Impact Collaborative | Volume 2 by modelspace.ink

VOLUME 2 An exploration of applications to re-establish vibrancy in urban centers

1.0

Studio Introduction

2.0 3.0

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

2.1 - New York City 2.2 - Chicago 2.3 - Kansas City

Urban Themes

4.0

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

Public Transportation Open Streets Entertainment Working Remotely

Appendices

VOL 1

Studio Premise The COVID-19 Pandemic Defining Urban Centers Brainstorming and Emergent Themes

Case Studies

4.1 - Brainstorming Appendix 4.2 - Branding Document 4.3 - Sources

CONTENTS

5.0

Microprojects . . . . . i 5.1 - Distanced, But Not Secluded . 2 5.2 - Urban Igloo Dining . . . 22 5.3 - Vacant Space to Open Space . 40 5.4 - Urban Crowd Control--Space Dividers 54 5.5 - Safe Seats . . . . 76 5.6 - Sidewalk Metro . . . 96 5.7 - Dining on the Block . . . 120 5.8 - Work From Anywhere . . 136 5.9 - StrEATside . . . . 158 5.10 - Rethinking the Subway Car . 174

5.0 | Microprojects Volume 2 serves as an extension of “Volume 1: An Exploration of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Urban Centers,” which captures the finalyear Master of Architecture students’ efforts at the University of Kansas known as the Impact Collaborative. The studio premise, as described in Volume 1, is to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in downtown areas of specific United States cities, New York City, Chicago, and Kansas City, each serving as a unique case study. After conducting research in evolving and dynamic teams, the Impact Collaborative shifted to independent work, investigating how to apply the hypothesis and information gathered. These independent projects aim to solve particular problems related to the themes addressed in Volume 1: Public Transportation, Open Streets, Entertainment, and Working Remotely, in one (or more) of three cities from Volume 1: New York City, Chicago, and Kansas City. While these microprojects aim to practical for the end user, they also aspire to be interesting and delightful. As a result of the Impact Collaborative’s efforts, there are ten unique microprojects, ranging in scale from architecture to industrial design. They also range in focus from tangible products to conceptual modification of existing structures. The goal of these projects is to help revitalize city centers and help them to remain viable in terms of infrastructure, economy, and sense of placeness. Based on synthesized information gathered from intensive research, data visualization, and feedback from design professionals living in each of the case study cities these projects aim to be impactful beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic, and enhance the environments in which they reside.

Distanced, But Not Secluded Dakota Burke

Urban Igloo Dining Isabel Das

Vacant Space to Open Space

Urban Crowd Control - Space Dividers

Safe Seats

Sidewalk Metro

Dining on the Block

Work-From-Anywhere

StrEATside

Rethinking Public Transportation

Tyler Duggan

Tanner Garrington

Jenna Melvin

Riley Saucedo

Sam Dykes

Taylor Massey

Annie Ringhofer

Megan Strayer

5.1 | Distanced, but Not Secluded The Problem The entertainment industry is one of the industries COVID-19 has impacted most negatively; as the gathering of large crowds is highly discouraged. Due to this, concerts and a large amount of various other performances have been canceled for the 2020 calendar year, and although many venues hope to be opened back up for performances in 2021 there is no amount of positivity as to if they will be able to open by then. Without concerts and performances to attend, many people are forced to look to other forms of entertainment which also end up being scarcely found during this Pandemic Era. However, there are some people lucky enough to watch performances from their favorite groups via a streamed performance. The drawback of this on-line version of performances is that viewers must enjoy the performance in seclusion which does not provide the same atmosphere that they would experience by enjoying performances in person.

The Solution To bring people out of seclusion, many components of a concert and/or performance venue need to be looked at and adjusted to provide a maximum feeling of health and safety to those that use the venue. The most important aspect that should be adjusted is a method to ensure people can move throughout the venue while using safe, social-distancing practices by remaining six feet or further from other individuals or groups. To make this possible, multiple stages can be placed within a venue in order to provide a space for different parties to reserve so that they can enjoy performances with their group while social distancing from others. By lining stages throughout a venue, people will be raised up in order to have a better view of the performance stage while people that are on the ground can circulate safely in order to get to concessions and back to their stage. Additionally, each stage should be well designed so that once people get to their stage, they should have very few reasons to leave their stage and walk around. Altogether this idea of designing individual stages for viewers to use creates a sense of space and place that works towards allowing people to enjoy a concert or a performance while maintaining a heightened sense of health safety, which is critical during this Pandemic Era.

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded C

Social Interaction

Spaces: Pre-Pandemic Era - Main stage is most important - Food stands, fountains, points of interest are places of gathering - Places for conversation should be away from the main stage - Lines of port-a-potties where long lines gather - Viewing decks where applicable - People cluster towards the main stage

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 4

Precedent

The first attempt at creating a venue space that adapts to Pandemic Era standards was performed at The Virgin Money Unity Arena in Gosforth Park, Newcastle in the U.K. By creating spaces for groups of people to sit or stand at, the first â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;dedicated socially distancedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; venue successfully ran for six weeks leading up to mid-September when Newcastle placed regions under new COVID-19 restrictions.

Spaces: Pandemic Era

- Main stage is most important - Places for conversation should be away from the main stage still - Implement social distancing guides where lines would build - View areas become numerous to incorporate individual groups - Paths of circulation should be clear and incorporate social distancing guides - Concerts should strive to be more interactive since interaction between groups will decrease

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 5

Pier 97

New York, New York

Hudson River

360 Degree Views

View to New Jersey Cross Ventilation

View to New York City

Midtown Manhattan

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 6

Pier 97 is a great location to host as a venue for concerts and festivals due to the value of its scenery and its isolated feel since the pier acts as a peninsula. The main stage setting is beautiful as both the performer and the viewer earn great views as the performer gets to look out to the crowd with the Hudson River and the coast of New Jersey as a backdrop and the viewers gets a view of the performance with the great cityscape of New York City as the backdrop. In the past, Pier 97 has been used as a concert venue for JBL Live and other festivals such as the Hudson River Blues BBQ Fest. The three factors that make Pier 97 such a great venue are: -

The open air makes The Pier a comfortable place for mass groups of people to coexist.

The views are beautiful as the Hudson River and New Jersey are to the East and NYC to the West.

The Pier is made of concrete and therefore can contain large amounts of people.

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 7

Iteration 1: Stepped Platform

ain

Sta

M To

ack

e enu V of

B To

Details: - - - - - -

Grid is comprised of 3â&#x20AC;&#x2122;x3â&#x20AC;&#x2122; squares Stairs are away from main stage to move circulation toward the back of the venue Materiality consists of steel framing and railing supports with wood envelope Stage panels are translucent to allow light to shine through Lighting under the stage that reacts to the performance Lightweight railing system avoids blocking views while also providing a 360 degree view of the venue

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 8

Iteration 2: ADA Accessible

irc

C To

on ati

To M

ain

Sta

Details: - - - - - - -

Grid is comprised of 3’x3’ squares A ramp provides ADA accessibility to the platform Ramp leads out into the one-way path of circulation Materiality consists of steel framing and engineered lumber to envelope the platform Stage panels are translucent to allow light to shine through Lighting under the stage that reacts to the performance Secondary wood structure is inset beneath the platform to provide “floating” effect

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 9

Iteration 3: Party Pods

l ircu C To

n tio

To M

ain

Sta

Details: - - - - - - - -

Grid is comprised of 3’x3’ squares A ramp provides ADA accessibility to the platform Ramp leads out into the one-way path of circulation Materiality consists of steel framing for the portable stage design Polycarbonate sheets envelope the portable stage design to allow transparency Stage panels are translucent to allow light to shine through Lighting under the stage that reacts to the performance Secondary wood structure is inset beneath the platform to provide “floating” effect

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 10

Materiality: Polycarbonate Sheets Why Polycarbonate? - - - - - - - -

Lightweight Easy Installation Durable Have a capacity of 85% light transmission Flexible and can be cut to form on site Can withstand extreme weather conditions Long service life Different transparency options

Construction Detail

Polycarbonate Application

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 11

Portable Stage Kit of Parts A

Legs Inset for ‘Floating’ Illusion

Plywood Wall Acts as Secondary Structure

3’

-0

”

Steel frame is easy to install and durable

LED Strips in between panels to provide glow

A E

3’-0” x 3’-0” for efficient panel layout

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 12

Envelope Kit of Parts A

Wood Studs are used to allow for easy integration. These are nailed into the steel frame and steel ramp. D

Steel Brackets are bolted into wood studs surrounding the portable stage design.

