JIN Xing_Coal Mine Revitalisation

COAL MINE REVITALIZATION Ecological Restoration, Landscape Remodeling and Economic Revitalization of Coal Industry's territory

BY Xing Jin

COAL MINE REVITALIZATION Xing Jin s3643606 RMIT UNIVERSITY: SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN MASTERS OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE MELBOURNE TUTORS:Ha Thai COURSE COORDINATOR:Jen Lynch June 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: With thanks to the Landscape Architecture tutors Ha and Alban who helped brought my ideas and imagination to realisation. To my dearest friends whom I met in RMIT, Yaoyao Zhang and Shuai Liu. Lastly, to my mum and dad, for their unconditional support and care.

Abstract

This design research studies an abandoned coal mining site located in the Hunter Valley, a famous coal production area in New South Wales, Australia, where is now requiring restoration. It aims to revitalise the post-mining landscapes, reconstruct the biological balance, explore the ecological restoration of coal wasteland, and improve local economy.

The research investigated the history, spatial characteristics, physical conditions of Liddle mine. Drawing on related precedents and existing design techniques, the iterative design solutions experiment with restoring the ecological system and creating new ones, preserving and promoting industrial heritage, and revitalising local economy. The final design reveals the feasibility of revitalising coal mining site, the combination of natural and coal industry landscape. A multifunctional landscape is introduced. A ‘black gold square’ and a ‘coal museum’ preserve the mining heritage, reflect the history and contribution of the mining industry as well as explain its impacts. A new natural landscape is introduced, including the forests, indoor garden, green buffers, wetlands, and a creek. The proposal seeks to reduce impacts of pollutions on surrounding communities whilst generate new economic opportunities by promoting tourism, entertainment and education linking to Australian mining legacies.

CONTENTS Chapter 1. Design Research Background

1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Current Status of Global Coal Resources 1.3 The Current Status of Australia Coal Resources and Power Stations 1.4 The Current Status of NewSourthWales Coal Resources 1.5 The Current Status of Hunter Valley Coal Resources 1.6 Hunter Valley Introduction 1.7 Research Question 1.8 Addressed UN Sustainable Goals 1.9 Site Context, Scale and Scope 1.10 Relevant Theories For the Design Research Chapter

Chapter 2. Understanding The Hunter Valley Coal Mines 2.1 Hunter Valley Site Change Timeline 2.2 Terrain Analysis in Hunter Valley 2.3 Agriculture In Hunter Valley 2.4 Coal Mines In Hunter Valley 2.5 Water Resources In Hunter Valley 2.6 National Park In Hunter Valley 2.7 Coal Mines and Main Parks Relationship In Hunter Valley 2.8 Main Park Rande

Chapter 3. Legacy Issues of the Post-coal Industry in Hunter Valley, NSW, Australia The Story of the Land 3.1 Terrien Changed - Soil Pollution and Coal Gangue 3.2 Water Pollution Problems 3.3 Air Emission Problems 3.4 Removed Vegetation Species 3.5 The Sydney Basin Resedents Health Problem 3.6 Economic Restructuring 3.7 Cultural heritage

Chapter 4. Precedent Study & Techniques

4.1 Case Study 1: Ecological Restoration Soil 4.1.1 YuHua Coal Restoration Project 4.1.2 Freshkills Park in New York City, USA 4.2 Case Study 2: Eco-system Restoration Water + Forest 4.2.1 Freshkills Park in New York City, USA 4.2.2 Ecological Restoration - JSA: Devastation to Resilience; The Houston Arboretum Nature Center 4.2.3 YuHua Coal Restoration Project

4.3 Case Study 3: Industry Culture Eudcation 4.3.1 YuHua Coal Restoration Project 4.3.2 Play Landscape "be-MINE", Belgium, 2016 4.4 Case Study 4: Economic revitalization 4.4.1 Education & Health - 2017 ASLA ANALYSIS AND PLANNING AWARD OF HONOR: Waterfront Botanical Gardens, USA 4.4.2 The Eden Project

Chapter 5. Design Research Strategies

5.1 Ecological Restoration Water + Soil (10 years) 5.2 Eco-system Restoration Water + Vegetation (20 years) 5.3 Eco-system Restoration Water + Fores (30 years) 5.4 Economic Revitalization (50 years)

Chapter 6. Design Research Exercises

6.1 Large Scale - Coal Mine Park 6.1.1 Introduce Vegetation 6.1.2 Coal Mining History and Geological Education 6.1.3 Typology and Transportation 6.1.4 Final Plan 6.2 MID Scale 6.2.1 Outdoor Open Forest Park 6.2.2 Wetland - Black Gold Square 6.2.3 Indoor Greenhouse Garden 6.2.4 Barrier Zone of Wind 6.3 Small Scale 6.3.1 Open Forest Experience 6.3.2 Wetland Activities 6.3.3 Different Gardens 6.4 Design Research Outcome

Chapter 7. Conclusion 7.1 Conclusion 7.2 Appendix 7.3 Reference

Chapter 01. Design Research Background

1.2 The current status of global coal resources The development of the global urban industry has put tremendous pressure on the environment. Human production and life have led to global warming, especially the use of fossil fuels in power generation. It not only destroys the atmosphere during use but also destroys the original ecosystem. Coal is the second-largest energy source supporting human activities.

Figure Source: Gocompare n.d., What powers the world? Gocompare, viewed 5 Ap

pril 2020, <https://www.gocompare.com/gas-and-electricity/what-powers-the-world/>.

1.3 The current status of Australia coal resources and power stations Coal is distributed in all states in Australia, but more than 95% of coal is concentrated in New South Wales and Queensland. 70% of Australia’s coal production is used for exports (Energy Information Administration 2011). Coal exports are Australia's secondlargest source of export income, exported to countries including Japan, South Korea, China, Thailand, India and other countries (Cunningham, Uffelen & Chambers 2019). The remaining 30% is used for power generation. Coal accounts for 80% of Australia’s total power generation. This electricity is used for people's production and life.

Source: Gocompare n.d., What powers the world? Gocompare, viewed 5 April 2020, <https://www.gocompare.com/gasand-electricity/what-powers-the-world/>.

1.4 The current status of NewSouthWales coal resources Coal production in New South Wales accounts for 23% of Australia's coal production (Geoscience Australia 2013). The surrounding coal mines are transported to the power station for power generation. At the same time, the Liddle power station provides electricity for the production and living of residents in the Sydney basin, including Sydney and Newcastle. The Liddle power station and Liddle coal mine in the core area will be abandoned in 2022 (Cockburn 2017).

Source: Pollution transport from the Central Coast occurs most frequently, followed by that from Lithgow by Ewald, 2018.

1.5 The current status of Hunter Valley coal resources

Hunter Valley is the largest coal producer in New South Wales. Newcastle is located in the Hunter coal mine in the Sydney basin and is the world's largest coal export port (The New South Wales Government n.d.). Coal mines play an important role in the economy.

Source: Osland, D 2017, Throwback Thursday: Hunter coal mines, Newcastle Herald, viewed 14 June 2020, <https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/4605801/throwbackthursday-hunter-coal-mines-photos/>.

