ECO-INCUBATION OF HUANGHUA PORT land reclamation + wetland+ fish farm
s3339932 Karol Xiaoyu Liu
1
ECO-INCUBATION OF HUANGHUA PORT land reclamation + wetland+ fish farm
A
s3339932 Karol Xiaoyu Liu Š Copyright 2013. RMIT University
Title:
Eco-incubation of Huanghua Port
Sub Title:
land reclamation + wetland+ fish farm
Research Question:
How to design landscape infrastructures in order to re-balance the damaged ecology?
Sub Questions:
How to design a new livable city topology that supports port development and simultaneously mitigates sea pollution using wetland plants and sea creatures at Huanghua Port? How could coastal construction benefit people’s quality of life through an integrated system of urban ecology and government policy for Huanghua City?
Abstract Huanghua Port, located along the coast of Bohai Bay, China, is an important part of the Bohai economy rim. To accelerate development, the government has commenced a land reclamation project at the port. However, land reclamation has many negative effects on the eco-system, especially when there is a serious pollution problem. The proposed land reclamation plan of the port needs to be improved, and the sea pollution problem needs to be mitigated. Due to the widespread of the pollution source, mitigating the pollution problem at the source becomes impossible for just one project. Mitigating pollution only around the port area might become a start for the huge bay pollution mitigating task. The current situation in China is that government policy ( determined by political force) regulates all the ecological elements (i.e. nutrients, water and pollutants), people’s quality of life, and the economy (i.e. profit, labor, import and export). In this project, the integration of this government policy regulated system is considered as a criterion of the design tests. This project aims to design infrastructures that could mitigate the pollution problem, re-balance the ecology and, at the same time, support the port development, benefit the economy, and improve people’s quality of life, which result in a new livable city typology. The method of this project analyses the government policy regulated system at Huanghua Port, designs a scenario to integrate it, uses the ‘system’ to critique the scenario, and then make other iterations. The project reveals that bio-filtration infrastructures could support wetland plants and sea creatures to mitigate the sea pollution problem at the site, reduce the negative effects of land reclamation, and support the port development to promote the economy developing. City scale bio-filter infrastructures provide the possibility of a port becoming a new type of city, which meets the government requirements and living requirements. It is anticipated that this project might be achieved through the design of a long-term staged master plan or ‘incubation plan’ for Huanghua Port. Such a plan could become a new dream city to live in and have real economical, ecological and social benefits for the old city.
Key words: bio-filter, incubation, government policy, land reclamation, wetland, fish farm
TITLE
balanced development of Bohai Bay
RESEARCH QUESTION
How to develop sea reclamation port for economical use at Huanghua Port, Bohai Bay?
page 11-13
1 PROJECT
sustainable development of Huanghua Port
page 14-23
How can ecological approach to the design of Huanghua Port produce economical benefits?
page 24-25
positioning within the discourse of LA
identifications government policy in China design research process
precedents in China precedents in other countries
page 36-37
2
INTRODUCTION
introduction
page 26-35
who am I & what I want to do & why am I doing this
passion aim significance
PROJECT FRAMEWO
site brief
position scale economical significance production
analysis of government policy regulated system
government economic requirements ecological requirements social requirements
PRECEDENTS
Land Reclamation Project at Tianjin Port ZEEKRACHT, Netherlands, the North Sea, 2008 Oyster Tecture
Auckland Waterfront
The Political Ecology of Ecological Urbanism, Paul Robbins
ORK
eco-political incubation of Huanghua Port
How to balance the flows of ecological elements and the flows of value and cost in political ecology of Huanghua Port?
page 42-55
page 56-59
page 60-61
How to consider the design of landscape infrastructure in order to simultaneously address the ecology, and the urban political ecology?
page 62-71
page 72-83
2`1
ecological infrastructures pollution problem
wetland plants
pollution source
trees
sediments
bushes
wind
emergent aquatic plants
ecological incubation
initial idea of stages
wetland park
shell filter basin
tests of river channel changing
bionics_ Ark shell water filtering principles filter basin structures water quality analysis
floating plants
Haixing wetland
Oyster Tecture
eco-incubation of Huanghua Port
TITLE
RESEARCH QUESTION
How to design landscape infrastructure in order to re-balance the damaged ecology?
page 88-95
page 96-97
page 98-101
2`2 port design scenario 1
area of different kinds of zones ship sizes & number of berth economic statistics
PRECEDENTS
initial idea of economy development
page 108-109
2`3
economic infrastructures PROJECT government requirements & economic incubation
page 104-107
programmatic infrastructure port life cycle after combining filter basin
port design scenario 2 port design scenario 3 analysis of life cycle & incubation
analysis of people’s needs
needs of local residents
programmatic incubation
initial idea of quality of life at port
page 110-125
page 126-129
page 130-131
page 132-133
3 4 CONCLUSION
es key moments experiences
basin side fish market basin side green corridor river side green corridor & wetland park
Auckland Waterfront
incubation system
time line of incubation 2014 - 2040 ...
