SHI Shu_Mutualism

MUTUALISM Bring back mangrove to Dharavi

How a mangrove park enhances economic opportunities and dignity for slum neighborhood, Dharavi, Mumbai, India.

Student name: Shi Shu Student number: s3704227 Master of Landscape Architecture Design Research Compendium, RMIT

ABSTRACT

Figure 1: Inequality in Mumbai, India by Unequal scenes

Approximately one quarter of the world’s urban population live in slum settlements. Urbanization, industrialization and rapid population growth have resulted in unsafe, unaffordable and inadequate housing for many vulnerable communities.

When considering slum neighbourhoods, the public, government and even slum dwellers themselves tend to have certain biases - they are seen as urban sores, with almost no contribution to the city (UN-Habitat, 2007). Nevertheless, the resourcefulness of slums are often neglected.

Dharavi in Mumbai, India, is one of the largest slums in Asia and this design research project aims to improve the physical, economic and social environment for its community.

Located on the banks of a mangrove swamp, residents constantly face the threat of flood, unsanitary conditions and limited provision of open space. Through the restoration and rehabilitation of the mangroves provides opportunity for ecological, social, economic and cultural benefits for the settlement. Connecting the community with its natural landscape reveals the reality for the future of Dharavi.

To achieve these ambitions, ‘Mutualism’ explores and applies multiple disciplines and theoretical frameworks; mangrove restoration, river space design, resilient design, marketplace design, slum tourism and mangrove tourism to establish a comprehensive and evolutionary redevelopment system for Dharavi. As designers, we have the ability to influence and provide safe, resilient, inclusive and sustainable spaces for future slums and informal settlements.

CONTENTS POSITION Project Position Theoretical Framework Client & Stakeholder

INSIGHT OF THE PAST AND PRESENT India's Insecurity Getting To Know Dharavi Mangrove Besides Dharavi People In Dharavi - Industry Sectors - Street Vendors - General Threats For Dharavi Residents A Nature Park Between Dharavi And Mangrove Revealing The Beauty Of Dharavi

EXPLORING A MUTUALISM FUTURE Case Study Design Testing L Case Study Detail Design Testing

CONCLUSION APPENDIX REFERENCE

Slums are “urban sores, with almost no positive contribution towards the normal functioning of the city.”

--- (UN-HABITAT, 2007)

“People are really proud of living there, although a lot of them don’t tell the outside world they live there.”

--- Kevin McCloud

[Research Question:]How a resilient mangrove park enhances the economic opportunities and dignity for slum neighborhood of Dharavi, Mumbai, India?

[Why?] With approximately one quarter of world’s urban population live in slum settlements, their living and social condition are always miserable. As part of the urban populace, slum dwellers should have the same rights of environmental health and basic living conditions as all residents (Cities Alliance n.d ).

[What?]Through integrating the site’s existing natural and socio-economic resources, this project attempts to improve the physical, economic and social environment for Dharavi, which is one of the largest slums in Asia.

Located on the banks of a mangrove swamp, residents there constantly face the threat of flood, unsanitary conditions, water shortage and limited provision of open space. ‘Mutualism’ aims to establish a comprehensive and evolutionary redevelopment system for Dharavi. Connecting the community with its natural landscape reveals the reality for the future of Dharavi.

[How?]Multiple disciplines and theoretical frameworks

POSITION POSITION POSITION POSITION

are explored and applied in ‘Mutualism’: mangrove restoration, river space design, resilient design, marketplace design, slum tourism and mangrove tourism to provide opportunities for ecological, social, economic and cultural benefits for the settlement.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

With mainly two aspects of theories explored, multiple theories are applied to connect the two as a whole to achieve ‘Mutualism’. On one hand, look into the current condition of the slum settlement, their abundant industries are lack of ‘stage’ to performance and with dilemma of selling. Theories relate to marketplace design are explored to provide attractive and seasonal adaptive space to attract more consumers, easier working routine and closer communication with others. On the other hand, mangrove restoration and related theories are applied to recover the health of existing mangrove besides Dharavi to reduce the threat from flood and unsanitary condition for Dharavi residents. Some of theories of these two systems intersect and influence each other.

Theories such as river space design, open space design, resilient design, community engagement, slum tourism and mangrove tourism are explored to bind these two systems together and benefit both.

