RETHINKING VOID SPACES the social and economic potential of having public spaces in slums of Mumbai
RETHINKING VOID SPACES The Social and Economic Potential of Having Public Spaces in Slums of Mumbai
ABSTRACT This design research examines the potential of converting unoccupied void spaces in slums of Mumbai into socially and economically meaningful public spaces, reducing poverty and improving the quality of life in the neighbourhood. The design iteration experiments with resident-led placemaking techniques, modular design methods to generate a novel network of the urban landscape. It draws from various case studies and deals with a range of void spaces in the slum to find cheaper, faster, easier, but highly efficient design techniques and materials. The focused site is the BKC slum in Mumbai, India, where its residents live in deplorable conditions, have no public spaces, earn little income, and suffer from a lack of critical urban infrastructure. The research explores how landscape architects can activate the unoccupied, meaningless void spaces, make them attractive and valuable to the residents, and ultimately become public spaces. Such a new public space network would generate more economic opportunities, bring better living conditions, provide vital infrastructure; more importantly, it can be made and maintained by the local residents.
RESEARCH QUESTION How could void spaces become public spaces bringing residents social and economic benefits through modular design and resident-led placemaking in a cheaper, faster and easier way? SUBMITED BY Mengli Wang s3730872 RMIT UNIVERSITY College of Design and Social Context School of Architecture and Design Master of Landscape Architecture Design Research Project 2021 COURSE COORDINATOR Jen Lynch Dr Alice Lewis TUTORS Elise Northover Brent Greene Dr Ha Thai
INTRODUCTION With the expansion and development of human habitats worldwide, the living quality is so different for people living in various areas from here to there. For example, nearly one in seven people in the world live in the leedeveloped area, which we call slums(UN-Habitat, Department of Social and Economic Affairs, 2011). Although the proportion of urban dwellers living in the slums is decreasing, their number is increasing since 1990(UN-Habitat, 2014). At the same time, cities are becoming more and more crowded. For most people, the lack of public space is an inessential problem, but for those with minimal private space and worse living conditions, it means the decline of the entire living quality. The way most authorities are treating the slums and slum residents are not so careful and human-centred. When we talk about the slums, it quickly becomes something we try to ignore or remove from the urban ground. The existing approaches focus on rehousing the slum area, replacing the lowquality houses with high-rise apartments, which may be inefficient and even cause the formation of new slums. To break this kind of recycling of poverty, public space utility around the slums could be helpful. Aiming at helping the residents have higher income and better living conditions, the knowledge of local community group is necessary, like the work they do, the place they work and the material or immaterial market they need. Moreover, considering the residents' financial ability, the construction method needs to be cheap, fast, and easy, making sure this project is practicable. This project explores an efficient way of transforming void spaces into public spaces generating economic and social benefits for the local residents. After all, the resident-led placemaking and modular design come out as a better way to make it low-cost and high-performance. Moreover, the flexible market formed by modular equipment and managed by residents occurs as a suitable type of space, helping them develop their business. Moreover, the time-based shifting functions ensure that the space is muti-functional. Furthermore, this project sets a prototype, a starting point of further development, which could be easily duplicated to the other space with similar conditions in slums by the residents themselves. Thus, the novel urban landscape network composing these spaces could benefit the residents for a long time when they keep refining and expanding it even without the engagement of designers.
CONTENT
01 Research Background
09
Crowded World Crowded Cities
02 Site
15
What is happening in Mumbai What is happening in BKC area What is happening in the slum
03 Project Position & Strategy
33
Position & Theoratical Framework Project Strategy & Clients and Stakeholders
04 Technique
45
Modular Design Resident-led Placemaking
05 Design Iteration Result
53
Market Square Market Street Community Garden
06 Conclusion & Refelction
79
07 Reference
83
01 RESEARCH BACKGROUND
CROWDED WORLD The Burden of Public Space
160oW
120oW
80oW
40oW
0o
40oE
80oE
120oE
160oE
Crowded World Mapping With the urban expansion, the conflict between the increasing population and the lack of public space is aggravating. 80oN
The concept, the burden of public space, shows how badly people need public space in dense cities. Data Source: The Atals of Urban Expansion, http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org/data
60oN
40oN
The Burden of Public Space: Population served by 1ha public space For example, in Hong Kong, 142,944.23 people share just 1ha public space when there are only 1,473.4 who enjoy the same large area in Raleigh.
