Neha Juddoo DRC Ordered Performance by RMIT Landscape Architecture

MLA 2013 Neha Juddoo

ORDERED PERFORMANCE Rethinking Ground.

MLA 2013 Neha Keshika Juddoo S3240604 This project has been completed under the guidance and support of the following tutors: Charles Anderson Rosalea Monacella Craig Douglas Elizabeth Herbert Natasha Morgan Marie-Luise Jonas Jock Gilbert I would like to thank them for their time, effort and contribution to the development of this project.

CONTENTS

1. R

ESE

ARC

UES

TIO

2. INTRODUCT

N+

ABS

TRA

4. DOWNPOUR

ION

CITIES & WEAT HER SITE & CONDIT IONS REPRESENTIN G GROUN

3. R

AIN

FA L

io g

ib l

CO NC LU

FLO W

VER

TI DA UN IN

7. O

6. D ELU GE

CT FRI ION

How can the ordering of ground provide opportunities to respond to the uncertainty of deluge in cities?

RESEARCH QUESTION + ABSTRACT

PG - 7

Can a celebratory understanding of storm surges offer an alternative approach to Floods on Melbourne’s streetscapes?

A growing population has led to the expansion of the urban growth boundary which has altered the geomorphology of Melbourne through the introduction of anthropogenic impermeable hardscapes. This has effected a rise in ground temperatures, which contributes to the phenomena of climate change. These alterations produce an Urban Heat Island Effect which defines the city’s microclimate, which currently acts as a large mass of disturbed air, ready to be activated into a storm. This triggers an increase in severe weather events that result into frequent flash flooding on Melbourne’s streets. These events are unpredictable and call for an approach that addresses the “atmospheric indeterminacies” (Rajchmann, 1998) of the urban fabric. The design employs this through the creation of multifunctional and adaptable infrastructural typologies which consequently re-orders the hierarchy of the street morphology, as well as redefines the performance of the street to expose the water-based infrastructure as integral to the operation of the city. The increasing uncertainty of storms challenges the existing water network designed to deal with out-dated meteorological data. The repair, rebuild and restore approach employed in current flood management strategies is no longer economically or operationally viable. Water infrastructures are no longer able to cope with the immense volumes of water that rapidly invade the city. This frequently brings the city to a halt affecting urban networks such as transportation and pedestrian

circulation. Contemporary approaches such as WSUD (Water Sensitive Urban Design) devise a model that can be applied onto potential water collection points. This strategy considers site as object and denies its connection back into the larger water network. This project challenges the notion of a model by proposing a site specific approach that responds directly to its order and performance and connects back into the wider context. Ordered performance borrows principles from landscape urbanism in order to engender new formalisations of the infrastructural ground that become “open-ended” and adaptable. This informs shift in mindset from ‘flood control’ to “controlled flooding” . The design proposes a floodable city through ‘deep’ infrastructure that formally operates at three different scales of water and ground: deluge, overflow and friction. The drawing of the site identifies points of water intensities that become the opportunity for alleviation. At a deluge scale, six-metre deep retarding basins filter and slow down water whilst providing a megastop for the tram lines. Overflow proposes an open-pit gravitational channel that collects water from surrounding buildings as well as provides seating along the footpath. Friction explores the redesign of the footpath by creating a rivulet between the pavers which connects into a in a sub-surface flow wetland. These interventions allow for the processes of water to become visible and interacted with on site, therefore embedding it into the order and inhabitancy of the urban configuration.

RAINFALL - 1:800,000

DOWNPOUR - 1:100,000

INUNDATION - 1:5000

Climates

Rainfall

Water Flow

Surface Temperature Topography Vertical

Wind Direction Water Collection Points Flood-prone areas

Water Collection City Grid Topography

Land Use

Urban Heat Island Effect

Surface Quality Strata

Heat Emissions Built Form Trajectory

Weather Fronts

Storm Cells

Microclimates

National Weather

Time Trajectory Distance

City Grid Controlled Geologies

HEAT SINKS

GREEN BELTS

PASSIVE COOLING

BUFFER ZONES

PARKLANDS BODIES

GREEN ROOFS PLANTING URBAN WETLANDS

INTERACTION

WATER INFRASTRUCTURE

CLIMATE

SURFACES

Geology Temperature Surface Quality Trajectory

NATIONAL PARKS AGRICULTURE ZONES

SUPERSTRUCTURE

WATER STATE

PROJECT DIAGRAM

ENTERTAINMENT PRECINTS SPORTING PRECINCTS

DELUGE - 1:1500

OVERFLOW - 1:500

FRICTION - 1:5

Drainage Network

Congestion

Composition

City Grid Topography Disposal

Disposal Underground Pressure

Infringement Ordered Materiality * Foucault Resilience SUBSTRUCTURE

INFRASTRUCTURE

PG - 9

Operational Networks

Construction

Pedestrian Systems Transportation Networks Local Business

Organisation of geology Resilience Alleviate

Microclimates

Humid Biodiversity

Urban Ecology

Amplified Evaporation

DETENTION BASINS

CHANNELS

RIVULET

FILTRATION DECELERATES FLOW RECYCLING/ STORAGE

COLLECTION

DECELERATE FILTRATION STORAGE SUPPLY

MEGA TRAM STOP DEPTH UNDERGROUND SYSTEM CANOPY

SEATING PLANTING SECONDARY PATH

Materiality Construction Responsive

FOOTPATH WATER SUPPLY CANOPY PLANTING

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Landscapes are shifting, living material phenomena that demand an attitude of negotiation rather than unilateral controlâ&#x20AC;? - Martha and DaCunha

www.soak.com

PG - 11

MONTAGE OF AERIAL OF CITY

The ambition of this project is to reorder the grey water infrastructure of Elizabeth Street to generate a controlled flooding strategy through storm water management in order to transition to a blue-greygreen infrastructure city.

INTRODUCTION

PRECEDENTS

The practice focuses on a contemporary understanding of ground, whilst acknowledging its historical structure. Ordered Performance argues that landscapes should no longer be designed as ‘virgin territory’ but instead understood at its newly emerged and constructed complexities. These complexities become exciting for design as they bring forward more parametres that guide and inform the generation of form. The project questions the typologies of form in urban contexts and their ability to respond to existing and predicted climatic conditions.

ORDER

Ordered Performance is a practice that explores the organisation of strata as materiality to choreograph specific material responses. The following project explores the problem of flooding in urban environments and investigates ways in which the approach can provide a contemporary understanding of the complex interaction between cities and weather.

“For the city, the landscape constitutes a living platform, while for the region it offers the vectors of a future that will gain concrete form in a flexible manner” – Lisa Diedrich, Territories. This logic is adopted throughout the project as a way to devise a celebration of the conditions that exist within cities. The ambition of this project is to reorder the grey water infrastructure of Elizabeth Street to generate a controlled flooding strategy through stormwater management in order to transition to multi-functional infrastructural network that facilitates for the occupation and operation of Melbourne’s CBD. Elizabeth Street is used as the spine of the city for water infrastructure due to it topographic conditions. Here, an opportunity emerges to reconfigure the material palette devised by Melbourne City Council to deal with the various intensities of water phenomena that traverse through the city every day. The following investigation uses the supercell storm that hit Melbourne on the 6th of March 2010 as a case study for the collection and exploration of data that provides a quantitative understanding of ground.

PERFORMANCE

This project undertakes a territorial based approach to design. Here, territories refer to a multiscalar understanding of landscapes through organisation (order) and materiality (performance). The test ground of the city allows for a multi-levelled engagement with the problem due to the various systems and operations that already exist today. In addition, cities are predicted to be under more population stress in the next decade which calls for a rethinking of the existing networks in play.

Ordered Performance is structured at three levels: The problem; ‘Cities and weather’, where order is strata and performance relates to the city’s operational systems. The importance; ‘Site and Conditions’, where order refers to ground and atmosphere and performance relates to how these interact and manifest themselves in the landscape. The method; ‘Representing Ground’; where order refers to the composition of a drawings and performance explores drawing as a discovery of the conditions of site. These three components make up the entirety of how ordered performance addresses design through a systematic understanding of the invisible and visible territories on site.

PG - 13

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The Order of Things, Michel Foucault

*Refers to: Site and Conditions Foucault questions the existing understanding of site as signs and instead proposes a transition to the ‘organisation of signs’. This refers to the less visible forces that are acting upon the elements of the space. The project categorises these less tangible forces as conditions of weather that are both quantitative and qualitative.

Construction: Grounds, John Rajchman

Energy: New Material Boundaries, Sean Lally.

Sean Lally explores notions of ground through material dynamism. He proposes a phenomenological approach to the behavioural understanding of matter, which involves light, smell, colour, temperature, etc. The object as form or outcome does not exist without its effects, meaning that the way in which elements interact with materials enable various opportunities for choreographing its performance on a specific site. This project borrows concepts of sitespecificity and micro-climates as a method of materialising site.

The Agency of Mapping; Speculation, Critique and Invention, James Corner.

*Refers to: Cities and Weather Rajchman outlines Koolhaas’ understanding of the urban ground as the “spatial arrangement or assemblage of cities (and so of movement of cities) that no longer conform to the archaeological model of accumulating layers on a more or less historical centred site”. Therefore, the “new urban order” is one based on infrastructural networks that redefine the geology and topology of cities. The project explores this concept of the new infrastructural ground through its relationship with the indeterminacy of weather events. This will question the mono-functionality of grey infrastructure by exploring the concept of adaptable green infrastructure. Designs transform from object-driven and complete to more “open-ended” and adaptable to the uncertainty of the weather systems performing on site.

*Refers to: Representing Ground In his paper, Corner establishes a critique of conventional perception of landscapes by exploring the concept of the ‘tracing’ as an object-based approach. He argues that the way we view and draw site is primarily “eidetic” and that a shift needs to occur whereby the drawings become generative and subsequently less static. Landscapes are dynamic and its representation needs to reflect this quality by rethinking how we define ground. This project identifies intensities of strata as the agency of mapping, more specifically the various states of water.

CITIES + WEATHER SUPERCELL STORMS - URBAN FLOODING

Cities are currently undergoing large expansions in order to cater for the phenomenon of urban sprawl. This means the rethinking, development and proliferation of new and more infrastructures to handle the pressure and demands of this increasing population. This change in ground conditions can be viewed as increasing highrise developments and a decrease in green spaces which is inevitably creating a hotter Melbourne and therefore increasing the Urban Heat Island Effect. These recent hotter grounds have a direct feedback process with the atmosphere, whereby water above ground is now exposed to hotter temperatures and therefore behaves differently. Water in the ground, as a well as in the atmosphere are now more dynamic and sensitive to reactions; this is where we notice the increase in severe weather events over the years. One of these phenomenological events are supercell storms, these are predicted to occur every 1 in 100 years in Melbourne and are one of the most damaging and deadliest meteorological phenomenon. The Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE) has a phenomenal impact on the trajectory of a supercell storm – the city itself is a large storm cell waiting to be picked up in order to reactivate an existing storm. The high temperature of the city adds fuel to the movement of the storm and provides it with a burst of energy to reborn into a bigger storm. In addition, anthropogenic global warming and sea level rise are also contributing to climate change and present a bigger concern to the resilience of cities. Climate change puts in question the existing systems that have already been established in our cities and pushes us to rethink the existing in order to adapt to the predicted. This establishes a clear relationship between weather and infrastructure,

whereby the two can begin to work together rather than in opposition. For landscape architecture this also provides an opportunity to rethink how this new infrastructure can allow for public space and subsequently allowing the conditions of storms to be experienced. As the Netherlands have witnessed, there is no point battling the forces of flash flooding; the country has shifted its mind set from strategies of ‘flood control’ towards strategies of ‘controlled flooding’ – allowing water to enter the site. This project embraces the latter through a celebratory approach that identifies and amplifies the various conditions of deluge in cities as an opportunity, rather than a problem. Currently, the approach adopted by Melbourne city is to redirect water towards channels and drains as fast as possible. This strategy is short sighted as Melbourne’s underground water system is not equipped to handle deluge, instead it targets events such as occasional rainfall and torrential rain. This is placing a large physical pressure on the system which can be said to be inefficient. The city’s pre-existing creek, Elizabeth Street acts as a natural drain to Melbourne during storm events – although functional, this strategy places all the water stress of the city on that site and subsequently affects vegetation and infrastructure.

These images highlight sites that undergo high levels of stress during flood seasons: Bourke Street, Flinders street and the Yarra River. Top to bottom: Flinders St Station (Elizabeth Street), Flooding of Flinders St Station, Elizabeth Street Drain exits into the Yarra below the Flinders St Station underpass, three tram lines are located on Elizabeth Street that travel to the northern and north western suburbs of Melbourne.

PG - 15

overleaf; bottom; left;

SITE +

REFERENCES

CONDITIONS GROUND AND ATMOSPHERE

“[landscapes]...represents the ensemble of set purposes in an inter-relational and dynamic system that is in perpetual evolution - Agenc Ter, Territories This component of the practice involves an understanding of site as the relationship between the geographic and atmospheric conditions of site. Ordering refers to the organisation (Foucault), assemblage and structure of these physical and less physical systems on site. This project’s position on the ordering of ground is based on intensities of strata located between the aerial and the topological planes. Here, strata are explored as a dynamic entity which identifies the geographic and the atmospheric material as water for design. Henri Bava from the French Landscape architectural practice Agence Ter, defines it simply: “To project is to activate a stratum”2 Ordered Performance is a practice that understands site as a layered and gradient assemblage intersected by multiple dynamic systems and ‘projects’ by respecting and celebrating, as well as making site conditions more adaptable to existing and future uncertain use. The process is initiated by identifying a stratum to reveal and activate. In this project, the test gradient is water and its various scales and behaviours.

