November 2016
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FROM THE EDITOR
The Financial Bulletin Money Matters Club IBS, Hyderabad Estd.—2005
Dear Readers,
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It gives me the immense pleasure to come up with the November 2016 issue successfully.
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This issue reflects a totally different controversies
Newsletter Archit Athani Coordinator Aakanksha Yadav
on Cyrus Mistry Exit and also giving attention to the US Presidential Elections and the GST rates .
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The
articles also acknowledge the recent BRICS
Goa Summit 2016,Deutsche Bank Turmoil, Recent Mergers and
further
queries,
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Highlighting
US-India Bilateral ties.
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Archit Athani Newsletter Coordinator
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US Presidential Debates By Shreya Bagaria, IBS Hyderabad
The competitors for the White House have faced off in what could have been the most-watched presidential debate in US history. The 2016 United States presidential election debates are a series of debates held for the U.S. presidential general election in 2016. The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD), organized three debates among the major presidential candidates, the Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and the Republican nominee Donald Trump. Hillary Clinton was considered to have won all three presidential debates by scientific opinion polls.
The first presidential debate took place on September 26, 2016, setting a record as the most-watched debate in American history, with 84 million viewers. The first topic discussed was job creation, with the candidates being asked how they would make American manufacturers bring back production to the US. Jobs and economic issues have rarely taken center stage at any of the presidential debates so far. But both Clinton and Trump have made dedicated economic policy speeches in the past month. Hillary Clinton aimed at an economy which creates job for all (jobs and infrastructure, advanced manufacturing, invasion in the technology). Also, paid family leave, earned sick days, affordable child care by wealthy paying their fair share and close corporate loopholes. One of the big issues that Trump hit Clinton on during the primaries was the North American Free Trade Agreement. He also tried to outflank Clinton by announcing a plan to spend $500 billion on infrastructure
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(one of the few areas where Republicans have advocated for government expenditures in the past). 2. The second topic discussed was “America’s Direction” and how to heal America’s racial divide. Per Clinton, race still determines how people are treated in the US criminal justice system, which was again put in the spotlight after deadly police shootings of black men in Charlotte and Tulsa. Trump used his opening segment using the same issue to stress the importance of “law and order” 3. The third topic was “securing America.” The second debate took place on October 9, 2016.The second presidential debate between them began with explosive attacks and ended with a measure of graciousness, as the two candidates complimented each other at the request of an audience member. Mrs. Clinton said she admired the Trump children, while Mr. Trump called his opponent “a fighter.” In several tense exchanges, Mr. Trump acknowledged that he had avoided paying federal income taxes for years, called his taped description of sexual assault “locker roomtalk” and accused Mrs. Clinton of victimizing women and carrying “hate in her heart.” Whereas, Mrs. Clinton hewed close to the basic arguments of her campaign that she is an experienced public servant and Mr. Trump is unfit to be the president and said he owed their country an apology. The final topic discussed was on October 19, 2016. Donald Trump started the discussion by answering to the questions regarding the Supreme Court. But Trump quickly regressed to his status quo of bullying and interruptions. His repeated denigration of women and people of color has made it nearly impossible for the candidates in these debates to focus on substantive topics and fixing our future. Trump and Clinton left voters with plenty more questions on their minds.
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FB SL.NO 1.
PARTICULARS
HILLARY CLINTON
Free trade
Clinton is generally
pro-trade.
DONALD TRUMP Trump called for rolling
She backed the controversial
back NAFTA and
Trans- pacific partnership.
imposing a 45% tariff on imports from China and Mexico, which might drive up prices.
2.
Minimum Wage
3.
Taxes and deficits
She has called for an increase of
His aim is to boost the
the national wage to $12 an hour.
entire economy rather than
She wants to raise the taxes on the
individual wages. He is in favor of cutting
wealthiest Americans, mainly by
down corporate tax rates
imposing the Buffett rule (imposing
from 35% to 15% which
a minimum tax of 30% on top earn-
would increase the
ers) which would bring nearly $1.5
deficit by $5.9 trillion over
trillion additional revenue over 10
years.
Conclusion:
Neither candidate appeared to be good for business.
On Supreme Court nominations, both candidates focused on the wrong issues.
The immigration debate went nowhere.
Trade is in danger if Trump wins.
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Deutsche Bank Turmoil By Vasudha Narang, IBS Hyderabad use the process of recapitalization. Through recapitalization, it can perform stress test which will tell the true requirement of banks need, determining which institution to help and raising funds for them. The bank can still raise equity from private investors to help themselves. Also, it has 250 billion euro dollars of sellable assets which is enough to meet demand from
Deutsche bank is a leading global investment
customers. An alternative to failure would be bail
bank, growing continuously in North America and
in which forces the bank to sell off assets before
many emerging markets. With its headquarter in
government steps in. Recently, the bank an-
Germany it has more than 77,000 employees in
nounced that it will sell its British insurance
over 70countries across world. The bank offers
business Abbey Life to Phoenix Group for 935
unprecedented financial service worldwide.
million pounds ($1.2 billion).
Deutsche bank, biggest lender in Europe lost more than half of its value since January 2016 creating menace to stability of other banks across continent. The bank is not facing any financial debt crisis but major cause of concern is US governments fine of $14 billion to settle claims of financial perversion before 2008 financial crises. This huge payment would reduce banks capital, further reducing its market value and making it difficult for bank to readily raise additional capital. Assets of Deutsche bank are valued at about 1.8 euro dollars which makes half the size of German economy. Unfortunately, German MEPs did not Italy to break euro zone rules and bail out the effected banks. This turmoil could not be avoided as that of Lehman brothers, which was not rescued by US economy. Tangible equity of bank amounts to less than 3 percent of assets, proving its bad condition. To control the situation European central banks can 5
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India U.K. Bilateral Ties
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By Abhimanyu Sheth, IBS Hyderabad countries as the UK prepares to exit from the European Union (EU). India will become the first visa country to be offered the Registered Traveler Scheme, offering business travelers expedited clearance at the UK border. But there must be timely and efficient return of individuals to their country of origin as required by their respective national laws. Both countries agreed to
Since independence, political and diplomatic
strengthen cooperation in this area by
relations between India and U.K. have been cordial.