20oN
Legend
HONG KONG MUMBAI KARACHI
50.9%Zhuji 18.6%Sao Paulo Share of Public Space-Urbanized Open Space/Urban Extent(ratio of radius)
DAHKA 0o
BOGOTA 89,168.13ha Zhuji Urban Extent
45,343.54ha Zhuji Urbanized Open Space
0 1.57639e+006 Ceisen Population Density
20oS
Country Boundary 40oS
142,944.23ppl/ha Hong Kong
1,473.4ppl/ha Raleigh
5 Cities With Highest Burden Data Source: The Atals of Urban Expansion, http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org/data
21,569.2 ppl/ha
BOGOTA
MUMBAI
KARACHI
DAHKA
HONG KONG 11
CROWDED CITIES Mumbai Facing More Challenge and Chance
The 5 Most Crowded Cities Comparison Although Mumbai does not have the highest burden, it will meet the most prominent conflict in these five cities between its vast urban population and limited urban extent. When the city occupies more and more area on the map, the public space in Mumbai does not grow simultaneously, which escalates the conflict and highlights the importance of public space in the future.
2014 2013
2010
Data Source: The Atals of Urban Expansion, http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org/data
2001 2000
Data Abbreviation BOS Burden of Urbanized Open Space POP Population UOS Urbanized Open Space URE Urban Extent
1999
Legend
BOS 1,126ppl/ha UOS 17,398ha POP 19,601,845ppl URE 70,533ha
1991
1989
Urban Extent Growing Trend Urban Population Growing Trend HONG KONG
KARACHI
DAHKA
MUMBAI
BOGOTA POP 19,601,845ppl
URE 70,533ha POP 14,344,154ppl POP 11,786,684ppl
URE 43,000ha
Mumbai Expansion Trend URE 36,681ha
13
02 SITE
WHAT IS HAPPENING IN MUMBAI Shrinking Public Space
Infill Space The notion of infill space means that all built-up pixels added in the new period occupy urbanized open space within the urban extent of the earlier period. The Mumbai case shows that the city is expanding outward and inward, which means less and less public space in the city. Data Source: The Atals of Urban Expansion, http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org/data MayMyIndia, https://www.mapmyindia.com
1991
Cities all over the world
Mumbai location in Maharashtra, India
2001 1814
1849
1968
1865
1991
1888
1909
2001
1931
1955
NOW
Mumbai Urban Extent Expansion History Urbanized Open Space
Urban Built-up Area
2014 17
WHAT IS HAPPENING IN MUMBAI High Population Density & Limited Public Space
VASAI-VIRAR
430m
The Most Challenging Space: BKC-Bandra Kurla Complex Area
VASAI
Crowded Mumbai Mapping Although there is numerous public open space in Mumbai, most of them are small-sized and separated, only offering limited access to the general public. It is easy to find that the place with the most apparent shrinking phenomenon also faces the highest population density, exacerbating the conflict. In the centre of Mumbai city, there is an area recently developed as an international commercial area, the BKC block. When it develops at high speed, it also contains more and more population in the limited space, causing the formation of the slums around it.
MIRA-BHAYANDER
BHIWANDI
THANE
Data Source: The Atals of Urban Expansion, http://www.atlasofurbanexpansion.org/data MayMyIndia, https://www.mapmyindia.com
KALYAN-DOMBIVLI
Infill space distribution in Mumbai
NAVI MUMBAI PANVEL
Population density in Mumbai
URAN
Public space distribution in Mumbai
NORTH PEN
500m-radius cycle of public space in Mumbai
0km
2.5km
5km
10km
19
WHAT IS HAPPENING IN MUMBAI Large Amount of Slums
The People with The Least Access to The Public Space: Slum Residents
12 millions
Slum Distribution Mapping In Mumbai, due to the unaffordable house price and the increasing number of immigration from other cities and states, slums become a significant part of the urban fabric.
