WANG Xingyi_Triple-Marginalizaed

TRIPLEMARGINALIZED

REVITALIZATION CHANCES FOR COMMUNITIES IN POST-MINING LANDSCAPE IN A REMOTE POST-INDUSTRIAL CITY PANZHIHUA

SUBMITTED BY Xingyi Wang RMIT MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Design Research Final Project TUTOR (PROJECT B) Adam Gardner TUTOR (PROJECT A) Brent Greene ADDITIONAL PROJECT GUIDANCE Ha Minh Hai Thai Kyle Bush

JUNE 2021

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However, the mining trains that pass by the community can easily perceive its scale in the context of the community’s architecture and people as a reference point.

In post-mining sites, there are various scales. There is no doubt that starting at a small scale is a more logical and manageable way to intervene. Different scales should have different scale solutions, and there should be plans and opportunities for each scale.

MINING TRAIN

This is the truck for mine transportation; in this image, it looks like a normal-sized truck. However, the tyres of this truck are 2 metres in diameter. When I try to get as close as possible to observe mine, I could not possibly get an actual image of it. I lost almost all the sense of scale.

At that moment, I am starting to understand that Richard mentioned, “Aerial images lay everything bare, and yet by their reduction of things to a marvellous pattern they smooth out the complexity and contradiction of being in a body; they conceal the real socio-political and ecological relations of the working landscape.“ Although the distance between my eyes and the truck is about just 10 metres, when the background is an enormous mine open pit, details lost.

Starting the design from a vast scale is an arrogant way to have no right and ability to do that.

MINING TRUCK

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Without so many people's help, this project could not possibly show like that.

Firstly, I do appreciate those people from Lanjian community who have been so generous in sharing their past experiences with me, taking me on many field trips, from one end of the mine to the other, from the waste dump to the tailings pond.

Even though this is not a real project. There were also other elders I had known from the past who I thanked for sharing with me the plant species in the mountains and for sharing their visions and imaginations of the future of the mine. I had no idea that these people around me had such imagination and enthusiasm for the environment we live in until I started this project.

To my Project B tutor Adam Gardner for providing the most patient and detailed answering for every aspect during the whole Project B. To my Project A tutor Brent Greene, for sharing with his project and many post-industrial precedents combined with art. To Kyle Bush, for being inspired in the seminar in December 2019 which is one of the most impressive months during my life, also for the first discussion of my project ideas. To Ha Minh Hai Thai, for the suggestion of “stop flying on the sky, land the feet on the ground ” and the way to do a research further.

To Lily Gu, for helping me understand the logic of a project and encourage me to explore more of the site based on her deep understanding of this city. To Yunqian Zhan and Yuhan Liu, for always supporting me, not only in academia but also in life; keeping listening to my presentation and giving some professional feedback from their perspectives. To Dongxu Liu who has a background in urban planning, for helping to restructure and rename my project.

To Guanqi Zhu, for starting understanding my project from the field trip of Lanjian community and walking through the mining area with me, and presenting some concepts from an architectural point of view.

The project for me is like a remote idea that has hidden in my deep mind for really a long period. Before I started doing this project, I had always avoided talking about my hometown city due to some reason that I never figured out. Post-industrial has been a hot topic for years, but for me, I never had any feelings living in a post-industrial city, being very close to a huge pollution source. This is the first time I look at my own living environment and communicated with the people who have always been experiencing that since 60 years ago. I could say that project is done for those people who are close to me, the city that I lived in for over 15 years, but I would also like to say this project is done for myself. Meanwhile, this project also helps me to recognise my part of identity.

CLIENT The two primary clients are the People’s Government of Panzhihua Municipal and Ansteel Pangang Group Vanadium & Titanium Resource company. Panzhihua local government owns the land, while Ansteel Pangang Group Vanadium & Titanium Resource company owns the mining and steel industry.

People's Government of Panzhihua Municipal

Ansteel Pangang Group Vanadium & Titanium Resource company

STAKEHOLDERS In addition to Panzhihua local government and Ansteel company, the main stakeholders are the residents who live in the post-mining communities, miners and farmers who live near the mining area.

PEOPLE

INSTITUTION Residents

People's Government of Panzhihua Municipal

Farmers

Ansteel Pangang Group Vanadium & Titanium Resource company

Miners

Green Mine Promotion Committee

UN GOALS Pollutants from post-industrial sites cause severe damage to the natural environment and put people’s health at risk. The post-industrial site contains factory buildings from the 1960s, which are of great value for preservation as they are characteristic of the period and reflect the culture of mining.

3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management

CONTENTS ABSTRACT 02 INTRODUCTION 04

LANDING 16

DESIGN/RESEARCH APPROACH 44

05 06 07 08 12 14

Post-Industrial Phenomenon The Role of Landscape Architect Key Terminology Project Structure Site Features Site Selection

18 Site Condition 32 Issues Of A Remote Post-Mining Community (S) 34 The Birth of A Remote Industrial City Panzhihua (XL) 38 Issues of The Post-Industrial City (XL) 40 Issues of Industrial Area (L) 42 History of Industrial Area (L)

45 Research Question 46 Theoretical Framework 48 Precedents 48 Asphalt Rundown 50 Revitalisation of Six Post-Mining Towns In Illinois 52 Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord, Germany

DESIGN NARRATIVE 54

56 Along The Railway 58 Ambition 60 Design Concept 62 Site Phasing Strategy

DESIGN PROPOSAL 66

68 Site 01 “Community” <Lanjian Community> 71 76 78 80 90

The story of Lanjian Community Lifestyle in Lanjian Community Issues Solution Visualization

98 Site 02 “Natural” < Open pits & Waste dumps> 100 Contaminant Type and Reasons of Formation 102 Content Variation of Heavy Metals in Soil 104 Reclamation stages 106 Test 1 (Open Pits) 110 Test 2 (Open Pits) 112 Test 3 (Waste Dumps) 116 Vision

120 Site 03 “Industrial” <Midi Mining Processing Plant> 124 Issues 126 Site plan(current) 128 Renovating 138 The Principle of the Artworks 140 Market and Exhibition Zone 142 How to clean the site 144 Visualization

152 Connecting 152 Green Trails 154 Railways

156 Local to Regional 162 Design Hierarchy 164 Visions

CONCLUSION 168 REFLECTION 170 APPENDIX 176 REFERENCE LIST 194

176 The Stories of Plants 180 Site Photo

ABSTRACT As we transition into a post-carbon society, the social, environmental and economic livelihood of residents in mining communities need to consider alternative futures for the post mining landscape.

This project aims to improve the living condition of post-mining residents in Panzhihua, a heavy industrial city located in a remote mountainous area in the south-western border of China.

The legacy of post-industrialism cannot be solved from a stand-alone design and therefore sustainable and successful reclamation requires a multi-scale regeneration plan. Furthermore, it requires an implementation plan that outlines various time phases and scales to solve the issue from surface to the root. The regeneration plan categorizes three types of landscape within a post-mining area; community, mining plant and mine open pits.

Acknowledging the existing conditions of a mining area is imperative, so an asset-based design approach will frame the design research. Phase one focuses on community based design and the restoration of science, art and social functions to improve communities living conditions. Phase two restores the ecological environment damaged by mining industries using ecological design, rehabilitation and interventionism.

The design research questions China’s top-down traditional urban planning method and requires a deep understanding of the operating mode of the landscape system. By conducting a low intervention form to develop the entire plan, it can avoid to a certain extent the ineffective and vacant parts of top-down planning in the restoration of post-mining landscapes.

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INTRODUCTION

Air pollution Fine particles can be dispersed due to wind in the surrounding environment affecting human health i.e., they provoke irritation in eyes, skin, noise, throat and respiratory system leading to anemia, asthma, bronchitis and cancer diseases (US Environmental Protection Agency, 2007).

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POST-INDUSTRIAL PHENOMENON In a post-industrial social context, there are many cities and districts develop the economy by extracting and primary processing of natural resource (minerals, energy, forest), which are called Resource-based cities. Most of these resources are non-renewable, so cities that rely on extractive economies are also developing unsustainable economies. Most resource-based cities will face the problem of recession. This recession is not only the exhaustion of resources, but is also accompanied by ecological deterioration, environmental pollution, threats to residents’ health, increasing unemployment, stagnation of economic development, dropping living standard and population loss.

Remote, resource-based cities are more like energy supply stations for the development of large cities. When such a mission is over, these small stations will be abandoned by a rapidly developing society. The remaining problems can hard be solved.

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THE ROLE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT As a landscape architect, one of the essential tasks is to no more extended place of the natural environment on the opposite of human society but to consider the balance between the two when designing. First of all, we do not deny the benefits of social and economic development to human beings, but we must also acknowledge that human activities have devastated the ecological environment. Regarding all existing positives and negatives as a condition, what the landscape architect has to do is explore a possibility based on the existing. Pollution, industrial ruins and destroyed terrain may also become an opportunity. Landscape and ecological techniques can be used to continuously discover ways to transform all conditions in the site into assets, starting from the restoration.

In this project, the Asset-Based Design Approach will be used as a guiding theory to discover the physical and social assets of the site.

When I start looking at this

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KEY TERMINOLOGY Post-industrial Belonging or relating to an economy that is no longer based on heavy industry, such as the making of large machines. (Cambridge dictionary ) Brownfield Used to refer to an area of land in a town or city that was previously used for industry and where new buildings can be built.(Cambridge dictionary ) Remediation To remedy is “to rectify, to make good”. The process of correcting a specific problem, reversing or stopping the damage to the environment.

Reclamation To reclaim is to bring back the land to a proper state, or to provide with a suitable substitute; the physical stabilization of the terrain to proper state; i.e., the sit will be hospitable to the original inhabitants, or those similar to the original ones; the pre- and post-disturbance land uses are nearly the same. Similar to restoration, but focuses on one aspect of the ecosystem service.

Rehabilitation To rehabilitate is an act of restoring close to a previous condition or status, not expected to bring the land back to perfection, not as healthy or in an original state as a restored land; the establishment of a stable and self-sustaining ecosystem. Rehabilitated land will prevent continued environment continued environmental deterioration and is consistent with the surrounding aesthetic values. More of a managerial term, measuring costs and benefits of maintaining environmental quality and optimizing local land management capacity.

Restoration To restore is to bring back the original state or to a healthy and vigorous state; the process of rebuilding the ecosystem that exist prior to disturbance; or recreating the initial structures and dynamics.

Phytoremediation Phytoremediation is a bioremediation process that uses various types of plants to remove, transfer, stabilize, and/or destroy contaminants in the soil and groundwater.