CLIENTS & STAKEHOLDERS ‘Mutualism’ benefits both human community and mangrove ecosystem. With the new proposed mangrove park, the existing but degrading mangrove ecosystem will be restored. As a result, the income of the fishing village is going to increase. It also provides attractive space for street vendors to attract more visitor and consumers. In terms of the bigger context, ‘Mutualism’ provides oppor tunities for people to get close with mangrove, to improve the awareness for mangrove conservation. The mangrove tourism on the other hand, stimulates Dharavi economy.

Mangrove ecosystem

MCGM State Government Railway Private No ownership Land Ownership of Dharavi

From the first program: the Prime Minister’s Grant Project (PMGP) in 1985 to the Dharavi Redevelopment Project (DRP) in 2004, slum redevelopment programs have been initiated and evolved by the Maharashtra government consecutively (Vinit, Kathy & Robert, 2003).

The government is ambitious to improve the living conditions for slum dwellers. However, the performance was poor and the government had to open up participation and start to work with nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and the private sector ( Vinit, Kathy & Robert, 2003). Furthermore, unlike the usual attitude of government on other countries who prefer slum clearance, the government of Maharashtra allow and support slum dwellers to continue controlling land (Vinit, Kathy & Robert, 2003).

The attitude and ambitions of state government allows the ‘Mutualism’ possible. Co-operating with national disaster management organizations, NGOs who aim to achieve better environment for citizens, mangrove and informal workers provides powerful and experienced support. This project attempts to stimulate the economy of Dharavi by tourism, enhance social evaluation and more importantly, improve the physical living condition for slum dwellers.

Dharavi residents and workers

Figure 2: Unequal Scenes, < https://unequalscenes.com/mumbai>

INSIGHT OF THE PAST AND PRESENT INSIGHT OF THE PAST AND PRESENT INSIGHT OF THE PAST AND PRESENT INSIGHT OF THE PAST AND PRESENT

Figure 2: Unequal Scenes, < https://unequalscenes.com/mumbai>

INDIA'S INSECURITY

(More detail of this map refer to Appendix)

Public crisis happened frequently in recent years, from national range to worldwide and influence every aspects. People are facing serious sense of insecure.

The theme of “security” includes a wide range of concerns and issues. These range from basic needs such as food, house and health, through impacts of natural disasters, such as wild fire and those dangerous triggered by earthquake and cyclones, to collective security needs, such as protection from crime (UN-HABITAT,2007). India is a country facing four major threats to the safety and security of cities: food security; crime and violence; insecurity of tenure and forced eviction; and natural and human-made disasters (UN-HABITAT,2007).

Population density 2000 2020

Population Growth in India With the rapid population growth in India, those insecurities produce bigger impact on nation and cities. Among all the countries in India, Mumbai experienced the most rapid population growth since 2000.

HISTORY & CURRENT CONDITION OF MUMBAI

1600S

Continues intensive reclamation of Mumbai turned Dharavi, the former north edge of Mumbai, became the centre of Mumbai. At the same time, new industries of Dharavi attracted increasing number of immigrants. The infrastructure of Dharavi could no longer support the large density of population. The rapid urbanization and development also caused environmental pollution and mangrove degradation.

The reclaimed ground between former islands was below high-tide level. This is one of the main reasons why many areas in Mumbai suffering severe flooding during intense rainfall (Kapil, 2007). Many of vulnerable informal settlements area located on the flood plains, facing the threat of flood constantly.

1800S

1900S

Slum in Mumbai Slum area Registered building Area of interest

The formation of current Dharavi is closely related with the development of Mumbai. Mumbai (former Bombay) was one of seven islands before 1600s. Back then, Dharavi was a fishing village known as Koliwada (Rahul, 2020) located at the north edge of Mumbai. Fishermen are feed and living by the rich aquatic resources provided by the mangrove along the coastline. With the government ambitious to expand the urban area, massive sea area are reclaimed to urban land.

During the urban expansion period, potters from Saurashtra and the first tannery from Tamil Nadu arrived Dharavi, this was when Dharavi started to expand its economic statues in new commercial activities with new social group (Rahul, 2020).

