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Organized Drainage Districts In

MISSISSIPPI BY JOHN T. OLSEN,

Senior Drainage Engineer

LEE D. Dumm, Assistant Drainage Engineer Under the supervision of

Chief, Division of Drainage Soil Conservation Service

LEWIS A. JONES,

A SUMMARY REPORT OF Projects 0. P. No. 665-62-3-130 and 0. P. No. 65-1-62-60 Work Projects Administration for Mississippi R. B. Wall, Administrator SPONSORED BY MISSISSIPPI BOARD OF DEVELOPMENT Director Assistant Director Chief. Planning Section

MUNDELL BUSH, MADISON PARKER, LESTER FRANKLIN,

and

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE H. H. BErNETT. (!1 ,1..ef

April, 1941

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The work of this project was conducted under the technical supervision of the Division of Drainage, Soil Conservation Service.

The Delta Council was active in promoting the investigation and in developing the program for carrying on the work.

The Central Drainage Committee, organized by interested landowners at the request of the Mississippi Board of Development, was of material assistance in planning and organizing the work and in securing funds for the sponsors' contributions for the W.P.A. projects. This Committee was composed of Mr. A. B. Friend, Sardis, Chairman Mr. J. A. Cunningham, Booneville Mr. C. E. Miller, Belzoni Mr. Ben Sturdevant, Glendora The city of Greenwood supplied excellent office accommodations including heat, light, water, and equipment for the headquarters of the project.

The city of Tupelo furnished space for a branch office at Tupelo.

The Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, assigned an engineer to cooperate on the project on a part time basis and made available all their data on drainage and flood control.

The National Resources Planning Board assigned the Chief Water Consultant for the Lower Mississippi Drainage Basin to part time assistance in a consulting capacity.

The Farm Credit Administration, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, and the Mississippi State Highway Department, all cooperated by furnishing information and data of material value to the project.

INTRODUCTION More than 3,100,000 acres, or more than 10 percent of the total area of the State of Mississippi, is in organized drainage districts. Approximately $22,648,000 have been expended in the more than 300 districts in constructing 4,562 miles of outlet ditches, 320 miles of levees, and 4 drainage pumping plants. This does not include millions of dollars that were expended in constructing private farm ditches and field drains. Practically all of this vast expenditure has been made without State or Federal assistance. The lands that have been drained are among the most fertile in the State.

Because of the poor condition of existing drainage systems and the lack of drainage, large areas of erodible land in the hill sections of the State have been put into cultivation. In these areas soil erosion has already damaged hundreds of thousands of acres of farm land. Hundreds of families are moving from worn out hill lands into the delta section of the State where they are clearing and attempting to farm inadequately drained land. Settlement opportunities in the unimproved fertile delta areas are extensive but are primarily dependent upon the existence of drainage improvements.

The development and maintenance of drainage improvements in bottom land areas so that eroding hill lands may be taken out of production and crops may be raised on the non-eroding bottom land, is an essential part of the drainage program. Local, State, and Federal agencies are cooperating in assisting landowners to develop and put in operation plans for sound land use programs that will reduce erosion and conserve the soil.

The Story of Drainage In Mississippi

time more than 300 districts have been created, most of them prior to 1925. The location of the districts in existence on January 1, 1941, is shown in Figure 1. (See Pages 16 and 17).

If you want to see how too much water has ruined thousands of rich farms go out into the lowlands of Mississippi and look at the clogged ditches and the old drainage outlets grown up in willows and cottonwoods. In flood time you will see the water rushing from the hills down into the valleys carrying with it sand and silt that is dumped on fertile land below. This has been happening in Mississippi ever since it was settled.

Many of the drainage districts have been organized in comparatively small areas, based more on community needs and interest than on watershed requirements. No systematic procedure has been followed. Some districts have good agricultural drainage while inadequate outlets of other drainage ditches cause flooding of the lower lying areas. Big ditches flow into little ditches which empty into unimproved, badly congested, winding streams or sluggish bayous. These adverse situations exist in many lowland areas causing damage, creating confusion, and resulting in hard feelings that perplex and discourage the landowners. This disorder is due to poor planning and piecemeal methods of socalled "cheap drainage." Few districts have employed competent engineering personnel and many have no engineering plans of any kind. The capacity of the ditches was inadequate and as a result the land was not drained.

In the early days farmers attempted to drain their land individually but they soon found that the water did not recognize property lines. One farmer would ditch his land only to find that the water from his neighbor's farm would wash over his land and fill up his ditches. Another would attempt to ditch his land but find that no outlet was available for his ditches unless he constructed it across the land of his neighbor.

Because of such situations groups of farmers cooperated in constructing drainage improvements.

However, difficulty was encountered in reaching agreement as to the division of costs, the location of ditches, and the method of construction. As a result many cooperative enterprises failed and state laws were enacted so that the drainage enterprises might be governed and the costs distributed.

In the hill sections of the State as many as 5 or 6 districts were organized along one short stream. A district was formed along the upper reaches of a stream and a ditch was dug down stream for a few miles. This ditch concentrated the water upon lower areas and as a result another district was organized and the ditch extended a few miles further.

This was repeated several times. Frequently the ditch was not increased in size as it was extended down stream with the result that the water from the increased drainage area overflowed the lower districts. In many of the hill districts silt and sand

The first drainage law was enacted in Mississippi in 1886. Since that time numerous drainage laws and amendatory acts have been passed by the State Legislature. A short discussion of the more important Acts is given under Appendix B. The Chiwa,ppa Creek Bottom Swamp Land District, the first district in Mississippi to be organized under such a law, was created in 1888. Since that 5

were washed from the cultivated hillsides. Drift and other obstructions caused silt to be deposited which gradually filled in and choked the lower ends of the ditches.

pulled into ditches ; debris of all kinds has been dumped into the channels; fences have been built in the ditches and small culverts have been installed in roadways.

Many districts have been unsound projects from their beginning because soils were not of sufficient fertility and because excessive sand and silt deposits from cultivated hillsides blocked ditches. In some cases a small area of bottom land was burdened with heavy taxes made necessary because it received all the water from a large watershed. Partially effective improvements could not lower the floods sufficiently to permit profitable agricultural development and the lands have since been abandoned for crop uses.

Inadequate drainage has made it impossible for many landowners to meet their drainage taxes. The result has been that farmers have lost their lands and drainage districts have defaulted on the bonds issued by them to pay for the drainage improvements. Thus the landowner has not only suffered but the purchaser of the bonds has failed to receive interest on his investment and, in many cases, has lost the money he invested.

Fortunately, not all of the drainage work in the State has been unsatisfactory. There are several areas of good agricultural land where drainage improvements have been well planned, well constructed, and where the affairs of the district have been efficiently administered by the drainage district officials. The landowners in these districts have been able to pay their drainage taxes and to develop and improve their land. These benefits furnish ample evidence that where areas with good soils have been drained in accordance with sound engineering practices and where administration of the districts has been efficient, drainage has been profitable and has resulted in the development of much of the best agricultural land in the State of Mississippi.

Usually drainage works have been grossly neglected. Ditches have been constructed and then little or nothing done to maintain them. In Mississippi vegetative growth is rapid and so abundant that the capacities of drainage channels can be greatly reduced by only one year of such growth.

In many cases ditches have been allowed to deteriorate until they are carrying only 10 to 25 percent of the amount of water they carried when first constructed. Thus landowners, receiving little benefit from drainage systems they have paid for, have become dissatisfied with and indifferent to the drainage improvements. The flow of the water has been blocked in various ways. Trees have been

Conclusions work relating to drainage. Such an agency could cooperate with drainage district officials and planning boards in coordinating drainage rehabilitation work with land use and soil conservation programs.

There is need for a complete analysis of drainage projects to eliminate those which are unsound and to obtain unified drainage systems. A complete review of proposed drainage enterprises by a central agency with properly qualified personnel would avoid much wasteful expenditure.

1. Mississippi should rehabilitate organized drainage districts in order to benefit from the use of its most productive lands.