Coal Opening Mines

Vegetation

Coal storage area

1.6 Hunter Valley Introduction

Barrington Top

Wollemi National Park

1.7 Legacy Issues of the Post-coal Industry in Hunter Valley, NSW, Australia

ps National Park

Ocean Hunter Valley is a famous coal production area in New South Wales, Australia, about 15Km of Muswellbrook, 170 km north of Sydney and 90 km northwest of Newcastle.

Geologically, Hunter Valley is situated in the northern parts of the Sydney basin, bordering the New England region. There are rich resources, including coal mines, wine production, horse feeding, agriculture.

1.7 Research Question Research question How landscape design solves issues left by the coal mining industry in the post-industrial era?

How to use ecological restoration methods to solve the pollution problem of coal mines?

3.How landscape improve and create new oppotunity to coal mine and local communities , including Muswellbrook, Singleton and Sydney Basin residents?

The theme of this project explores the ecological restoration of coal wasteland, landscape reconstruction and economic revitalization.

How landscape design solves issues left by the coal mining industry in the post-industrial era?

The landscape design research with the theme of coal mine revitalization is shown in the following research phases. This research starts with the establishment of the project presents the content of the project. The process also includes explores the history of the site and the analysis of surrounding community resources, explores the theories of related scholars, studies cases related to coal restoration, and defines project the research position and appreciation.

The design process of this project uses landscape iteration and cartography research methods. First, the design study investigated the current location and operating conditions of the Liddle mine to test the practicality of the design. Secondly, conduct research on related precedents and explore solutions to related topics. It is concluded that the design strategy and design technology are divided into four parts: ecological restoration, establishing ecosystem, industrial cultural heritage and economic revitalization. Solve the research problems and feasibility of the design through the test design of the site. Further, strengthen and supplement the design strategy. Finally, a design plan was produced to explore the feasibility of revitalizing coal mining areas.

1.8 Addressed UN Sustainable Goals Landscape design research recognizes the importance of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and incorporates SDG6, SDG7, and SDG15 into its research fields, including clean water and sanitation, Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all, Life on land. These inclusions are very specific to form the research focus, and specifically connect people's lives.

6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally

7.A By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology

15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world

The Sydney Basin includes residents of Hunter Valley, Muswellbrook, and Singleton, and workers engaged in coal work.

The coal company is the target customer of the design project. I represent them as landscape architecture activists to formulate landscape design plans to reduce the impact of coal mining and coal abandonment. The coal restoration plan will be the legal basis for design and research, and coal companies are obliged to formulate a restoration plan after coal mining. It is expected that government and non-government offices will participate in different sectors of the development plan. This Design Research Compendium (DRC) is for the above-mentioned stakeholders to use appropriate landscape architecture strategic master plans to meet their needs.

1.9 Site Context, Scale and Scope XXL: Hunter Valley Coal Mines

XL: Liddle Coal Mine & Power Station

L: Design Site: Liddle Coal Mine

M: 1. Outdoor Forest 2. Indoor Greenhouse Garden 3. Wetland

: 1. Narrow leaved eucalypt forest and woodland 2. Balck Gold Square - coal worker sculpture 3. Drought-tolerabt sloping garden

1.10 Relevant Theories For the Design Research Chapter

Kabisch (2004) claimed in ‘Revitalisation chances for communities in post-mining landscapes’ that th of the biological balance of the coal area and the development of tourism. Therefore, the theme of landscape reconstruction and economic revitalization. Conduct research on related precedents and e and design technology are divided into ecological restoration, rebirth ecosystem and economic revita through the test design of the site. Further strengthen and supplement the design strategy. Finally, a coal mining areas.

Landscape Ecology and Restoration Processes: Jean Paul Metzger Pedro H. S. Brancalion The Landscape Potential of Urban Abandoned Lands: Manuela Marinai The Third Landscape,:the sum of all the human-disturbed land through which natural processes still occur. Less-management and spontaneous landscape Gilles Clément Revitalisation chances for communities in post-mining landscapes: Sigrun Kabisch

The Fourth Nature: Urban Wildness Landscape and Ecological Values: Ingo Kowarik

Elements of Visual Design in the Landscape: Simon Bell

There is increasing evidence The restoration of the lands land use, and the presence have an impact on the resul

The remedial measures afte values. The negative image Mudroch et al. 2002).

French landscape architect land through which natural spontaneous landscape

A coal restoration plan was about the lake and landscap The mine’s land forms a div environments characterized areas. Many residents emp and the development of tour

Brownfields form the basis o railway tracks and termina elements, such as mining R biome network.

he development of a coal recovery plan includes the reconstruction this project explores the ecological restoration of coal wasteland, explore solutions to related topics. Summarized the design strategy alization. Solve the research problems and feasibility of the design a design plan was produced to explore the feasibility of revitalizing

e that the restoration process is not only affected by local factors, but also by landscape factors. scape environment, characterized by the proximity of species sources, the types of surrounding of landscape elements that favour or hinder the movement of organisms, water and energy, all lts of restoration (Leite et al., 2013 ).

er coal mining and abandonment are completely insufficient, resulting in a decline in real estate e of the area is the result of locals leaving the area over the course of decades. (Berkner 2001,

t Gilles Clément calls these fragments the Third Landscape, the sum of all the human-disturbed processes still occur. For designers, the loss of nature is a starting point. Less-management and

developed and discussed with local residents. Residents get a timeline about the restoration process pe forest in the complete mining area. As the landscape changes, the living environment will improve. verse landscape, including natural landscapes, recreational and sports facilities, such as lakes, forests, d by biomes, indigenous animal species, bicycle paths, sidewalks, swimming beaches and natural phasized that restoration work includes the reconstruction of the biological balance of the coal area rism(KABISCH 2004)

of geographical indications, including large-area shafts and other open-pit mining facilities, abandoned als, coking plants, power stations, etc. These new green spaces include previous infrastructure Railways, roads, pipelines and conveyor systems. Such an elongated area is the preferred link for the

Chapter 02. Understanding The Hunter Valley

2.1 Hunter Valley Development Timeline

in June 1796 a group in a fishing boat returned from a bay near Port Stephens and brought with them several large pieces of coal which they found some little distance from the beach, lying in considerable quantity on the surface of the ground.

The rich soi Tangar makes agricultural cen

Muswellbrook was declared a township in 1833

major parcels of land were surveyed by Henry Dangar along the banks of the Hunter River for allocation to early settlers in 1824 .

In 1977, Widden was regarded as a horse with strong ability.

The rich soil surveyed by Tangar makes Muswellbrook an agricultural centre

The first railway was complet in 1869, during which the tow underwent a majorexpansion boosted the local economy as t settlement became the northe railhead and the population climb to about 1500.

By 1840 the population was 215.

There were 41 houses as well as some inns and shops.A flour mill was built around 1841, reflecting the fact that wheat, along with wool, was the centrepiece of the local economy.

The area was once occupied by the Wanaruah Aboriginal people and possibly the Kamilaroi. Certainly the two tribes had trade and ceremonial links.

The area was once occupied by the Wanaru Aboriginal people and possibly the Kamilar Certainly the two tribes had trade and ceremon links.