Bioremediation The use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introduced micro-organisms or other forms of life to consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site.

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PROJECT STRUCTURE

MULTIPLE SCALES

(XL)

City scale is regarded as the extra-large scale. In this scale, to define the main problems in this post-industrial city- in the limiting construction site, residential areas are highly overlapped with the industrial area, which means that people live very close to the most polluted area.

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(L)

Industrial scale is the large scale in this project. This scale includes most industrial characters in Panzhihua City, such as steel mills, coal mines, limestone quarries, cement plants, etc. The main city area is close to those industrial sites, which means most residents keep suffering from heavy industrial pollution.

(M)

Mining scale is described as medium scale, which contains three smallscale sites. On this scale, almost 90% of characteristics are related to the mining industry. This area does not include steel mill, so the mine ore keeps almost the same chemical character, meaning it has not changed into another material.

(S)

Site scale is the smallest scale in this project. There are three different sites: Lanjian community, Midi mining processing plant, mine open pits and waste dumps. They represent the three site characteristics separately, community, industrial and natural.

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PROJECT STRUCTURE PHENOMENON

RESEARCH QUESTION

QUALITY OF LIFE IN POST-MINING COMMUNITY

How to improve the life quality of residents who live in the post-mining communities?

RELEVANT TO

PHENOMENON

POST-INDUSTRY

ISSUES(S)

TRIPLE-MARGINALIZED Geographical Marginalization

Post-mining communities

ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE

Ecosystem Marginalization

AGRICULTURE

INDUSTRY

TOURISM

Industrial Structure Marginalization

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Post-mining sites (open-pits & waste dump)

Mining plants

Triple-marginalized This project starts from a phenomenon that people who live in a post-mining community in Panzhihua have a poor living condition. This phenomenon is one of the post-industrial phenomena which resulted from the decline of the mineral industry.

In mining area, the phenomenon can be described as Triple-marginalized: 1. Geographical Marginalization: with post-mining communities located near the mines and far from urban centres, is most evident in the fact that the quality of life of the inhabitants of post-mining communities is much lower than that of urban dwellers, and also in the fact that their income levels are not as high as those of urban dwellers 2. Marginalization of industrial structure: the economic structure, which still relies on the extraction and processing of non-renewable resources as the mainstay of the economy, is becoming obsolete and is best reflected in the old industrial production facilities and structures of the factories 3. Ecosystem Marginalization: the mining industry has caused enormous damage to the ecosystem. The landscape production include mine open pits, waste dumps and tailings. These three types of landscape, their ability to repair themselves is far below the original level of that.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

SOLUTION Site 01 Lanjian Community

PRECEDENTS THEORY

Site 02 Mine Open Pit & Waste dump

METHOD

Site 03 Midi Mining Processing Plant

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SITE FEATURES A

B

C D

G Mining Industry (in process) Waste Dump (in process) Post-mining Community Mining Industry (Abandoned) Waste Dump (Abandoned) Post-mining Community (Abandoned)

A

Zhujiabaobao Open-pit mining

B

Lanjiahuoshan open-pit mining

C

Wudaohe Mining Community

D

Jianbaobao open-pit mining

E

Xiaojiawan Waste Dump

F

Caozitian Waste Dump

G

Lanjian mining community

H

Midi mining processing plant

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H

F

E

N 500m

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SITE SELECTION These three sites are chosen based on the three phenomena of post-industrial. The area, including mine open pits and waste dumps, is defined as Site 01 “Natural“; Midi Mining Processing Plant as Site 02 “Industrial“; Lanjian community is Site 03 “Community”. The different characteristics of those sites represent various landscape type.

SITE 02

Area: 159ha

SITE 01 Area: 31ha

SITE 03 Area: 91ha

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SITE 02 "Natural" Open pits & Waste dumps

SITE 01 "Community" Lanjian Community

SITE 03 "Industrial" Midi Mining Processing Plant

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LANDING " LANDING is the first act of site acknowledgement, and it marks the beginning of the odyssey of the PROJECT... LANDING REFERS ALSO TO THE MOMENT WHEN A DESIGNER REACTS TO THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIS OR HER PRECONCEIVED IDEA OF A PLACE AND THE REALITY THAT APPEARS DURING THE FIRST STEPS OF A VISIT." --JAMES CORNER

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LANDING SITE PHOTO Lanjian Community Location

SITE 02

Area: 159ha

SITE 01 Area: 31ha

SITE 03 Area: 91ha

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Site Photo [ Site 01 ]

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LANDING SITE PHOTO Lanjian Community Location

SITE 02

Area: 159ha

SITE 01 Area: 31ha

SITE 03 Area: 91ha

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Site Photo [ Site 01 ]

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LANDING SITE PHOTO Mine open pit Location

SITE 02

Area: 159ha

SITE 01 Area: 31ha

SITE 03 Area: 91ha

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Site Photo [ Site 02 ]

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LANDING

SITE PHOTO Mine open pit & Waste dump Location

SITE 02

Area: 159ha

SITE 01 Area: 31ha

SITE 03 Area: 91ha

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Site Photo [ Site 02 ]

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LANDING SITE PHOTO Waste dump Location

SITE 02

Area: 159ha

SITE 01 Area: 31ha

SITE 03 Area: 91ha

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Site Photo [ Site 02 ]

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LANDING SITE PHOTO Mining processing plant Location

SITE 02

Area: 159ha

SITE 01 Area: 31ha

SITE 03 Area: 91ha

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Site Photo [ Site 03 ]

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LANDING SITE PHOTO Mining processing plant Location

SITE 02

Area: 159ha

SITE 01 Area: 31ha

SITE 03 Area: 91ha

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Site Photo [ Site 03 ]

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ISSUES OF A REMOTE POST-MINING COMMUNITY (S) Quality of Life INFORM

AL SET

TLEMEN

T

CK

TRA L I A R

FENCE

NARROW FOOTPATH

01 Poor living condition Inhabitants in Lanjian community have poor living condition. The infrastructures of this community are old and dilapidated. Most of the residents are elderly, they used to work for mine and now retired.

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Due to the close proximity to the mine open pits and waste dumps, there is a high level of dust in the air, however, there are not enough trees and plants to absorb the dust. Moreover, the heavy metal contamination in the soil also affects the health of the inhabitants.

02 Polluted environment

RAIL TRACK

POLLUTED SOIL

IRON ORE & WASTE STONE

POLLUTED SOIL 33

THE BIRTH OF A REMOTE INDUSTRIAL CITY Warsaw Treaty Organization and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and America

China Air force Marine force Army Nuclear weapon Weapon

1960 Cold War Pattern

The establishment of the Panzhihua Steel and Panzhihua City was under the background of the Cold War. In the early 1960s, China faced a situation of internal and external troubles. The Communist Party of China not only had to overcome the severe domestic economic situation after the Great Leap Forward, but also faced the disintegration of the Sino-Soviet alliance, and Moscow has turned from a potential ally to a military rival. At the same time, the United States stationed troops in East Asia and strengthened its military power in the Vietnam War.

Proposed Military Base Military Base Transfer V-Ti magnetite ore Other materials transfer V-Ti magnetite ore Proposed railway 1 Existing railway

1

3 2

1962 Third Fronts Strategy in China

Mao and his colleagues agreed that in the current increasingly tense security situation, the best way for China was to prepare to fight a "protracted peoples' war" (Meyskens and Covell) while acquiring nuclear weapons to prevent the invasion of the United States and the Soviet Union. Defence Minister Lin Biao suggested that heavy industries and the army should be moved to the inland remote mountainous areas to prepare for national warfare. This proposal was adopted in 1964: transferring resources to inland regions to build a big secret heavy- industrial base, which was named the Third Front.

The CCP decided to make Chongqing the centre of the Third Front, built a conventional weapons complex.

Meanwhile, in order to support the arms manufacturing in Chongqing, some massive of industry needed to be constructed in various places, which included Panzhihua Steel in Sichuan, the Liupanshui Coal mines in Guizhou, and three railroads connecting the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou.

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Mineral Resource

V-Ti magnetite ore

Vanadium

63.2%

11.6%

Titanium

95%

35%

Iron

20%

2.7%

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THE BIRTH OF A REMOTE INDUSTRIAL CITY " Until Panzhihua is built, I won't sleep well ! "

( Focus on the development in inland of China ) Population migration and iron ore products transfer

1949 1965

Population: 1,149 (local) Immigrants: 120,000 Population: 122,243 Capital transfer

3

Local

Beijing

Immigrants

Legend Population

Chongqing

Population migration Iron ore products transfer Capital transfer Other cities Municipality The Central

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Panzhihua

Liupanshui

" Let some people get rich first. "

( Transforming the economics gravity from inland to the coastal area ) 1978 Reform and Opening-up in China

Legend Population Population migration Iron ore products transfer Capital transfer Other cities Municipality The Central

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ISSUES OF THE POST-INDUSTRIAL CITY (XL)

N 2000m

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Mining-related settlements Some of those settlements are mining communities until now; however, some were abandoned years ago. Some people are getting rich, and then they move to the centre city area. The rest of them who still live in the old mining communities are limited by family economic condition.

Legend Settlements

Iron ore industry

Mining-related settlements

Other heavy industry(Coal)

Population density

Pollution level

Highway

City boundary

Railway

Water body

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ISSUES OF INDUSTRIAL AREA (L)

Zhujiabaobao Open-pit mining

1

Lanjiahuoshan open-pit mining Main direction From April to August

Wudaohe Mining Communit

Waste Dump

Mining processing plant and community Steel industrial community

1'

40

Steel industrial area

Tailing

SITE PLAN

Tailing

ty

In mining industrial area, mine ore transfers from stone to steel, which is a complete producing line. There are many communities near the industrial sites. Most residents here are workers working for the mining company. Compared community near the steel mill with that near the mine area, the previous one has a shorter distance to the city centre and higher road density.

Legend Line -- Physical Dash Line -- Unphysical Focusing Site Iron ore Other roads Highway Railway Wind direction Other materials transfer Iron ore transfer Road network density Tunnel Mining (industrial) area Steel industrial area Residential area Water body Polluted area Iron ore industrial area Steel industrial area Industrial size Smaller

Bigger

Main direction From August to February

N 2000m

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HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL AREA (L) 1936

New iron ore reserves were discovered in Panzhihua.

Permian Eneishanshan flood basalt

Ailaoshan ductile deformed rock

1960 The conventional weapon complex with Chongqing as the centre was badly in need of a lot of steel to forge weapons and equipment, it was required to be built in 3 years.