mplementing an expedited process for verifying
After BREXIT scenario and G20 summit, one thing
the nationality and issuing travel documents. The
was clear that their relations may hamper. UK
2 prime ministers also welcomed the agreement
Prime Minister, Theresa May, at the G20 summit
to create the FTSE-SBI India Bonds Index
said “Someone who finds themselves out of work
Series, which will support the development of
or on lower wages because of low-skilled
India’s growing corporate bond market. May also
immigration, life simply doesn’t seem fair,” which
announced £20 million for a Start-Up India
means Indians are not welcome any more for work,
Venture Capital Fund. The fund will support 30
education or joining their family. It will also hit
enterprises and leverage additional £40 million
Indian companies looking to invest in Britain-who
capital from other investors including UK
are now vital to British industry.
venture capital funds. Both governments will be
But her visit to New Delhi on 7th November, 2016
prepared to make an anchor investment of up to
proved to be an interesting one. She and Prime
£120 million each in the India-UK Sub-Fund
Minister Narendra Modi noted that
subject to agreeing a structure that maximizes
India was the
third largest investor in the UK and the second
investor interest. Building upon the
largest international job creator with Indian
Thames-Ganga Partnership, the 2 prime ministers
companies having created over 110,000 jobs in the
welcomed new initiatives on joint hydrological
UK. The UK is the largest G20 investor in
research programme and re-using waste water as
India. Some of the important takeaway from her
well as innovative biotechnologies for cleaning
visits were:
and processing industrial waste, adding value to
India and the United Kingdom have agreed to set
the Swachh Bharat programme. Prime Minister
up a Joint Working Group on trade that will be
May announced a new commitment of up to £12
reporting to JETCO (joint economic and trade
million to support India’s Skill India mission.
commission headed by the trade ministers of the
Technology transfer from the UK will facilitate
two countries) and will lay the groundwork for a
international training standards in up to 5 sectors
new economic partnership between the two
including apprenticeships and certification. The 2
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FB prime ministers welcomed the signing of an MoU on Intellectual Property, which will promote innovation, creativity and economic growth in both countries. The 2 prime ministers also welcomed the signing of an MoU on Ease of Doing Business, which will harness UK expertise to support India’s efforts to climb the World Bank Ease of Doing Business ratings. This shows that India & U.K. relations have a great and prospective future ahead and together they have an immense power to face the global challenges.
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HOW DOES TERRORISM AFFECT AN ECONOMY? By Shreeya Rawat, IBS Hyderabad like metro stations, stadiums, trains, hotels etc. These terrorism activities have more of a social and emotional damage. Even the economies are affected to great extent. Financial markets are relatively suppler to terrorist activities. Even after the Mumbai attacks, the markets were open. There was huge devastation but economy refused to bow down.
The cost of terrorism to the world was $52.9 billion
Markets
in 2014, the highest since 2001, per the new Global
reaction of markets to a terrorist attack is initially
Terrorism Index .Terrorist attacks have the
invariably downward. But markets have proved
potential to gravely impact economic markets. The
enormously flexible to such attacks in the past,
direct economic costs are of short term in nature
and after the initial negative reaction, the focus
and include the destruction of life and property.
turns to economic fundamentals as conviction
The indirect costs of terrorism can be
grows that such attacks are usually the work of
comparatively large as they affect the economy in
radicalized elements acting in isolation.
the medium term by undermining the confidence of
The Market Impact of Four Major Terrorist
consumer and investor .Terrorism can also have a long-term cost by reducing productivity because of elevated security measures, greater premiums for insurance, and the increased costs of financial and other counterterrorism regulations. Regardless of where you reside, there is a threat of terrorism in the world, and when any such activity takes place, its affect is magnum opus. The world is
Attack affected area studied using the stock market as one way to gauge the economy. One way is by considering the impact on the benchmark equity index of the nation where the attacks occurred. These four attacks had mass casualties and include:
The July 7, 2005 subway blasts in London
The November 26, 2008 attacks in Mumbai,
hence taken by shock and disgust. Uncertainty then
rules as an aftermath of terrorist attack, about such
India.
things as who were the attackers, how did they go about planning such a major attack undetected, and finally, was the terror act the only instance or the first of a series. These trends of terror attacks are extremely disturbing as counter-terrorism experts believe that it is next to impossible to provide security for every conceivable location where large numbers of people are present - transportation hubs 8
detest uncertainty, which is why the
The March 11, 2004 train bombing in Madrid, Spain
The 9/11 US attacks
Both the IBEX 35 (SPAIN) and the FTSE 100 (LONDON), posted fairly significant declines on the day of the terrorist attacks in their respective nations whereas India's Sensex index hardly registered a blip. While the IBEX and
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FB Sensex fell for about a week after terrorist attacks, the FTSE did not. All three indices ended the year substantially higher from the closing levels on the day before the attacks. Furthermore, five ways in which terrorism has an impact on the economy are: 1. Direct Economic Destruction: The most immediate and measurable impact of terrorism is physical destruction caused to the factors of production 2. Increased Uncertainty in the Markets: All markets hate uncertainty but terrorism creates the same and causes inconvenience. 3. Insurance, Trade, Tourism are also greatly affected by terrorism and revenue from these go down. 4. War Is the Health of the State as during wartime, the government often implements price controls. 5. Increased Nationalism and Foreign Scepticism: Closing borders to trade and immigrant workers reduces the size and diversity of economic transactions and limits productive resources and thus harms the economy. Even though terrorism does cause damage to an economy, the economy tends to recover. There is plenty of debate about the depth and pervasiveness of the actual impact on financial markets. As the threats and publicity of global terrorism continue to rise, markets appear to be more and more resilient. Thus, the conclusion which can be drawn is that investors treat terror attacks as one-off events, so thus, their negative effect tends to only be temporary.