The approach adopted to address uncertainty in cities is through the ordering of ground, this relates to the geographic as well as the atmospheric as a way of designing. These two conditions are understood as intensities of strata, more specifically the quality and quantity of water through strata. Melbourne comprises of its own unique microclimate for it has specific geographic and atmospheric conditions that define it. However, the research will not necessarily explore the historical geology of the city but rather the new typologies of ground that have been engineered to facilitate the demands of the urban population. These new typologies comprise of specific materials that affect the city’s ability to address flash flooding. These constructed urban strata consist of mostly man-made materials arranged in a specific manner in order to perform one main function; meaning that the material is mostly structurally based and does not allow for a multiplicity of operations. In an uncertain era, the use and ordering of surfaces need to become multi-functional so as to activate various uses in different conditions. Infrastructure and water are understood as relationships at six scales: rainfall, downpour, inundation, deluge, overflow and friction. These different scales will explore how floods behave differently and therefore need to be addressed as different intensities of matter.

WATER ACT, 1989 The Water Act 1989 is the legislation that governs water entitlements and establishes the techniques for managing Victoria’s water resources. The main purposes of the act relate to the management of water through use, re-use, catchment, treatment and distribution. These key concepts become integral to the design proposal as criteria against which to compare the implications of the designed water infrastructure. The act relates directly to the “terrestrial phase of the water cycle”, however this project pushes this boundary by rethinking the management of water through atmospheric processes as well.

Relevant Chapters: *All IMPLICATIONS OF POTENTIAL CLIMATE CHANGE FOR MELBOURNE’S WATER RESOURCES, MELBOURNE WATER Melbourne Water is the drainage authority for the Greater Melbourne area and the Flood Plain Management Authority by delegation from the Minister responsible for the Water Act. This report by Melbourne Water identifies the effects of climate change on resources it manages: water bodies, sewerage and drainage networks. This report explains how the increase in weather events is leading to an uncertainty that the existing infrastructure may not have been designed for. This places the city in a vulnerable state, unable to cope with the damaging effects of flooding. The association of increased weather events and weak infrastructure is alarming for the safety and continuation of the city’s operation. Melbourne Water identifies this increase as higher peak flows, which is how this project aims to address floods.

TOTAL WATERMARK - CITY AS CATCHMENT This vision outlines the City of Melbourne’s goal to become a water sensitive city. More specifically, a city that aims to protect waterways, respond to climate change and sustainable management of water. The interest in this vision lies in Melbourne City Council’s urge for water to be understood and designed through its total water cycle. These ties into Ordered Performance’s approach to water as gradient of matter. This will allow for the design of the entire process of water in its various states. In addition, the vision calls for an understanding of how water flows through the municipality as well as the resulting effects it has on the large water network (Yarra River). This project utilises this vision and extends it far beyond the minimal expectations of the city – city as catchment will be explored for direct supply and distribution to the commercial, residential and business of the city.

Relevant Chapter: * Inundation * Deluge * Friction

Relevant Chapter: * All CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES Currently, Melbourne City Council along with Melbourne Water have devised a series of reports to outline the issues and effects of climate change on the urban fabric. The concept of adaptation is explored through the reports as a method of approaching weather in cities. It is not only explanatory of the conditions of climate change but also open-ended where it allows for various new types of interventions to emerge. The strategy aims to reduce the exposure of local natural and human systems to the effects of climate change in order to improve the resilience of cities. However, this project challenges this concept by utilising adaptation as a concept to amplify the exposure to weather event as a method of managing large volumes of water.

Relevant Chapter: * All

WATER PLAN, 2013 MELBOURNE WATER Melbourne Water’s 2013 water plan sets out a pricing proposal for the ESC (Essential Services Commission). The plan highlights the increase in water bill as part of various charges that relate to large scale water infrastructure developments. The uncertainty of climate becomes evident through economic impacts as part of the wholesale of water. Currently, the price of maintaining existing water infrastructure is increasing due to its rapid deteriorating materiality is costing customers on their bills. The proposal addresses this issue by localising retarding basins and other water infrastructure within the city grid – therefore reducing the infrastructure required for the distribution of water.

Relevant Chapters: * Deluge * Friction

PG - 17

LIVING MELBOURNE, LIVING VICTORIA

MELBOURNE 2030 VISION

The ambition of the plan is to create a ‘smart, resilient water system for a liveable, sustainable and productive Melbourne.’ The proposal critiques conventional water regulation plans such as dams and desalination plans as expensive solution. The plan places forward a criteria that water infrastructure needs to respond to: whole-ofcycle water management, allow for urban expansion to be built with water sensitive mechanisms, reduce inefficiency and waste and improve the health of waterways, and many more. The design proposal has identified points of opportunity for water savvy suburbs around the edge of the urban growth boundary. The design questions the need for conventional mechanisms by developing entirely localised water infrastructural networks that still connect to the larger systems. As a consequence this will reduce the pressure of regional catchments and the reliance on rainfall for water supply. Storm water is now part of the process of water treatment and supply at a state, regional but also city scale.

This vision details the aims of Melbourne City Council for the next two decades. This primarily involves creating a compact city, bettering the management of the urban growth boundary, improving connections to regional cities, generating a more prosperous city, as well as providing a more liveable city. As part of this vision, the design addresses most of the above through the framework of floods, the argument being that by 2030 the city would have experienced a large frequency of supercell storms. This would have modified the urban environment and generated an entropic landscape. This proposal aims to reduce the destructive natures of storms by devising strategies that associates the liveability of the city with the water network that impacts its use.

Relevant Chapter:

Relevant Chapter: * Deluge * Overflow * Friction

* ALL

FLOOD MANAGEMENT AND DRAINAGE STRATEGY , MELBOURNE WATER

STORM WATER STRATEGY , MELBOURNE WATER 2013-2018

The Flood Management and Drainage Strategy aims to minimise flooding risks to public health and safety, property and infrastructure, and increase community understanding and preparedness for floods (Melbourne Water). The strategy adopted by Melbourne water for flood management is one of Prevention, Response and Recovery.

This strategy addresses how to tackle urban and rural run-off. The report proposes ‘alternative water supply’ mechanisms that will rethink the conventional storage and distribution techniques. The strategy relates closely to the Healthy Waterways Strategy as a holistic approach to dealing with the state of tributaries.

Prevention: mitigating effect of floods. Response: Provide rescue and immediate relief services. Recovery: Activities aimed at assisting people and communities affected. This approach is effective in as far as it proposes to cope with the result of flooding – however this project proposes ways of reducing the frequency of storm through smarter infrastructure that manages the cause rather than just the effects.

Relevant Chapter: * ALL

1850 - 1990

Elizabeth Street Floods. Major flooding leaves Port Melbourne under water.

1900

30 9 NOVEMBER 1 DECEMBER Torrential Rainfall up to 350mm.

Heatwave. Flooding causes the Yarra to swell to 305m in width.

2 FEBRUARY The Brighton Tornado.

Moderate cover of snow.

Elizabeth St is flooded after from large downpour of rain. 78.5mm dumped 100,000tonnes of water.

13 JANUARY 3 DECEMBER Four day long Record wet day heatwave reaching leads to flooding. 45.6c leading to black friday bushfires.

16 FEBRUARY - Dust Storm -Ash Wednesday Fire.

18 September Storm floods 100 homes.

DECEMBER Heatwave causes 4 deaths.

Water Act Environment Protection Act

Environment Protection Autority (EPA) is established

INTRODUCTION

PG - 19

1990

2000

JANUARY Heatwave results in 3 days over 43C. 26 DECEMBER Flash flooding damages 300 homes.

DECEMBER Freak Storms.

FEBRUARY Freak Storms.

6 MARCH Severe rainstorm caused flash flooding in Melbourne.

7 FEBRUARY Hottest Day (46.4C), lead to Black Saturday Bushfires.

10 NOVEMBER Severe storm caused flash flooding. 4-12 MARCH 10 Day Heatwave.

18 JULY Hightest July temperature (23.3C)

Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (Melbourne Water)

4 FEBRUARY Severe rainstorm caused flash flooding in Melbourne.

25 DECEMBER Severe thunderstorms, large hailstones, flash flooding, tornadoes.

Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (Melbourne City Council)

31 MAY Heavy rain and thunderstorm. (10mm of rain in 10mins)

Living Melbourne, Living Victoria

Flood Management + Drainage Strategy (Melbourne Water)

Water Plan

Melbourne Vision

Storm Water Strategy (Melbourne Water)

Total Watermark City as Catchment

This diagram establishes a time line that begins to establish links between storm frequency, population and water regulations. This diagram will allow to understand how governmental and state agencies have increasingly outlined the need for the localisation of water in terms of reuse and distribution.

METHOD

REPRESENTING GROUND DRAWING AS INVESTIGATION.

Drawing is an act of investigation. Our perception of site informs directly the way we design. That understanding is usually reflected through the way we represent space, it becomes the lens through which we operate. During an interview with Places, Marthur and Da Cunha (2010, para. 35) outlined that an ‘alternative’ representation was not their primary focus, but that “perhaps it is what we photograph, what we look at and research that makes the representations seem different — unconventional or even extraordinary.” This emphasises the notion that the way we perceive and draw space will ultimately influence the way we design. Conventional methods of representation have established the object as tracing due to the dominance of built form. We represent a reality only established through the precedence of photography. This research proposes to rethink the possibilities of representing through a new lens: rendering the invisible- “to render visible” (Deleuze, p.48, 2002). If drawings cease being object-driven then landscape architecture has the opportunity to challenge the limits of the conventions, by designing with the less discernible, yet relevant, systems of site. The act of drawing is an “enabling enterprise, a project that both reveals and realises hidden potential” (Corner, p.213, 1999), it communicates, reflects but also projects.

Ordered Performance explores the act of drawing as a method to reveal opportunities about site. Order is understood as composition through hierarchy of points and lines that identify the base grid of the investigation. Performance is the ability for the drawing to reveal gaps or intensities between the points and lines therefore allowing for the discovery of types of interventions that site requires. The combination of order and performance through drawing facilitates a systematic understanding of the relationships that exist on site. The proposal interrogates site as intensities of water by drawing the transformative effects that impact the state of water (e.g temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.). Subsequently, this informs a strategy for design that operates through intensities of conditions on the ground. For instance, the design of retarding basins responds to a large collection of lines collected at a specific point of the plan

Paisajes Emergentes, Parque Del Lago.

PG - 21

THE DRAWING MACHINE Parameters of site. The drawing machine was established in the Friction Studio led by Prof. Rosalea Monacela.

The drawing machine is essentially a generative thinking tool that has been developed in a previous studio class. It involves setting up parameters for the construction of a drawing, which then enables the construction of a formal intervention. The former relates to the perception of site and the components through which site is drawn and the latter refer to the application of these components for the generation of form on site. Weather offers design a new lens through which to investigate site â&#x20AC;&#x201C; through the less visible components that constitute a space. This tool operates at three levels: 1. The identification of information sets (temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, surface quality, etc.) 2. Drawing Reference 3. Rules and Constraints

INFORMATION SETS Measure Identifying a series of data sets that will provide a scientific understanding of processes.

As a way grounding the project by drawing data, the drawings will utilise the supercell storm of the 6th of March 2010 in Victoria as a means of redrawing the intensity and effects of the storm. This becomes a technique to visualise and measure the uncertainty of these severe weather events and therefore enable ways in which to engage with the different conditions. The drawing is the flood a much as the flood is the drawing. The aim of the drawing machine is to establish a direct relationship between the drawing, the site and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s conditions - therefore constantly creating a conversation between the three and with each redrawing a new understanding of the flood is created.

DRAWING TECHNIQUES Order

RULES AND CONSTRAINTS Control

Identifying a drawing precedent that will facilitate representation.

Combining the data collected with a drawing style in order to dictate the measure and order of the drawing.

This can also be seen as a constraint of lines and marks.

A series of drawings will emerge which THEN need to be redrawn into ONE drawing. Final drawing: drawing relationships between each layers. This will allow for gaps to emerge - opportunities for design.

APPROACH

DESIGN CRITERIA

TRA

PED

PEDESTRIANS PED 01

PED 02

PED 03

1. Allow for continual circulation throughout the city, minimise situations where pedestrians are stranded roadside. 2. Allow for safe travel along road crossings and footpaths. 3. Consideration of the various surfaces and dimensions that come in contact with the ground: shoes, heels, prams, mobility scooter, skateboards, etc.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

PG - 23

BUS TRA 01

TRA 02 TRA 03

TRA 04

1. Allow for continual operation of tram lines (19, 57, 59), as well as train lines (Flinders Street Station). 2. Protection of underground and above ground cabling system. 3. Minimise congestion on tram stops and train station. 4. Reduce water collection in tram tracks.