Polycarbonate Panels are slid between the steel brackets.

An aluminum cap is set on top of the polycarbonate sheetings to provide place of rest for viewers.

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 13

Hudson River

= Circulation = Return Circulation

Pier 97 Adapting to COVID-19 - - - - -

The capacity of Pier 97 as a concert venue was 5,000 standing persons. The capacity of Pier 97 during COVID should be 1,250 persons or less. Social distancing will be reinforced through stage design and one-way circulation. Access to the Pier via biking or walking. Lighting should be used as a means of promoting the return of entertainment.

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 14

Midtown Manhattan

Pre Pandemic:

5,000 People Pandemic Solution:

1,250 People

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 15

= Main Stage = Group Platforms = Concessions Zone = Restrooms = Circulation = Return Circulation

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 16

Pier 97: -

116 pods can fit within the venue

Pods are 15â&#x20AC;&#x2122; long by 9â&#x20AC;&#x2122; wide (Excluding the ramp).

Eight people fit comfortably per pod.

Long side faces stage to maximize surface area towards main stage.

Pods are grouped in six to open options for circulation and keep people distant.

Six feet minimum exist between any two pods to distance groups.

Ten feet separate every three rows to allow separation between those leaving their pods and those returning.

The Eastern part of the venue focuses on the performance stage.

The Western portion of the venue focuses on the self-care aspect of the venue with restrooms and a food court.

LED lights are integrated within each pod to make them shine bright and visible from a distance

A Socially Distanced Venue

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 17

View Across Hudson River

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 18

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 19

Iteration 4: Party Pods (Upgraded)

Details: - - - - - - - - -

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 20

Silhouette Wall

A B B

Silhouettes are laser cut to form two sheets (A and B). Then the cutout face (B) is lined with reflective tape (C) to reflect light emitting from the stage in order to make the silhouette people glow, providing the illusion of a fuller, vibrant crowd.

5.1 Distanced But Not Secluded 21

5.2 | URBAN IGLOO DINING

In New York City, Chicago, and Kansas City, COVID-19 brought about the closure of many entertainment venues, restaurants, and bars to impede the transmission of the virus in crowded environments. Many of these spaces have remained closed or reopened with lower capacity regulations driving many businesses to spill outdoors into sidewalks, streets, and parks where there is space to socially distance costumers and natural ventilation to reduce airborne transmission. In New York City, over 10,000 restaurants took advantage of outdoor dining options to help maintain the vitality of their businesses while respecting capacity regulations and social distancing guidelines. However, with cold, inclement weather threatening to reduce the functionality of outdoor space in urban centers, businesses are in need of dining and entertainment solutions that provide the opportunity to remain outdoors, keep costumers warm, and continue social distancing regulations.

The Urban Igloo Dining system is a semipermanent space used for entertainment and dining that reinvigorates outdoor space in urban centers during periods of inclement weather. The concept integrates traditional igloo design and current social distancing regulations to redefine the interactions between all parties involved in dining and entertainment events. The visitor, staff, and kitchen/event modules are each separate entities with private entry/ exit points and individual ventilation systems to reduce contact between groups. The modular system of units is easy to set up and deconstruct, and is adaptable to various events with the ability to modify arrangement, size, and location. The Urban Igloo Dining system provides URBAN IGLOO businesses with the opportunity to continue their use of5.2 outdoor space whileDINING keeping costumers warm and safe, and maintaining social distancing regulations.

Open Street Dining

Existing restaurants in need of additional seating can use the individual dining units that accommodate two to eight patrons. An optional service counter allows waitstaff to tend to patrons with minimal contact. This typology is great for existing open street programs or sidewalk space. EX. Restaurant Row W 46th St.

Counter Service Dining

Parks or plazas can implement the combination of impended dining units with kitchen units to allow for casual outdoor dining. Dining units can also be arranged in conjunction with existing food stands or food trucks using this same typology. EX. Flatiron Plaza

Full Restaurant Dining

Restaurants in need of larger spaces can create a full service restaurant with separately ventilated spaces for patrons, service staff, and kitchen crew. The units are able to adapt for different seating and dining requirements. This typology is great for large parks or plazas. EX. Bryant Park

5.2 URBAN IGLOO DINING 24

Sing Core Torsion Bar

Paint & Weather Coating

Wood Veneer Facing

SingCore Panels

5.2 URBAN IGLOO DINING 26

The Urban Igloo system is comprised of a kit of parts that allows users to purchase particular units to meet there unique needs. All kits fit into a standard shipping container to allow for quick and easy transportation and storage. Each unit consists of various prefab SingCore panels that are lightweight and customizable. The unique torsion box design is wrapped in a wood veneer facing and coated in paint and a weather proofing layer to protect the panels from the elements. For easy set up and deconstruction, the panels quickly connect with cam locked latches. This system allows users to quickly switch out panels to add additional space, included a service counter, or add an entrance.

Cam Locked Latches by Norse

5.2 URBAN IGLOO DINING 27

Open Street Dining

Existing restaurants in need of additional seating can use the individual dining units that accomodate two to eight patrons. An optional service counter allows waitstaff to tend to patrons with minimal contact. This typology is great for existing open street programs or sidewalk space. EX. Restaurant Row W 46th St.

- independent or attached units

- 60 to 100 units per city block

- various arrangements

- approximate total area: 2,880sqft to 4,800sqft

- Dining Unit & Double Dining Unit with optional service counter

5.2 URBAN IGLOO DINING 28

- patron capacity: 120 - 800 people

Proper ventilation is an integral part of reducing the transmission of viruses and maintaining the safety of all patrons. Balancing proper ventilation with indoor climatic control led to the influence of vernacular igloo designs where cool air is warmed by a fire and elevated to the raised living space. This warm air is then pulled upwards to ventilate out the top of the space drawing cold air in and warm, used air out. This same thinking is used in the dining units in which cold air is drawn in through the entrance and warmed from the underfloor radiant heating system, then pulled out through the ventilation windows. This allows patrons to stay warm in the units while also making them safe with clean, fresh, air.

Used Air Escapes through Ventilation Windows

Cool Air from Exterior

Radiant Heat from Below Warms Cool Air

5.2 URBAN IGLOO DINING 29

Patrons Entrance Patrons enter dining units from interior of pedestrian open street, to avoid contact with serving staff. Open streets become the main pedestrian space, while maintaining access to bicycle lanes and keeping green spaces in tact.

Dining

Pedestrian

Roadway Converted to Open Street Space

5.2 URBAN IGLOO DINING 30

Adaptability Dining unit systems can be integrated into various street formats to satisfy the blocksâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; unique needs. Whether maintaining vehicular access, prioritizing parking space, or promoting bicycle travel, the system can adapt to fit any street.

Dining

Bicycle Lane

5.2 URBAN IGLOO DINING 31

Counter Service Dining

- unit placement around existing urban landscape

- 35 dining units : 1,680sqft approximative total dining area

- use of existing street food vendors

- 3 kitchen units : 384sqft approximative total kitchen area

- Dining Unit & Double Dining Unit & Kitchen Unit

5.2 URBAN IGLOO DINING 32

- patron capacity: 70 - 280

16'-0" 14'-0"

3'6"

6'8"

1'2"

1'4"

8'-0"

2'-0"

6'-0"

3'4"3'4"

6'-0"

8'-0"

6'8"

8'-0"

5.2 URBAN IGLOO DINING 33

Full Restaurant Dining

- Dining Unit & Double Dining Unit & Kitchen Unit & Service Unit Minimum Layout:

Bryant Park Layout:

5 dining units : 240sqft

9 dining units : 384sqft

1 kitchen unit : 128sqft

patron capacity: 5 people

patron capacity: 48 people

5.2 URBAN IGLOO DINING 34

Bar Style Seating Booth Style Seating

Traditional Six Person Seating

Kitchen Staff Entrance

Service Staff Entrance

Party Barrier

Used Air Escapes through Ventilation Windows

Cool Air from Exterior

Radiant Heat from Below Warms Cool Air

5.2 URBAN IGLOO DINING 35

LaSalle Street Station

Implementation in Chicago

The Urban Igloo Dining system can be adapted to any urban center. The three typologies can help to provide outdoor dining to any city, fitting the needs of the restaurants and entertainment venues. EX. Congress Plaza Garden North & South

