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3 ISSN 2506-8040 15 s eptember 2022 Brussels, Belgium Scientific Journal of the m odern e ducation & r esearch i nstitute
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 4 IN CooPEraTIoN wITH oUr MEMBErS:
5
i am happy to announce the publication of the XX issue of the s cientific journal of the modern e ducation & research institute!
When the media reports bad news on a global scale, how should we, as educators, respond to it? In a crisis situation, our students are maximally hurt and expect us to be the ones to take the first step in dis cussing the problem. However, even experienced educators can find it difficult to know what to do in a certain situation and what to say.
Our aim a few years ago was to offer researchers an easy and guaranteed possibility to publish the results of their important scientific work. Congratulations to all our authors and our great team for this grand success and may the Scientific Journal of the Modern Education & Research Institute reach great heights in the years to come!Theroad to success is not always straight and flat but also bumpy at times.
The crises of the past two years have affected all aspects of our lives. They have exposed the shortcom ings of the world’s national education systems and created an environment to which they have not been adapted.When the turbulence ends, a return to the status quo seems unlikely. It is therefore important today to draw the right conclusions, to learn as much as possible from the experience of recent years, and to master the new pedagogical methods and tools that will make it possible to adapt quickly to any crisis.
Let’s not forget that the role of an educator is to teach students how to think, not necessarily what to think. What to think may become obsolete in our fast-paced world, but how to think allows students to integrate and apply their knowledge to problems that arise. It can be helpful to bring up topics of real-life events and experiences in the context of what is currently being studied in a class.
It seemed just like yesterday that we started the journal and today our journal has completed 20 issues of success ful publication. It is indeed a matter of joy!
ekaterina tsaranok ModernDirector,Education & Research Institute
Whether it is an armed conflict, social unrest, or natural disaster, geopolitical challenges will impact our lives from time to time. As educators, we cannot control or address these challenges. When we create a culture of openness and discussion before a crisis strikes, we have a foundation that will sustain us through the storm.Iwish all our authors and readers to be excellent educators who know how to illuminate a soul with their light!
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 6
7. sarancha iryna
PROVISION OF SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SERVICES TO PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN WARTIME CONDITIONS: MAIN DIRECTIONS AND VinnytsiaDIF-FICULTIESM.Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University, Vinnytsia, Ukraine
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6. sabdenov K. o.
FORMATION OF COMPETITIVENESS OF STUDENTS IN THE EDUCATIONAL SPACE
3. dedok Viktoria
Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus 17
5. Kramarenko anna, amina Khoshanlo, aidan Berdybekova
1. altynbekova azel, amangeldi elebesov, huma Bibi, madi seitkali
2. Bilous oxana, hikmat Khairullin
International University of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan................................................................... 27
Kyrgyz National University named after Jusup Balasagyn, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan 20
THE NEW THERMODYNAMICS CYCLES WITH A REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTION IN PHYSICS COURSES
General education school of Zhanayesil village of the Department of Education for the Tselinograd District of the Administration of Education of Akmola Region Municipal State Institution; Agrotechnical College of Zhanayesil village, Tselinograd district under the Department of Education Akmola region, Kazakhstan 15
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan 30
THE PROBLEM OF SELF-UNDERSTANDING BY A MODERN PERSON (PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC.)
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 7
SPAIN AS ONE OF THE BEST STUDY DESTINATIONS
4. Kamchybek uulu myrzabek
L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; International University of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Abai Myrzakhmetov Kokshetau University, Kokshetau, Kazakhstan 9
THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM ON THE WORLD TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF COMPENSATORY PAYMENTS IN HIGH LATITUDE AREAS
11. tukhashvili tamar
L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; International University of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan 54
LATEST OUTLOOK ON STRENGTHENING DEBT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC International University of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Kyrgyz National University named after Jusup Balasagyn, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
THE ROLE OF THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM IN THE INTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION Sn. Andrew Georgian University, Georgia, Tbilisi 60
LET'S BREAK IT DOWN: STUDYING IN SWEDEN
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HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREECE: OPPURTUNITIES AND THREATS –CRITICAL L.N.GumilyovANALYSISEurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; International University of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; International Higher School of Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan; Abai Myrzakhmetov Kokshetau University, Kokshetau, Kazakhstan 43
8. shevtsova alyona, Wahab muhammad, fatima narmin, julia danilova, meerim moldalieva
10. tokzhanova aiymzhan, luiza akzholova, farkhan Babar, hayat rejab, manoj Yadav
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scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 8
9. sudyyeva nursulu
12. Zenina elena, iuliia l ipovich
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Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilyov; Higher School of State Science «Astana» International University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan 49
LABOR MIGRATION IN JAPAN: THE TRANSFORMATION OF MIGRATION POLICIES IN JAPAN
sPain as one of the Best studY destinations
Bibi Huma (huma3085khan@gmail.com)
altynbekova azel (aazelaltyn@gmail.com)
2. Numerous Spanish academic programs are recognized by the main international accreditation agencies. According to the international rankings as Times for Education – THE, QS World Uni versities Rankings and ARWU-Shanghai, Spanish universities are positioned among the best in the world by discipline [8].
a.Myrzakhmetov Kokshetau university, Kokshetau
The article is devoted to the higher education system of Spain. It covers the main ques tions concerning the reasons of choosing this country, credentials required to apply, interna tional programs, sources of funding, cost of living and studying.
elebesov amangeldi (elebesov98@mail.ru)
abstract
Seitkali Madi (madiseitkali@mail.ru)
l.n.Gumilyov eurasian national university, Nur-Sultan
introDuction
l.n.Gumilyov eurasian national university, Nur-Sultan
Spain is a country of great history and culture, landscapes and contrasts, a safe environment. It is a popular choice for students seeking high quality university education at a very reasonable price, especially due to the fact that this Western European country offers many study options for Bachelors, Masters and Doctorates. Therefore, it is not difficult to underline several reasons for choosing Spain as a country for obtaining higher education.