After 1947

Flood in Mumbai

Mangrove in Mumbai Slum area

Slum area

Registered building

Registered building

Existing mangrove

Flood prone area

Lost mangrove

Area of interest

Area of interest

MIT

BANDRA KURLA COMPLEX

HI R

IVER

MANGROVE BESIDES DHARAVI

Fishing pond

LOST MANGROVE

Bare flood plain SITE

Figure 5: The sun sets on another day on the Mithi, as a garland from a nearby temple mingles with human waste on the river a city forgot by Dylan Crawford, 2019, photo.

Mumbai Urban

EXISTING MANGROVE

Mangrove Degradation The low-lying swampy area where Dharavi located was original a part of Mithi River estuary with its rich mangrove ecosystem (Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, 2009). With hundreds years of waste material filled in and other developments upstream, this area of mangrove is rapidly degrading. In recent years, the landfill of the Bandra Kurla Complex, the high-income office area across the Mithi River, lead to more severe mangrove destruction and Monsoon floods in Dharavi (Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, 2009).

Mumbai

DHARAVI

MAHIM BAY India

World

0 100

500

1km

Figure 3: A women disposes of household trash by throwing it directly into the Mithi

by Dylan Crawford, 2019, photo.

Figure 4: Material washes down the river until it reaches Mahim Bay by Dylan Crawford, 2019, photo.

Mixed industries

MIT

BANDRA KURLA COMPLEX

HI R

IVER

PEOPLE IN DHARAVI

Leather Recycling Embroidery LOST MANGROVE

Garment Pottery SITE

Size variation presents intensity of production

Papad/ Zari EXISTING MANGROVE Leather

Industry Sectors Dharavi is the largest slum in Mumbai, Occupying with approximately one square mile of land in Mumbai’s city centre, houses estimated one million people with various industries (Warren, 2010). The garment sector and recycling sector contribute huge for Mumbai’s economy.

Koliwada, the fishing village where the story of Dharavi started, is still remained. People who still working in fishery are highly rely on the mangrove area. The men are responsible for fishing from their man-made fishing ponds during monsoon season while women sell the catch (Joanne, Radha & Kareena, 2020). Nevertheless, the health of mangrove has been degrading, it is hard for Koliwada fisherman to maintain and use. Income by fishing solely is hard to support their life. The young generation have to take other full-time job although some of them are interest in the traditional practice (Joanne, Radha & Kareena, 2020).

Garment

Koliwada (Fishing)

Recycling

Pottery

0 100

500

1km

PEOPLE IN DHARAVI

Street Vendors Except for those informal workers, there are also a lot of street vendors living and working in Dharavi. Malai, who sells rice cake with his other two brothers, need to sacrifice large amount of sleeping time to transport.

They need to find places where have large volume of people to hawk their wares, and spend time on the way to buy ingredients preparing for the other day.

Sohrab, a men who sell Chou Mein to feed his family, sets his stall at a cross road of Dharavi, but the daily income is unsatisfactory.

The sandal vendor’s ‘bed stall’ sets on Dharavi Sion Footbridge and the fish stall is under the footbridge.

With such a close distance, the vertical barrier makes their communication a challenge. Although they work at the same place, It is hard to say if they know each other or not.

The various devices they are using are categorized into unfixed and semi-fixed topology. With their wisdom of life, those devices are all highly flexible and easy to access.

PEOPLE IN DHARAVI

General Threats For Dharavi Residents

Sanitation Residents dumping garbage into river and Nalla, the open drainage channel in Mumbai. Other than that, residents defecate indiscriminately in public space due to the lack of toilet.

Insufficient Space Spaces are insufficient at both public and private space.

Mangrove Destruction Part of the mangrove area has been filled in over hundreds of years with waste material ..

Developments upstream entailing mangrove destruction

Work Environment Most manufacture in Dharavi is home-based industries.

People work and live in a same narrow space.

Safety Flood The severe flooding in 2005 in Mumbai caused a total collapse of the transport and communication system. At least 419 people lost their lives, Also, 216 people died owing to the various deluge-related epidemics. (K, Gupta, 2007)

On HarassMumbai, a website public can report crime and unsafe place, one of the outstanding reason women feel unsecure of a space is that men gather at public space and staring at them. Another aspect of safety issue is that children’s do not have a safe playground.