conclusion/projection
bibliography
problems
government policy
regulates
ecology
economy
river-ocean water system
serious pollution
mitigate pollution problem
biodiversity
intertidal wetland disappeared
intertidal wetland recovery
habitats for water birds disappeared
water birds habitats recovery
habitats for sea creatures occupied
sea creatures habitats recovery
Huanghua Port
government land reclamation project (negative effects)
improve government plan
salt factory
affected by pollution problem
cleaner salt product
fish farm
quality of life
emotional needs
living needs
cleaner seafood products
no green space near by
green space at port
surrounding area polluted
cleaner surroundings
salt water seafood
clean salt clean water clean seafood
shelter
live near pollution area
transport
no passenger terminal at port
clean & beautiful place to live
clothing
shopping centre far away
food
passenger terminal
shopping centre at port
design approaches bio-filter infrastructure
ambitions _ criteria sea pollutants
sea water quality
shell filter basin
river pollutants (main source)
river water quality
river side filter wetland plants
ecological infrastructures
intertidal wetland vegetation plating
allow sea water flow through the port area
port basin
number of berth transport logistics area storage area
port function area
economic infrastructures
sea water pipe connecting filter basin & salt pan
walking jogging cycling
sea water quality river water quality
enlarge port more commercial land
in fresh air at beautiful place
basin side green corridor river side green corridor wetland park fish market
shell self picking fishing seafood restaurants
protection forests around port & factory area residential area near wetland park
programmatic infrastructures
INTRODUCTION positioning
1
INTRODUCTION
landscape infrastructure
a methodology that expands the performance parameters of a designed landscape to a multifunctional, high performance system, including those systems originally ascribed to traditional infrastructure
bio-filter infrastructure Biofiltration is a pollution control technique using living material to capture and biologically degrade process pollutants bio-filter infrastructure in this project refers to the landscape infrastructure that has the bio-filtering function
ecology
the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other and with their abiotic environment
economy
An economy or economic system consists of the production, distribution or trade, and consumption of limited goods and services by different agents in a given geographical location
quality of life references the general well-being of individuals and societies standard indicators of the quality of life include not only wealth and employment but also the built environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure time, and social belonging 11 Wikipedia. 2013. Main Page. [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki [Accessed: 24 Oct 2013]
INTRODUCTION
political force
government policy
ecology
economy
taxpayers
smaller
larger
citizen
large companies
problem_ pollution
need customers
people’s quality of life The government policy regulates all the components in Chinese society, e.g. the ecology, the economy and people’s quality of life. The government policy is decided by political force and the voice from taxpayers. The political force is the determinant. However, nowadays, the voice from taxpayers arouse more regards by the government, because of the growing influence of media. The government want to achieve the rapid development of economy and simultaneously get good evaluation from media.
12
INTRODUCTION
design research process
analyse
criteria
the government policy regulated system, including the ecological elements (i.e. nutrients, water and pollutants), people’s quality of life, and the economy (i.e. profit, labor, import and export)
criticise
design scenario for economy
criticise
design scenario for ecology
criticise
design scenario for quality of life
comprehensive scenario 1
analyse
comprehensive scenario 2
criticise
bionic principles water filtering function of ark shell
comprehensive scenario 3
sea water bio-filter scenario
criticise
river water bio-filter scenario
13
INTRODUCTION PRECEDENT_ Land Reclamation Project at Tianjin Port
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Tianjin 14
INTRODUCTION
port project in China
The Port of Tianjin, formerly known as the Port of Tanggu, is the largest port in Northern China and the main maritime gateway to Beijing. The Port is located on the western shore of the Bohai Bay, centred on the estuary of the Haihe River, 170 km south east of Beijing and 60 km east of Tianjin city. It is the largest man-made port in mainland China, and one of the largest in the world. It covers 121 square kilometres of land surface, with over 31.9 km of quay shoreline and 151 production berths at the end of 2010. Land reclamation project at Tianjin Port has been started since 1993. By 2010, the area of reclamated land had reached 312.78 square kilometres. The project is still continuing. After land reclamation project, the speed of throughput growth is faster. However, the 20 years is too short for such a large area of new land. The pollution problem here is getting more and more serious. 15
INTRODUCTION PRECEDENT_ ZEEKRACHT, Netherlands, the North Sea, 2008
http://oma.eu/projects/2008/zeekracht By OMA Š All rights reserved
16
INTRODUCTION
marine project in Netherlands
Primary components of the Zeekracht masterplan include an Energy Super-Ring of offshore wind farms - the main infrastructure for energy supply, efficient distribution, and strategic growth; the Production Belt - the on-land industrial and institutional infrastructure supporting manufacturing and research; the Reefs - integrating ecology and industry by stimulating existing marine life alongside wind turbines and other installations; and an International Research Centre - promoting cooperation, innovation and shared scientific development. Unlike the usual planning methods based on least-conflict zoning, the masterplan suggests a multi-dimensional approach based on optimizing potential. The productivity and profitability of offshore wind farms can be enhanced if they synthesize with existing North Sea activities such as shipping and oil and gas extraction - and new programs such as eco stimulation and tourism. The North Sea countries are uniquely positioned to pursue, promote and benefit from research and development in offshore renewable energies - from wind to wave to tidal to biomass. By pooling resources and intelligence, the North Sea countries can advance these technologies far beyond today’s standards and create a renewable energy infrastructure that places Europe at the forefront of the 21st century’s most critical industry. The comprehensive system in this project includes lots of conponents that all linked by the energy system. All the other elements in the system are supported by the energy ring. Wind energy is clean and does not need much maintenance, which makes the whole system quite sustainable. The idea of using new type of energy as the infrastructure of other landscape architecture designs is worth learning. The sea transport at Bohai Bay is very crowed, so there might not be enough space for wind energy farm. However, many things could be used for energy if there is suitable technology. For example, the organs inside the ark shells could be used as biofuel.
17
INTRODUCTION
18
INTRODUCTION
SCAPE, http://www.scapestudio.com/projects/oyster-tecture
bio-filter project in USA The project Oyster Tecture uses oysters to clean up the polluted water in Brooklyn river. The project aims to mitigate the pollution, protect the city from sea level rising, and restore marine habitats. The idea of this project comes from the process within a oyster and the life circle of it. The bionic idea is fantastic, though the project is ‘just the start of movement’ . However, the project use all the organs of oyster as structures with bio-filter function. The real principle of what kind of structure achieves the filtering function is missing in this project. It the gill system that has the particle selection function. The gill system could choose the particles within water which are suitable for the oyster to eat, which could be understood as filtering process.
PRECEDENT_ Oyster Tecture
19
INTRODUCTION PRECEDENT_ Auckland waterfront
20
INTRODUCTION
T.C.L. http://www.tcl.net.au/projects/masterplans/auckland-waterfront-
port project in Auckland The Auckland waterfront project combines the experience of green space and the experience of a port. The project provides the opportunity for people to be close to the port, and allows port facilities to become part of landscape design. The way this project making a port become multifunctional is worth to learn. However, considering the situation in China, many parts of a port are dangerous for people to visit. Selecting which part of the port to become multifunctional needs to be considered very carefully.