- Dining Unit & Double Dining Unit & Kitchen Unit - Serves existing food truck or food vendors to support small local businesses

5.2 URBAN IGLOO DINING 37

Index of Units Core Unit

Entrance Additive

Service Counter Additive

Service Space Additives

Kitchen Additives

5.2 URBAN IGLOO DINING 38

Dining Unit Core Unit Entrance Additive Service Counter Additive*

Double Dining Unit Core Unit (2) Entrance Additive Service Counter Additive*

Kitchen Unit Core Unit (4) Entrance Additive Kitchen Additive

Open Street Dining Dining Unit (x) Double Dining Unit (x)

Counter Service Dining Dining Unit (x) Double Dining Unit (x) Kitchen Unit (x)

Full Restaurant Dining Dining Unit (x) Double Dining Unit (x) Service Space Additives (4 min.) Entrance Additive (1) Kitchen Unit

5.2 URBAN IGLOO DINING 39

5.3 | Vacant Space to Open Space Urban centers are experiencing major drops in workforce density as the employees that were once physically present now work remotely. While some offices may be moving to more remote strategies in the future, decreasing density in the office could prompt some to invest in more office space. Urban flight away from cities in favor of more spread-out, â&#x20AC;&#x153;saferâ&#x20AC;? suburbia. This notion is rooted in the idea of low density, low rise buildings such as office parks which may begin to take precedence over high-rise office buildings. These office parks would be located within suburban centers, allowing employees to stay within their town, therefore minimizing the risk of exposure to COVID-19. Office parks would eliminate many of the factors that make high rise office buildings potentially dangerous in the transmission of COVID-19. One of the greatest concerns of high-rise buildings is the need for elevators. Elevators are not designed for social distancing, and creates an area of close proximity for people within the building. Low-rise buildings make it possible for people to take stairs instead of an elevator, avoiding being in a confined space with other people creating less risk to contract COVID-19. Low-rise buildings create low density spaces holding less people, which is crucial in the prevention COVID-19 transmission. With fewer people in a building, the potential exposure risk decreases. The model of office parks instead of high rise office buildings creates an environment that employees will feel safe during working hours with lower risk of COVID-19 exposure. Fear of lost revenue from sky rise office buildings is prompting building owners and developers to look into adaptive reuse strategies in an effort to mitigate the financial loss. Adaptive reuse strategies could include low income housing, urban farms and daycare facilities.

The Rise of Working Remotely Due to emergency stay-at-home orders and CDC social distancing guidelines, offices around the country have closed or are operating at limited capacity. As a result, the United States workforce has had to adapt quickly to a work from home model, seeing an exodus of workers from central office buildings and a surge of telework. While 5.2% of the U.S. workforce reported working from home full-time prior to COVID-19, this percentage has swelled to 42% as of July. (AI-17) Previous stigma around working from home implied that it was inefficient and allowed employees to shirk responsibility, however studies show that remote workers may actually be more productive. (AI-3) Working from home instead of the traditional office setting now accounts for two-thirds of the U.S. economy. (AI-17) Working remotely eliminates the need for companies to pay expensive building rent and operational costs. (AI13) Due to reduced need for office space, companies can reallocate money from renting physical space to invest in optimizing policy and communication to enhance remote work operations. Working remotely also makes possible the

5.2%

Pre-COVID 94.8%

42%

Current / Post-COVID

58%

Key: Work From Home Commuters / Other

5.3 Vacant Space to Open Space 42

ability to have a better work-life balance. Before the pandemic, commuting to the office took time. Without the need to commute, employees are finding increased freedom in how they spend their free time, including spending more quality time with family. The result of a lack of commuters to and from urban business districts dramatically reduces the daytime population of cities. In turn, downtown businesses and restaurants are serving fewer patrons and facing economic uncertainties.

30%

50% 30% Return to Office 50% Return to Office Other

30% Vacant Space

50% Vacant Space

250'-0"

15'-0"

Floor Height TYP.

150'

500'-0"

Office Building TYP.

5.3 Vacant Space to Open Space 43

Case Studies Looking at the KPF Robinson Center in Singapore, the Leeza SOHO building in Beijing and Commerzbank Headquarters in Frankfort it can be seen that through the use of atrium spaces, natural ventilation and implementation of open spaces that these skyscraper typologies will become increasingly important in mitigation the transmission of COVID-19 and other future diseases. While, these buildings arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t directly comparable, they offer similarities in that they are designed with there occupants in mind. The use of large atrium spaces, operable windows and accessible green space, these skyscrapers are setting a precedent for the future of skyscrapers in dense urban centers. Taking inspiration form these buildings we can start to imagine how existing buildings can be modified to fit the needs of a new modern skyscraper.

5.3 Vacant Space to Open Space 44

KPF Robinson Center, Singapore -Boutique and Office Tower -Features both open and enclosed green space for occupants -Alters urban fabric -New building typology

Leeza SOHO, Beijing, China: Zaha Hadid Architects -Largest atrium in the world -Atrium serves as a thermal chimney -Narrow ventilation through operable windows -Integrated HVAC

Commerzbank Headquarters, Frankfurt, Germany Foster + Partners -Worlds first ecological tower -Terraced atrium allows for separate microclimates for occupants -Naturally ventilated 85% of the year - Integrated HVAC

5.3 Vacant Space to Open Space 45

500'-0"

Core of Building 30% of Floor Plate

Open Floor Plate

100 '-0"

1. TYP. Office skyscraper 100’x100’x500’

2.TYP. an

Terraced Atriums Stacking Atriums

Extruded Atrium Space

55'

35'

4. Extruding atrium space

5.3 Vacant Space to Open Space 46

5. Stackin

1/3 of floor Plate Used for Open Space

Office floor plate nd building core

ng the program

Maintained Office Space

3. Thirty-three percent of floor plate re-purposed

Each Office level has access to an Atrium Space

Terraced Atriums along the Core and Exterior

6. Atrium spaces on TYP. office skyscraper

5.3 Vacant Space to Open Space 47

Typologies of Atrium Spaces Vacant space to open space can be applied in a variety of ways in a variety of high rise towers. Depending on developer, client and employer needs, the open spaces in the building can be adapted to fit its need. By altering the amount of floor space converted to open space, developers have the ability to tailor the building to their specific needs and desires.

Structural Grid

5.3 Vacant Space to Open Space 48

Structural Grid 30%

Structural 10%

l Grid %

Structural Grid 20%

Structural Grid 20% staggered

5.3 Vacant Space to Open Space 49

Segment 6

A New Age of Skyscraper Segment 5

Segment 4

Segment 3

Segment 2

Segment 1

Making current office towers desirable for employees to return to post COVID-19 is going to be vital for major cities to become economically viable again. With a work force that hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t shown up, restaurants retailers and other small businesses located in central business districts are closing at all time highs. Through bringing employees back into cities, even at a restricted capacity, will revitalize the economy. The use of natural ventilation, operable windows and atrium spaces will help to entise employers to continue leasing in these spaces. The extra amenity space provided by these spaces will allow developers to continue leasing these spaces as employees will want to return to the office. While there would be a loss in total floor space of the office building by 30%, the new space will allow developers to be competitive in lease and rent agreements.

Fithteenth Floor Segment 2

Sixteenth Floor Segment 2

Seventeenth Floor Segment 2

Eighteenth Floor Segment 2

5.3 Vacant Space to Open Space 51

Return Air

The open atrium space allows for natural ventilation to be utilized views to the outdoors and access to natural light. These principles will help to mitigate the transmission of COVID-19. Natural ventilation is aided by operable windows through the office spaces. As air flows through these spaces discouraged the stagnation of air which leading to healthier environments. The offices and Atrium spaces also have separate HVAC systems that in case of a transmission threat. The use of plantings and natural sunlight allows for both a perceived and proven cleaner and healthier environment. These additions will allow occupants to receive fresh air and sunlight in their office environments. These environments will encourage health and lessen the risk of the transmission of disease.