Mafic-ultramafic intrusion

1964

Building new roads and railway

1970

Tapping of a blast furnace

1975

Remo

2020

Steel

Panzhihua Iron and Steel Plant

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Ore concentrate

Midi Mining Processing Plant

Upper Zone (500~1500m)

SITE SECTION

Leucogabbro

Gabbro Banded ore Gabbro Disseminated ore

Middle Zone (217-1300m)

Melanogabbro

Original site

Gabbro Banded ore Banded ore Massive ore Gabbro Disseminated ore Gabbro Anthorthosite

Extracting sample ore

Marginal Zone Lower Zone (0-40m) (0-100m)

Massive ore Olivinite or olivine pyroxenite Gabbro Hornblende schist V-Ti magnetite ore

120m

Shizi Mountain Blast 10,000 tons of explosives

Panzhihua as a steel place of production must exploit a host of iron ore in a short time. Zhujiabaobao was rich in mineral resources and close to iron and steel plants, however with high mountains and deep valleys in this mining area, the main iron ore here was covered with a nearly 120-metre stone layered which needed to be removed firstly.

ove 120-metre layered stone

V-Ti magnetite ore

Zhujiabaobao open-pit mining area

Section 1-1'

1000m

2000m

Barren mountain

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DESIGN/RESEARCH APPROACH

QUALITY OF LIFE IN POST-MINING COMMUNITY

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Research Question

How to improve the natural living environment of residents and bring benefits to post-mining communities, through restoring the ecological environment destroyed by mining activities, with the combination of Ecological Design ( Reclamation and Remediation) and Interventionism guided by Asset-Based Design Approach?

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DESIGN/RESEARCH APPROACH ISSUE

START POINT 2

HOW

Quality of life

(Residents of mining-related community) 1. Economic conditions (Family and individual)

2. Natural environment

3. Community environment

Community environment

INITIAL RESEARCH QUESTION

START POINT 1

THEORY

Ecological environment

Soil pollution

Water pollution

Air pollution

How to improve the life quality of residents who live in the post-mining communities?

Tree City

Place Identity

HOW THEORY

Ecological Design

Rehabilitation

Interventionism

Phytoremediation

Bioremediation

METHOD

Reclamation and Remediation

1. Using various sorts of plants to purify the pollutants in soil and water

2. Transfer the function of the industrial facilities

3. Maintain the abandoned railways

Landshaftspark Duisburg-Nord, Germany

PRECEDENT

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Sewage sludge, biomass, leaf litter and a free fly ash added to the acidic areas(bacteria work)

Gas Work Park, Seattle

PRECEDENT

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK HOW HAS RESEARCH QUESTION CHANGED?

Community Design

METHOD

PRECEDENT

Green Trails

Revitalization of Six Post-Mining Towns in Illinois

1. Building green trails to connect the post-mining towns

Incremental Urbanism

2. New cultural features 3. Mining landscape and ruins as the container of the collective memory

Asset-Based Community Design

“Quality of Life” is a broad concept that can be relative to every aspect of life. To unpack this concept for the residents who live in the post-mining communities, “Quality of Life” can be understood as three sections: individual economic condition would come first; the second one is the natural environment, it has been polluted by the mining industry; thirdly, it is about community environment, whether inhabitants here enjoy their daily life or not.

Based on the three sections, the research question changes into: How to improve the natural living environment of residents and bring benefits to post-mining communities, through restoring the ecological environment destroyed by mining activities？

Smallest Possible Intervention

1. Represent his thinking of “Entropy“

2. Acknowledge the complex layers of the site including the natural elements and historical signs of manipulation

Asphalt Rundown

PRECEDENT

CURRENT RESEARCH QUESTION How to improve the natural living environment of residents and bring benefits to post-mining communities, through restoring the ecological environment destroyed by mining activities, with the combination of Ecological Design ( Reclamation and Remediation) and Interventionism guided by Asset-Based Design Approach?

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PRECEDENT 01

REFLECTION

As the first outdoor earthwork that Smithson created, it proves the importance of “Entropy” in his thinking. From Mc Harg, ‘creation involves the raising of matter and energy from lower to higher levels of order. Retrogression and destruction consist of reduction from the higher levels of order to entropy’. Also, it usually means a danger to the system’s stability which was connected to well-being. In this program, the whole process of asphalt running down can be regarded as a process of stripping the layers of the symbolic meanings step by step. As the asphalt slipping down and getting cooled, with the decline of the entropy, the system gradually becomes stable, which metaphors the development of high way would lead to instability.

In Robert Smithson’s artworks, he attempts to recover the post-industrial sites with the concept of acknowledging that the existence of the post-industrial ruins is a part of the environment. The works of Smithson constitute an artist engagement with the post-industrial site. Asphalt Rundown is an example of it. Smithson chose an abandoned quarry on the outskirts of Rome, Italy, brought a truckload of hot asphalt and tipped it out, to make the asphalt slit down the slope. When it fell, the asphalt was getting cooled and hardened, ultimately seeming to fuse with the slope of the quarry. In Asphalt Rundown, it explores the natural laws include the gravity, temperature, physical forms(liquid or solid) , and what is happening, what is changing and what remains.

Jonathan comments that“Since the biological processes of the site have been gravely interrupted, it is almost only the physical laws—nature at its most basic—that remain.”

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Changing properties of asphalt

Constructing materials Symbol of the development of highway system Symbol of the Anthropocene

Asphalt Rundown Robert Smithson, 1969 Cava dei Selce, Rome, Italy

Higher temperature

Lower temperature Asphalt Physical property Unphysical preperty

BENEFIT

REFLECTION

Robert Smithson and his project undoubtedly raised public concern and led to a public rethink of post-industrial sites, construction materials and the environment.

This is a land art work. Although what Smithson desire to express is about the paradox of environmental destruction and protectionism, this ambiguous act secondary damaged to the environment.

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PRECEDENT 02 Located in the Rhur District, Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord could be seen as a milestone in park design. It typifies a new type of urban cultural landscape and an innovative way to compromise the traditional garden and industrial heritage. As Peter Latz had made clear, ”the stereotypical reproduction of antiquated nature and landscape images was not the way forward”. Under the principle that Bernard Lassus vaunted “minimal intervention”, Latz attempted to preserve as much of the existing site as possible.

Heavily-polluted area(No entre)

Slightly-polluted area

Railway track

Laz+Partners considered the bioremediation and on-site material recycling, in order to reverse the ecological damage happened in this site. The existing industrial constructions were transferred in to 3 functions: creating a water system, restoring the site ecology and recreational function.

Railway track Abandoned ore-bunker Heavily polluted soil

Slightly polluted soil Relocate heavily polluted soil to the ore-bunker

Regularly mowed

Plant new trees

Vegetations

Remain the industrial nature(the railway track)

Isolation soil layer

Replace with clean soil

Heavily-polluted soil was relocates into the abandoned ore-bunkers, capped with an isolation soil layer, planted vegetation on the top. The slag heaps, cinder, coal or coke grow wild with some vegetation, such as acacia and ailanthus trees.

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The slightly-polluted soils to remain in place and be remediated through phytoremediation.

Slightly-polluted area

Slightly-polluted area

Retain Industrial structure

Diving Club

Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord, Germany Peter Latz and Partners 01 For recreation (Clean) Soil Pollution Slightly polluted soil Heavily polluted soil Concrete Grass land Isolation Gasometre to Diving Club

Climbing walls

02 As a part of the water system Some of the industrial constructions were transferred into recreational facilities. For instance, the blast furnace, from outside can climb right to the top and enjoy superb panoramic views; the gasometer has been transformed into a unique diving centre; concrete walls are used by rock climbers. Also, the railroad tracks changed into bike paths.

Old canal as the buffer zone(collect the runoff)

Old canal as the buffer zone(collect the runoff)

Abandoned ore-bunker

Pump

Water reservoirs(collecting and purifying)

BENEFIT

REFLECTION

Landschafts Park in Duisburg-Nord is a highly outstanding project of rehabilitation of the abandoned sites. Laz + Partners reveals a beautiful way of applying “low intervention “. Moreover, the approach they have applied to preserve and pass on the qualities of this plant is well worth learning from.

Although Landschafts Park is a successful precedent of a park, it should not be overlooked that an isolated park is extremely limited for the development and conservation of the area. So in this project, when it is related to a whole area regeneration plan, mining park needs more connection with other characters.

51

PRECEDENT 03 Five phases of revitalization 1. Maintaining the local cultural situation 2. Connecting the disparate spaces 3. Advancing programming 4. Expanding the network 5. Starting a new process of maintaining

Regional scale Site scale

1. Maintaining the local cultural situation

2. Connecting the disparate spaces

3. Advancing programming; adding a main cultural centre

Border(show the scale) Road Main Greenways Minor Greenways Cutural festures New cutural festures Cultural Centre Programs(activities)

Greenways Greenways means systems or networks of interconnected lands (patches and corridors) that are planned, designed and managed for multiple purposes, including: ecological protection, recreation, and cultural/historic landscape value (Fabos and Ahern,1995). The value of Green trail project is not only ecologically, it is also culturally. Conducting this method is aimed at to build a strong coherence in existing society, among the people who live in different area or the same place.

Green trail is something physical, however, the contents in the entire structure include both physical and unphysical.

52

Revitalisation of Six Post-Mining Towns in Illinois Related Program: Northeastern Illinois Regional Greenways & Trails Plan

4. Expanding the network

5. Starting a new process of maintaining

BENEFIT

REFLECTION

Greenways and Trails project in Illinois benefits in a huge area. Firstly, the Greenways do have a strong academic background and various type of practices. Secondly, the existing formation is landscape, however, the benefits are among economy, ecology and culture.

Greenways Plan in Illinois could be regarded as one type of plan on a city or regional scale. So it is inevitable that facing the problem of ignoring some site characters when working as a system. However, this can be solved when the greenway designers design and layout each greenway with a thorough understanding of the local character, making full use of the existing paths combined with the proposed one.

53

Aiming at improving life quality of the residents who live in the mining area, Community Design can just play a small role.

In order to address the root of this problem, a complete restoration plan is necessary for the mine area. The rationale for this restoration plan is that the ore industry is the mainstay of the city but that a single economic structure is not conducive to long-term development. Therefore, future development needs to be directed towards agriculture and services.

The approach conducted in the mine rehabilitation plan is expected to be a combination of science, art and community to add diversity to the whole plan.