21
INTRODUCTION PRECEDENT_ The Political Ecology of Ecological Urbanism, Paul Robbins
Political ecology is the study of the relationships between political, economic and social factors with environmental issues and changes. Political ecology differs from apolitical ecological studies by politicizing environmental issues and phenomena. “Urban political ecology is essentially an empirical effort to assess the social and political forces that regulate and direct the simultaneous flows of ecological elements (i.e., nutrients, water, shade, pollutants, information) and the flows of value and cost (i.e., profit, labor, amenities, sufferings) that emanate from the changing configuration of cities.” (Robbins, 2004). Political ecology’s broad scope and interdisciplinary nature lends itself to multiple definitions and understandings. However, common assumptions across the field give it relevance. Raymond L. Bryant and Sinéad Bailey have developed three fundamental assumptions in practicing political ecology: _First, costs and benefits associated with environmental change are distributed unequally. Changes in the environment do not affect society in a homogenous way: political, social, and economic differences account for uneven distribution of costs and benefits. _Second, this unequal distribution inevitably reinforces or reduces existing social and economic inequalities. In this assumption, political ecology runs into inherent political economies as “any change in environmental conditions must affect the political and economic status quo.” (Bryant and Bailey, 1997). _Third, the unequal distribution of costs and benefits and the reinforcing or reducing of pre-existing inequalities holds political implications in terms of the altered power relationships that now result. In addition, political ecology attempts to provide critiques as well as alternatives in the interplay of the environment and political, economic and social factors. Robbins asserts that the discipline has a “normative understanding that there are very likely better, less coercive, less exploitative, and more sustainable ways of doing things” (2004).
22
INTRODUCTION
From these assumptions, political ecology can be used to: _inform policymakers and organizations of the complexities surrounding environment and development, thereby contributing to better environmental governance. _understand the decisions that communities make about the natural environment in the context of their political environment, economic pressure, and societal regulations. _look at how unequal relations in and among societies affect the natural environment, especially in context of government policy.
Before reading this essay, I considered ecology, economy and quality of life separately. Applying this theory to the current situation in China, I consider these three as components in one large system, the eco-political system. In this system, political force regulates all the other elements. Those elements, at the same time, relate to and affect each other. e.g. fish farm, wetland, salt pan and port all have economical, ecological and social benefits. Pollution problem has negative effects on all the elements. Additionally, these are all regulated by political force.
23
INTRODUCTION PASSION, AIM, SIGNIFICANCE
I am a girl grown up at a place with high density, great pressure and serious pollution, that is China. I want to make a difference by studying Landscape Architecture. Due to political reasons, Chinese government consider economy above everything, which leads to the result that we always pay the price of high pollution and other damages to the environment. The beautiful hometown and cheap fresh sea food in my childhood memory have already gone. Being a local resident, I want to live a healthy life with no pollution, have fresh sea food, and have my beautiful hometown, Huanghua back. As a landscape architect, I want to achieve a balance between appropriate rapid economy development and better quality of life .
24
INTRODUCTION
The current situation in China is that all the ports along east coastline are doing or planning to do land reclamation projects. The diagram above shows the general way of how these projects build an ecological port. The ideas are not showing how they really achieve port construction in an ecological way, but just talking about things generally. In fact it contributes nothing to ecological port projects.
25
PROJECT FRAMEWORK
2
PROJECT FRAMEWORK
_comprehensive system on site analysis
chapter 1 _ ecology ecological infrastructures
chapter 2 _ economy economic infrastructures
chapter 3_ quality of life programmatic infrastructures
_ incubation system
27
SITE BRIEF
38°19’30“N / 117°52‘30”E
Huanghua Port
Bohai Bay Huanghua port is located in Cangzhou City, Hebei Province, about 90 km east of the coast of the Bohai area, also at the at junction of Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong as well as in the middle of the Bohai area circle ,position 38°19’30“N / 117°52‘30”E. The Bohai Bay is ringed by several major ports, the Port of Tianjin, the Port of Tangshan Caofeidian, the Port of Jingtang and the Port of Huanghua, making the Bay into a very crowded waterway. Land reclamation in Tianjin and in Caofeidian have greatly changed the littoral zone, and destroyed much of the area’s wetlands.
China 28
SITE BRIEF
The Bohai Economic Rim (BER) or Bohai Bay Economic Rim is the economic hinterland surrounding Beijing and Tianjin. It also includes areas in Hebei, Liaoning and Shandong which surrounds the Bohai Sea. The Bohai Economic Rim has traditionally been involved in heavy industries and manufacturing. Tianjin’s strengths have always been in aviation, logistics and shipping. Beijing complements this with strong petrochemical, education and R&D industries. The area is becoming a significant growth cluster for the automobile, electronics, petrochemical sectors, especially with Shenyang’s automotive industry, software and aircraft, Dalian attracting foreign investments in manufacturing and Qingdao for its health services.
Bohai Economy Rim
The Chinese central government has made it a priority to integrate all the cities in the Bohai Bay rim and foster economic development. This includes building an advanced communications network, better highways, increased education and scientific resources as well as tapping natural resources off the Bohai rim. In recent decades, petroleum and natural gas deposits have been discovered in Bo Hai.
jinzhou yingkou
huludao qinhuangdao
Beijing
tangshan tianjin huanghua
dalian
longkou
weihai
yantai
qingdao
29
SITE BRIEF
Current production & resources
Salt Pan & Salt Factory_ Changlu Salt Factory(national largest)
30
SITE BRIEF
Current production & resources
Habitats of near shore sea creatures & Famous Huanghua Sea food
31
SITE BRIEF
Current production & resources
Nandagang wetland
Huanghua Port
Haixing wetland
Reservoir side wetland (plants & birds)
32
ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED GOVERNMENT PLAN
Proposed Government Plan
area for possible future use north main road
shipside working area
logistics area shipside working area
coastal road
area for future development
port basin 3 port train station
middle main road
logistics area shipside working area port basin 2 shipside working area logistics area shipside working area port basin 1 shipside working area
south main road coal machining area
logistics&storage area
http://www.huanghua.gov.cn
logistics area coal port
Shenhua Group
33
ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED GOVERNMENT PLAN
Government plan
Area (km²)
Shipside working area Storage & logistics area Comprehensive service area Area for possible future use Total reclamation land
17 8.55 2.34 35.75 63.64
Re-draw of Proposed Government Plan
anchorage area
axis of sea route shipping channel
salt pan
34
POSITIVE & NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF LAND RECLAMATION
_positive effects
_negative effects
_more land for economy development
_slow down the distribution of pollutants
_man made scenery
_occupy the habitats of near shore sea creatures _change the coastal drainage system _ damage ocean ecology _might cause decrease of nearby coastline
There are much more negative effects of land reclamation than positive ones. However, unfortunately the decision of addressing land reclamation project at Huanghua Port is made by the government, which could not be changed.