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Rosneft Essar Oil By Harshita Sipani, IBS Hyderabad Five major state-owned Russian banks and three energy companies are under the EU sanctions. On July 1, 2016, the European Council extended the economic sanctions targeting specific sectors of the Russian economy until
Russia’s Rosneft might have to restructure its deal
January 31, 2017. These measures were
with Ruia-promoted Essar Oil that was banking on
introduced on July 31, 2014, initially for one year
a stake sale to the state-owned company, to retire a
in response to Russia's actions in Ukraine.
major chunk of its group debt of Rs 88,000 crore. Essar was planning to sell 49 per cent stake Though the US and EU sanctions preceded the
to Rosneft and another 25 per cent stake to
signing of a non-binding agreement by the two
Singapore-based commodity trader, Trafigura
companies in July 2015, major lenders to Essar Oil
group, thus reducing the Ruias to minority
UK-based Standard Chartered Bank and ICICI
shareholders. The total valuation of the company
Bank, which is listed on the New York Stock
was pegged at approximately $6 billion.
Exchange, have fears of attracting sanctions.
Besides, India government-owned banks have
In preparation for 49 per cent stake
apprehensions that their own operations in the US
sale, Essar Oil promoters through Oil Bidco
would be hit as Rosneft is on the negative list. “We
(Mauritius) Limited bought 1.01 billion
are trying to structure the probable exposure
publically held shares in the company in
to Rosneft in such a way that it would not impact
December 2015 for Rs 3,745 crore. The Ruias
the Indian lenders like State Bank of India, Bank of
had signed the deal with Rosneft in July last year
Baroda, and Bank of India who have operations in
and since then the company has moved its deal
the US,” said a banker. These banks have
closure date twice.
apprehensions that their own operations in the US
would be hit as Rosneft was on the negative list, he
The transaction is important for the Ruias as
said.
the Essar group has been under pressure from banks to reduce debt. The group was planning to
The companies have missed the June 2016 deadline
sell 30 per cent stake in its steel company but
for closing the deal. After the visit of chairman of
dropped the plan as it could not find any takers.
Rosneft’s management board Igor Sechin to India
In the last few years, the group sold its US-based
in March 16, 2016, the two companies said they
business process outsourcing unit for
“intend to sign and close the transaction by the end
$610 million (Rs 4,119 crore), Vodafone India
of June 2016 upon obtaining all necessary permits”. 10
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FB stake for $5 billion (Rs 33,000 crore) and real estate including an office complex in Bandra Kurla Complex for Rs 2,700 crore.
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CYRUS MISTRY EXIT By Abhinandan Jain, IBS Hyderabad companies faced headwinds. While the reasons for Mistry's sacking by the Tata Sons board is not clear, according to sources, the decision taken on the suggestion of Tata Trusts. About 66 per cent of the equity capital of Tata Sons is held by philanthropic trusts endowed by members of the Tata family. The largest of these trusts are the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and the Sir Ratan Tata Trust, which were
Cyrus Mistry, who was part of the board tasked to
created by the families of the sons of Jamsetji
find a successor to Ratan Tata for heading the over
Tata, the Founder. Mistry belongs to Shapoorji
$100 billion Tata Group, had himself become a
Pallonji, which is the single largest shareholder
surprise selection only to see his tenure cut short
in Tata Sons with 18.4 per cent stake.
abruptly within four years which was the shortest tenure at the conglomerate.
Cyrus Mistry didn't notice suggestions by members of the controlling Tata Trusts to sell up
The 78-year-old Ratan Tata is now part of the
to 5% stake in Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)
selection panel that has been asked to search the
to help recapitalize some of the struggling group
next Chairman of Tata Sons Ltd, the group's main
companies, two influential Tata Group insiders
holding company, within next four months and he
said. This was one among several suggestions put
would also serve as interim chairman in this
forth by the trustees which were ignored by
period. Mistry is now 48 years old, and was
Mistry, triggering a "trust deficit" between the
amazement choice to succeed Tata, who retired on
two that eventually led to his sacking on October
December 29, 2012 as Chairman of the one of
24,
country's oldest business empires.
He also undertook a strategy of divesting assets
The only second non-Tata to take charge of the
in contrast to what his successor did. Significant
group after Nowroji Saklatvala in 1932, Mistry by
among them is the steel business, specially Tata
virtue of his age came in with a lot of promise,
Steel Europe. Earlier this year, the company had
especially of continuity when he became Chairman
completed selling of the European long products
of Tata Sons the promoter of the major
business that three units the UK as well as a mill
operating Tata companies at the age of 44.
in France to Greybull Capital. It had also an-
However, in nearly four years since he took over
nounced plans to sell its UK operations after
the reins of the salt-to-software conglomerate,
years of losses, although the company is yet to
Mistry had to face many challenges in both
finalize the sale. In July, Tata group's hospitality
domestic and global markets as many of the group 12
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FB firm Indian Hotels Company Ltd (IHCL), which runs Taj Group of hotels, completed sale of Taj Boston hotel for $125 million (about Rs 839 crore). The Tata group is also engaged in a legal battle with Japan's Docomo over the split of their telecom joint venture Tata Docomo. So we can say that Cyrus Mistry’s tenure as Tata Sons chairman was punctuated by divestments, predecessor Ratan Tata focused on acquisitions Contrary to above, Ratan Tata led the group into some notable acquisitions, starting from Tetley by Tata Tea for $450 million in 2000 to steelmaker Corus by Tata Steel in 2007 and the landmark Jaguar Land Rover in 2008 for $2.3 billion by Tata Motors. The company's annual report showed. Under Mistry's leadership starting December 2012, Tata Global's revenues increased 22.2% to Rs. 8,111 crores in fiscal 2016 from Rs 6,640 crore in fiscal 2010. As we can see that there is a conflict of interest among the parties by which the brand image of the biggest conglomerate is at stake through which the shareholders can be on the losing side.