In 1977, Widden was regarded as a horse with strong ability.

il surveyed by Muswellbrook an ntre

After the First World War the larger properties were broken up into smaller farms with dairying supplanting wool and wheat.

ted wn n.it the ern bed

uah oi. nial

2.2 Terrain Analysis in Hunter Valley

National Park

Liddle lake

Hunter River Railway

Main Road: National Park

Coal Mines

2.2 Terrain Analysis in Hunter Valley Terrain Analysis: The overall terrain of Hunter Valley is relatively flat. The southwest and northeast directions are higher and are forest parks. The northwest and southeast directions are plains, especially the southeast direction is the Sydney Basin, which is a place for human activities and habitation. This terrain causes Hunter Valley winds to be mostly northwest and southeast winds.

2.3 Agriculture In Hunter Valley

Hunter Valley's existing agriculture is mostly located on both sides of the Hunter River.

Mainly for planting and animal husbandry. Muswellbrook was originally an agricultural center. However, due to the development of coal, the agricultural planting area in Hunter valley has decreased.

2.4 Coal Mines In Hunter Valley

The coal in Hunter Valley is mainly open-pit mining. The black areas are the main coal mining areas, including abandoned mining areas. The shaded areas are coal storage areas. Over time, these areas will gradually become open-pit coal mines. In the next 50 years, coal mining areas in these areas will be abandoned due to the exhaustion of coal resources and the application of new energy. Here, Yuyao has a guiding policy to restore coal mining areas and help local economic transformation.

2.5 Water Resources In Hunter Valley The coal in Hunter Valley is mainly open-pit mining. The existing water resources are mostly distributed around the mining area every day. Coal mining destroys the surface and groundwater while leaving a large amount of coal gangue. Water resources in coal mining areas are seriously polluted. And these polluted water will affect the entire Sydney Basin.

Primitive rivers and creeks in the central area of coal are cut off, groundwater circulation is destroyed, and lakes disappear.

2.6 National Park In Hunter Valley The coal in Hunter Valley is mainly open-pit mining. Coal mining cuts down a large amount of vegetation, which has severely damaged the local ecological system. Existing vegetation is mostly distributed in national forest parks, and the vegetation in coal mining areas is mostly destroyed.

Chapter 3. Legacy Issues of the Post-coal Industry in Hunter Valley, NSW, Australia

The first coal mining began in Muswellbrook in the 1890s. Muswellbrook began to transform from an agricultural center to a coal industry.

Sourse: Numerous abandoned mines are to be seen in the Newcastle coal field. In some instances small amounts of pillar coal are produced for years following the cessation of major perations. Bordering lands are devoted to permanent pasture

by Clifford, 1941.

The Hunter Valley open pit coal was mined in 1944. It began to become a major coal mining area and coal producing area in New South Wales.

Sourse: An open-cut coalmine in the Hunter Valley. The NSW Minerals Council says 21 as-yet-unapproved projects would boost the economy by Alamy, 2020.

Open-pit coal mining in the Hunter Valley has led to increased water pollution in the Sydney Basin, increased chemical content of surface water, and reduced water quality.

Sourse: A Lake Macquarie community group has slammed a recommendation to approve the expansion of Eraring Power Station's 35 million tonne coal-ash dam by 5 Million cubic metres by Kelly, 2019.

The special terrain of the Hunter Valley causes the wind direction to be mostly northwest and southeast. The coal gangue left over from coal mining and the abandonment of power stations have severely affected the Sydney Basin, resulting in a continuous decline in air quality.

Sourse: Air quality in the Upper Hunter has breached national standards more than 700 times by Bernasconi, 2019.

Sourse: Many homes have been abandoned throughout Camberwell by Argus, 2017.

Sourse: Now, this landscape seems to becoming more and more barren as time by Argus, 2017.

Sourse: Over the past few decades, the Hunter region has seen the rapid expansion of coal mining activities, in particular open cut mines by Argus, 2017.

Open-pit coal mining in the Hunter Valley has caused many original residents to move away from their homes, where there are many abandoned houses and infrastructure.

Sourse: Relics of what were once thriving communities loom in areas such as Camberwell, Hebden and Wallaby Scrub Road by Argus, 2017.

Sourse: Professor Nick Higginbotham has been researching the impacts of coal on people in the Hunter for over two decades by Climate and Health Alliarce, 2015..

Sourse: Coal and health in the Hunter: Lessons from one

Sourse: Farmer Wendy Bowman is one of the last remaining residents at Camberwell- and she refuses to leave by Climate and Health Alliarce, 2015.

The open-pit coal mining in the Hunter Valley has caused many primitive residents to move away from their hometowns. These primitive residents are eager to return to the place where they grew up and bring them beautiful memories.

valley for the world by Climate and Health Alliarce, 2015.

Sourse: Farmer Grantley Blake is a farmer whose family has owned Blakefield near Denman for more than a century. The farm is bordered

by Mount Arthur mine to the north.Mangoola to the west, and a proposed underground coking coal project, Spur Hill, on the southern side by Climate and Health Alliarce, 2015.

Sourse: Farmer Wendy Bowman is one of the last remaining residents at Camberwell- and she refuses to leave by Climate and Health Alliarce, 2015.

Sourse: Muswellbrook: surrounded by mines by Nature Conservation Council, 2019.

Coal mining in Hunter Valley affects the health, life and work of local residents. Therefore, they called for not to develop new coal mining areas.

3.1 Site Changed Timeline - Coal Mining History

The coal in Hunter Valley is mainly open pit mining. The black areas are the main coal mining areas, i will gradually become open-pit coal mines. In the next 50 years, coal mining areas in these areas w Yuyao has a guiding policy to restore coal mining areas and help local economic transformation. Coa system. Existing vegetation is mostly distributed in national forest parks, and the vegetation in coal m large amount of coal gangue.

Early

1980

1990

Site change and coal mining history

A

B' B

A'

including abandoned mining areas. The shaded areas are coal storage areas. Over time, these areas will be abandoned due to the exhaustion of coal resources and the application of new energy. Here, al mining cuts down a large amount of vegetation, which has severely damaged the local ecological mining areas is mostly destroyed. Coal mining destroys the surface and groundwater while leaving a

2000

2020

2050

Site Section A - A'

B - B'

3.1 Soil Changed and Coal Gangue The coal in Hunter Valley is mainly open pit mining. The mining of coal destroys the original flat terrain. The process of coal mining is to remove the topsoil to the surrounding area and then mine the coal. As time goes by, the depth of the mining area increases, usually reaching a depth of 200 meters. After mining, in order to save costs, most mining sites leave coal gangue.

Integrated Mining System – combination of Truck & Shovel and Dragline methods

by Mitra and Saydam, 2012.

Source: Box cut, strip cuts and spoil piles by Humphrey, 1984.

3.2 Water Pollution Problems

Coal mining destroys the surface and groundwater while leaving a large amount of coal gangue. Water resources in coal mining areas have been seriously polluted, including chemical substances PH, TED, TSS and EC that have exceeded the standards. And these polluted water will affect the entire Sydney Basin, and the decline in water quality will affect people's production and life. The original rivers and creeks in the coal center area were cut off, the groundwater cycle was destroyed, and the lake disappeared. These surface waters also affect agricultural production and life.

3.3 Air Emission Problems

Source: National Pollutant Inventory by Climate and Health Alliarce, 2015.