1. Higher education institutions in Spain are constantly dynamically developing, modernizing and adapting to the new challenges of a society.
international university of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek
3. Every year Spanish universities welcome thousands of students from universities worldwide to take part in their bachelor’s degree or master’s degree courses on their campus. Temporary stays can be carried out by agreement between universities, through an exchange program or based on an individual application.
i. reaSonS for cHooSinG tHiS Particular countrY for StuDYinG
Keywords: Spain, higher education, university, visa, grants, scholarships, programs.
4. The Autonomous University of Barcelona is a leading university providing quality teaching in a wide variety of courses that meet the needs of society and are adapted to the new models of the Europe of Knowledge.
Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain is a Doctor of Physical Sciences who is known for his research into quantum computing and quantum optics within quantum theory and theoretical physics [7].
Federico Jorge Jiménez Losantos is a Spanish radio presenter and right-wing pundit, being most known for his successful radio talk show «Es la mañana de Federico». He graduated with doctorate in Spanish philology [1].
1. First cycle studies (bachelor’s): It is requested to prove level of English and/or Spanish. In some cases, there are requirements to take additional qualifying courses and/or pass specific exams at the institution of choice in order to meet the eligibility criteria.
3. Considered to be one of the oldest universities in the world, the roots of Complutense University of Madrid date back to the 13th century, when Sancho IV of Castile granted a license to establish what was formerly known as a ‘General School of Study’ in the city of Alcalá. Courses in the university are divided into a number of science faculties including media and communication science, teach ing and learning science, and computer science [13].
ii. tHe MoSt PoPular uniVerSitieS anD tHeir faMouS GraDuateS
3. Language requirements. According to Spanish regulations regarding access to university studies, no specific certificates are required to prove knowledge of Spanish. In general, students can prove their level of command of Spanish by presenting the results received at the DELE test, by present ing the results from school studies or any other studies.
Maria Carme Forcadell i Lluís graduated with licentiate and is known as a Spanish politician from Catalonia, the former President of the Parliament of Catalonia, as well as a Catalan high school teacher, known for her Catalan independence activism [5].
4. In the absence of knowledge of Spanish language, some universities provide English-oriented pro grams for international students [10].
If a study program or course is taught in English, students will be required to prove level of com mand of English. In general, higher education institutions in Europe request student to have a level of command of the language of instruction equivalent to a B2 level according to the scale as described by the European language passport [4].
2. The Autonomous University of Madrid is a public university that combines quality teaching, inten sive research and high job placement with a firm social commitment, being a benchmark in these areas, according to various global indicators. In the QS World University Rankings 2021 , UAM ranks for the second consecutive year among the top 200 universities in the world. Felipe VI or Philip VI is the King of Spain, who graduated with law in this university [5].
iii. creDentialS reQuireD to aPPlY to SPaniSH uniVerSitieS
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 10
2. Second cycle studies (master’s). In the past, international students from outside Europe were re quired to pass the Spanish university entrance examination called «Selectividad». However, this exam is no longer required and students are able to apply for any Spanish higher education institu tion provided they meet the eligibility criteria.
1. The University of Barcelona offers training that emphasizes quality and innovation above all. The main national and international rankings place the University of Barcelona among the two hun dred best in the world and as the best in the country [9].
The required documents required for a Student Visa are: 2 completed Schengen Visa application forms; passport (valid until the end of your stay); ID Card (could be driver’s license of national ID card if appli cable); current student ID; 2 recent passport photos (one for each application form); letter of acceptance from the course provider; health insurance; proof of sufficient funds to cover stay.
1. ERASMUS is an academic mobility program covering all European countries, as well as the UK, Russia, Turkey, African countries and other countries. The goals of the ERASMUS program are the strengthening of international relations between educational institutions, as well as the cultural, educational and linguistic development of students and teachers.
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Grants or scholarships for students in Europe are different, but their essence boils down to one thing –they are financial assistance to pay for tuition. Worthy to receive such assistance, as a rule, are determined on a competitive basis. Winners can pay both all expenses (tuition, rent, food, medical insurance, student visa, travel), and only part of them (for example, education). The difference between a grant and a scholar ship is that the scholarship is usually paid monthly rather than all at once.
• Student Permit for less than 3 months (90 days)
• Long-term Student Visa for more than 6 months
• Short-term Student Visa visa for between 3 and 6 months
iV. tHe ProceDure for oBtaininG a StuDent ViSa
2. The Tempus program supports the processes of modernization and innovation of higher education and creates a platform for cooperation between the countries surrounding the European Union. Now, cooperation includes 27 countries of Eastern Europe, Western Balkans, Central Asia, North Africa and the Middle East.