0.5 1.5 0.1 0.6 A NATURE PARK BETWEEN DHARAVI AND MANGROVE

J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

13

574

868

553

306

63

15

5.6

D Monsoon Prevailing wind derection

31

31

16

17

0.5

1.5

33

21

0.1

33

24

0.6

33

32

26

26

13

574

30

29

30

25

25

24

868

553

306

33

23

63

33

21

15

32

18

5.6

Average Max and Min Temperature in ℃ Precipitation totals in millimeters (mm)

Maharashtra Nature Park, known as city jungle, contains rich flora and fauna with an education centre building and a water pond. However, not an ideal leisure place for people. Through the research, it is always empty and lack of maintenance. How to utilize and preserve the rich natural resources on site, at the same time, make the site more valuable under the complex social, economy and ecology context is a challenge.

0m 10

50

100

REVEALING THE BEAUTY OF DHARAVI

Applying the philosophy of slum tourism, ‘Mutualism’ expands the hydrology network of mangrove and the road network of Dharavi, to reveal the beauty of future Dharavi.

‘The beauty of Dharavi lies not on the main roads but in the small gullys and alleys where the place comes to life’.

--- (Krishna Poorjar, 2007)

EXPLORING A MUTUALISM FUTURE EXPLORING A MUTUALISM FUTURE EXPLORING A MUTUALISM FUTURE EXPLORING A MUTUALISM FUTURE

CASE STUDY

Sanya Mangrove Ecological Park, 2016 Hainan, China

5 factors influence the health of mangrove - Water quality - Mudflat - Salinity - Wind direction - Temperature

Leading Water

Leading Wind

The staggered wetland basement can avoid the direct washing of the wetland by the polluted upstream fresh water. It also guides the seawater from the downstream into the wetland, and the dendritic basement can hold the seawater and increase the salinity of the soil when the tide goes out

Mangrove trees do not grow well on the windward side, so the layout of wetland basement is also combined with local wind direction to avoid direct monsoon, reduce pressure on mangrove growth

To induct ocean tides and avoid destructive fresh water storm

To avoid tropical destructive storm from the sea

Mangrove Community A complete mangrove community consists by pioneer zone, true mangrove zone and semi-mangrove zone. Natural succession is a process from zero to one, although the natural cycle is longer, the backward ecosystems are more stable. Artificial planting is planted in slices in an artificial way according to the growth principle of mangroves, which reduces the natural succession process. All that needed is the growth time of mangroves themselves, and the forest formation time is greatly shortened.

Inland

Semi-Mangrove Zone

True Mangrove Zone

Pioneer Zone

Mudflat

Seagrass

Soil transforms to inland soil gradually Multiple species mixed forest Individual chain increasing

Water table and salinity reduce Soil de-marshaling and de-salinization Viviparous mangrove species multiply rapidly

Soil mudflating, increase organic matter Mean High Water Spring Line

Prevent wind and wave

Mean High Tide Mean Sea Level Mean Low Water Mean Low Water Spring Line

Late Stage

Mid-Stage Within the protection of pioneer zone, the true mangrove zone multiply rapidly and de-marshalling and de-salinization the soil

Early Stage Create conditions for true mangrove zone

Exi

stin

DESIGN TESTING L

gm

ang rov e

BANDRA KURLA COMPLEX

BEACH COMBING ACCESS

BIRD WATCHING PLATFORM & PART OF CIRCULATION

BIRD WATCHING TOWER

MI

TH

R

abh

MARKET

IVE

n Chu BKC

BRIDGE

IR

ridg

B atti e

Existing mangrove

EXISTING EDUCATION CENTER

ot Rd

vi Dep Dhara

Dharavi

Depot R

d

N 1：2500

Dharavi Bus Depot

DHARAVI

Remained tree Inland zone Semi-mangrove zone True mangrove zone Pioneer zone Bus station

DESIGN TESTING L

The tide level has 3.66 m difference from the mean high water spring (MHWS) to the mean low water spring (MLWS). The proposed topography connects with the existing site contour to preserve the flora and fauna resources of site. The existing pond is joint into proposed water channel, becomes part of the system and function as retention pond.

High Water Level

With the meander water channel, the water flow is lengthened to be purified and be able to adjust to a proper salinity for mangrove growth.