Air quality monitoring records rev Singleton and Muswellbrook and the quality standards for PM10 were bre times in Muswellbrook and 36 times being a rural village, Camberwell ha PM10 than Rozelle, a suburb in Syd

Source: Monthly maximum levels of PM10 i Rozelle (inner western Sydney) in 2014 by Cl

veal that, in the regional towns of e village of Camberwell, national air eached 12 times in Singleton, three s in Camberwell in 2013.65 Despite as higher monthly maximum levels of dney’s inner west.

in Camberwell (Hunter Valley) and limate and Health Alliarce, 2015.

3.4 The destruction of biodiversity - Disappeared Vegetation

Coal mining has led to the disappearance of the original vegetation on the site, such as Central hunter box ironbark woodlands, Aquatic or riparipn vegetation, Central hunter swamp oak forest, Derived grassland and Central hunter bulloalk forest. The disappearance of these vegetations also destroys the local animal habitat and reduces the local biodiversity.

Th e S y d n ey B a s i n Re s e d e n t s H e a l t h Problem

In 2012-13, the National Pollutant Inventory reported that coal sources in the Singleton area produced 1,300 tonnes of PM2.5 (from 11 coal mines) and 5 tonnes of PM2.5 from the Redbank Power Station.

In the Muswellbrook area in 2012-13, 730 tonnes of PM2.5 was produced from six coal mines and 680 tonnes of PM2.5 from two coal-fired power stations (Bayswater and Liddell).This indicates the health costs associated with PM2.5 emissions in the Singleton and Muswellbrook areas in 2012-13 amounted to $47 million and $18.3 million respectively - a total cost of $65.3 million.

Chapter 4. Precedent Study & T`echniques

4.1 Case Study 1: Ecological Restoration Soil 4.1.1 YuHua Coal Restoration Project 4.1.2 Freshkills Park in New York City, USA Soil Remediation Unit 1

Added degrading bacteria and lime powder. The coal rock pile will slowly seep out of the device under the action of gravity, and its acidity and pollutants will be gradually diluted and decomposed, and the soil quality will continue to improve.

Soil Remediation Unit 2 Through the enrichment and improvement of pollutants and physical effects of pioneer vegetation such as setaria, shepherd’s purse, etc.Pioneer vegetation absorbs the chemicals Hg, F, Pb, Cu, and Cr from the soil.Release nutrients the plant needs, including C, N, P, and K. Reclamation of the soil, along with the continuous improvement of soil quality.

4.2 Case Study 2: Eco-system Restoration Water + Forest 4.2.1 Freshkills Park in New York City, USA 4.2.2 Ecological Restoration - JSA: Devastation to Resilience; The Houston Arboretum Nature Center 4.2.3 YuHua Coal Restoration Project

Water Remediation Unit

Constructed with coal gangue and fly ash as the substrate and reeds can effectively adsorb pollutants in the water and form the technical basis for "using waste to control pollution" 1. The primary purification for the polluted water,let the water subside or absorb by the coal gangue 2. 10cm Floating Water+25cm Coal ash&soil layer+ 30cm coal gangue + 30cm pebble 3. planting soil layer: vegetation: reeds, cattails, mangroves, shallots,water hyacinnths 4. Introduce water

Water System Restoration Surface water can be seperate with steps ,the first is to make the industrial wastewater,domestic wastewater and surface river together.The primary purification for the polluted water,let the water subside or absorb by the coal gangue.The repaired surface water is combined with groundwater to form a new water system

Forest System Restoration The restoration of the arboretum will be a process in which over the next 40 years the landscape will be redesigned to become a more sustainable ecosystem.

Enhance woodland habitats and restore original ecosystems, such as prairies and grasslands, to create a range of landscape features that educate users and enrich the visitor experience.

1. Establish Plantings based upon specifics of microtopography, hydrology & soil requirements 2. Increase wildlife habitat through a diversity of flora.

3. Protect sensitive habitats and drainage patterns with elevated boardwalks.

Forest ·mix cross - Special Find an mix cross area between forest and forest. Connecting these areas as special points shows the plant characteristics of the area.

Ecological Mix Cross

Geometrical Mix Cross

Typological Mix Cross

Visual Design - Different Forest Experiences Combining plants to form different forests provides visitors with different feelings and experiences. Every forest has its unique charm and growth process.

The Single Tree Forest

The Open Forest

The Edge Forest

The Loose Forest

The Clustered Forest

The Layered Forest

The Canopy Enclosed Forest

The Impenatable Forest

Wind - Vegetation Combination Forms Through the combination of plants, a forest barrier is formed on the periphery of the site to change self-circulate. Finally, the air is purified and discharged to a certain degree of forest park.

Cross-type layout-reduce customs

Dominant wind direction and forest belt -vertical air entering forest belt purification

Permeable structure-air flow decelerates through the forest

Socket-shaped section-protection effect is the same

the wind direction and make the air

Semi-permeable structure type-the airflow part rises to the top to bypass

as above

Permeable structur-air flow decelerates through the forest

4.3 Case Study 3: Industry Culture Eudcation 4.3 Case Study 3: Industry Culture Eudcation 4.3.1 YuHua Coal Restoration Project 4.3.2 Play Landscape "be-MINE", Belgium, 2016

1.Geological eudcation about Coal mine 2.Different view ecperiences from top to bottom

The Coal Square has been created in order to represent the “black gold” and, once again, connect the mountain’s past and present. he perimeter is designed with sloping sides so that it functions as a rest area while also containing historical information about the old mining lands.

The matrix to the right lists a number of recreational programs (top) and ecological programs (right). Where highlighted in green, is where their programs can operate together.

4.4 Case Study 4: Economic revitalization 4.4.1 Education & Health - 2017 ASLA ANALYSIS AND PLANNING AWARD OF HONOR: Waterfront Botanical Gardens, USA

The gardens are designed to provide an engaging an dever-changing mix of activities for the widest possible audience. From the very youngest guests to senior citizens, visitors of all ages will find reasons to come back again and again.Community input gave participants an opportunity to highlight their goals and values which became design drivers for the Gardens.

4.4.2 The Eden Project

The Eden Project in Cornwall was originally an abandoned quarry. Today, one of the world's largest greenhouses is gradually taking shape. This large greenhouse has an area equivalent to 35 football fields, in which more than 100,000 plants from all over the world grow.

The greenhouse simulates two biomes, the largest one simulates the rainforest environment, and the second one is the Mediterranean environment. The outdoor botanical garden is planted with many native plants and is also a habitat for many local wild animals.

Indoor greenhouse garden

Outdoor forest

Indoor greenhouse garden

Chapter 5. Design Research Strategy

5.1 Ecological Restoration Water + Soil (10 years)

For soil restoration, the device is used to improve the quality of the soil. The service area of th layers are rich in plant seeds and nutrients. Cover the surface of the device evenly with the topso

The site for the first stage of restoration is closed to provide space and time for plant and soil res

he device is 25 meters. During coal mining, the topsoil will be moved to the northwest. These topsoil oil layer and plant pioneer vegetation to achieve rapid soil restoration.

storation

5.1 Ecological Restoration Water + Soil (10 years) After coal mining, the economy is facing a transformation. In the coal restoration stage, it can provide local land-off workers with new opportunities, including site construction, coal gangue installation and soil transportation.

Through the enrichment and improvement of pollutants and physical effects of pioneer vegetation such as setaria and shepherd's purse, pioneer vegetation absorbs the chemical substances Hg and F from the soil. Release the nutrients needed by plants, including C and N.

