Dark-Black Stains on Rooftops: Implications on the Quality of Water Harvested from Rooftops

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Mechanics, Materials Science & Engineering, May 2017

ISSN 2412-5954

Dark-Black Stains on Rooftops: Implications on the Quality of Water Harvested from Rooftops in Uyo Metropolis-Nigeria27 Ihom A.P.1,a,b, Uko D.K. 1, Markson I.E. 1, Eleghasim O.C. 1 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo, PMB 1017 Uyo-Nigeria

a

ihom@uniuyo.edu.ng

b

paulihom@yahoo.co.uk DOI 10.2412/mmse.100.67.317 provided by Seo4U.link

Keywords: rainwater, quality, harvest, WHO, dark-black stains, rooftops.

ABSTRACT. The study Dark-Black Stains on Rooftops: Implications on the Quality of Water Harvested from Rooftops in Uyo Metropolis-Nigeria has been undertaken. The study took samples of harvested rainwater from the rooftops of buildings in four different locations in Uyo Metropolis. The samples were taken for analysis at the Ministry of Science and Technology Laboratory-Uyo. The parameters of the harvested rainwater investigated covered physical and chemical properties, heavy metals, total organic carbon (TOC) and total coliform count (TCC). Gravimetric, titrimetric and instrumental methods of analysis were used in determining the various parameters investigated. The result was analysed by comparing it with WHO and Ministry of Environment standard specifications for drinking water. The result was equally compared with the composition of the dark-black stains on the rooftops to establish whether the stains on the rooftops were from the rainwater. Findings were astounding; the rainwater was acidic in all the four stations and could not meet up with WHO standard for drinking water. Lead values of 0.75 mg/l and 0.22 mg/l in stations 2 and 3 respectively exceeded WHO standard specification of 0.01mg/l for drinking water. The iron content in the water from stations 2, 3, and 4 all exceeded WHO standard specification for drinking water of 0.30mg/l. All the four stations had cadmium content in the rainwater, which was more than WHO specification for drinking water of 0.003mg/l. The water showed bacteria contamination with total coliform count of 118MPN/100ml in station 4. Some of the parameters in the rainwater also reported in the composition of the dark-black stains on the rooftops an indication that the rain contributed to the darkblack stains on the rooftops in Uyo metropolis. The study concluded that harvested rainwater from the rooftops of buildings in Uyo metropolis is polluted and is not suitable for drinking, bathing and even for use in fish farming. The study therefore recommended that the health implication of this study be carried out by relevant agencies of government.

Introduction. Dark-black stains on rooftops are a common sight in Uyo metropolis. Nwokocha [1] in his work has attributed oil and gas flaring as being responsible for the menace. He said this can be seen in most oil producing states in Nigeria; particularly the Niger Delta region. Dara [2], agrees with Nwokocha [1], but goes further to explain the mechanism of the formation for these stains. Gas flaring produces smoke and soot including other particulates and gases. According to [1] these is discharged into the atmosphere, which already have other particulates like Fe2O3, V2O3, CaO, PbCl2, PbBr 2, fly ash, aerosols, etc. soot is a highly condensed product of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) compounds and can itself adsorb many PAH compounds and toxic trace metals e.g., Be, Cd, V, Cr, Ni, and Mn, as well as carcinogenic organics such as benzo- pyrenes. The air speed determines the settling of this mixture unto surfaces and rain also washes the mixture from the air unto surfaces, and roofs are normally readily available surfaces for such deposits from the air. This position is corroborated by several authors [3], [4], [5]. When water mixes with the mixture it forms the dark-black stain that is seen on rooftops in oil and gas flaring areas [6], [7], [8], [9]. In an address presented by the governor of Akwa Ibom State, Mr Udom Emmanuel Gabriel at the environment summit organized by the state government at Le Meridien Hotel and Golf Resort, Uyo. The governor lamented the adverse effects of environmental pollution caused by oil flaring and fossil fuels combustion on humans and the environment, he specifically mentioned darkening roof-tops in Uyo metropolis which has taken away the aesthetics of many buildings in the state. According to the governor, the problem is so serious that many people are now using dark and black coloured roofing sheets to conceal the black deposits on their roof-tops [10]. The -NC-ND license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

MMSE Journal. Open Access www.mmse.xyz

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