LOCAL BUSINESSES BUS 01

BUS 02 BUS 03

BUS 04

1. Allow for continual operation of private and public businesses. 2. Minimise water damage on business property. 3. Allow for access to establishments. 4. Allow for underground supply systems to local businesses: electrical, water, communications.

DRAWING LIST STATE

RETARDING BASIN:

ST01: VICTORIA TOPOGRAPHY ST02: VITORIA WEATHER FRONTS ST03: VICTORIA TEMPERATURE AND TRAJECTORY ST04: TOPOGRAPHY SEQUENTIAL SECTIONS ST04A: VERTICAL TOPOGRAPHY ST04B: HORIZONTAL TOPOGRAPHY ST04C: LONG SECTION – VARYING GROUND CONDITIONS

EX01 – EXISTING DRAINAGE NETWORK TK01 – PLANTING PALETTE TK02 – UNDERGROUND SYSTEMS ORGANISATION

REGIONAL RG01: REGIONAL TRAJECTORY RG02: RAINFALL AND WIND DIRECTION RG03: TEMPERATURE AND SURFACE QUALITY RG04: STORM CELLS CITY: CT01: TRAJECTORY CT02: TEMPERATURE AND BUILT FORM CT03: PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT AND TRANSPORTATION CT04: WATER AND TOPOGRAPHY CT05: FORMAL EVOLUTION OF ELIZABETH STREET STREET: DL01A: MASTERPLAN ELIZABETH STREET DL01B: SEQUENTIAL SECTIONS DL01C: MASTERPLAN LONSDALE ST – BOURKE ST

RB01 – RB02 – RETARDING BASIN RB03 – EAST END OF RETARDING BASIN RB04- WEST END OF RETARDING BASIN RB05A – ORDERING OF GABION STRUCTURE RB05B – DETAIL: DIMENSIONS OF GABIONS RB06A – TYPOLOGY 01: LONSDALE ST RB06B – TYPOLOGY 02: LT BOURKE ST RB06C – TYPOLOGY 03: BOURKE ST RB07 – DETAIL: WATER WALL SYSTEM RB08A – DETAIL: PERFORATION WITH TREE RB08B – DETAIL: PERFORATION WITHOUT TREE RB09A – DETAIL: FLAT GABION PLATFORM RB09B – DETAIL: STEPS GABION PLATFORM RB10 – VIEW: CANOPY EFFECT RB11 – VIEW: MEGA TRAM STOP CHANNELS – EX01 – PLAN OF EXISTING ROAD-SIDE PITS EX02 – MCC DRAIN TYPOLOGY TK01 – MATERIAL AND PLANTING PALETTE CH01 – CHANNEL CH02 – CHANNEL CONNECTION TO BASIN CH03 – STREET COMPOSITION CH04 A – TYPOLOGY: LT COLLINS ST CH04B – TYPOLOGY: GENERAL CH04C – TYPOLOGY: LT BOURKE ST & ELIZABETH ST CH04D – TYPOLOGY: COLLINS ST CHO04E – TYPOLOGY: PLANT BOXES

PG - 25

CH05 – UNDERGROUND INTERACTION OF CHANNEL WITH ROAD CH06 – DETAIL: SEATING CH07 – DETAIL: TRIBUTARY PLAN CH08 – VIEW: SEATING CH09 – VIEW: SEATING CH10 – VIEW: HABITABLE CHANNEL RIVULET EX01 – EXISITING PAVER PATTERN EX02 – MCC PAVING PALETTE EX03 – WATERFLOW OVER EXISTING PALETTE TK01 – PARAMETERS : DISABLED ACCESS TK02 – PLANTING PALETTE RV01 – RIVULET RV02 – SUB-SURFACE FLOW WETLAND RV03 AMPLIFIED FREEBOARDING RV04A – TYPOLOGY 01 RV04B – TYPOLOGY 02 RV04C – TYPOLOGY 03 RV05A – PLAN OF ASPHALT POUR RV05B – ASPHALT POUR NO PAVERS RV05C – ASPHALT POUR BETWEEN PAVERS RV06A – INCREASED EVAPORATION FROM ASPHALT TEMPERATURES RV07A – LOCATION OF SAFE ZONE RV07B – DIMENSION OF PAVERS RV07C – DIMENSION OF GAPS BETWEEN PAVERS RV08 – VIEW: MIST/ EVAPORATION RV09 – VIEW: INTERACTION WITH PLANT SPINE RV10 - TRIBUTARY

State Scale

RAINFALL

HEAT SINKS Storm formations generally occur at a state scale due to the collision of state climates with moving atmospheric pressures that are traversing the country. The topography of the state informs the directional movement of these atmospheric pressures and subsequently their time of collision with existing weather cells on site. At this scale the design of flood management is manifested through heat sinks that can be formally demonstrated through buffer zones. These are primarily productive zones that allow for the absorption and trapping of water from the atmosphere. Green infrastructure through soft infrastructural materials will reduce the process of thermals, and breaks the column movement of air towards the sky. As a consequence vegetation traps and utilises the heat. Also, increasing surface area of blue infrastructure as catchments will allow for water to absorb the energy produced by storm cells therefore reducing its intensity. At this scale the interventions target the reduction of storm cell formation by reducing the levels of humidity in the air.

VICTORIA

STATE AS RAINFALL

Ground Most storms in Victoria originate from the northwest boundary due to the areas of higher temperatures that generally coincide with cold fronts from the west coast and warm fronts from the north east coast. The warm surface can be said to be a storm cell that matures due to its collision with other weather phenomena. At this scale, the warm surface of the ground increases precipitation levels in the atmosphere and triggers the formation of cumulonimbus clouds. As the clouds are attracted towards the urban regions, they become heavier with water and begin to release it as rainfall. At this point the rainfall is of medium intensity. Victoria consists of multiple bio-regions that all have a different effect on the trajectory and size of the storm. The topography of the state also facilitates for the storm to travel through the winds between the alpines and the volcanic plains that funnel the storm towards the southeast coast. The strategies currently in place in the Netherlands allow for water to enter the site. However, the condition is different for Melbourne whereby the volume of water is mostly deposited vertically rather than horizontally, meaning that the strategies need to address water collection and water flow as well as water fall from the atmosphere. Position The once stable geophysical characteristics of Victoria is undergoing great stress due to climate change, this is redefining the boundaries between the established bioregions through increased storm formations. Climate change directly relates to the radical fluctuations in temperatures and their interaction to existing materials on the terrestrial plane which is increasing the frequency of heatwaves during storm seasons. As a consequence, storms are generating large volumes of water that is being deposited on the state in summer.

These volumes of water are managed through catchments throughout the state as a means of providing for its growing population. However, the increase of heatwaves means the rapid evaporation of water from these catchments and subsequently reduced supply to towns. The Water Act 1989 was established to regulate the process of water from rainfall to supply. At a state scale, the act begins to identify intensities of water collection points and suggest ways of reusing this element.

Netherlands data, < http:// www.abb.com/cawp/ seitp202/a38f468a52449bb 3c12579aa00452fe9.aspx >, accessed 06/06/13.

* Victoria Flood Management Strategy

Opportunities These points of deep create heat sinks in the atmosphere, whereby water absorbs the heat and release cold air back into the atmosphere. The convection currents between the ground and the atmosphere reduce the intensity of storms. This becomes an opportunity for how to mitigate the strength of storms along its trajectory; by increasing the absorption of water. The strategies currently in place in the Netherlands allow for water to enter the site, rather than being contained in defined large water catchment infrastructures (dams). This informs a method of how water and its edge conditions can become blurred and allow for ground to become water in extreme weather events. Since hurricane Sandy hit New York City on October 2012, various strategies have been proposed to rethink the way the city copes with extreme weather events. Most of the submissions are similar to the Netherlands whereby the ordering of ground conditions allows for water to sit inland and not have damaging effects. A shift needs to occur whereby storm strategies move away from concepts of repair, rebuild and restore as though we are in denial and instead accept the new quality of the ground and devise smarter techniques for coping. The above mentioned strategy focuses on the problem of storm surge as objects that need to be fixed, however this project proposes a more contextual lens that thinks of water collection points as part of a large system that can affect the intensity of rainfall.

CLIMATES

GEOLOGY

WEATHER FRONTS

SURFACE TEMPERATURE TOPOGRAPHY VERTICAL

TEMPERATURE SURFACE QUALITY TRAJECTORY

NATIONAL WEATHER

PG - 29

01 The Netherlands The Dutch are rethinking concepts of dikes and seagates, through the design of techniques that attempt to mimic natural systems. The conventional use and application of form and ground is shifting. Water management in the Netherlands has shifted from flood control to controlled flooding, as opposed to blocking the water, they now let the water enter the territory (“living with nature, rather than fighting it” (Kimmelman, 2013)). In addition, the government provides incentives for the local residents to relocate, such as new farmland, a business, etc. The Netherlands is geographically exposed to storm surges and flooding as it it low-lying with about 25% of the land being below sea level.

02 NYC In June 2013, the Urban Green Council laid out the Building Resilency Task Force which proposed new reforms that included mixed education, sustainable infrastructure, as well as funding for research on storms to increase the knowledge on storms and its effects. This will begin to inform a large scale action to improving the resilience of NYC. Hurricane Katrina was a wake up call for the city of New York to rethink the ability of the city’s infrastructure to withstand extreme weather events.

HEAT SINKS

AGRICULTURAL SECTORS CATCHMENTS

ST03

Topography NTS The topography of the site was drawn by understanding the bio-regions of Victoria. The drawing began to portray climates and surface temperatures of each region.

PG - 31

ST03

Weather Fronts NTS On the day of the storm, a cold front was moving to Victoria from the South West and simultaneously, a warm front was moving south from Queensland. This drawing aims to demonstrate the clash of the two weather fronts. How can the design of buffer zones address the class between large scale warm fronts and cold fronts.

.4 DE GR EE S

WIMMERA

SANDY SWAMPY

.6 DE GR EE S

MURRAY MALLEE

HO PE TO UN

ME N

- BLACK & GREY - CRACKING CLAY

GREATER MELBOURNE 43.6 DEGREES

GR E

GLENELG PLAIN

ACIDIC SAND

GREATER GRAMPIANS

SANDSTONE

OTWAY PLAINS

PG - 33

Temperature & Trajectory NTS

ST01

CENTRAL VICTORIA UPLANDS

VOLCANIC ROCKS GRANITIC & SEDIMENTARY ROCKS METAMORPHIC ROCKS

HIGHLANDS NORTHERN FALL

The darker zones are the areas of high temperatures, they suggest the areas most prone to forming a storm. The temperature provides an indication of the ground quality. This drawing revealed that the storm was formed between Mildura and Hopetoun. The redrawing of storms offers an opportunity to understand ground as a chnage in temperature. The design of catchments could begin to be placed in the areas of higher temperatures so as to absorb the moisture in the air therefore disturbing th movement of the storm.

NORTHERN INLAND SLOPES

VICTORIAN ALPS

GRANITIC/ BASALTIC LEACHED EARTHS, LOAMS, PEATY SOILS

EAST GIPPSLAND LOWLANDS

DUNES- SANDS

GIPPSLAND PLAINS

ST .4

41 S

ROCKY HILLS ACIDIC SOILS

WILSONS PROMONTORY

SANDY SWAMPY

Jorinde Voight Her work is a combination of image and information, she often plays with notation, line vectors and musical scores in order to convey the hidden facets of everyday objects. Here, hmy drawings make use of her line between points to reveal intensities.

Drawing of Topography using sequential sections along the path of the storm. This drawing reveals the funnel form of the state that directs the storm. This drawing technique begins to combine the conventions of plan and section and provide a more holistic image of site. The trajectory of storm started to reveal itself through the gaps of the drawing. Opportunities begin to emerge for design whereby interventions can manipulate the funnel effect of the storm.

PG - 35

ST04

Topography NTS

Regional Scale

DOWN POUR

GREEN BELTS Downpour is the intensified condition of the storm after its formation; it is manifested as heavy rainfall onto the ground. The understanding of the trajectory of the storm has revealed how Melbourne City’s green belt has an effect on its intensity and movement. The green belt absorbs the energy from the passing storm and allows for minimal dissipation of downpour. The expansion of the green belt surrounding the city can be closed to create a full loop. This strategy becomes a method of shielding the city, as well as almost diminishing the state of the storm from downpour back to rainfall. Melbourne’s green wedge already composes of mixed typologies that allow for recreation, entertainment, sporting grounds to exist. The belt’s form works with the existing shape of the Yarra River as part of the system. The water body is the city’s main catchment point and can be utilised to create extensions into other surrounding areas that will enable the trapping and filtering of large masses of hot air. This intervention will continue the juxtaposition of blue and green infrastructure through levels of porosity. The green infrastructure slows down the run-off to the Yarra River as well as improves its quality.