35
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
government policy regulated system positive negative
fish farm
negative effect on seafood quality
problem _pollution
water clean sell seafood fishing tickets water clean
eco-tourism education
ecology
water clean water clean bird habitats micro climate
government policy
negative effect on plants growth
people’s quality of life wetland
eco-tourism education
slow down distribution of pollutants
36
sell plants tourism tickets
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
negative effect on salt quality
salt pan
possibility of wetland
sell salt
_success
economy
the relationship among all the elements in the system basic need
how could the elements produce economic, ecological and social benefits
improve port throughput negative effect on sea route
more working opportunities
_failure
port basin land reclamation
hierarchy unclear
37
chapter 1 ecology
ECOLOGY
ecological infrastructure
2.1
ecology
40
river-ocean water system
serious pollution
mitigate pollution problem
biodiversity
intertidal wetland disappeared
intertidal wetland recovery
habitats for water birds disappeared
water birds habitats recovery
habitats for sea creatures occupied
sea creatures habitats recovery
sea pollutants
sea water quality
shell filter basin
river pollutants (main source)
river water quality
river side filter wetland plants
ecological infrastructures
intertidal wetland vegetation plating
allow sea water flow through the port area
41
ECOLOGY
POLLUTION
current situation of pollution at Bohai Bay (22% by 2010)
C _ chemical N _ nitrogen P _ phosphorus O _ oil
NPC
NP
NP CN
NPO
pollutants at Huanghua Port (100% near shore)
N P C
42
ECOLOGY
Due to the widespread of the pollution source, mitigating the pollution problem at the source becomes impossible for just one project. Mitigating pollution only around the port area might become a start for the huge bay pollution mitigating task.
After comparing the positions of the main rivers running into Bohai Bay and the serious pollution areas, it could be known that the source of pollutants is from the catchment of main rivers. Ocean current has the function of distributing near shore pollutants.
source of pollutants _ catchment of main rivers self cleaning distribution _ ocean current
Liao River
Luan River
coastline
Hai River
Daqing River
Yongding River
Zhangwei River
ocean current
Dakou River Luanwei River Yellow River
43
ECOLOGY
The force from ocean current and the force from wind will affect the movement of sediment and pollutants within sea water.
ocean current
winter & spring
summer & autumn
winter & spring
summer & autumn
wind
44
ECOLOGY
speed of polluting > speed of distributing
After further research about the distribution of pollutants at Bohai Bay, it is clear that the distribution of pollutants is affected by ocean current and wind, which are different in winter and summer. Due to the speed of polluting is faster than the speed of distributing, the pollution problem at Bohai Bay is becoming more and more serious.
distribution of pollutants
winter & spring
summer & autumn
45
ECOLOGY
SEDIMENTS
The adjective “yellow� describes the perennial colour of the muddy water in the lower course of the river, which arises from soil (loess) being carried downstream. The middle stream of the Yellow River passes through the Loess Plateau, where substantial erosion takes place. The large amount of mud and sand discharged into the river makes the Yellow River the most sediment-laden river in the world. The highest recorded annual level of silts discharged into the Yellow River is 3.91 billion tons in 1933. sediments source _ Yellow River
46
ECOLOGY
Movement of sediments is affected by ocean current and wind, especially wind.
sediments motion analysis Haird, http://www.baird.com/what-we-do/ project/harbour-sedimentation
sediments movement at port
numerical analysis 47
ECOLOGY
possibility proportion of wind 38°19’30“N / 117°52‘30”E
NW
NNE
NNW
NE ENE
WNW W Strongest wind: E Second strongest wind: ENE
E
WSW
ESE SE
Most frequent wind: E Second most frequent wind: SW
SW
SSW S proportion
Wind 1-‐3 l evel level Number Frequency Wind of times (%) direction N 364 4.2 NNE 201 2.3 NE 389 4.4 ENE 238 2.7 E 429 0.9 ESE 255 2.9 SE 416 4.7 SSE 315 3.6 S 541 6.2 SSW 332 3.8 SW 525 6.0 WSW 263 3.0 W 331 3.8 WNW 148 1.7 NW 292 3.3 NNW 242 2.8 C 48 Total 5281 60.3
SSE
1-3 level 4-5 level ≥6 level
legend
4-‐5 level
≥6 level
Total
Number Frequency Number Frequency Number Frequency of times (%) of times (%) of times (%) 154 139 221 269 390 181 150 181 223 168 304 87 109 111 188 128 3003
1.8 1.6 2.5 3.1 4.5 2.1 1.7 2.1 2.5 1.9 3.5 1.0 1.2 1.3 2.1 1.5 34.3
12 16 61 103 104 7 1 8 3 17 32 1 5 22 19 15 426
0.1 0.2 0.7 1.2 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 4.9
530 356 671 610 923 443 567 504 767 517 861 351 445 281 499 385 50 8760
6.1 4.1 7.7 7.0 10.5 5.1 6.5 5.8 8.8 5.9 9.8 4.0 5.1 3.2 5.7 4.4 0.6 100
ECOLOGY
WIND more frequent strong wind in winter & spring
winter & spring
Month Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Winter & Spring summary May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Summer & Autumn summary Total
summer & autumn Wind speed (1991-‐2002)
≥6 level 25 9 11 12 43 50
≥7 level 22 5 8 10 30 38
≥8 level 7 0 1 2 6 15
≥9 level 2 0 0 0 3 0
38 16 6 10 14 18
26 12 4 8 10 15
10 3 0 3 2 6
3 0 1 0 0 1
150
102 252
113
75
188
31
22 55
5
5
10
49
ECOLOGY sediments movements are mostly influenced by strong wind E wind
sediments distribution line
2008.3.11 sediments distribution NE wind
sediments distribution line
2006.11.22-23 sediments distribution N wind
sediments distribution line
2008.2.22-23 sediments distribution 50
protection sea wall
protect from
ECOLOGY
The Western Coast of the Bohai Bay is typical muddy plain coast. The sea water contains lots of sediments. As a result, the protection sea wall is an important part of the port that could reduce the deposition of sediments or the mud filling up so as to accommodate large container shipments. The existing protection sea walls have specific angle to the ocean current and wind, which has been used for more than 10 years. It turned out to be suitable to the ocean current and wind at this area. Consequently, new protection sea walls should follow this angle.