2. Drainage district improvements not only benefit the individual landowner but result in the improvement of public health; they increase the general tax base; add to the value of the surrounding property; reduce maintenance costs of highways; and improve the general welfare. These public benefits amply justify assistance from State and Federal governments in planning and carrying out programs for rehabilitating and coordinating drainage systems.

4. There is need for the development of coordinated drainage improvements for entire watersheds.

No systematic procedure has been followed in constructing drainage systems. Most districts have been organized to drain relatively small areas without regard to the effect the work might have on

3. It is desirable that some central state agency be provided with funds to carry on, in cooperation with Federal agencies, investigations and research 6

administrative ability of its board of commissioners just as the success of a commercial enterprise is due to the ability of its managers. Mississippi has dis-: tricts that were in deplorable condition, both financially and physically, that have been successfully refinanced and rebuilt by the ingenuity and administrative ability of alert officials, while there are other districts with originally well constructed drainage systems that are now inefficient because of mismanagement. It is therefore important that landowners elect officials of proven ability for drainage districts.

adjacent areas. Lack of consideration of conditions over the entire watershed has resulted in some district drainage systems damaging as much land as they benefited. The extensive watershed areas contributing floods over the comparatively small district areas supporting the cost of the drainage works, excessive erosion from the hills blocking ditches, and the infertility of the soils are the principal causes of the unsound districts in Mississippi.

5. The coordination of drainage improvements should be attained by cooperation between existing districts rather than by attempts to merge such districts into over-all organizations. Existing districts are administered by local landowners, through duly elected officials and any attempt to change existing authority would undoubtedly meet with objection. Many districts have outstanding financial obligations that are covered by liens upon the land.

Any attempt to merge such districts would encounter legal difficulties and be apt to result in extensive litigation.

9. During recent years extensive flood control improvements have been constructed under the supervision of the War Department and plans have been approved for additional work. It is important that all drainage improvements be coordinated with such flood control plans.

10. Before undertaking drainage work consideration must be given to the demand for more agricultural land, drainage costs, the value of drained land and the value of similar land that does not require drainage. Incomplete or inadequate drainage works are a poor investment. Every project that is possible from an engineering standpoint is not economically practical.

6. The maintenance of ditches and other improvements has been woefully neglected. Even well designed and well constructed drainage improvements become of little benefit if not properly maintained.

There is urgent need for drainage district officials to adopt effective maintenance programs. Ditches should be cleared of brush, bars and drift each year.

If ditches are neglected for several years not only is the cost of maintenance increased but unsatisfactory drainage is apt to result due to decreased capacity of the ditches resulting from vegetative growth.

Organization of Project For ten years or more efforts have been made to secure Federal aid in planning the coordination and rehabilitation of drainage and levee districts in the State of Mississippi. Early in 1938 representatives of the Delta Council and the Mississippi Board of Development requested the aid of the Department of Agriculture in developing a program of rehabilitation and coordination of drainage districts in the State. After several meetings approval was obtained for a WPA project covering the work, sponsored jointly by the Mississippi Board of Development and the Soil Conservation Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Field work was started in September 1938 and completed in February 1941. Expenditures totaled approximately $150,000.

7. More than eighty-five percent of the original plans of drainage districts in Mississippi has been lost. These records include original plans, profiles, assessment rolls, and other essential records. Consequently, districts that desire to rehabilitate drainage improvements must spend money for engineering work that would not be necessary if the original records were available. Another difficulty is that landowners have trouble in obtaining loans on their lands if drainage assessment rolls are lost. To avoid such difficulties in the future, drainage laws should be amended so as to require drainage districts to file with some central State agency, such as the Department of Archives, certified copies of all drainage records in addition to those records now required to be filed with county or court officials.

An average of eight engineering parties was used to make field surveys and determine land drainage conditions. The office personnel consisted of supervising and designing engineers, engineering assistants, draftsmen, stenographers and clerks. The

8, The success of a drainage district is due to the 7

total number of employees was greatest during April, 1939, when 107 persons were engaged in various activities.

information of public interest. Where a drainage district is located in more than one county, maps are available of each county that contains a part of the drainage district.

The cost of the work was greatly increased because of the loss of district records which, under the law, should have been on file with county and court officials. Reliable maps and profiles were believed to be available but after intensive search less than 10 percent of the construction plans of all the drainage districts were located and these were mostly of a preliminary nature.

The officials of each drainage district have been supplied with a copy of the report on their district.

Copies of all such reports have been filed with the Mississippi State Department of Archives, together with work sheets of hydraulic computations, yardage estimates, profiles, cross-sections, and maps.

This material is available for examination by interested parties. All maps, profiles, and cross-sections are ready for reproduction and blueprints can be obtained from the Department of Archives at cost.

Results of Survey

The results of the survey indicate that: The data relating to individual drainage districts have been summarized in the table beginning on page 19. The column of figures at the left margin of the table corresponds with a filing system used throughout the project records, the first number indicating the alphabetical order of the counties in which districts are located, and the second number indicating the consecutive arrangements of districts. In the column headed "Location" the first county name designates the county in which the district was organized.

1. Many districts must have better outlets.

2. Many districts need to be redredged to restore the capacity of channels that are now inadequate, due to natural deterioration.

3. Some ditches in many of the districts should be enlarged to provide adequate, balanced drainage.

4. Most districts in the State must have improved maintenance programs to keep drainage works efficient and to prevent undue deterioration.

Under the heading "Cost of Works" the figures on cash payments are only approximate as accurate records are not available. The figures given under the heading "Drainage Works Constructed" and "Rehabilitation Work Required" are based upon the results of investigations covered by this report.

Drainage District Reports

A separate report,' in typewritten form, has been prepared for each of the 304 drainage districts in existence at the start of the survey in September, 1938. Since that time 19 of these districts have been dissolved, leaving 285 districts in existence January 1, 1941.

A study of the 304 districts in existence January 1, 1937, was made by determining the number of drainage districts organized each year, as shown in Figure 2. Prior to 1910 there were 38 districts organized, and from 1910 to 1914, considered by Federal agencies as the period of normal farm prices, 71 districts were organized. The World War period brought about a decline, as only 63 districts were organized during 1915 to 1919 inclusive. From 1919 to 1924, with good prices for cotton booming agriculture in Mississippi, 95 districts were organized, 54 during 1920 and 1921 following the peak cotton price in 1919. Since 1925, including the depression years, only 37 districts have been organized.

Figure 2 also shows the seasonal average price per pound of cotton received by farmers as taken from the U. S. Department of Agriculture publication en-

Each of the district reports contains a general description of the district with specific recommendations for the necessary rehabilitation work and for the enlargement of the drainage channels where necessary. Instructions and recommendations for future maintenance are included, together with a set of tables giving information concerning the organization, assessments, financial condition, hydraulic computations, and the cost of recommended improvements. Accompanying each report is a map on a scale of 1 inch — 1 mile, which shows the district boundary and the location of the drainage improvements, as well as information concerning highways, railroads, etc. Also available are county drainage maps to a scale of 1 inch — 1 mile showing districts, drainage improvements, and much general

titled "Agricultural Statistics, 1938." Excluding

1 See Appendix A for a sample district report.

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the World War period, a rise in the price of cotton was accompanied by a great increase in the number of drainage districts organized.

During years of depression landowners were unable to pay their drainage assessments and as a result many districts defaulted both bond principal and bond interest payments. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation offered districts a means of refinancing the outstanding indebtedness of districts through long-term, low - interest payment schedules for readjusted debts. The holders of bonds issued by many of the districts were willing to agree upon compromises scaling down indebtedness and during 1934 to 1939 there were 57 drainage districts in Mississippi refinanced through the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. The debts of these 57 districts totaled, at the time of refinancing, approximately $9,370,648 and after refinancing only $4,722,266 which represents a reduction of $4,648,82, or nearly 50 percent. This refinancing affects 6,587 farms not only through drainage debt reductions but also by smaller annual assessments made possible because of long-term loans and low interest rates. Before the districts were refinanced the an-

A demand for more agricultural products during and immediately following the World War period with its accompanying higher price levels naturally led to extensive drainage enterprises to force the more fertile land areas into cultivation. Because it took a long time to clear the lands, they did not become fully productive before prices fell and agricultural depression quickly created financial difficulties. The drainage systems that were constructed could not be maintained and consequently the ditches became greatly decreased in efficiency and effectiveness.