MELBOURNE

REGIONAL AS DOWNPOUR

Ground The trajectory of the storm is directly affected by other existing storm cells in the area, this can be determined by localised microclimates. This relates directly to the land use in different areas and how this generates different types of grounds. The field transforms from flat and bare at a state scale to highly disturbed at a regional scale. At 2.25pm the storm reached Melton, the edge of the urban growth boundary. The intensity of suburban dwellings results in an increase in hot areas due to the large introduction of infrastructure and activity, which consequently transforms the area into a large vulnerable storm cell. Land use plays an important role in the re-activation of a storm - the treatment of the ground generates very specific conditions that can either reinforce or dissipate the energy within a storm. As the storm is reactivated at this scale, the intensity of water increases from rainfall to downpour due to the refuelling of the cumulonimbus clouds from hot temperatures. The atmosphere becomes heavier as the temperatures increase which results in a large torrent of rain. Position The urban growth boundary plays an important role in how water traverses through the Victorian landscape. The boundary can be viewed as its own bio-region, whose edge can begin to be managed through The Water Act. The second point of the act states “to provide for the integrated management of all elements of the terrestrial phase of the water cycle”; this becomes an opportunity to rethink the boundary as a phase of the cycle which can become collection points. Subsequently, this will tie back

into the ‘Total Watermark City as catchment’ strategy by the City of Melbourne to identify ways in which Melbourne can catch and distribute its own water. This not only reduces the pressure on existing catchments in Victoria, but also creates heat sinks that would absorb some of the intensity of the storm. Opportunities At a regional scale, blue infrastructure can also be juxtaposed with green infrastructure as a method of sponging the large volume of water from downpour. Green infrastructure has the ability to be overlaid or contrasted with existing grey infrastructure as a countering mechanism. Green relates to vegetative semi-natural elements that have the ability to counteract certain negative effects of cities. Adelaide City is entirely surrounded by parklands as a means of reducing carbon emissions in the city, lowering temperatures, as well as shielding the CBD from medium size weather events. Melbourne city also comprises of a green belt, however less dense and connected as Adelaide’s. The nature of Melbourne’s green belt is less mono-functional and integrates sporting and entertainment ground as part of green infrastructure. A design strategy could be adopted whereby Melbourne’s green belt is closed, whilst working around and through existing and established infrastructures. The constraints of the established suburban blueprint would provide an opportunity to rethink the multiple planes at which the green belt can be implemented.

Image of the 31 May 2013 supercell storm that hit Melbourne. Image sourced from ‘The Age’ article. Adelaide CBD surrounded by Parklands, <airviewonline.com> Accessed on 19/06/13. Melbourne Sporting Precinct and BirruarungMarr, <melbournebandb.com. au>, Accessed on 19/06/13.

* Regional Floodplain Management Strategies

RAINFALL

LAND USE

STORM CELLS

WIND DIRECTION WATER COLLECTION POINTS FLOOD-PRONE AREAS

SURFACE QUALITY STRATA

TIME TRAJECTORY DISTANCE

PG - 39

01 Adelaide Park Lands

Adelaide Park Lands is a series of parks that surround Adelaideâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s CBD. This green belt measures 2 approximately 7.6km . There are upto 28 unique parks, all of them attempting to provide a different type of space. The CBD is therefore placed in a secured location, as the surrounding park lands become a filtration zone.

02 Melbourne City

Melbourne is also aiming to establish a green belt that will assist in the protection and purification of city conditions. The interest lies in how the wedge includes sporting establishments as part of greening the edges. This begins to allow for dynamic interactions between the social, economic and recreational.

03 Thames Barrier The Thames Barrier Park is located on the north side of the river Thames in London. The location of the park in close proximity to residential and commercial zones as well as the river allows for it to act as the buffer zone that slows down the trajectory of incoming storms. The design is primarily a recreational park, however the effects that this microclimate produces has a consequent effect on weather systems that surround the city.

GREEN BELTS

BUFFER ZONES

PARKLANDS SPORTING PRECINCTS WATER BODIES ENTERTAINMENT PRECINCTS

RG01

Trajectory 1:50,000 on A1

The mapping of the trajectory was reconstructed using the other drawings in this chapter. The intensities of the lines start to reveal areas of high temperature and also heat sinks. A difference in intensities is noted between A and B. B is the green belt of the city, which explains the dissolving of the storm, whereas A is the industrial part of the region which intensifies the formation of storm cells through the warm temperatures generated by industrial processes.

Werribee 2.25PM

Greensborough 3.00PM

Melbourne 2.40PM

1min

2km

2min

4km

3min

6km

4min

5min

RG02

Rainfall & Wind Direction 1:50,000 on A1

The combination of wind direction and rainfall was aimed at trying to reveal water collection points. However, the different line weights were too different and rather than portraying a flow, the drawing became quite dissected by suburban boundaries. However, this drawing demonstrates the areas that received the most rainfall, and subsequently faced high risks of flooding. These points can be targeted as flood-prone areas.

Werribee werribee 2.25PM time

2km

4km

6km

PG - 43

Greensborough 3.00PM

Melbourne melbourne time 2.40PM

MELTON

GREENSBOROUGH

MELBOURNE

WERRIBEE

RG03

Temperature & Surface Quality 1:50,000 on A1

This drawing attempts to draw the ground through temperature using land use data. An understanding of strata starts to emerge, which can begin to inform opportunities for design. The surfaces can be manipulated or modified to have an effect on the intensity of the storm.

PG - 45

MELTON

GREENSBOROUGH

MELBOURNE

WERRIBEE

RG04

Storm Cells 1:50,000 on A1

Through this drawing, time was investigated to portray the ephemerality of the movement of the storm. Two scales are established: one of distance and one of time, therefore, the drawing can start to be measured at two levels. Time was also used to emphasise how quickly storm cells form as the storm gets closer to hotter ground. Using an understanding of the land coverage of the storm and its rapid trajectory across the state, the design can take advantage of the areas of less storm cell intensity to dissolve the density of the storm.

2km

4km

6km

IMMENSITY OF WATER

Trajectory of the storm obtained from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. The size and shape of the storm begins to suggest the ground conditions that exist below it.

PG - 47

OPPORTUNITIES FOR COLLECTION AND STORAGE.

Source: Melbourne Water Website

The topology of Greater Melbourne consists of a large quantity of river systems that deposit water into the Port Phillip and Western Port areas. The Port Phillip and Western Port Catchment Authority are in charge of the management of that water. These multiple water bodies are existing depressions that trap water contents from the air but due to their edges being confined through urban expansion, the creeks are denied the ability to fluctuate in width in order to respond to floods. This project proposes the expansion of river banks through the increase in green infrastructure along the territory. This will allow for flood plains to exist as functional and recreational spaces that can expand during flood seasons and subsequently contract during other seasons. This creates a constructed fluctuating edge condition. The watershed of these bodies of water are currently being used as reservoirs, however how can the state of water further down the cycle allow foe secondary measures that localise water collection, treatment and distribution.

This can be done by consulting the criteria of the Healthy Waterway Strategies devised by Melbourne Water as a technique to address the Flood Management and Drainage Strategy.

City Scale

INUNDATION

CONSTRUCTED POROSITY The order of the city grid with its laneways leads to large water collections points throughout the city. Elizabeth Street is viewed as an opportunity for design due to its historical existence as a creek. Batman Hill and Eastern Hill are the two highest points of the city and they funnel the waterflow directly towards Elizabeth Street. This leaves Elizabeth Street as the floodplain of the city but also provides a prospect to allow for the city to become its own catchment. The project proposes to act through depth by providing moments of escape for water where it once struggled to make its way to the Yarra River and therefore build its depth as inundation. The strategy involves exposing the water network of the city as a mechanism to allow for inflow from various areas of the CBD. Doing so allows for a redefinition of porosity using man-made constructed materials as the new geological palette of the urban fabric. The permeability of water lies in the ordering of materials that will facilitate desired behaviours in order to control the flow of water. The main hydrologial network consists of basins, channels and rivulets which allow for secondary water infrastructure to emerge that begin to blur the boundaries between blue, grey and green infrastructure. Elizabeth Street is now Melbourneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s catchment strip that responds to the negative impacts of inundation on the operation of the city as well as addresses the uncertain future of water supply.

MELBOURNE

CITY AS INUNDATION

Ground Melbourne city composes of high-rise to small buildings, as well as a large amount of laneways. The materiality of these vertical infrastructures emits high temperatures through contact with sunlight as well as high anthropogenic activity levels. When combined with the heat waves that swipe through Victoria days before the storm, the city transforms into a massive storm cell ready to be activated. The verticality of the city narrows the horizon and creates pockets of instabilities such as wind tunnels and trapped areas of water collection points. At 2.40PM the storm hits the city, this leads to 61mm of rainfall which is 11mm above the entire March average. Water rapidly flows towards gutters and towards Elizabeth Street as Melbourne’s ‘natural’ drain. However, as the intensity of the water increases the existing drainage network is under pressure and begins to backflow which leads to large areas of water collection; that is inundation. Inundation is defined as the rising of water volume onto the surface of the ground as it begins to reach and affect different types of infrastructure. The processes of inundation lead to water flowing even into elevated areas, such as local businesses and apartments. The water flow is almost stagnant at this point where the infrastructure struggles to divert or redirect the water. Position At this scale The Water Act is applicable at two levels: 1. To make sure that water resources are conserved and properly managed for sustainable use for the benefit of present and future Victorians; 2. To eliminate inconsistencies in the treatment of surface and groundwater resources and waterways.

In order to achieve this, the project proposes to address the ‘Total Watermark City as Catchment’ strategy that will take advantage of existing topological conditions of the city in order to allow for Melbourne to become its own water catchment. More specifically, the design strategy involves addressing Melbourne Water’s (the main stakeholder) Flood management and Drainage Strategy and Storm Water Strategy (2013-2018) as the basis for innovative storm water infrastructure. Using the drainage network, this proposal explores how city infrastructure can become more adaptable and openended to the uncertainty of weather. This will finally redefine and contribute to the Melbourne 2030 Vision, by proposing a liveable, flexible city network that operates at a multi-scalar level therefore enhancing site specificity and resilience. Opportunities The City of Melbourne already utilising topography as the form for its drainage network – however as previously witnessed this system is no longer able to handle large scale weather events and starts to function against its initially intend purpose. Currently, Melbourne City Council and Melbourne Water’s approach to inundation is to direct the water away from human plane and redirect it to Yarra River through a series of gravitation fed channels and large drains below Elizabeth Street. Similar to Oystertectue and Storm-Proofing NYC, this project proposes to allow the water on the human plane and make it part of the operation of the city. The Cheonggyecheon stream primarily adopts a recreational approach to the design of the pre-existing stream in order to allow for its continual use in non-storm seasons. Through these references the project explores the concept of multi-functional water infrastructure that operates on a daily basis to become Melbourne’s catchment as well as adapt and withstand pressures inflicted by inundation.

WATER FLOW

URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT

MICROCLIMATES

WATER COLLECTION CITY GRID TOPOGRAPHY

HEAT EMISSIONS BUILT FORM TRAJECTORY

CITY GRID CONTROLLED GEOLOGIES

PG - 51

Oystertecture, SCAPE

This project proposes an oyster culture around Brooklyn’s Red Hook and Gowanus Canal by engaging with conditions of bad water quality, rising tides and community bade developments. The reef is redefined as a living reef, whereby the operation of the marine habitat is productive and performs to harvest water. This results into a new waterfront that will provide public space on the edge of the city. Ordered Performance borrows ideas of the ‘living’ edge conditions to explore the dynamic nature of inundation.

Hurricane - proofing New York, ARO

The design implements a green belt constituting of a grassy buffer zone to redefine the way cities deal with flood control. The proposition challenges the horizontal ground through the exploration of ‘the deep section’. Materiality is a strong focus to communicate the operation of the design.

Cheonggyecheon stream, Seoul This pre-existing water way in Seoul had been covered up in order to facilitate the construction of a highway. In July 2003, the mayor of Seoul initiated a proposal to deconstruct the highway and reconstruct the stream. This proposal is part of a bigger masterplan, the plan for Seoul to generate a green belt for the city. This redefined the way in which people navigate through the city, traffic was relocated downtown. The stream also connects to a pedestrian-friendly road network.

PASSIVE COOLING

GREEN ROOFS

COOLER CITY

PLANTING

GREENER CITY

URBAN WETLANDS

BLUE CITY

ELIZABETH STREET

LT BOURKE ST

LONSDALE ST

CH01 RB05 A RB 02

RB04

CT01

Master Plan of Elizabeth St as Catchment

RB02

PG - 53

BOURKE ST

LT COLLINS ST

RB03

CH04 E

RV04 A

RV04 D

RB01

RV04 C

RV04 B

ELIZABETH STREET

LT COLLINS ST

COLLINS ST

PG - 55

FLINDERS LN

FLINDERS ST

Betula Nigra Salix x calodendron Pussy Willow (STERILE SPECIES)

Eucalyptus Ovata

EX07

CNNECTION BACK INTO THE EXISITING SYSTEM TO ALLOW FOR WATER TO ESCAPE TO THE YARRA RIVER IN A BETTER STATE.

RB02

RETARDING BASIN LOCATED AT THE EASTERN END OF ELIZABETH ST BETWEEN FLINDERS LANE AND FLINDERS ST TO CLEANSE THE WATER BEFORE IT ENTERS THE YARRA RIVER.

Storm reaches Central Melbourne

Time: 2.40pm Duration: 20mins Date: 06/03/10 100m

200m

300m

400m

500m

PG - 57

CT02

Trajectory NTS

Edward Tufte was the drawing precedent utilised to explain the forces pulling and activating the storm. The microclimate of the city becomes evident through this drawing. This relationship drawing lacks the understanding of the effect of the storm: flooding. What areas are most at risk?

