAILS

Ecology Loop of trunks

The hollow trunks can be seen in the natural forests and woodlands, It is an important resources for many species, including dunnarts. The dunnarts can use these hollow trunks as escape tunnel way to transform to another habitats when bushfire comes. Moreover, it could also provide a shelter tunnel from being prey by feral cats and other predators, or feeding and regulating body temperature. The trunks can also benefits insects which are the diet of dunnarts and other species like endangered birds and other mammals.

Natural hollow trunks

Trunks from donations

Trunks for sales

Diets for dunnarts

Other Species

[ CHAPTER 6 ] 6-4

CORRIDORS DETAILS Artificial trunks

Natural hollow trunks

Fire Retardant Coating

Artificial hollow trunks

Unburning Materials

Due to the long years of developing hollow trunks naturally, there could be some artificial hollow trunks to replace the natural ones and meet the quantity requirements for the plan as well. The records before have showed evidences that the animals use artificial hollow trunks as well as the natural ones. Also, there are benefits that the artificial ones can been made and chosen in consideration and fits the species better.

[ CHAPTER 6 ] 6-5

1:5 @A4

CORRIDORS DETAILS Trunks Detail Sketch

[ CHAPTER 6 ] 6-6

CORRIDORS DETAILS

Corridor Detail Master Plan & Sketch

[ CHAPTER 6 ] 6-6

CORRIDORS DETAILS

Corridor Detail Master Plan & Sketch

[ CHAPTER 7 ] SIMULATION IN LONG TIME

[ CHAPTER 8 ] REFLECTION & CONCLUSION

The whole journey of completing "Invisible Refugees" project is full of various kinds of emotions involved together. Driving by my own interests of wildlife animals and extreme climate scenarios, the project have being shaped into this final version step by step during these two semesters. The earth is so rich and diverse but also vulnerable. It is not only the mother planet we humans rely on, but also the shelter for uncountable kinds of wild lives. It is meaningful to observe and care about these "invisible" friends. Talked about how to protect the safety of wild lives during the significant bushfires. Firstly, It a tough but meaningful problem we need to face together. Try to keep more unburned habitats and providing urgent escape tunnels or corridors will be my potential answer. Besides, exhaustive analyses about the threats and methods for solving them is important as well. In most of time, the threats are interconnecting with each orthers. For example the loss of vegetation cover due to bushfires is closely related to the predators preying. As we saw last black summer, a single bushfire event could push a adorable specie to the edge of extinction. Even not too many people know and care about them when there are fewer and fewer population left. With climate changes all the times, the extreme weather will only become more severe and frequent. A good disaster response is not enough if we are going to give the unique wildlife the best chance of survival. Governments must pre-emptively address the underlying causes of wild lives vulnerability.

[ CHAPTER 9 ] BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aila.org.au. 2021. Unprecedented Fires Across Australia. [online] Available at: <https://www.aila.org. au/AILAWeb/AILA_News/2020/Unprecedented_Fires_Across_Australia_.aspx> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. Anbg.gov.au. 2021. Mallee Woodlands and Shrublands - Australian Vegetation. [online] Available at: <http://www.anbg.gov.au/photo/vegetation/mallee-woodlands-shrublands.html> [Accessed 1 June 2021]. Asla.org. 2020. ASLA Awards | Search Results. [online] Available at: <https://www.asla.org/ awardssearch.html?s=CORRIDOR> [Accessed 1 November 2020]. Bush Heritage Australia. 2020. Dunnarts - Bush Heritage Australia. [online] Available at: <https:// www.bushheritage.org.au/species/dunnarts> [Accessed 1 November 2020]. Country Fire Authority. 2020. Landscaping For Bushfire - Country Fire Authority. [online] Available at: <https://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/plan-prepare/landscaping>; [Accessed 7 September 2020]. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. 2021. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. [online] Available at: <https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/conservation/ wildlife-corridors> [Accessed 1 June 2021]. Dunnart, A., 2021. AWC taking urgent action to save the Kangaroo Island Dunnart - AWC - Australian Wildlife Conservancy. [online] AWC - Australian Wildlife Conservancy. Available at: <https://www. australianwildlife.org/urgent-action-to-save-the-kangaroo-island-dunnart/> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. Feralscan.org.au. 2020. Feralscan > Sighting Map > Feralcat Sightings. [online] Available at: <https:// www.feralscan.org.au/feralcatscan/map.aspx> [Accessed 1 November 2020]. Gibbons, P. and Lindenmayer, D., 2002. Tree hollows and wildlife conservation in Australia. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Pub. Kangaroo Island Council. 2021. Annual Reports. [online] Available at: <https://www.kangarooisland. sa.gov.au/council/publications/annualreports> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. Laplusjournal.com. 2021. LA+ CREATURE_WINNING ENTRIES — lapsus journal. [online] Available at: <https://laplusjournal.com/LA-CREATURE_WINNING-ENTRIES> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

News Com Au. 2021. Kangaroo Island wildlife group ‘amazed’ at post-fire find. [online] Available at: <https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/sustainability/kangaroo-island-conservationistsoverjoyed-after-endangered-dunnart-spotted-on-burnt-land/news-story/0f0c7e9343602fb62366d79a6 684768a> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. Sa.gov.au. 2020. Planning Data On Data.SA. [online] Available at: <https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/ planning-and-property/planning-and-land-management/planning-data-for-research-and-mapping/ data.sa> [Accessed 1 November 2020]. Spatialwebapps.environment.sa.gov.au. 2020. Geocortex Viewer For HTML5. [online] Available at: <http://spatialwebapps.environment.sa.gov.au/naturemaps/?locale=en-us&viewer=naturemaps> [Accessed 1 November 2020]. Spatialwebapps.environment.sa.gov.au. 2021. Nature Maps. [online] Available at: <http:// spatialwebapps.environment.sa.gov.au/naturemaps/?locale=en-us&viewer=naturemaps> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. The Conversation. 2021. Grass trees aren't a grass (and they're not trees). [online] Available at: <https://theconversation.com/grass-trees-arent-a-grass-and-theyre-not-trees-100531> [Accessed 7 June 2021]. the Guardian. 2021. How Indigenous land burning is protecting rare mammals on Australia's Tiwi Islands – video. [online] Available at: <https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/video/2020/ jan/27/how-indigenous-land-burning-is-protecting-rare-mammals-on-australias-tiwi-islands-video> [Accessed 3 June 2021]. W., management, F., places, P., vegetation, N., animals, P., Murray, W. and change, C., 2021. The Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources was created on 1 July 2012 to unify environment and natural resources management in South Australia.. [online] Environment.sa.gov.au. Available at: <https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/Home> [Accessed 1 June 2021]. Wires.org.au. 2021. New Kangaroo Island wildlife refuge launched to protect Australia’s most endangered mammal and support bushfire recovery. [online] Available at: <https://www.wires.org.au/ blog/new-kangaroo-island-wildlife-refuge-launched-to-protect-australia-s-most-endangered-mammaland-suppo> [Accessed 1 June 2021]. World Landscape Architecture. 2020. UNSW Studio Has Come Up With A Unique Way To Protect Australia's Threatened Species. [online] Available at: <https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/unswstudio-has-come-up-with-a-unique-way-to-protect-australias-threatened-species/#.X4jFUdAzaUm> [Accessed 1 November 2020].