54

DESIGN NARRATIVE 55

ALONG THE RAILWAY Railway 01 This railway line is for mine ore transportation, it starts from Zhujiabaobao mining open pit, and then run in turn through waste dumps, mining processing plant, post mining communities and finally to Lanjiahuoshan open pit. Now, due to over-extracting, Zhujiabaobao open pit and Lanjiahuoshan open pit have become completely integrated, creating a huge open pit mine. Although the railway does not form a closed loop in mining area, it still start from the mine and ends with mine.

Zhujiabaobao open-pit mining

Lanjiahuoshan open-pit mining

Railway 01 G-01

G-04 Railway 02 G-03

G-02

56

Railway 02 This railway is the ONLY ONE railway through Panzhihua City, which can be described as the lifeblood of the city, carrying out the two main functions of transporting steel rails (the most important vanadium and titanium magnetite product) and providing external connections.

Different states of trains when they cross over various blocks

G-01

G-02

G-03

G-04

57

AMBITION CREATING A NEW SYSTEM WHICH CAN RUN WITHOUT EXTRACTING INDUSTRY IN THE POST-MINING AREA Unbalanced industrial development Panzhihua GDP by type of industry

Primary industry

Secondary industry

Tertiary industry

1000 800 600 400 200 0

Unit: 100 million (RMB)

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Panzhihua City is a typical heavy industry city in Sichuan Province. The industrial structure of the city is dominated by steel, ferrous metal smelting, metallurgy, and coal and fuel processing (Statistical Yearbook of Panzhihua).

Cash crop

Mango

58

Loquat

Pomegranate

Pitaya

Climate in Dry-hot Valley Panzhihua city area has a subtropical valley and arid climate. The annual average temperature is 20.3 degrees Celsius, the annual minimum temperature is 14.3 degrees Celsius, and the annual maximum temperature is about 40 degrees Celsius. The area has a long period of sunshine, and the dry season is generally from November to May next year. The four seasons are unclear but the dry and rainy seasons are distinct. The sunshine time is long (2 300 ~ 2 700h throughout the year), the solar radiation is strong (578 ~ 628kJ·cm-2), the evaporation is strong, the micro-climate is complex and diverse, also the three-dimensional climate is obvious. The frost-free period is more than 320 days. The soil is yellow sand grain soil with medium fertility. Summer is rainy, winter is warm and drier. The annual rainfall is 849.0mm, and the rainfall is concentrated in June to October. Generally, the rainfall time is short and the intensity is high.

Temperature

(℃ )

40 35

High temperature

30 25 20 15 Low temperature

10 5 0 300mm

Hot days Month average rainfall

250mm 200mm 150mm 100mm 50mm

Rainy season

0mm 9 Kwh

Shortwave solar energy on average daily

8 Kwh 7 Kwh 6 Kwh 5 Kwh 4 Kwh 3 Kwh 2 Kwh 1 Kwh

Bright days

0 Kwh

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jinsha River Dry-hot Valley

59

DESIGN CONCEPT How to rehabilitate the post-industrial site?

In this project, there are some significant theories or methods: 1. “Smallest Possible Intervention“ 2. Reduce the “entropy“ 3. “Science+ Art + Community”

How to understand “entropy“ ?

There are many different types of interpretation in existing fields, such as thermodynamics, informatics and ecology.

Here it is expected the whole ecological system as a whole. The concept of “Entropy“ here is closer to the explanation of that in thermodynamics. The high entropy of the site means that less energy is available for use and transformation within the site, and the system of the site is in a more unstable state, which means that it is more vulnerable to damage.

So the design concept is conducting a method with the combination of Science, Art and Community to reduce the entropy of this site. When the sites become more stable, then adding other values on this site.

SCIENCES ARTS COMMUNITY 60

61

SITE PHASING STRATEGY

SITE 02 (S)

Area: 159ha 50% 15% 35%

SITE 01 (S)

Area: 31ha 25% 10% 65%

35% 45% 20%

SITE 03 (S) Area: 91ha

MINING AREA (M) Area: 655 ha

62

Phase 01

REVIVING post-mining communities (S) ALDs

Phase 02

REHABILITATION of post-mining site (S) ALDs

Phase 03

Planting trees

Reuse

CONNECTING the post-mining sites (M) Green Trail

Phase 05

Phytoremedaition

RENOVATING mining plants (S) Remain the ruins

Phase 04

Community design

Railway

REGENERATING the area with a new identity (S-M-L) New cultural features

Programs

63

SITE PHASING STRATEGY The existing site is a combination of 2 abandoned open pit and 1 waster dump, also there are another 1open pit,1waster dump and mining processing plant in progress. No public access or amenity.

Phase 01

Phase 02

Phase 03

Revive the post mining community

Rehabilitation of post-mining sites

Renovating

Phase 01 is a short-term period to revive the mining community. Conducting Community design to improve the community natural environment, purify some polluted area and create more green open space.

Phase 02 is about restoring the natural environment destroyed by mining activities. The goal of Phase 1 is to restore the ecological environment to a certain extent, control pollution. It is a preparing period for the following phases.

Phase 03 is dustrial ruin follow the p intervention artists can a entist and d bilities.

2022

2032

Phase 01 Sciences Arts Community

Phase 02 Sciences Arts Community Sciences

Phase 03

Arts Community Sciences Arts Community

64

P

3

Phase 04

Phase 05

g the mining plants

Connecting the post-mining sites

Regenerate the area with a new identity

a process of reusing the inns. The renovating process will principle ''Smallest possible n". When the plant closes, the access and cooperate with scidesigners to explore the possi-

Phase 04 is establish the spatial connection among all sorts of landscape features(communities, mining plants, openpits and waste dump).

On the basis of the physical connection, the Phase 05 is to adding more cultural, natural features and programs.

2042

2052

Phase 04

Phase 05 Sciences Arts Community

65

DESIGN PROPOSAL

Site 01

Lanjian Community is the mining community at the beginning of Panzhihua City, where the oldest mineral resource developers and their descendants live. The communities were built near mining sites and belong to the mining company. The mining company invested and built residential buildings and distributed the houses to all the staff. Therefore, people living in the community are also colleagues.

The relationship between the three generations, the emotional connection, the common memories, and the technical knowledge related to mining are very important social assets of the community.

66

Site 02

Site 2 contains two main natural features, mine open pits contains three mines, one abandoned. Due to the extracting industry mining area.

mine open pits and waste dumps. The is on the process, the other two are y, they have already become one huge

Site 03

The main responsibility of the processing plant is to screen all the stone from the mine, remove the low iron content and crush it into a product that can be smelted.

67

68

<Lanjian Community>

Site 01 "Community"

69

Site 01 "Community" <Lanjian Community> Lanjian Community is the mining community at the beginning of Panzhihua City, where the oldest mineral resource developers and their descendants live. The communities were built near mining sites and belong to the mining company. The mining company invested and built residential buildings and distributed the houses to all the staff. Therefore, people living in the community are also colleagues. The relationship between the three generations, the emotional connection, the common memories, and the technical knowledge related to mining are very important social assets of the community.

People Who Live Here Mining company

Residential buildings

Distribution

Three generations of post-mining community

Miners

Family member

1st Generation Birth year: 1920-1940

Family member

Engineer

Miner

Scientist

Local artist

2nd Generation Birth year: 1950-1970

Student

Teacher

Engineers

Scientists

Carpenter

Hiker

3rd Generation Birth year: 1980-1990

Mining-related

70

THE STORIES OF LANJIAN COMMUNITY Part 1: Identity Transformation

Phase 01

[ REVIVING ]

The story of the Lanjian community is the beginning of the history of mining and urban construction in Panzhihua. Almost all the elderly who live here are the bottom workers who came to this city to participate in mining industry.

" WHY DID YOU COME HERE? "

71

Site 01 "Community" <Lanjian Community>

"WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF THE HUKOU SYSTEM?"

72

THE STORIES OF LANJIAN COMMUNITY

Phase 01

[ REVIVING ]

Part 2: Struggling identities

" HOW IS YOUR LIFE NOW? "

73

Site 01 "Community" <Lanjian Community> Lifestyle in Lanjian Community 08:00-11:00; 15:00-17.30

MOBILE MARKET STALL

08:00-11:00; 15:00-17.30

TALKING AROUND THE MARKET STALL

01 MARKET ON MOBILE

Lanjian community is located in a mountainous steep area with a relatively high residential building density. Moreover, when established this community initially, the space for the food market was not considered. Residents living here can only purchase food through the vendors who drive the food here and sell it on their motor vehicles. Their cars could not stop on the side of the road for a long time, so they just come here in two periods of time during a day.

74

Phase 01

[ REVIVING ]

02 CHATTING The residents of Lanjian community are mostly retired old people. An important part of their daily life is chatting. After grocery shopping in the morning and after lunch, they will spontaneously gather to chat sitting on the stairs in a plaza.

Some of them reuse the old furnitures to create a small chatting space behind the buildings.

CHATTING 9:30-11.30

CHATTING SPACE 14:00-17.30

03 FARMING FARMING

Many residents retain their farming habits.

Since urban residents do not own land, they will randomly choose a piece of land to plant vegetables or fruits. The wasteland next to the railway is one of the most popular choices to become their private farmland.

9:00-15.00 75

Site 01 "Community" <Lanjian Community> ISSUES Design Scope A: 1. acid mine drainage

1'

1 2

3'

Design Scope B:

1. rail track separates residential area 2. farmland and soil pollution

2'

76

Phase 01

[ REVIVING ]

Legend Barren land Polluted soil Farmland Building 1-2F Building 4-5F Building 7-10F Building 20F

3 4

4'

N 50m

77

Site 01 "Community" <Lanjian Community> Design Scope A ISSUES

ES

S

TCH I D E AG

The main issue for Design Scope A is the acid mine drainage.

There is a train tunnel opening. Acid mine drainage will flow out along the drainage ditches on both sides of the train tunnel.

E CH

DRAIN

IT D E

G

IA NA

DR CURRENT SITUATION (PLAN) Dry season 1

Heavy rain season 1'

2

Dry season In dry season, acid mine drainage will flow through the tunnel along the road and finally discharges into Jinsha River system.

Heavy rain season

2'

78

During the rainstorm season, the acid mine water will increase significantly. The original ditches could not hold the excessive waste water.

It causes the waste water to overflow the ditch and flow to the lower altitude land. Further lead to severe environmental pollution.