PORTRAIT BUILDING

300m 102 floors

MELBOURNE CENTRAL

173m 54 floors

TOWER LIFE

60m 19 floors

200 QUEEN STREET

102m 19 floors

250 SPENCER STREET TOWER

131m 41floors

640 BOURKE STREET

138m 43 floors

200 QUEEN STREET

102m 32 floors

FRESHWATER PLACE NORTH

200m 63 floors

CROWN TOWERS

138m 43 floors

100m

200m

300m

400m

500m

PANORAMA APRTMENTS

PG - 59

55M 17 floors

CONCEPT BLUE

86M 27 floors

9-11 EXPLORATION LANE

102M 32 floors

PARAMOUNT CENTRE

70M 22 floors

THE PHILADELPHIA BUILDING

86M 27 floors

1 SPRING STREET

110m 34 floors KPMG HOUSE

51m 16 floors SX STAGE 1

120m 40 floors 385 BOURKE STREET

138m 43 floors

LANGHAM HOTEL

74m 23 floors

CT03

Eureka Tower

300m 45 floors

Temperature & Built Form 1:5000 on A2

Heat emissions were drawn through an understanding of building heights and material (built, under construction and proposed). Taller buildings absorb and emit the largest amounts of heat. The quantity of such buildings contribute to Urban Heat Island Effect.

MELBOURNE CENTRAL # of pedestrians

STORM CAUSES MAYHEM

1PM: 2289 2PM: 2239 3PM: 2281

FLAGSTAFF STATION # of pedestrians

Hail has blanketed Melbourne like snow as a dangerous thunderstorm ripped through the city, causing power outages, train delays and damage to vehicles. The wild storm hit the Melbourne area around 3pm and reduced visibility to a few metres at its peak. Melbourne streets became rivers as drains overflowed, failing to deal with 33mm of rain that fell in less than an hour. Up to 10,000 residents were without power in the Richmond, Toorak and Collingwood areas this afternoon, with more than 2000 still facing power outages at 7pm.

1PM: 87 2PM: 78 3PM: 153

BOURKE STREET MALL NORTH # of pedestrians

1PM: 2983 2PM: 3614 3PM: 2952

In regional areas 20,000 customers were without power at the height of the tempest, and up to 7,000 are still facing disrupted supplies.

AUSTRALIA ON COLLINS

Trains are unable to stop at Southern Cross station after a major leak in the roof sent torrents of water on to platforms and tracks. Metro trains was using buses to convey train passengers from Flemington racecourse to Footscray, and was urging commuters to defer all but essential travel.The NAB Cup semifinal between St Kilda and Fremantle is being played before a paltry crowd after the start of the match was delayed for twenty minutes as the AFL carried out public safety checks on the stadium . The Flemington races were cancelled after six events with the two main group one races yet to be run. An AFL practice match at Visy Park between Geelong and Brisbane was cancelled because of the danger posed by lightning.

# of pedestrians

1PM: 219 2PM: 193 3PM: 245

SANDRIDGE BRIDGE # of pedestrians

SOUTHERN CROSS # of pedestrians

1PM: 135 2PM: 94 3PM: 112

Read more: http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/storm-causes-mayhem-20100306-ppc3. html#ixzz2iYOQ4Zm0

1PM: 411 2PM: 1807 3PM: 521

STATE LIBRARY

PG - 61

# of pedestrians

1PM: 2380 2PM: 2175 3PM: 1753

COLLINS PLACE NORTH # of pedestrians

1PM: 1588 2PM: 1453 3PM: 1189

BOURKE STREET MALL SOUTH # of pedestrians

1PM: 1647 2PM: 1320 3PM: 1485 COLLINS PLACE SOUTH # of pedestrians

TOWN HALL

1PM: 299 2PM: 291 3PM: 254

# of pedestrians

1PM: 3185 2PM: 3028 3PM: 3319

BIRRARUNG MARR # of pedestrians

1PM: 3499 2PM: 6691 3PM: 1632

FLINDERS STREET STATION UNDERPASS # of pedestrians

1PM: 1357 2PM: 1506 3PM: 1440 6th march 2010

1pm 2pm 3pm

PRINCE BRIDGE

Pedestrian Movement & Transport

CT04

NTS

# of pedestrians

1PM: 2499 2PM: 2148 3PM: 3826

This mapping revealed the gaps that emerged during and after the storm: tram lines were closed on Flinders street, as well as Elizabeth street. Therefore, people became stranded and the landmarks became areas of shelter until tram lines were re-opened, or they simply proceeded to Flinders street station. When various train lines were cancelled, more and more people gathered in and around the station. 100m

200m

300m

400m

500m

Topography & Water Flow 1:5000 on A2

CT05

TOPOLOGY Water flow can be understood through topography. Here, topography is understood through roads. However, it could also be understood through building heights, and/ or vegetation. The ‘scales’ technique is used to discover gaps, where does the scale become large and breaks away from the continuous line? This technique begins to question the use of contour lines as the conventional ‘reality’. How else can geographic depths be drawn? Here, the ambition is to reveal areas that lack intensity, these zones are water collection points that will lead to flooding.

HOTHAM HILL Flagstaff Gardens

30m

BATMAN HILL Southern Cross Station

10m

100m

200m

300m

400m

500m

PG - 63

EASTERN HILL Carlton Gardens

20m Elizabeth Street

Sequential Sections outlining the change in topography, form of channels, which subsequently reveals the volume of water along the street.

PG - 65

ELIZABETH STREET AS CONSTRUCTED CREEK Strategies: 1. 2 Large basins running parallel to the tram tracks. 2. Gabions to slow down water and provide access to water. 3. Bluestone paving to be replaced with permeable paving that will be connected to the gabion system. 4. Bridges that will connect tram stops to the footpath. 5. Retaining London planes as street trees. This design failed at addressing the key requirements for each criteria during the storm event. Instead, it became siteless and gave priority to the recreational over the operational components of the city. In addition, this proposal exemplified what was wrong with the existing strategy of Melbourne City Council by also directly forcing the water onto the ‘street’. It denies the opportunities that emerge with allowing water on site and therefore triggered a interest in the ‘Melbourne as catchment’ strategy for the CBD.

Streetscape

DELUGE

PG - 67

RETARDING BASIN This component of the proposed water network targets large volumes of water as deluge and is therefore located at areas of topographic depression which becomes an opportunity for the design of collection points. Due to Elizabeth Streetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s closest proximity to Hotham Hill, water flow tends to impact the eastern end of the street the most. Retarding Basins are employed as a mechanism for collection, filtration, storage and deceleration of the flow of water towards the tributary. The basins are designed as a six-metre vertical cut into the ground so as to expose the existing drain that lay below Elizabeth Street. This becomes a strategy that firstly manages the volume of deluge through an urban wetland as well as allows the system to be visible and become an integral part of the urban fabric.

TRA 01

TRA 02

TRA 03

TRA 04

PED 01

PED 02

The act of exposure creates relief for surrounding water infrastructure as they currently connect directly to the basin. Other underground systems such as electrical, communications and gas are relieved from pressure that water places on the strata of the city. This formal intervention primarily focuses on the transportation criteria by redirecting the water flow from tram tracks to the basin. This allow for the continual operation of tram lines even during storm events. The reordering of water flow is amplified through the design of gabion platforms as the new mega tram stops. The basin allows for various other interventions that are facilitated by the form such as: - - - - -

Mega tram stop Canopy Effects in the city Recreational space Water Wall Feature Perforated Facade

These all play a part of water regulation as scales of intervention over multiple scales.

ELIZABETH STREET

STREET AS DELUGE

Ground The previous chapter established the importance of Elizabeth Street as the city’s ‘natural’ drain. The city grid comprises of three hills, two of which contribute directly to deluge on Elizabeth Street. Hotham Hill (Flagstaff Gardens) is located on the west and Eastern Hill (Parliament Station) is located on the east which amplifies the disposal of water towards the natural drain and begins to build its depth as deluge. Deluge is the more intense progression from inundation, whereby the volume of water is increasing and struggling to find an escape. This is when the water rises to its peak and affects most systems on site (environmental, social, community-based, economic, and transportation). These operational networks are fundamental to the functioning of the city and need to be maintained as a mostly stable series of systems. At this point water performs at two levels: firstly as “an element that crosses the layers by infiltration” and secondly as a fluctuating stratum in itself that becomes visible in the form of deluge. The infiltration of water through the geology of the city creates unique microclimates that react with the atmosphere to create pockets of humidity and zones of temporary biodiversity. At this scale these systems can be identified and understood as the criteria for developing a storm management strategy. Here, the project proposes to view all systems as integrated and connected through water. Weather becomes a way of facilitating the process that activates the system. Position The interaction between rapid water flow and urban geology impacts the quality of the water and subsequently the quality of the Yarra River. As part of the Water Act, this scale addresses #11 of the act: “to provide for the protection of catchment conditions”. Elizabeth Street now being the city’s catchment will require cleansing and filtering mechanism to abide by the Healthy Waterway Strategy. This is achieved through an understanding of material and performance, as a means to reordering the existing material palette as well as introducing new

materials to the palette. The performance of materiality relates to Sean Lally’s approach to the generation of form using the ephemeral qualities of surfaces; such as temperature, humidity, pressure. Opportunities The engagement between materiality and weather conditions need to be acknowledged through design, as the climatic conditions of site become more and more visible over time. Water as a stratum offers the bridging of the gap between the two in landscape architecture. If material and weather can be understood as a gradient of water then design can begin to construct infrastructure that can adapt to uncertain climatic conditions as well as perform its structural role. Parque Del Lago is a project that explores water regulation through its various states by implementing a hydrological park from a pre-existing airport runway. The morphology of the runway facilitates for a linear hydrological system hat bleeds out to subsystems. Similarly, the Blur Pavilion explores water as fluctuation through its evaporative qualities. Through the ordering of infrastructure and systematic hydrological organisation; the pavilion transforms itself into a large mass of fog only visible when the conditions of the water body are favourable. AgenceTer’s Aqua-Magica Park constructs a void in the landscape to provide access to a geyser system and allow for people to be physically immersed in this phenomenon. These methods of addressing water as intensities inform how an infrastructural foundation can facilitate the manipulation of water to achieve a certain effect. By rethinking the geology of Elizabeth Street and its composition, an exploration into multifunctional infrastructure emerges. How can infrastructure cope with the volume of deluge as well as continue the operation of the city? The transition of Elizabeth Street into a water catchment will redefine the operation of certain systems along the street. The material palette of the catchment shifts slightly in terms of form in order to redefine the porosity of surfaces without the conventional need of soft grounds (e.g. grass surfaces).. This project explores ephemeral qualities of materials as the four-dimensional transformative effects of materials in space.

DRAINAGE NETWORK

OPERATIONAL NETWORKS

MICROCLIMATES

CITY GRID TOPOGRAPHY DISPOSAL

PEDESTRIAN SYSTEMS TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS LOCAL BUSINESS

HUMID BIODIVERSITY

PG - 69

Parque Del Lago, Paisajes Emergentes.

Parque Del Lago is a recovery project that repurposes a closed runway. Here, the 3km long runway is flooded in order to create a linear hydrological park. Six other programs are then plugged into the central spine as a means of combining the environmental, social and economic into one project. Public space becomes a way of allowing the celebratory approach to reveal the conditions of the site.

Aqua-Magica Park, AgenceTer. In this project, AgenceTer identified a geyser system underground, they decided to allow it to be active again and therefore celebrate the complexities of this phenomenon. A staircase was also designed to allow for the public to access and experience this unique landscape. The experience of water becomes the driver for the form of the design.

Blur Pavilion, Diller & Scofidio. The architects focus their project on the act of creating spaces through performance. This project attempts to show how architecture is everywhere by taking advantage and amplifying the climatic conditions around the water body at different times. This is done using high-pressure steel jets that spray tiny drops of water and if sufficient jets are installed, they saturate the air with moisture thereby creating mist. The blur is only visible and made to experience at certain times of the day. The mass of fog is in constant movement depending on air temperatures above the surface of water.

PASSIVE COOLING

WSUD

MANAGEMENT

SPATIAL

SWALES

MEGA TRAM STOP URBAN CANOPY EFFECT WATER WALL FEATURE RECREATIONAL SPACE

RAIN GARDENS

RETARDING BASINS

COLLECTION, FILTRATION, STORAGE AND DECELERATION

8 June, 1835

In 1836, Governor Bourke authorised the first sale of Crown land which led to the growth of Swanston St, Collins St, William St, Bourke St and King St.

“about six miles up, found the river, all good water and very deep. This will be a place for a village” - Batman

Streets started to develop towards the edge of the city, therefore making the western streets the most valuable one.

On 1 November, 1836, five months after the first land sale, the second sale of land took place; the boundary streets were: 1. Swanston Street, Flinders Street, Elizabeth Street and Collins Street. 2. Queen Street, Flinders Street, Markets Street and Collins Street. 3. Swanston Street, Bourke street, William Street and Lonsdale Street.

The city slowly starts taking shape as a grid by expanding to the east and west of the creek.