6 millions
Data Source: Nivara Hakk, 2012, SLUMS REDEVELOPMENT AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING INTEGRATION
52% of the Mumbai City population live in slums
1353 millions
460 millions
162 millions
World Bank 2018
34% of the India population live in urban area 35.2% of the India urban population live in slums
>1.2 millions
0.8-1.2 millions
0.5-0.8 millions migration to Maharashtra other migration flows >300 thousands 200-300 thousands 100-200 thousands
0.2-0.5 millions
<0.2 millions Urban Population by District
Legend 10-20 millions 5-10 millions 2-5 millions 1-2 millions Urban Population by City
Slum Main Railway Urbanized Open Space Greater Mumbai Boundary
NORTH
0km
2.5km
5km
21
WHAT IS HAPPENING IN BKC AREA Repidly Developing Area Paralleling the Slum
Site Surrounding SItuaiton The BKC Slum show an unequal scene of Mumbai city. While an international commercial area is rapidly developing, people in the surrounding area live in a low-quality environment.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport
Data & Map Source: google map
Bandra Kurla Complex Site
Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Kurla Station
Bandra Terminus
Mahim Junction Road Building Open Space Grass Construction Site Water 1:3000
Contour-1m NORTH 0m
50m
100m District Boundary 0m
0m
250m
500m
10km
500m
23
WHAT IS HAPPENING IN BKC AREA Enclave in the Urban Fabric
Detailed Site Plan The BKC slum is super different from the surrounding area from physical type to the resident group.
Road
Bridge
River Surface
Building
Slum NORTH
0m
25m
50m
25
WHAT IS HAPPENING IN BKC AREA Enclave in the Urban Fabric
Photos: Nikesh
27
WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE SLUM Slum Problems & Residents Research
Low-income community There are many problems about living quality in the slum, and most of them are related to the lowerincome than other residents in the city.
Dwelling Unit
Work Inadequate access to safe water
Data Source: Jan Nijman, 2015, Indias Urban Future_Views From the Slum Photos: Nikesh
a family consisting of 5-6 people
80% employed with a full-time job
Religion average house size:17.5m2 Overcrowding 70% Hindus Dalits and members of a wide range of sub-castes or Jatis 20% Muslisms orginally migrated from Tamil Nadu particularly from Tirunelvelli district
28% have refrigerator
70% have piped water with limitation of 2h a day
Inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure
3m2 per people
10% Christian come from the southern state of Kerala
WC
Poor structural quality of housing 26% family have toilet disconnected to underground sewage
around 350 people for each toilet
Garbage and Pollution
42% built before1990 Insecure residential status
more than 94% residents identify the pollution as their biggest problem
Origin
30% Maharashtrians 70% Gujarat, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh
More than 90% residents have no plan to move
29
WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE SLUM Working Information
Leather Worker
Domestic Maid
65 dollars per month
11 dollars per month
Limited Career Choice & Business Size Due to the cultural and physical environment in Mumbai, it is tough for the residents in the slum to find a job with higher income or develop their business into a larger market. Data Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/06/dharavi_slum/html/dharavi_slum_2.stm
Manufacture Handicraft Living
Working
Deposit needed to rent a flat in city 3300 dollars
Live with Work Pottery Owner
Embroidery Worker
260 dollars per month
22 dollars per month
Multifunctional Community Most of the residents work as the cottage industry in their home or nearby.
31
03 PROJECT POSITION & STRATEGY
PROJECT POSITION Theoratical Framework
PROJECT POSITION Break the Poverty Recycle
Limited Career Choice & Business Size Due to the cultral and physical environment in Mumbai, it is very hard for the residents in slum to find a job with higher income or develop their own buisiness into larger market.
Human-centred Design Socially Restorativ Urbanism
Everyday Urbanism
Open-Source Architecture
Street As a Tool of Slum Upgrading Slum Formation Move Back
Resident-led Placemaking
Build New Slum
POVERTY RECYCLE
Modular Design
Rethinking Void Spaces
Low Income
Reduce Poverty High Living Cost
Improve Quality of Life Living Cost Increase
Upgrading Approaches Ignoring
Relocation Eradication
Build a Foundation for further Upgrading
35
PROJECT STRATEGY Three-phases Strategy
A Novel Network of Urban Landscape This strategy is separated into three phases to form a better neighbour with more usable public space and activated streets.