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FDI in Retail Market
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By sharanya Guha, IBS Hyderabad in retail means that the consumer goods will be available at a cheaper price in malls or supermarkets and thus, probably, the common man is likely to go there and purchase his product. Thus, the business of the local shops will take a downslide. Also, FDI will bring a lot In today’s world, we can say that retailing is one of
of foreign products into our country at cheaper
the booming sectors of the Indian economy.
rates. Considering the Indians’ traditional affinity
Retailing in India is one of the pillar s of its
for cheaper products and being always ready to
economy and accounts for about 10 percent of its
compromise on quality for the sake of price, we
GDP.
[1][2]
The Indian retail market is estimated to
can say that the Indian manufacturers will be
be US$ 600 billion and one of the top five retail
hard hit by this decision. Now let us look at the
markets in the world by economic value. India is
other side of the coin. Many people are arguing
one of the fastest growing retail markets in the
that FDI will create overdependence on foreign
world, with 1.2 billion people. Until 2011, the
technology. Here they seem to be forgetting that
Indian central government prevented any kind of
almost all the software’s running these
FDI in multi brand retail. Even single brand retail
technologies have their bases in India. Thus, it
was also limited to only 51% ownership. In
will create job opportunities and help to resolve
November 2011, India's central government
one of the biggest problems in the country today,
announced retail reforms for both multi-brand
unemployment. Since there will be more supply
stores and single-brand stores. These market
of funds, manufacturers can enhance the quality
reforms paved the way for retail innovation and
of their products. Also, the number of people in
competition with multi-brand retailers such as
the supply chain will decrease and it will bring
Walmart, Carrefour and Tesco, as well single brand
transparency to the process. Previously, the
majors such as IKEA, Nike, and Apple. In 2015,
middle men in the supply chain used to hike up
the Modi government took a revolutionary decision
the prices of the product per their own benefit.
that literally changed the face of the retail
With FDI, most of these middle men will get
industry in India. The decision was to allow 100%
eliminated. The farmers can now get the true
FDI in retail. Like any other major decision, this
value of their goods and the customers will also
too had its fair share of pros and cons. Let us first
benefit as now they can avail the same products
start from the dark and then gradually move
at lower prices.
towards light.
So, at the end of the day we can conclude that the
The local shops or kiranas is one area that will get
positive impacts of FDI completely eclipses its
severely affected from this decision. A 100% FDI
negative effects and thus it is a welcome move on
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FB in the supply chain used to hike up the prices of the product per their own benefit. With FDI, most of these middle men will get eliminated. The farmers can now get the true value of their goods and the customers will also benefit as now they can avail the same products at lower prices. So, at the end of the day we can conclude that the positive impacts of FDI completely eclipses its negative effects and thus it is a welcome move on the part of the government.
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Climate Deal By Anuja Elhance, IBS Hyderabad Scientists agree that limiting climate change to under 2 degrees will reduce the likelihood of severe weather impacts, including sea-level rise, more intense storms, longer droughts and extinction. “If we don’t start taking additional action now, we will grieve over the avoidable human tragedy,”. “The growing numbers of climate
At the Paris climate conference in December 2015,
refugees hit by hunger, poverty, illness and
195 countries adopted the first-ever universal,
conflict will be a constant reminder of our failure
legally binding global climate deal. The Paris
to deliver. The science shows that we need to
Agreement was the most significant climate change
move much faster.”
presented in history. More than 190 countries affirm
the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are
to wipe greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to
implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that
curb global warming. The Paris Agreement is open
member states of the United Nations, including
for signature by States and regional economic
high polluters such as China, the US, India,
integration organizations that are Parties to the
Brazil, Canada, Russia, Indonesia and Australia,
UNFCCC (the Convention) from 22 April 2016 to
which generate more than half the world’s
21 April 2017 at the UN Headquarters in New
greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive
York.
down their carbon pollution voluntarily without
The agreement sets out a global action plan to put
any binding enforcement mechanism to measure
the world on track to avoid dangerous climate
and control CO2 emissions at any level from
change by limiting global warming to well below
factory to state, and without any specific penalty
2°C recognizing that this would significantly
gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon
reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;
tax) to discourage bad behavior.
The agreement is due to enter into force in 2020.
The head of the Paris Conference, France's foreign minister Laurent Fabius, said this "ambitious and balanced" plan is a "historic turning point" in the goal of reducing global warming. The contribution that each individual country should make in order to achieve the worldwide goal are determined by all countries individually and called "nationally determined contributions" (NDCs) 16
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Ease of Doing Business in India By Chhavi Verma , IBS Hyderabad In 2016, as per the World Bank report India has jumped 12 places and now ranks 130 in ease of doing business. Although it has become easier for Indian businesses to establish a new business but credit facilities and ease of paying taxes has worsened per the latest World Bank Report. The rankings for both the years are derived from a revised methodology. India improved its position on three counts-starting
a business, getting construction permits and accessing electricity as per the latest edition of Ease of Doing Business Index. The areas where India’s performance has improved, the biggest improvement was under the head of ease of “access to electricity” where it jumped up 29 spots and reached 70. But a major concern in the report is the country’s ranking under the head “getting credit”, where India’s ranking has slipped from36 to 42, which means that it is still very difficult in India to get credit in India despite government’s continuous efforts at financial inclusion and ease of credit delivery. Another let down was a drop in the rank under the parameter of ease of paying taxes.
India moved up 9 spots in the criteria of starting a business from 164 last year to 155 in 2016. The rank also moved up under the criteria dealing with construction permits. However, in segments such as protecting minority investors, registering property, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency, India’s rank remains unchanged. In protecting minority interests, India has its best ranking across all the parameters. It is ranked 8 th in this parameter.
