ANATOMY SKYSCRAPER OF A
VOLUME 1B
“The urge to build tall is not new. It is inherent within us... In one sense there is delight in making technology and materials work as hard as possible simply because we can - something that dates back to socalled ages of pre-civilisation and has been unstoppable ever since. However, at the beginning of the twenty-first century there are far more urgent reasons for building tall: cultural, demographic, environmental, and economic. Two vital factors are global population growth and the increasing rate of urbanization... The major challenge in cities is to accommodate more and more at greater densities than before while seeking to create a higher quality of urban life. While the tall building may not be the only key, with finite resources and with less and less land on which to build it is a vital component of the future city. Energy consumption and atmospheric pollution are also key issues. In the developed world building account for half the energy we consume. The remainder is divided between transport and industry and these factors are linked in a complex chain. By building to greater densities and to higher levels of energy efficiency in urban centers that have established public transport systems we can reduce reliance on the car with all its attendant problems. We can also improve the quality of urban life, bringing down travel times and allowing people to live, work and spend their leisure time in close proximity... That is not to understate the role that aesthetics has to play - tall buildings have a far greater visual impact on our cities than any other structure.� - Norman Foster, from the Foreword for Sky High by Chris Abel
UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN SPRING 2018 ARCHITECTURE ELECTIVE ANATOMY OF A SKYSCRAPER 3 CREDIT HOURS INSTRUCTOR LAUREN BROWN COURSE DESCRIPTION A broad survey of an exclusively modern architectural typology, this course aims to understand the skyscraper contextually by evaluating its role and impact in dense urban conditions and its formal evolutions as it became an iconic cultural object. The course also aims to understand the skyscraper pragmatically by tracking its rise due to innovations in building and construction technologies, analyzing its formulaic anatomy and detailing, and considering the way in which it is programmed and inhabited. Course content is delivered primarily through lectures, discussions, and readings, with each student executing an in-depth case study of a built skyscraper using three-dimensional modeling. REQUIRED TEXT The Heights: Anatomy of a Skyscraper by Kate Ascher
VOLUME ONE
This document exhibits the full scope of skyscraper case studies executed by 16 individual students in the Spring 2018 session of this course. Students selected built skyscrapers and analyzed them through the aspects listed below. Analysis was conducted via research, reconstructing that aspect of the tower digitally, diagramming, and graphic and oral presentation. ASPECT 1 CITY + ICON + PARTI ASPECT 2 PROGRAM + EXPERIENCE + VERTICAL CIRCULATION ASPECT 3 STRUCTURE + CORE + AERODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION ASPECT 4 SKIN ASPECT 5 SYSTEMS + TECHNOLOGY + SUSTAINABILITY ASPECT 6 REFLECTION Original diagrams were generated for each case study via a uniform studio graphic, which allowed for a coherent comparative critique and physical exhibit at the conclusion of the course. The diagram types are listed and described on the adjacent page. Each case study was concluded with a subjective reflection that permitted students to assess the success of the tower relative to the lectures, readings, and discussions that carried the course throughout the semester.
STACKING CHARTS & LIFT COORDINATION DIAGRAMS Stacking charts are a typical drawing type for towers, demonstrating programmatic organization. Different programs are often grouped in ‘zones’ within the tower and are separated by mechanical levels. Below is a legend demonstrating typical tower functions, as diagrammed in the case studies in this volume. LOBBY & AMENITIES OFFICE RESIDENTIAL HOTEL MECHANICAL PARKING Most towers that house office or commercial functions have dozens of lifts. Lift coordination is integral to tower safety, efficiency, and occupant satisfaction and comfort. Lifts are typically coordinated to serve ‘zones’ of a tower, rather than each lift having the ability to access each level of the tower. The diagrams in each case study of this volume schematically demonstrates this coordination. MASSING, STRUCTURE, & AERODYNAMIC DIAGRAMS Structure diagrams demonstrate the basic structural logic of each tower. Structural strategies are highly specific to height and cost and to floor plate optimization. Aerodynamic optimization diagrams demonstrate the behavior of prevailing winds on the tower. Tower massing and form play heavily into aerodynamic optimization. All towers move and sway, so reducing this plays heavily into occupant comfort. All towers are wind tunnel-tested. Each case study was concluded with a subjective reflection that permitted students to assess the success of the tower relative to the lectures, readings, and discussions that carried the course throughout the semester. MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, PLUMBING & FACADE ASSEMBLY DIAGRAMS MEP diagrams demonstrate the allocated spaces and continuous vertical shafts for electrical, HVAC, plumbing, bathrooms, telecommunications, fire safety, and other systems within the core at a typical level of each tower. Tower facade assembly diagrams demonstrate the typical component parts of layers that comprise the tower’s ‘skin’, likely dictating performance, experience, and aesthetic.
SHANGHAI TOWER SHANGHAI, CHINA CASE STUDY BY: MAX CANTU-LIMA
LOTTE WORLD TOWER SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA CASE STUDY BY: ALEX PYATT
ONE WORLD TRADE CENTER NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK, USA CASE STUDY BY: SARAH ELSTIEN
TAIPEI 101 TAIPEI, TAIWAN, CHINA CASE STUDY BY: GRACE KENNEDY
432 PARK AVENUE NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK, USA CASE STUDY BY: EMMA RIORDAN
CAPITAL MARKET AUTHORITY ‘CMA’ TOWER RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA CASE STUDY BY: FAISAL ALSHOMRANI
MAHANAKHON TOWER BANGKOK, THAILAND CASE STUDY BY: ROSS NETZEL
THE SHARD LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM CASE STUDY BY: BEN NAUDET
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NORTHEAST ASIA TRADE TOWER INCHEON, SOUTH KOREA CASE STUDY BY: CASSANDRA HALL
AQUA TOWER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, USA CASE STUDY BY: TANNER HYLAND
CCTV HEADQUARTERS BEIJING, CHINA CASE STUDY BY: ANDREW MARQUETTE
MARINA BAY SANDS SINGAPORE CASE STUDY BY: JOSHUA ROSENBLATT
PARNAS TOWER SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA CASE STUDY BY: AUSTIN HOLLIDAY
HEARST TOWER NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK, USA CASE STUDY BY: MARK KAUFMAN
30 ST. MARY AXE LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM CASE STUDY BY: HANNAH RUPPRECHT
SEAGRAM BUILDING NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK, USA CASE STUDY BY: JOE HERDLER
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Northeast Asia Trade Tower KPF
NORTHEAST ASIA TRADE TOWER NEATT KOHN PEDERSEN FOX ASSOCIATES KPF ARUP; DONG YANG STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS INCHEON SOUTH KOREA PROPOSED 2005 START 2006 END 2011 MODERNISM [1] 1001’ 1,500,000 SQFT RESIDENTIAL, HOTEL, OFFICE 200 APARTMENTS; 204 HOTEL ROOMS COMPOSITE [2]
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CONTEXT LOCATION | CULTURE It is stated in many articles that the Northeast Asia Trade Tower is located in Incheon, South Korea. While this may have been true before 2015, the building is actually located in what is now known as Songdo, South Korea, otherwise known as the Songdo International Business District (Songdo IBD). Developed starting in 2015, this new city is known as a smart city, or “ubiquitous city”. It is called this because of the level of technology applied throughout the city built into every building and street. Everything is essentially able to be controlled by a user friendly control panel. This new city sits on 1,500 acres of reclaimed land from the Yellow Sea. This city was a part of the former president’s initiative to “promote green and low-carbon growth as an avenue for future development”. The site for NEATT is situated on the end of what is known as the world’s most modern “aerotropolis”.
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SKYLINE DAY & NIGHT The skyline during the day is honestly not much of a feat. The city is still very new and under a lot of development so aside from the “aerotropolis”, there is not much green space which is pretty ironic for a “green” city. NEATT is by far the most prominent tower in the skyline and sits alone to the west of many smaller residential towers that is almost reminiscent of a suburban layout if it weren’t for the height.
The skyline during the night, on the other hand, is a much prettier site to see. Because of the blackness cast over everything you can almost forget how barren the city actually is. The lights reflected off the water to the north of NEATT gives a cool inviting vibe while the surrounding shorter buildings make for a lively lit up night life.
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INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT
NEATT is comprised of 65 stories, including an observation deck, that makes up its 1,001’ height. The floorplan shape changes over the course of the building and each new shape mimics a new use of the building: Trapezoid for office, Hezagon for hotel, and Triangle for apartments. The building has 6 total sides and the sharp edges make for a very well designed aerodynamic structure. The building, when looked at straight on, does appear to lean just slightly, and it in fact does bow about 16’ towards the park to the north. [4]
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MASSING AXONOMETRIC DIAGRAM This view is showing the entirety of the building, including the levels underground. One can partially see how the plan shape changes over the length of the building; starting out as a trapezoid, progressing into a hexagon, then finally raising into a triangular shape at the top.
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PROGRAM OFFICE | HOTEL | RESIDENTIAL NEATT by KPF is divided into three sections: the largest being office space occupied between levels 2 to 33. Next comes the hotel and residential portion, levels 38 to 64. Levels 36 and 37 are allocated for banquets, restaurants, meeting rooms, and other formal activities. The top level, 65th floor, houses the observatory deck that was temporarily opened in February of 2010.
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ROOF MECHANICAL / OBSERVATION DECK
60 RESIDENTIAL (21 FLOORS)
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HOTEL (15 FLOORS)
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20 OFFICE (26 FLOORS)
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LOBBY / RETAIL (2 FLOORS) PARKING (3 FLOORS)
STACKING CHART 1/128” = 1’ 0”
LIFT DIAGRAM 1/128” = 1’ 0”
TYPICAL OFFICE FLOOR PLAN 2ND FLOOR 1/32” = 1’ 0”
TYPICAL RESIDENTIAL FLOOR PLAN 65TH FLOOR 1/128” = 1’ 0”
SECTION NORTHWEST 1/128” = 1’ 0”
SECTION SOUTHEAST 1/128” = 1’ 0”
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STRUCTURE NEATT’s structure is an outrigger system. This is composed of a central core with outriggers connecting the core to the columns. The central core contains shear walls in addition to this. The outriggers only occur at two instances throughout the buildings. The external most structural element in colation to this is a series of columns along the edges. [5]
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AERODYNAMICS The tapered surfaces on the building break up the wind load as it passes around the building allowing for much less drag than if the sharp edges were continuous.
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SKIN From afar, this buildings looks like one large glass facade, and it does feature a curtain wall but only horizontally, not vertically. The skin of NEATT is compised of a fully unitized curtain wall, horizontal sunshades running along each story, and heavy extruded assemblies at the corners to maintain the crisp edges this building features. [6]
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MEP & SUSTAINABILITY There are three main features the Northeast Asia Trade Tower displays in terms of sustainability. The first is its dimensional exterior design that minimizes the effect of wind loads on the building. The second is the buildings seismic force resisting system. This is done through the use of belt trusses and its outrigger structural system. The third and final is the buildings high level of security and anti-disaster measures. The anti-diaster control center is located on the first floor, in the basement of the tower, and provides the ability to
centrally monitor the power supply, lighting, CCTV system, acccess controls, and other utility services throughout the building.
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REFERENCES INFORMATION [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
“Northeast Asia Trade Tower.” The Skyscraper Center, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2018, www. skyscrapercenter.com/building/northeast-asia-trade-tower/475. Johnson, John. “Northeast Asia Trade Tower.” Emporis, Emporis GMBH, 2018, www.emporis.com/buildings/228455/ northeast-asia-trade-tower-incheon-south-korea. “Dawn of the Aerotropolis.” East West News Service, 3 Apr. 2016, www.eastwestnewsservice.com/ dawn-of-the-aerotropolis/. Ctbuh. “Northeast Asia Trade Tower, Incheon.” Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, www.ctbuh.org/Tall Buildings/FeaturedTallBuildings/Archive2010/NortheastAsiaTradeTowerIncheon/tabid/2203/language/en-GB/De fault.aspx. Chung, Kwang-Ryang. “Northeast Asia Trade Tower: Design of Structural System.” Higher & Longer: Steel Construction. “North East Asia Trade Tower.” Axis Facades Inspired Facade Consulting, Axis Facades, www.facades.com/portfo lio/north-east-asia-trade-tower/#!