During the "boom period" of drainage some drainage districts were ill advised and had careful analysis been made of the necessary drainage works to secure the land improvement expected, the districts would not have been formed 9

nual assessments totaled $1,168,722 while under the readjusted schedules the annual assessments are only $279,436, less than 24 percent of the requirements before refinancing.

On January 1, 1941 there were 285 organized drainage districts in Mississippi with a combined area of 3,481,000 acres. Taking into consideration that many districts overlap, the actual area included within drainage districts comprises 3,108,000 acres which is nearly 101/2 percent of the State area. Divided as to "Delta" and "Hill" sections of the State, there are 112 "Delta" districts with an actual area, excluding overlaps, of nearly 2,388,000 acres on which approximately $17,384,000 was expended to construct 3,054 miles of ditches, 320 miles of levees, and 4 pumping plants, at an average cost of $7.28 per acre. In the 173 "Hill" districts, comprising over 720,000 acres, exclusive of overlapping areas, 1,476 miles of ditches were constructed at an estimated cost of $4,962,000 or an average of $6.91 per acre. A little over 50 percent of the land within organized drainage districts is in suitable condition for cultivation or other agricultural uses. These estimates do not include the 19 districts that have been dissolved since January 1, 1937.

Figure 3—Floating dredge at work on a main ditch.

more stable slopes. This bank caving and channel erosion enlarged many of the ditches and some benefits resulted but most enlargements occurred along ditches with steep gradients in which increased capacities were not needed.

The channels of lower lying watersheds with low gradients and that were undersize (fig. 4) usually were decreased in size and often blocked by the settlement of drift and silt moved downstream from the eroded uplands and enlarged upland ditches.

The project centered its activities principally upon a study of the physical condition of the drainage district improvements to determine the adequacy of the ditches, the extent of maintenance, and the improvements required to provide coordinated effective drainage systems. The cost of the rehabilitation works required was based upon existing contract prices for the various types of construction work during 1940.

Many drainage systems have received little attention towards maintaining them in efficient operation. Ditches have been allowed to become congested with tree growth, brush, debris, and bars of sediment. A typical situation is shown in Figure 5.

The dense tree growth retards the flow of water to such an extent that the actual capacity of the

Rehabilitation works were considered for 212 districts, 77 in the Delta and 135 in the Hills. Improvements are not recommended under existing agricultural conditions for 2 Delta and 22 Hill districts. The rehabilitation work for the remaining 188 districts is estimated to cost $4,957,000 or an average of $2.66 per assessed acre.

DRAINAGE WORKS The drainage systems of many organized districts were originally excavated with floating dredges.

These heavy duty excavators (fig. 3) were well adapted to cutting ditches through wooded swamps and operated very efficiently under flooded conditions. They served effectively during the period of pioneering in the drainage field to reclaim fertile swamp lands for agricultural purposes.

The early type ditches were roughly cut with steep side slopes that were unstable and with the frequent rising and receding floodwaters the almost vertically cut banks soon were eroded to flatter and

Figure 4—Drifts and sediment from an upland ditch have bloclu?d a main channel through a fertile valley area.

10

Figure 5—Poorly maintained ditches reduce flow as mach as 75 percent.

Figure 6—The discharge capacity is cut one-half by heavy vegetation and light tree growth.

channel is only a small percent of the volume that can be discharged under well cleared and free flowing conditions.

Numerous experiments have been conducted to determine accurately the relative efficiencies of channels in various conditions. The main outlet ditch shown in Figure 6 was cleared of trees, brush, drift, and other obstructions and by actual meastfrements the discharge capacity was found to be nearly doubled. That is, under conditions similar to that shown in Figure 6, with 8 feet of water a flow of 259 cubic feet per second was measured while under the improved conditions shown in Figure 7 with a depth of 7.9 feet of water the flow was 461 cubic feet per. second.

Clearing the tree growth and removing the bars of sediment and drift that block flow in the ditch shown in Figure 5 probably would increase the channel capacity by as much as 75 percent. The ditch

shown in Figure 8 has been cleared of tree growth and drifts, and reexcavation is underway. The dragline operates from both banks and the spoil is levelled.

The most recent drainage rehabilitation works are tending towards channel improvements that can be easily maintained with a minimum of costs. The improved channel shown in Figure 9 with the flattened side slopes and spread spoil banks that can be easily levelled and utilized as productive land can be very economically maintained in efficient operating condition due to both stability and accessibility. Figure 10 shows the same ditch as in Figure 9 with the 3:1 side slopes seeded to a hay crop that is being mowed with ordinary farm equipment.

Erosion is controlled, field drainage from row crops

Figure 8—Rehabilitation work on a main ditch. Excavation was made from each side of the ditch. The stumps were left high to facilitate removal by the dragline. The completed ditch is similar

to figL,r,, 9.

11

Vegetative protection such as sodding holds the inlet slopes against excessive erosion and will act to decrease the movement of erosion action upstream along farm drains. Figure 11 shows a newly excavated and sodded inlet constructed on a redredged main channel to provide drainage of adjacent lands and yet control as much as possible the cutting of a deep farm lateral. This photograph was taken a short time after the inlet was constructed and the Bermuda sod had not had sufficient time to become most effective. In addition to preventing erosion the landowner is following land utilization methods advanced by Federal Agencies by placing a strip of land along this main ditch in permanent pasture as an additional precaution against erosion and to limit ditch maintenance problems. The side slopes of the main channel also were spot sodded with Bermuda grass.

The most difficult drainage problems are in the areas lying along the eastern edge of the Delta adjacent to the foot hills. Enormous quantities of silt carried by the hill streams are deposited at the places where the streams emerge from the hills and enter the Delta. Under natural conditions alluvial fans rising as much as 20 feet or more above the levels of the surrounding Delta lands were formed at these places. These alluvial formations retarded the velocity of the hill streams and acted to spread flood waters in several directions over Delta farms.

In attempting to prevent flooding many districts excavated drainage channels through the alluvial accumulations and constructed guide levees to divert flood waters into main streams and rivers.

Many of these improvements operated only for short periods soon becoming destroyed by heavy silt deposits rendering the drainage works partially or wholly ineffective.

Drainage districts have spent large amounts for drainage, flood protection, and maintenance of flood

Figure 9—Flat slopes give stability, reduce upkeep costs, and spoil banks can be levelled for cultivation.

empties on sodded slopes, and levelled spoil banks are under cultivation.

The formations of the numerous small bars of sediment in the channels at the entrances of lateral and field ditches and at public road ditches are very objectionable and do much toward rapid deterioration of the ditches for they block flow, provide excellent places for tree growth and heavy vegetation, and serve as barriers to drift, sediment, and debris carried downstream by floods. Land use and control practices that will prevent or reduce the erosion in lateral and farm ditches and over the land will do much toward decreasing the extent of sedimentation in the channels that so effectively decrease the efficiency of drainage ditches. The excavation of inlets at the necessary entrances of farm laterals tends to protect the main channel against heavy bar formations_

Figure 10—Ordinary farm equipment used on ditch maintenance. Side slopes and spoil banks are productive and the ditch is in a stable condition.

Figure 11—A sodded inlet to reduce erosion at the entrance of a farm lateral into the main outlet ditch.

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control and drainage works. The degree of success of such works has been varied, some districts with comparatively small hill watersheds encountered only minor difficulties in satisfactorily controlling the limited sand and silt movements from the hills while other districts with extensive upland watersheds have had such enormous quantities of sand and silt moved into the drainage systems that long reaches of main ditches have become entirely inoperative. In some districts, drainage conditions are much more unsatisfactory than before ditches were excavated.

A typical condition of an excavated channel over that reach extending immediately below the foothills is shown in Figure 12. Usually at distances of about 3 to 5 miles from the hills the low gradient Delta channels fill with sand, silt and debris so completely that the level of the deposited material rises above the general land surface. In a few instances farm roads and even tenant houses have been located along filled channel sections.