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Pocket Friendly GST? By Anika Mehra , IBS Hyderabad
With the GST roll out now consumers can see a
for any loss of revenue during the first five years
price cut in many products but hike in services. The
of implementation of GST would be from
slab rates of GST are 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%
collection from the additional cess as well as that
plus cess. 50% of the CPI basket including food
of the clean energy cess would create a revenue
grains is exempted. Mass consumption products like
pool. The GST rates are designed to be common
spices, oil would be taxed at 5% whereas processed
man friendly as possible. The issues likely to be
foods will come under the tax bracket of 12%. Most
faced are the tax slabs where there disputes on
FMCG products and smartphones would be taxed at
classification, exemptions, etc. The other issue
18% and luxury and demerit goods. The rate of
could the proportion of rates to be split between
4% which was decided for gold earlier is not yet
states and center. But, for the time being the step
finalized but is likely to be lower. Luxury cars, to-
of agreeing to the rates is a huge step towards
bacco and aerated drinks would also be levied with
achieving the target date of 1st April,2017 for the
an additional cess on top of the highest tax rate of
GST implementation.
28%. The inflationary impact on standard rated commodities should be minimal but services may become dearer by getting pushed to 18 percent slab. In lowering the rate on common use items from expected 6 per cent to revised rate of 5 per cent, the interests of common man seem to have played a key role. However, limiting the zero rates to agree products may not lead significant tax cost reduction for consumers. Lower rate of 5 percent for items of mass consumption along with zero rated tax structure for essential commodities would make GST less regressive and pocket friendly for common man. On the other hand, mobile bills for consumer may go up as the tax rate for the telecom companies is around 18% against the current tax rate of 15%. There could be a marginal increase in loan processing fee of banks as banks would have to adhere to lot of compliances. Thus, consumers may have to spend high on services under GST. Arun Jaitley revealed that the to compensate states 18
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BRICS GOA SUMMIT-2016
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By Surbhi Gupta, IBS Hyderabad
Set up research centers in the fields of agriculture, railways and a BRICS sports council.
Focused on promoting international norms to stabilize trade practices and need for co-operation in crucial matters
intellectual property rights and the digital
The 2016 BRICS summit was the eighth annual BRICS
summit, an International conference attended by the heads of
government of the five member countries
economy.
have slowed down in economic growth and
October2016-16 October
have faced several new challenges in
2016 at the Taj Exotica hotel in Benaulim, Goa. India
development due to internal and external
holds the chair of the BRICS from February 2016 to December 2016.
factors.
Few sideline events were as follows:
Bilateral meetings also took place where Jinping in Bangladesh signed deals worth
The first BRICS festival was held at New Delhi
US$ 13.6 billion and US$ 20 billion in loan
from 2 September 2016-6 September 2016 and
agreements.
screened four films from the participating states.
Chinese president Xi Jinping warned against a backlash to globalization as BRICS countries
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The summit was held from 15
India and Myanmar’s representatives signed
The environment ministers agreed to sign a
three MOUs on cooperation in power sector,
memorandum of understanding and announced the
on banking supervision between the Reserve
setting up of joint working group on environment
Bank of India and the Central Bank of
related issues.
Myanmar, and on designing on academic and
The first trade fair of the BRICS
countries, was
held at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi from 12 October
professional building programme for the insurance industry of Myanmar in New Delhi.
2016-14 October 2016.
The first BRICS U-17 football cup was held at Goa from 5 October 2016-15 October 2016.
Summit:
A statement on terror in BRICS declaration “strongly condemn
terrorism in all its forms”.
Decided to set up a credit rating agency
BRICS “New Development Bank” was established to focus on
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relating to
funding specific develop priorities.
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Grey Sector of an Economy. By Papiya Bhattacharya, IBS Hyderabad GNP of the economy. Some of the examples are dependent workers, contract labour, paid domestic helpers, stall owners one person business who work with paid and unpaid workers etc. In the Indian Economy is characterized by the existence of a large portion of informal
When we talk about an economy we broadly classify it into two sectors –formal sector and the informal sector. While the formal sector represents the brighter side of the economy, the informal sector is often called the grey area of the sector. But the irony is this grey sector
sector. Almost 93% of the Indian workforce are employed in the unorganised sector. The Ministry of Labour have characterized the unorganized sector as follows –
In terms of Occupation – Small and
contributes the maximum in the total GDP of the
marginal farmers, landless farmers, weav-
economy. What can be the possible reason for such an
ers, artisans, building and construction
irony?
workers etc. come under this category.
Before answering the questions let’s first
Bonded labour, migrant workers, casual
understand what is the informal sector. Per World Bank – “The informal sector covers a wide range of labour market activities that combines two groups of
labourers.
families in economics environment where earning opportunities are scarce. On the other hand, the informal sector is a product of rational behaviour of entrepreneur that desire to escape state regulations.” To be more specific it can be classified as coping strategies which includes – casual jobs, temporary jobs, unpaid jobs etc. and unofficial earning strategies which includes unofficial business activities and underground activities. In more simpler words, the informal sector is the part of the economy which is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. The activities of the economy are rarely included in the 20
Special Distressed Categories – Carriers of head loads, loaders and unloaders,
different nature. On one hand, the informal sector is formed by the coping behaviour of individuals and
In terms of Nature of Employment –
scavengers.
Service Categories – Midwives, domestic helpers, fisherman and women, barbers, newspaper vendors etc. It is a widely known fact that the informal
sector of India suffers greatly due to productivity when compared to the formal sector. The main reasons are lower real wages and poor working conditions. Moreover, the sector also faces the problem of seasonality of employment. Poor human capital base in terms of education, skill and training as well as lower mobilization status of the work force further add to the vulnerability and weaken the
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FB bargaining strength of workers in the informal sector.