sediments (all season) sea ice (winter)
J.-M. Zhang , J.H.Zhang , G.Wang , Y.Chen, 2008. Stability of jetties for channel protection in soft soils at Huanghua Port. Ocean Engineering 35:1716–1726. 51
ECOLOGY
pollutants NPC
distribution of pollutants
52
ECOLOGY
movements of sediment and pollutants
sediments are the carriers & storages of pollutants
winter & spring
summer & autumn 53
ECOLOGY
Value of wetland
value type economical value ecological value
social value Local vegetation
animal products plant products agricultural products
Haixing is a small town next to Huanghua Port. There is a protected wetland area near the local reservoir, Yangcheng Reservoir. Due to the distance, the local vegetation in Haixing is similar to that in Huanghua. The salt pan side wetland plants in this area are salt tolerant and could be used at the port. According to Zhang Haiyan(2009), Haixing Wetland has economical, ecological and social benefits to the city.
water cleaning micro climate improving soil quality improving habitats of other creatures education tourism
bush
grass marsh plants
water plants Zhang Haiyan, 2009, Ecosystem function and evaluation of mixed coastal wetland _ A case study of Haixing Wetland
Haixing wetland protected area
Yangcheng Reservoir
200m
54
Haixing wetland
ECOLOGY
TREES local and salt tolerant trees
Robinia pseudoacacia
Amorpha fruticosa
Ailanthus altissima
Salix matsudana Koidz.
55
ECOLOGY
BUSHES local and salt tolerant bushes
Suaeda glauca
Salix inamoena Hand-Mazz.
Tamarix chinensis
56
Setaria viridis
ECOLOGY Cyperus orthoslachyus
potamogeton distinctus
EMERGENT AQUATIC PLANTS local and salt tolerant wetland plants
Phragmites australis
Potamogeton pusillus
Juncus effuses Lemna minor
Typha spp.
FLOATING PLANTS
57
ECOLOGY The initial idea of ecology
40km
0
stage 0_ current situation river
fish port reservoir and wetland
10km
Huanghua Port coastline
enlarge reservoir side wetland
linear river side wetland
58
stage 1_ 5 years after
0
10km
ECOLOGY
intertidal zone wetland
0
10km
stage 2_ 10 years after
fish farm
0
10km
stage 3_ 15 years after
59
ECOLOGY
intertidal zone vegetation root system & water levels
_the root system of wetland plants has the water filtration function _the root underground and the crown above ground have the same size
intertidal zone tide current coast
1
ocean high water
2
3
4
low water 1 2 3 4 are different levels of root system depth 60
ECOLOGY
The Western Coast of the Bohai Bay is typical muddy plain coast. The coastal zone is broad and flat and the morphology is single. The beach strand is situated the long and narrow intertidal zone between land and sea, which is the important component of the coastal zone. It is general recognized the beach area from the coastline to the theoretical bathy-metrical datum plane, which is located between zero contour lines and bared at low tide. There used to be natural intertidal wetland before. Due to human activities, it disappeared. The recovery design of the intertidal wetland aims to use the water cleaning function of wetland plants to mitigate the pollution problem, and bring back the wetland in history.
1 2 3 4 are different levels of root system depth
ocean current & tide
low water
high water 1 1 3
2
4
1 3
2
4 road
1 3
4
2
1
4
61
ECOLOGY Re-think about riverine wetland plants and surface flow
Ailanthus altissima Robinia pseudoacacia Salix matsudana Koidz.
Amorpha fruticosa Tamarix chinensis Salix inamoena Hand-Mazz. Suaeda glauca
Lemna minor Juncus effuses
Cyperus orthoslachyus Phragmites australis
up land forest 62
steep slope
ground water discharge
over-bank flooding
over-ba flood d
ECOLOGY
Imppeerata culindricvar Typha spp.
Setaria viridis
Potamogeton pusillus
Phragmites australis
Potamogeton distinctus Certophyllum demersum
ank deposit
stream channel
over-bank flood deposit
ground water discharge
gradual slope
63
ECOLOGY
try best to let the river water meet with wetland plants root system
wetland
surface flow area
embankment
existing condition
river 2 260m wide river 1 130m wide
64
ECOLOGY
determining ideal river batter balance between plant growth requirements & water flow requirements 0
20m
slope 1:1
0
20m
slope 1:2
20m
slope 1:7
0
0
20m
slope 1:14
option 1
option 2
option 7
option 14 0
20m
slope 1:15
option 15
65
ECOLOGY
determining ideal river channel try best to let the river water meet with wetland plants root system option 1
option 2
option 3
option 4
option 1 + 1:3
66
_the water in river 2 is three times of that in river 1
ECOLOGY
before
after
67
ECOLOGY scenario 1 0
1
2
3km
0
1
2
3km
_the water in river 2 might flood the wetland area
scenario 2
_design a new lake to store possible flood water 68
ECOLOGY
the process of change of river channel
existing condition
1st year
land reclamation
2nd year
dig river channel
3rd year
lead water into new river channel
4th year
block up the old estuaries
5th year
69
ECOLOGY
Ark Shell is one of the most famous sea food products at Huanghua Port. It can live in the muddy water condition of Bohai Bay, and has the bio-filtration function. These two are the main reasons that why Ark Shell has been chosen as the exampke of bionics.