Figures 13 and 14 show conditions finally resulting as sand and silt washed from the cultivated and deforested uplands is worked downstream by floodwaters. The depositions in Figure 13 are about level with the top of the ditch spoil banks and several feet above the original natural ground surface.

Figure 14 is a section of Yalobusha River. This reach of the river was an important waterway for steamboat transportation of cotton and other products.

Illustrations of what results in the Delta areas where hill streams with appreciable sizes of watershed are dredged through the natural alluvial cones or fanlike silt formations at the foothills are shown

by Figures 15 and 16.

Both the abandoned tenant houses are located

Figure 13—At a distance of 5 miles from the foothills, the depth of the sediment in the main drainage channel is about 20 feet.

within the areas shown by the comparison aerial photographs in Figures 17 and 18. The photograph in Figure 17 was taken in 1928 and clearly outlines the excavated main channel and the lands in cultivation at that time. Figure 18 covers exactly the same area but the photograph was taken in 1938.

It indicates the change in direction of flow due to the lower reach of the channel becoming filled with sediment. Floodwaters have spread over the originally cultivated lands causing damage by lateral stream erosion and heavy sedimentation even though new land is built along the channel. Second growths of willows and cottonwood are rapidly covering most of the once developed fields. The silt deposited by numerous overflows during the 10 year period has accumulated to depths of as much as 10 feet.

Figure 14—Yalobusha River 15 miles northeast of Greenwood at the junction of rotacocowa Creek.

The river once was navigable.

Figure 12—Sand and silt deposited in a Delta channel by floods from the Hills.

13

Figure 15—The silt is G feet 10 inches over the floor of this abandoned house ground.

and 9 feet 3 inches deep on the natural

Figure 10—This tenant house is 2200 feet from the main ditch and 4 miles from the foothills. The silt is 4 feet 2 inches deep in the house and 6 feet is inches over the gvound.

14

• Figures 17 and 18—Upper and lower photographs were taken in 1928 and 1938 respectively. The lower main channel •became fined in 1932 with silt from nearby hill areas forcing floods over natural ground. A large area of land cultivated in 1028 has been abandoned and silt deposits are as much as 10 feet in depth.

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The floods moving into the Delia from the adjacent hill sections are very flashy, reaching high stages that flow rapidly and with great erosive power, capable of conveying enormous volumes of silt, sand, gravel and debris into the lower channels.

The improvements constructed by Delta drainage districts to control hill floods have been combined channels and floodways formed by placing excavated material in continuous solid spoil banks. As the channels filled with sediment the levees or solid spoil banks were raised and enlarged with the very sandy material dredged from the channels. Thus super-elevated floodways were formed for the bottoms of the channels now are often above the natural ground surface as shown in Figure 19. When continuous high stage floodwaters move along these floodways the lateral seepage movements through the sandy levee sections gradually cut away or float out silt and fine sand finally so weakening the embankments that entire levee sections break open or float away thus releasing the elevated floodwaters and their heavy burdens of sand and silt. As soon as the floodwaters spread, velocities decrease and

the silt and sand loads are dropped over farmlands as indicated in Figure 19.

Figure 19â&#x20AC;&#x201D;This Delta floodway does not have sufficient capacity and the levees have been crevassed and repaired nanny times. The sand spread over the land is the result of a levee break April 6, 1939 following heavy precipitation over the nearby hill section.

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REHABILITATIONWORK REQUIRED

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APPENDIX A MISSISSIPPI BOARD OF DEVELOPMENT

INDIAN CREEK DRAINAGE DISTRICT NO. 1 INCLUDING SUB-DISTRICTS NO. 1 AND NO. 2, PANOLA, QUITMAN, AND TUNICA COUNTIES MISSISSIPPI A report prepared under the direction of U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Drainage Division, Research

1939 and then by only a few inches. Otherwise this levee is in good condition except for a considerable growth of trees throughout its length, of such size as to threaten some injury.

INTRODUCTION This district was organized in 1916, by proceedings in Panola County. It embraces 43,936 acres, 41 percent in Panola County, 58 percent in Quitman County, and 209 acres in Tunica County, all assessed for drainage benefits.

About 64 percent of the acreage is cultivated. The east boundary of the north half of the district follows the hills for some 6 miles southeastward from Crenshaw. The district touches Coldwater River at the northwest and southwest corners. It embraces two sub-districts organized in 1920, No. I in the extreme eastern portion comprising 3,146 acres assessed, and No. 2 along the northwestern boundary, comprising 2,084 acres assessed.

Lands -in Indian Creek District are sometimes injured slightly by overflow from Coldwater River coming through Drainage District No. 2 of Quitman, Panola, and Tunica Counties, which borders the river eastward from the northern end of the Indian Creek District Levee. The levee in District No. 2 was constructed and is owned by individual land owners, which has prevented public enlargement of the embankment.

SILT DISPOSAL

In the northern end there is overlapping of a few acres in Drainage District No. 2 of Quitman, Panola, and Tunica Counties; in the southern part the Indian Creek District embraces about two-thirds of the 5 square miles comprising Squirrel Lake Drainage District.

Fowler Creek enters this district at the northeast corner, near Crenshaw. A floodway 600 feet wide between boundary levees was constructed to carry the water with its heavy load of silt into Yellow Lake in the southwest part of Section 13, Township 7 South, Range 1.0 West. The deposits of sediment have nearly filled Yellow Lake and have accumulated 1 to 3 feet deep in the floodway, and caused breaks in the levees. However in 1937 the district rebuilt the levees and opened an outlet to the southwest into the drainage ditches.

DISTRICT PLANS The purpose of organizing this district was to protect against overflow from Coldwater River and to provide drainage for the lands in the district, including disposal of water and sediment brought -down from the hills. The district constructed a levee about 12 miles long on its western boundary, and a complete system of ditches about 73 miles in total length. Part of the drainage is discharged into Burrell Bayou and thence to Coldwater River, and part into Boho Lake and thence to Tallahatchie River.

The two largest hill streams were carried in floodways to discharge their silt into lakes in the central part of the district.

Coldwater River does not provide a satisfactory outlet for the lower part of the district during large floods. Ex 7

For Indian Creek, entering the district near the southeast corner of Section 21, Township 7 South, Range 9 West, a floodway between levees 100 feet apart was constructed to discharge the flow into Pecan Lake in the northeast quarter of section 6, Township 8 South, Range 9 West.

Both Pecan Lake and Little Pecan Lake in Section 31, Township 7 South, Range 5 West, have been filled with silt to about low water elevations, and a large portion of the fill is under cultivation. In 1938 the district raised and strengthened these levees and extended them southward one-half mile to cause the silt to be deposited in the southern end of Pecan Lake and Mud Lake in the southeast quarter of Section 6, Township S South, Range 9 West.

The overflow from this silting basin is divided, part flowing westward into Burrell Bayou and part southward into Bobo Lake.

tremhigwabckslupntoheraf the district. The drains discharging into Tallahatchie River have better outlets, though the restricted capacity of the vatural channel below Bobo Lake somewhat retards outflow from the district.

Hog Creek and smaller streams entering the district from the hills are permitted to spread and deposit their silt loads in depressions near the foot of the hills, from which the water finds its way into the drainage ditches of the district.

The heads of several of the ditches have been filled with material that was not left in the natural depressions.

FLOOD CONTROL A large degree of protection against floods in Coldwater River was obtained through construction of the levee beginning at Coldwater River in the northwest part of Section 35, Township 6 South, Range 10 West, and extending to the bank of Coldwater River at about the south line of Section 27, Township 29 North, Range 1 West. In this embankment there are three low places, near the center of Section 28, near the center of Section 9, and near the north line of Section 3, in Township 7 South, Range 10 West.

Only one of these places was overtopped by the 1935 flood,

DRAINAGE CHANNELS The principal drainage outlet for the greater part of the district is the channel of David Bayou and Burrell Bayou, which traverses the length of the western part of the die25

inlet from Coldwater River in the northwest quarter of Section 35, Township 6 South, Range 10 West, into Coldwater River again in Section 24, Township 28 North, Range 1 West, about 2 miles north of Marks and about 8 1/2 miles by channel beyond the southern boundary of this drainage district.