Trade Union (MCTU), which is the national
Thus, the sector has become a competitive and low cost
body on Malawi’s informal sector, revealed
device to absorb labour, which cannot be absorbed else-
serious challenges that workers in the sector
where, whereas any attempt to regulate and bring it into
are facing. The report reveals that workers in
more effective legal and institutional framework is
the informal sector face problems that range
perceived to be impairing the labour absorbing capacity
from lack of security to harassment by public
of the sector.
officials. It also says that the workers in the
The contribution of the unorganised sector in NDP is
informal sector are subjected to appalling and
56.7% in 2002 – 2003. Thus, a major chunk of the NDP comprises of the output from the unorganized sector. Even though the unorganized workforce contributes in such a significant proportion to the total output of the economy, there has always been a social insecurity to the workforce of the unorganised sector when
dangerous working conditions that result in ill -health. However, MCTU director of research Paliani Chinguwo says all the challenges that workers in the informal sector face emanate from lack of co-ordination and harmonisation of policies.
compared with the organised sector of the economy. The initiatives taken by the government in the form of
Workmen Compensation Fund (1923), The Minimum Wage Act (1948), The Contract Labour Act (1970) etc fail to provide the security and benefits to the unorganised sector workforce. Although not much has been done in providing social security cover to the rural poor and the unorganized labour force, the country has made some beginning in that direction. Both the central and state governments have formulated certain specific schemes to support unorganized workers which
fails in meeting with the real needs and requirements of the unorganized
sector labour force. The government
should make efforts to improve their working conditions in terms of occupational safety, working hours, payment of adequate wages to them so that the informal workers engaged in unorganized sector of employment may have mandatory decent and dignified work. A recent study conducted by the Malawi Congress of 21
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TRIPLE TALAQ By Shaina Arora, IBS Hyderabad wife.
A public announcement is made that a man is starting the divorce process.
RECONCILIATION
With the help of mediators from each family, the couple is given some time to reconcile the
Divorce in Islam takes place when a husband uses the Arabic phrase ṭalāq ("I divorce you") three times
divorce decision during the waiting period.
engaging in sexual intercourse, they are
for his wife.
deemed to have reconciled and the divorce
The first two times the talaq is pronounced, it may be withdrawn. But the third time it is pronounced, the
If the couple breaks the waiting period by
stands void.
divorce is irrevocable.
during that waiting period the wife cannot be forced to leave her husband's home.
The mere pronouncement of this phrase by a man initiates a divorce from his wife, although many Islamic
COMPLETION-
scholars believe that there is a waiting period required
procedure is completed.
between each of the talaq statements. So they consider talaq null and void if pronounced in a single sitting. An exception- the controversial practice of "triple
when the waiting period is over, the talaq
Two witnesses are required to witness the completion of the talaq
ṭalāq" in one sitting has been legally recognized
Women's rights groups in the Muslim world are
historically and has been practiced in Saudi Arabia
waging an uphill battle to prevent governments
since ages.
from recognizing the triple talaq - with some
The talaq has three steps:
success in the more moderate countries; however, it will always be honored by Islamic courts.
Initiation
Reconciliation
Under Islamic law, once a marriage is completed,
Completion
his permission, even though she may be cast out at
a wife has no right to divorce her husband without will for any reason.
INITIATION
The stage where the talaq process is initiated.
The husband says talaq once in the presence of his
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In India, there was a sudden outrage for the ban of triple talaq. For the first time in the constitutional history, in
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FB , in Supreme Court the Centre opposed the triple talaq practice and called a relook on the gender equality and secularism. Referring to the constitutional principles it said that “any practice by which women are left socially, financially or emotionally vulnerable or any practice against the spirit of right to equality should be stopped.� (RIGHT TO EQUALITY). On the other hand, Islamic religion supporters consider the triple talaq as their traditional practice and oppose the ban.
Today in most of Islamic nations this practice has been banned but it is still allowed in India. Though Modi government is trying to ban the practice in India as well. The fight between law and religion will go on till a final decision is made by the Supreme Court.
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It's time to GO GREEN , including technology. By Megha Gupta, IBS Hyderabad
Do you know Finance can GO GREEN too!!!! Green Finance - Climate Friendly Investments Green Finance is the financial investment done for sustainable development projects. It includes investment in environmental products and policies for the development of a sustainable economy. Green Finance comprises financing of green investment be it preparatory cost or capital cost. It also includes financing of public green policies and
green financial system. Green Investment includes investment for climate change mitigation, elimination of green house gas emission, biodiversity protection, sanitation, Pollution control, investment in renewable energies, energy efficiency. Green Investment is critical as it requires significant financial resources and large-scale investments to adverse the climatic change and brings sustainable development. Investments in renewable resources like solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy have long term benefits but are expensive. According to the International Energy Agency, world need to invest $13.5 trillion of funds in low carbon energy solutions by 2035 to reduce emissions. Green bond is an investment solution which provides interest on investment. Around $5 billion of Green bonds have been issued by World Bank and other multilateral lenders. But this is just a stepping stone to the overall fund required by the green economy. These funds need to offer significant returns to motivate investors to purchase green bond. Green Investments are different from traditional investments in a way that underlying business is involved in improving the environment. It has been aligned to the strategic goal and operations of many companies as it is considered as the next big thing. In 2010, around $243 billion was invested in green technology which was double the amount invested in 2006. This has increased to $391 billion in 2014 which is around 18% growth over the previous years.
China has been among largest investors of around 30%. It’s a challenging task to create market-based and radical solutions which could address environmental problems like climate change, pollution, and deforestation etc. at the same time satisfy customers. Not just start-ups or social entrepreneurs are trying to tap the market of green finance but also there are heavy weights like General electric, which has invested power generation through wind energy. Recently London launches new green initiative as it wants to achieve status of climate finance capital. It wants to become global hub for green finance.