A student visa to Spain allows to study or train, participate in a student exchange or work as an unpaid intern in Spain for more than three months. EU and Swiss citizens can freely travel to Spain to study with out aApplicantsvisa. must be offered a place on a course prior to applying for a student visa to Spain. The visa application must be submitted two to three months before traveling to Spain to give you enough time to process your visa. The exact documentation required varies depending on the consulate, the individual’s circumstances, and the course the applicant wants to take [11].
2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation and Spanish Agency for International Cooperation. Scholarships are awarded annually on a competitive basis under the MAEC-AECI Scholarship Program (Programas de Becas MAEC-AECI). These scholarships are intended only for those foreigners who have already entered the programs of various cycles of education in Spanish universities.
There are 3 types of student visa:
V. international ProGraMS
If you are already a university student in your home country, you have a chance to take part in a variety of exchange programs that are organized on the initiative of the universities themselves or under the aus pices of various European funds and organizations.
1. Often the universities themselves are sources of information about the possibilities of financing their students. Universities, business schools and other types of educational institutions very often have bilateral agreements with various foundations, ministries, organizations and financial institu tions that offer scholarship programs.
Vi. SourceS of funDinG aVailaBle for international StuDentS
advantages:
1. Security. Although violent robberies have been increasing in recent years, Spain remains one of the safest countries to live in Europe and the world, as indicated by OECD and Eurostat reports.
Vii. aDVantaGeS anD DiSaDVantaGeS of liVinG in tHiS countrY
2. Good weather. The weather in Spain is very good in most cities, with long, hot summers and short, mild winters.
Disadvantages:
Viii. tHe coSt of liVinG anD StuDYinG
Tuition fees in Spain are among the lowest in Europe. The tuition fees for Bachelor programmes range from 750 EUR to 2,500 EUR per year, and tuition fees for Master programmes are around 1,000 to 3,500 EUR per year – making Spain a cheap destination for international students. Private universities set their own fees, which can be as high as 20,000 EUR per year.
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5. International organizations, foundations, research institutes, as well as banks. The latter provide both scholarship programs and student loan programs. So do not be lazy and contact all the larg est banks in Spain, for example, such as Santander, la Caixa, Caixa Catalunya – they are one of the richest banks in Europe.
4. Public health quality. In an official WHO report, Spain ranks seventh in the ranking of countries with the best public health in the world, above Australia and Japan. Spain in particular fare well in terms of quality of care, equity and affordability of health services.
3. Mediterranean diet. Another of the great advantages of living in Spain is its gastronomy, here peo ple can eat food rich in flavour, healthy and at a more than reasonable price.
1. High level of unemployment. The high rate of unemployment is one of the main problems for young people and immigrants who want to work in the country.
3. Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports. This Ministry finances both cultural and schol arship exchange programs and awards grants and scholarships to study at Spanish universities. All information is available in the section for foreign citizens on the official website of the ministry: www.mecd.gob.es.
The cost of living in Spain varies by location, but in general it is easy to live well in Spain on a student budget. Food is cheap and high quality and there are many inexpensive fashionable clothing shops. How ever, it can be expensive to find accommodation in large cities like Madrid and Barcelona. If you are on a very tight budget, you could consider cheaper cities such as Valencia or Seville. And remember, public transport in Spain is efficient and cheap, so you will be able to experience everything the country has to of fer no matter where you choose to base your studies [12].
4. Governments and various provincial ministries. These scholarship programs are designed for stu dents only from those educational institutions that are territorially and legally part of each indi vidual province. All information, as a rule, is posted on official websites, and competitions are held once a year.
2. Priority to European citizens. Due to the agreements reached within the European Union member states, the country gives more priority to European migrants [14].
«The topic of higher education in Europe is very popular, especially for foreign students. As we all know, now, most students prefer to study in Europe because of the opportunities it provides to people. Ev ery country in the EU has its own best universities and faculties that are in demand.
2. Public transportation is quite comprehensive and useful in Spain. It is available through trains, buses, and taxis. Spanish cities like Barcelona, Madrid, and Bilbao have their own metro systems, while other cities have trams that run on a street level. Each municipality or urban area in Spain has its own bus routes within the area, so traveling by bus is also an affordable option within the city.
In conclusion, studying in Spain is one of the most attractive options when looking for a destination for students due to the prestigious universities, a universal language. Most importantly, Spanish universities are public and accessible, being ranked in the best positions worldwide.
3. Accommodation in Spain for international students is offered in various forms, including student halls of residence, which are an excellent option for students who want something affordable and close to the campus. Other accommodation forms include flatshares (sharing an apartment with roommates) or living with host families [6].
Xi. Practical iSSueS of StuDYinG aBroaD
When choosing a university, I considered different countries: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Czech Re public, Spain, and so on. My choice fell on Spain, as it offers a range of specialties and faculties, along with this, there is a variety of universities and business schools in Spain, where you can also get higher education in business management, management, sports management, and others.
2. Spain,tuitioning-in-spain/https://www.studying-in-spain.com/plan-your-studies/frequently-asked-questions-about-study–Thispageprovidesanswersforthemostimportantquestions,whetherrelatedtofees,livingcosts,accommodationandothers.Therearealsosectionsaboutthemovingtolivingthere,thelistoftopuniversities.
I recommend considering Spain as a place for higher education, because it is a country that is gradu ally moving from a traditional educational system to a modern digital one», – A.Daurova.