Pioneer vegetation Through the enrichment and improvement of pollutants and physical effects of pioneer vegetation such as Setaria, shepherd’s purse, kangroo grass etc. Reclamation of the soil, along with the continuous improvement of soil quality.

Setaria

Added degrading bacteria and lime powder. The coal rock pile will slowly seep out of the device u n d e r t h e a c t i o n o f g r a v i t y, and its acidity and pollutants will be gradually diluted and decomposed, and the soil quality will continue to improve.

Shepherd’s purse

Kangroo Grass

5.1 Ecological Restoration Water + Soil (10 years)

Constructed with coal gangue and fly ash as the substrate and reeds can effectively adsorb pollutants in the water and form the technical basis for "using waste to control pollution" 1. The primary purification for the polluted water,let the water subside or absorb by the coal gangue 2. 10cm Floating Water+25cm Coal ash&soil layer+ 30cm coal gangue + 30cm pebble 3. planting soil layer: vegetation: reeds, cattails, mangroves, shallots,water hyacinnths

Water hyacinths

Mangroves

Reeds

Cattails

Shallots

5.2 Eco-system Restoration Water + Vegetation (20 years)

In the second stage, people can enter the venue for activities, but only for voluntary activities. During to a certain extent. Select pioneer trees for further soil restoration and improve soil quality. At the sam Liddle lake has undergone ecological restoration to a level that can be visited up close. But people are

g this period, after the restoration of pioneer plants, the soil of the site can satisfy the growth of trees me time, during this period, the waste water area was reduced and the quality improved. The water in e not allowed to participate in water sports.

5.2 Eco-system Restoration Water + Vegetation (20 years)

In the second stage, people can enter the venue, such as volunteers. Families and students in the surrounding communities can participate in voluntary tree planting activities. While increasing the family time between children and parents, it can also be educational. The process of industrial landscape restoration calls on children to protect the environment and adhere to sustainable development strategies.

The soil on the site has been restored to meet the growth of pioneer trees. Pioneer trees such as Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb, Koelreuteria paniculata and Cinnamomum camphora (Linn) Presl absorb the chemicals Hg, PB, CR and F from the soil. Release the nutrients needed by plants, including C, N and P.

Pioneer trees Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.

Cinnamomum camphora (Linn) Presl

Koelreuteria paniculata

5.3 Eco-system Restoration Water + Forest (30 years)

In the third stage, people can enter the site for activities and experience the forest and wetland up c and an ecosystem was initially formed. In terms of plants, economic plants can be introduced to prov introduced into the northern wetlands for further purification and upgrade the water system of coal min

close. During this period, through early ecological restoration, the quality of soil and water improved, vide visitors with different feelings and experiences. At the same time, after restoration, water can be ning areas.

5.3 Eco-system Restoration Water + Forest (30 years)

The restoration of the ecosystem of coal mining areas has basically been completed. Visitors can enter the venue for activities and experience the forest and wetlands up close, such as mountain climbing, running, photography, picnics, etc.

Feel the forest growth and high-quality ecological environment while being outdoors. At the same time, you can also participate in voluntary activities of planting trees on the site.

The soil on the site has been completely restored, by introducing new trees such as eucalyptus, oak trees and apple trees, combined with pioneer trees such as Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb, Koelreuteria paniculata and Cinnamomum camphora (Linn) Presl to absorb chemicals from the soil Hg, Pb, Cr, Cu and F. Release the nutrients needed by plants, including C, N, K, and P.

Eucalyptus

Apple Tree

Oak Tree

5.4 Economic Revitalization (50 years)

The fourth stage is economic revitalization. The ecological system of the coal mining area is complete The completely purified river water is introduced into the wetland. Groundwater and surface water mee

ely restored. Tourists can participate in various activities. Feel the experience of forests and wetlands. et drinking standards, and wetlands, rivers and lakes complete the water system.

5.4 Economic Revitalization (50 years)

By comparing other combination forms, eight different forest forms are finally divided according to the original plant range and topography, providing visitors with different experiences.

Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus Edge Forest

Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.

Oak Tree

Koelreuteria paniculata

Apple Tree

Cinnamomum camphora (Linn) Presl

5.4 Economic Revitalization (50 years)

Chapter 6. Design Research Exercies

Coal Mine Current Status

Coal mining destroyed the local ecological environment. The original lakes and rivers on the site dis water systems are destroyed, and industrial wastewater gathers in the deepest part of the site.

sappeared, and the groundwater was seriously polluted. The ecosystem includes forest systems and

6.1 Large Scale - Coal Mine Park 6.1.1 Black to Green - Disappered Vegetation Areas

6.1 Large Scale - Coal Mine Park 6.1.1 Black to Green - Introduce Vegetation

6.1.1 Black to Green - Introduce Vegetation Visual Design - Different Forest Experiences Through the different combinations of plants, the newly introduced plants will be divided into eight different forest forms to provide visitors with different experiences.

The Single Tree Forest

The Open Forest

The Edge Forest

The Loose Forest

The Clustered Forest

The Layered Forest

The Canopy Enclosed Forest

The Impenatable Forest

6.1.2 Coal Mining History and Geological Education

This map shows the history and process of coal mining. Different mining time has different landscape a Combining the nodes in the site can provide visitors with a better understanding of the process and his

and geological education. story of coal mining.

Model making and morphological analysis

Through the making of the model, we can better understand the shape of the site and the process of coal mining.

Use the model to complete testing and research. Combine the site information with geological education significance with the landscape, and better study the coal industry landscape restoration and economic revitalization in the subsequent design.

Geological Education

6.1.3 Typologies and Transportation

The coal mining area is divided into three parts, outdoor forest park, wetland and indoor greenhouse area of coal mining history is regarded as a node with special significance. Connect these nodes to ge outdoor forest park, including the outdoor forest park, wetland and indoor greenhouse garden. You ca as the lowest point and center of the site, and the other two parts can be looked up at the same time. of mountain biking and forest biking.

e garden. The area obtained by combining the forest mixed intersection area and the representative et the best walking route. Visitors can overlook the landscape of the entire site in the northwest of the an also watch the entire outdoor forest park from the indoor greenhouse garden. The wetland serves The original road in the site is reserved as a bicycle path to provide people with different experiences

Typology

Use models to test the height difference and viewing effect of the venue. Vision guides people to choose the best viewing route. The northwest of the site is the highest point, and the visual effect brought by the distribution of the forest is tested at the same time. The mixed cross area of the forest uses three different modes, namely Ecological Mix Cross, Geometrical Mix Cross and Typological Mix Cross. Differentiating the types of forests also brings visitors a different sensory experience.

The Watching tower is set at the node, and the center is used as a special tree to guide the visitors' visual route.