At the south line of Section 2, Township 7 South, Range 10 West, David Bayou receives the drainage from Drainage District No. 2 of Quitman, Panola, and Tunica Counties.

At the south line of Section 28, Township 8 South, Range 10 West, Burrell Bayou leaves Indian Creek Drainage District, carrying probably three-fourths the run-off from this district, and the greater portion of that from Squirrel Lake Drainage District. David Bayou and Burrell Bayou have been designated as Ditch No. 3 of Indian Creek District.

The channel is large but very crooked and considerably obstructed by tree growth, by silt bars, and accumulations of drift.

mended that a new channel be constructed to take the flow of Ditch No. 26 at the center of Section 3, Township 8 South, Range 9 West, and discharge it into a low flat area in the northeast quarter of Section 9. Then Ditch No. 27 should be extended westward from its present outlet to join the new channel of Ditch No. 26. The spoil bank should be made a continuous levee on the south side of Ditches Nos. 26 and 27, and this levee should be continued to join the spoil bank of Ditch No. 25 North of the center of Section 9. Overflow from the silting area would be into Ditch No. 25 through openings made in the spoil bank, and not through excavated channels.

Drainage Channels The improvement work here recommended will provide good agricultural drainage for the district as a whole, although the lowest lands tributary to some of the ditches probably will be inundated for short periods following excessive storms. Until high water conditions in Coldwater and Tallahatchie Rivers are improved by lowering- the flood heights, the backwater effects during extremely high river stages can not be entirely eliminated.

The southeastern portion of Indian Creek Drainage District discharges through Ditch No. 22 into Bobo Lake near the southeast corner of Section 7, Township 9 South, Range 9 West, 2 miles south of the southeast corner of the district. It carries about 25 percent of the ran-off from the district.

The estimated amounts of clearing and earthwork are stated in appended tables, and the locations and dimensions of excavation and fill are shown on the profiles and cross sections. Where an excavating machine is to be operated, at least one bank as well as the channel must he cleared.

Other than some cutting of the willows, the district did little work toward maintaining the drainage works in good operating condition until the fall of 1937, when a 1 1/4 yard drag-line excavator was purchased. Since then a considerable amount of the most urgent work has been done; nevertheless, in the summer of 1939 the greater portion of the drainage channels needs clearing of trees and bars, and a considerable portion needs enlarging and deepening in order to remove silt deposits, to increase capacity, and to drain low lands.

Ditch No. 1, located near the west district boundary, discharges info Ditch No. 3 near the west quarter corner of Section 21, Township 3 South, Range 10 West. This ditch should be cleared throughout its length of all trees, brush, debris, and bars in the channel. Removal of the bars probably can be done with explosives, hand shoveling, or under favorable conditions with teams and slip scrapers, more economically than with drag-line excavator,

RECOMMENDED IMPROVRh)JENTS Flood Control Works

Ditch No. 1-A, in the southwestern part of the district, discharges into Ditch No, 1 in the northeast quarter of Section 19, Township 8 South, Range 10 West. All trees and brush should be removed from this channel throughout its length.

To provide safety against overflow from Coldwater River, the low places in the levee along the western border of this district would need to be brought up to grade and the private levee along Coldwater River in Drainage District No. 2 would need to be raised. If certain plans of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army are adopted, the flood control works of that agency will protect this district from Coldwater River floods. Even so it is recommended that the levee along the west side of the district be kept intact as a messore of extra precaution.

Ditch No. 2, on the south line of Section 33, Township 7 South, Range 10 West, has been cut off from Ditch No. and discharges into Ditch No. 1; it does not need improvement. â&#x20AC;˘ Ditch No. 3. The channels of David Bayou and Burrell Bayou should be cleared of all trees, bars, and debris throughout their length through the district and beyond to the outlet into Coldwater River. The larger bars between the north line of Section 2, and the south line of Section 11, Township 8 South, Range 10 West, should be removed with a drag-line excavator.

Silt Control Works Fowler Creek Floodway. The districts' program of maintenance, in accordance with which the levees forming Fowler Creek floodway were repaired, raised, and strengthened in 1937, should be continued. A few dams should be built across the borrow pits to spread the flow over the entire area between the levees. With periodic maintenance, the floodway and Yellow Lake may be expected to provide for control of the silt for several years.

Ditch No. 4, follows a meandering course from Section 11, Township 7 South, Range 10 West, into Ditch No. 3 in Section 27, Township 7 South, Range 10 West. The channel should be cleared of all trees, brush, debris, and bars throughout its length, and should be enlarged between Ditches No. 5 and 6 in Sections 23 and 26.

Indian Creek Floodway. The maintenance program, in accordance with which the levees of the floodway were repaired, raised, and strengthened in 1938, should be continued. With such maintenance, Mud Lake and the lower end of Pecan Lake may be expected to provide storage for the silt brought down by this stream for the next few years, after which period it wilt be necessary to provide additional and perhaps new area for deposit of the silt.

Ditch No. 5, needs no improvement. It was enlarged in 1937 to facilitate the flow of Fowler Creek through Yellow Lake into Ditch No. 4.

Ditch No. 0, should be cleared of trees and brush in .the channel throughout its length.

Ditch No. 7, heads near the hills in Section 7, Township 7 South, Range 9 West, and flows southerly into Little Pecan Lake on the west line of Section 31, and then into Ditch No. 3 in Section 2, Township 8 South, Range 10 West.

The channel should be cleared throughout its length, and should be reexcavated except in the lower mile of its length, with appreciable enlargement from Ditch No. S to below

Hog Creek Silting Basin. Works should be constructed to obtain deposition of the silt brought down by Hog Creek and Floyd Creek in Section 35, Township 7 South, Range West, before it enters the drainage ditches. It is recom-

26

Ditch No. 23, discharges into Ditch No. 22 in Section 8, Township 8 South, Range 9 West, bringing from Mud Lake a portion of the flow from Indian Creek. No improvement is recommended for this channel; the existing heavy tree growth will aid diversion of a large portion of the Indian Creek flow into Ditch No. 14.

Ditch No, IL The portion ahove Ditch No. S is designed with bottom width of 18 feet to provide storage for silt washed down from the hills.

Ditch No. 8, on the south line of Sections 17 and 18, Township 7 South, Range 9 West, should be cleared and enlarged throughout its length. A wide ditch is recommended to provide storage for silt.

Ditch No. 24, discharges into Ditch No. 22 on the south line of Section 20, Township 8 South, Range 9 West. The channel should be cleared of trees, brush, and bars throughout its length. Bar removal will not require use of an excavating machine.

Ditch No. 9, on the south line of Section 19, should be cleared and reexcavated throughout its length.

Ditch No. 10, on the south line of Sections 29 and 30, should be cleared throughout its length of trees and brush in the channel.

Ditch No. 25, heads in Section 23, Township 7 South, Range a West, and discharges into Ditch No. 22 on the south line of Section 20, Township 8 South, Range 9 West.

The channel should be reexcavated and deepened, with bottom widths of 4 feet about Ditch No. 26 at the center of Section 9, Township 8 South, Range 9 West, and of 24 feet below that point. Clearing is required only above the center of Section 4.

Ditch No. 11, in the southeastern part of Section 25, Township 7, South, Range 10 West, should be cleared throughout its length of trees and brush in the channel.

Ditch No. 12, in the southwest quarter of Section 31, Township 7 South, Range 9 West, is ample for the small area now drained, and no improvement is recommended.

Ditch No. 13, is Hope Bayou in Section 35, Township 7 South, Range 10 West. The channel should be cleared of trees and brush.

Ditch No. 14, heads in Section 6, Township 8 South, Range 9 West, in the south end of Pecan Lake, and carries a large part of the flow of Indian Creek into South Lake in Section 24, Township S South, Range 10 West, whence the water flows through Squirrel Lake and into Burrell Bayou in Section 27, Township S South, Range 10 West.

The channel should be cleared throughout its entire length, above South Lake, and be enlarged except in the upper 1600 feet.