1. mostyoutube.com/watch?v=PPKYkj-6BjA&ab_channel=HablaMananahttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29YxBSFJ5Dc&ab_channel=ValPati%C3%B1o,https://www.–thesetwovideosanswertheimportantquestionsrelatedtolivinginSpainandSpanishuniversities.
I really like studying in Spain because the program corresponds to ECTS (European Credit System). Also studying at the Faculty of Sports Management, my university provides an opportunity to complete an internship in sports organizations in Spain. By this I want to say that most Spanish universities strive for a balance between practice and theory, and in addition to this, my university is gradually introducing subjects that are aimed at and related to digitalization. I think this is quite important in the modern world, as the system in the corporate environment, the way of life of people changes every year, and it also affects other aspects of society.
X. feeDBacK froM StuDent StuDYinG in SPain
iX. uSeful linKS, MaterialS anD reSourceS
1. Work in Spain as an International Student. As an international student with a student visa, you can only work in Spain for 20 hours per week, meaning you can only find part-time employment.
Xii. concluSion
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Frequently Asked Questions About Studying in Spain. URL: https://www.studying-in-spain.com/6. Notableplan-your-studies/frequently-asked-questions-about-studying-in-spain/Alumni.ComplutenseUniversityofMadrid.URL:https://www.ucm.es/english/notable-7.
QSalumniWorld University Rankings 2022. URL: https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/8. Razonesworld-university-rankings/2022paraestudiarenlaUB. URL: https://www.ub.edu/web/portal/es/aprende/porque-la-ub/9. Serviciorazones-para-estudiar-en-la-ub/EspañolparalaInternacionalización de la Educación. URL: ¿Por qué estudiar en España?10. Spainhttp://www.sepie.es/internacionalizacion/estudiar.htmlStudentVisa.URL:https://www.spainvisa.eu/visa-types/student-visa-spain11.
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 14
100 Notable alumni of University of Barcelona. EduRank. URL: https://edurank.org/uni/university-1. 100of-barcelona/alumni/Notablealumniof Autonomous University of Barcelona. EduRank. URL: https://edurank.org/2. Aboutuni/autonomous-university-of-barcelona/alumni/theUAB.UniversitatAutònomadeBarcelona. URL: https://www.uab.cat/web/universitat-3. Admissionautonoma-de-barcelona-1345467954774.htmlrequirementsforstudiesatuniversity in Spain. URL: https://www.studyineurope.eu/4. Conocestudy-in-spain/admission-requirementslaUAM.URL:https://www.uam.es/uam/conoce-la-uam5.
Study in Spain. URL: https://www.study.eu/country/spain12. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. URL: https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/com13. Vivirplutense-university-madridenEspaña.URL:https://vivirenn.com/vivir-en-espana/#Ventajas14.
references
General education school of Zhanayesil village of the Department of education for the tselinograd District of the administration of education of akmola region Municipal State institution
Bilous oxana nurullovna (pgyurza@mail.ru)
In conditions of updating the content of education system of the Republic of Kazakh stan, issues of attracting all possible directions to facilitate the formation of a competitive personality of the student become topical.
formation of com Petiti V eness of students in the educational sPace
Khairullin Hikmat nurullovich, teacher of special disciplines «agrotechnical college of Zhanayesil village»
tselinograd district under the Department of education akmola region, Kazakhstan
Keyword: social role, activation of the social attitude; collaboration; updating methods and approach of collaboration.
The rapid transformations of the modern world, the increasing pace of economic and scientific and technological development, raise questions of social relations in a new way, determine the social order for the activities of the education system that provides training for graduates, the formation of a personality capable of successfully acting, making responsible decisions, taking responsibility for themselves and so ciety as a whole. The educational environment is the main social institution, through which it is necessary to carry out controlled socialization of young people, prepare them for solving strategic tasks of socio— economic development, and form competitiveness skills. Education, as a significant mechanism of culture, is the leading source of formation in the younger generation of a level of social maturity sufficient to ensure the autonomy of the individual, its independence in solving personally significant problems in various spheres of life, and also contributes to the development of the basic culture of the individual, through suc cessful socialization at the earliest stages of the formation of the personality of a citizen of society [1, p. 90]. The socialization of a person is a set of patterns and norms of behavior, material and spiritual values, knowledge, significant and implemented in practice. Thus, the relationship between successful socialization and competitiveness as the main social needs of a student, pupil, graduate is clearly indicated. In modern science, the specifics of human social needs are considered by A.T. Zaslavskaya, I.S. Kon, A.K. Uledov. Within the framework of the concept of life strategies of personality, Yu.M. Reznik, E.A. Smirnov are in vestigating. The research of O.I. Volzhina, I.F.Dementieva, P.M. Rakhimova is devoted to the problems of socialization and adaptation. Psychology considers self-realization as an objective need of an organism in certain environmental conditions that ensure its life and development (B.C. Merlin, S.L. Rubinstein). At the same time, trends in the cultural development of modernity carry such positive changes as the creation of favorable conditions for an expanded dialogue of cultures, the formation of tolerance, the growth of infor mation and educational resources [2, p. 73]. Thus, there was a need for psychological education of the younger generations in the educational space. Education is supposed
abstract
2. «Phoenix», Rostov–on–Don, 2006 [2, p. 73].