Floor Diffuser Drop Down Ceiling

Veiws of Atriums 55â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Atrium in Practice

Hanging Vegitation Opperable Windows

Plenum Floor

Indoor Plantings Open Walkway Indivisual Seating Perimeter Finned Tube Coil

5.3 Vacant Space to Open Space 52

35â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

5.4 | Urban Crowd Control - Space Dividers According to Gustave Le Bons crowd theory: Individuals in a crowd tend to lose their sense of personal responsibility and are more susceptible to any passing idea or emotion. This means crowds act as one personality, instead of multiple combined. This project is an investigation of how to regulate a crowds behavior to follow social distancing measures during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Reference Image A PG: 5

CONCEPT 1

Reference Image B PG: 5

CONCEPT 2

Problem Statement With the reopening economy, dense urban areas are struggling with promoting and maintaining CDC social distance and COVID-19 prevention guidelines. Visual cues have shown to be successful indoors in places such as grocery stores and restaurants, but regulations are much more difficult to enforce outside in large groups of people. Places where prevention measures have shown to be difficult to enforce include popular destinations on the open streets, entertainment districts, and lines for voting polls and venues. As seen so far in Chicago, New York, and Kansas City, many people are not letting the pandemic affect their daily and social routines, which promotes the risk of the spread of COVID-19 in communities. The purpose of this micro project is to investigate how to activate social distance guidelines in areas where people tend to cluster into large groups. Is there a way to create social distancing and enforce regulations in areas where people are not following pandemic guidelines? The project will consist of a physical separation of space that encourages COVID-19 regulations provided by the CDC guidelines including limited occupancy zones, social distancing, sanitation, as well as provide comfort and weather protection. Design proposals will range from minimalistic to permanent. The minimalistic design will be constructed for easy assembly, storage, low budget costs, and flexibility. Proposals for the permanent concept will incorporate natural elements, essential functions, and studies of how it can positively impact the specified area regarding decreased transmission of COVID-19. Tactics that will be used to separate space to promote accurate occupancy zones and social distancing will include the following: Crowd control, heated zones, shaded zones, sanitation stations, plexiglass dividers, natural dividers, operable/inoperable designs, and effective seating strategies.

5.4 Urban Crowd Control 56

Image of Power and Light â&#x20AC;&#x153;Hot Country Nights,â&#x20AC;? August 2020. This image raised concern of COVID-19 transmission in the Kansas City Community.

Image A Image B

The Power and Light district is dense in population and many enter tainment and nightlife venues. Walking in areas near popular venues is a common a place where social distancing may be hard to maintain.

5.4 Urban Crowd Control 57

Concept 1

How can social distancing regulations be promoted in areas where large groups of people tend to gather including event spaces, or for the project, the Power and Light in Kansas City?

5.4 Urban Crowd Control 58

G STA

CT IR E

ION

S G MA RO L L UP L G A RG RO E UP S G MA RO L L UP

Space Dividers are used to separate individual groups within a venue to promote social distancing measures. These are applicable for standing, seating, and to promote keeping groups distanced at an event.

5.4 Urban Crowd Control 59

Concept 2

Crowd theories suggest that if most people in the crowd are breaking social distancing regulations, the rest of the crowd will do as follows. How can social distancing measures be implemented into a crowded venue line?

5.4 Urban Crowd Control 60

WA I T

Space Dividers are used to keep groups ranging in sizes of 2-6 people in their separate zones. This physical barrier promotes the separation of individual groups to maintain the behavior of the overall crowd.

5.4 Urban Crowd Control 61

BEFORE

100% OCCUPAN C Y

AFTER

CDC : 50% OCCUPAN C Y

Crowd Control Concept 1

Section Perspective

5.4 Urban Crowd Control 64

Perspective

5.4 Urban Crowd Control 65

W ELD

P L E X IG

1/4â&#x20AC;? steel will be welded at the corner weld to create the top structure, which will be connected to lower structure.

1/4â&#x20AC;? plexiglass will be slid into the placement

HD P E P L AS T IC

Aluminum counter structure will be attached for an operable counter surface made of HDPE plastic and Aluminum.

Completed structure with all attachments in

GLASS W E IG H T

grooves and secured for distancing purposes.

folded position, as if soon to be in storage.

The bottom structure with the operable wheel system and sandbag compartment will be 1/4â&#x20AC;? welded steel.

Operable standing counter system and unfolded and ready to be used by occupants of the venue.

Crowd Control Concept 2

Section Perspective

5.4 Urban Crowd Control 68

Before

After

Perspective

5.4 Urban Crowd Control 69

W EL D

P LE X IG

T R E A T ED

1/4â&#x20AC;? plexiglass and treated plywood will be sli distancing a

POLYCARBONATE

1/4â&#x20AC;? steel will be welded at the corner weld to create the top structure, which will be connected to lower structure.

ALUMINUM

Aluminum seating will be attached for operable seating on the street-side of the space divider.

Completed structure with all attachments in

G L AS S

P LY W O O

ide into the placement grooves and secured for and privacy.

folded position, as if soon to be in storage.

W E IG H T

The bottom structure with the operable wheel system and sandbag compartment will be 1/4â&#x20AC;? welded steel.

Operable shading system and seating unfolded and ready to be used by the general public or venue occupants.

Simple Storage

5.4 Urban Crowd Control 72

5.4 Urban Crowd Control 73

BEFORE

100% OCCUPAN C Y

AFTER

CDC : 50% OCCUPAN C Y

5.5 l Safe Seats Kansas City is most famously known for its barbecue, fountains, and jazz music, but recently, Kansas City has built a reputation on being a city of sports. With the World Series win by the Royals in 2015, and the Superbowl championship from the Chiefs this year, there has never been a more entertaining span of five years in this city. COVID-19 seems to be here to stay. This presents challenges for large gatherings at sports events. As a result of the pandemic, Arrowhead stadium in Kansas City has allowed reduced capacity seating for itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s spectators. While this does follow the guidelines of the CDC with social distancing, it is not the ideal seating capacity the stadium needs for revenue and crowd support. In order to get as many people into the stadium as possible, the stands will need to be torn out and remodeled to appeal to the new world of COVID-19. The proposed idea is to incorporate stadium pods. These pods will be made up of large panels of plexiglass with two, three, or four seat increments so everyone coming to the game can choose a pod based off of the number of people in their party. If the number of people in the party exceed four, then the plexiglass between each pod will be able to slide open to create a larger pod for the larger group.

8' - 0"

Existing Concrete Structure

5.5 Safe Seats 78

Existing Seats : 505 Seats

Proposed Arrangement : 212 Seats

Before / After COVID-19 Total Seating Capacity Before COVID-19 = 76,000 Total Proposed Capacity = 31,920 Arrowhead is currently allowing 22% capacity The proposed design would allow for 42% capacity 5.5 Safe Seats 79

5.5 Safe Seats 80

5.5 Safe Seats 81

5.5 Safe Seats 82

5.5 Safe Seats 83

The Pod

Panelized glazing system

Connections minimally obtrisive to views

Structural glass mullions

Existing Seats

The pod functions with a panelized glazing system with aluminum connections that are minimally obtrusive to the views of people watching the game from behind. The structure of the pod is made of glass mullions to also assist with the views for the people behind the pod.

5.5 Safe Seats 84

Operable door system

5.5 Safe Seats 85

Closed If the number of people in one party exceed four people then the divider between each pod will be able to slide open to create a larger space for that party.

5.5 Safe Seats 86

Opening

Open

5.5 Safe Seats 87

21' - 0" 5' - 3"

8' - 0"

8' - 8"

Section 1 1/2" = 1'-0"

Steel angle w/ bolted fastener condition

Non-sealed buttjointed glazing

Aluminum glass capture w/ ballpoint slider

Callout 1 3" = 1'-0"

Callout 2 3" = 1'-0

2 0"

2' - 7"

7' - 0"

1' - 11"

Structural glass mullions

8' - 0"

Existing Seats

Section 2 1/2" = 1'-0"

Aluminum Track

5.5 Safe Seats 90

5.5 Safe Seats 91

5.5 Safe Seats 92

5.5 Safe Seats 93

5.5 Safe Seats 94

5.5 Safe Seats 95

5.6 | Sidewalk Metro The research analyzed in section “3.1.1 New York City Public Transportation” has found that although there has been a gradual increase in ridership, riders are still hesitant to resume everyday transit habits. Before COVID-19, 80% of commuters in New York City used public transit (SM-3), so focusing on increasing New York City public transportation riders’ comfort will impact the most people. On page sixty-two, the success spectrum shows that New York City has successfully implemented new cleaning technology to extend cleaners’ effectiveness. However, some New York City residents express increased anxiety when using the subway as the crowds slowly increase (SM2). This project intends to utilize the sidewalks of smaller subway stations in Midtown Manhattan for increased social distancing and redesign the signage to be more effective in delivering live information. The sidewalk near subway entrances provide more space for social distancing and benefit from outdoor ventilation. The project will design socially distanced furniture and new signage that shows a live countdown for riders to know when their subway arrives. The current signage is low to the ground, so it is not easy to see what subway lines pass through the station. Raising the signage off the ground for higher visibility will allow riders to see the information farther away. Adding a similar sign further down the block will also increase the information’s visibility for the riders walking or running towards the station to catch the subway. Another visual indicator for subways arriving would be to reuse the globes located on the subway station entrance. The globes were installed in the 1980s with a color system to indicate an open or closed station. Since then, there is no clear understanding of what the colors represent (SM-1). This project will implement a new color system where the globe will use red and green lights to indicate an approaching subway to the station. The success spectrum states that MTA is experiencing a budget shortfall, which could significantly impact future services. Although this project solves the short-term problem of public transportation during COVID-19, this project investment can benefit riders long-term. Riders will benefit from the increased visibility of signage and the reduced time spent on the station platform.