When tide level rise, sea water from west side inlet is introduced into site to process and nutrient mangrove in the park. The outlet on the north direction allows part of processed water to benefit the existing mangrove area.

(Note: Due to the limitation of data access, the water level data refers to the water level difference of Mumbai port, where is at approximately 10,000 meters straightline distance from the site.)

Current pond

Current site boundary

Low Water Level

DESIGN TESTING L

Pond

Mudflat

Scattered ponds ensure the water demand for mangrove growth during dry season to improve the speed of mangrove growth.

Mudflat is the most ideal living environment for various species of mangrove. The mudflat area is where under mean low water neaps (MLWN) but higher than MLWS. The existing site boundary along Mithi river is 840m. The proposed mudflat area is 4740m, which is nearly 6 times length of the original bank. This helps to improve the biodiversity of mangrove ecosystem.

Pond High Intertidle Zone Mean Intertidle Zone Low Intertidle Zone Lower water level during dry season

Mudflat High Intertidle Zone Mean Intertidle Zone Low Intertidle Zone

DESIGN TESTING L

Mansoon Prevailing Wind

Planting

Avoid direct monsoon wind can reduce the stress for mangrove growth. The stretched shape is for reduce the number of mangrove directly blowed by monsoon wind and reduce the strength.

Building a stable mangrove community need pioneer zone, true mangrove zone and semi-mangrove zone (GOOOOD, 2020). The distribution of different mangrove zones is based on tide level differences (refer to precedent study 1).

The soil condition and ground water level start to reduce on semi-mangrove zone, then transit to inland species. Most of existing trees on site are remained and connected by semi-mangrove zone, become part of the forest community.

In terms of the species of trees for different area, mangrove species found at Maharashtra state are chose to avoid invasion and endemic.

Remained tree Inland zone Semi-mangrove zone True mangrove zone Pioneer zone

Mansoon Prevailing Wind Combining the artificial cultivation and natural succession can reduce the period for mangrove growth and establish a more stable mangrove community.

Natural succession Artificial cultivation

Avicennia officinalis

Avicennia marina

Rhizophora mucronate

Sonneratia alba Sm.

Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C. B. Rob.

Height:Upto 25m tall Flower/Fruiting: March - July

Height: upto 3-14m tall Flower/Fruiting: March - July

Height: upto 20-25m tall Flower/Fruiting: Throughout the year (peak period August-March)

Height: upto 3-14m tall Flower/Fruiting: February - May

Height: Up to 2-5 m tall (Shrub) Flower/Fruiting: November to April

DESIGN TESTING L

Access

Fish catching

Beach combing Market

Play with water

Bird watching

Applying the philosophy of slum tourism, the proposed path provide access allowing residents and tourism goes deep inside of mangrove forest, to experience various activities and atmosphere provided by mangrove and different water level.

DESIGN TESTING L

Phase 1 Expanding

Koliwada

Phase 2 Enhancing

Leather Garment Koliwada Papad/Zari Leather Recycling Garment Garment Papad/Zari Garment Garment Embroidery Pottery

In terms of mangrove restoration, it is more likely to fail without engaging the participation of community.

The community play an important role whether for consultant, mangrove planting or nursery. Aiming to engaging people, the project is divided into 2 phases to gradually engaging community with their willingness. Koliwada is planned to be the first group of people to engaging due to their expertise of mangrove and close relationship with the mangrove ecosystem. The first phase focuses on expanding the boundary to provide more public space for residents, at the same time, start to plant mangrove artificially preparing for the future phase 2. Activities such as market and bird watching will start to use in phase 1, to attract street vendors, industry workers who wants to sell their product, and residents who enjoy the place.

Phase 2 is projected to start 1 year later after phase 1 complete.