In 1884, The Octopus Act provided the authorisation for the construction of a permanent link. This followed complaints by local residents, stating that the Spencer Street terminal was undesirable and inconvenient, as it was at the edge of the city.

In order to capture Hoddle’s vision, the existing Townend creek was locked into drains and buried to allow for the development of streets to cap off the waterway. This approach was highly valued back then as the city was suffering from heavy flooding in this area.

By the 21st Century, the CBD witnessed a rapid boom in tall towers. As the image portrays, Melbourne’s skyline had been stretched vertically. This had a considerable impact on the socio-economic status of the city. Most industrial factories were taken over which meant relocating further out of the CBD. Therefore,production had been replaced by consumption.

PG - 71

Drainage Assets Plan

Source: Dial Before You Dig.

DBYD Sequence Number: 30398464 DBYD Job No. 6644515

Elizabeth street once existed as a creek; Townend creek (refer to image overleaf) and proved to be a large flooding issue for the city. When the Hoddle Grid was overlaid onto Melbourne, the issue of flooding saw Townend creek covered and transformed into a street. The water was contained into a 3*3m drain underneath the street. The existing drainage network in Melbourne city already utilises the existing topography as a flood control strategy. The large drain that lies below the street connects to the secondary drainage network that collects the run-off directly from the streets. The topography of Elizabeth street itself demonstrates a slight depression on the east end of the river due to the steep valley of Hotham Hill (refer to chapter 5). This explains why the existing drain sits on the east side of the street (refer to drawing on right). However, despite the efficiency of the concept - this places a lot of pressure on Elizabeth st. As previous severe weather events have demonstrated, the street does not have the capacity to hold enough water in order to reduce overflow. How can the exisiting site conditions inform new water infrastructure that will alleviate the pressure currently placed on this street?

Address: Elizabeth St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000 Map Ref: Melways 43F6, 43G6, 43G7, 43G8, 43H7, 43H8, 43H9 Date Supplied: 28/08/2013

Drainage pipeline

Area of interest

Open drainage channel

Easement

Natural waterway (River/Creek)

Property boundary

House number unknown

345F4 345F4

VicRoads map reference

27D4 27D4

Melway map reference

RB02

PG - 73

RB10

TRA

PED

RB08 B

RB07

TK01

TK02

Retarding Basin Originally drawn @ 1:50

FOOTPATH

ROAD

4000

8000

TRAM TRACKS

ROAD

FOOTPATH

8000

4000

GUTTER

LOCAL BUSINESS LOCAL BUSINESS

6000

ELIZABETH STREET EAST DRAIN

ELIZABETH STREET WEST DRAIN 2500

EX 01

Existing Drain Below Elizabeth Street NTS

PG - 75

TELSTRA ELECTRICAL COMMUNICATION

WATER SUPPLY

DRAINAGE GAS SEWAGE DRAINAGE

TRAM FEEDER

DRAINAGE GAS DRAINAGE

WATER SUPPLY

COMMUNICATION ELECTRICAL TELSTRA

Underground Systems Arrangement

TK 02

30m

12m

1m - 3m

1.5m - 3m

1.5m - 2m 500mm - 600mm

600mm - 1.2m

250mm - 400mm 500mm

GRASSES Phragmites australis Common Reed

SEDGES

RUSHES Eleocharis acuta

TREES Juncus australis Austral Rush

Small Spike Rush

Lepironia articulata

Salix calodendron Pussy willow Eucalyptus Ovata Swamp Gum

Schoenoplectus mucronatus Schoenoplectus validus River Club Bush

TK 01

Planting Palette

CH02

Plan - Lonsdale St to Bourke St

DL01 C

LT BOURKE ST

LONSDALE ST RB05 A

RB06 A

RB06 B

RB00

1000 RB07

6000

2500

1000 RETARDING BASIN LONSDALE ST POLLUTANT FILTERING TREES AND SHRUBS RB01

Retarding Basins - Lonsdale to Bourke Street 1:500

GABION PATHWAY

1000

RB01

PG - 77

BOURKE ST RB02

RB06 C

RB11 RB04

BOURKE ST - TRAM STOP

GABION PLATFORM

YARRA RIVER

1000

Salix x calodendron Pussy Willow (STERILE SPECIES) TRAM LINES 19,57,59

EXISTING ELIZABETH ST DRAIN

RETARDING BASIN BOURKE ST

Between Lonsdale St and Bourke St the retarding basinscollect all the run-off from the surrounding tram tracks and road. The basin ends when the next street begins in order to allow for continual traffic circulation on adjacent streets. The large bodies of water consists of a series of wetland plants that primarily filters pollutants from water, as well as attracting various fauna which consequently informs new bio-diversity for the street.

PG - 79

RB03

East End of Retarding Basin 1:250

The eastern facade of the basin is constructed through a perforated structure that allows for the roots of willow trees to track the flow of water therefore allowing the roots of the tree to become evident over time. This specific moment in the design can only be viewed from the western orientation of the basin. The Swamp gums grow taller than the depth of the basin which means that at some point in time the canopy of the tree will protrude to the surface of the footpath. A canopy effect is created to reintroduce and allow for vegetation to be part of the systems of the city.

RB07

WATER WALL CAPTURES MINIMAL RUN-OFF FROM THE STREET AND RECYCLES AND STORES THE WATER THROUGH A CYCLIC WATERFALL SYSTEM

PG - 81 STOP #3

CONNECTING CHANNELS

CANOPY EFFECT

PED 02

RB04

THE DIVERSITY OF GRASSES, RUSHES AND SEDGES ATTRACT A LARGE VARIETY OF FAUNA TO THE CITY.

CONNECTION BACK TO FOOTPATH

West End of Retarding Basin - Tram Stop 1:250

The detailing of the gabion platform along the tram tracks became an opportunity to redefine tram stops in the city through water. The tram stop is now much bigger and allows for the creation of a small-scale public space. The materiality of gabions allow for a structural platform to emerge , whilst simultaneously filtering water into the basin.

DIRECTION OF WATERFLOW

EX07

PLATFORMS 8 & 9

PLATFORMS 6 & 7

PLATFORMS 4 & 5

PLATFORMS 2 & 3

FLINDERS ST STATION

PLATFORM 1

FLINDERS ST

DIRECTION OF WATERF

Connection of water system to the Yarra River

PLATFORMS 12 & 13

PLATFORMS 10 & 11

PG - 83

YARRA RIVER

FLOW

ELIZABETH STREET AS RELIEF This iteration shifted the understanding of Elizabeth Street, by exploring the city and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s geologies. This shift in mind allows for the understanding of the city as a constructed urban ecology. The design explores how to preserve exisiting networks and now focus on providing relief to the underground networks. Relief relates to the alleviation of pressure of water through weight and speed. How can water be slowed down and dispersed over larger surface areas.

RB06 A

RB06 A RB06 A

RB06 B

RB06 B RB06 B

RB06 C

Typology 01 - Lt Bourke St 1:200

Typology 02 - Lonsdale St 1:200

Typology 03 - Bourke St

1:200

PG - 85

RB10

RB11

View: Canopy Effect

View: Tram Stop

PG - 87

Sequential Sections highlighting the scales of water infrastructure along Elizabeth Street as well as the change in form along the street.

B02

Pedestrian Fence

Irregular shaped Basalt Rocks. Locally sourced.

100

300

100

200

Tram Stop: Flat Surface

B01A

1000

RB08 B01B C

Water Wall 600

Tram Stop: Steps

400

100

Tram stop - Gabion Platform Originally drawn @ 1:25

B01

Gabion Foot Path

Details specifying the organisation of the gabion platform, whilst also providing an understanding of the smaller moments that occur within the design. The detailing of the design pushes the proposal to level of resolution which supports the large ambition of the design. Drawings are drawn in millimetres.

B02B

Tram Stop: Circulation

2000

150

300

500

2300

1000

Connection to Footpath

Pedestrian Fence

Tram Stop: Circulation

150

300

500

2300

1000

2000

Connection to Footpath

Detail: Ordering of Gabions Originally drawn @ 1:100

RB05 A

B02B

Tram Stop: Gabions

Pedestrian Fence

RB05 B

Detail: Constructed Gabion Originally drawn @ 1:50

Drawing List 1. Overall Gabion Design 2. Ordering of Gabions 3. Tram Stop: gabion platform 4. Constructed Gabion Dimensions

5.7m

Mega Tram Stop Access Steps

300m

800mm Structural Soil

800mm

Wetland Grasses, Sedges & Rushes

RB07

Detail: Water Wall System 1:20

Collection Point

Details specifying the construction of the basin, whilst also providing an understanding of the smaller moments that occur within the design. The detailing of the design pushes the proposal to another level of resolution which supports the large ambition of the design. Drawings are drawn in millimetres.

200 1500

200

100

400

100 200 490

Dominant direction of root growth.

100 100

990

100

200

1500

100

20 80 40

200 100

1180

200

Bluestone Pavers

200

Concrete

400

100

BASIN

200 100

200 100 200

1500

Perforation without tree

B01 RB08 A

490

B02

100 100

990

Perforation with tree

Dominant direction of root growth.

100

Perforation without Tree 1:25

1500

100

BASIN

1500

Perforated Steel

200

Salix x calodendron Pussy Willow (STERILE SPECIES)

100

20 80 40

200 100

1180

200

Bluestone Pavers

Salix x calodendron Pussy Willow (STERILE SPECIES)

Perforated Steel

Concrete

BASIN

200 100

200 100 B01

Perforation without tree

Perforation with tree

B02 RB08 B

Perforation with Tree 1:25

1. Water Wall Recycling System 2. Perforated Basin Facade without tree 3. Perforated Basin Facade with tree

Human Scale

OVER FLOW

OPEN GRAVITATION-FED CHANNELS This scale of investigation explores the road side drainage pit network as an opportunity to respond to the criteria of continual operation of local businesses. The project proposes a network that exposes the pit infrastructure as a way of providing as a means of always allowing for water to escape to a collection point. The channel runs along all the streets and in certain areas of topographical collection – previous street parking is used as an extension of the channel thereby creating various sizes of channel. The open gravitational fed infrastructure also has the potential to double as seating infrastructure for Elizabeth St due to its shape and dimensions. The design of the seating is angular in order to allow for continual runoff. This new typology of street furniture responds to the multifunctionality of infrastructure that resilient cities need to address. PED 01

PED 02

PED 03

TRA 04

As part of this strategy, River Birches are planted on the edge in order to provide a secondary system that will absorb water at a rapid pace. The form of the seating will slow down the flow of water due to its disturbing nature to the natural flow of water – the concrete of the seat creates more surface area through which the water needs to traverse through. The design of the channel is “openended” (Bowring) in that its dimensions continually provide new opportunities for use, for instance during non-flood seasons the seating can be used as a trail that can support running.

MELBOURNE

CHANNELS OVERFLOW

Ground

Opportunities

Overflow is defined as the inability of water to be accommodated and therefore sees it flow antigravitationally. This process creates an unexpected reaction with the geology of the surfaces whereby water on site is highly congested and begins to find its way through cuts and cracks of materials on site. The overflow of water is a disturbance against the grain of the materials; as a consequence this leads to the removal and relocation of strata on site, therefore affecting the structural capacity of the material. The construction of geology on site does not allow for it to perform in a porous manner, therefore denying water anywhere to go. At this point in time, the storm’s band of hail and rain is stretched to 400km wide and will continue to precipitate water onto the city for another day. The combination of continuous heavy rainfall, hail and wind tunnels extend the process of overflow for a longer period of time, therefore still creating obstructions for access to local businesses and transportation lines. This condition means that water is constantly on site in a disorganised and uncontrolled manner – which usually proves to be an opportunity for birds to enter the site. The disturbed urban ecology after the main storm creates a series of atmospheric thermals which facilitates the access of fauna to site.

The formal precedents overleaf were explored as projects that explore the materiality of water at a personal scale. Rather than creating objects with the primary intention to perform an operational task, they are objects that facilitate for the amplification of certain climatic conditions. In addition, these become visual, tangible and accessible phenomena that fluctuate over time. The shift of the state of water creates various horizons that allow for a multiplicity of interactions with the substrate. This project borrows some of these concepts to devise ways of holding water while allowing for its state to be experienced.

Position

Sean Lally quotes obtained from his website, < http://www.weathers.cc>, accessed on 24/09/13.

"The installation ‘Amplification’ looks to these [temperature, light, scent and colour] qualities as design materials that can be quantified and acted upon during the design processes for the exploration of spatial constructs and territories beyond that of tectonic geometries."

At this scale continuity in the strategy needs to be clear, as stated in the Water Act 1989 #6; meaning that the agglomeration of water should reflect the strategy in the previous scale in order to continue to abide by the strategies set by Melbourne water for the quality of the water before it connects to a tributary. Materiality as this scale becomes performative in the sense that water infrastructure becomes less univocal and starts to become flexible. The performance of the material lies in its compositional (form and quality) ability to adapt. As a consequence, infrastructure will begin to allow people to inhabit the city even during extreme weather events.

- Sean Lally

COLLECTION

CONSTRUCTION

MICROCLIMATES

DISPOSAL UNDERGROUND PRESSURE

ORGANISATION OF GEOLOGY RESILIENCE ALLEVIATE

URBAN ECOLOGY

PG - 95

Floorworks Garden, AgenceTer This project uses materiality of surfaces and planting to create a horizontal surface in order to contrast the exisiting mature trees on site. The steel surface creates mist emphasising the stratification on site. The planting used changes drastically in different seasons and reveal something different about the steel structure.