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FB United Nation Framework Convention on climate change UNFCC foresees that both the developed and developing nations have different capabilities to fund for the Green economy and sustainable development. So, the developed country should provide financial assistance to the developing countries for implementing the convention. Hence, a financial mechanism has been established which provides funds to developing countries for sustainable development. Also, Green Climate Fund (GCF) has been designated as an operating entity of the aforementioned financial mechanism. This Financial mechanism helps in deciding funds to be allocated for policies concerning climate
change, Sustainable development, technologies for low carbon emissions and any other which satisfies eligibility criteria as per GCF. This is also in accordance with Kyoto protocol. Last year, in December, a summit was organized in Paris known as UN Climate Change Conference or CoP21. In the conference, whole world committed to step forward and take concrete and radical steps to create a framework for low carbon emission and establishment of green economy. This is the need of the hour if we want to ensure long term economic and global security. There was a commitment to restrict the global temperature rise within 2 degrees. For this an estimated investment of $53 trillion will be required in infrastructure, new technologies and innovation. For this requirement of Green Finance is must. Lots of countries and companies see it as an opportunity and want to tap it before any other does. Here are the few cases and examples mentioned below: China as a hub for Green Finance: China has been one of the fastest growing countries with around 7%-8% of growth rate for last few decades. China has been more of a manufacturing country. Industry pollution has become the major challenge that the country was facing in the race for economic growth. There has been huge pressure on the government of China to revamp its strategy and focus more on sustainable development. Recently China has issued official rules for the use of ‘Green Bond’. This will help country to acquire required capital in its effort to become green economy. China needs injection of $330billion to finance climate solution.
China has recently established a green task force to develop a robust framework. It will help the country align sustainable outcomes into its domestic capital market development. Significant organizations like People's Bank of China, the National Development and Reform Commission are working toward issuing new definitions, clarity and guidance regarding green financing to help this market grow. Also, Agricultural Bank of china has issued a $1 billion green bond funds in London which has been the first ever green bond issued by a Chinese bank.
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FB New York Green Bank Initiative: This is a state-sponsored investment green bank under the control of PSC (public service commission). Being a state-sponsored bank provides it the benefits of autonomy as it doesn’t have any stakeholders. It has freedom of charging sub-market interest rate and offer longer duration for repayment to make the loans commercially viable. NYGB will help technologies to achieve lower cost of capital. United Kingdom to become Climate Finance Capital: As mentioned earlier, UK wants to establish itself as a hub for Green Finance. This is an exciting time of
expansion for green economy and the green bond market. The market size has tripled in size between just one year time span i.e. 2012 to 2013. The growth has been same subsequent year as well and hence by 2014, $ 42 billion of green bonds were issued. London is the third largest bond market in the world which accounts for 9% of total global issuance out of which 21% of the issuances, in 2014 were in non- sterling currencies. The great work has been done by bodies like The International Capital Market Association and Climate bond initiative to accredit green bonds. The London Stock Exchange has also included green bond segment on its market. There is a huge investor appetite for the new asset class i.e., green bond. There is an imminent need of definitions, standards, accountability and transparency. This cannot be done without the global cooperation. UK has established a Green Finance Study Group which is being co-chaired by the People's Bank of China and UK’s Bank of England. India’s efforts for global finance: India is also looking how it can grow its own green finance market. Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has made lots of ambitious pledges on renewable energy products and services. The securities regulators are in process of finalizing its official green bond requirements. Green bonds are seen as a valuable tool for meeting India's pledges for green finance at CoP21. Now we need international collaboration and coordination to make the most out of these valuable efforts. It’s a strategic opportunity for the whole world, be it countries or companies or even an individual. This is an opportunity to overcome the climate challenges and invest in sustainable development and green economy.
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FB 21% of the issuances, in 2014 were in non- sterling currencies. The great work has been done by bodies like The International Capital Market Association and Climate bond initiative to accredit green bonds. The London Stock Exchange has also included green bond segment on its market. There is a huge investor appetite for the new asset class i.e., green bond. There is an imminent need of definitions, standards, accountability and transparency. This cannot be done without the global cooperation. UK has established a Green Finance Study Group which is being co-chaired by the People's Bank of China and UK’s Bank of England. India’s efforts for global finance: India is also looking how it can grow its own green finance market. Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has made lots of ambitious pledges on renewable energy products and services. The securities regulators are in process of finalizing its official green bond requirements. Green bonds are seen as a valuable tool for meeting India's pledges for green finance at CoP21. Now we need international collaboration and coordination to make the most out of these valuable efforts. It’s a strategic opportunity for the whole world, be it countries or companies or even an individual. This is an opportunity to overcome the climate challenges and invest in sustainable development and green economy.
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Mergers and Acquisitions By Rupal Bhatnagar , IBS Hyderabad Merger and Acquisitions, commonly referred to as M&A is an official transaction or a legal contract in which one organization takes over another organisation’s assets and shares. It may be also being referred to as combining of two organizations to achieve a common goal and better revenues. So, if we break and look at the two words explicitly, merger is basically consolidation of two entities and an acquisition is when one entity takes ownership of another entity. Though it seems to be a great idea, there are various risks involved in it too such as integration
problems or financial fallouts. Despite these drawbacks, M&A continue to rule the current market. It helps in reducing the research and development cost for both the organisations as both the entities work together for their common well-being. It also reduces competition in the market and in case of horizontal M&As it results in impressive economies of scale. However, the question that arises here is why do companies go for M&A at the first place. Firstly, by coming together for a M&A, a company’s performance will sky rocket and cost of operation will decrease. Secondly, some organisations that want to
expand and grow opt for M&A so as to
diversify themselves in the industry. Lastly, by collaborating, the companies are able to eliminate future competition with the rivals and let them gain a larger market share. The major M&A in the past few years have been:
Microsoft and LinkedIn Microsoft and LinkedIn declared a deal under which Microsoft acquired LinkedIn for $196 per share in an all -cash transaction valued at $26.2 billion. The brand culture remained as it is in case of both the organisations. The major advantage here was that this M&A came across as coming together of the professional cloud with the professional network. Facebook and Whatsapp In 2014, Facebook announced the acquisition of WhatsApp for a whopping $19 billion in cash and stock. The deal seemed huge because WhatsApp did not have any strong monetization model. Facebook decided to keep WhatsApp as a separate service whereas WhatsApp offered several benefits to Facebook,
including a large user base, phone engagement, and high international penetration across various demographics. Flipkart and Jabong Flipkart acquired Jabong through Myntra in a deal of $70 million to move to preserve its position as India’s number 1 e-commerce brand where Amazon continued to rule. This acquisition was a new step towards transforming e-commerce in India. Make My Trip and GoIbibo Makemytrip and Ibibo have agreed to merge in a stock deal representing the merger of India’s largest travel
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FB travel booking companies. Although neither company would indicate the value of the combined entity, sources have estimated it at about $1.8-$2 billion.