Ark Shell Scapharca subcrenata
70
ECOLOGY
organs inside ark shell heart
skeleton
reproductive organs body cavity
kidney
liver stomach
muscles mouth
brain
anus
mouth lips gills mantle
intestine innervation foot
gill system and digestion system
gill section & gill system gill cavity
connection between gill plate connection between gill filament vessel
gill upper cavity
gill cavity opening
muscle anus water outlet water inlet
gill ostiole mantle cavity gill filament lips
mantle
71
ECOLOGY particle selection process
1 Ark shell
1 hour
1 day=24 hours
filter 2-3 litres of water
filter 48-72 litres of water
chemical nitrogen phosphorus oil water with pollutants
72
cleaner water
ECOLOGY existing condition
shell filter basin
0
1
scenario 1 2
3km
73
ECOLOGY A B
B A
structures with the same function of shell lips
A-A section 0
B-B section
0
A-zoom in section
B-zoom in section
0
_large stones & sediments stay outside _sea creatures swim through _water floats through
74
20m
8m
100m
ECOLOGY
structure for shell growth under water
diversion dam filter basin
shell harvest machine
C
C
fish market area
port for ferries & fishing ships
shell structures
0
1000m
75
ECOLOGY sections of shell filter basin
high water
low water shell structures structure for shell living in water structure for shell living in mud
in water in mud C-zoom in section
0
0
5
10m
200m
C-C section
0
200m
shell harvest machine
C-C section shell harvest time
shell harvest machines can pull the shell growth structures out of water
76
ECOLOGY
top view of shell growth structure (sticks) 0
40m
diversion dam
77
ECOLOGY
Bohai Bay contour map
Huanghua Port contour map a large area at sea level reason for existing of salt pan
78
ECOLOGY coastal drainage system
79
ECOLOGY
water quality poor
good water inlet for salt pan pipe
5th year
10th year
15th year
winter
winter
winter
summer
summer
summer
80
ECOLOGY
water quality analysis
Due to the directions of ocean current are different in winter and summer, the water quality is different at basin and bay area. Each basin has a water inlet for the salt pan pipe. Every season open the water inlet that connecting to the basin with cleanest water.
port construction finish
water filtration continue
20th year
25th year
N th year
winter
winter
winter
summer
summer
summer
81
chapter 2 economy
economical infrastructure
2.2
economy
Huanghua Port
government land reclamation project (negative effects)
improve government plan
salt factory
affected by pollution problem
cleaner salt product
fish farm
84
cleaner seafood products
number of berth transport logistics area storage area
port basin port function area
economic infrastructures
sea water pipe connecting filter basin & salt pan
85
ECOLOGY
The proposed government plan considered the relationship with the nearby rivers, and the relationship between transport system inside the port and existing transport system near the port.
river
86
road
ECOLOGY angle with wind
angle with current
The proposed government plan failed to considered the angle between the protection jetty of the port and the ocean current, and the angle between the protection jetty of the port and the wind. As a result, the protection jetty would bare more force and might need maintenance more frequently. 87
ECONOMY
According to research, the existing protection sea wall has the ideal angle with the wind and ocean current. New ones should be parallel with the old one.
Bay bottom topography determines the position of 14m depth port basin.
Protection sea wall angle and topography lines locate the important points for port design.
88
ECONOMY
Follow the angle of the existing protection sea walls to posit new ones, and consider the influence of topography.
existing sea wall
+
parallel ones
topography lines
coastline
= 89
ECONOMY
outline reclamation area
linking the main roads and transport within the port area
90
ECONOMY
outline zoning
zoning of port basin
91
ECONOMY
Government plan
Area (km²)
Shipside working area 17 Storage & logistics area 8.55 Comprehensive service area 2.34 Area for possible future use 35.75 Total reclamation land 63.64 Comprehensive service area- including area for workers working, living and resting at the port; ship maintenance area; water and energy supply area; sewage treatment area
detail zoning
logistics area
port basin
storage area trade area
92
ECONOMY
Design plan
Area (km²)
Shipside working area 17 Storage & logistics area 8.55 Comprehensive service area 2.34 Area for possible future use 29.33 Factory & biofuel area 1.45 Passenger terminal area 1.5 Total reclamation land 60.17 Filter basin area 25.33 Wetland park area 16 port design based on function_ scenario 1 port basin
protection jetty
different size of ships
railway & road
axis of sea route
turning radius
existing part of port 0
1
2
3km
93
ECONOMY
government requirements of growth of throughput
2015 start Annual throughput (million ton)
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
117
155
190
213
228
Throughput- the amount of freight inputs and outputs at a port
government requirements of growth of ship sizes & berth number (168)
224-168=56 for passenger terminal berth Ship type
Ship size (m)
Length
Width
Height
5000 DWT ship 115 18.8 9.0 10000 DWT ship 135 20.5 11.4 20000 DWT ship 164 25.0 13.5 35000 DWT ship 190 30.4 15.8 50000 DWT ship 223 32.3 17.9 DWT- Deadweight tonnage, an expression of a ship’s carrying capacity
94
Possible number of berth (design) Laden draught 7.0 8.5 9.8 11.2 12.8
403 403 332 286 224
ECONOMY government requirements of economy statistics
Government proposed development from 2010 to 2015 (part of the ‘Key targets of China’s 12th five-year plan’ policy) Index
2010
2015
Annual growth (%)
Gross product Industry growth (100 million yuan) Total revenue (100 million yuan) General revenue (100 million yuan) Fixed assets investment (100 million yuan) Foreign capital investment (100 million dollars) Total foreign trade imports and exports (100 million dollars) Urbanization rate (%) Rural area income per person (yuan) Urban area income per person (yuan) Urban employment increase (10 thousand people) Rural labor transfer (10 thousand people)
2203 807.5
4000 1600
13 ≥15%
271
660
20
91.3
200
18
[4420]
[12000]
20
[8.5]
[17]
20
16.8
38
18
45
54
9
5528
9300
11
Rural area income per person
Urban employment increase
16116
27000
11
4.8
[22.5]
4.