IMAGES [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O]
“Northeast Asia Trade Tower.” The Skyscraper Center, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2018, www. skyscrapercenter.com/building/northeast-asia-trade-tower/475. Google Search, Google, www.google.com/maps/place/Northeast Asia Trade Tower, Songdo 1(il)-dong, Incheo n/@37.1283111,126.3924146,8.29z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x357b77afae49f6d7:0xf22de12e8613c00d!8m2!3d37.3891 67!4d126.643889. “Private Tour to Incheon China Town & Songdo Compact City.” Iamyourguide, Wonderplanet. Co., Ltd., 2013, iamyourguide.net/tours/day-tour/seoul-vicinity/incheon-city-full-day-tour/. Allison Hyatt. “The Key to South Korea’s Future Growth” 28 Aug 2011. ArchDaily. Accessed 10 May 2018. <https:// www.archdaily.com/155499/the-key-to-south-korea%25e2%2580%2599s-future-growth/> ISSN 0719-8884. “Songdo IBD.” Songdo Work Comments, songdoibd.com/. Ctbuh. “Northeast Asia Trade Tower, Incheon.” Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, May 2011, ctbuh.org/default.aspx?tabid=2203&error=rolename&content=0. Frearson, Amy. “South Korea’s Tallest Skyscraper Opens – Three Years after Completion.” Dezeen, Dezeen, 25 Aug. 2016, www.dezeen.com/2014/07/23/northeast-asia-trade-tower-korea-skyscraper-kpf/. Munson, Isabel. “A Smarter Way to Make Smart Cities.” NLC National League of Cities, 11 Nov. 2015, www.nlc.org/ article/a-smarter-way-to-make-smart-cities. Chung, Kwang-Ryang. “Northeast Asia Trade Tower: Design of Structural System.” Higher & Longer: Steel Construction. “Incheon Songdo New Town.” Mapio.net, mapio.net/pic/p-35848623/. J, C. “Architecture Love.” Pinterest, 4 Feb. 2016, www.pinterest.com/pin/487585097138172123/?lp=true. James, Ian. “Songdo: No Man’s City.” KOREA EXPOSÉ, KOREA EXPOSÉ, 14 Oct. 2016, www.koreaexpose.com/ songdo-no-mans-city/. “North East Asia Trade Tower.” Axis Facades Inspired Facade Consulting, Axis Facades, www.facades.com/portfo lio/north-east-asia-trade-tower/#! Garfield, Leanna. “South Korea Is Building a $35 Billion City Designed to Eliminate the Need for Cars.” Business Insider, Business Insider, 14 Feb. 2018, www.businessinsider.com/songdo-south-korea-design-2017-11#for-thatreason-it-could-be-too-early-to-say-whethersongdo-will-become-a-thriving-urban-center-12. “Northeast Asia Trade Tower (NEATT).” Heerim: Architects & Planners, Heerim Corporation, 2015, www.heerim. com/project/view?id=534&lang=en.
AQUA TOWER STUDIO GANG
AQUA TOWER STUDIO GANG ARCHITECTS STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: MAGNUSSON KLEMENCIC ASSOCIATES MECHANICAL ENGINEER: ADVANCE MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, INC. ELECTRICAL ENGINEER: GURTZ ELECTRIC CO. CIVIL ENGINEER: IE CONSULTANTS, INC. PLUMBING: ABBOTT INDUSTRIES, INC. ARCHITECT OF RECORD: LOEWENBERG ARCHITECTS GENERAL CONTRACTOR: MCHUGH CONSTRUCTION FIRE PROTECTION: MCDANIEL FIRE SYSTEMS FAÇADE: HORVATH REICH CDC LANDSCAPE: WOLFF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE LEED: DBHMS LIGHTING: HUGH LIGHTING DESIGN ENERGY: KHATIB AND ASSOCIATES CHICAGO UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2006-2010 MODERN HEIGHT: TO TIP: 876’ HEIGHT: ARCHITECTURAL: 859’ HEIGHT: OCCUPIED: 859’ 1,900,000 SQFT HOTEL / OFFICE / RESIDENTIAL 476 APARTMENTS 215 HOTEL ROOMS 54,890 SQFT OFFICE SPACE STRUCTURAL MATERIAL: CONCRETE [1,2]
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CONTEXT CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, USA Joining architectural icons such as the Willis Tower and Tribune Building in the Chicago skyline, Jeanne Gang’s Aqua Tower is a welcome and innovative addition to the city’s downtown. Having based her practice around the notion of research and exploration with regard to form and material capability, the Aqua 7RZHU UHSUHVHQWV D ¿WWLQJ HQG UHVXOW WR *DQJ¶V ¿UVW EXLOGLQJ LQ WKH “skyscraper” genre. Working with Magellan Development Group, a client eager for a building of striking architectural character to headline its 28-acre Lakeshore East development, the origins of the project offered the perfect circumstance for Gang to stake her place in Chicago’s skyline. Discarding structural expression and marching vertical façades in favor of a gestural rippling pattern along its façades, the Aqua Tower challenges the status quo of the traditional tall building to bring a much needed source of lightness to the city’s skyline. [1,3,4]
At 82 Stories tall, the tower’s sheer scale competes with that of its context, albeit in a soft and thoughtful manner. The building’s FDUHIXOO\ VFXOSWHG ÀRRU VODEV DFW QRW only to achieve its unique exterior form, but to shape views and sightlines from its interior residential and commercial units. With views to Lake Michigan and Millennium Park, the tower’s success from its outward appearance is bolstered by a rich surrounding context. With the addition of Millennium Park to the city’s downtown Loop district in 2004, among other pedestrian-oriented development, the city’s architectural character has been on the rise since the turn of the century. With its impressive functionality within and undeniable outward facing character, the Aqua Tower holds an unmistakable place within the revival of design in Chicago, and has set a strong precedent for the construction of future skyscrapers in the city.
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LOCATION 225 NORTH COLUMBUS DRIVE Overlooking Millennium Park and just blocks from the Lake Shore, the tower is situated on a 8-story base featuring a 82,550 square foot terrace that consists of gazebos, pools, hot tubs, and a running and walking track. The various amenities offered within the tower’s podium DQG DWRS LWV WKLUG ÀRRU WHUUDFH collectively comprise one of the most comprehensive green roof systems employed on such a structure. With the largest green roof in Chicago, the building’s podium escapes the mundane role of connecting the tower to the ground and instead becomes a playful destination for the building’s tenants as well as the public. Connected to the adjacent Lake Shore East Park via a spiral stair, the Aqua Tower achieves the dual functions of iconic form and contextual connectivity in an ultimately seamless fashion.
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Site Plan [H]
NIGHT & DAY VIEWS FROM RESIDENTIAL TERRACES Informed by parameters such as views, sunlight and usage, the variations in the towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concrete Ă&#x20AC;RRU VODEV DFKLHYH D PXOWLWXGH RI conditions along the façade with regard to outdoor space. With the intention of emulating the connections to nature that are inherent to being on the ground level, the building seeks to apply WKH EHQHÂżWV RI ORZ GHQVLW\ OLYLQJ WR D vertical structure.
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In addition to perpetuating the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perceived form and creating ideal patio conditions for WKH EXLOGLQJÂśV WHQDQWV WKH Ă&#x20AC;RRU VODEV frame views of the surrounding Chicago skyline and lake front in ways that few buildings can. As seen in the images above, the walkout space that accompanies each unit features a unique view of the city that is entirely dependent XSRQ WKH OD\RXW RI WKH Ă&#x20AC;RRU DERYH
[I] Left, Night View from Terrace [J] Right, Day View from Terrrace
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PARTI “POOLS ON THE FAÇADE” Inspired by limestone striations found in Lake Michigan, the tower’s form calls upon natural precedent to achieve its striking appearance. The UK\WKPLF VWDFNLQJ RI DPRUSKRXV ÀRRU plates results in “pools” of glazing within the façade, a careful exercise in density and relief along the tower’s faces.
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The pools are intended to emulate the appearance of naturally occurring elements, further anchoring the WRZHU WR LWV VSHFL¿F VLWH ,Q DGGLWLRQ to the pools created on the façade YLD WKH YRLGV LQ WKH SURWUXGLQJ ÀRRU plates, the forms also create the implied notion of hills and valleys climbing the tower.
[L] Limestone Formations
PARTI “POOLS ON THE FAÇADE”
PROGRAM MIXED-USE COMPONENTS The Aqua Tower is a true embodiment of a mixed-use tower, housing upwards of 55,000 SQFT RI UHWDLO DQG RI¿FH VSDFH LQ LWV EDVH Ã&#x20AC;RRUV RI KRWHO VSDFH LPPHGLDWHO\ DERYH DQG Ã&#x20AC;RRUV RI UHVLGHQWLDO condominiums and rental units that comprise the uppermost part of the EXLOGLQJ :LWK WKH SRWHQWLDO WR ¿OO 210 hotel rooms in addition to its 739 residential units on a nightly basis, it is critical that the building LV HTXLSSHG QRW RQO\ ZLWK HI¿FLHQW vertical circulation to facilitate VHDPOHVV PRYHPHQW EHWZHHQ Ã&#x20AC;RRUV but also a wide range of amenities to ensure the comfort of its tenants.
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[M] View from Upper North Columbus
[N] Third Floor Plan
GREEN ROOF PUBLIC AMENITIES The most prominent of the building’s offerings to its many inhabitants is its expansive green roof that is nestled atop the tower’s third ÀRRU ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR SURYLGLQJ space for activities such as yoga, running and swimming, the careful integration of the building’s podium
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with its immediate context fosters a meaningful connection to nearby public spaces. Pictured to the right, a large-scale spiral stair winds from the green roof to a public park below, providing a means for tenants to readily access the surrounding city.
[O] Spiral Stair
[P] View of Green Roof from Above
0 - 10 FT
RESIDENTIAL UNITS INTERIOR CONDITIONS Designed with the intent of maximizing exterior views, the WRZHU¶V UHVLGHQWLDO ÀRRU SODWHV DUH laid out to ensure that approximately 90% of its units have accessible balconies and every unit has outward facing windows. In addition to the ability to engage the surrounding city via a series of balconies cantilevering by as much as 12 FT, each unit is provided with a panorama of sorts, offering
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views to the Lake Shore, Millennium Park, Anish Kapoor’s Cloud Gate Sculpture, Frank Gehry’s Pritzker Pavilion, and more. The ability of the Aqua Tower to frame the city around it creates moments within each individual moment that are unique to itself, thus allowing its tenants to establish a personal connection to their home within a truly vertical community.
[Q] Left, Typical Residential Floor Plan [R] Right, Interior View of Apartment
[S] View of Skyline from Balcony
Studio Apartment
1 Bedroom Apartment
2 Bedroom Apartment
[T] Residential Floor Plans
[U[ Section / South Elevation
[V] East-West Section
Condos & Penthouses [263 units]
Residential [476 units]
Hotel [215 rooms]
Terrace Lobby & Retail
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Parking
Stacking Diagram
Local Lifts
Lift Diagram
STRUCTURE MATERIALITY AND CONFIGURATION Contrary to what one might think given the building’s breathtaking façades, the Aqua Tower was constructed in an extremely economical manner; remaining both on-time and on budget throughout the construction process. Capitalizing on the simplicity of concrete construction to leverage the building’s exterior balconies as WKH SURMHFW¶V GH¿QLQJ IHDWXUH DV ZHOO as a means of structural expression, the Aqua Tower achieves maximal interior space by minimizing slab thicknesses. The straightforward nature of the building’s structural grid further supports the idea of maximizing interior space.