18 Street Subway Station

Exit Only Uptown Downtown

5.6 Sidewalk Metro 98

1 3 2 4

Legend Central Business District

Subway Station* Subway Routes M15 Bus Route M14 Bus Route

Station Annual Ridership

6 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Times Square (65,020,294) Penn Station (51,599,040) Grand Central (45,745,700) St. Herald Square (39,385,436) 14th Street/ Union Square (32,385,260) Fulton Street (27, 715,365) 59th Street/ Columbus Circle (?) Chambers Street (20,820, 549) Lexington Avenue (18, 857, 465)

*Annual ridership of each station is denoted realtive to the size of the station marker. Annual riders have a smaller marker.

Increase Visibility of Information

Station name Direction subway car is traveling 2'-0"

Live countdown indicating when the subway car will be in the station.

4'-0"

8'-0"

2'-0"

Subway number

15'6" 6'-0"

The globes located at the entrance of subway stations are an important icon for New York City subways stations. Reusing the globes to indicate when a subway car is in the station or not will provide a visual indicator for subway riders above ground. The red light indicates there is no subway car in the station, and a green light indicates a subway car is entering the station.

5.6 Sidewalk Metro 100

MTA installed 9,000 new digital screens on the platforms with real time information specific to each station (SM-4). Installing these screens to the structure of the canopy will provide more information to riders who are choosing to wait on the sidewalk instead of the platform. The digital screen will provide real time information specific to the 18th Street Station and can also display advertisement or social distancing reminders.

5.6 Sidewalk Metro 101

Materials

Structure - Powder Coated Steel Benefits: • Weather resistant • Corrosion resistant • Abrasion resistant • UV radiation resistant • Unlimited color options Drawbacks: • Requires more maintenance compared to galvanized steel

Bench - High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Benefits: • Made from recycled material • High color retention • Low maintenance • Withstands high and low temperatures • Moisture resistance Drawbacks: • More expensive than other plastics • Dark colors may retain more heat than lighter colors

Canopy - Standing Seam Aluminum Benefits: • Minimal fastener exposure • Lightweight • Low maintenance • Long life Drawbacks: • Labor intensive installation • More expensive

5.6 Sidewalk Metro 105

Elevation 1/2”=1’-0”

5.6 Sidewalk Metro 106

2x4 steel hollow structural section 2x4 steel hollow structural section 2 1/2 x 3/8 stainless steel cross dowel nut 2 1/2 x 3/8 stainless steel cross dowel nut Stainless steel rivet Stainless steel Stainless steel rivet theft-proof bolt Stainless steel L-bracket theft-proof bolt 1x2 steel rectangle bar L-bracket 1x2 steel rectangle bar

A: Bench attachment detail

Standing seam panel folds over flashing

19째

Standing seam panel folds over flashing

2 1/8" 2 1/8"

19째 45째 45째

7/8" 2 7/8"

7/8"

B: Canopy 2 7/8" flashing detail

Flashing Steel joist Flashing Steel joist

Plan 1”=30’

Accommodate 40 people on sidewalk 20 at Downtown Station 20 at Uptown Station

Section A

12'-0"

5.6 Sidewalk Metro 110

37'

'-2"

6'-0"

1'-3"

12'-0"

5.6 Sidewalk Metro 111

C: Canopy connection detail

D: Standing seam panel detail

1'-8" 2 1/2"

2 1/2"

8 5/8"

1/4"

Leveling plate

3/4"

1/2"

Weld steel 2x4 to steel plate

1'-10"

E: Ground Connection

5.6 Sidewalk Metro 113

5/8"

Stainless steel anchor bolt

Signage Placement 1â&#x20AC;?=60â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Signs located at the station entrance near the socially distanced benches.

Signs located halfway between 18th and 17th Street for increased visibility on the high traffic street.

N Legend Uptown Signs Downtown Signs

Signs located halfway between 7th and 8th Avenue for increased visibility on the longer block.

7t hA ve nu e

Signs located halfway between 18th and 19 Street for increased visibility on the high traffic street.

Signs located at the station entrance near the socially distanced benches.

18 th St ree t

Signs located halfway between 7th and 6th Avenue for increased visibility on the longer block.

SOURCES | SIDEWALK METRO SM-1 Foley, Catherine. “Cities 101: The Actual Purpose of NYC Subway Globes.” Untapped New York, 12 Apr. 2018, untappedcities.com/2018/04/12/ cities-101-the-actual-purpose-of-nyc-subway-globes/. • Color-coded orbs • Confusing system

SM-2 Goldbaum, Christina. “Is the Subway Risky? It May Be Safer Than You Think.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 2 Aug. 2020, www. nytimes.com/2020/08/02/nyregion/nyc-subway-coronavirus-safety.html. • People are still avoiding the New York City subway

SM-3 “The MTA network.

Network.”

MTA,

https://new.mta.info/about-us/the-mta-

• North America’s largest transportation network • Serves a population of 15.3 million people

SM-4 “New York MTA Deploying 9,000 New Digital Screens Systemwide With Real-Time, Location-Specific Information.” Mass Transit, 8 July 2020, www. masstransitmag.com/technology/passenger-info/signage-and-displays/ press-release/21145339/mta-headquarters-new-york-mta-deploying9000-new-digital-screens-systemwide-with-realtime-locationspecificinformation. • Train arrival information • Future development to display when stations become crowded

5.6 Sidewalk Metro 119

5.7 | Dining on the Block COVID-19 has forever changed the way we function as a society. During our preliminary research, it was shown that restaurants were hit hard during the begin months of the pandemic when they were ordered to close. When stay at home orders started to ease, restaurants were constrained by capacity limits on indoor dining. After finishing preliminary research there was a clear need to design a way to allow outdoor dining to continue through the fall and into the winter. From the research on Open Streets we learned that closing streets to vehicular traffic and opening the streets up for other activities could significantly help people get outdoors in a safe capacity. In many cities this idea also helped businesses and restaurants continue to operate without the strict capacity limits that cities have imposed during lockdown. Businesses could apply for permits to shut down streets to allow for a larger outdoor dining space that wasn’t just confined to the sidewalk. This was a very successful strategy during the summer but there are several concerns as we enter the colder fall and winter months. As of October 2020, both Chicago and New York are planning to continue their programs for outdoor dining programs into the winter but don’t have solid plans on how to combat hazardous conditions. During the summer it was easy to just move tables into the street and enjoy the fresh air and sun. The winter brings a whole new set of challenges including colder temperatures, ice and snow, as well as more people staying indoors. Chicago is allowing 25% capacity at restaurants which still isn’t enough to keep most places afloat while New York City doesn’t allow indoor dining at all. If outdoor dining isn’t an option restaurants can only do takeout and delivery. For most restaurants that is not enough to make ends meet and they need other option to survive. Dining outdoors is the only way to keep the doors of a restaurant open. Creating a new space for outdoor dining would help keep restaurants in business and allow employees to continue working. An outdoor dining solution would also allow people to experience a new way of dining and an opportunity to get out of the house rather than just ordering takeout. A new design for outdoor dining would include a way to keep both the customers and the staff warm, allow people to feel safe and properly distanced from other tables and be easily and quickly constructible since the colder weather is quickly approaching.