Phase 01

[ REVIVING ]

CURRENT SITUATION (SECTION) Dry season

Acid mine drainage

Heavy rain season

Acid mine drainage

Section 1-1'

5m

79

Site 01 "Community" <Lanjian Community> SOLUTION “DRY + WET“ system: Anoxic Limestone Drainage+Biofilter

Anoxic limestone drainage is one sort of passive treatments. The function of it is to increase the PH value of the acid mine drainage before it flow into river system. �noxic limestone drainage is composed with 3 main layers. Top layer limestone is to make the water which has a lot of oxygen to react with. The ferric iron in acid water will also react with calcium carbonate and form a ferric hydroxide crust which can slow the reaction rate. So this step is also aimed to reduce the ferric iron in the water.

Limestone ditch

No.1 Basin

Anoxic limestone drainage

Anoxic limestone drainage

Limestone

No.1 Basin

No.2 Basin

Humic and organic material Limestone

01

Settle limestone in the ditches, let acid water react with limestone to low the PH. No.1 Basin is for gaining the water prepared for next step treatment.

02

The water will flow to anoxic mine drainage and start remediation. The PH of water is about 3. It goes through the humic and organic materials, such as wood, leaves or other compost. Micro-organisms will consume oxygen in the water in order to make it become a hypoxic state when it reaches the main limestone layer at the bottom.

03

No.2 Basin is a pond for further treatment to reduce the PH. The reaction principle is same as the anoxic limestone drainage. The other function of it is to collect more water.

Limestone ditch

No.1 Basin

Anoxic limestone drainage No.2 Basin

01

80

02

03

Phase 01

[ REVIVING ]

Anoxic limestone drainage

Restroom

No.3 Basin No.3 Basin

Biofilter Sand

Water container

Coarse sand Gravel

04 No.3 Basin is the last part of anoxic mine drainage

neutralization. The aim PH of this pond is about 6 or more.

Anoxic limestone drainage

The water from No.3 Basin will flow to the next pond which will purify the water further. And then, collecting them and reusing it for the restroom near the highway entrance.

Restroom No.3 Basin

04

05

Highway entrance

Biofilter

05

Section 2-2'

25m

81

Site 01 "Community" <Lanjian Community>

Zhujiabaobao open-pit mine

Lanjian open-pit mine

Acid mine drainage

Acid limestone drainage

82

Phase 01

[ REVIVING ]

Test local materials & Co-work with school There is a secondary school in Lanjian community. In schools, it is recommended to add a course of natural experimentation, allowing students to collect acidic wastewater in the ditches, and collect various sorts of local materials (not limited to limestone) near quarries and waste dumps to test the reaction efficiency of acid mine drainage. The course can not only be used as a part of the environmental experiment, but also makes residents here to deepen their understanding of their environment.

No.1 Acid mine drainage + Limestone

Lanjian Secondary School

No.2 No.3 No.4 Acid mine drainage Acid mine drainage Acid mine drainage + + + Quartz Dolomite Gypsum 1. Acid water from ditches 2. Flask (Bottle with cap) 3. Cobble or other natural objects 4. Compost 5. Leaves & wood 6. Limestone & other local materials

83

Site 01 "Community" <Lanjian Community> Design Scope B The main problem in this area is about the conflict between residents’ daily life and the mining railway. Lanjian community is divided into two parts by rail tracks which squeezes people’s living space. Trains that transport mines pass by here 2-3 times a day, bringing more dust pollution from iron ore and waste stones. It has also caused the land around the railway to be heavily polluted by heavy metals. In this small area, not only the tension between residents’ activity, railways, and fences is reflected, but there are also problems with the pollution of the fields and land cultivated by those residents.

ISSUE 01 1. Rail track separates residential area

FENCE(RAILWAY)

FENCE (SLOPE)

CURRENT SITUATION (PLAN)

Off-limits area

3

N

Fence

3'

84

4

4'

Phase 01

[ REVIVING ]

CURRENT SITUATION (SECTION) Activity space

Off-limits area

Fence

SOLUTION Activity space

Off-limits area

Step 1: Removing the fence in order to increase people’s activities spaces.

Activity space

Step 2: Setting schedule for trains, make rail track space a flexible activity space.

Folding sheds

Step 3: Transferring to a market area. Creating a space that people can purchase food and chat here.

Section 3-3'

5m

85

Site 01 "Community" <Lanjian Community> Design Scope B ISSUE 02 2. Polluted farmland in lower altitude

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

FENCE RAILWAY

FARMLAND

Residents always find a small piece of land and then starts planting vegetables here. Those farmland is between the railway and residential buildings, those soil has been polluted by the heavy metal which is brought by the mining trains passing by. Moreover, due to the dry deposition, the land in lower altitude will contain more heavy metal contaminants.

CURRENT SITUATION (PLAN)

Railway

3

Farmland

N

86

3'

4

Farmland

4'

Phase 01

[ REVIVING ]

CURRENT SITUATION (SECTION) Dust

Wind

Iron ore and waste stone Farmland

Polluted soil Heavy metal dry deposition

SOLUTION

Step 1: Planting trees along the railway in order to avoid ore dust polluting soil. Meanwhile, covering with some healthy soil on the open space. And planting hyperaccumulators on lower altitude.

Planting hyperaccumulators

Planting trees Cover with healthy soil

Step 2: Creating a new area with healthy soil layer for the residents to plant vegetables or fruits.

New farmland area

Section 4-4'

5m

87

Site 01 "Community" <Lanjian Community> PROPOSED PLAN Design Scope A Anoxic Limestone Drainage System

No.1 Basin

No.2 Basin

No.3 Basin

Biofilter Highway rest area

Highway entrance

88

Design Scope B Flexible Market Area and Farmland

Phase 01

[ REVIVING ]

Farmland area

Flexible market

N 50m

89

Site 01 "Community" <Lanjian Community> VISUALIZATION “ Flexible market “ Location

09:00-11:00; 15:00-17.00

Folding sheds

Leersia hexandra

90

Phase 01

[ REVIVING ]

Dodonaea Viscosa

Phytoremediation

Pteris vittata

91

Site 01 "Community" <Lanjian Community> VISUALIZATION “ Activity space “ Location

92

09:00-11:00; 15:00-17.00

Phase 01

[ REVIVING ]

93

Site 01 "Community" <Lanjian Community> VISUALIZATION “ Farmland “ Location

94

Phase 01

[ REVIVING ]

Cabbage Mango tree

Corn

95

Site 01 "Community" <Lanjian Community> VISUALIZATION

No.1 Basin

No.2 Basin

Activity space Flexible market Folding sheds

96

Phase 01

[ REVIVING ]

Farmland area

97

98

< Open pits & Waste dumps>

Site 02 “Natural”

99

Site 02 “Natural” < Open pits & Waste dumps> Pollution The main pollutants from this iron ore mine in Panzhihua fall into three categories: dust pollution from the air, heavy metal pollution from the soil and acid mine drainage. Dust pollution is serious due to a large number of impurities in the low grade iron ore. The main components of heavy metal pollution in the soil near the mine are vanadium, manganese, copper and lead (Min).

Acid mine drainage is formed when sulphide impurities in the ore react with water and oxygen in the air to form sulphates. Another source of sulphides is the explosives used in mine blasting, as the blasting is cooled by water and reduces dust, so the sulphides in the explosives also produce sulphates. Sulphate dissolved in water makes the solution strongly acidic.

Contaminant type and reasons of formation

Evaporation Wind

Precipitation

Evaporation

100

Phase 02

[ REHABILITATION ]

Air pollution

+

H

Dust Quartz Calcite Gypsum Feldspar Dolomite Iron mineral Titanium mineral

-

NO 3

H 2O

OH

2-

SO4

H 2O H2 O

+

H

NO 3

-

OH

Soil pollution

-

Pb 2-

SO 4

2+

2+

Zn

O2 Original surface

-

2-

SO 4

NO 3

2+

Zn

Cu

2+

H 2O

-OH

O2

Zinc (Zn) Copper (Cu) Plumbum (Pb) Vanadium (V) Nickel (Ni) Chromium (Cr) Mercury (Hg) Cadmium (Cd) Arsenic (As) Manganese (Mn)

Acid mine drainage S

2-

O2

O2

S3 O 6

2-

S 2 O3

2-

2-

SO 4

V 2O 5

CuS

V 2O 5

FeS TiO 2

NiS2 FeTiO3 Fe3 O 4

CoS 2

101

Site 02 “Natural” < Open pits & Waste dumps> Content variations of heavy metals in soils The main components of heavy metal pollution in soil of those areas near the mine are zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel, plumbum, vanadium and chromium. The heavy metal pollution such as copper, plumbum and cadmium can easily absorbed by human body and can be harmful to human health.

The location where the pit is located would not show soil heavy metal contamination as the pit is the source of contamination, but the pit does not have a soil cover. Therefore the areas near the pits are the areas that are heavily contaminated with heavy metals. Several of the areas in the map below are areas with a moderate to high ecological risk of heavy metal contamination(Zhou et al. 2010, p. 779).

Zn

Zn

Cu Cr Cu

Ni

Cr

Ni

Zn

Pb

Zn

Cr Ni

Pb

Cu Cd

Pb Cd

Cr

Cd

Pb

Cu Pb Cd

102

Phase 02

Ecological damage and pollution degree

[ REHABILITATION ]

Low

High

Hydrological system Potential area to build ALDs Strom water run-off

The catchment analysis gives an idea of some of the main water catchment areas where centralised treatment of acid mine drainage can be considered.

103

Site 02 “Natural” < Open pits & Waste dumps> Reclamation Stages

Stage 1 Stage 2 Restore the abandoned sites based on the 1. Restore 2 open pits and 1 waste dump 2. Planting trees to prevent the spread of dust caused by mining activities reclaiming experience in Stage 1

2 1

1

1

Two main step for stage 1, firstly, to restore 2 open pits and 1 waste dump; secondly, planting trees to prevent the spread of dust caused by mining activities

For those heavily polluted areas(open mining pits), in the early stage, should be setted as 'NO GO AREA'.

2022 Stage 1 area

Site condition Heavily-polluted

NO GO Area

Slightly-polluted

Crops

Healthy Fertile

Soil condition Stage 1 area

Stage 2 area

Vegetation Herbaceous plant

Stage 1 area

Vine plant Woody plant Crops

Stage 2 area

104

Stage 2 area

After a few years, the slightly po as a safe place, then it can be co social values, transformed into a lic open spaces. Meanwhile, rest

olluted area can be reclaimed onsidered to develop other an experimental area or pubtore the surrounding areas.

Phase 02

[ REHABILITATION ]

In order to reach the ambition of the project, the first step is to restore the ecological environment destroyed by mining activities. The focusing sites are the primary pollution source -- two open pits and one waste dump, which have already abandoned. For that abandoned site, they are suitable to start the ecological restoration process. Conversely, for another open pit and waste dump, which are in process, it is appropriate to prevent the spread of pollution and reclaim some chosen parts of the site.