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[W] Aqua Tower Under Construction
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION BUILDING METHODS Typical of residential construction, the Aqua Tower employs a concrete structural system throughout with the lone exception being its podium. 7KH EXLOGLQJ¶V ¿UVW WKUHH OHYHOV XWLOL]H steel framing and act as a “tray” upon which to pour the concrete. While the building’s outward appearance may suggest a rather unconventional structural system,
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the program maintains an orthogonal nature that ultimately enables a rather simple structural grid. Arranged around a central circulation FRUH WKDW LV FRQ¿JXUHG DV D VHULHV RI shear walls, the building is supported almost entirely by large concrete FROXPQV DQG WKH FRQFUHWH ÀRRU slabs that extend beyond the tower’s envelope.
[X] Left, View of Podium and Green Roof [Y] Right, Aqua Tower Under Construction
[Z] Structural Floor Plan
FLOOR SLABS MINIMIZING STRUCTURAL DEPTH As seen above, the tower’s structural grid is relatively simple and orthogonal in nature, therefore allowing for a sense of freedom with regard to interior movement and function. The dual functionality of FRQFUHWH ÀRRU VODEV DV WKH EXLOGLQJ¶V primary form-givers and horizontal bracing system creates an inherent connection between form and function within the tower’s design. 'HVSLWH WKH FDQWLOHYHULQJ RI WKH ÀRRU slabs to as much as 12 FT beyond the building’s envelope, the ability to [7,8]
maintain minimal thicknesses helps to preserve maximal views for each interior unit. Carefully constructed using costfriendly metal edge forms, perhaps the only drawback to the tower’s FXUYDFHRXV ÀRRU VODEV LV WKH WKHUPDO bridging effect that accompanies their continuous nature. Extending freely between interior and exterior, the building’s slabs provide an easy path of escape for interior heating.
AERODYNAMICS WIND TUNNEL STUDIES Initially thought to be in need of a mass damping system to help mitigate the swaying effects caused by windload, wind tunnel studies revealed otherwise. It was discovered that the tower’s RUJDQLFDOO\ VKDSHG ÀRRU VODEV GLVUXSWHG WKH ÀRZ RI ZLQG DURXQG WKH tower, effectively reducing the direct impact. This, in conjunction with the EXLOGLQJ¶V HI¿FLHQW FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUDO system, eliminated the necessity for a mass damper.
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[AA] Aqua Tower Under Construction
WIND ANALYSIS NORTHERLY WINDS
BUILDING SKIN FAĂ&#x2021;ADE SYSTEM Relying heavily upon its sweeping Ă&#x20AC;RRU SODWHV WR GHÂżQH LWV IRUP WKH Aqua Towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s curtain wall system is comprised of standard components that take a decisive back seat to the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s grand formal gesture. Featuring heat resistant fritted glass, the towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s curtain wall system needs little extravagant detail to achieve its simple goal of providing ample views to its tenants while keeping interior glare and heating from the sun to a minimum.
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[AB] View of Faรงade
[AC] View of Skyline from Balcony
CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM FAÇADE TRANSPARENCY The prominence of the concrete ÀRRU VODEV SURWUXGLQJ IURP WKH Aqua Tower’s otherwise rectangular volume diminish the role of the curtain wall system and various other components within the building’s visual hierarchy. Despite this, many of the tower’s critics have pointed to these facets of the façade as an eyesore, saying that “the mullions are graceless, and the balcony
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railing is a jolting afterthought.” While it is true that the mullions and balcony railings were seen as an opportunity to save cost by the architect and developer, there is something to be said of the fact that the strength of a singular element within a building can offer opportunities to pursue more economic choices elsewhere without compromising overall beauty.
[AD] Left, View of Faรงade from Plaza [AE] Right, Typical Bedroom
FACADE DIAGRAM CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM & RAILINGS
Core Assembly Diagram
CORE ASSEMBLY CORE CONFIGURATION & VERTICAL MEP SHAFT &RQ¿JXUHG DURXQG D FHQWUDO FRUH to maximize the perimeter of the building for hotel and residential units, the vertical continuity of MEP functions is achieved through a shaft that is situated alongside the elevator bays and central amenities RQ HDFK ÀRRU 7KH FRPSDFW QDWXUH RI WKH EXLOGLQJ¶V ÀRRU SODWHV DOORZV for maximum rental space within a relatively narrow footprint.
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While the building’s sustainable features, in particular the green roof situated atop its base, have been lauded by critics, the energy expended by the tower’s central heating and cooling systems have become a cause of concern for many. Because the building’s SURWUXGLQJ ÀRRU VODEV DUH XQEURNHQ as they extend from interior to exterior, they effectively enable the rapid transfer of heat.
Mechanical Level
REFLECTION AQUA TOWER CRITICAL ANALYSIS Completed in 2009, Jeanne Gangâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Aqua Tower has established itself as a welcome presence within the Chicago Skyline. An undeniable deviation from other landmark buildings within the city such as the Willis and Hancock towers, the EXLOGLQJÂśV DPRUSKRXVO\ FXUYHG Ă&#x20AC;RRU plates give the building a soft yet FRPSHOOLQJ SURÂżOH XQOLNH DQ\ WDOO building previously built in Chicago. Despite this outwardly soft aesthetic, the tower itself is something of a testament to concrete construction. 7KH DPD]LQJO\ WKLQ SURÂżOH RI WKH EXLOGLQJÂśV Ă&#x20AC;RRU SODWHV DQG WKHLU strikingly white coloration against the towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recessed curtain wall condition is achieved via innovations in concrete construction used to minimize thickness while allowing for cantilevers of up to 12 feet. 7KH VKDSLQJ RI HDFK XQLTXH Ă&#x20AC;RRU slab was achieved through the use of recyclable metal edge forms, drastically reducing building cost while simultaneously crafting the EXLOGLQJÂśV LFRQLF SURÂżOH
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Widely acclaimed for their willingness to push the limits of building materials through meticulous experimentation, Studio Gangâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s greatest claim to fame remains the erection of the Aqua Tower along Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lakeshore. Somewhat atypical for a tower of such prominence, the building was constructed at a relatively low cost and, remarkably, on schedule. The straightforward nature of the towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s construction process coupled with its simple material palette of concrete and glass have allowed it to become something of an anomaly, touted for both its luxurious aesthetic and interiors as well as its overall affordability. Along these lines, the Aqua Tower has also been at the center of discussions regarding sustainable practices in skyscrapers, albeit for reasons both good and bad. While the building offers unprecedented amenities such as the largest green roof in the city of Chicago, which sits atop its podium, and has employed systems such as tinted curtain walls featuring fritted
glazing to mitigate light transmission, LW KDV FRPH XQGHU ÂżUH IRU WKH thermal bridging characteristics of LWV Ă&#x20AC;RRU SODWHV :KLOH LW LV WUXH WKDW the continuous nature of the towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concrete slabs enable the rapid transfer of heat between interior DQG H[WHULRU WKLV VLQJXODU LQHIÂżFLHQW feature does not diminish my opinion of the tower as a whole. The simple truth is that the Aqua Tower will forever be remembered as D VLJQLÂżFDQW ODQGPDUN FRQVWUXFWHG in the midst of a revival of sorts within downtown Chicago. Having topped out less than a decade after the completion of Millennium Park and overlooking the soon-tobe rejuvenated Northerly Island (also by Studio Gang), the tower has played a transformative role in bringing Chicago architecture into the 21st Century. Maintaining a striking presence from the ground and amidst the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skyline, the Aqua Tower is an undeniable icon as well as a major triumph for what has become Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most innovative DUFKLWHFWXUH ÂżUP
[AF] View from North Columbus Drive
REFERENCES INFORMATION [1]
“Aqua Tower.” Studio Gang, studiogang.com/project/aqua-tower.
[2]
“Aqua Tower.” WikiArquitectura, en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/aqua-tower/.
[3]
“Aqua Tower / Studio Gang.” ArchDaily, 2 Dec. 2009, www.archdaily.com/42694/ aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects.
[4]
Stephens, Suzanne. “Studio Gang Sets New Heights for the Chicago Skyscraper.” Re-Review, 2 Oct. 2010, arch-re-review.blogspot.com/2010/10/aqua.html.
[5]
“Aqua Tower: New architectural icon in Chicago’s skyline.” Review. Skyline Architecture Blog, Word Press, 27 Mar. 2013, skylinearchitecture.wordpress.com/2013/03/27/ aqua-tower-new-architectural-icon-in-chicagos-skyline/.
[6]
Crosbie, Michael J. “Ripple Effect.” Architecture Week, www.architectureweek.com/2011/0105/ design_1-1.html.
[7]
Razzi, Elizabeth. “Water and Concrete: Looking at Chicago’s Aqua Tower.” Urban Land Institute, 25 Oct. 2013, urbanland.uli.org/planning-design/water-and-concrete/.
[8]
“Aqua Tower, Chicago.” Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Dec. 2011, www.ctbuh.org/ TallBuildings/FeaturedTallBuildings/Archive2010/AquaTowerChicago/tabid/2947/language/en-US/ Default.aspx.
[9]
“Aqua.” Chicago Architecture Foundation, www.architecture.org/architecture-chicago/ buildings-of-chicago/building/aqua/.
[10]
“Contributions to the Epoch.” The Lying Truth, 14 Oct. 2009, thelyingtruthofarchitecture.wordpress.com/page/6/.
IMAGES [A]
Borris, Daniel. The 82-Story Aqua Tower, Designed by Jeanne Gang. WordPress.com, 9 July 2012, namhenderson.wordpress.com/2012/07/09/the-82-story-aqua-tower-designed-by-jeanne-gang/.
[B]
Wrigley Building; Chicago, Illinois. Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrigley_Building.
[C]
Aqua. Chicago Architecture Foundation, www.architecture.org/architecture-chicago/ buildings-of-chicago/building/aqua/.
[D]
Chicago Board of Trade Building. Chicago Architecture Foundation, www.architecture.org/ architecture-chicago/buildings-of-chicago/building/chicago-board-of-trade-building/.
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Sears does matter: Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s famous skyscraper is renamed Willis Tower but residents may reject its new identity. Daily Mail, 16 july 2009, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1200131/ Willis-wont-Chicagos-famous-Sears-Tower-renamed-Willis-Tower-residents-reject-new-identity.html.
[F]
Hancock Tower 2006. Wikimedia Commons, 7 Oct. 2006, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Hancock_tower_2006.jpg.
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Tribune Tower. Chicago Architecture Foundation, www.architecture.org/architecture-chicago/ buildings-of-chicago/building/tribune-tower/.
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6WXGLR *DQJ $UFKLWHFWV $TXD 7RZHU WKLUG Ă&#x20AC;RRU SODQ GUDZLQJ $UFKLWHFWXUH :HHN www.architectureweek.com/cgi-bin/awimage?dir=2011/ 0105&article=design_1-2.html&image=14887_image_8.jpg.
[I]
Aqua. Radisson Blu, www.radissonblu.com/en/aquahotel-chicago.
[J]
Blessing, Hedrich. Aqua Tower / Studio Gang. ArchDaily, 2 Dec. 2009, www.archdaily.com/42694/ aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects/5012007b28ba0d55810000ec-aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects-photo.
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Blessing, Hedrich. Aqua Tower / Studio Gang. ArchDaily, 2 Dec. 2009, www.archdaily.com/42694/ aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects/5012007b28ba0d55810000ec-aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects-photo.
IMAGES [L]
Blessing, Hedrich. Aqua Tower / Studio Gang. ArchDaily, 2 Dec. 2009, www.archdaily.com/42694/ aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects/5012007b28ba0d55810000ec-aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects-photo.