[86.5]
[60]
12
Urban area income per person
Rural labor transfer the 4 closely relating to quality of life are considered in this project
Inside[ ]is the accumulative total number during 5 years 95
ECONOMY The initial idea of economy
450km
stage 0_ current situation
10km
0
Huanghua Port
coastline other city or port
railway(labor, freight, profit) sea route(sea freight, profit)
new railway and stations for salt factory & town centre protection sea wall
96
stage 1_ 5 years after
0
10km
ECONOMY
land reclamation port development
stage 2_ 15 years after 0
10km
fish farm
0
10km
stage 3_ 20 years after
97
ECONOMY scenario 2 combining the port function area and the filter basin
port basin depth_ 14m filter basin depth_ 14m bay average depth_ 15m
0
98
1
2
3km
ECONOMY scenario 3 applying the idea of ‘incubation’, the port ‘grows’ during a long term
port basin depth_ 14m filter basin depth_ 14m bay average depth_ 15m river depth_ 5m
0
1
2
3km
99
ECONOMY
life cycle of Ark Shell
trochophore egg sperm swimming veliger
spawning adult
under mud nursery
ocean nursery
swimming & crawling pediveliger
1.2-1.5 cm juvenile
metamorphosis spat settling
life cycle of Huanghua Port the port ‘grows’ as an Ark Shell
construction material reclamation material material factory
energy biofuel factory shell organs (with toxic) shell skeleton
100
more shells adult shell
ECONOMY stage 1
sediments movements help with the ‘growth’
5th year
winter
summer
winter
summer
winter
summer
winter
summer
winter
summer
sediments gathering area
stage 2
10th year
stage 3
15th year
stage 4
20th year
stage 5
25th year
101
chapter 3
quality of
life
programmatic infrastructure
2.3
quality of life
emotional needs
living needs
104
no green space near by
green space at port
surrounding area polluted
cleaner surroundings
salt water seafood
clean salt clean water clean seafood
shelter
live near pollution area
transport
no passenger terminal at port
clean & beautiful place to live
clothing
shopping centre far away
food
passenger terminal
shopping centre at port
walking jogging cycling
sea water quality river water quality
enlarge port more commercial land
in fresh air at beautiful place
basin side green corridor river side green corridor
programmatic infrastructures
wetland park fish market
shell self picking fishing seafood restaurants
protection forests around port & factory area residential area near wetland park
105
QUALITY OF LIFE
People’s “Flow” between different places village
salt factory Huanghua Port
town centre
port centre
city centre 40km 90km
106
town centre
QUALITY OF LIFE
Analysis of people’s different needs
village
visit relatives for scenery
visit relatives go shopping change for public transport to other cities salt factory
go to work visit relatives for fresh seafood for scenery city centre
go home
for fresh seafood go to work for scenery
town centre
visit relatives go shopping go to work change for public transport to other cities
port centre
visit relatives go shopping change for public transport to other cities
107
QUALITY OF LIFE The initial idea of quality of life
90km
0
stage 0_ current situation
salt factory village city centre
town centre
10km
Huanghua Port
port centre
Shenhua Group(company) school hospital
stage 1_ 5 years after
protection jetty
land reclamation starts, enlarge Shenhua Group, more companies
new railway and stations for salt factory & town centre 0
108
10km
QUALITY OF LIFE
fish farm
new residential area passenger terminal
enlarge port centre new shopping centre and other facilities
linear river side wetland
0
10km
stage 2_ 15 years after
stage 3_ 20 years after
educational wetland eco-park
enlarge reservoir side wetland for eco-park
0
10km
109
QUALITY OF LIFE
shell harvest stage 1 shell growth structures
level 1
shell harvest stage 2
level 2
shell harvest stage 3
level 3
0
110
4m
QUALITY OF LIFE
During shell harvest season, people can take a ship to get close to the shell growth structures, step onto the structure and pick up oyster and ark shell by themselves. The shell harvest machines can pull the shell growth structure out of water. There are three levels on the structures. Each time one level will be at the ship height for people to get onto the structure.
structure that mud and water can go through people can stand on it
Dalian oyster living in water
ark shell living in mud
shell harvest plan
0
4
8m
111
QUALITY OF LIFE
ZOOM IN PLAN basin side fish market & port for ferries and fishing ships
road
shell harvest machine fish market dg
in e
s r ba filte
fish market
low water
e
dg in e
s
r ba
filte
high water
d ena
om e pr
de
ena
om e pr
fish port
0 112
20
40m
QUALITY OF LIFE
SECTION VIEW
section view of fish market at basin side
seafood restaurant
seafood restaurant
selling fish
underground car park
filter basin edge promenade
113
QUALITY OF LIFE
ZOOM IN PLAN
diversion dam green corridor (middle of filter basin)
bridge shell harvest machine
road
r
ido
bai
shell harvest machine
ree
eg
id sn s
rr n co
bridge
high water low water
0 114
20
40m
QUALITY OF LIFE
VIEWS
basin side green corridor
protection forest
buffer area between port area and other areas(protection forest) protecting from possible dust, toxic gas and wind 115
QUALITY OF LIFE 1
square shape section
protection forest
wind direction
2
3
4
116
right-angled triangle shape section
trapezoid shape section
trapezoid with a groove shape section
QUALITY OF LIFE protection forest
best wind protection function
could be used to protect the area from the cold strong wind in winter and spring
good for rise & distribution of toxic gas
could be used between factory area and residential area to protect from air pollution
function between 1 & 2
could be used to protect the area from the cold strong wind in winter and spring and at the same time protect from air pollution
dust block & settlement function
could be used between the coal port area( which might cause coal dust in the air) and other area 117
QUALITY OF LIFE basin side green corridor
cycling jogging
diversion dam green corridor (in the middle of filter basin)
shelter for shell harvest machine
118
walking
jogging cycling
QUALITY OF LIFE
SECTIONS
walking shelter for shell harvest machine
0
cycling jogging
walking
10m
shelter for shell harvest machine
0
10m 119
QUALITY OF LIFE
riverine wetland plants & river side green corridor
cycling
jogging
surface flow area
parkland 120
river side green corridor
walking
QUALITY OF LIFE
SECTION
10m
0
embankment
wetland
wetland for bio- filtration 121
QUALITY OF LIFE
ZOOM IN PLAN
riverine wetland plants & river side green corridor
road
bridge
river side green corridor
riverine wetland plants
river
122
QUALITY OF LIFE
road
basin side green corridor
filter basin
river side green corridor
basin side green corridor
0
20
40m 123
QUALITY OF LIFE
VIEWs
on the river at sunset
124
walking on the river bridge
QUALITY OF LIFE
walking through wetland
driving on the river bridge
125
incubation system
2014
2019
_river channel changing
_wetland park planting
_land reclamation _river channel digging _leading water into new channel _blocking up the old estuaries
_water quality improving
2020
_filter basin & port basin constructing stage 1
_sediments gathering _shell harvesting--shell skeleton--material _water quality improving