After 10 years, Stage 1 restoration finished. Almost all the areas in stage 1 could be regarded as safe places. Stage 2 restoration will start, In Stage 2, the sites would not expect to be 100% restored. In some areas, traces of mining activities will be remained.

Based on the result of stage 1, stage 2 will run more effectively. The whole reclamation period will be less than 10 years.

2032

105

Site 02 “Natural” < Open pits & Waste dumps> Test 1 (Phytoremediation, ALDs) Slow process, longer period, lower impact, lower cost

Location

Heavily polluted soil Slightly polluted soil Healthy soil

1

Stone and gravel Limestones

1'

Clay Gabbro Disseminated ore

2022

Relocate the slightly polluted soil to the exposed ore surface

2024

Slope shaping

2025

Acid mine drainage ALDs

2027 Planting

Section 1-1' 106

50m

Phase 02

[ REHABILITATION ]

Work pattern Planting

Local Government

Hire

Local farmers Operating machines

Unemployed miners Using the traditional machines (excavators, dump truck) to operate the site, and hiring the local farmers and unemployed miner to plant on the site.

It takes time to achieve the goals, however, it could let the community engage into the project, it is a good way to make people take the responsibilities of restoring the damaged ecological environment. Moreover, they can gain knowledge from this process, which can be regarded as one of the social assets in the post-mining community.

107

Site 02 “Natural” < Open pits & Waste dumps> Passive treatment system Passive treatment system is a method for dealing with acid mine drainage.

There are 6 main types of passive treatment system: aerobic wetlands, anaerobic wetlands, successive alkalinity producing systems, anoxic limestone drains(ALDs), limestone pond and open limestone channel (OLC) (K. L. Ford, 2003).

Applying passive treatment systems do not need any electric power and the price of it is cheaper than active treatment systems. They do not need much maintenance, which means it is suitable to build in remote location.

ALDs (neutralize the acid mine drainage) Acid mine drainage

1m

Vegetated crown Top soil Clay Limestones Plastic layer Slightly polluted soil

108

Phase 02

[ REHABILITATION ]

Phytoremediation Phytoremediation is a bioremediation process that uses various types of plants to remove, transfer, stabilise and/or destroy contaminants in soil and groundwater.

There are several different types of phytoremediation mechanisms, such as phyto-stabilization and phyto-accumulation (Phytoremediation).

In Zhujiabaobao and Lanjian mining open-pits area, the main heavy metal pollution components are zinc, copper, vanadium, chromium, cadmium and arsenic.

When selecting plant species, the main focus is on plants that are more effective in dealing with the above-mentioned heavy metal elements.

Hyperaccumulator plants

As

Cd

Pteris vittata

Viola baoshanensis

Pteris cretica

Solanum nigrum

Cr Leersia hexandra

Cu

Zn

Elsholtzia splendens

Commelina communis

Sedum alfredii

V Heteropogon contortus

109

Site 02 “Natural” < Open pits & Waste dumps> Test 2 (Phytoremediation) Effective, shorter period, higher cost Location

2' 2

Heavily polluted soil Slightly polluted soil Healthy soil Stone and gravel Limestones

2022

Clay Gabbro Disseminated ore

2022 External-soil spray seeding

Weak-weathered rock

2023

Section 2-2' 110

50m

Phase 02

[ REHABILITATION ]

Work pattern

Local government

Invite

Inviting artists to participate in this project, and make some expressions based on the current situation of the site to reflect the thinking about the pit, the land, the artificial mining mode, and the natural environment. All works of art need to be completed in the mine, which can be in any form, but it is necessary to avoid secondary pollution.

"Create, Reflect, Express"

Artist

Mining company

External-soil spray seeding is a modern technology which is currently used in ecological regreening. It is a very effective way to restore. So it is suitable to restore a part of areas in the mining pit which is in process.

Hire

Unemployed miners

Operating machines

External-soil spray seeding The technique of external-soil spraying can be used to restore the surface of a mine that is in progress. The raw materials used for organic vegetation substrates for external-soil spray seeding are mainly soil, mud, organic substrates, fertilisers, water-retaining agent and seeds.

The slope type in iron ore mines is weakly weathered rock and the planting should be mainly vine and herbaceous with an appropriate proportion of shrubs (Mengtao,2004).

Component Mud

30%-35%

Organic substance

40%-50%

Sawdust

12%-16%

Rice chaff

12%-16%

Straw powder

16%-18%

Substrate Polymer adhesion

15%-25% 0.08%-0.15%

Water-retaining agent

0.19%-0.3%

Conditioner

0.08%-0.3%

Compound bio-fertilizer

0.05%-0.15%

Superphosphate

5%-10.5%

Plants seed Cynodon dactylon

Sophora xanthantha

Dodonaea Viscosa

Rumex hastatus

Heteropogon contortus

111

Site 02 “Natural” < Open pits & Waste dumps> Test 3 (Planting, phytoremediation)

Location

Heavily polluted soil Slightly polluted soil Healthy soil

3

3'

Stone and gravel Limestones Clay Gabbro Disseminated ore

2022

1. Remove the waste gravel

2023

2. Slope shaping

2026

3. Planting

2027

Section 3-3' 112

50m

Phase 02

[ REHABILITATION ]

Work pattern Scientists

Local Government

Scientists in Academy of Agricultural Sciences will engage in this process.

Knowledge

Local farmers

Land

Planting

1. Borrow

Production

2. Rent

$

Hire

1. Borrow the land to the local farms, they

should plant the assigned spices and take care of them.

Mining company

2. Rent the land to them when some of areas are permitted to plant local cash crops.

Sell Waste materials

Construction Material Company

$

Slope shaping As the waste dumps are made up of waste soil, the soil is loose and prone to landslides. The first step in the rehabilitation of the waste dumps is slope shaping, which reduces the slope of the dumps and improves safety.

α β tanα > 1/3 tanβ > 1/3

Slope shaping

α' β'

1/1.5 <tanα' < 1/3 1/1.5 <tanβ’ < 1/3

Trees on the top platform

α'

Shrubs on the slope

β'

1/1.5 <tanα' < 1/3 1/1.5 <tanβ’ < 1/3

113

Site 02 “Natural” < Open pits & Waste dumps> Planting experiment on waste dump site

01

02

03

114

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1. Some areas will be set as restoration experimental areas to test the different hyperaccumulators.

2. The plant communities that are suitable for local growth and are not easily degraded are selected to provide scientific evidence for the ecological restoration plant configuration of the waste dump.

3. Adding healthy soil on the empty blocks, and plant local cash crops, observe the growth condition

Phase 02

[ REHABILITATION ]

04 Seeds Mixed organic fertilizer Organic fungi-manure Bioremediation reagent

Production The soil ecological package is a formula developed based on the results of soil remediation. It is a customized technology-based product that selects native plant seeds that are more suitable for remediating contaminated soil, and reasonably mixes soil amendments and biological fertilizers. In future development, we can test more different soil types and solve ecological problems according to local conditions according to different needs.

115

Site 02 “Natural” < Open pits & Waste dumps>

Current

Zhujiabaobao open pit

116

Lanshan waste dump

Jianshan mine

Lanjiahuoshan open pit

117

Site 02 “Natural” < Open pits & Waste dumps>

2035

Natural Reserve

118

Farmland

Phase 02

[ REHABILITATION ]

Agricultural Test Field

Camping Site

Botanic Garden

119

120

<MIDI MINING PROCESSING PLANT>

SITE 03 "INDUSTRIAL"

121

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant> How to renovate this industrial site?

122

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

123

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant> ISSUES

01 WASTE MATERIAL & POLLUTION

The main responsibility of the processing plant is to screen all the stone from the mine, remove the low iron content and crush it into a product that can be smelted. The main pollutants are the waste mine ore and stones which will be abandoned after screening.

WASTE ORE & STONE

POLLUTED HARD SURFACE

124

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

When this plant abandons after years, all those industrial construction will become ruins. The main structures here can be described as a mine transportation line without truck or train. These structures were built on the mountainous terrain as a flow line for the transport of ore products from top to bottom.

Due to the mountainous terrain, these structures have a variation in elevation which can be exploited in the design.

02 INDUSTRIAL RUINS

PIPES

CONVEYING CORRIDOR

125

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant> SITE PLAN (CURRENT)

N

200m

Original Master Plan Midi Mine Processing Plant

Land damaged by mining activity Barren land Dump sites Hard surface Green land Building in mining processing plant

126

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

Function areas

Residential area Office area Coarse crushing zone Ore-grinding zone Thickening zone Waste zone Factory area Railway area Road system

Polluted areas

Building types

Building in mining processing plant

Residential building

Slightly polluted area(soil)

Office building

Polluted soil

Crushing building

Heavily polluted area(soil)

Grinding building Thickener Warehouse and other plants

127

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant> Step 01:

Renting the site to filmmakers with a low price

2032

128

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

Increasing popularity and attracting investment vvv Renting the whole site to the filmmakers with a very low price. The purpose of this step is to increase the visibility of the site and Panzhihua city and attract investment.

129

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant> Step 02:

Inviting artists and scientists to co-work with landscape architects We need some space to set as workshops, laboratories to do our job. Of course, somewhere we can sleep, take a rest, eat, have a drink are necessary.

2032

2034

Laboratory Temporary hotel

Scientists Restaurants

Parking

Where I can do my work?

Is there any limitations or restrictions?

What part can we operate and make use of it in this site?

Waste (Pollution

Artists

130

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

The first task is to considering how to clean the site, which means to reduce the contaminants in this site. I hope that working with them can make this site a more creative one.

Waste (Pollution)

Studios (Workshops)

Waste (Pollution) Waste container Designers

n)

Cleaning the site & Adding other values RATING POLLUTION LEVEL ENTROPY LEVEL ARTISTIC VALUE TOURISM RECEPTION CAPACITY

131

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant> Step 03:

Open to some groups for visiting

2032

The most important thing for us is to solve the job problem. There are a lot of people who are unemployed in our community.

2034 Open space

Hotels

2036

Planting zone Cafes & Restaurants

Planting zone

Adding entrances on the wall

Stereo garage

I have made some works for now, we can have some exhibition zone for display those works to attract more artists and other people.

132

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

The site is getting much more stable and neat. However, it is not enough for more people to visit, we need more open spaces which can hold more activities.