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The Duties of Auditors By Ashish Mehta ,IBS Hyderabad
The Article examines the changing role that auditors play in corporate tax planning in the face of the recent events, including the well-known accounting scandals, Non-compliance of Companies Act 2013 and the regulatory actions by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). The recent Income Declaration scheme has given an opportunity to Indian Citizens to disclose the undisclosed income which went successful and pooled around 65,000 crores. The duties of Auditors play an important role for disclosure of any income pursuant to relevant Act. Let us see the duties of Auditors which they can go beyond for reporting the uncertainties under Companies
Act’ 2013. Duties of Auditor Duty to Inquiry u/s 143(1)
Where the company has made loans and advances based on security, whether security have been properly secured and the terms and conditions of such loan are pre-judicial to the interest of the Company.
Whether any transactions of the company are representing mere fictitious book entries Where the company is neither Banking nor Investment company but much of its assets is in the form of securities and which have been sold at a price lesser than a purchasing price.
Whether the loans and Advances made by the company have been shown as deposits
Whether personnel expenses have been debited to revenue account.
Where the company has allotted the shares for consideration of cash whether cash has been received if not whether the position is disclosed in the Balance sheet.
Note: Auditor shall r epor t on above six matter s only if he obser ves any adver sar ies. Duty to report U/s 143(2):
The profit and loss statement is showing true and fair view of its profit or loss of its given period.
Whether Balance Sheet is showing True and Fair view on its as on date.
Duty to Report U/s 143(3):
Whether management has made and maintain necessary books of accounts as required by the statute.
Whether management has prepared the financial statements in compliance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).
Whether financial statements agree of its books of account.
Whether financial reporting framework adopted by the Company is generally accepted in India.
Whether Branch Auditor has forward his report as required by the statute and how he dealt with the same.
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Is there any adverse impact on the functioning of the Entity due to adverse comments made by the Auditor. Duty to Report/make statement U/s 143(11) By exercising the power given under section 143(11), the central government has issue Companies Audit Report Order (CARO)’ 2016. By imposing additional reporting responsibilities on the Auditors of the Company of and around twelve matters.
CARO’ 2016 is applicable to all companies including foreign companies, except the following
Banking Companies
Insurance Companies
One Person Companies (OPC) Company licensed U/s 8 of the companies Act 2013 – (Non – profit organisation)
Private Companies subject to following conditions:
Paid up capital and Reserves shall not exceed Rs. 50,00,00
Loans and Advances taken from Banks and financial institutions shall not exceed Rs. 25,00,000
Turnover of the company doesn’t exceed Rs. 5 crores. Duty to Report U/s 143(12): Auditor shall report under section 143(12), any fraud committed by officer or by employee of the Company on the company, report to the Central Government within 60 days in a prescribed form and in a following manner.
The moment Auditor identified the fraud, it shall intimate immediately to Audit Committee seeking their reply within the 45 days.
Within the 15 days from the date of receipt of report from the Audit Committee, Auditor shall report to
Central Government about a fraud, that he identified, reply on Audit Committee and his own comments on such reply. Reporting U/s 143(12) is an exception to the Principle of Confidentiality. Other Duties (Other Statutory Duties):
Duty to attend AGM.
Duty to assist Investigator appointed by Central Government.
Duty to attend the meetings of Audit Committee of Board of Directors.
Duty to certify certain matters in the declaration of solvency.
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FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING IMMIGRATION By Parul Jindal, IBS Hyderabad
“If you build it, he will come.” That’s the famous line from the movie Field of Dreams so many of us are
familiar with. But what happens when that fiction turns into, even if we build it, they will keep coming? This is the current reality in the debate over illegal immigration. The federal government spent more than $200 billion in the last 20 years on immigration
enforcement. Despite of all the measures taken by US
government population of unauthorized immigrants increased to 11 billion over a period. But why so many people are moving to US year after year, knowing that it could mean prison, long separations from family, or even death? Can anything be done about illegal immigration? We need to understand and identify the reason that
motivates illegal immigration and then try to eliminate or manage
those motivations. One major reason is the availability of much better jobs. Besides it, includes benefits offered by some states to illegal immigrants, like driver’s licenses, the ability to attend public schools for children. Rather than building a bigger wall, it consists of opening a door in the wall we have. The best way to control illegal immigration may be for Mexico and the US is to create a legal path for low-skilled Mexicans seeking work in the US. Under Bracero program, a Spanish term, labourer work on farms. In late 1950, more than 400,000 temporary work visas a year were provided to people from Mexico
working on farms. From mid
1950 to mid 1960, illegal immigration falls down near to zero. New group of scholars and policy makers came on same pitch to form a similar framework as the only viable strategy to end illegal immigration. Immigration of low skilled labour cannot be stopped fully by country like United States. But the kind of immigration we want is in the hands of nation, legal or
illegal. Legal flows give more advantage to
economy. During 1986, when came a big immigration law change, some 28 million people arrived illegally in US since the end of Bracero program. By 1990, more number of unauthorized immigrants was increased in US. The problem needs to be managed jointly by Mexico and United States. Employers in the US and labour recruitment companies in Mexico need to apply for certification from their respective governments. Immigrant workers would now be protected by American labour law, free to change employers within broad sectors of economy. Workers would be given the jobs based on their interest and abilities to perform that job.
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FB Employers are encouraged to heir American workers as their priority as they will need to give fee in case of recruiting Mexican migrants. These all efforts resulted decrease in Mexican migrants seeking work in United States. Problem itself not gets solve here. The point of all this is not to provide solution to the problem of illegal immigration, but simply to point out that it will continue to happen due to the geopolitical factors over which the US government has no control. We cannot improve the economies of Central America, we cannot create jobs there, and we cannot reduce violent crime to manageable levels.
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