Ecological Mix Cross

Geometrical Mix Cross

Typological Mix Cross

Draft of other options

The iterative process and other draft options are in the appendix. The option of the draft introduces the to the imperfect site restoration work, these plants cannot survive on the site. The selection of the site to be further improved. Consider the plant species and forest distribution during the restoration proce between the coal industry landscape and the natural landscape will be added.

e forest from a new perspective, and selects the local vegetation that has disappeared. However, due e for the greenhouse garden is unreasonable, resulting in unclear site information. So this plan needs ess to further improve human activities and ecological restoration of the site. In the next plan, the link

Draft of other options section

The cross-section diagram shows the changes of the site in three periods. The first period showed tha The application of these soils in the restoration of terrain has greater potential and lower cost. After t brought by different forests. After 50 years, clean water was introduced to restore the ecological system

at the soil produced during coal mining was piled up on the north side, and the soil was rich in seeds. the initial ecological restoration after 20 years, people can enter the open forest and feel the senses m of the site and realize self-circulation

Coal mine park final plan

The final design reveals the feasibility of revitalising coal mining site, the combination of natural and museum’ preserve the mining heritage, reflect the history and contribution of the mining industry as w green buffers, wetlands, and a creek. The proposal seeks to reduce impacts of pollutions on surroun and education linking to Australian mining legacies.

coal industry landscape. A multifunctional landscape is introduced. A ‘black gold square’ and a ‘coal well as explain its impacts. A new natural landscape is introduced, including the forests, indoor garden, nding communities whilst generate new economic opportunities by promoting tourism, entertainment

Coal mine park section

This section shows the changes in the form of the venue. Reduce costs by using s the ecological system of the coal mining area will be restored, including the fores to combine natural and industrial landscapes. The design of forests, wetlands a

At the same time, the section shows the relationship between human activities and the site, as wel experiences.

Now

50 years

soil binding devices in the site. Through the restoration of the soil, after 50 years, st system and the water system. Utilize the unique topography of the coal industry a n d g r e e n h o u s e g a r d e n s p r o v i d e v i s i t o r s w i t h d i ff e r e n t s i g h t s e e i n g e x p e r i e n c e s .

ll as the connection between site nodes. People can walk through the forest to experience different

6.1.1 Outdoor Open Forest Park

The outdoor forest park has introduced six main types of forests. Introduce Pioneer phytoremediation sites for soil pollution and improve soil quality. At the same time, some pioneer vegetation will be retained after 50 years, new plants will be introduced, and the ecosystem of coal mining areas will be restored. The introduction of new economic plants and native plants can quickly establish a new forest system. The introduction of native plant eucalyptus can provide habitat for local animals and increase biodiversity.

Economic plants such as apple trees and grape vines can bring new opportunities to the site. People can learn the history of coal mining and geological education at the nodes, and they can pick apple and grape groves at the same time. People can walk through the forest through the air corridor, or enter the open forest at close range to experience cycling. Different watching towers have different heights, giving people different visual experiences. Visitors can overlook the entire coal mine park, feel the forest at their feet, or walk through the forest and walk in the forest.

6.1.1 Outdoor Open Forest Park

The design reveals the feasibility of revitalising the coal mining site, the combination of natural and coal industry landscape. Watching tower as a node is also a "coal museum", which preserves the mining heritage and reflects the history and contribution of the mining industry. The newly introduced forest has repaired the problems left over from coal mining, restored the ecosystem and created a new ecosystem, and also brought more activities and experiences to tourists.

6.3.1 Open Forest Experience

This part shows the Watching tower as a mixed and crossed area of ​​the forest.

People can experience two different forests, eucalyptus forest and narrow leaved ironbark bullark, and they can also learn the history of the coal industry and industrial sculptures.

Visitors can see the soil remediation device, calling on people to establish a balance between the environment and the economy.

The unique industrial landscape and natural landscape can provide photography enthusiasts with a lot of materials. The surrounding residents can go for a run and bike ride in the forest, or take a picnic with their children to experience family time. On the other hand, the establishment of forest systems brings opportunities to the ecological environment. Native plants provide habitats for local birds and animals, creating a new ecosystem.

6.2.4 Barrier Zone of Wind

Through the combination of plants, a forest barrier is formed on the periphery of the site to change certain degree of forest park. The outer barrier area can fully block and guide the northwest and sout on surrounding communities to a certain extent.

the wind direction and make the air circulate by itself. Finally, the air is purified and discharged to a theast winds to turn into the northeast and southwest winds, which reduces the impact of coal mining

6.2.2 Wetland - Black Gold Square

The Black Gold Plaza showcased the restoration of the coal industry ruins and the water system and the establishment of a new system. The Heijin Square is located at the bottom of the coal mining area, and the pollution is the most serious. Groundwater and surface water destroyed during coal mining gather in this place, causing excessive chemical composition and serious pollution. The coal site in Heijin Plaza includes ecological elements that have been affected by coal mining, including soil, water, vegetation and animals. Heijin Plaza showcased the restoration process of the site ecology, created a new ecological system, established a link between economy and environment, and called on people to pay attention to environmental protection while developing the economy. As an industrial site, Heijin Square uses sculptures to show the history of local coal development and the production and life of coal workers.

50 year

The first solution to the Black Gold Plaza section is the pollution problem. Use ecological methods to repair water pollution and soil pollution. Use pioneer vegetation to remediate soil and reduce industrial wastewater within 20 years. Complete soil remediation within 30 years, re-introduce river water, and promote the establishment of groundwater circulation.

Within 50 years, connect the introduced river water with the groundwater in the site to form a wetland and create a new water system.

20 year

30 year

6.3.2 Wetland Activities

This section show the connection between t the B landscapes, natural landscapes, new ecosystem development and the production and life of coal w purification.People can go fishing, swimming, boat biodiversity.The installation on the shore shows the walk along the shore roads.

Black Gold Square, the wetland and the outdoor forest park, as well as the combination of industrial ms and human activities.Sculptures at Black Gold Square show visitors the history of local coal workers.The reeds, water hyacinth and other plants in the wetland demonstrate the process of water ting and so on in the wetland.Wetlands are created to provide habitat for native animals and increase e process of soil restoration and calls on people to protect the environment.People can ride bikes and

6.2.3 Indoor Greenhouse Garden

The indoor greenhouse garden showcases the coal mining landscape and the natural landscape.The greenhouse garden is located on the north slope of the coal mine and has long hours of sun exposure.The greenhouse glass absorbs solar energy to keep the temperature, which can save enough energy.

The greenhouse garden is connected with the wetland by a bridge, which allows visitors to enter directly.The garden retains the landscape of coal mining, and six different gardens are reintroduced according to the topography, bringing a different experience to visitors.Visitors can see the flowers in full bloom at any time.The greenhouse garden introduces both native and exotic plants, enriching the local biodiversity and giving visitors a different sensory experience.

6.3.3 Different gardens Waterfront garden The garden is full of low-maintenance plants that can grow in direct sunlight and welldrained soil. The garden is close to the wetland and combines the garden landscape and the wetland landscape to give visitors a unique experience.

A: Crested iris B: Sweet alyssum C: Sedum D: Feather reedgrass E: Variegated redtwig dogw F: Newengland aster G: Spurge H: Money plant I：Lady’s mantle J: Spotted deadnettle K: Shrubby dusty miller L: Stonecrop M: Japanese barberry N: Michaelmas daisy O: Silver carpet

Sunshine garden

The garden is laid out in a sunny area that combines perennials so that yellows, purples and pinks will catch the eye in weeks, providing a variety of colors and textures that will continue throughout the summer.

A: New England B: Thread-leayed thchseed C: Coneflower D: Hollyhock E: Blazng star F: Butterfly bush G: Russian sage H: Autumn Joy I: Lavender

Summer garden The garden retains its strong colour throughout the growing season.The flowers in full bloom are bright in color, with warm reds, oranges and golden yellow predominating.