Market area Cafes & Restaurants

Planting zone Artist workshop Exhibition zone Open space

Cafes & Restaurants

Open space

Remove the high wall

As the third generation who live in mining community, we hope can be as volunteer to guide those people who firstly visit this place.

Continue to increase the visibility of the site RATING POLLUTION LEVEL ENTROPY LEVEL ARTISTIC VALUE TOURISM RECEPTION CAPACITY

133

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant> Step 04:

Open to general public

2032

2034 Hotels Open space

2036

2038 Planting zone

Stereo garage

I like ziptreck. I would also like to stand on a high point where I can see further into the landscape.

Those towers which in higher location are excellent.

134

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

People who come here will most possibly wish to engage in more recreational programmes. We need "recreational" that can attract more people.

Artist workshop

Planting zone

Exhibition zone Market area Cafes

Open space

Remove the high wall

Adding recreational values RATING POLLUTION LEVEL ENTROPY LEVEL ARTISTIC VALUE TOURISM RECEPTION CAPACITY

135

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant> Step 05: Reuse the mining train to connect mining areas

2032

2034

Mining railway

2036

2038

2039

If one day I can take a train from my community to the mining processing plant, that will be really cool!

Although the distance is not so far away, we can just arrive here by car.

Regional railway

136

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

Transfer the function of mining trains

For mine ore transportation

Build a corridor from top to bottom Connecting the mining area railway line and regional railway line

For tourism

If we want the plant to have a greater impact, we need to reuse the mining railway into a tourist route. A corridor would then be built to connect the mining railway with the regional railway.

Adding recreational values RATING POLLUTION LEVEL ENTROPY LEVEL ARTISTIC VALUE TOURISM RECEPTION CAPACITY

137

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant> The principles of the artworks 01 Temporary or Permanent ?

There will be exhibitions and competitions. If the artwork is popular and match the site characteristics, it could be permanent, and the author of those works will get some awards. And it also depends on the type, size and other characteristics of the artwork

02 Any Regulations ?

1. Artists can use any waste materials in the site, such as waster stone, iron ore, wood, soil, in order to create anything they want; 2. Any damage or secondary damage to the natural environment is not allowed 3. Not all the area could be allowed to create artworks; 4. All the work must be original works produced here; 5. Artists can co-work with each other; 6. When artist co-work with scientists to clean the site, the first aim should be cleaning the site, then considering artistic value.

7. Artists have chances to create land art in open pits area, but it need a permission.

138

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

If we got a chance to create whatever we like, that would be awesome.

However, sometimes, there are limitations, that is okay, we can also treat it as “themes“.

139

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant>

SEMI-PUBLIC

PUBLIC

PRIVATE ( INDOOR )

Artists’ s Scroll

Panels Installations

Concrete Road

E C A P S N OPE 140

EA R A n o i t i b exhi

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

SEMI-PUBLIC

PUBLIC

Sheds

studios Planting

Food cart

outdoor market ART WORKSHOP “ Market and exhibition zone “ Location

1 1’

Section 1-1' 141

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant> How to clean the site?

Location

2

2’

2032

Old thickeners

Transfering those pollutants in containers (Clean) Soil Pollution Slightly polluted soil Heavily polluted soil Waste stone(ore)

2032

Planting hypperaccumulators on top of the polluted soil

2034

142

Planting hyperaccumulators to purify the soil

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

Transferring the waste stone and ore into thickeners Capping it with polluted soil

Planting hyperaccumulators

Section 2-2' 143

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant> VISUALIZATION “Cafe“ Location

144

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

145

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant> VISUALIZATION “Outdoor movie on the plaza“ Location

146

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

147

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant> VISUALIZATION “Market“ Location

148

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

149

Site 03 "Industrial" <Midi Mining Processing Plant> VISUALIZATION “Recreational Functions“ Location

150

Phase 03 [ RENOVATING ]

151

CONNECTING (M) GREEN TRAILS

Step 1 Define the landscape features and existing cultural features

Step 2 Connect the main features by Green trails

Green trail typology 1. Mountain hiking trail

4. Two-way hiking trail

152

2. Shared use path

Step 3 Adding more cultural feat activity centres. More gre generated

Phase 04

[ CONNECTING ]

tures, such as museums, een trails and roads are

Step 4 Based on the development of this area, adding more infrastructures.

Step 5 More programs and emerging culture need to be maintained. Enhancing the social connection among communities.

3. Rail with trail Mining train Green trails New road Post-mining community Mining cultural feature Natual site Camping site Research centre Sports area Community centre

5. Bike lanes

153

CONNECTING (M) RAILWAYS

LANJIAN COMMUNITY START OF THE MINING HISTORY MARKET ON THE RAILWAY LIVE WITH TRAIN COMMUNITY LIFE

MIDI MINING PROCESSING PLANT POST-MINING PARK TOURISM DESTINATION ART CENTRE 154

Phase 04

[ CONNECTING ]

MINE OPEN PITS & WASTE DUMPS NATURAL RESERVE AGRICULTURAL TEST FIELD BOTANIC GARDENS FARMLAND

155

LOCAL TO REGIONAL Mining area (M) Site 01

A

B

C D

Site 03 G

Site 02 H

156

Phase 05

[ REGENERATING ]

F

Railway 01 E

Railway 02 Corridor

Connecting mining area to the regional railway

157

LOCAL TO REGIONAL Industrial area (L) Mining area (M)

Mining Industry (Abandoned)

Mining Industry (in process)

Waste Dump (Abandoned)

Waste Dump (in process)

Post-mining Community (Abandoned)

Post-mining Community

158

Phase 05

[ REGENERATING ]

Railway 01 (Mining)

Railway 02 (Regional)

Corridor

159

LOCAL TO REGIONAL Panzhihua City area(XL)

Mining are

Industrial area (

160

Phase 05

[ REGENERATING ]

ea (M)

(L)

161

DESIGN HIERARCHY PHENOMENON

QUALITY OF LIFE IN POST-MINING COMMUNITY

PHENOMENON

POSTINDUSTRY

ISSUES(S)

TRIPLE-MARGINALIZED

Geographical Marginalization

ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE

Ecosystem Marginalization

Post-mining sites (open-pits & waste dump)

AGRICULTURE

TOURISM

INDUSTRY

Marginalization of industry structure

162

Post-mining communities

Mining plants

RESEARCH QUESTION How to improve the natural living environment of residents and bring benefits to post-mining communities, through restoring the ecological environment destroyed by mining activities?

Long-term

Short-term

Phase 01 REVIVING post-mining communities

Site 01 (S) Lanjian Community

Phase 02 REHABILITATION of post-mining site

Site 02 (S) Mine open pit & Waste dump

Phase 03 RENOVATING mining plants

Site 03 (S) Midi Mining Processing Plant

Phase 04 CONNECTING the post-mining sites

Mining area (M)

Phase 05 REGENERATING the area with a new identity

163

VISIONS After about 30 years, the whole mining area will appear with a new identity. It will have many new characters, such as a mining cultural park, botanic garden, natural reserve, agricultural testing field, farmland, education centre, etc.

164

Various people will come to this place to research, visit, work, and take different purposes. Those people are not local, just like the people who came here in the 1960s. The other thing is that the people who will visit a free will instead of “have to“.

From the dimension of time, this stage may seem insignificant. The restoration of mines is not exclusively an ecological restoration carried out by humans as subject operators. Human beings are not nearly as capable as they seem. It is difficult to say that in the process, it is human behaviour that changes the place or that the site causes humans to keep changing the way they behave. That nature acts as a feedback mechanism for humans to see the traces that what they do will leave in the world.

Remediation, there can be a starting point. It begins when humans begin to feel that such endlessly demanding behaviour is inappropriate and begin to make some changes and compensations.

But there is no end to restoration; nature will feedback all human behaviour and never hide anything. If, in the future, the mine will have a new identity, a new symbol, the image it is expected to take on may be that of a living being with no end in sight.

The landscape is always something in progress, with no aim, no goal and no end.

165

VISIONS

166

VEGETATION RESEARCH

IDEAS FROM ARTIST

LEARNING TOUR

COMMUNITY CULTURE

HIKING

MINING EDUCATION CENTRE

FILM-MAKING

EXHIBITION IN FACTORY

167

CONCLUSION When talking about the quality of life of residents in post-mining communities, there is a paradoxical phenomenon. The prosperity of an area will be reflected in the quality of life of its inhabitants. But while the mining industry was booming, the miners led a hard life. Many years later, when the industry began to decline, they still led a far less than satisfactory life. The development of the mining industry was perhaps in itself an industry of significant depletion, not only of non-renewable resources but also of this group of miners. Rehabilitation of the mining sites has another layer of meaning, not only the ecological implications.

Remediation In many post-industrial cities, when faced with “disturbed sites”, it is necessary for the human to recognize that these sites can never be brought back to the original state. What human beings eagerly seek is only a sustainable solution.

So, understanding the concept of “sustainability” and “remediation” determines the future development of this place.

Sustainable design is generally understood by three principles- ecological health, social justice, and economic prosperity. However, from what Meyer said, aesthetic values are also worthy of being considered in this agenda.

But what is the aesthetic value of “disturbed sites”? It contains various layers.

Firstly, those sites, although they show a damaged state, when acknowledging them as a point on a timeline, the negative comments will disappear. The current can be understood as a result of the past, but it can also be known as the start of the future. After the sites present for themselves, the intervention from human activities is also recorded. The formation of the sites fuses natural power and the human act. Remediation should be established on acknowledging them as a whole. As Tim said, “to perceive the landscape is, therefore, to carry out an act of remembrance, and remembering is not so much a matter of calling up an internal image, stored in mind, as of engaging perceptually with an environment that is itself pregnant with the past.”

Secondly, human site-based expressions can also be a part of the aesthetic value. These expressions are not limited to one fixed form but can take many forms. The landscape can be present in these expressions as a substrate or as a medium. All these expressions can be called art. The value or superiority of art exists only in the art itself, which is closely linked to the sites but has nothing to do with the creators’ identity.

For now, “Remediation “almost means to reverse the damage to the environment, but in the future, it might become a new context following the “Post-industrial “. When that time comes, the meaning of “Remediation” may also change, involving more human aspects.

168

Struggling identities Post-industrial society faces a transition from manufacturing-based economy to a service-based economy. In the post-industrial context, the transition is not only showed on the economic level; it shows on almost every aspect.

The transformation of economic patterns implies a transition in these regions’ character, which is closely linked to human behaviour.

The identities of the people living in these mining communities have changed many times over the past decades, but these changes have been incomplete.

