Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, March 2016
ISSN 2412-5954
Characterization and Thermo Elasto Viscoplastic Modelling of Cunip Copper Alloy in Blanking Process A. Touache1, S. Thibaud2, J. Chambert2, P. Picart2 1 Mechanical Engine Fez, Morocco 2
Institute FEMTO-ST, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, University of Franche-
DOI 10.13140/RG.2.1.3289.0645
Keywords: strain rate/temperature sensitivity, blanking process, copper alloys, FEM
ABSTRACT. Numerical simulations of blanking process are performed to investigate CuNiP copper alloy behavior under blanking conditions. Numerical simulations are mostly dependant of a correct modeling of the material behavior with thermo-mechanical sensitivity. A thermo-mechanical characterization by a set of uniaxial tensile tests at different temperatures and strain rates is presented. A thermo elasto - viscoplastic approach was investigated to propose the mechanical behavior model based on a phenomenological way in the framework of the thermodynamic of irreversible to the numerical simulation of precision blanking operations and developed at the Applied Mechanics Laboratory. Numerical results are presented and compared with experiments.
1. Introduction. In precision blanking for very thin sheet about 0.254mm thickness, accurate predictions of maximal blanking load and cut edge profile are essential for designers and manufacturers. A finite element code untitled Blankform [1-2] has been developed at the Applied Mechanics Laboratory to simulate the blanking operation from elastic deformation to the complete rupture of the sheet. In blanking operation like many metal forming processes the material undergoes very large strains, high strain rates and significant variations in temperature. So to obtain an acceptable prediction of the maximal blanking load by FEM simulation, it needs an adapted model for mechanical behavior which takes into account large strains, strain rate and thermal effects. In this paper, a specific thermo-elastoviscoplastic modelling has been developed for CuNiP copper alloy used for manufacturing electronic components by high precision blanking. In first, tensile tests are carried out at room temperature with various strain rates. The temperature distribution in the specimen is observed using a thermal CCD camera. Then a second set of tensile tests are carried out in various isothermal conditions. Considering locally the temperature evolution as a function of the strain rate, the analysis of the tensile curves obtained for these experiments allows to propose a new thermo-elasto-viscoplastic modelling for a copper alloys. The identification of the associated material parameters is investigated and presented. The proposed mechanical behavior is implanted in the finite element code Blankform. Finally the capability of the new modelling to predict the maximum blanking force is presented and discussed. 2. Experiments. To study strain rate sensitivity, tensile tests are performed at room temperature with four strain rates: and . During each tests, a thermal camera allows the measurement of the heating in the specimen due to the mechanical energy dissipation. The second set of tests is performed at a constant strain rate with three different temperatures T=20 MMSE Journal. Open Access www.mmse.xyz
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Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, March 2016
ISSN 2412-5954
Even the strain rate and thermal effects are strongly coupled two sets of experiments are carried out to investigate separately the strain rate and temperature effects on the flow stress. The strain rate range investigated by experiments is lower than those observed in industrial blanking process (about 10 s-1). The extension of the modelling in term of large strain rate domain is made by introducing a JohnsonCook-like modelling [2]. The stress/strain curves obtained for the first (various strain rates) and second set (various temperatures) of experiments are shown respectively on figures 1 and 2.
Fig. 1. Stress-strain curves with different strain rates at room temperature (20
Fig. 2. Stress/Strain curves with different temperatures ( =2.1 10-3 s-1 ). The flow stress decreases with temperature increasing and increases with strain rate increasing. Furthermore the deformation at rupture decreases with temperature increasing and increases with strain rate increasing. For tensile tests achieved at a temperature below 150 of the stress flow. The rupture of specimens appears quickly. The testing device does not allow test in the range of strain rates corresponding to industrial blanking conditions. However these tests show the influence of strain rate and temperature on the mechanical behavior of CuNiP copper alloy.
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Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, March 2016
ISSN 2412-5954
The mean heating of the specimen due to the strain rate evolution which was calculated by thermal camera is presented on figure 3. The heating increases with the strain rate. So the mechanical modeling should take in account temperature and strain rate coupling.
Fig. 3. Specimen heating for different strain rates (20 3. Modeling. A number of models of thermo-elasto-viscoplastic behavior, for example the models of Johnson-Cook, Prandtl-Ludwik, Zener-Holomon and Armstrong-Zerilli [4], these models were generally developed for mechanical behavior at very high strain rate so higher than speeds in blanking process which are about 10s-1. We will propose a new model as well as possible reproducing experimental tests and the sensitivities at the strain rate and temperature. We propose following multiplicative low for predicting the thermo-elasto-viscoplastic yield stress:
.
With: , ,
the equivalent stress, the equivalent strain, the temperature, , , and are material hardening parameters.
the strain rate and
(1)
,
The first exponential term makes possible to take into account the beginning of the hardening curve as well as the quasi-saturation of this one. The second linear represents the slope of the curve. The term in 1/T represents the fall of the hardening curve with the rise in the temperature. The strain rate influence is proposed according to a term in logarithm. It makes possible to formulate saturation effect of strain rate. Finally a term proportional to exponential of the reverse of the temperature represents saturation and softening due to the temperature. At low velocity, the term of strain rate in equation (1) tend to one. In first, we set at the yield point at ambient temperature. The use of a genetic algorithm allows parameter identification with the experimental results at imposed temperatures and strain rate. The results of this inverse identification are listed in table 1. Experimental and predicted stress flow curves are in good agreements (see figure 1 and 2)
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Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, March 2016
ISSN 2412-5954
Table 1. Identified material parameters for CuNiP copper alloy. Material parameters
Value 99500 0,31
(MPa) Yield stress
199
(MPa)
97 1300 -1
8200
)
0,02 2.1 10-3
(s-1) -1
)
0,9
4. Numerical Implementation To take into account temperature and strain rate effects observed during tensile tests, a phenomenological modeling is proposed. A like-plasticity model described by the way of the VonMises criterion:
Where
is the yielding surface,
.