2025
_filter basin & port basin constructing stage 2
_sediments gathering _shell harvesting--shell skeleton--material
2030
_filter basin & port basin constructing stage 3
_sediments gathering _shell harvesting--shell skeleton--material _water quality improving
2035
_filter basin & port basin constructing stage 4
_sediments gathering _shell harvesting--shell skeleton--material _water quality improving
2040
_filter basin & port basin constructing stage 5
_sediments NOT gathering _shell harvesting--shell skeleton--material _water quality improving
_water quality improving
127
INCUBATION MASTER PLAN
reservoir
Zhongjie Town
factory area
Huanghua City
villages
Haixing Town
128
Melbourne CBD
village
town
city
area
1.2 km2
1.9 km2
8.9 km2
22 km2
population
28,371
39,000
73,000
180,000
protection sea wall
shell filter basin
axis of sea route
port basin salt pans wetland park Huanghua Port
salt factory port centre
0
1
2
3km
reservoir
Haixing wetland 129
CONCLUSION
projection
3
Huanghua Port, located at my hometown Huanghua City, China, is an important part of the Bohai economy rim. Damaging the environment and developing the economy at the same time is a huge problem in my hometown. To accelerate development, the government has commenced a land reclamation project at the port, which is making the damaged ecology even worse. Aiming to re-balance the ecology and meet the government requirements of port development, the project has been researching about landscape infrastructures design. In China, there is a policy -- ‘Economy development is above everything.’ As a result, although people know the importance of sustainability, most less developed small cities always choose the fastest way of developing to make a huge progress. The ‘fastest’ way has caused serious pollution all round China, especially along the catchments of the rivers that running into the Bohai Bay, which is the main source of the bay pollution. Due to the widespread of the pollution source, mitigating the pollution problem at the source becomes impossible for just one project. This project has tried to mitigate pollution only around the port area, which might become a start for the huge bay pollution mitigating task. During the design research process of this project, it was hard to define the complex government policy regulated system[1] (including ecology, economy and quality of life). At first, the theory of political ecology (Paul Robbins[2], 2004) was introduced to try to describe the system. However, it was difficult to provide a specificity to this theory in the context of the research, and it did not assist with the definition of the system. After rethinking about the situation in China, the word ‘politics’ was changed to ‘policy’, which helped a lot with keeping the project focusing on landscape architecture. When analysing the government policy regulated system, the design scenarios were only operating at an extra large scale and were too diagrammatic. After rethinking about the precedent Oyster Tecture, bionics became the zoom in point for the project. In Oyster Tecture, each part of the project represents one of the organs within an oyster, no matter whether it has a filtration function or not. In this project, the principle of how an ark shell filters water was analysed. The gill system and the digestion system have water filtering and particle selecting functions. It was the principle of the bionic process, not the literal anatomy of the ark shell, that was helpful. The reality in China is that all the ports along east coastline are doing or planning to do land reclamation projects. Although these projects promise ecological ports, they still contribute little to the mitigation of pollution problem all around China. City scale bio-filter infrastructures have not been used in port construction developments in China to date. If the body of design research of this project can be integrated with port construction development in the future, people will experience the benefits, and the government will be aware that mitigating pollution and protecting the environment do not slow down the economic developments. I hope that this will be a catalyst for China to start to find a rapid and more positive way of developing. [1] government policy regulated system: 131 including the ecological elements (i.e. nutrients, water and pollutants), people’s quality of life, and the economy (i.e. profit, labor, import and export) [2] Paul Robbins 2004. The Political Ecology of Ecological Urbanism.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
4
FANG Yue, FANG Guo-hong, ZHANG Qing-hua, 2000. NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND DYNAMIC STUDY OF THE WINTERTIME CIRCULATION OF THE BOHAI SEA. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, Vol.18, No.l, P.1-9. Hao Liu, 2011. Fate ofthreemajorriversintheBohaiSea:Amodelstudy, Continental Shelf Research 31:1490–1499. Paul Robbins 2004. The Political Ecology of Ecological Urbanism. Liancheng SUN & Hongbo ZHAO, 2003. STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF SEA RECLAMATION PROJECT IN TIANJIN ON THE SURROUNDING SEDIMENT ENVIRONMENT. International Conference on Estuaries and Coasts, November 9-11, Hangzhou, China. Jinhua Wang & Yongming Shen & Yakun Guo, 2010. Seasonal circulation and influence factors of the Bohai Sea: a numerical study based on Lagrangian particle tracking method. Ocean Dynamics, 60:1581–1596. Hong-yan YANG, et al, 2011. Impacts of tidal land reclamation in Bohai Bay, China: ongoing losses of critical Yellow Sea waterbird staging and wintering sites. Bird Conservation International, 21:241–259. Yuzhen Yu, Bingyin Zhang, Jian-Min Zhang, 2005. Action mechanism of geotextile-reinforced cushion under breakwater on soft ground. Engineering 32:1679–1708. J.-M. Zhang , J.H.Zhang , G.Wang , Y.Chen, 2008. Stability of jetties for channel protection in soft soils at Huanghua Port. Ocean Engineering 35:1716–1726. ZHAO Jinping and SHI Maochong, 1993. NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THREE-DIMENSION CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND-DRIVEN CURRENT IN THE BOHAI SEA. CHIN. J. OCEANOL. LIMNOL, Vol.ll No.1. Baird.com. 2013. Huanghua Harbour Sedimentation | Baird. [online] Available at: http:// www.baird.com/what-we-do/project Haixing Wetland, Zhang Haiyan, 2009, Ecosystem function and evaluation of mixed coastal wetland _ A case study of Haixing Wetland Huanghua.gov.cn. 2013. Proposed government plan. [online] Available at: http://www. huanghua.gov.cn Oma.eu. 2013. OMA- ZEEKRACHT. [online] Available at: http://oma.eu/projects/2008/ zeekracht Scapestudio.com. 2013. SCAPE: Oyster-tecture | MoMA Rising Currents. [online] Available at: http://www.scapestudio.com/projects/oyster-tecture Tcl.net.au. 2013. T.C.L - Taylor Cullity Lethlean : Projects. [online] Available at: http://www.tcl. net.au/projects/masterplans/auckland-waterfrontTianjin Port, Wikipedia. 2013. Port of Tianjin. [online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Port_of_Tianjin Wetland photos, Hebei.sina.com.cn. 2013. [online] Available at: http://hebei.sina.com.cn/ travel/gl/2013-01-08/26929.html 133