[M]
Hall, Steve, and Hedrich Blessing. The tower portion of Aqua Tower rises above an expansive two-story plinth. Architecture Week, www.architectureweek.com/cgi-bin/awimage?dir=2011/ 0105&article=design_1-2.html&image=14887_image_3.jpg.
[N]
Plan for garden roof for Aqua Tower in Chicago. Solaripedia, www.solaripedia.com/13/188/1880/ aqua_tower_garden_roof_plan.html.
[O]
Aqua Tower. Studio Gang, studiogang.com/project/aqua-tower.
[P]
MacEachen, Charles. The roof garden atop Aqua Towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plinth. Architecture Week, www.architectureweek.com/cgi-bin/awimage?dir=2011/ 0105&article=design_1-2.html&image=14887_image_7.jpg.
[Q]
Aqua. Re-Review, 2 Oct. 2010, arch-re-review.blogspot.com/2010/10/aqua.html.
[R]
Aqua Chicago. Aptamigo, www.aptamigo.com/IL/Chicago/Apartment/aqua-chicago.
[S]
Blessing, Hedrich. Aqua Tower / Studio Gang. ArchDaily, 2 Dec. 2009, www.archdaily.com/42694/ aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects/5012007b28ba0d55810000ec-aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects-photo.
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[U]
Blessing, Hedrich. Aqua Tower / Studio Gang. ArchDaily, 2 Dec. 2009, www.archdaily.com/42694/ aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects/5012007b28ba0d55810000ec-aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects-photo.
[V]
Blessing, Hedrich. Aqua Tower / Studio Gang. ArchDaily, 2 Dec. 2009, www.archdaily.com/42694/ aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects/5012007b28ba0d55810000ec-aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects-photo.
[W]
Construction Photos. WikiArquitectura, en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/aqua-tower/.
IMAGES [X]
Construction Photos. WikiArquitectura, en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/aqua-tower/.
[Y]
Construction Photos. WikiArquitectura, en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/aqua-tower/.
[Z]
Blessing, Hedrich. Aqua Tower / Studio Gang. ArchDaily, 2 Dec. 2009, www.archdaily.com/42694/ aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects/5012007b28ba0d55810000ec-aqua-tower-studio-gang-architects-photo.
[AA]
Askins, Joseph. Construction checkup: Aqua. YoChicago, 25 Sept. 2008, yochicago.com/ construction-checkup-aqua-2/7749/.
[AB]
Howe, James. Aqua Tower â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Chicago, Illinois. James Howe Photography, 13 July 2013, jameshowephotography.com/blog/2013/07/aqua-tower-chicago-illinois.html/.
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Aqua Apartments. YoChicago, 3 Jan. 2014, yochicago.com/aqua-apartments-225-n-columbusdr-new-east-side/33428/.
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Fully landscaped south patio park garden. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 19 June 2009, www.ctbuh.org/Events/StudyTours/AquaStudyTour/tabid/1062/language/en-GB/Default.aspx.
[AE]
VHT Photography. The second bedroom in a model condo in Aqua. Windy City Times, 5 Jan. 2011, www.windycitymediagroup.com/lgbt/Aqua-Making-a-splash-in-Chicago/30063.html.
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Personal photograph.
CCTV TOWER
OMA
CCTV TOWER (CHINA CENTRAL TELEVISION TOWER) TWISTED DONUT OMA STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: OVE ARUP & PARTNERS MEP ENGINEER: ARUP, CHINA STATE CONSTRUCTION CORP LANDSCAPE: INSIDE OUTSIDE LIGHTING: LIGHTING PLANNERS ASSOCIATES - TOKYO FAÇADE: JANGHO GROUP CO BEIJING CHINA 2004 MODERN 779’ TO TOP OF SPIRE 3,400,000 SQFT OFFICE 44 FLOORS DIAGONAL STEEL GRID SYSTEM [2]
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CONTEXT HISTORY AND LOCATION OF BEIJING The CCTV (China Central Television) is located in Beijing, China. China’s massive capital has more than 3,000 years of recorded history. However, it is known as much for its modern architecture as its ancient sites. The Forbidden City complex, which was the imperial palace during the Ming and Qing dynasties is located in the center of the city. Ordinary people were not allowed in without permission, hence the name “forbidden” city. It was built from 1406 to 1420 and consists of 980 buildings spanning across 180 acres of land.
It is the largest palace in the world. Today beijing is the 3rd most populous city (21.5 million). The city is very economically powerful, rranked 11th in the world. It is also important to note that Beijing is home to the world’s longest wall which is an awe-inspiring feat of ancient defensive architecture.
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The CCTV Tower is located in the Beijing Central Business District. The state-run broadcaster was housed in a 27 story building previously, making a drastic transition to the 44 story, two tower structure. The added space was much needed, broadcasting 13 channels to over 200 upon completion of the building. The current structure contains the entire TV-making process in a single loop of interconnected activities. One tower is dedicated to broadcasting, the other to administration, services, research and education.
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CONCEPT THE ECONOMIC STRENGTH OF CHINA Instead of competing in the race for ultimate height and style through a traditional two-dimensional tower, the CCTV tower provides a three-dimensional experience. The tower takes on the race for longest cantilever structure. The cantilever points toward the center of the financial district providing emphasis on the strength of the economy of Beijing and China as a whole.
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STRUCTURAL WONDER RACE TO THE â&#x20AC;&#x153;TALLESTâ&#x20AC;? HORIZONTAL TOWER The basic geometry of the tower is a continous loop, with a diagonal structural grid system and a L-shaped cantilever. Towers lean at 60 degree angles, and the cantilever overhangs starts after 36 floors and is 13 floors high. Uses less material, around a 20% reduction in steel from the typical moment frame. It is currently ranked 2nd longest span of a cantilever ever made in a building, spanning 246 ft. It comes behind the Busan Cinema Center in South Korea, which spans 279 ft. 3rd place is the Marina Sands in Singapore with
a 207 ft cantilever. It is important to note that all of these buildings were completed between 2010 and 2012, located in eastern Asia. What is ever more impressive with the CCTV Tower is that the cantilever, unlike the other buildings in this list spans a longer distance than the base tower that supports it.
MASSING AXONOMETRIC In this view you can see that two angled towers rise, resting on each other for support. The two structures are angled in such a way that they can support the long spanned cantilever of over 240 ft. In todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skyscapers the main achievement and goal is to build the tallest. This one is going for horizontal tallness instead of vertical.
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PROGRAM TOWER STACKING CHARTS The program inside the CCTV Tower was well thoughtout, putting a lobby in both towers, with easy access vertically to each tier of the building. In Tower One Production is at the first 12 floors, with new media above it. Service is above that, with a floor dedicated to mechanical systems. One the other tower, News and broadcasting is at the ground level, when both towers meet the area is used for administration. There is also a public sky lobby at the bottom floor that the cantilever starts. Tower One is made to be more public with a public entrance whereas tower two has a more private entrance.
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VERTICAL CIRCULATION TOWER LIFT DIAGRAMS Having the whole system and network of different functions to make news and media for multiple channels in China means everything needs to be connected but also private enough to not distract each other. The circulation throughout the building is great, allowing for each person to take an elevator up to their certain section of the building. Having two towers instead of one also lowers the time it takes to get out of the building in case of an emergency as well as during the beginning and end of a work day. The building has a total of 75 elevators, with two elevator banks.
It is important to note that the main entrance is open to the public, and anyone can go up to the bottom floor where the cantilever starts, there is a resturant as well as a sky lobby for people to look down from the cantilever to the park below.
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Ground Floor - 12th Floor [K]
13th - 36th Floor: Two 35,000 sqft towers [K]
37th - 44th Floor: 120,000 sqft
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The structure has a lot of imput into the interior of the building and the spaces it creates is incredible. The sky lobby is a place for people to not only overlook the financial district but to also be able to look directly down at the park below. The cubicle offices are located along the edge of the building to get natural light and the main public entrance gets a fair amount of natural light as well. OMA uses the structure to create unique natural lighting patterns in the interior of the building. The floorplans to the left are representing the different stages of the building. One is from floors 1-12, the next is from 13-36 and the last one is from 37-44.
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STRUCTURE SUPPORTING THE SECOND LONGEST SPANNING CANTILEVER The CCTV Tower is a hybrid brace tube and diagrid structure. The diagrid system used in the CCTV has a perimeter diagonal structure, the distance between each diagrid node changes throughout the building, according to the amount it needs to support. On the corners right before the cantilever starts, the diagrid system is much more dense. OMA was able to reduce the use of steel by 20% using this structural system. This system is also very good for the cantilever part of the building, it is able to transfer loads toward both towers from the tip of the cantilever.
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AERODYNAMICS The towers are positioned in a way that the wind loads from tower 1 do not hit tower 2 directly.
SKIN CELEBRATING THE STRUCTURE WITHIN The CCTV Tower in Beijing has a very interesting skin. The main structure of this skyscraper is a grid of diagonal steel beams, also known as a structural diagrid system. This is a very economical structure to use, as it uses 20% less materials. When loads are too big the diagrid is doubled or even quadrupled. This diagrid system is placed in vertical load-bearing concrete columns and intersect the floor slab. The span of the diagrid systems changes, sometimes it intersects every other floor, sometimes every four floors. It all depends on how big the loads are, and they change due to the cantilever and angle of the two towers emerging vertically before meeting.
There is a steel curtainwall mullion support that is placed over the interior structure. This holds the double glazed insulated curtainwall panel system. The last, and most visable system on the skin is the outer steel diagrid cladding. This is not used for structural purposes, it mostly serves the purpose of showing where the inside diagrid system is. The interior diagrid system is not visable from the exterior of the building, this allow it to be. Since the curtainwall system is placed above everything, it can be removed independantly from frames for glass replacement.
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MECHANICAL CCTV Tower has 5 main mechanical levels, one at the bottom most level, one where Production and Multibusiness sections of the buildings meet. One in the middle of the multibusiness section, one right below the cantilever, between Administration and Broadcast production sections. The last one is at the very top level of the building. There are 13 air ducts risers that service the main bottom section of the building, while only 2 air duct risers that service both towers, once met at the cantilever portion of the building, 6 air duct risers are used. The outside air intake and exhaust air come in and out at the bottom most floor, which is underground.
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REFLECTION The CCTV Tower gives off an extremely strong gesture in the Beijing skyline. Although it does not compete with other buildings in terms of height, it does however have the 2nd longest spanning cantilever in the world. The CCTV Tower represents Beijing as a city and is one important icon of strength. The folded form gestures toward the financial district of the city. Housing 10,000 workers for the Central China Television (CCTV) Rem Koolhaas did an amazing job organizing this structure to not only give everyone views outside
but to still have easy access to the first floor. By having two towers instead of one, the circulation paths for workers is much easier. The subway system goes right underneath the building as well, giving workers an easy way to transport back home. The real challenge with this whole design was the structure, having a diagrid system one would assume that the grid would be fairly consistant. The CCTV Tower changed the game and took that grid and shifted it, making a beautiful and mysterious pattern on the skin of the building.
REFERENCES INFORMATION [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
Frearson, Amy. CCTV Headquarters by OMA. Dezeen, 2012. Web. Meinhold, Bridgette. OMAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Folded CCTV Tower in Beijing is Now Complete. Inhabitat, 2012. Web. Bach, Peter. CCTV Building, A Structural Design Overview. Slideshare, 2009. Web. What is the longest span of a cantilever ever made in a building. Quora, 2014. Web. History of Beijing. Beijing Trip, 2018. Web. Ouroussoff, Nicolai. Koolhass, Delirious in Beijing. New York Times, 2011. Web. CCTV Headquarters. Arcspace, 2013. Web.