In Dandora, Nairobi, an ongoing collaboration starting from one model street transform the entire neighbourhood into waste-free, attractive, and engaging places Photo Source: Christele Harrouk, 2020, How Can One Public Space Transform an Entire Neighborhood? UN-Habitat's Model Street Initiative, https://www. archdaily.com/951250/how-can-one-public-spacetransform-an-entire-neighborhood-un-habitatsmodel-street-initiative?ad_source=search&ad_ medium=search_result_all
NORTH
0m
50m
100m
Phase 2 - 5 years later Increase the connectivity and the allocation of infrastructures
NORTH
0m
50m
100m
Phase 1 - Project Design
NORTH
Transform the void space into public space for economic and social benefits 0m
50m
100m
Phase 3 - 10 years later Widen the streets and become a better neighbour with low living cost
37
PROJECT STRATEGY Phase 1
Model Space
Clients & Stakeholders
Three void spaces are selected to be transformed as a start point, aiming at bringing more economic opportunities. In addition, there would be a vendor road and green lane improving the condition of working and living to connect them.
The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority would lead the program and build the essential part of the void space, and left it to the residents and NGO volunteers to finish it as new public spaces.
Market Street
Market Square
Community Garden
Vendor Road
Low-cost landscape
Crevice Green Lane Photo Source: Ruihua Liang, Ying Ye, https://www. archdaily.com/955205/meifeng-community-parkzizu-studio?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_ result_all
Meifeng Community Park / ZIZU STUDIO
smashed convrete as part of new landscape
apply on the green lane
The designer team use smashed old concrete blocks as landscape materials and stacked them to form a new micro-topographic crack garden, which could be applied into the micro lane in the BKC slum.
Previous Street
Safe Zone for Residents to Carry Goods
39
PROJECT STRATEGY Phase 2
Expand the Model Space
Clients & Stakeholders
After the residents refine the model space, this pattern of collaboration would be duplicated onto other void space in the site. Besides, the essential urban infrastructures would cover more space in the slum to meet residents' living requirements.
The void space transformed the previous stage would be maintained by the residents themselves. Therefore, the allocation of urban infrastructures needs to be finished by the government departments.
Community Garden
Green Lane Sewage System Lightening System
Expand the Green Lane Network
Overlay the Lightening and Sewage System
41
PROJECT STRATEGY Phase 3
Widen the Street
Clients & Stakeholders
After the program increase the income, part of the residents could move out and decrease the density of the slum. Also, with less housing requirement, we could have more public space in the community to form a better environment.
The decision of replacing the empty house with public space needs to be negotiated by the government departments and residents. Then, after a conclusion comes out, a novel street network would become valid with resident-led design.
Green Lane Sewage System Lightening System
Crowded Slum Space
Widened Street
43
04 TECHNIQUES
500mm
MODULAR DESIGN Case Study & Method Extracted
Wiki House Designer: London-based design team 00:/ (zero zero)
Modular Design Prepared to Applied on the Site
450mm
The prototypes of the Vendor Shelter, Street Furniture and Planting Box are generated to be a fast and cheap way for the residents to use.
Modular Design Based on Prototype 120
0mm
Iteration Typology
2500mm
Original Typology
Source: SA Rogers, WikiHouse: Open-Source DIY Architecture You Can Build, https://weburbanist.com/2012/09/20/wikihouse-open-source-diy-architecture-you-can-build/
It is an open-source construction system that allows users to download software for free, adapt it, improve it and share their designs. The main idea is to make it easy and adaptable for every user to generate their unique product to meet the different requirements.
Modular Planting Box Design
As the designers say, more and more, design can be something done not just by teams of professionals but by open communities of user-makers, designing and making for themselves. Moreover, it could bring a sense of belonging to the residents who live with it. m
1200m
600mm
Modular Shelter Design
m
0m
300
Modular Street Furniture Design 47
Resident-led Placemaking Case Study & Method Extracted
Quinta Monroy
Resident-led Placemaking Possibly Happen in the Site
Architects: Alejandro Aravena, ELEMENTAL Area: 5000 m² Year: 2003
After the designers and constructors build the prototypes on the site, the residents could generate their way to finishing another half of the placemaking to solid their idea.