(2)
is the Cauchy stress tensor,
is the 4th order deviatoric tensor and
the flow stress. We consider that the blanking process is carried out in adiabatic conditions. With these assumptions, the local heating is simply computed from the strain and stress state by:
.
With ,
and
(3)
are respectively the density, the specific heat and the transfer coefficient of the
given by literature in table 2. Table 2. Identified material parameters for CuNiP copper alloy. Material properties
Value
(kg.m-3) Density
8900
(J.kg-1
-1
) Specific heat
22,32 0,05
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Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, March 2016
ISSN 2412-5954
In the finite element software Blankform, equation (3) is not strongly coupled with the mechanical solution. The temperature is computed after loading increment by resolution of equation (3). The new modelling is implanted in Blankform software by a standard numerical procedure as presented in [5]. This software allows the numerical simulation of 2D problems including large strains and inelastic materials. The time integration is based on an implicit algorithm. To solve the equilibrium and the non linear constitutive equations, a Newton Raphson method is used. 5. Blanking FEM simulation. The blanking test geometry is described on figure 4 and table 3. Sliding contact conditions are assumed between tools and specimen. The simulation has been performed in 2D plane strain conditions. The initial mesh is made up 3118 triangular 3 nodes elements with one integration point. In blanking process a localized shear band appears between the punch and die. This band presents locally very significant values of the equivalent plastic strain about 4 at a punch penetration of 50%. To reduce the influence of the mesh distortion, a global periodic remeshing of the specimen is generated after every 5% of punch penetration. The average size of the elements in the band of shearing is about 1.3% of the thickness.
Table 3.Geometric parameters of the blanking test Value (mm) Punch width
1.7
Hole die width
1.72
Punch radius
0.01
Die radius
0.01
Punch-die clearance
0.01
Specimen thickness
0.2
Fig. 4. Schematic description of the blanking operation. 6. Results. Fig. 5, a presents the equivalent strain according to the penetration of the punch. We observe a band of localized plastic deformations. This band is located between the cutting edges of the punch and the die. In the centre of the band, the equivalent deformation is approximately 4 if the punch penetration is 47%. The temperature increases up to 215 corners and the strain rate is about 1.5s-1 (see fig. 5, b). MMSE Journal. Open Access www.mmse.xyz
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Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, March 2016
ISSN 2412-5954
In the tensile tests carried out to characterize the behavior, the values of the strain, strain rate and temperature are much lower than the values is thus to check obtained in blanking FEM simulation. The validity of the thermo-elasto-viscoplastic law used in this range of deformation is thus to check. For that we have to compare numerical results and experimental blanking test. Figure 6 gives experimental and numerical load-displacement curves for two different punch speed 0.1 mm.s-1 and 6 mm.s-1. The prediction of the blanking load curve is rather correctly carried out until the initiation of the phase of cracking. This difference can be explained because in the proposed model we do not taking into account the damage phenomena [6]. The relative error on the maximum value of the blanking load is about 2.3 % which is very acceptable (see table 4).
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5. Field of the equivalent deformation (a), strain rate in s-1(b) in the shear band.
Fig. 6. Experimental and predicted load/displacement curves MMSE Journal. Open Access www.mmse.xyz
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(c)
Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, March 2016
ISSN 2412-5954
Table 4. Experimental and predicted maximal blanking load for tow value of punch speed Punch speed
Numeric (N)
Experiment (N)
Error (%)
0.1mm/s
1163
1136
+2.3%
6mm/s
1227
1200
+2.2%
6. Conclusion. The thermo elasto viscoplastic behaviour of the CuNiP copper alloy was characterized by the use of a set of tensile tests at imposed strain rates and temperatures. A multiplicative behaviour law is proposed to take into account the material sensitivity at the strain rate and the temperature. After having identified by genetic algorithm the parameters of the proposed law, it was implemented in the computer finite elements software Blankform. The application in simulation of the blanking process shows that the thermo-elasto-viscoplastic model for the CuNiP copper alloy allows a correct prediction of the sensitivity of the maximum blanking load at versus punch speed. However, it will be necessary to validate the experimental step for the characterization of the sensitivity at the speed and the temperature on other copper alloys in order to improve the proposed thermo elasto viscoplastic model for similar coppers alloys. References PhD Thesis, University of Franche-
Franche[3] G.R. Johnson, W.H. Cook, A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, High Strain Rates and High Temperature, In 7th International Symposium on Ballistics, The Netherlands, 1983. [4] M. Micunovic, M. Radosavljevic, C. Albertini, M. Montagnani, Viscoplastic behaviour of damage -1317, 1997. [5] J.C. Simo, T.J.R. Hugues, Computational Inelasticity, Springer Verlag Edition (1998). [6] Hambli R., Comparison between Lemaitre and Gurson damage models in crack growth simulation during blanking process, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 43: 2769-2790, 2001.
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