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China’s CCTV Launches Global “Soft Power” Media Network to Extend Influence. Fortune, 2016. Web. Verdgris. Chinese Television main building in Beijing China. Wikimedia, 2013. Web. Carnaby, Mark. The Chinese Adventure Beijing Part One. Markcarnaby, 2014. Web. CCTV Headquarters OMA. Archdaily. Web. Little Universe. Skyscrapercity, 2014. Web. Kubra. Pinterest. Web. CCTV - Headquarters - OMA. Archdaily, 2012. Web. Li, Becky. Koolhass CCTV - The Big Pants. Blogspot, 2012. Web. CCTV - Headquarters - OMA. Archdaily, 2012. Web. CCTV - Headquarters - OMA. Archdaily, 2012. Web. Grieco, Lauren. OMA - CCTV Headquarters Now Complete. Designboom, 2012. Web. CCTV Headquarters. 2x4.org. Web. A Rare Look Inside OMA’s CCTV Building in Beijing. Archdaily, 2015. Web. Engineering CCTV. ArchitectureWeek, 2008. Web. Huang, Jason. China’s CCTV Leaning Towers. Flickr, 2008. Web. Beijing CCTV Tower. Dextragroup, 2017. Web. China Central Television (CCTV) Headquarters. Designbuild Network. Web. McManus, David. Central China TV, Beijing. E-Architect, 2016. Web. The New Architecture of Austerity. Misfits’ Architecture. Web. Rem Koolhaas. Urban Toronto, 2009. Web. CCTV Headquarters. Wikiarqitectura. Web.
MARINA BAY SANDS MOSHE SAFDIE
MARINA BAY SANDS SAFDIE ARCHITECTS STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: ARUP GROUP MEP ENGINEER: VANDERWEIL ENGINEERS BUILDING MONITORING: VIDARIS, INC. FAÇADE: NED KAHN STUDIOS INTERIORS: CL3 ARCHITECTS; HIRSCH BEDNER ASSOCIATES LANDSCAPE: PETER WALKER AND PARTNERS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE LIGHTING: PROJECT LIGHTING DESIGN MARKETING: DIALOG BOX DIGITAL
SINGAPORE 2007-2010 MODERN HEIGHT: TO TIP: 679’ HEIGHT: ARCHITECTURAL: 679’ HEIGHT: OCCUPIED :1,287’ 10,000,000 SQFT COMMERCIAL 2,500 HOTEL ROOMS STRUCTURAL MATERIAL: COMPOSITE [1]
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SINGAPORE OVERVIEW Located in Southeast Asia, Singapore holds its place below Malaysia and separated by water adjacent to Indonesia. At only 278 mi² makes Singapore roughly the same size as Chicago (234 mi²), with a population density of 8,188 people per square kilometer (#3 most dense country behind Macau and Monaco). Because of the limited space and need for accommodation about 82% of the population lives in government provided public housing. Only the very wealthy have their own home and estate. The climate of Singapore LV FODVVL¿HG DV D \HDU URXQG WURSLFDO / humid environment as it is only 88 miles north the equator or one and a half degrees north. Much of the vernacular takes the climate into consideration and takes advantage of the heat and rain presented. The 4 main languages of Singapore include English (36%), Mandarin (34%) Malay (10%) and Tamil (3.3%). Buddhism is the most followed religion at 33% of the population, followed by Taoism, Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism
Historically, Singapore has only been an independent republic since 1965 – separating from Malaysia. This separation was a result of “deep political and economic differences between the ruling parties of Singapore and Malaysia”. Since its secession Singapore has propelled itself to a highly developed republic with a “highly attractive investment climate and a stable political environment”. Because of this, many renowned architects have made their mark as an attraction destination in Singapore.
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MARINA BAY SANDS INFLUENCES AND INPIRATION To â&#x20AC;&#x153;Inspire future designâ&#x20AC;?, the architectural concept of Marina Bay Sands is an anomaly among a typical building type. The architecture follows the practice of feng shui, which creates a balance of energy and harmony with the surrounding environment. For example, tower 1 has a slope of 26 degrees: the individual digits add up to 8 which is a lucky number in Chinese culture. Safdie was originally requested to make a single tower, but felt as though this would be acting as a â&#x20AC;&#x153;wallâ&#x20AC;? separating the downtown to the seafront. Instead he proposed 3 towers: creating 2 â&#x20AC;&#x153;windowsâ&#x20AC;? to the sea. The buildings themselves are constructed in a way much like Legos would be, stacked with a sense of connectivity â&#x20AC;&#x201C; â&#x20AC;&#x153;like a Lego piece needs to have the clicking connection before you can connect it to the next Lego pieceâ&#x20AC;?. Shape of the buildings were also inspired by a deck of cards about to be shufĂ&#x20AC;HG KHQFH WKH FXUYHG QDWXUH RI WKH façade.
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CONCEPTUAL SKETCHES “BETWEEN HEAVEN AND EARTH”
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MASSING MODEL 1 = 128”
Hotel [850 Rooms]
Mechanical
Lobby/ Atrium / Retail Storage / Employee
STACKING CHART 1 = 128”
Hotel / Express
Hotel / Service
LIFT DIAGRAM 1 = 128”
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DAY & NIGHT ELEVATIONS [L] Daytime elevation
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[M] Night elevation
BASE & OBSERVATION OVERVIEW The 2,500 room hotel is organized into three 57-story towers joined together at the ground level by a public, pedestrian thoroughfare linking to public transit, the Integrated Resort at large and the surrounding city networks. The skypark includes gardens, restaurants, a one of a NLQG LQÂżQLW\ HGJH SRRO DQG D SXEOLF observation deck.
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STRUCTURE & CORE Shear Wall System Structural Flare: Reinforced concrete shear walls from 20 inches to 28 inches at the base are located on the 33 foot centeres between each of the 3 towers. shear walls serve as primary vertical and transverse structural system of all three buildings. Outer Concrete walls transfer triangle structural load to the ground, dispersing the weight
AERODYNAMICS WIND ANALYSIS Curved Facade directs wind both up and down, depending on where it hits the building. This eliminates a GLUHFW ZLQG ORDG KLWWLQJ D Ã&#x20AC;DW VXUIDFH and allows the wind to naturraly roll off the building. There is minimal uplift on the facades, as the glass SODQHV DUH Ã&#x20AC;DW
CURTAIN WALL ISO OVERVIEW Western facing facade is a custom double-glazed unitized curtain wall. The energy Há&#x201A;&#x2C6;FLHQW GRXEOH JOD]HG XQLWV rest in a frame suspended from the edge of the slab. Perpendicular to the façade, JODVV ¿QV ZHUH LQVWDOOHG WR provide shading. The outer skin follows the natural curved shape of the buildings, and WKH XVH RI UHÃ&#x20AC;HFWLYH JODVV FUHates a taught mirrored façade. One of the keys to achieving this aesthetic was a minimal VSDQGUHO SDQHO DW WKH Ã&#x20AC;RRU slabs (13.8 inches), with a continuous double-glazed unit VSDQQLQJ WKH IXOO IHHW Ã&#x20AC;RRU WR Ã&#x20AC;RRU 7KH JODVV ¿QV DUH suspended out of the horizontal stack joint in order to allow them to radiate out in elevation. They are supported by a 3-sided aluminum frame, with the forward edge exposed, which catches the light of the VXQ DV ZHOO DV UHÃ&#x20AC;HFWLRQV RI the façade, to create a unique Há&#x201A;&#x2021;HFW 7KH ¿QV XVH D UHÃ&#x20AC;HFWLYH JODVV DQG DUH UHVSRQsible for shading the façade IRU XS WR RI DOO VRODU JDLQ
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KINETIC SKIN Four vertical acres of the glass facade of a hotel lobby was covered with a cable net structure composed of a half a million hinged elements that sway in the wind and reveal the patterns of the wind. The artwork, a collaboration with architect Moshe Safdie, functions as a shade for the lobby, blockLQJ RI WKH VXQOLJKW DQG KHDW 7KH RYHUDOO VKDSH RI WKH FDEOH QHW LV D KXJH WULDQJOH IHHW tall at the top and over a1000-feet long. 70 miles of 1/8-inch cables are strung vertically across the facade, spaced every 6-inches. The wind-animated
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TECHNOLOGY & SUSTAINABILITY Marina Bay Sands is apart of an ECO360 Global Sustainability strategy, which makes the hotel the largest building in 6LQJDSRUH WR UHFHLYH WKH *UHHQ 0DUN 3ODWLQXP &HUWL¿FDWLRQ E\ WKH %&$ %XLOGLQJ DQG &RQVWUXFWLRQ $XWKRULW\ +RWHO URRPV have automatic switches for air conditioning when the balcony doors are open or if no one is in their room, SkyPark acts as a green roof which absorbs and reduces ambient tempurature, Entire building harvests rain water and reused for toilet Ã&#x20AC;XVKLQJ 6SHFWUD OLJKW VKRZ LV D IHDWXUH WKDW LV GLVSOD\HG DORQJ WKH HQWLUH SURPHQDGH RI WKH KRWHO ZKHUH OLJKWV DUH HPLWWHG from the SkyPark.
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REFLECTION OF MARINA BAY SANDS Without a doubt, Marina Bay Sands by architect Moshe Safdie is the most iconic and renowned structure in all of Singapore. From its street presence, its looming sky park and elegantly curved buildings make the skyline look like nothing you’ve ever seen before. I chose this building as my case study because of it’s impact on Singapore’s tourism and advanced technology. It serves its purpose as this beacon of luxury and amenity with its vast commercial base and ocean view hotel rooms. Learning about the skypark was a very interesting aspect of this project as well, as it is the highest off ground pool in the world and 3rd largest cantilever in the world as well. This puts the very tiny city state of Singapore on the map of contending cities. Seeing this building in person was another reason why I decided to investigate this case study: its presence had a high impact on my trip to Singapore.