Amplification, Weathers, Sean Lally This installation explores the less visible qualities of site such as “temperature, light, scent” as a strategy to amplify the existing conditions of site and rendering these qualities visible over time. The project utilises the existing material palettes on site as a way of working with the “existing locale”.

MANAGEMENT

CHANNELS

DECELERATE CAPTURE DISTURB

SPATIAL

SEATING PLANTING PATH RUNNING TRACK

BUS

Increase free-boarding conditions of local businesses by lowering the topography of the footpath.

CH01

PED

Channel infrastructure provides seating along the footpath which can also double as another path.

TRA

The topography of the road allows for water from the road to flow directly to the channel.

PG - 97

RB06 C

CH04 D

CH04 E

Channel 1:50

Road-side Drainage Pits

EX01

NTS

EX01

MCC Detailing of Pits NTS

150

PG - 99

Water Supply Pipe

TREES Betula Nigra River Birch

15m

Main Drain

ELIZABETH STREET AS CATCHMENT

TK01

Palette - Planting and Material NTS

Exploring various formal organisations to understand their effect on water management.

SECONDARY DRAINAGE PIPE CONNECTING TO BASIN. ACTIVATES WHEN OVERFLOW IN BASIN REACHES 700MM

SEWER PIPES

CH02

PG - 101

RB09 B

CONCRETE RAMP ACCESS TO GABION PLATFORM

GAS PIPE

Channel Connection to Retarding Basin 1:50

CH07

CH06

CH03

PG - 103

Street Composition 1:50

360MMM

800MM

500MM 400MM UNDERGROUND OPTUS CABLE

Lt Collins St 1:50

CH04 A

LT COLLINS ST

S02 A

General Form 1:50

CH04 B

GENERAL

S02 B

800MM

700MM 400MM

300MM

RETARDING BASINS

S02 C

CH04 C

LT BOURKE ST & ELIZABETH ST

Lt Bourke & Elizabeth St 1:50

S02 D

COLLINS ST & ELIZABETH ST CH04 D

Collins & Elizabeth St 1:50

PG - 105

IRRIGATION SYSTEM CONNECTING TO PLANT BOX.

310MM PLANT BOXES SPECIES: Betula nigra; River Birch

1.5M COLLINS ST & ELIZABETH ST

S02 E CH04 E

PLANT BOXES

Plant Boxes 1:50

CH10

Habitable Channel

PG - 107

CH08

View: Seating

CH09

View: Seating

ROAD - CHANNEL DISAPPEARS UNDERGROUND TO ALLOW FOR TRAFFIC ACCESS. TRIBUTARY

CH05

PLAN

20MM MORTAR

400

PERSPECTIVE

CH07

15 1000

Detail: Connection of Pavers to Channel Originally drawn @ 1:15

The effects of the storm at this scales becomes less about water collection and more about water overflow. The band of hail and rain is stretched to 400km wide and will continue to precipitate water onto the city for another day. Drawings are drawn in millimetres.

150 65 35

SEATING

Detail: Disappearing Channel Beneath Road Originally drawn @ 1:70

800

CHANNEL

COMMUNICATIONS PIPE

500

1000

ROAD

STORMWATER PIPE - TO BASIN CH06B02

10 0

WATER SUPPLY PIPE

Dimensions Channels Detail:of Seating Dimensions

Originally drawn1:20 @ 1:20

Drawing List: 1. Disappearing channel beneath road. 2. Connection of pavers to channel. 3. Seating Dimensions

Micro Scale

FRICTION

RIVULET At the final stage of investigation the structural composition of site is understood as a substrate. The materiality used to perform on the streets has more than formal qualities that can be utilised for design. The substrate’s direct interaction with weather can be further explored at this scale. Bluestone pavers are maintained as the material palette of the city – the project is more interested in testing the potentials of the existing rather than operating from a ‘tabula rasa’ approach. The strategy proposes a taller bluestone paver (from 40mm to 150mm) that allows for a rivulet to emerge on the footpath. The topography of the footpath is modified to funnel water to the centre of the platform which is designed to be a sub-surface flow wetland that filters, cleanses and treats the quality of runoff so as to tap into existing underground water supply pipes.

BUS 01

BUS 02 BUS 03 BUS 04

This strategy allows for water catchment and distribution to be entirely localised as a response to some of the bigger aims of the Water Act, 1989. The ordering of the design performs in an anti-gravitational direction that decelerates the speed of water flow and allows for water to remain in the rivulet for longer. The small scale wetland is designed as a module that amplifies the cleansing of water through the use of wetland plants as well as two layers of geotextiles. The footpath-rivulet is stabilised with an asphalt pour that traps heat days before the storm occurs and after the storm releases the heat through water as evaporation. The small intervention occurs throughout the entire extent of the footpath along Elizabeth Street and therefore has a much large impact on the water cycle of the city.

MATERIALS

FOOTPATH AS FRICTION

Ground

Opportunities

During the storm, infrastructure damage leads to a series of closures which has a direct economic impact on the CBD. For this storm in March 2010, most local businesses along Elizabeth Street and other around the city had to be closed due to flooding. The storm affects the activities that people are performing and they become paralysed. Food, retail and other recreational establishments suffer from this; how can the interaction between water and infrastructure be transformed into an opportunity for these businesses? The composition of the footpath is made up of an impermeable series of strata that deny water the ability to operate in depth/ vertically and instead forces it to travel horizontally and stratify upwards. At a micro scale, the friction between water and surfaces can be redesigned to allow for water to flow on the site as well as become a resource for the businesses (i.e. water supply). This leads to a visual manifestation of the remnants of storms whereby materials begin to weather physically and chemically; eventually losing their structural integrity.

Productivity at this scale needs to respond to a series of parameters, which the current strategy is based on. These parameters include disabled access to site and other methods of interaction with the footpath. It is important for the design to provide areas of flat surfaces in order to allow this to occur while still protection the operation of local businesses. This will begin to address the Melbourne 2030 vision by providing an alternative way of reducing the weathering of material on site and therefore allowing for the continuation of the liveability and quality of the city. In addition, friction addresses the Storm Water Strategy by considering how the footpath may become a tributary to the larger water network.

Position At this scale, the main focus shifts towards Melbourne as catchment as well as Storm Water Strategy. As per Melbourne Water’s criteria the quality of water will be improved, however rather than improving for the sake of the health of the Yarra River – this scale offers an opportunity to address the potential of Elizabeth Street as a productive landscape.

The precedents all explore the atmospheric manifestation of the interaction between ground and air. The above chapters focus on physical grounded form, however through this chapter a “formlessness” (Rajchmann) is explored through the process of evaporation. This process is considered a material performance only through the ordering of the geology and hydrology. By manipulating layers and surface qualities a behaviour can be achieved through water.

COMPOSITION

MATERIALITY

MICROCLIMATES

ORDERED MATERIALITY RESILIENCE

CONSTRUCTION RESPONSIVE

AMPLIFIED EVAPORATION

PG - 113

Weather Gardens, VOGT Landscapes

This installation explores the less visible qualities of site such as “temperature, light, scent” as a strategy to amplify the existing conditions of site and rendering these qualities visible over time. The project utilises the exiting material palettes on site as a way of working with the “existing locale”.

Beauty, Olafur Eliasson Olafur Eliasson explores the interaction between water and atmospheres. By creating a series of controlled microclimates he manages to celebrate the various states of water and allow an audience to be immersed in this experience.

Berndault Smilde

This artist creates clouds in indoor environments, he does so by manipulating the climate within a room (temperature, humidity, etc). Fog machines are used as a tool to render the conditions visible; it creates a disturbance with the operating qualities on site. As a consequence, the fog begins to amass and order itself using these qualities which can be viewed as a cloud.

RIVULET

MANAGEMENT

SPATIAL

DECELERATE CAPTURE DISTURB FILTER STORAGE SUPPLY

FOOTPATH WATER SUPPLY CANOPY PLANTING

Freeboarding

RV01

PG - 115

Rivulet Originally drawn @ 1:50

YARRA RIVER

EX01

ELIZABETH STREET

Location of Underground Drainage Pits Originally drawn @ 1:20

PG - 117

Current construction of Melbourneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s footpaths

Existing conditions on site

150MM

10MM 10MM

10MM

30MM

1:20

600mm

WA LK

DIS

TAN

ING

AVE

Existing criteria that a footpath is expected to adhere to. These provide strict dimensions that the pavement should conform to.

EA VE

SIZ

LOCAL BUSINESS

IR A VE

SIZ

240MM X 295MM

EA VE

490MM X 295MM

RID

800mm

495MM X 295MM

400mm

495MM X 295MM

700mm

1:20

WID

115MM X 295MM

1:20

990MM X 290MM

TOOLS

FOOTPATH

Human Access

10MM

Crutches SAFE ZONE

15MM

Wheelchairs

50MM

100MM

DIMENSIONS OF PAVERS

FP05

- GAP: 10MM NO GROUT BETWEEN PAVERS

BLUESTONE PAVERS OPEN CHANNEL

150MM 10MM

MORTAR

10MM

30MM

1:20

ROAD

490MM

Removal of the grout between pavers does not affect access by the above types of acces.

20MM 990MM

CONCRETE SLAB CRUSHED ROCK

1:20

150MM 20MM 80MM 40MM

SAFE ZONE TO BE AT LEAST 25% OF WIDTH OF FOOTPATH

FP06

GAPS BETWEEN PAVERS Scale 1:25

PG - 119

1.5m

400 - 750mm

600mm 300mm 150mm 150mm

GRASSES, SEDGES & RUSHES Lepyrodia muelleri Common Scale- Rush

Isolepis fluitans var. fluitans Floating Club-Rush

Lepidosperma concavum

Hill Sword-sedge

Utricularia australis

Baumea articulata

Yellow Bladderwort

Jointed Twig-rush

TREES Betula Nigra River Birch

P03

Planting Palette

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS

RIVER BIRCH

The wetlands plant palette was chosen as a combination of grasses, sedges and rushes in order to increase the diversity around the footpath.

This tree is relevant to the design as a less intense version of the Salix calodendron tree. Due to the location of the tree (along the footpath), Salix could become a threat to the structural integrity of the pavers, as well as the composition of the road.

Due to the high use of the footpath, the planting needs to create minimal formal disturbance to the circulation along the platform. This means that the plants need to grow in a predominantly vertical manner, as well as grow to a short height. These plants will absorb and filter the nutrients out of water and subsequently improve its quality before meeting the Yarra River.

Precedent Cranbourne Botanical Gardens, TCL.

100mm

PG - 121 20mm 300mm

150mm

Bluestone Paver Asphalt Mortar

Concrete

20mm

120mm

40mm

Crushed Rock

Elizabeth Street

Direction of water flow.

against gravitational flow of water

retarding the flow of water by creating a tension in its flow.

VERTICAL STACK

The models have generated various typologies of vertically stacked paving. The act of laying the blocks provided an understanding of the effects of the flow of on various intensities of surfaces.

This strategy rotates the paving vertically in order to allow for a multiple streams to be created. This occurs due to the removal of the vertical joint and subsequently requires more stability which will be provided by increasing the concrete bed under the layer of mortar.

PG - 123

RV02

Sub-Surface Flow Wetland Drawn @ 1:40

PG - 125

RV03

Amplified conditions of freeboarding 1:50

RV04 A

Typology 01 1:150

RV04 B

Typology 02 1:150

RV04 C

Typology 03 1:150

RV04 D

Typology 04 1:150

PG - 127

Asphalt 7mm Hot Mix

Asphalt 14mm Hot Mix

35mm

65mm

Crushed Rock

150mm

DOES NOT RESPOND TO CRITERIA.

Roads

Cracks on the street occur due to overload and pressure on the composition of asphalt. This designs attempts to amplify the cracks in order to create puddles. This design created a series of puddles adjacent to the footpath using Willow trees. A) Redesign plant box to increase root growth towards street. B) Increase second layer of asphalt on the road to retain structral load bearing of the road.

The Weeping willows can prove to be a danger to the health of the water system as the puddles were not connected to a filtering cleansing system. Located on the road, these puddles could not be retrofitted with a cleansing system.