Ditch No. 15, discharges into Ditch No. 14 on the east line of Section 12. The channel should be cleared throughout its length, and be reexcavated for nearly half a . mile

Ditches Nos. 25 A and 25 B, carry the flow from some small hill streams into the head of Ditch No. 25. No improvement of these channels is recommended.

Ditch No. 26, carries the flow of Hog Creek from Section 3, Township S South, Range 9 West, into Ditch No. 25 at the center of Section R. Much silting takes place at the head of this ditch but it has been reexcavated recently and the improvement recommended is that already described for construction of Hog Creek Silting Basin, Ditch No. 27, in Section 3, Township S South, Range 5 West, has been filled with silt from hill streams, but recently has been reexcavated and improvement is not recommended except extension into the proposed Hog Creek Silting Basin.

Ditch No. 101, was constructed by Sub-Drainage District No. 1. It discharges into Ditch No. 22 near the center of Section 20, Township S South, Range 5 West. It has been reexeavated recently for about 2 miles and this work should be extended to the upper end of the ditch near the northeast corner of Section 5, Township 8 South, Range 9 West.

Clearing the channel and one bank is required throughout this length.

from its outlet.

Ditch No. 16, on the west and south lines of Section 12, Township S South, Range 10 West, should be cleared of trees, brush, and bars throughout its length. Bar removal would be more economical by some other means than an excavating machine.

Ditch No. 17, a natural drain in Sections 14 and 15, Township 8 South, Range 10 West, should be cleared of trees and brush in the channel throughout its length.

Ditch No. 102, was constructed by Sub-District No. 1. It disCharges into Ditch No. 25 at the south quarter corner of Section 21. The trees and brush should be removed from the channel throughout its length.

Ditch No. 18, is a natural drain in Sections 13 and 14, Township 8 South, Range 10 West. No work is recommended on this drain.

Ditch No. 19, discharges into Squirrel Lake in the center of Section 26, Township S South, Range 10 West. It has been cleared recently for nearly a mile from its outlet, and clearing of the channel should be continued to the upper end of the ditch.

Ditch No. 20, tributary to Ditch No. 19, has been cleared recently and no improvement is needed now.

Ditch No. 201, west of David Bayou, was constructed by Sub-District No. 2. It empties into Rifle Chute in Section 28, Township 7 South, Range 10 West. It should he cleared of trees and brush throughout its length, and should be enlarged and deepened except through the lower 2000 feet.

Ditch No. 202, lies in Section 28, Township 7 South, Range 10 West. The channel should be cleared of trees and brush.

Ditch No. 21, tributary to Ditch No. 20, has been cleared recently and no improvement is needed now.

Squirrel Lake Lead, in Sections 24 to 26, Township South, Range 10 West, connects South Lake and Squirrel Lake. It should be cleared of trees and brush for a width of 40 feet throughout its length.

Ditch No. 22, the main outlet for the southeast portion of the district, heads in Section 32, Township 7 South, Range 9 West. It flows directly southward following the course of Water Bayou for about 2 miles in Sections 8 to 20, and discharges into Bobo Lake at the Southeast corner of Section 7, Township 9 South, Range 9 West. The entire ditch should be reexcavated. That portion above the south line of Section 20, Township 8 South, Range 9 West, should have a base width_ increasing from 4 to 8 feet and that portion below Section 20 should have a base width of 44 feet. This will involve clearing the channel and one bank through its entire length, except about one-half mile near the south line of Section 8, Township S South, Range :I West.

Squirrel Lake Bayou, provides an outlet for Squirrel Lake into Burrel Bayou in Section 27, Township 8 South, Range 10 West. It should be cleared of trees and brush for a width of 40 feet throughout its length.

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS Maintenance or Drainage Channels It is imperative that all drainage channels be properly maintained. Tree growth alone can reduce their capacity as much as 75 percent. All tree growth should be cut and

27

removed every year from all excavated drainage ditches. and from natural drainage channels where specified. All tree growth should be cut within a few inches of the surface of the ground where it stands, and all slashing and other material removed from the channel should either be burned or piled in such a manner that it can not fall or float back into the channel. All silt bars should be removed before capacities of the ditches are seriously impaired. Trash and debris lodged against fences crossing the ditches should be removed before the accumulations materially interfere with the flow of water.

Construction of Culverts Ordinarily, culverts should not be permitted in drainage ditches. 'Where use of them is absolutely necessary, they should be of such size that they will not cause serious loss of head nor raise the water surface above the culvert sufficiently to cause the ditch to overflow. The floor or invert should be set at the elevation of the ditch bottom, and the structure should be built on a foundation that Will prevent settlement or other displacement.

Construction of Levees

Disposal of Spoil

Levees should be constructed of earth free from all logs, stumps, and large pieces of perishable matter, and be reasonably free from roots and sticks. The ground to be occupied by the levees should be cleared of all trees and growth of all kinds, and of all logs, trash, and debris. All stumps should be pulled out and removed, and the surface to be occupied by the levees should be thoroughly plowed.

Where the levee crosses sand ridges or in sandy soil a muck

All material excavated from drainage channels, eith.e.r for enlargement or for the removal of bars, should be placed beyond the top of the existing spoil banks, and where it is possible to do so with the equipment used, should be spread so that none of it will extend more than 4 feet above the general level of the surface of the ground.

Leveling Spoil Banks

ditch should be excavated 6 feet deep with a bottom width

It is recommended that all new spoil banks, as well as those now in existence, along drainage ditches where the land is cleared, be leveled by moving the material away from the ditches to such an extent that the slopes of the remaining material will not be steeper than 4 feet horizontal to 1 foot vertical. After leveling, spoil banks of ordinary size should not extend more than 4 feet above the general level of the surface of the ground.

of 4 feet and with 1 to 1 side slopes. Where the levee is constructed across ditches, natural channels, or depressions, banquettes should be constructed to the full width of the berm

and up to the level of the general ground sur-

face. A berm not less than 25 feet in width should be left between the toe of the embankment and the borrow pit.

To provide for compaction, all levees should be constructed

Width of Berms

20 percent higher than specified with full crown width and

Material excavated from drainage ditches should not be deposited closer than 15 feet to the channel being excavated, and where the bottom width of the ditch exceeds 29 feet, no material should be placed closer than 25 feet to the edge of the excavated channel.

side slopes. 'Upon completion, the embankment should be spot sodded with 4-inch tufts of Bermuda grass at 2-foot intervals in both directions, or be seeded with a suitable grass mixture that will form a heavy sod.

Side Slopes of Ditches

GENERAL INFORMATION

Where drainage ditches are enlarged or the side slopes are disturbed in the removal of silt bars, the sides of the ditches should be given slopes not steeper than 2 feet horizontal to 1 foot vertical. Where the depth of ditch exceeds 12 feet, or where the material through which the ditch is excavated tends to slide, flatter side slopes should be given.

This report is based on the original plans of the district, supplemented by field inspection and meager surveys, Detailed surveys should be made before any reconstruction work of importance is undertaken.

Information concerning organization, assessment, and financial status of the district, the hydraulic data, and esti-

Construction of Inlets In order to prevent the formation of silt bars and control or reduce erosion in lateral drains where they enter drainage ditches, inlet channels should be excavated to the same depth as the main ditch for a distance of 50 feet from its edge and then given a 10 to 1 slope along the bottom to the established grade of the lateral drains. The inlet channel should have a bottom width of not less than 4 feet and side slopes of 2 to 1, and the entire excavated section should be planted to a dense growing vegetation such as Bermuda grass.

mates of recommended work are given in the tables attached hereto.

Blue prints of the Panola, Quitman, and Tunica County drainage maps showing the location of this district, and such profiles and cross sections of ditches as are available, may be obtained from the Mississippi Board of Development or the Department of Archives and History, Jackson, Mississippi,

The high cost of reenforced concrete, concrete pipe, and corrugated pipe usually restricts their use for inlets to road ditches and other places where space is limited.