DESIGN TESTING L

Market

Proposed Planting

Bird watching platform & Part of circulation

Bird watching tower Existing tree Existing mangrove Proposed inland zone Proposed semi-mangrove zone Proposed true mangrove zone Proposed pioneer zone

Retention pond

Proposed Topography & Access -Low Water Level

Water channel Water channel

Proposed Topography & Access - High Water Level

Proposed Condition

Dharavi

Remained trees from the current site

Proposed mangrove restoration area

Mithi river

Bandra Kurla Complex

Current Condotion

A

- Low Water Level

Current Condotion

A

- High Water Level

Dharavi

Dharavi Depot Rd. Mithi river stream Current site condition

Section AA'

Existing mangrove Flood plain

Mithi river

Bandra Kurla Complex

100 m

CASE STUDY

DESIGN TESTING

A Back and Forth Process

The Art Gallery In The Market Jason Ho, 2015 Guangzhou, China

For Unfixed

Dignity For Informal Workers

For Semi-fiexd

1.Planting pool as centre to provide more communication opportunities for market vendors

7. For the most of time in a vending day, the vendors are actually back to each other and only convenient to communicate with people beside.

5. Low efficiency of space using

6. Enlarge single units to use the space more efficiently, at the same time, the communication between vendors is even easier

(Source: http://gd.sina.cn/news/2018-06-27/detail-ihencxtu5464347.d.html?from=qudao)

Although as architecture, the way Jason Ho improves informal workers working environment in this precedent was not through architecture. A photography exhibition of informal worker’s hand and followed series of events binds the community together.

Instead of competitive relationship previously, those vendors became close friend. They appreciate Jason for find their dignity.

2. Find it is hard to organise circulation

Leine Suite, 2009 Hanover, Germany

A Floating Pontoon

In 2010, a floating pontoon has been installed on the water, creating additional seats in the river itself for the riverbank temporary cafe. The pontoon is connected to the riverbank wall via a mobile jetty so that the fluctuations in water level can be accommodated.

3. Decentralize the planting pool for clear circulation

4. The ability to expand in the future

DESIGN TESTING

High Water Level

A Seasonal Adaptive Open Market

The market is located where Dharavi residents most easy to arrive. Being near the entrance of Dharavi bus depot, it is also convenient for visitors. The floating technique allows it aaapt the water level difference, at the same time, provide unique experience for visitors.

N 1：400

Section: 1：200

Low Water Level

A Sustainabel Fish Catching Method

The interval of wood allows fish fry escape while trapping the mature fish as food or income resources, or activity for tourism. Due to the safety concern, low water level period is estimated the best time for it.

N 1：400

Section: 1：200

Dry Season

320mm

The railing on market floating board is not only a protection, but also a tool that vendors can hang simple fishing tools.

When shut the stalls, it is very likely to gather food for the day when it is not dry season.

450mm

According to the research of Dharavi vendor’s devices, the unfixed devices usually need long time stoop. The height of seating bench is slightly lower than standard seat, to provide them a healthy and confortable working environment. Additionally, the bench is hollowed to reduce the weight of floating board.

During dry season, the air pocket which allows the market flow is possible to touch the ground. For the stability during dry season, the supportive structure is added to ensure the safety. Due to the area below is planted with submerged vegetation, the area touching ground is as small as possible.

N 1：400

Section: 1：200

A Path's Seasonal Experience

Dry Season

N 1：400 High Water Level

Low Water Level

Mean High Water Spring

DESIGN TESTING 1 year

5 year

High water level

Mangrove saplings

Remained inland trees

Bridge Seating

Mean high water spring Access for human

Mangrove seed

Scale: 1:40

High water level Permeable for mangrove root

When water arriving high water level, parts of the wood path in the dense mangrove forest will be merged. On one hand, it showcases the dynamic of nature to people, on the other hand, provide no disturbing period for the mangrove system to process.

Increase soil organic materials Access for aquatic animanls

Scale: 1:200

Mangrove zone

Remained inland trees Wood path

Mangrove zone

Mangrove zone Stone steps

Stone edge

Bridge

1 year

5 year - Low water level

5 year - High water level

DESIGN TESTING

Laid stone

When water level drops, those big stone steps allow people to pass. The connection of stone steps and the bridge that allows pass through at any season chose piled small stones to ensure the safety and easy accessibility for material.