RV09

View: Evaporation as Mist

PG - 129

RV11

Tributary

1:20

115MM X 295MM

495MM X 295MM

1:20

LOCAL BUSINESS

990MM X 290MM

1:20

30MM

240MM X 295MM

10MM

30MM

495MM X 295MM

10MM 10MM

490MM X 295MM

150MM

FOOTPATH

10MM

15MM

50MM

DIMENSIONS

FP05

SAFE ZONE

100MM

- GAP: 10MM NO GROUT BETWEEN PAVERS 10MM

700mm

400mm 30MM

BLUESTO

1:20 EA VE

DIS

WA LK

OPEN CHANNEL

TAN

AVE

ING

SIZ

AVERS

EA VE

SIZ

IR A VE

WID

990MM

990MM X 290MM

495MM X 295MM

EE SAFE ZONE LC

GAPS BETWE

FP06

15MM

50MM

100MM

DIMENSIONS OF PAVERS

FP05

IR A

VE - GAP: 10MM RA GE NO GROUT WID BETWEEN PAVERS TH

SIZ

BLUESTONE PAVERS MORTAR CONCRETE SLAB

115MM X 295MM

240MM X 295MM

490MM X 295MM

OPEN CHANNEL

495MM X 295MM

990MM X 290MM

495MM X 295MM

AVE

ADD TEXTURE

4m ING

SIZ

490MM

10MM

WA LK CH

20MM

SAFE ZONE TO BE AT LEAST 25% OF WIDTH OF FOOTPATH

800mm

EA VE

LOCAL BUSINESS

600mm 25%

ROAD

FOOTPATH

115MM X 295MM

RID

240MM X 295MM

490MM X 295MM

1:20

800mm

600mm

495MM X 295MM

10MM 30MM

CRUSHED ROCK 20MM 490MM

ROAD

990MM

150MM 20MM 80MM 40MM

10MM

15MM

50MM

100MM

GAPS BETWEEN PAVERS Scale 1:25

SAFE ZONE TO BE FP06 DIMENSIONS AT LEASTOF 25%PAVERS OF

FP05

WIDTH OF FOOTPATH

25% ADD TEXTURE

4m The details at this scale reveal how the re-configuration of the pavers create opportunities for how it interacts with various volumes of water. The form of BLUESTONE the water supply modules enables for a compacted sub-surface flowPAVERS wetland.

NEL

MORTAR CONCRETE SLAB CRUSHED ROCK 20MM 490MM

990MM

Drawings are drawn in millimetres.

RV08

Water Supply Module 1:50

1. Safe Zone 2. Dimensions of Pavers 3. Diimensions of gaps 4. Water Supply Module

UNDERGROUND GAS PIPE

WETLAND SOIL

ASPHALT POUR

UNDERGROUND WATER SUPLY PIPE

BLUESTONE PAVER

FP05 A

Plan of Asphalt

1:25

B 07 CH C 07 CH

60 80 20 RELEASE INTO WETLAND TO RELIEVE PRESSURE UNDER FOOTPATH.

BLUESTONE PAVER

MOTAR

CONCRETE SLAB BEDDING

TOP SOIL SOIL TOP

GEOTEXTILE GEOTEXTILE

OVERFLOW OVERFLOW RELEASE RELEASE INTO INTO BASALTIC BASALTIC GROUND GROUND

Asphalt Pour -Pour No pavers Asphalt

Asphalt Pour

FP05 FP05 B B

20MOTAR MOTAR CONCRETE CONCRETE SLAB SLAB BEDDING BEDDING

TOP SOIL

BLUESTONE BLUESTONE PAVER PAVER

1:20

SIZE SIZE 7MM 7MM 'HOT 'HOT MIX MIX ASPHALT'WEARING ASPHALT'WEARING COURSE, COURSE, TYPE N TYPE N SUFFICIENT STIFFNESS AND SUFFICIENT STIFFNESS AND RESISTANCETO DEFORMATION DEFORMATION RESISTANCETO IN ORDER ORDER TO TO COPE COPE WITH WITH THE THE IN APPLIED PRESSURE PRESSURE BY BY APPLIED HEAVY FLOODS HEAVY FLOODS

GEOTEXTILE

60 60 80 80 20 20

30 30

1:20 1:20 1:25

Asphalt Pour

1:15

Asphalt Pour between Pavers

RV05 B

20 20

CRUSHED ROCK

RELEASE RELEASE INTO INTO WETLAND TO WETLAND TO RELIEVE RELIEVE PRESSURE PRESSURE UNDER UNDER FOOTPATH. FOOTPATH.

OVERFLOW RELEASE INTO BASALTIC GROUND

FP05 B

SIZE 7MM 'HOT MIX ASPHALT'WEARING COURSE, TYPE N SUFFICIENT STIFFNESS AND RESISTANCETO DEFORMATION IN ORDER TO COPE WITH THE APPLIED PRESSURE BY HEAVY FLOODS

FP05 C

B 077B CCHH0 C 77C 0 CCHH0

CRUSHED CRUSHED ROCK ROCK

Plan of Asphalt

1:25 1:25

RV05 C

FP05 FP05 C C

Pour between pavers Asphalt PourAsphalt between Pavers

1:15 1:15 1:15

Drawings are drawn in millimetres.

PG - 133

HEATWAVE HEATWAVE -

FP06FP06 MINIMALMINIMAL DISTURBANCE DISTURBANCE EVERYDAY SITUATION SITUATION A AEVERYDAY

COOLIN

FP06FP06 DAY 01DAY 01 B B ABSORBS ABSORBS MORE HEAT MORETHAN HEAT THAN

FP06FP06 DAY 02 C C ASPHA

ADJACENT ADJACENT MATERIALS MATERIALS DUE TODUE TO ITS DARK ITSCOLOUR. DARK COLOUR.

FP06 A

FLOODING FLOODING FP06FP06 DAY 03DAY 03 C CPRESSURE PRESSURE OF WATER OF WATER

FP06 B

MINIMAL DISTURBANCE EVERYDAY SITUATION

FLOODING FLOODING -

COLLEC

FP06FP06 DAY 03.5 DAY 03.5 D D AS LEVEL AS OF LEVEL WATER OF WATER BEGINSBEGINS

ON COMPOSITION ON COMPOSITION OF OF ASPHALT ASPHALT INCREASES INCREASES TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE THROUGH THROUGH FRICTION FRICTION

FP06FP06 FP06 C

FROM H FROM S

FP06FP06 DAY 3.5 E E HEAT A

TO DECREASE, TO DECREASE, TEMPERATURES TEMPERATURES COOL DOWN COOL AND DOWN ALLOW AND ALLOW FOR THE FOR THE TRAPPED TRAPPED HEAT TO HEAT ESCAPE. TO ESCAPE.

COOLING TEMPERATURES DAY 02 ASPHALT HAS ABSORBED A LOT OF HEAT FROM HEATWAVE AND CONTINUES TO ABSORB HEAT FROM SURROUNDING SURFACES.

FP06 C

IN THE SCALE

Increased Increased Evap E

FLOODING DAY 03 PRESSURE OF WATER ON COMPOSITION OF ASPHALT INCREASES TEMPERATURE THROUGH FRICTION

FP06 D

FP06 FP06 FP06 BB

FP06 E

HEATWAVE HEATWAVE DAY 01 DAY 01 ABSORBS MORE HEAT THAN ABSORBS MORE HEAT THAN ADJACENT MATERIALS DUE TO ADJACENT MATERIALS DUE TO ITS DARK COLOUR. ITS DARK COLOUR.

FP06 FP06 CC

COOLING TEMPERATURES COOLING TEMPERATURES DAY 02 DAY 02 ASPHALT HAS ABSORBED A LOT OF HEAT ASPHALT HAS ABSORBED A LOT OF HEAT FROM HEATWAVE AND CONTINUES TO ABSORB HEAT FROM HEATWAVE AND CONTINUES TO ABSORB HEAT FROM SURROUNDING SURFACES. FROM SURROUNDING SURFACES.

COLLECTION DAY 3.5 HEAT AND WATER INTERACT TO ESCAPE IN THE FORM OF EVAPORATION - CREATING SMALL SCALE MIST.

Increased Evaporation from Asphalt FP06 FP06 DD

FLOODING FLOODING DAY 03.5 DAY 03.5 AS LEVEL OF WATER BEGINS AS LEVEL OF WATER BEGINS TO DECREASE, TEMPERATURES TO DECREASE, TEMPERATURES COOL DOWN AND ALLOW FOR THE COOL DOWN AND ALLOW FOR THE TRAPPED HEAT TO ESCAPE. TRAPPED HEAT TO ESCAPE.

RV06

1:15

FP06 FP06 EE

COLLECTION COLLECTION DAY 3.5 DAY 3.5 HEAT AND WATER INTERACT TO ESCAPE HEAT AND WATER INTERACT TO ESCAPE IN THE FORM OF EVAPORATION - CREATING SMALL IN THE FORM OF EVAPORATION - CREATING SMALL SCALE MIST. SCALE MIST.

Increased Evaporation Evaporation from Asphalt Increased from Asphalt Manipulated Evaporation Process 1:15

1:15 Drawn @ 1:50

1. Location of Asphalt pour 2. Asphalt pour no pavers 3. Asphalt pour between pavers 4. Process of Controlled Evaporation

PG - 135

RV10

Interaction with planting spine

EVALUATION \ REFLECTION \ PROJECTION This project has explored the concept of uncertainty of the future of cities through flash flooding in Melbourne. Extreme weather events are creating entropic urban landscapes that fail to respond to these ever evolving climatic conditions. Historical city infrastructure was designed to respond to the data of the past – however these quantities are now irrelevant, we are now in a period of heightened conditions. This means new data and new infrastructure that adapt and embrace the uncertainty of weather by allowing it to become part of the order of the city. The design proposal addresses the operational networks of the city as the main problem created during storm events – these fantastic events should not be denied and hidden from the surface of the landscape. The design strategy explored three main scales of intentions that demonstrate how the city is capable of coping (or not coping). This project proposes the understanding of hydrological systems through scales, more specifically as intensities of matter than can be controlled or maintained. The design of these deep infrastructures exploit opportunities that already exist on site – they reveal an understanding of the city as a thickened ground and allow for the alleviation of pressure of various types of networks (pedestrians, businesses, electrical, human activities, etc.). The design of retarding basins, channels, rivulets, wetlands and evaporation all contribute to reduce the level of congestion that usually comes with surpercell storms. These designs aim to create a productive floodable city, where the perception of flooding shifts towards a more accepted and experienced phenomena. In order to do so, an inquiry into blue, grey and green infrastructure has provided a new conceptual framework to address the effects of weather in cities. A multi-functional infrastructural allows for a flexibility and adaptability to the predicted drastic changes in climate. The design has investigated the generation of form through the lens of composition and construction which have hinted at the experiential potentials of site. How can the occupational understanding of site further develop the design so as to perform both structurally and experientially?

Ordered Performance brings forward an approach that considers the anthropogenic conditions of site as the ‘new urban ground’ as a realistic way of tackling issues within cities. Order is defined as the organisation of elements on site and performance is the behaviour of these elements. The combination of the two concepts allow for a dynamic approach to landscape which does not propose a final outcome, but instead generates an “open-ended” strategy that adapts and evolves with changing climatic and terrestrial conditions. This strategy taps into various water policies and strategies as a basis for design. However, this design proposal has questioned the specificity of these acts, strategies, plans, etc. Through the formal rearrangement of site and materiality a shift in hierarchy redefines the identity of the city. The importance of the design is to continually function efficiently even in non-flood seasons, which reiterates the importance of the performance of cities in an ever-fragile climate. What possibilities does design offer to policy-making for water regulations? What are the gaps that policies and acts tend to ignore? This project critiques the lack of specificity in the criteria put forward by the stakeholders concerned. Ordered Performance is a territorial approach to landscape architecture with a focus on the relationship between cities and weather conditions. The research suggests that the reality of climate change and sea level rise are manifesting themselves in more damaging ways to cities. How can cities rethink their infrastructural networks established in a pre-climate change era.

RETARDING BASINS

CHANNELS

RIVULET

PG - 137

BIBLIOGRPHY

WEBSITES:

BOOKS:

<http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc. edu/%28Gh%29/guides/mtr/cld/home. rxml>

Foucault, M 1986, The Order of Things, Pantheon Books, New York, USA.

<http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weatherwind.htm> Lake Croangamite. <http://cgcs.mit. edu/research/focus-areas/land-surfacehydrology-and-hydrology-vegetationcoupling/> <http://tism.cecc.com.au/clients/ccma/ ccma_knowledge_base/> <http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/azso/ body.1_div.1.html> Information on storms. <http://www. c o o l g e o g r a p h y. c o . u k / A - l e v e l / A Q A / Year%2013/Weather%20and%20climate/ Microclimates/Urban_climates.htm> Bureau of Meteorology, Australia. <http:// www.bom.gov.au> Weather data for Port Phillip council. <http://www.baywx.com> <http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/class/ thndstr.html> Carlisle S. and Pevzner, N on the ‘Deep Section’. <http://landscapeurbanism.com/ article/the-performative-ground/> < h t t p : / / w w w. a r o . n e t / # / p r o j e c t s / risingcurrents> Terreform 1 < http://www.oneprize.org/ >

Deleuze, G 2002, The Logic of Sensation, The University of Minesota, USA. Desvigne, M 2008, Natures intermédiaires: Les paysages de Michel Desvigne, Birkhäuser Architecture, Germany. Agence Ter 2008, Territories, Birkhäuser Architecture, Germany. Corner J 1999, Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture, Princeton Architectural Press, USA. Sean Lally, 2008, Energy: New Material Boundaries Rajchman, J., Construction: Grounds ESSAYS: The texture of diagram, Pia Ednie-Brown Landscapes of change, Sandford Kwinter Davis, B 2012, ‘Mycorrhizal Extrastructures, mycelial urbanisms’, Kerb, no. 19. Corner, J., The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critiques and Invention

PG - 139

APPENDIX

Macro

Meso

Micro Previous Studio: Friction. Understandning Lake Eyre through ground and atmosphere at multiple scales in order to enable design.