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 16
to be the mechanisms and result of students’ assimilation of knowledge, development of skills and abilities, education of feelings of reasonable social behavior, personal success and competitiveness. The mechanisms of formation of a competitive personality are the inculcation of socially significant values, the acquisition of knowledge, norms and patterns of behavior, the understanding of a reasonable combination of material and spiritual, which corresponds to the mentality through a purposeful, systematic pedagogical process. The foundations of the formation of personality culture, as one of the aspects of a person’s social culture, is a reflection of the transition to a personality-oriented education, which ensures the unity and connection of the socio-cultural space and the developing personality. Competitiveness in the educational space is the basis of ideas about the interrelationships of the phenomena of social life, experience and moral and value motivation of activity, allowing the individual to self–identify and self-actualize, adapt and integrate into existing and projected social conditions, taking into account the moral and moral attitudes of society. Edu cation today is identified as one of the primary mechanisms in solving numerous problems, including those of a global nature. The modern education system bears a certain responsibility to society and the state. It is very difficult to change the norms learned by a person in his youth, the personality develops and is formed in activity. All components of the system under consideration are closely interrelated and interdependent, and their optimal implementation in a holistic pedagogical process contributes to achieving the result – in creasing the competitiveness of the graduate, allowing him to fully realize himself in life.
1. Galkina T.I., N.V. Sukhenko. Organization and content of methodical work in a modern school.
references
Ovcharova R.V. Practical psychology of education. Moscow, 2003 [1, p. 90].
Dedok V.M. (viktoria_dedok@yahoo.com)
abstract
Keywords: tourism and hospitality industry, hotel sector, international terrorism
When considering the tourism industry, it can be argued that it is a rather unstable part of economic relations, especially when it is affected by various crisis manifestations: economic downturn, destabilization in society or terrorism. The sphere of economic activity under consideration reacts to any changes quite quickly, various factors can serve as the consequences of such changes, while tourist demand becomes less stable, but it is important to note that it never fades, and recovery occurs faster than in other industries.
the im Pact of international terrorism on the World tourism and hosPitalit Y industrY
The contribution of tourism to GDP for many countries is so important that any downturn in the industry causes serious concern to the government. The effects of these changes are also felt in many other tourism-related industries, in particular in the aviation industry, hotel and restaurant business, as well as trade. The following examples serve as a justification for the fact that states lose most of their income from a decrease in tourist flows due to terrorist attacks: after the attacks in 2002 on Bali (Indonesia), the tourist flow has been very slowly recovering for 5 years. Hotel occupancy rates on the island decreased to 9% in the months following the attacks, compared with 68% before the bombings. As for Kenya, which annually earned about 500 million USD from tourists, after a series of terrorist attacks and the outflow of tourists, the losses of the tourism industry amounted to more than 1 million USD per day [1].
According to the results of many studies of the phenomenon of terrorism and its impact on various sectors of the economy, it is known that developed countries overcome the economic decline following the terrorist attacks much faster than poor developing countries. For example, in seven developed countries of the Asia-Pacific macro-region in 1980-2005, the effect of terrorist attacks was close to zero, whereas in 35 developing countries, one terrorist attack per million inhabitants ensured an economic decline of 1.4% [2]. This is due to the fact that the economies of developing countries are highly dependent on the inflow of foreign investment, which in turn are subject to changes due to the political instability of developing countries. At the same time, the economy begins to react much more seriously to terrorist attacks at the moment when their occurrence is marked by constancy.
The article provides a brief overview of the impact of international terrorism on the world tourism and hospitality industry; it is concluded that the tourism and hospitality in dustry is most affected by terrorist attacks, this affects both the decline in tourist flows and the amount of income from tourism activities; that developed countries cope with the eco nomic consequences of terrorist attacks much faster than the poor developing countries.
Belarusian State university, Minsk city, Belarus
The explosions that occurred on the railway in Madrid (Spain) in 2004 did not affect the Spanish economy – the GDP indicator grew by 2.6% in 2004 and by 3.5% in 2005. At the same time, the constant tension in the Basque Country, which provoked dozens of terrorist attacks in the 1970s and 1990s, reduced Spain’s GDP, according to experts, by at least 10% [3]. The explosions in London (UK) in 2005 also did not have a serious impact on the British economy (growth was 1.9% in 2005 and 2.8% in 2006), on the other hand, decades of terror in Northern Ireland have made this territory one and a half times poorer than the UK. As practice shows, the absence of large-scale terrorist attacks for several years serves as a sufficient argument for investors when deciding to invest their capital in developed countries, which in the long term entails an increase in the number of arrivals and income from tourism [4]. Thus, it can be argued that isolated terrorist attacks cause short-term crises in economic relations, the local population restricts its activities for several days or weeks, while tourists need more time to make sure that the destination is safe. Consequently, the consumption of goods and services is transferred and demand moves from one period to another.
Every year, The Institute for Economics and Peace compiles the Global Terrorism Index for all countries, which measures the level of terrorist activity taking into account such indicators as the number of terrorist acts, the number of human victims, the number of wounded and the level of material damage.