Piled stone

High water level Access during any season Fish habitat

Piled smaller stone

Pioneer mangroves

Bridge

Pond during dry season Stone steps

Mudflat Pioneer mangroves

Access during low water level Low water level Wood path

Connects with bridge

Pond during dry season Low water level Stone steps

Disruptive element Stone bank

Scale: 1:200

High water level Mangrove zone

Remained inland trees Wood path

Mangrove zone

Mangrove zone Stone steps

Stone edge

Bridge

DESIGN TESTING Riverbeds And Currents For those straight water channels on site, deflecting the current creates slower and more various currents to benefit mudflat, soil condition and water quality.

rom

d tte Cu

ef tre

the

site

at

bit

a hh

Fis

vel e l r

ate w h

- Water currents - No disruptive element

- Deflecting the current - Dead wood

- Grading the riverbed - Stone bank

7m

Hig

es

ne

to ds

yn gro

Pile

vel

le ter a ww Lo

vel

le ter a ww Lo - Deflecting the current - Grading the riverbed - Large stones - Laid stone bank

- Deflecting the current - Grading the riverbed - Dead wood - Piled stone edge - Low water level

- Deflecting the current - Grading the riverbed - Dead wood - Piles stone edges - High water level

Hig

r ate w h

el lev

1.4

DESIGN TESTING A Bird Watching Platform

Existing condition

Phase 2 - 1 year

Phase 1

Phase 2 - 5 year

DESIGN TESTING The Formation Of Bird Watching Tower

Different Experience Of Distribution 3 1

2

1. Inside of dense inlands jungle

2.Besides the water pond

Escape Routes For Fish

Access For Human

3. Facing Mithi River

Levels Based On Canopy Height

Open Platform And Bird Corridor

1:400

CONCLUSION Learning mangrove restoration techniques through case study, through serious of design testing of topography, hydrology, vegetation and human activities, the mangrove park provide vibrant and dynamic open space for Dharavi residents, reduce the flooding and unsanitary threats that Dharavi residents are facing with.

The proposed design enhances the economic opportunities of Dharavi by three aspects. The most straight forward impact is that it provided market space for vendors and workers to sell their goods for income.

Secondly, the restored mangrove gains the ability to support Koliwada’s income again by providing rich and healthy aquatic resources. The bigger impact within the larger context of Dharavi is to develop mangrove tourism, attracting visitors region wide, nationwide, even global wide come to the place, stimulating local economic development.

Furthermore, with the closer relationship inside Dharavi community and between mangrove, public will see a mutualism future Dharavi.

APPENDIX

Asian- Wide Insecurity Tenure insecurity and forced eviction

Crime & Violence

Food/ water sescurity

Natural and human-made disaster

MODEL 1

MODEL 2 Data of Considering Factors (1:2500 in A3 Model) Mangrove Restoration Area: 18107.0794 (+/- 1e-05) mm² Tolerence of Water: 200ml

Prime Model

Mudflat (3116 mm)

Influenced by Monsoon Wind (Rate: 0.2)

Flowing Process 1

Flowing Process 2

Water Flow

Flood Season

Dry Season

Flooding Season

Dry Season

OPEN MARKET 1.0

Mangrove Restoration Zone Seating Area

Buffer

Open Market

Dining Area Sidewalk DHARA VI DEP

OT RD.

N SCALE: 1:400

Fruit

Sidewalk Dharavi Depot Rd

Dining Area

Street Food Sector

Seafood sector

Seating Area

Buffer

Mangrove Restoration Zone

Street Food

Seafood

Craft

OPEN MARKET 1.0

Unfixed

Semi-fixed

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Joanne, L, Radha, A & Kareena, K 2020, Towards a mangrove economy, URBZ, viewed 2 October 2020, < https://www.urbz.net/index.php/articles/towards-mangrove-economy> Kapil, G 2007, Urban flood resilience planning and management and lessons for the future: a case study of Mumbai, India, Urban Water Journal, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 183-194.

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UN-Habitat, 2007, Sustainable Urbannization: local action for urban poverty reduction, emphasis on finance and planning, viewed 13 April 2021, < https://www.unisdr.org/files/1698_462514723GC202120Slums20Myt hs20vs20reality.pdf> Vinit, M, Kathy, B & Robert, W,B 2003, Squatters as developers?: slum redevelopment in Mumbai, Taylor & Francis Group Warren, B 2010, Dharavi: Unleasing its hidden potential, viewed 27 September 2020, < https://issuu.com/ wisdomseeker/docs/thesis_2010_dharavi_jwarrenborg> Peter D 2012, ‘Slum tourism: representing and interpreting ‘reality’ in Dharavi, Mumbai’, Tourism Geographies, vol.12, no.2,pp.254-274.

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