REFERENCES INFORMATION [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]
http://www.marinabaysands.com/singapore-visitors-guide/around-mbs/architecture-of-mbs.html https://www.dezeen.com/2014/10/11/moshe-safdie-on-marina-bay-sands-habitat-67-skyscrapers-lego/ Last, First M. Book. City: Publisher, Year Published. Print. https://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?v=21000 https://www.marinabaysands.com/hotel.html http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1607_2011-11-01.html https://www.slideshare.net/travelsingaporeyourself/10-quick-facts-of-marina-bay-sands
IMAGES >$@ KWWS DNLR] FRP PDULQD ED\ VDQGV ÀRRU SODQ PDULQD ED\ VDQGV ÀRRU SODQ RQ ÀRRU SHUWDLQLQJ WR PDULQD ED\ VDQGV PDS the-of-resort-9/ [B] https://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2014/10/Marina-Bay-Sands-by-Moshe-Safdie_dezeen_1_1000.gif [C] https://www.google.com/search?biw=929&bih=853&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=edN4WtuMHY-ItQWy5J74Dw&q=marina+bay+sands+safdie+sketches&oq=marina+bay+sands+safdie+sketches&gs_l=psy-ab.3...8859.15893.0.16013.20.18.2.0.0.0. 106.1132.17j1.18.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..0.12.588...0j0i13k1j0i67k1j0i8i30k1j0i24k1.0.RFtyy4mz5AU#imgrc=rVORwcEy2MMkYM: [D] http://timein.org/images/mapspolitical/12-7.jpg [E] https://i.ytimg.com/vi/WYFe2-hqA2Q/maxresdefault.jpg [F] https://lonelyplanetimages.imgix.net/mastheads/GettyImages-541351163_super.jpg?sharp=10&vib=20&w=1200 >*@ KWWSV ZZZ WLPHVKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQ FRP VLWHV GHIDXOW ¿OHV VW\OHV WKHBEUHDNLQJBQHZVBLPDJHBVW\OH SXEOLF VLQJDSRUHB jpg?itok=DOJM3BOB [H] http://www.senicaphotos.com/updates/stunning-old-photos-of-singapore/ [I] http://www.marinabaysands.com/singapore-visitors-guide/around-mbs/architecture-of-mbs.html [J] http://www.kartinki24.ru/kartinki/neboskreby/22398-marina-bay-sands-v-singapure.html [K] http://www.uncubemagazine.com/sixcms/media.php/1323/Marina%20Bay%20Sands_SkyPark_sketch%20by%20 Moshe%20Safdie.2452477.jpg [L] https://www.archdaily.com/70186/marina-bay-sands-safdie-architects/50124ac328ba0d0a48000208-marina-bay-sands-safdie-architects-elevation [M] https://www.archdaily.com/70186/marina-bay-sands-safdie-architects/50124ac628ba0d0a48000209-marina-bay-sands-safdie-architects-elevation [N] https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g294265-d1770798-i107394614-Marina_Bay_Sands-Singapore. html [O] http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-singapore-marina-bay-sands-hotel-lobby-atrium-inside-interior-57192385.html [P] https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g294265-d1837767-i168798790-Marina_Bay_Sands_Skypark-Singapore.html {Q] http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=413659&page=181 [R] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sU4pIMeAQCY [S] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxImK8EG0M4 [T] http://www.theqfamilyadventures.com/top-family-friendly-things-to-do-with-kids-in-singapore/marina-bay-sands-lightshow-singapore-things-to-do/
PARNAS TOWER KMD
PARNAS TOWER KMD ARCHITECTS 521 Teheran-ro Seoul, South Korea 2011-2016 MODERN 600â&#x20AC;&#x2122; 3 million SQFT [1] HOTEL/OFFICE SPACE RETAIL STRUCTURAL MATERIAL: CONCRETE [2]
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GANGNAM DISTRICT SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA
Gangnam district in Seoul is full of life and energy featuring some of the best architecture you can find throughout South Korea. Gangnam is highlighted as Seoul’s main business district, but also houses its arts culture with many contemporary styles catering to its high-end clientele. Seoul’s climate has four distinct seasons with extreme differences between summer and winter seasons. During the summer months, temperatures can reach 95 degrees
Fahrenheit while having great humidity. In contrast, the winter is very dry and can reach below -4 degrees Fahrenheit. The district consist of 557,000 people, which is only 2.5% of the total population for Seoul. Though, with 80% of the properties located within Gangnam being residential, this district is responsible for 25% of Seoul’s total gross domestic product. These types of numbers help in showing why they consider this part of the city to be South Korea’s “Silicon Valley”
and the use for these multi-use towers that sit amongst each other in this neighborhood.
[B] Parnas Tower on left, looking north toward river. [B] Parnas Tower in night view, looking south.
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[c] Map of Gangnam District, in relation to the rest of Seoul. South of the river
[c] Closer view of crossing streets where Parnas Tower sits.
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CONCEPT DRAWINGS RENDERINGS COURTESY OF KMD ARCHITECTS
TOWER ISOMETRIC RENDERING With the towers main influence coming from the Korea Trade Center adjacent from Parnas, KMD decided to minimize interruption with the surrounding hotels near the property. They were able to do this by finishing the northern and southern corners of the tower with diagonal lines while the eastern and western corners focused on round shapes. [1]
FLOOR PLANS INDIVIDUAL FlOOR PLATES 33RD FLOOR PLAN
37TH FLOOR PLAN
ROOF PLAN
GROUND LEVEL APPROACH
Engagement with the tower starts from across the street with a large plaza and the towers placement directly at the corner of the block. After traveling through the greenspaces featuring mainy art pieces throughout the plaza, the main portal is distinguished by the massive porte cochere. Though this is a multi-use tower, the Parnas Tower is a high-end luxury building for residents, employeers, and hotel guests to boast about. Because there are several facets,
the tower will see people in and out during all times. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s large engagment with the corner of the block and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s huge drop-off zone is important in housing its event spaces.
STACKING CHART TOWER FLOOR LEVELS ABOVE AND BELOW GRADE Parnas is a multi-use tower featureing officespace, hotel rooms, and residential condominiums. Along with parking and retail below ground, the tower features a 3 story high base featuring lobby space.
Hotel/Residential
Office Lobby
Mechanical floor
Parking
LIFT DIAGRAM LIFT BAYS ARE PICTURED
AERODYNAMICS WIND DEMONSTRATION Parnas Tower does not have the need for substantial design for aerodynamics as it has a good ration of base to height. Though a fairly short shaft, the site is surrounded by other buildings and towers in a very dense area. Small features suggest the cut corners help cut down on wind load, with the curtian wall continuing to cover the open atrium toward the top of the tower.
CORE SINGLE TOWER CORE WITH FLOOR PLATES
The Parnas Tower features post-tension technology that allows for the floor plates to house miniminal columns. This was a desision made by investors in order to charge more for office space. The system could not support the ceilinig hieght, therefore they post-tension system was applied to the tower, using strictly the core walls to support lateral loads. [4]
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SKIN
Skin Conditions within Parnas Tower
Towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s curtain wall features horizontal louvers creating a spatial texture from the top to the bottom. While the subtractive space consists of a smooth plane showcasing every floor with a large amount of transparency. With louvers being placed every 3 feet; the juxtapostion of the harsh texture along most of the surface enhances the experience of the top the tower that promotes its form. [1]
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CURTAIN WALL Exploded Iso view of a singular floor
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SYSTEMES SYSTEMS WITHIN CORE
The mechanical, eletrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems thoughout the Parnas tower are housed within the core of the shaft. Running vertically through the middle of the building, these systems are provided space for air, both potable and non-potable water, technologies/ communication systems, and electricity for the floors. MEPâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and their ocupancy in the core, can also act as a system transpoting information or essentials between mechanical levels and to the broader city system.
SUSTAINABLILTIY LEED GOLD TOWER
Parnas Tower lacks in sustainablility when it comes to interior quality, materials, resources, and efficiency dispite hace several differnt ‘green’ features such as two roof gardens and green wall in the interior. Most of the practices seem to be an after thought to actual ecological sustainablility. Though were the space is lacking, it makes up for in terms of site design supporting equity and economony on its corner lot. According to LEED it scored high on alternatice transportation giving its walking distance and relevacy to the
neighborhood, in additoin to the train access in its secondary lobby. Its development density and community connectivity play a strong leading role for the towers ‘Gold’ ranking. Parnas had also recieved a full score for water effeciency, making use of the green spaces, water reduction, and innocative waste water techonologies. [5]
REFLECTION While the multi-purpose tower sits at 600’ tall in the middle of a dense urban fabric, Parnas Tower features as a great example of common architecture. Though this tower does not articulate any product of true innovation, or beat other towers at being tallest, most sustainable, original, or elaborate form; it does serve as a product of need for space. Being that it is set in the Gangnam district of Seoul, South Korea; Parnas’ position to the human scale boast its expression as a tower, but also allowing for an approachable built environment. The towers form expresses individuality, but in a very settle and risk-free way. With a minimalistic approach, it expresses character through its subtractive form toward the top, its juxtaposed subtractive corners, and within its façade. Its façade shows texture through the horizontal louvers running evenly from top to bottom, while in its subtractive form features zero louvers and a smooth reflective surface. I feel as though this was an exceptional way to display its form, and read
well from top to bottom, as well as from side to side. Built in 2016, the tower is appropriate to its time, though could feature much better sustainability practices; yet so could most towers. Even with its LEED rating of ‘gold’, it could have been such a stronger building with enabling the actual materials and structure to house sustainable practices. Not to discredit this building however, because its strongest point is its location and connectivity to the city. This is a very strong practice toward sustainability and urban planning, and its highly encouraged. Being that it is a multi purpose building housing residential apartments, offices, banquet space, retail, and hotel; it has so many interconnected elements that keeps it alive and in motion during all hours and seasons. This is an important feature in any large buildings and environments because it keeps them safe, sustainable, and serve a purpose. Highlighted in the Parnas Tower is its connection of these spaces
and how it sits amongst the landscape and block. Not only does it practice connectivity well to pedestrian walkers and vehicles with its underground garage, it also features a largely used train stop in its lower lobby, making it very well connected, sustainable, and accommodating for everyone. Wishing that there was incentive for owners/investors to enable stronger sustainable practices, it could have served as a very strong example of structure in planning. Though I still feel that this tower is a very good example for form, structure, use, aesthetic, and planning through its purposeful multi-use approach and its deliberate intentions with those who inhabit it. Parnas Tower is a convincing example of where everyday architecture should be headed, and where other towers can push the boundaries.
REFERENCES INFORMATION [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
“Parnas.” Kmd Architects “Parnas Tower / Chang-jo Architects.” ArchDaily 2017 “Gangnam District, Seoul.” Intelligent Community Forum “Application of post-tension systems on tall buldings” Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat “LEED. “Parnas Tower.” U.S. Green Building Council, www.usgbc.org/projects/parnas-tower.”
IMAGES [A] [B] [C] [D]
Gallery of Parnas Tower / Chang-jo Architects - 6.” ArchDaily. Accessed January 24, 2018 “Parnas.” Kmd Architects “Mapbox.” Mapbox “Application of post-tension systems on tall buldings” Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
HEARST TOWER FOSTER + PARTNERS
HEARST TOWER FOSTER + PARTNERS STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: WSP CANTOR SEINUK MEP ENGINEER: WSP FLACK + KURTZ CIVIL: LANGAN ENGINEERING COST: AECOM ENERGY CONCEPT: VIDARIS, INC. ENVIRONMENTAL: LANGAN ENGINEERING FACADE: VIDARIS, INC.; PERMASTEELISA GROUP GEOTECHNICAL: LANGAN ENGINEERING INTERIORS: GENSLER QUANTITY SURVEYOR: TURNER CONSTRUCTION COMPANY ROOFING: VIDARIS, INC. SUSTAINABILITY: VIDARIS, INC. NEW YORK CITY UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2003-2006 OFFICE HEIGHT: TO TIP: 597’ HEIGHT: ARCHITECTURAL: 597’ HEIGHT: OCCUPIED: 597’ 855,989 SQFT HIGH-TECH ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURAL MATERIAL: STEEL [1]
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CONTEXT SITE
Hearst Tower is located at 300 West 57th Street, 959 8th Avenue Columbus Circle in Midtown Manhattan, New York. The building is the world headquarters of the entire Hearst Corporation, housing many of their publications and communication companies. [2]
DESIGN INNOVATION Hearst tower was designed by Norman Foster of Foster and Partners. 7KH WRZHU ZDV WKH ¿UVW EXLOW DIWHU September 11, 2001, bringing with it great historical importance. The incomparable design of Foster and Partners received the 2006 Emporis Skyscraper Award as the best skyscraper of the year in the world. Foster and Partners had a long list of environmental considerations when designing this building, making LW 1HZ <RUN &LW\¶V ¿UVW /((' *ROG FHUWL¿HG VN\VFUDSHU 7XELQJ ZLWKLQ WKH ÀRRULQJ RI WKH EXLOGLQJ FLUFXODWHV temperature controlled water to help control the ambient temperature of the building year round. Rain water is collected to on the roof and the stored in the basement of the building, then reutilized for the tubing, irrigation, and for a water sculpture. [2]
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FORM AXONOMETRIC The buildings form features a symmetrically jagged façade that has become recognizable throughout the surrounding areas. The diagrid façade uses a triangulated steel IUDPH WKDW XVHV VLJQL¿FDQWO\ OHVV steel than traditional skyscrapers. A large majority of the steel used for the project was derived from recycled material. [2]
OLD + NEW THE ADDITION OF A TOWER Image above: View of the base of Hearst Tower [C]
The design of the tower began by looking in to the history of the base that it would sit atop. This base was the Hearst Cooperationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Headquarters, designed by Architect Joseph Urban. This is a six story Art Deco building completed in 1928 had the vision of extending vertically as time went on. However, due to the depression caused by two World-Wars the building could not reach this vision at the time. This responsibility fell to Foster and Partners. The base, with cast yellow stone and Ă&#x20AC;XWHG FROXPQV VWRRG DV D SRZHUIXO
expression of the architectural style of the 1920s. Foster and Partners was faced with the challenge of FRQÂżQLQJ WR WKH ROG VW\OH RU PDNLQJ D contemporary contrast to the base. The architects were able to convince the Hearst owners to dig out the internal structures of the old building, leaving just the exterior. This was done so the whole space could be turned into a lobby, community interactive zones, a cafeteria, an auditorium and a mezzanine level for meetings and other special functions. [3]
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STRUCTURE DIAGRID The structure of the Hearst Tower features a diagrid system which allowed Foster and Partners to use 20 percent less steel than traditional framing practices. The diagrid structural system helps to resist not only gravity loads but also lateral wind loads, nearly eliminating the need for exterior columns. This system allows for a smaller core and can accomPRGDWH D ODUJHU Ă&#x20AC;RRU SODQ %HVLGHV the service core and the exterior WULDQJXODWHG VWUXFWXUH WKH Ă&#x20AC;RRU SODWHV of the tower are left virtually structure free.