A: aconitum B: Sedum, Autumn joy C: Fountain Grass D: Redhot poker E: Black-eyed Susan F: Russian sage G: Feather Reedgrass H: Romaneya poppy

wood

Romantic garden The garden is full of romantic atmosphere, the overall tone is white and purple, purple strong romantic set the tone for the whole.In the foreground is the black-eyed Susan, Siberian Iris, Shasta daisy, and Phlox paniculata. In the background are white roses, Baptisia australis and dalylilies on either side.

A: White roses B: Dalylily C: Phlox paniculata D: Shasta daisy E: Siberian Iris F: Black-eyed Susan G: Baptisia australis

Drought - tolerant sloping garden The garden can help the sloping area to be better presented, showing the characteristics of water-saving plants, and at the same time, the luxuriant scenery under the conditions of high temperature, dryness and full sun. At the same time, the garden combines landscape elements such as coal industry landscape sculptures and stones to better display the history of the coal site industry. Visitors can climb, rest, film and other activities to experience the combination of coal industry landscape and gardens. Children can climb on sculptures and stones to encourage them to exercise and socialize.

A: White Stonecrop B: Sedum acre C: Epimedium Rebrum D: Armeria larmia E: Creeping thyme F: phorumium tenax G: Purple Emperor H: Sealayvender I: Sedum 'Oregano' J: Two-raw Stonecrop

6.4 Design Research Outcome

The expected result of the landscape design plan provides an appropriate physical environment for everyone and can also create new employment opportunities for residents.

The development of new energy, the exhaustion of coal resources and other factors have led to the closure of coal mining in the Hunter Valley within 50 years. 30% of residents are engaged in coal-related jobs, and they will also face the problem of unemployment.

Therefore, the landscape project researched and tested the economic transformation of coal mining areas and brought new opportunities to residents. The program has the potential to enhance the local people's economy by using characteristic landscape terrain, industrial culture and natural environment. In the process, the plan has achieved the sustainable goals of the United Nations and met local laws and policies, which will help companies start the project with the help of the government and the international community.

In coal mining, the government requires companies to retain topsoil. In the process of landscape restoration, the landscape research project can backfill the soil rich in plant seeds and potential, which will greatly reduce costs and quickly restore the local ecology.

This backfilling work and land restoration process can provide employment opportunities for laid-off workers. At the same time, after the establishment of tourism projects, the arrival of tourists can stimulate the original local economy, such as red wine, wine cultivation, animal husbandry, horse breeding and service industries. Similarly, the restoration of the ecological environment can reduce the health risks of surrounding people and reduce the risk of lung disease and cancer.

Chapter 7. Conclusion

7.1 Conclusion

The revised landscape design study “aims to study appropriate landscape methods that solve the adverse effects of the ecological problems left by the coal industry, such as land destruction, soil infertility and chemical pollution, coal gangue pollution, excessive chemical substances in the water, and the disappearance of vegetation. Other landscape events have restored local biodiversity and ecosystems, and ultimately helped the local coal industry complete the economic transition from industry to tourism”.The design provides three different scale strategic master plans, large (coal mine), medium (Indoor greenhouse garden, outdoor forest park and wetland) and small (the layered forest, watching tower and black gold square).

In the small-scale design for the restoration of plants-different forest forms, soil restoration and geological education-watching tower and water pollution control-black gold square, the specific application of three different restoration methods form different characteristic landscape projects, combining natural landscapes and humanities the landscape is combined. The landscape design research process combines the research strategies and sites learned in theoretical research and case studies to formulate an overall strategic plan suitable for coal restoration. These strategies guided the site planning, formed a characteristic coal landscape project, and completed the themes of ecological restoration, landscape reshaping and economic revitalization.

The design research includes the restoration of site plants, water pollution restoration, soil restoration at different stages and landscape forms, the establishment of wetlands, outdoor forest park, indoor greenhouse garden, geological education museum and barrier zone and other characteristic landscapes. Human activities include different angles and different visual experience of stages and different times. These details prove the effectiveness of the generated landscape design plan, which can meet all industrial landscape events and has strong adaptability, thereby guiding the restoration and economic transformation of the mineral industry, strengthening the connection with the surrounding communities, and calling on people to establish the sustainable economic system.

7.1 Conclusion - workflow Soil Retoration Stage 1 Soil restoration Setaria

Stage 2 Improved soil quality

Shepherd’s purse

Kangroo Grass

S a p i u m Koelreuteria paniculata sebifer um ( L.) Roxb.

Water Retoration Constructed with coal gangue and fly ash as the substrate and reeds can effectively adsorb pollutants in the water and form the technical basis for "using waste to control pollution" 1. The primary purification for the polluted water,let the water subside or absorb by the coal gangue 2. 10cm Floating Water+25cm Coal ash&soil layer+ 30cm coal gangue + 30cm pebble 3. planting soil layer: vegetation: reeds, cattails, mangroves, shallots,water hyacinnths Water hyacinths

Mangroves

Reeds

Shallots

Cattails

a

Stage 3 Introduce economy vegetation Cinnamomum camphora (Linn) Presl

Eucalyptus

Stage 4 coal mine revitalization

Oak Tree

Apple Tree

7.1 Conclusion - workflow

In the first stage, people are not allowed to enter the venue for activities. In the coal restoration stage, it can provide land-off workers and residents with new opportunities, including site construction, coal gangue installation and soil transportation. Through the enrichment and improvement of pollutants and physical effects of pioneer vegetation such as Setaria, shepherd's purse, kangaroo grass etc. Reclamation of the soil, along with the continuous improvement of soil quality.

In the second stage, people can enter the venue for activities, but only for voluntary activities. During this period, after the restoration of pioneer plants, the soil of the site can satisfy the growth of trees to a certain extent. Select pioneer trees for further soil restoration and improve soil quality. At the same time, during this period, the waste water area was reduced and the quality improved. The water in Liddle lake has undergone ecological restoration to a level that can be visited up close. But people are not allowed to participate in water sports.

In the third stage, people can enter the venue for activities and experience the forest and wetland up close. During this period, through early ecological restoration, the quality of soil and water improved, and an ecosystem was initially formed. In terms of plants, economic plants can be introduced to provide visitors with different feelings and experiences. At the same time, after restoration, water can be introduced into the northern wetlands for further purification and upgrade the water system of coal mining areas.

The fourth stage is economic revitalization. The ecological system of coal mining area is completely restored. Tourists can participate in various activities. Feel the experience of forests and wetlands. The completely purified river water is introduced into the wetland.

Groundwater and surface water meet drinking standards, and wetlands, rivers and lakes complete the water system.

This strategy has been tested to be feasible. Hunter Valley also has a large amount of coal mining land. This strategy can be applied to every coal mining wasteland.

Eventually, ecological restoration of coal mining areas, landscape reshaping and economic revitalization will be realized.

7.2 Appendix

7.3 Reference References

Argus, S 2017, Small villages bear the brunt of mining expansions, Cowra Guardian, viewed 16 June 2 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2010, The energy in Australia, Australian B Australian Coal Association 2011, Coal & the environment - coal mining & environment, Australian Coa Barrett, D 2013, We hear a lot about fracking as a mining technique for extracting gas from coal seam science/articles/2013/12/04/3861669.htm>.