Resident-led Result
Open-source Architecture
Prototype
Architecture construction
Resident construction
Grid Pavement Resident-led shelter combination
Resident-led Result The base framework including the ground and the top floor
The self-built part on the initial building
Source: Rory Stott, 2013, ELEMENTAL's "Half-Finished" Housing Typology: A Success in All Circumstances
To reduce the cost of building new houses, Alejandro Aravena sets a new type of architecture, a half-finished typology. The architects work for the part which resident could not finish on their own, and then the residents could finish the left part with their particular idea.
Prototype
Grid Pavement Resident-led planting box combination 49
Resident-led Placemaking Case Study & Method Extracted
Time-based Function of the Site
Temporary Structure Location: the city of Kolkata Time: the Ganpathi festival
To make the space more efficient, its function needs to be flexible enough to meet requirements. To be more detailed, the central space of the market street would be a roadway for trucks in the morning and night for delivery and market space for residents to sell goods.
Time-based Landscape
Street on normal days
Street on Festival
Source:
Due to the density of the Indian cities, there is a wise way people use their space. A time-based shift of functions in one space highly increase the efficiency of using it. There would be a temporary community hall for housing the Ganesh idole and celebrations during the ten days of the Ganpathi festival.
51
05 Design Iteration Result
Design Iteration Result Market Square
Flexible Market Square This market is in between the permanent space and pop-up space. The user of every single space would shift by the time because of their different types of work.
CollageNew University
Taxi Rank
Flexible Market
Children Playground
Rest Space with Street Furnitures
Miro-typology Contour Line-450mm High-rise Apartment
BKC Slum
NORTH
0m
6.25m
12.5m
55
Design Iteration Result Market Square
Modular Shelter
Grid Pavement
57
Design Iteration Result Market Square
Flexible Market with Rest Space
Entrance for Vendors to easily come into the site
Children Playground & Taxi Rank
59
Design Iteration Result Market Square
61
Design Iteration Result Market Street
Interface Market Street This street works as an interface between the slum and developed residential area. With modular seats and moveable tents, it could shift between a busy market street and a loading dock at a different time of the day.
Time-Based Market Tent Modular Street Furnitures
Truck Loading Dock
Truck Loading Dock
Community Activity Space
NORTH
0m
25m
50m
63
Design Iteration Result Market Street
Modular Shelters
Modular Seats
Grid Pavement on Roadway
65
Design Iteration Result Market Street
Community Acitivity Space
Rest and Social SPace
Entrance for Vendors
Time-based Market Space
67
Design Iteration Result Market Street
69
Design Iteration Result Community Garden
Community Garden This Garden not only works as outdoor classrooms but also plant incubators. Therefore, this space would be sensed as a part of residents' property while building the plant beds and making them more willing to maintain them.
Outdoor Classroom
Footpath
Community Planting Box
Miro-typology Contour Line-450mm
NORTH
0m
6.25m
12.5m
71
Design Iteration Result Community Garden
Planted by Residents
Possible Combination of Planting Box
73
Design Iteration Result Community Garden
Rest Space
Planting Box & Children Playground
Outdoor Classroom
75
Design Iteration Result Community Garden
77
06 Conclusion & Reflection
Conclusion & Reflection Project Overview & Future
At the endpoint of this project, a prototype of public space in slums comes out cheap, fast, and easy to build by the residents. Its flexibility and adaptability ensure the high efficiency of the limited space. The most important achievement is that this kind of urban landscape network could be built, managed and maintained by the local community without the engagement of professional designers. It would bring a sense of belonging, a sense of 'mine' and 'ours' to the residents when they are the builders and managers of their living environment. In future, there would be various versions of these spaces occurring all over the city, generated by residents from other slums or neighbourhoods based on their different requirements and living conditions. This research is about making a tool and giving it to local communities, a kit-of-parts landscape, a manual of placemaking, but not for landscape architects. There is plenty of void space left unused even in the densest city, and there is always a way to make it better to use and enjoy. Everyone has the ability and motivation to improve their living environment, no matter it is a bedroom, backyard or street space. People are already doing this kind of transformation, and what we need is to find a better way with our practical experience and popularize it. The urban landscape is never made by urban planners or landscape architects, but people are walking, eating, talking, sitting in the city. People would take action when they are not satisfied, and we designers could offer some help to make it easy and sufficient.
81
07 Reference
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