The diagrid frame was assembled in a way that prevents thermal bridging. The recycled steel members were sprayed with an insulating material, then wrapped with heavy duty stainless steel sheets. At all points where the steel members meet, insulation was laid down to prevent thermal bridging at these points.
WIND AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
SKIN FAÇADE ANALYSIS The Hearst Tower’s façade is relatively normal compared to the diamond shape of the structure. The tower skin is comprised of vertical and horizontal mullions. These are black in order for the viewers to see them less compared to the expressed diagrid. The mullions are also recessed in to the skin so that the structure becomes the main expression of the building. The curWDLQ ZDOO IHDWXUHV D KLJKO\ UHÀHFWLYH blue glass outlined in the large silver members of the diagrid structure. The skin is integrated nicely with the structure. The diagrid’s horizontal HOHPHQWV KLGH ÀRRU SODWHV ZKLOH WKH RWKHU ÀRRUV XVH D FRPPRQ VSDQGUHO condition.
Since this is not a very tall building, the tower portion features only one typical building condition, with a few atypical ones where structural members meet. Overall the faced is very minimal in order to express the building’s impressive structure. [3]
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MECHANICAL SYSTEMS MEP
Like many other towers, much of Hearst Towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mechanical services are located in the core of the skyscraper. This allows for a much more RSHQ Ã&#x20AC;RRU SODQ &RPELQH WKLV ZLWK WKH Ã&#x20AC;RRU WR FHLOLQJ ZLQGRZV DQG LW allows 95 percent of the occupied space to receive natural daylight. The building features a centralized mechanical level with four 110,000 CFM air handling units, as well as a roof level with four 1000 ton cooling towers. These units distribute air vertically through the core of the building, which then split off on each
OHYHO RI RI¿FHV 7KHUH LV DOVR D EDVHment mechanical level with two 1200 and one 400 ton electric chiller that service the waterfall within the lobby, DV ZHOO DV WKH UDGLDQW Ã&#x20AC;RRU V\VWHP The rainwater collection system is used to reduce the potable water consumption of the cooling towers by 165,000 gallons per year, or 100%. [4]
Above: Waterfall under construction [D] Below: Waterfall upon completion [D]
WATER CIRCULATION ATRIUM WATERFALL
The waterfall that sits on both sides of the escalator serves not only as an aesthetic piece, but also provides many important building functions. The waterfall utilizes rainwater collected on the roof and stored in two 14,000 gallon tanks. The water feature helps to keep the lobby at a relative humidity of 30 to 50 percent depending on the season. This feature helps to cut the atriumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s air conditioning load by 5 percent during the summer. [5]
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RADIANT FLOOR PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING Water circulates through polyeth\OHQH SLSHV HPEHGGHG LQ WKH Ã&#x20AC;RRU RI the atrium to provide radiant heating and cooling. During the winter the JUDQLWH Ã&#x20AC;RRU LV KHDWHG WR GHJUHHV Fahrenheit, which supplies approximately 36 percent of the atriums KHDWLQJ 'XULQJ WKH VXPPHU WKH Ã&#x20AC;RRU is chilled to 72 degrees Fahrenheit, supplying approximately 10 percent of the atriumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cooling. [5]
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Waterfall humidity diagram [E]
Water storage diagram [E]
REFLECTION Although it is not one of the most iconic skyscrapers in the New York skyline, the elegant form and well thought out mechanical systems help to make it a great accomplishment for Midtown Manhattan. Completed LQ +HDUVW 7RZHU ZDV WKH ÂżUVW tower to be built after the attack on the Twin Towers. Norman Foster and his team at Foster and Partners wanted to make sure the tower would stand out in more ways than one. The base of the tower was the Hearst Cooperationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Headquarters. Foster wanted to preserve this 1920s Art Deco building, as originally this base was meant to extend vertically as the cooperation grew. This was never achieved due to the economic strain that two World Wars put on the country as a whole. Instead Foster faced the dilemma of continuing the old style with the new tower, or making something to elegantly contrast this 1920s architecture. They chose the latter. The buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interior was carved out leaving just the outer shell, which would then be turned into a six story atrium lobby that services the tower above.
The tower itself features a diagrid structural system that not only catchHV WKH H\H EXW XVHV VLJQLÂżFDQWO\ OHVV steel than many traditional skyscrapers. This reduction of steel members KHOSHG WR RSHQ XS WKH Ă&#x20AC;RRU SODWHV RI the tower even more for the inhabLWDQWV %HLQJ WKH ÂżUVW /((' *ROG skyscraper in New York, a great deal of attention was paid to the thermal bridging that may be caused at the connection points. The environmental considerations carried all throughout the building, but were mainly featured in the lobby. The multi-story waterfall helps to control the relative humidity of the space lowering energy consumption. 7KHUH LV DOVR D UDGLDQW Ă&#x20AC;RRU V\VWHP that uses collected rainwater to heat DQG FRRO WKH Ă&#x20AC;RRU DW DSSURSULDWH times to help reduce the need for as much temperature control within the space. Overall I think that the Hearst Tower is a wonderful work of architecture. Although it is not the tallest building, it still has more character than most. The history was considered and preserved in a respectful manner. The form was expressive and different
for the time. It was even designed to mitigate some of the environmental impact that many towers seem to have. New York would not be the same without this iconic tower.
REFERENCES INFORMATION [1] “Hearst Tower.” The Skyscraper Center, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, www.skyscrapercenter.com/ building/hearst-tower/2245. [2] Choi, Chuck. “Flashback: Hearst Tower / Foster + Partners.” ArchDaily, 2 Feb. 2012, www.archdaily.com/204701/ ÀDVKEDFN KHDUVW WRZHU IRVWHU DQG SDUWQHUV [3] “Hearst Tower | Foster and Partners.” Arch2O.Com, 7 Oct. 2017, www.arch2o.com/hearst-tower-foster-partners/. [4] Lucas, Jessica M. “The Hearst Tower: Combining Steam Driven Absorption Cooling with a DOAS/Radiant System.” The Pennsylvania State University. [5] Noland, David. “Hearst Tower - Re-Inventing The Skyscraper.” Popular Mechanics, Popular Mechanics, 14 Nov. 2017, www.popularmechanics.com/technology/design/a602/2591931/.
IMAGES [A] Blaise, J P. “Picture of the Hearst Tower, Midtown West, Manhattan.” JP Blaise Photography, JP Blaise Photography, 5 Sept. 2016. Web. [B] Choi, Chuck. “Flashback: Hearst Tower / Foster + Partners.” ArchDaily, 2 Feb. 2012, www.archdaily.com/204701/ ÀDVKEDFN KHDUVW WRZHU IRVWHU DQG SDUWQHUV [C] “Hearst Tower | Foster and Partners.” Arch2O.Com, 7 Oct. 2017, www.arch2o.com/hearst-tower-foster-partners/. [D] Noland, David. “Hearst Tower - Re-Inventing The Skyscraper.” Popular Mechanics, Popular Mechanics, 14 Nov. 2017, www.popularmechanics.com/technology/design/a602/2591931/. [E] Sudentas, Edward. “Hearst Magazine Building.” Hearst Magazine Building, wirednewyork.com/real_estate/hearst_ magazine_building/. [F] Zahn, Paula. “Treasures of New York: Hearst Tower.” WLIW21 Pressroom, WNET, 25 July 2012, www.wliw.org/ 21pressroom/uncategorized/treasures-of-new-york-hearst-tower/927/.
30 ST. MARY AXE FOSTER + PARTNERS
30 ST. MARY AXE “THE GHERKIN” FOSTER + PARTNERS STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: ARUP ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER: HILSON MORAN PARTNERSHIP LIGHTING ENGINEER: SPEIRS + MAJOR LONDON ENGLAND 2001-2003 POST-MODERN, NEO-FUTURISTIC 591’ TO TOP OF SPIRE 499,456 SQFT OFFICE, RETAIL 33 FLOORS OF OFFICE SPACE STEEL [1,2]
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SEAGRAM BUILDING ARCHITECTS: LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE + PHILIP JOHNSON STRUCTURAL ENGINEER: SEVERUD ASSOCIATES CONSULTANT: SEAGRAM LIQUOR COMPANY CITY: NEW YORK CITY, NY COUNTRY: UNITED STATES CONSTRUCTION DATE: 1958 STYLE: INTERNATIONAL 515â&#x20AC;&#x2122; TO TOP OF SPIRE 38 - STORIES 639,990 SQFT OFFICE SPACES STRUCTURAL MATERIAL: STEEL + CONCRETE
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NEW ERA IN DESIGN SETTING A NEW STANDARD FOR MODERN SKYSCRAPERS Located in the heart of New York City, the Seagram Building designed by Ludwig Mies van de Rohe, captures the beauty of simplicity through the principles of modernism. Being an early director of the Bauhaus in Berlin, Mies’s minimalist style of the Seagram Building marks the beginning of modern skyscrapers in American architecture. Erected in 1958, the sleek exterior challenges the traditional stone and brick ornamental facade of the previous decades by incorporating steal and glass. The simple design expresses the notion of “less is more” as the style highlights the functional utility of the building’s structural elements from the exterior as a decorative expression.
Similar to all large skyscrapers built at the time, the Seagram Building is composed of a steel structural frame accompanied by non-structural glass curtain walls. Originally, Mies preferred the steel frame to be exposed, however, American building codes required structural steel WR FRYHUHG LQ D ¿UHSURRI PDWHULDO VXFK DV concrete, ultimately hiding the structural elements of the building. In response, Mies incorporated non-structural bronze I-beams that serve as mullions to suggest the structure instead. This construction technique of using an interior reinforced concrete shell to support a larger non-structural element has since become a popular style after the completion of the building. [A]
BRINGING THE OUTSIDE IN CONNECTING THE INTERIOR WITH THE EXTERIOR Aside from the building itself serving as an icon of modernism, the large open space in front of the entrance was also viewed as innovative. The open, urban plaza pushes the building away from Park Avenue and promotes an area for social gatherings through the incorporation of two large fountains and outdoor seating. This bold design choice seemed radical at the time as most buildings were positioned closer to the street to set an urban edge, however, [C]
Mies wanted to challenge the norm of New York City by placing the building 100 feet from the cities grid. This idea was later mimicked in a number of other buildings as the city of New York revised their 1916 Zoning Resolution, which offered incentives for developers to incorporate â&#x20AC;&#x153;privately owned public spacesâ&#x20AC;? within their design.