Statewide Drainage Survey This report has been prepared under the Statewide Drainage Survey established as Work Projects Administration,

Construction of Bridges

Projects No. 5433 and No. 8420, sponsored by the Missis-

Bridges should be built so as to cause least obstruction

sippi Board of Development. The other cooperators are

to flow and give least lodgement for trash and debris. No

Division of Drainage, Research, Soil Conservation Service,

support should be placed in the bottom of a ditch where

If. S. Department of Agriculture, directing the survey; Cen-

the bottom width is less than 20 feet. Any trestle bent

teal Committee for Drainage Districts of Mississippi; Na-

built on a mud sill between the tops of the bank slopes

Ronal Resources Planning Board, supplying technical con-

should have the top of the mud sill set at or below the

suiting advice; and Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. The

elevation of the ditch bottom. Bridge stringers should be

Federal Land Bank of New Orleans, Louisiana, has fur-

high enough above the flow line that floating drift will pass freely.

presented and other information.

Dished the organization, assessment, and financial data

28

ORGANIZATION, ASSESSMENT, AND FINANCIAL DATA Indian Creek Drainage District No. 1 Panola, Quitman, and Tunica Counties, Mississippi Organization Petition filed May 5, 1916, with Chancery Court of Panola County.

Organized May 26, 1916, by decree under Chapter 195, Laws of 1912.

Domicile: Sledge, Mississippi. Secretary: C. M. McGee, Sledge, Mississippi.

Area Original, 42,793 acres; extended 46,775 acres.

Assessed, 43,930 acres, plus Town Lots: taxed 43,183 acres.

Developed, 27,969 acres.

Other Districts Overlapping'

Road: Panola County Como-Crenshaw Spec., Curtis Spec., Pleasant Grove Spec.

School: Crenshaw Sep. (line), Pleasant Grove Cons., Sledge Cons., Curtis Rural.

Drainage: Sub-District No. 2 of Indian Creek D. D. No.

Quitman County Beat No. 1, County-wide, Crenshaw Sep.

Tunica County Sept. District No. 5

Crenshaw Sep. (line), Darling Cons., Sledge Cons.

Crenshaw Sep. (Line)

Drainage Dist. No. 2; Sub-D. D. No. 2 of Indian Creek No. 1; Pompey Lake; Squirrel Lake

Levee: None

Yazoo-Miss. Delta

Yazoo-Miss. Delta

BENEFITS ASSESSED Date Approved

10-20-16

7-18-29

County

Panola Quitman Tunica Total f Panola /Quitman (y) Tunica Total (y)

Benefits Assessed

17,964 24,629 209 42,793

5345,145 497,224 3,290 846,659

$30.00 30.00 21.03 $30.00

1,143

$ 42,576

$24,00

1,143

$ 42,576

$24.00

'damages Awarded

Cost Assessed

Benefits per acre

Acres (a) Assessed

Maximum

1

Average

$19.71

(a) Cents and fractional acres are omitted. (y) Town lots in addition to acreage.

R. F. C. SCIIIEDULIIS Acres

County

_ Private

State

1 Panola /Quitman Tunica Total Panola, Quitman Tunica Total Grand Total

Cult.

5,581 13,544 137 19,262 4,850 3,856 8,706 27,909

(a) Uncult

4,430 5,217 72

9,719 3,081 2,997 6,088 15,807(y)

Original Benefits

Total

(a) Cult.

Unpaid Benefits

(a)

Uncult.

Total

10,011 18,761 209 28,981 7,941 6,854

$162,690 385,692 2,290 5551,673 $179,830 148,731

60,476 515 $86,501 $60,162 54,388

14,795 43,776

$328,562 $880,235

$114,551 5201,052

$25,009

la) Cents and fractional acres are omitted. (y) Town lots in addition to acreage.

BONDS Amount Kind

Benefits Benefits Benefits R. F. C. (L)

Dated Authorized

5250,000.00 125,000.00 72,000.00 119,706.00

Issued

11-1-16 1-1-21 9-1-23 10-1-37

$250,000.00 125,000.00 72,000.00 # 114,013.06

(L) R. P. C. loan of $114,018.06 cancelled all outstanding debts of 6251,772.59.

District-repaid $15,073.06 in cash and issued only 996,00-0 of refunding bonds.

99

Interest Per Year

Maturing Date

5.5% 5% 6% 4%

1922-37 1926-41 1925-40 1942-70

Status 5-4-41 Paid

$166,000.00 39,000.00 27,666,67 33,013.06

i

Outstanding

Refinanced by rt, F. C. $81,000.00

Sub-Drainage District No. 3. of Indian Creek Drainage District No. 1, PanoIa County, Mississippi Organization Petition filed August 20, 1920, with Board of Supervisors of Panola County.

Organized November 1, 1920, by Order under Chapter 195, Laws of 1912.

Domicile: Sledge, Mississippi. Secretary: C. M. McGee. Area Original: 3,200 acres; Assessed: 3,146 acres; taxed 3,146 acres; Developed: 1,253 acres.

Other Districts - Overlapping Road: Pleasant Grove Spec., No road.

School: Curtis Rural, Pleasant Grove Cons., Sledge Spec. Cons.

Drainage: Indian Creek No. 1.

Levee: None.

1iENEFITS ASSESSED Acres Assessed

Date Approved

Benefits Assessed

3,142 3,146

12-13-20 R.F.C. Report(d)

Damages Awarded

Benefits per Acre

Cost Assessed

I

Maximum

Average

$35.00 35.00

$86,687 86,087

$27.59 27.58

(5) Acres

Original Benefits

Report Cult.

Uncap.

I

I

471 1,422 1,893

552 701 1,253

Private State Total

Total

1,023 2,123 3,146

Unpaid

Cult.

Benefits

Uneult.

Total

$ 6,188.07 17,777.34 23,965.41

329,467.00 57,220.00 86,687.00

BONDS

I

Amount Date

Kind Authorized

Benefits R.F.C. (g)

I

Issued

$27,000.00 0,277.47

327,000.00 9,637.20

Interest per Year

Status 6-27.38

Maturing

Dates

Paid

19'22-42 1940-69

3-1-21 10-1-37

Outstanding

1

$8,500 2,000

Refunded by R.F.C. $4,277.47

(g) RFC loan of $9,63'7.20 cancelled all outstanding debts of 820,030.110.

Sub-Drainage District No. 2 of Indian Creek Drainage District No. 1, Quitman County, Mississippi Organization Petition filed on October 4, 1920, with Board of Supervisors of Quitman County.

Organized on December 6, 1920, by Order under Chapter 195, Laws of 1912.

Domicile: Sledge, Mississippi. Secretary: C. M. McGee, Sledge, Miss.

Area 2,100 acres; Original: 2,084 acres ; taxed: 1,884 acres ; Assessed : Developed: 1,200 acres.

Other-Districts Overlapping Road: Crenshaw Separate.

School: Crenshaw Sep., Sledge Cons.

Drainage: Indian Creek No. 1, D. D. No, 2.

Yazoo-Mississippi Delta.

Levee: BENEFITS ASSESSED Date . Approved

Acres (a) Assessed

Benefits Assessed

2,084 2,084

352,729 52,729

1-3-21 R.F.C.

Damages Awarded

Benefits per acre

Cost Assessed

Maximum I

Average

$40.00 40.00

$25.00 25.00

(k) Acres

Original Benefits

Report Cult.

Private Lands State Lands Total

I

Uneult.

i

51175 409.0 920.5

704.5 459.5 1,164.0

Total

Unpaid Benefits Cult.

I

I

Uneult.

Total

327,768.00 24,961.00 352,729.00

1,216.0 868.5 2,084.5

$ 5,831.28 8,473.32 314,304.60

BONDS Amount Authorized

...

Benefits R.F.C. (L)

Interest per year

Date

Kind

.325,000.00 8,156.00

Issued

$25,000.00 Rescinded

3-1-21

6%

Maturing Dates

1922-41

Status 6-26-88 Paid

$9,500.00

I

Outstanding

$15,500.00

(a) Fractional aereage omitted.

(1.) Râ&#x20AC;˘F.C. refunding, loan of 18,116 was approved upon beale of 514,504.61 of unpaid benefits, but the approval was later rescinded and the loan was never consummated.