120

LaSalle Street Station

Pre-Covid 19

Post-Covid 19

Pedestrians

Parking Traffic Lanes Parking

Pedestrians

Pre-Covid 19 The street studied throughout this project was used during the summer of 2020 as an open street for restaurants which makes it the ideal location to locate a more permanent on throughout the fall and winter.

5.7 Dining on the Block 124

15'

Waitstaff & Restaurant Patrons

8' 30'

Pedestrians

15'

Waitstaff & Restaurant Patrons

Post-Covid 19 Dining pods will be placed in the parking lanes so that all three traffic lanes can remain open during the week. During the weekends, the street will be closed to vehicular traffic allowing pedestrians to be redirected into the street allowing the sidewalk to be used for restaurant staff.

5.7 Dining on the Block 125

SIP Panels

Wood Framing

B B C

O D

F H P

H A

H P

I K L M N J

K L M N

Legend A- SIP Panel

Section 1 - Callout 1 1 B- Standing 3" = 1'-0" Metal Roof

Seam

C- SIP Screw D- Metal Fascia

E- Weather Barrier F- Top Plate G- Ledger Board H- Exterior Finish

I- GWB M - Radiant Floor Heating Coils J-Sill Plate N- Floor Joist w/ Insulation wood framing floor K- Finsih Floor O- Batt Insulation 1 3" = 1'-0" L- Sub floor P- Exterior Sheathing

11' - 9"

2' - 0"

1' - 9"

0' - 11"

Standing Seam Metal Roof

8' - 4"

4' - 0" 2' - 7"

9' - 3"

Drywall with paint or wall paper

Bi-fold door

8' 0"

Radiant floor heating

Base option flooring -Plywood Suggested Upgrade -Vinyl or Laminate tile

5.7 Dining on the Block 129

Pod Sizes There are two different pod sizes to help restaurants accommodate different group sizes. The smaller pod can accommodate 2-4 people with extra space. The larger pod can seat groups of 6-8. The different sizes allows restaurants to still accommodate larger groups. Each restaurant can also order the pods accordingly. If they know they usually have larger party sizes they can have more 6-8 person dining pods rather than smaller 2-4 person pods.

2-4 Person Pod

5.7 Dining on the Block 130

6-8 Person Pod

5.7 Dining on the Block 131

Corrugated Metal

Vinyl -Low Cost

-recyclable

-Versatile

-unique look

-Low Maintenance -Wide range of colors and styles

5.7 Dining on the Block 132

Steel -durable -recyclable

Wood - durable -more natural look

-water proof -decent insulation properties

5.7 Dining on the Block 133

5.8 | Work-from-Anywhere

With offices closed and the majority of the workforce remaining in the work from home environment, additional infrastructure is needed. Many employees working from home cite the monotony of their home office environment, distractions within the home, and an increased need for safe collaboration space. New York city is notorious for small apartments, and cohabitating with roommates or other family members. As children complete their schoolwork online from home this year, the need for functional outdoor working spaces increases. By combining research from the open streets and working remotely theme intersections, the goal is to utilize existing public space as an extention of the workplace and home office. The intention of this intervention is to create safe, comfortable, and engaging outdoor structures that allow for professional, creative, academic, and informal work to be completed outdoors. This could take advantage of Open Streets initiatives, rooftop culture, and existing public spaces to implement these structures in a variety of urban conditions. Hopefully, these structures could be produced and implemented fairly quickly in multiple conditions and locations. Integration with public wifi hotspots throughout the cities, as well as a small degree of power generation are key to â&#x20AC;&#x153;plugging inâ&#x20AC;? virtually from these spaces. Natural ventilation and fresh air, as well as outside views are proven to increase productivity. Meetings outside could allow some degree of in-person interaction and collaboration without confronting the challenges of high rise office buildings, including navigating verticual circulation.

42% of Americans are working from home

Working or studying outside improves mood by up to 20%

The United States workforce has had to adapt quickly to a work from home model, seeing an exodus of workers from central office buildings and a surge of telework

Existing public infrastructure is not sufficient for working outside in an urban setting.

5.8 Work-From-Anywhere 137

focus

5.8 Work-From-Anywhere 138

ide

eate

collab

5.8 Work-From-Anywhere 139

Existing public parks and open streets are great candidates for work-from-anywhere pods, and allow utilization for productivity and collaboration with a lower risk of virus transmission.

Building atriums and privately-owned public space within the city can be utilized for temporary working spaces, reducing the need to enter confined vertical circulation spaces.

The revitalization of urban rooftop culture during the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted this previously under-used space as a commodity. Transforming residential rooftops with furniture for productivity to offer alternative for those working from small apartments.

Focus Work-From-Anywhere as a line of urban furniture designed to be placed in multiple settings. Designed to be created with a standard set of bend radii, three iterations allow for a range of individual and collaborative work indoors and out. Interchangable surfaces and additional options including PVC panels, heat, and wifi / electricity integration allow for a variety of pricepoints to meet any situation.

5.8 Work-From-Anywhere 146

5.8 Work-From-Anywhere 147

Ideate

5.8 Work-From-Anywhere 148

5.8 Work-From-Anywhere 149

Collab

5.8 Work-From-Anywhere 150

5.8 Work-From-Anywhere 151

focus

5.8 Work-From-Anywhere 152

idea

ate

collab

5.8 Work-From-Anywhere 153

STREATSIDE Of the many industries to take a hit with the Pandemic, the entertainment and social industries have been hit the hardest. After being forced to close, restaurants and bars across the country were faced with the possibility of closing their doors forever. While the act of social distancing has proven effective when it comes to reducing the spread of COVID-19, it has fatally hurt several businesses who may not have the ability to reduce their capacity and continue to make ends meet. The idea of expanding dining room seating out onto sidewalks and parking spaces has proved to be an effective band-aid for the problem, however, with winter around the corner, many establishments are having to abandon that option and make do with the limited space they have inside of their restaurants. Based on the information we have gathered over this semester; I think a combination of open streets and entertainment could be a key element in helping restaurants push through these hard times and offer a solution for future situations. By closing down streets to traffic and allowing them to function as pedestrian spaces, restaurants would be able to expand their business farther than that of the sidewalks and parking spaces in front of their building. This would allow protection from cars and give people more room to spread out. I think the way that this could be executed is to follow the example of the greenhouse dining booths that some cities in Europe have come up with. However, I think there could be an entire structure that would be made up of a kit of parts that would allow the restaurant to adjust the size of the spaces to accommodate different party sizes. In addition to this, they would also be able to utilize their indoor dining area at a reduced capacity while still facilitating the amount of patrons needed to keep them in business.

ection 1 /4" = 1'-0"

As a server, I was inspired by my current experiences with COVID-19 regulations and the changes that have been made in the service industry to create my own form of outdoor dining experience. While opening up streets for tables and pedestrian use has definitely helped bring back the social atmosphere that most are missing, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not quite the same as it was before. the passing of cars, wind blowing leaves and pedestrians that use the sidewalk between you and the building can be quite distracting and put into perspective how much things have changed. My overall concept for this project was to create an environment outdoors combining the new protocols for social distancing while also incorporating the social intimacy that eating out once had. I chose to base my model off of the street dimensions in New York City since it is the most complex of the three cities we have studied. Basing my dimensions off of the average restaurant front, my microproject would work best in areas that prohibit the use of cars and provide a space for bike lanes and pedstrian traffic. Another important feature of my design is the use of sliding doors with laser cut screens on the top and bottom of the design that allow for natural ventilation and airflow.