Despite the examples of quite rapid stabilization of the economies of developed countries, it must be emphasized that any terrorist act significantly changes the travelers’ perception of the destination, creating an appearance of insecurity. As an example, we can consider the tourist image of France – more than 80 million people from all over the world come to this country every year, the tourism sector in this country accounts for 7% of GDP – about 196 billion US dollars. In May 2016, after the terrorist attacks committed in Paris, the number of tourists from Russia tripled, from Japan – by 56% and from China – by 14%. Experts estimate France’s losses due to this terrorist attack at 3 billion USD [5]. At the same time, in November 2015, the shares of the French hotel chain «Accor» fell by 7%; the airline «Air France» – by 6.5%; the Paris airports «Charles de Gaulle» and «Orly» – by more than 4%. [6].
In connection with terrorist attacks, states pursue their own policies. They encourage the responsible authorities to take a number of measures to control and ensure a high level of security
In 2001, after the terrorist attacks in September, the passenger turnover of the airports of New York (USA) decreased by 16%, in general, the global aviation industry was characterized by a decline in passenger traffic by 3.8%, but already in 2004, air traffic figures in the United States exceeded the indicator of 2000. If we consider the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in New York, which claimed the lives of 3 thousand people, according to experts, the state’s economy lost about 80 billion USD as a result of the terrorist attacks, including 237 thousand jobs in the tourism sector [7].
It should be noted that there are countries whose economies suffer much more from terrorism, especially if these countries are heavily dependent on international tourism and its contribution to GDP. In such cases, tourists prefer to choose other destinations that are presented as safe and protected from external threats. An example is Egypt, whose tourism industry has long been one of the most important and highly profitable sectors of the economy. The number of international arrivals per year in this country totaled 3-4 million. However, the terrorist attacks that occurred in 1994 and in 1997 led to a serious decline in tourist activity, as travelers began to choose destinations such as Tunisia, the UAE, Thailand, etc. According to information from representatives of the Egyptian tourism sector, indirect losses from a decrease in the number of international arrivals reached 50-70 billion USD [8]. After a while, the tourism industry in Egypt stabilized, tourist flows became regular again and the entire tourist business of the country began to rise. But the events in October 2015, when the crash of a Russian airliner heading from Egypt to St. Petersburg occurred, led to another sharp reduction in the number of vacationers in this country (more than 80%), and economic losses amounted to about 4 million USD daily [6].
Speaking about the impact of terrorism on international tourism and hospitality industry, it is necessary to note a country like Syria, which was considered one of the safest until 2011. In 2010, almost 8.5 million tourists visited Syria, tourism revenues amounted to 15% of GDP, 13% of the population worked in the industry. However, already in 2012, tourism revenues decreased significantly. Direct and indirect losses as of 2019 are estimated at 584 million USD per year [9]. As a result of terrorist attacks in Palmyra (Syria), the two-thousand-year-old triumphal arch was completely destroyed, the Tomb of Imam Aun al-Di of the 13th century was destroyed, the ancient city of Khorsabad was destroyed, many museums were looted, ancient monuments were blown up.
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 18
Жилинаreferativnyy-obzorhttps://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/2017-03-008-017-ekonomicheskie-posledstviya-terrorizma-доступа:–Датадоступа:11.02.2022.И.Ю.Экономическиеаспектысовременноготерроризма//РСМ.2018.№1(98).
Lin Y. C. The economic impact in the US hotel industry after the terrorist attacks on September7. 11, 2001. [Electronic Recourse]. – 2003. – Mode of access: https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/ sequence=1.handle/1793/40941/2003liny.pdf?–Dateofaccess:16.01.2022.8Baker,DavidMc.A.TheEffectsofTerrorism
– Mode of access: http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2018/12/Global-Terrorism-Index-2018. pdf – Date of access: 15.02.2022.
references
for the civilian population and tourists. This measure may be temporary or permanent, depending on theThus,situation.theconsidered statistical data once again prove the fact that the tourism and hospitality industry is most affected by terrorist attacks, this is reflected both in the decrease in tourist flows and in the amount of income from tourist activities. Developed countries are coping with the economic consequences of terrorist attacks much faster than poor developing countries. If a terrorist attack occurred in a fairly safe country, then the decline in the main indicators is observed only for several months, after that the tourism industry is recovering and continues its development. At the same time, countries whose economic stability depends more on tourism feel the decline much more strongly: the image of the destination is deteriorating, tourists are switching to other destinations; in addition to tourist income and arrivals, a large number of the population is losing jobs, which reduces their standard of living and leads to serious social problems.
on the Travel and Tourism Industry // International
1. гостеприимство. №1. [Электронный ресурс]. – 2018. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/mezhdunarodnyy-terrorizm-kak-faktor-riskadlya-turizma. – Дата доступа: 25.02.2022. Gaibulloev, Khusrav and Sandler, Todd. «The Impact of Terrorism and Conflicts on Growth in Asia»
– Mode of access: affects-the-economy/.https://sevendaynews.com/2016/03/30/a-disease-of-the-poor-how-terrorism-–Dateofaccess:19.02.2022.ImpactsofterrorismonU.K.hotelperformance//STR[ElectronicRecourse].–2019.–Mode
«The Economic Costs of Conflict: A Case Study of Basque
4. of access: https://str.com/article/impacts-terrorism-uk-hotel-performance. – Date of access: Минервин16.04.2022. И.Г. Экономические последствия терроризма. // Социальные и гуманитарные науки:5. Отечественная и зарубежная литература [Электронный ресурс]. – 2017. – Режим 6. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/ekonomicheskieaspekty-sovremennogo-terrorizma. – Дата доступа: 27.02.2022.
8. Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage [Electronic Recourse]. – 2014. – Mode of access: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol2/iss1/9. – Date of access: 11.01.2022. Global terrorism index 2018: Measuring the impact of terrorism, Sydney // Institute for Economics9. & Peace. [Electronic Recourse]. – 2018.
2. // Tomorrow´s Research Today [Electronic Recourse]. – 2009. – Mode of access: https://papers.ssrn. 1484313.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=–Dateofaccess:15.02.2022.3.Abadie,AlbertoandGardeazabal,Javier.
Заварика Г.М. Международный терроризм как фактор риска для туризма // Туризм и
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3. Country» [Electronic Recourse]. – 2016.
the ProBlem of self- understandinG
BY a modern Person (P sYcholo G ical analYsis on the e X am Ple of the KY rGYZ re P u Blic )
On the other hand, in the era of constant social transformations, the problem of developing selfunderstanding of one’s personal and social identity begins to require a fundamentally new scientific understanding, taking into account the concept of «time» and the constantly changing social space as an «environment» of existence, assuming a variety of potential identities («possible selves»), that is, our imaginary ideas about who we can become in the future, taking into account
The problem of a modern person’s self-understanding of his personal and social identity has great practical and conceptual significance for many scientific disciplines, primarily such as: sociology, social psychology, personality psychology, etc. At the present stage of society’s development, in the conditions of rapid changes in political, economic, cultural, sociological, value-semantic foundations of life and development, there is often a destabilization of the foundations of self-understanding of their personal and social identity, especially among young people living in states that have relatively recently gained their independence, for example, former Soviet republics, such as The Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic. In this regard, it is becoming more and more frequent, on the one hand, that a person turns to his historical and cultural roots, namely religion, ethnic values, history and traditions of an ethnic group to strengthen the independence and unity of his young state, to strengthen his sovereign image in the world space.
Kamchybek uulu Myrzabek, candidate of Psychological Sciences, associate Professor, Dean of the faculty of Social and Humanitarian Sciences ( myrza.kamchybekov@gmail.com)
Kyrgyz national university named after Jusup Balasagyn, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Keywords: self-knowledge, self-search, self-development, personality, socialization, identity.
20
abstract
This article presents the results of a study of cultural and family socialization, which is certainly important for revealing the topic of self-understanding through the study of par ents who lived in the Soviet period and their socialization. The study interviewed only adults of different age groups, including people who lived for a long time in the Kyrgyz Republic, which is part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and including a generation of young people who were born after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of Kyr gyzstan. Thus, the temporal aspect and the aspect of cultural - family socialization were stud ied, which is certainly important for revealing the topic of self-understanding, namely, not through the study of parents and their teenage children, but due to the inclusion in a group of adults of different ages with different experiences of living under the socialist regime, which has a significant impact on both cultural and family socialization of Kyrgyz.
Analyzing such conflicts, it should be noted that the threat of destruction of the habitual way of life, material and spiritual culture, etc. causes opposition from the ethnic community or its individual representative, since the rejection of habitual values gives him a feeling of second-rate. An ethnic group or an individual representative of an ethnic group may feel discriminated against on spiritual indicators (they oppress religion, restrict the use of language, do not respect customs and traditions), which is very likely to become (and is becoming) the cause of both ethnic conflicts and problems of religiosity, ethnonational identity, self-alienation, self-identity, self-reflection, self-understanding, which in turn leads to the spread of nationalist ideology, xenophobia, intolerance and extremism in relation to «alien ethnic groups».Unfortunately, the waves of such conflicts and contradictions on national grounds are only getting worse at the moment, both within relatively young sovereign states and sometimes between former allied republics.Inthis regard, the problem of developing a modern person’s self-understanding of his personal and social identity, namely, on the one hand, the value-semantic aspect of his life, self-reflection, self-identity, his motives, goals, actions, «I-Concept» and religious and political behavior, on the other hand, attitudes and attitudes, is of particular relevance. to their own and other people’s groups, which contributes to the successful formation of tolerance, sympathy for other people’s groups, self-understanding of their ethnic group, mutual understanding between different peoples living in the same country, so it is outside of it.
In the XXI century, in the era of globalization and diversity of cultures, the modern world is faced with a phenomenon called by scientists the «ethnic paradox of modernity», which is clearly manifested in the «combination of incongruous»: the coexistence of globalization processes simultaneously with increased attention and interest in national customs and traditions of ethnic community, which manifests itself in the strengthening of ethnic feelings, increasing interest towards national history and culture, strengthening the significance of ethnic differences in language, religion, norms, values, customs, traditions, stereotypes, national symbols, ways of thinking and behavior of people.
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 21
globalization and the transformation of society. It is the «Possible Selves» that have a motivating function and are both changeable and stable, and their specific content can be constantly revised, having a direct impact on the self-understanding of modern man.
Therefore, the problem of self-understanding of a separate ethnic group, a separate nation in the context of globalization and national differentiation is of increasing interest to theorists and practitioners, and the topic of global identity is becoming more and more relevant. In the post-Soviet space, this problem has acquired a special urgency at the moment, due to the different attitude of the younger and older generation to the modern development of the former Soviet republics, largely due to internal and external conflicts of interests of the former Soviet republics, whose ethnic composition has remained international.