The men in the families went out to work and changed from being farmers to miners, from rural to city residents. But the wife and children remain farmers.

Due to policy restrictions, the status of rural and urban cannot be changed at will. When family members had the opportunity to live in the city, they gave up their rural households and farmland but retained their farming habits. They live near the mines, on the fringes of the city, and have no access to own one piece of farming land. There are also miners who, when they are about to retire, can exchange both their jobs and their urban status with their offspring who live in the countryside (and whose status remains that of a farmer). They, in turn, had to return to the rural area themselves, allowing their offspring to continue working in the mines.

Their identity is constantly changing, never really having a fixed identity which is difficult for many people. In the future, the change of identity will continue in the mines, these people may be offered new jobs, and they will again face a new identity.

They feel anxious about their future and have doubts about who they were and who they are now. As miners, they have been hailed as heroes of the city but have never been treated appropriately. And it is not just the identity that accompanies these feelings of anxiety, but also the individual economic conditions. Rehabilitation of the mines is not only ecological. The benefits proposed to bring to the community are not just a natural environmental improvement either.

A mine pit can be transformed into a natural reserve, a dump into farmland or an experimental site, a factory into a destination. They can all be given a more permanent identity in the future. But it is not easy to provide these inhabitants with a fixed identity. The struggle for identity will continue and the quality of life of the inhabitants will be improved to alleviate this anxiety.

169

REFLECTION GAPS This project presents a relatively complete regeneration plan for a post-mining area, spanning a period of over 30 years. The general framework of the project is feasible, but there are still parts of the project that are not addressed as a landscape-oriented project.

“Natural“ 1. Tailings This project involves a site area of nearly 4,000 hectares, which is a really huge site. It contains almost all characteristics of a mining industry except for the tailings which would be considered as the end of the ore lifeline. the tailings ponds are no less ecologically damaging than open pits and dumps.

Moreover, remediation process of tailing is also a hot topic in post-mining filed, it is complicated and involves more ecological engineering techniques.

And one more reason I haven’t include this part, it is far away from the three mining sites. But if it is a real project, tailings is one of the most important part that can never be ignored in a mining remediation plan.

170

2. Geological Although I have done the filed trip of mine open pits and waste dumps for over 5 times. I tried to achieve everywhere of those areas that I was allowed to go to and observe the different characteristics of the sites from every angle. However, I was not able to get a true picture of the geology of these two areas, and I could not find any more details of the geological conditions of these two sites in the mine records of Panzhihua City. The test in the rehabilitation of mine open pits and wastes dumps, it will use the soil in waste dumps to cover the exposed iron ore surface. However, if the soil in the waste dumps is very loose, it will make the excavation process extremely difficult. If the geological condition is not suitable for extracting, urban construction waste soil is also a good choice.

The following image shows a corner of the site where an illegal excavation underneath the site has led to extensive landslides. The geological structure of such a rock and soil dump is precarious, and after such a collapse, more engineering techniques, such as prestressed anchor and concrete gunniting, need to be conducted, restoring the site to a safe condition.

171

REFLECTION 3. Phytoremediation In general, Panzhihua is an arid and relatively infertile site, so the variety of plants is low compared to places with healthy soils and a humid climate. Although phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils in and around mines is a reasonable and feasible approach, there is still a lot of research to be done on plant selection. Phytoremediation has been introduced in some areas where iron ore tailings have been deposited, but the choice of plants is relatively small and includes some exotic species, which will take some time to see if these plants will become invasive in the future.

In some studies of soil’s heavy metal contamination in Panzhihua, it has been mentioned that ferns have a great ability to improve heavy metal contamination and that there is a lack of ferns in Panzhihua, which could affect the effectiveness of phytoremediation. However, the climatic conditions in Panzhihua are not suitable for the growth of many ferns, so the theory itself is untenable. On the ore surface of some abandoned mines, where there is already a layer of soil covering a few centimetres to a dozen centimetres, there is a very strong grass that the locals call “rocket grass”. There is no research on the potential for hyperaccumulators, but it does grow freely and as fast as possible on the surface of the mine. The downside is that rocket grass is highly susceptible to hill fires when grown in dry and hot conditions. However, the point I am trying to make here is that the role of local plants cannot never be ignored. Moreover, the results of the researches are also controversial.

“Arrow grass“

172

“Arrow grass“

173

REFLECTION “Industrial“ There is actually a lot of uncertainty in the renovation plan of mining plan, especially in relation to the arts.

However, those ideas are not unfounded, for example,inviting the filmmakers to come to the plant for filming. The remote location of Panzhihua and the slow pace of urban development means that many of the buildings or structures still remain in a style characteristic of China’s 1980s. One day during the year of the project, I suddenly learned that The Old Town Girls, a film set in Panzhihua, had been selected for the 33rd Tokyo International Film Festival. It was an amazing news, although the film had not yet been screened, it was a great opportunity to promote a small, remote city like Panzhihua. This was the inspiration for the new opening of the factory.

Then regarding the second step, inviting artists to come to this place and create freely. The probability that this step can achieve its purpose is much lower than the previous one. So far, there are many local artists who are doing some work, but the impact of their art may not be enough to support the whole mine restoration project. Therefore, at the beginning of the project, it is necessary to invite some more well-known artists to work on the project to increase the probability of success.

Scenarios in film The Old Town Girls

174

“Community“ Community-based reviving schemes are the ones with a relatively higher probability of success.

But there are still some uncertainties. Firstly, it is about the design of a treatment system for the acid mine drainage, which comes from the mine and flows out of the ditch from the tunnel. But I don’t know if there is a better way to treat this wastewater closer to its source.

Secondly, some parts are not involved. There are some other people in Lanjian community that lives in even worse conditions. They are still living in shanties on either side of the railway buffer zone. There are several other informal settlements of this type in Panzhihua, and in previous years there have been incidents where trains have hit the buffer zone and run over these shanties. Their lives are at great risk. They are real farmers living in “urban area”(even if it is very marginal). Some are former miners, but they had had to become miners after their farmland was taken over by mine industry. And now they continue to farm in the city living in a poor condition.

175

APPENDIX

01 Unnamed plant When visiting mines, most of the plants growing on the mountains that I do not know the name, the plant in the following image is one of them.

It can grow near the open pit; most of them that I saw grown out from the rubble, which is really interesting.

I desire to know what kind of plant is it. So, I search this image on the Internet, found nothing.

Then looking for it in Panzhihua plants library, I found nothing. I started to ask people around me, finally got some information. Laoman (one of my friends) told me that some people call it Camel grass. This plant is very drought tolerant, just as I see. It has a sour taste (he must have tasted it but without poisoning). However, he does not know the name either.

I haven’t given up yet, and then I asked Nine, who used to live in the Lanjian community. He told me that he had no idea the name of this plant. But he said that when he lived in a rural area, people usually used it to feed chicken. It is indeed non-toxic!

In fact, I did get several names of it, like Sorrel, Milk plasma grass. However, using these names, I always searched for another sort of plants.

But, why the name is so important for us?

176

THE STORIES OF PLANTS 02 Plants living with mine This one, I think that I have known it before. It is sisal hemp. I know about it because I met an “alcoholic” before, then I started to know Mezcal, Tequila and Pulque. Agaves are amazing plants. However, in this area, I have to know it is an invasive plant.

These sisals were planted here by some departments because sisal is highly drought tolerant and has the ability to grow. So it can spread quickly over this land. Some documents say that planting this plant in patches creates a forest fire-break and is also suitable as greenery on both sides of the road. But, who knows? Mikania micrantha was introduced many years before it was discovered to be a powerful and destructive invasive plant.

Sisals are not blue agaves, and if it ever grows over an entire mountain, perhaps we cannot take it and brew it into Tequila, can we?

Agave americana Linn

177

APPENDIX 03 ARTIFICIAL OR WILDLY Standing on this hill, you can see the whole mine. There is a completely deserted camp called the “Shizi Mountain Blast Command Centre”. It is said that the blasting was carried out from this hill. Just “said”. When the camp was built, a variety of flowers were planted to enhance the ornamental effect. They are all dead now, and none of them is alive. The picture above is what they look like now. Of course, the mines are not so toxic to make them die. On the same hills, those wild plants grow so well that they stay bright green even in dry winter conditions.

Flowers grown only for ornamental purposes do not bring long-term enjoyment, so what is the purpose of growing them? And what is meant by ‘ornamental value’?

178

THE STORIES OF PLANTS

“ VS ”

179

APPENDIX SITE PHOTO

180

181

182

183

184

SITE PHOTO

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

REFERENCE LIST THEORY AND METHOD Ansari, Abid Ali., Gill, Sarvajeet Singh., Gill, Ritu., Lanza, Guy R., Newman, Lee. 2016. Phytoremediation : management of environmental contaminants, Volume 3. Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer.

Ansari, Abid Ali., Gill, Sarvajeet Singh., Gill, Ritu., Lanza, Guy R., Newman, Lee.2016. Phytoremediation : Management of Environmental Contaminants, Volume 3. Cham: Springer International : Imprint: Springer.

Cehlár, Michal, Janočko, Juraj, Šimková, Zuzana, Pavlik, Tomas, Tyulenev, Maxim, Zhironkin, Sergey, and Gasanov, Magerram, 2019, 'Mine Sited after Mine Activity: The Brownfields Methodology and Kuzbass Coal Mining Case'. Resources (Basel) 8.1,: 21. Web. Fabos, G., J. Ahern ,1995. Greenways. Amsterdam, Elsevier Gao, M. & Liang, S, 2013, 'Contemporary Issues and Strategies for Industrial Heritage, Site Reclamation and Landscape Regeneration', Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 368-370, pp. 238.

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Other supporting file

A simplified geological map of SW China and Northern Vietnam (modified from Wang et al., 2007) showing the distribution of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP). Major blocks shown in the inset are: CAOB, Central Asia Orogenic Belt; NCB, North China Block; YB, Yangtze Block; INC, Indochina Block; TP, Tibetan Plateau; SGT, Songpan-Ganze Terrane; ST, Simao Terrane. Abbreviations of deposits: YL, Yangliuping; TH, Taihe; BM, Baima; XJ, Xinjie; HG, Hongge; PZH, Panzhihua; LM, Limahe; ZB, Zhubu; JB, Jinbaoshan; BMZ, Baimazhai; MHD, Mianhuadi; BP, Ban Phuc.

Guo, Feng et al. 2004, When Did the Emeishan Mantle Plume Activity Start? Geochronological and Geochemical Evidence from Ultramafic-Mafic Dikes in Southwestern China, International geology review, Vol.46.3, p.226-234

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