12' - 0"

5' - 0"

19' - 0"

12' - 0"

1'-0"

3'-0" 8'-5 31/64"

5'-4"

1'-0"

11 23/64"

2'-8"

11 31/64"

3/4"

3 1/2" 1"

1. Standing Seam Metal Roof

- Lightwieght

- Easy installation

- Practical in all climates

2. Aluminum Door Frames

- Lightweight

- Easy to assemble

-D -

3. 4â&#x20AC;? Steel Structure

- Durable against the elements

- Easy to assemble

4. Sheet Metal for Screens Lightwieght Easy to laser cut Durable

5. Plexiglass Partitions Lightwieght

Durable Easy to clean

6. Wood Decking Durable outdoors Different finishes for different atmostpheres

5.10 | Rethinking the Subway Car Public transit is used by millions of people around the country every day. It can also a pinch-point of stress regarding COVID-19 and how to safely socially distance in buses and metro cars. While some can work from home, eliminating their need for public transport in their every-day lives, for others, like essential workers, that is not the case. Essential workers such as public transport employees, city service employees, restaurant staff, grocery workers, health care, etc., do not have the availability to work from home. Their job is reliant on consumer interaction and carries the most risk. Many essential jobs like restaurants, retail, grocery, operate mostly on part-time staff. In addition, most part-time workers do not have access to paid sick leave or employer-provided healthcare and insurance. This forces many essential workers to go to work despite feeling ill or under the weather. While there are mandates in place to prevent employers from requiring employees to come in when feeling ill, many workers will still come in to work their shifts to receive pay. In Chicago, most essential job holders live outside the downtown area, concentrated in the southern and western sides of the city. Household income maps in Chicago show that the same areas with high concentrations of essential workers also house the majority of household incomes 30% below the median. Many of these counties with high percentages of essential workers and lowincome houses also coincide with minority groups such as African Americans and Hispanics, overlaid on the map to the right. Across the US, zero-vehicle households make up 10% of the entire population for large metropolitan areas, (RS-12) but 60% of zero-vehicle households are low-income families. This means that often essential workers make up a large portion of low-income households and are more likely to not own a car and need an alternate form of transportation. 59.7% of zero-vehicle households use public transit as opposed to carpooling, biking, or walking. As identified in 4.1, the age range of people most impacted by public transportation shutdowns are those between the ages of 18 and 65, identified as the working age. In Chicago the median age of essential workers is 40 which falls in line with that demographic.

174

Most Impacted

Most Low Impacted Income Families

Most Impacted

Ages 18-64

Low Minority Income Groups Families

Ages 18-64

Minority Groups

Minority Groups Ages 18-64

Ages 18-64

Minority Groups

Ages 18-64

Low Income Families Minority Groups Low Income Families

Low Income Families Minority Groups Low Income HighFamilies Income Families HighIncome Families

HighIncome Families

HighIncome Least Families Impacted

Least Impacted

HighIncome Families

HighLeast Income Impacted Families

Ages 18-64 make up the workforce. Minority Groups Least make up a large portion Leastof essential workers in Least Impacted Chicago, which overlaps Impacted with many low-income Impacted families. Low-income families are more likely to not have a vehicle and use public transit as their main form of transportation.

5.10 Rethinking the Subway Car 176

This map overlays the location of people who hold essential jobs, low income families and minority groups in Chicago. The darkest portion of the map shows the location of all three groups, showing how public transportation connects these groups to downtown.

Since many of these essential workers without cars use public transit to get to work, they face longer commutes. Some of Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bus routes that serve the southern and western areas of the city are the Route 8, Route 66, and Route 79. Bus Route 8 serves as a bridge between the north and south sides of the city, from Wrigley Field to Kennedy-King College, and is the 3rd busiest bus route in Chicago. From the southern-most stop on Route 8 to the University of Illinois, which is outside the Loop, is 41 minutes. Route 66 connects eastern and western Chicago, starting at Navy Pier and heading west. From the westernmost stop to Navy Pier, which is also outside the loop, is 57 minutes. Bus Route 79 is the busiest bus route in Chicago, serving Southern Chicago and not even coming north to the Loop. From one end of the route to the other is 72 minutes. The Red Line of the CTA metro is the busiest metro line in Chicago, spanning from Howard Station north of Loyola Park to 95th/Dan Ryan Station by Chicago State University. The 95th/Dan Ryan station is the 8th busiest station on the line. From the 95th/Dan Ryan stop to the Loop is 30 minutes. The CDC defines close contact as closer than six feet for longer than fifteen minutes. The national average commute length on a bus is 45 minutes, which compares to the figures above. The national average commute length for metro and subway riders is 47 minutes. (RS-2) It is easy to see how crowded buses and trains of people getting to and from work pose a hazard when a pandemic is at play. The goal of this micro-project is to explore how metros, specifically, can become safer, cleaner spaces to reduce the risk of spreading viruses and diseases such as COVID-19. Cleaner and safer metros will lessen the burden and fear on lower-income houses who may not have access to healthcare insurance or out-of-pocket costs associated with COVID-19 sickness and quarantine. By creating an environment that expresses cleanliness in appearance and function, patrons will be less fearful of risky enclosed environments. Rethinking materiality and seating layouts will minimize patron-to-patron and patron-to-staff contact and will allow for people to resume work in dense urban centers.

5.10 Rethinking the Subway Car 177

KC Streetcar Case Study

Overlay of movement on the KC Streetcar

Colors representing individual riders’ movements on the KC Streetcar

Conclusions: • Most riders travel in groups of 1-2 people, groups of larger will sit at the end of the car and take up multiple seats across different rows • Riders tend to avoid sitting near others if seats are available • Busiest section of bus is in the middle section • Even if there is a closer, smaller door (at the ends of the car) people will exit through main center doors • Long-term riders sit, short-term riders stand. • Long term riders will sit until close to stop, then get up and hold onto handrails near doors. • Most riders will sit close to door, or choose a seat on the end of a row/group • Most touched surfaces: handrails, poles, pull cords, “stop” buttons, armrests

5.10 Rethinking the Subway Car 178

The RideKC Streetcar runs a three-mile loop through Kansas City, connecting the River Market District in the north to the Downtown area further south.

The interior of the Streetcar features row seating in the middle, with a combination of seats and fold-up seats. It has a wide center aisle, encouraging patrons to stand when riding for short amounts of time.

5.10 Rethinking the Subway Car 179

Proxemics Proxemics is the study of human use of space, as well as the effects that population density has on behavior, communication, and social interaction. (RS9) It is widely accepted that there are four basic “zones” of personal space. These are: intimate space (0-2 feet), personal space (2-4 feet), social space (4-12 feet), and public space (12+ feet). Intimate space is often breached for embracing, touching, or whispering. Personal space breaching is reserved for interactions involving close friends or family. Social space is for interactions with acquaintances and strangers. Public space is used to measure distances used for public speaking. In the attempt to slow the spread of COVID-19, the CDC release guidelines to limit close contact between individuals in public spaces. This included encouraging people to remain 6 feet apart. Therefore, we introduce another “zone” of personal space: CDC space. The CDC deemed this zone “social distancing,” which sounds similar to social space. For the purposes of this study we will refer to the social/personal zone of space of 4 feet as “personal space”, and the CDC zone of space of 6 feet “pandemic space.” These unspoken rules of human use of space influences everything from deciding where to sit in a busy cafe, which seat in a conference to occupy, to whether or not to board public transportation. According to polling data conducted for this experiment, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, crowding was not much of a factor in determining things like use of public transportation. However, the current pandemic has altered the way society operates, and many people will be cautious of crowds indefinitely.

yes

Was crowding a factor in decision-making for you before COVID-19?

5.10 Rethinking the Subway Car 180

yes Will crowding be a factor in decisionmaking in the future?

Before the COVID-19 Pandemic, many people operated at a “personal distance” of four feet. This includes interactions with acquaintances and strangers in settings such as public transit

During the COVID-19 Pandemic, people now are encouraged to operate at a “pandemic distance” of six feet. This is to provide more space for viral particles to disperse when exhaled and reduce the transmission of the COVID-19 virus.

5.10 Rethinking the Subway Car 181

Existing CTA “L” Train Floorplan

B A-

Poles stemming from the middle of rows encourages standing room that violates personal space (as defined before)

B-

Doors on vertical axes create points of congestion as patrons who are riding for short amounts of time will crowd the middle section between the two doors

C-

Most patrons avoid sitting close to strangers and avoid middle seats, rendering row seating ineffective.

Existing CTA “L” Car Stats: Total SF: 371 Seats: 38 Standing SF: 180 Standing passengers: 33

(5.4 sf/p standing load) (RS-11)

Total passengers per car: 71

5.10 Rethinking the Subway Car 182

Photo of empty CTA car shows combination row seating and paired seating

Photo shows that during peak times, standing riders and seated riders tend to share the same air space.