N The large granite plaza also serves as a connection point, linking the city and users from Park Avenue to the entrance of the Seagram lobby. The lobby also expressing a similar juxtaposition; the white ceiling extends passed the entry doors enhancing the connection between interior and H[WHULRU 7KH ÀH[LEOH ÀRRU SODQV RI WKH RI¿FH VSDFHV DERYH WKH OREE\ receive the most natural day lighting as the exterior glass panes of topaz serve as the windows for the space within as well as protection against the solar radiation.
The Seagram plaza soon became a landmark as multiple popular movies featured the large open space within WKHLU ¿OPV 0RYLHV LQFOXGLQJ %UHDNfast at Tiffany’s, Scrooged, That Girl, Baby Boom, The Best of Everything, House of Lies, and Hitch. The plaza also served as planning study, conducted by William H. Whyte, who documented and recorded the everyday patterns of users socializing around the plaza, highlighting how people use the space versus the actual intentions of the architect.
[C] Seagram Lobby extended plaza [D] Seagram Plaza - users gathering around fountain
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MASSING AXONOMETRIC SHOWCASING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT MASSES THAT MAKE UP THE BUILDING FORM
CONTEXT RESPECTING THE SURROUNDING BUILDINGS At the time, the majority of the buildLQJV ¿OOHG WKH HQWLUH SORW KRZHYHU Mies chose to disregard the common setbacks to respect to the existing Italian renaissance style Racquet & Tennis Club across Park Ave.
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EXPERIENCE PROGRAM + INTERIOR
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The double height lobby is enclosed with a large curtain wall system creating an interconnection between the interior entrance and exterior grand SOD]D DQG UHÃ&#x20AC;HFWLRQ SRQGV 7KH Ã&#x20AC;H[Lbility of this space provides areas for various space for sculpture exhibits which are visible from the exterior. 7KH JURXQG Ã&#x20AC;RRU SODQ H[SUHVVHV WKH symmetrical layout of its structural grid by exposing the columns and bays. The tripartite layout of the tower creates a clear understanding of the relationship between the base, shafts, and capital.
At the time, the Seagram Building was considered the most expensive tower constructed in New York City. The interior is complimented with OX[XULRXV ¿QLVKHV VXFK DV PDUEOH bronze, and travertine.
[E] Interior lobby looking towards Park Ave. [E] Exterior view of lobby
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[E] Interior lobby highlighting vertical circulation [A] *URXQG Ã&#x20AC;RRU SODQ
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[F] 7\SLFDO RI¿FH Ã&#x20AC;RRU SODQ FRQ¿JXration [A] /HYHO RI¿FH SODQ
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13’- 6” FLOOR TO FLOOR HEIGHT
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STACKING CHART The bulk of the interior serves priPDULO\ DV RI¿FH VSDFH ZLWK PHFKDQical spaces at the top levels of both towers. The ground level is occupied by a double height lobby space while the space below grade serves as underground parking.
OFFFICE SPACE LOBBY SPACE
MECHANICAL
PARKING
1/32”
The vertical circulation is made of four public elevators and one service shaft, all of which is located within the core of the tower. The public lifts offer access to every level including the parking garage, but permits DFFHVV WR WKH PHFKDQLFDO ÀRRUV 7KH service lift travels from the parking garage to the rooftop, allowing convenient transportation of equipment and maintenance support.
[A] VERTICAL SHAFTS
1/32”
SERVICE LIFT
PUBLIC LIFT
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STRUCTURE Miesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s originally wanted to express the structural elements by exposing the VWHHO IUDPH KRZHYHU ¿UH VDIHW\ FRGHV at the time required all structural steel WR EH FRYHUHG LQ D ¿UH SURRI PDWHULDO generally reinforced concrete The concrete shear walls extend to the WK Ã&#x20AC;RRU ZKLOH EUDFLQJ H[WHQG WR WKH WK Ã&#x20AC;RRU $W WKH WLPH LW ZDV WKH ¿UVW building to combine a brace frame with a moment frame as well as serving as the tallest building to incorporate high strength bolted connections. To emphasize the bare elements, the exterior glazing is accompanied with non-structural I-beams as a result of WKH ¿UH FRGHV
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AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS The international style of the Seagram Building demonstrates little considerations to the optimization of aerodynamics as Mies was more focused on creating a rational, economical, and functional form resulting in a box-like shape. As wind loads strike the buildLQJÂśV IRUP WKH Ă&#x20AC;DWQHVV RI WKH H[WHULRU facades generate a greater amount of turbulence as the it wraps around the entirety of the building. Ultimately, increasing the resistances of the wind speed on the sides of the building.
EXTERIOR ENVELOPE
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SKIN STUDY The exterior skin is comprised of a number of different components including a curtain wall system and non-structural I-beams. The curtain wall systems is made up of tinted-single glazed glass panels and metal mullions. To further express the functionality of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s envelope, Mies incorporated vertical I-beams along the exterior of the curtain wall. The relationship of the skin to the other building systems serves as an independent systems while complimenting the style of function over form.
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[A] CONCEALED MECHANICAL LEVEL AT TOP OF TOWER
SUSTAINABILITY “MODERNISM IS INHERENTLY UNSUSTAINABLE” Peter Buchanan The Seagram Building offers little to no sustainable characteristics. The extensive curtain-wall and large ZLQGRZ DUHDV H[WHQGLQJ IURP ÀRRU to ceiling) lack no thermal breaks creating a warm interior atmosphere year round that adds increased dependency on the mechanical systems to cool the interior spaces. This not only increases the cost per year of air conditioning, but also creates an unpleasant work environment for its occupants.
7KH GHHS ÀRRU SODQV UHVXOW LQ ODUJH open spaces that produce a warm LQWHULRU WKDW LV GLI¿FXOW WR FRQWURO 7KH form in itself offers little to no areas where bolt-on “green” additions can be incorporated and the buildings orientation exploits natural daylight. In fact, the Seagram Building ranks one of lowest energy performing building of all time with a score of 3 with respect to heating, cooling and lighting technologies.
[J] Sunlight penetrating interior RI¿FH VSDFH
MECHANICAL & TECHNOLOG SUPPLY & RETURN AIR VENTS The thickness of the exterior curtain-wall generates an increased amount of solar radiation to enter into the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interior. The return air vents, located along the perimeter RI WKH Ă&#x20AC;RRU SODWHV DUH FRQVWDQWO\ sucking in warm air, adding unwanted stress on the mechanical system to cool the air. The supply vents are seamlessly incorporated into the core of the ceiling, providing cool air to travel from the core to the exterior. Being one of the worst energy performing buildings, developer RFR Realty LLC has proposed a new
system that will enhance its HVAC performance, called Yardi LOBOS (Load-Based Optimization System.) 7KH V\VWHP ZLOO VLJQLÂżFDQWO\ UHGXFH the energy consumption by providing â&#x20AC;&#x153;automated demand response functionalityâ&#x20AC;? which will monitor and control heating, cooling, and air handling systems. â&#x20AC;&#x153; The anticipated results are increased tenant comfort DQG QHZ OHYHOV RI HQHUJ\ HIÂżFLHQF\´
GY [K] Supply air vent within core [L] Return air vent along exterior curtain-wall
M.E.P. SHAFTS ISOMETRIC OF TYPICAL OFFICE FLOOR PLAN HIGHLIGHTING VERTICAL M.E.P. SHAFTS
REFLECTION OPINION BASED SYNOPSIS
Given the time period in which the Seagram Building was constructed (1958), it serves as an iconic groundbreaking architectural advancement that marked the beginning of modern skyscrapers in America. Mies van de Rohe’s minimalist style expresses the principles of the Bauhaus ideology as it captures the beauty of simplicity through the notion of “less is more.” After studying a number of different building aspects ranging from basic form to performance, I have learned to appreciate the building as a whole and as an innovative landmark for its time and place. The sleek exterior challenges the traditional stone and brick ornamental facades of the previous decades through the incorporation of a curtain-wall system comprised of glass and steal. Unlike the previous buildings constructed in the late 60s, the Seagram Building is positioned one hundred feet back from the plot boundaries, which seemed radical at the time given most buildings most were positioned closer to the street to create an urban edge. This design decision stirred up a lot of controversy as it challenged the zoning regulations of New York City and later forced the city to revise their 1916 Zoning Resolution. This revision offered incentives for developers to incorporate “privately owned public spaces” within their designs. In my opinion, I believe Meis’s design choice creates a sense of awe and grandness as one experiences the space. The large openness of the plaza promotes social gatherings and allows for natural elements to be incorporated within the space creating a serene environment in contrast to the everyday hustle and bustle of the city atmosphere.
Aside from the simple yet innovated style of the Seagram building, there are a number of different characteristics that drove my decision to study this building in depth. Being a student of architecWXUH , ÂżQG WKH EXLOGLQJV WKDW SXVK WKH ERXQGDULHV WKH PRVW IDVFLQDWLQJ DV WKH\ SRWHQWLDOO\ VHUYH DV iconic paradigms shifts in architectural movements. The Seagram Building serves as a great example of this as it articulates the notion of functionality over form. The exposed structural elements express the inner workings of the building, not only in the interior, but also on the exterior. The non-structural I-beams that serve as mullions, produce a sense of durability and everlasting strength in the rapid growing city. This design approach captivates me, as I believe it has become more popular in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architecture. In my opinion, the good outweighs the bad with respect to the architectural characteristics given the time period in which the building was constructed. That being said, however, the building lacks OLWWOH WR QR SHUIRUPDQFH EDVHG GHVLJQ FRQVLGHUDWLRQV WKDW RSWLPL]H HIÂżFLHQF\ HVSHFLDOO\ FRPSDUHG WR todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structures. At the time, the Seagram Building was the most expensive high-rise structures in America and now ranks one of the lowest energy performing building of all time with respect to heating, cooling, and lighting technologies. In conclusion, I have enjoyed furthering my knowledge on one of the most innovating buildings in history.
REFERENCES INFORMATION [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
Perez, Adelyn. AD Classics: Seagram Building. ArchDaily, 10 May, 2010. WTTW. 10 Buildings that Changed America, Seagram Building, 2012 Lambert, Phyllis. Mies in America, Harry N. Abrams, 2001 https://www.achrnews.com/articles/131082-intelligent-hvac-platform-promotes-sustainability-at-seagram-building https://www.archdaily.com/396263/why-green-architecture-hardly-ever-deserves-the-name http://architectuul.com/architecture/seagram-building
IMAGES [A] [B] >&@ [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] >/@
http://www.fallon-walton.com/new-page-1/ https://www.arch2o.com/seagram-building-mies-van-der-rohe/arch2o-seagram-building-mies-van-der-rohe-017/ KWWS MVDK XFSUHVV HGX FRQWHQW ÂżJXUHV RQO\ http://www.mobyinc.com.br/andando-na-linha/ https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/569423946617136408/ http://www.ultraswank.net/architecture/a-tour-of-the-time-life-building-in-the-1960s/ http://architectuul.com/architecture/seagram-building https://seattleinspired.wordpress.com/2012/02/17/new-york-architectural-guide_0203/ http://corakora.blogspot.com/2013/02/seagram-building-mies-van-der-rohe-vs.html https://www.archaic-mag.com/magazine/classics-seagram-building-mies-van-der-rohe-philip-johnson https://interactive.wttw.com/tenbuildings/seagram-building KWWS MVDK XFSUHVV HGX FRQWHQW ÂżJXUHV RQO\
OVERALL BOOKLET REFERENCES IMAGES [FRONT COVER] PETKO STOEVSKI, http://www.evolo.us/competition/the-new-tower-of-babel/ [TABLE OF CONTENTS ELEVATIONS] http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/ [TABLE OF CONTENTS ELEVATION - PARNAS TOWER] https://www.archdaily.com/874819/parnas-tower-chang-jo-architects/59563213b22e3853680000fd-parnas-tower-chang-jo-architects-elevation [TABLE OF CONTENTS ELEVATION - SEAGRAM BUILDING] Perez, Adelyn. AD Classics: Seagram Building. ArchDaily, 10 May, 2010.
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