30

TABLE 2 ESTIMATE OF COST Indian Creek Drainage District No. 1 Including Sub-Districts No. 1 and No. 2, Panola, Quitman, and Tunica Counties, Mississippi COST ITEM

UNIT

QUANTITY Per Unit

Interior Drainage Bar removal by dredging by other means Re-excavation and enlargement

cu. yd. cu. yd. mile cm yd. cu. yd. acre acre acre

Clearing

Total Silt Disposal Channel work (Spoil bank levee) Levee work Clearing

5

1,000 9,110 5.3 128,273 656,346 59.4 404.9 231.0

Item Total

.065 .20 400. .08 .065 15.

20.

25.

5

65 1,322 2420 10,262 42,662 891 9,298 5,775

572,895 cu. yd. cu. yd. acre

26,482 7,470 9.6

.08 .10 15.

2,119 748 144

Total

$ 3,011

Total project work Legal, engineering, and incidental

075,906 7,591

Total cost of Project

083,457 Assessed area 43,036 acres.

Average cost per acre $1.90.

SAMPLE OF TABLE 3 HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS OF RECOMMENDED CHANNELS Indian Creek Drainage District No. 1 Including Sub-Districts No. 1 and No. 2, Panola, Quitman, and Tunica Counties, Mississippi Ditch No.

1

2

Station

IDRAINAGE AREA 1

Delta

I Hill

ELEVATIONS Ditch hot.

Highwater Computations 155.5 105 2.0 125 3.0 155.8 153.2 165 3.7 152.4 190 3.7 216 4.0 152.0 273 151.7 4.75 152.5 313 5.0 Free Outlet Computations 216 4.0 152.0 5.0 151.5 318 0.4 158.4 0

I

CHANNEL

CAPACITY

Water surf.

Section

Computed

161.7 161.5 161.1 160.8 160.7 160.4 160.2

150 113 175 245 222 300 190

.040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040 .040

0.75 3.25 5.0 6.62 4.53 5.55 4.63

.0001 .0001 .1)001 .00005 .00005 .00005 .00005

0.91 0.81 1.14 1.03 0.76 0.39 0.77

136 92 199 252 169 287 146

160.2 158.1 162.1

200 132 87

.040 .040 .075

4.25 4.05 2.60

.00018 .00018 .0001

1.34 1.29 .36

262 178 31

r

*Calculated as follows: For Delta area, Q = 40 M 5/6; for hill area, Q = 80 and N the drainage area in square miles.

Rend

71 100 119 119 127 147 153

127 153 19 Q being flow in cubic feet per second

SAMPLE OF TABLE 4 ESTIMATE OF CLEARING Indian Creek Drainage District No. 1 Including Sub-Districts No. 1 and No. 2, Panola, Quitman, and Tunica. Counties Mississippi REACH Ditch Ste. to Sta..

1

0- 336 0- 60

3

0- 179 179- 610 610- 615 615- 800 800-1160 1/60-1300 1300-1760 0- 174

1-A 2

4

Distance

Width

Area

feet

feet

acres

Classification

33,600 6,000

40 20

30.8 2.8

Light Light

43,100

30

29.7

Very light

18,500 36,000 14,000 40,000 17,400

70 75 100 130 45

29.7 62.0 32.0 107.0 18.0

Very light Medium Medium Medium Light

31

REMARKS

Channel only Channel only No clearing No clearing Channel only No clearing Channel only Channel only Channel only Channel only Channel only

SAMPLE OF TABLE 5 ESTIMATE OF CHANNEL EXCAVATION Indian Creek Drainage District No. 1 Including Sub-Districts No. 1 and No. 2, Panola, Quitman, and Tunica Counties, Mississippi DITCH BOTTOM Ditch No.

Station

Elevation ft.

Width ft.

END AREA At sta. sq. ft.

Average cc. ft.

EXCAVATION Distance feet

Per sta. cu. yd.

In dist'ce cu. yd.

REMARKS

1 33,600

336 1-A 2 3

1,486 1,506 1,540 1.560

144.8 144.5 143.5 143.5

55 50

0 350 215

175 282 107

2,000 3,400 2,000

3,000

648 1,044 396

12,960 35,496 7,920

Bar removal No excavation No excavation Bat removal Bar removal Bar removal

APPENDIX B MISSISSIPPI DRAINAGE LAWS This report does not attempt a full discussion of the many drainage laws and only briefly outlines those of major importance under which the Swamp Land Districts and Drainage Districts in Mississippi have operated. These laws and the corresponding number of operating districts are listed as follows; Swamp Land Districts Chapter 207, Laws of 1886 Chapter 121, Laws of 1500 Chapter 70, Laws of 1902 Chapter 17, Code of 1906 Total number

4 2 14 28 48

Drainage Districts Chapter 39, Code of 1906 and Amendments 94 Chapter 195, Laws of 1912 and Amendments 146 Chapter 197, Laws of 1912 and Amendments 12 3 Chapter 198, Laws of 1912 and Amendments 1 Chapter 107, Code of 1930 and Amendments Total number

256

The 4 districts under Chapter 207, Laws of 1886, all in Lee County were dissolved September 5, 1939. This law approved March 13, 1886, was an Act to reclaim swamp and overflowed lands in Lee County, and for other purposes, It applies only to Lee County. The 44 districts organized under the other Swamp Land Laws are dormant as their improvement works have been taken over by later overlapping organizations, have been dissolved, or have required little or no maintenance since drainage works were constructed. When reconstruction work is undertaken by those districts originally organized under Swamp Land Acts, they usually are reorganized under more recent laws. The Swamp Land Acts do not have the assessed benefit basis of drainage assessments as provided by the more recent laws but follow the procedure of levying uniform annual assessments on an acreage basis for a sufficient number of years to produce the costs incidental to improvement works.

These districts comprised only swamp lands that were subject to overflow and would be benefited by the drainage systems. The annual taxes are variable but did not exceed 50 cents per acre.

The legislative enactments under which the 256 Drainage Districts have operated cover 5 different laws and amendatory Acts.

Chapter 39, Code of 1906 and Chapter 195, Laws of 1912, govern most of the organizations. County Boards of Drainage Commissioners conduct the affairs of all districts organized under Chapter 39, Code of 1905, while a separate Board of Commissioners is appointed to administer the af-

fairs of each district operating under Chapter 195, Laws of 1912, Chapter 197, Laws of 1912, is an Act creating additional methods of organizing and maintaining drainage districts and provides for the validating of any drainage district that was organized under Chapter 39, Code of 1906 that might petition to come under the provisions of this Act. Its provisions parallel in general Chapter 39, Code of 1906, and outline additional powers.

Chapter 198, Laws of 1912, follows slightly different procedures with administration of affairs controlled partly by the Board of Supervisors and partly by a Board of Drainage Commissioners for each district. The classification of lands according to benefits cover the usual considerations for the degree of wetness of land and proximity to the ditch or outlet and also give consideration to the fertility of the soil. This Iaw is somewhat broader in scope than other laws.

The State Legislature in 1930 revised the Mississippi Drainage Code under Chapter 107. Alt districts organized after the enactment of this Code must come under its provisions. Drainage districts organized prior to this Code or that were in the process of organization under other laws at the time the Code was adopted have the privilege of continuing to operate under such other laws. The adoption of the 1930 Code does not repeal, other laws and amendatory Acts so far as districts organized accordingly are concerned. This Code outlines two organization procedures; namely, for districts electing to have County Commissioners and for districts choosing to have Local Commissioners. The essential features, other than additional and varied administrative procedures, are patterned after Chapter 195, Laws of 1912.

The Mississippi Drainage Laws follow the assessed benefit basis of levying assessment. Questions have been raised regarding this phase of the laws for they do not clearly indicate by the technical legal phrasing whether any one tract is liable for all the taxes to be collected in the district for the payment of both bonds and interest or whether it was the intention to limit the amounts of taxes against a tract to the amount of benefits assessed against that tract. The question involved is whether the amount of drainage taxes ultimately assessable against each tract is limited to the amount of assessed benefits originally assessed against each individual tract; or is limited to the aggregate benefits assessed on all the lands within the district in accordance with the so-called "last faithful acre doctrine." Attorneys familiar with drainage organizations are disagreed on this interpretation and it has never been presented to the Supreme Court for decision.