Bernasconi, A & Pritchard, M 2019, Deteriorating air quality in Upper Hunter down to weather not p demand-for-action-on-upper-hunter-deteriorating-air-quality/11728718>.

Canbulat, I, Zhang, C, Black, K, Johnston, J & McDonald, S 2017, 'Assessment of Sinkhole Risk in Sh Clibborn Environmental Consulting 2012, Liddell coal annual environmental management report, view 637189e5ea/260312_Liddell_Coal_AEMR_Final.pdf>.

Clifford, M-Z 1941, Industrial area of Newcastle, Australia, Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Climate and Health Alliarce 2015, Coal and health in the Hunter: Lessons from one valley for the read/47902436/cahacoalhuntervalleyreportfinal-approvedforprint>.

Cockburn, P 2017, 'Liddell power station: AGL confirms closure of coal plant, replaces it with renewab liddell-coal-plant-closes/9243180>.

Cunningham, M, Uffelen, L-V & Chambers, M 2019, The changing global market for Australian coal, sep/the-changing-global-market-for-australian-coal.html>.

Energy Information Administration 2011, Australia world's largest coal exporter, fourth-largest liquefied todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4050>.

Ewald, B 2018, The health burden of fine particle pollution from electricity generation in NSW, viewed Goetze, E 2019, 'Our pool is black': Residents in NSW's Upper Hunter vent air-pollution fears, ABC N pollution-fears-in-nsw-upper-hunter/11638418 Geoscience Australia 2013, Australia's mineral resource assessment 2013, Geoscience Australia, australian-minerals-resource-assessment/coal>.

Glencore Australia 2021, Environmental Management Strategy, viewed 16 April 2021, <https://w Environmental%20Management%20Strategy_V13.pdf>.

Gocompare n.d., What powers the world? Gocompare, viewed 5 April 2020, <https://www.gocompare.

Hagemann, B 2014, 'Gloucester CSG water refused by Hunter Water. Australian Mining', Australian M water-refused-by-hunter-water-2/>.

Hagemann, B 2014, 'New rehab reporting in the Hunter', Australian Mining, 25 August, viewed 25 April Hannam, P 2018, 'Scandal': NSW coal power plants will kill thousands before they close', Port Ste story/5769753/scandal-nsw-coal-power-plants-will-kill-thousands-before-they-close/>.

2020, <https://www.cowraguardian.com.au/story/4735995/mining-waste-lands/>.

Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, viewed 1 May 2020, <http://www.abare.gov.au>. al Association, viewed 1 May 2020, <http://www.australiancoal.com.au>. ms and shale deposits. How is it done? ABC Science, viewed 15 May 2020, <https://www.abc.net.au/

politics, says local MP, ABC News, viewed 14 May 2020, <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-27/

hallow Coal Mining', Proceedings of the 10th triennial conference on mine subsidence, pp. 331-337. wed 20 March 2020, <https://www.glencore.com.au/.rest/api/v1/documents/08661db5a0d2eaec75a58b world, Climate and Health Alliarce, viewed 14 June 2020, <https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/

ble energy', ABC NEWS, 9 December, viewed 3 April 2020, <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-09/ Reserve Bank of Australia, viewed 15 May 2020, <https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2019/

d natural gas exporter, Energy Information Administration, viewed 5 March 2020, <https://www.eia.gov/

12 May 2020, <https://apo.org.au/node/204706>.

News, viewed 16 April 2020, <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-25/air-quality-stokes-communityviewed 23 May 2020, <https://www.ga.gov.au/data-pubs/data-and-publications-search/publications/

www.glencore.com.au/.rest/api/v1/documents/b6cb26a0e1bc7e734ae9fde66608bea3/Liddell%20

.com/gas-and-electricity/what-powers-the-world/>.

Mining, 10 March, viewed 25 April 2020, <https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/gloucester-csg-

l 2020, <https://www.australianmining.com.au/news/new-rehab-reporting-in-the-hunter-2/>. ephens Examiner, 21 November, viewed 25 April 2020, <https://www.portstephensexaminer.com.au/

Reference: Argus, S 2017, Small villages bear the brunt of mining expansions, Cowra Guardian, viewed 16 June 2 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics 2010, The energy in Australia, Australian B Australian Coal Association 2011, Coal & the environment - coal mining & environment, Australian Coa Barrett, D 2013, We hear a lot about fracking as a mining technique for extracting gas from coal seam science/articles/2013/12/04/3861669.htm>.

Bernasconi, A & Pritchard, M 2019, Deteriorating air quality in Upper Hunter down to weather not p demand-for-action-on-upper-hunter-deteriorating-air-quality/11728718>.

Canbulat, I, Zhang, C, Black, K, Johnston, J & McDonald, S 2017, 'Assessment of Sinkhole Risk in Sh Clibborn Environmental Consulting 2012, Liddell coal annual environmental management report, view 637189e5ea/260312_Liddell_Coal_AEMR_Final.pdf>.

Clifford, M-Z 1941, Industrial area of Newcastle, Australia, Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Climate and Health Alliarce 2015, Coal and health in the Hunter: Lessons from one valley for the read/47902436/cahacoalhuntervalleyreportfinal-approvedforprint>.

Cockburn, P 2017, 'Liddell power station: AGL confirms closure of coal plant, replaces it with renewab liddell-coal-plant-closes/9243180>.

Cunningham, M, Uffelen, L-V & Chambers, M 2019, The changing global market for Australian coal, sep/the-changing-global-market-for-australian-coal.html>.

Energy Information Administration 2011, Australia world's largest coal exporter, fourth-largest liquefied todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4050>.

Ewald, B 2018, The health burden of fine particle pollution from electricity generation in NSW, viewed Goetze, E 2019, 'Our pool is black': Residents in NSW's Upper Hunter vent air-pollution fears, ABC N pollution-fears-in-nsw-upper-hunter/11638418 Geoscience Australia 2013, Australia's mineral resource assessment 2013, Geoscience Australia,

2020, <https://www.cowraguardian.com.au/story/4735995/mining-waste-lands/>.

Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, viewed 1 May 2020, <http://www.abare.gov.au>. al Association, viewed 1 May 2020, <http://www.australiancoal.com.au>. ms and shale deposits. How is it done? ABC Science, viewed 15 May 2020, <https://www.abc.net.au/

politics, says local MP, ABC News, viewed 14 May 2020, <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-27/

hallow Coal Mining', Proceedings of the 10th triennial conference on mine subsidence, pp. 331-337. wed 20 March 2020, <https://www.glencore.com.au/.rest/api/v1/documents/08661db5a0d2eaec75a58b world, Climate and Health Alliarce, viewed 14 June 2020, <https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/

ble energy', ABC NEWS, 9 December, viewed 3 April 2020, <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-09/ Reserve Bank of Australia, viewed 15 May 2020, <https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2019/

d natural gas exporter, Energy Information Administration, viewed 5 March 2020, <https://www.eia.gov/

12 May 2020, <https://apo.org.au/node/204706>.

News, viewed 16 April 2020, <https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-25/air-quality-stokes-communityviewed 23 May 2020, <https://www.ga.gov.au/data-pubs/data-and-publications-search/publications/