5.10 Rethinking the Subway Car 183

Proposed New CTA “L” Train Floorplan

Short-Term Riders

Proposed CTA “L” Car Stats: Total SF: 371 Seats: 26 Standing SF: 203 Standing passengers: 37

(5.4 sf/p standing load) (RS-11)

Total passengers per car: 63

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Long-T

The new floor plan focuses on grouping passengers based on transit length and flexibility during peak and off-peak times. This flexibility also allows for proper distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

C E

Term Riders

Short-Term Riders

A-

Poles stem from the end of the seats rather than the middle, keeping standing traffic from intruding on the seated patron’s personal space.

B-

Branched stanchions allow multiple people to hold at once without having to share individual grips.

C-

Use of fold-up seats near doors and in “standing zones” allow for more standing room during peak times and seating room during off-peak times.

D-

Doors offset from vertical axis allow for movement and discourage people from crowding doors and creating congestion.

E-

Seats are broken into pairs to avoid unused middle seats, as most subway patrons travel alone or in pairs.

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“Personal” Distance of Four Feet

Possible scenario with ‘personal” distancing (four feet), not during pandemic.

board Given it wouldn’t make you late to your destination, would you board this train or wait for the next one?

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wait

“Pandemic” Distance of Six Feet

Possible scenario with CDC distancing guidelines (six feet) during pandemic.

wait Given it wouldn’t make you late to your destination, would you board this train or wait for the next one?

board

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Existing HVAC System

Return Supply

Typical HVAC systems feature two units on either end of the car. This causes air from the center of the air to mix with air from the ends of the car. In existing metro cars have supply and return vents on the ceiling of the car. This forces air to circulate twice through the inhabited zone of the car.

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Proposed HVAC System

Return Supply

A Tripartite HVAC system will divide the car into three zones consistent with seating layouts, keep contaminated air â&#x20AC;&#x153;containedâ&#x20AC;? in one zone rather than circulating through the whole car. This system places supply vents on the ground and return vents on the ceiling, allowing air to only circulate once through the inhabited zone.

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exposed individuals infected person

zone 1

zone 2

In the existing HVAC system, both supply and return vents are located on the ceiling of the car. A typical metro HVAC system consists of two large units on each end of the car, creating two â&#x20AC;&#x153;occupied zonesâ&#x20AC;? of cycled air. The air cycles through occupied zones twice, once on the fall, and once on the way back up. Effectively, if one person in the car exhales viral particles, people have a 50% chance of sharing air with the infected person, as the air must fall before it can rise to the return vents.

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exposed individuals infected person

zone 1

zone 2

zone 3

In the new HVAC system, air is vented to the floor of the car, and then cycles through the car in a more natural way. Supply vents are located directly above the floor, and return vents are on the ceiling of the car. The fresh air starts at the bottom of the car and passes through the occupied zone only once, and any viral particles picked up on the rise are carried out of the car and filtered through the return vents. Offsetting the large units from the ends of the cars and adding more return vents to each unit creates three occupied zones instead of two, and reduces the chance of sharing air with an infected person from 50% to 33.3%. These zones correspond with the short-term rider and long-term rider zones.

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Addressing Materiality Existing Condition

Current stanchions are straight poles, often splitting long rows of seats. These are inefficient because if someone is sitting in the seat, another person is unlikely to use the stanchion, creating unusable space. Single-pole stanchions are inefficient during peak times, with only 1-2 people able to use at one time.

Proposed Solution

All stanchions not attached to seats will be 3-way split stanchions. This allows for 3 people to be able to use a single stanchion at one time, and not have to use the same hand-grip. Stanchions will also feature biomimetic microtexturing, (RS-1) similar to a lotus leaf. The antimicrobial and self-cleaning properties of the texture of the leaf can be applied to the surface of stanchions in public transit for easy and quick cleaning.

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Inspired by nature, this microtexturing technique imitates the “self-cleaning” aspect of a lotus leaf. (RS-5) The micro “cones” increase surface area and keep water droplet spherical, allowing them to roll off easier and carry dirt and other particles.

Existing Condition

Combination of hard and soft materials. Wool is often used for fire-resistance, but soft materials are more prone to bacterial harboring and growth ,and therefore are not as sanitary as other materials. Often soft materials can begin to look dingy after prolonged use and appear to be dirty.

Proposed Solution

Hard plastic seats to replace combination plastic and fabric seating. Hard, non-porous surfaces are easier to clean and sanitize than soft surfaces such as fabric or wool (common on public transportation) Seats should be light in color to make it easier for patrons to decide quickly whether or not the seat is clean enough to sit on. curved for lumbar support 21.5â&#x20AC;?

18.5â&#x20AC;? imprinted seat for comfort

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SOURCES | RETHINKING THE SUBWAY RS-1 Aizawa, Tatsuhiko. “Pico- and Femtosecond Laser Micromachining for Surface Texturing.” Research Gate, 2019, https://www.researchgate. net/publica tion/331016099_Pico-_and_Femtosecond_Laser_ Micromachining_for_Surface_Texturing RS-2 “Average Commute Times for Metro Areas.” Governing, 2015, https:// www.governing.com/gov-data/transportation-infrastructure/commutetime-averages-drive-public-transportation-bus-rail-by-metro-area.html RS-3 Bowers, Eric. “Kansas City Streetcar Testing Phase.” Eric Bowers Photography, 2016, https://ericbowers.photoshelter.com/gallery-image/ Kansas-City-Streetcar/G0000UxN4tMXP0RM/I0000NeBTTLxj87A (pg. 179) RS-4 Grondahl, Mika, et al. “What Happens to Viral Particles on the Subway.” The New York Times, 2020, https://www.nytimes. com/interactive/2020/08/10/nyregion/nyc-subway-coronavirus. html#:~:text=At%20any%20given%20moment%2C%2075,a%20 subway%20car%20is%20recycled.&text=Most%20cars%20have%20 two%20ventilation,and%2020%20seconds%20on%20average. RS-5 Hitch, John. “Intelligent Design: Lotus Leaf Inspires Anti-Microbial Metal.” New Equipment Digest, 2016, https://www.newequipment.com/researchand-development/article/22058724/intelligent-design-lotus-leaf-inspiresantimicrobial-metal (p. 192) RS-6 “Kansas City Streetcar.” HDR, https://www.hdrinc.com/au/portfolio/ kansas-city-streetcar (pg. 179) RS-7 “Metropolitan Chicago’s Essential Workers Disproportionately Low-Income, People of Color.” Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning, 2018, https:// www.cmap.illinois.gov/updates/all/-/asset_publisher/UIMfSLnFfMB6/ content/metropolitan-chicago-s-essential-workers-disproportionatelylow-income-people-of-color#:~:text=of%20the%20region.-,Where%20 essential%20workers%20live,%2C%20DuPage%2C%20and%20 Will%20counties. (pg. 176)

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RS-8 Noe, Rain. “Lockable Folding Seats.” Core77, 2017, https://www.core77. com/posts/69990/New-NYC-Subway-Design-Fail-Lockable-Folding-Seats (pg, 193) RS-9 “Personal Space – Proxemics.” The Economic Times, 2007, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/personal-space-proxemics/ articleshow/2252840.cms RS-10 “Race and Ethnicity in Chicago, Illinois.” Statistical Atlas, 2018, https:// statisticalatlas.com/place/Illinois/Chicago/Race-and-Ethnicity (pg. 176) RS-11 “System-Wide Rail Capacity Study.” Chicago Transit Authority, 2019, https://www.transitchicago.com/assets/1/6/RP_CDMSMITH_RCM_ Task2AExecutiveSummary_20170628_FINAL.pdf RS-12 Tomer, Adie. “Transit Access and Zero-Vehicle Households.” Brookings, 2011, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0818_ transportation_tomer.pdf RS-13 “Portland Light Rail.” MAX FAQs, 2010, https://maxfaqs.wordpress. com/category/train-cars/page/5/ (pg. 192) RS-14 Zolkiewicz, Kevin. “3200-series Longitudinal Test Seating Car Gallery.” Chicago-L.org, 2004, https://www.chicago-l.org/trains/gallery/3200s_ LongSeatCar.html#photos. (pg. 183, 192, 193 )

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THANK YOU Impact Collaborative would like to thank our generous reviewers for their time in evaluating our work. We appreciate the feedback provided by: Peter Broeder, Max Cantu-Lima, Tanner Hyland, Jessie Jacobe, Tayvia Navy, Brett Pearson, Franz Prinsloo, Kyle Walsh, and Nick Weber. Impact Collaborative would also like to thank our Studio Director, Lauren Brown, for her efforts in guiding and encouraging us in our research and design.