In this regard, our research is devoted to the development of a theoretical and methodological model for the development of self-understanding by a modern person of his personal and social identity, finding a balance between personal and social identities in the ethno-cultural conditions of a young sovereign state, using the example of the Kyrgyz Republic (KR).
At the same time, most ideologies formed in the past insisted that interethnic contradictions should become a thing of the past under the influence of the internationalization of the economy and culture, for example, in the context of our work, such an ideology was the policy of the USSR towards the Kyrgyz Republic, when any manifestation of interest in the national customs and traditions of the ethnic community of the Kyrgyz was suppressed. Here I would like to immediately note the ideological context of the gradual reduction of the autonomy of Kyrgyzstan, which is clearly seen in the change of the name of the Republic, namely, according to the national-territorial delimitation of the Soviet republics of Central Asia, on October 14, 1924, the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Region was first formed (since May 25, 1925, renamed the Kirghiz Autonomous Region) – an autonomous region within the RSFSR, which on February 1, 1926 was transformed into the Kyrgyz ASSR, and on December 5, 1936 – into the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic, which existed until August 31, 1991. At the same time, following the history, it should be noted that already in 1864, tsarist Russia began the subjugation of the West Turkestan territories, which was completed by 1876 (that is, Kyrgyzstan was historically under Russian rule from 1864 to 1991, almost 130 years, compared with 30 years of independence). But the reverse process, of course, was also inevitable in Kyrgyzstan – there was an increase in contradictions and conflicts, waves of sovereignty of ethno-national groups.
By social status: student – 28.3%, civil servant – 53.5%, entrepreneur – 11.8%, unemployed – 6.4%. By religion: Islam – 93.0%, Orthodoxy – 1.0%, other religion – 1.0%, none – 5.0%. Religion of children: Islam –90.9%, Orthodoxy – 8.6%, none – 0.4%. At the same time, the coincidence with the religion of the parents: 87.9% of respondents – coincides, 12.1% – does not coincide.
The study used the adapted and modified into Russian questionnaire of «Personal and social Identity» of OLSI (FPSI-K). Author and developer of the FPSI-K questionnaire (Fragebogen zur Personalen und Sozialen Identität – Kurzform für Erwachsene, 2004): Prof. Dr. W. Schmidt-Denter (Psychological Institute of the University of Cologne, Germany).
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 22
In the first part of our study, the structural model of self-understanding of the personal and social identity of the titular ethnic group of Kyrgyzstan was studied as a whole. The study was conducted in Kyrgyzstan, in the cities of Bishkek, Naryn, villages in January-July 2019. In total, 315 representatives of the titular ethnic group of Kyrgyzstan took part in the study, the average age of the study participants was 39 years and 1 month, Kyrgyz people from 17 to 81 years participated in the study (subsequently, the study sample was divided into three age groups: 1 group: 109 people from 17 to 25 years old, group 2: 106 people from 30 to 49 years old, group 3: 100 people from 50 years and older.
In general, the relevance of the research problem is due to the need for scientific understanding of phenomenology and identification of patterns of self-understanding by a modern person of his personal and social identity, finding a balance between them in the new ethno-cultural conditions of a young sovereign state: representatives of the titular ethnic group and representatives of non-titular ethnic groups, young and older generations of titular and non-titular ethnic groups (representatives of various ethnic groups living in the territories of the young sovereign state of Kyrgyzstan in the post-Soviet period).
By marital status: single – 118 (37.5%), married/cohabiting – 171 (54.3%), separated – 1 (0.3%), divorced/ divorced – 10 (3.2%), widower/widow – 15 (4.7%). By the presence of children: 116 (36.9%) – there are no children, 199 (63.1%) – there are children, of which 56.6% are children living with their parents, 43.4% are living
Structural components of self-understanding of personal identity: «I am Reflexive» (self-awareness, self-criticism, identity style), «I am Real» (self-assessment, I am a concept, control of beliefs), «I am Acting» (political behavior and religious behavior) and «I am Ideal» (common values and the value of work).
The structural components of self-understanding of social identity are divided into «a sense of belonging to groups»: «identification with a place, country, etc.», «national pride», «attitude to one’s own nation» and «attitude to the EAEU»; «Attitudes towards foreign groups»: «sympathy for other countries», «tolerance», «xenophobia/filia».Let’smoveonto the results of the study. At the beginning, we will characterize the results of diagnostics of self-understanding of personal identity among representatives of the Kyrgyz ethnic group according to its four structural indicators: «I am Reflexive», «I am Real», «I am Acting» and «I am Ideal».
Byseparately.placeofresidence: 100 (31.7%) of respondents live in rural areas, 104 (33.0%) – in the city, 111 (35.2%) – in a large city. By family income: less than 5,000 Kyrgyz som – 5.1%, from 5,000 to 10,000 – 32.5%, from 10,000 to 22,000 – 27.3%, from 22,000 to 28,000 – 14.1%, from 28,000 to 33,000 – 9.3%, from 33,000 and above – 11.6%.
Byseparately.maritalstatus: single – 118 (37.5%), married/cohabiting – 171 (54.3%), separated – 1 (0.3%), divorced/ divorced – 10 (3.2%), widower/widow – 15 (4.7%). By the presence of children: 116 (36.9%) – there are no children, 199 (63.1%) – there are children, of which 56.6% are children living with their parents, 43.4% are living
Let’s describe in more detail the sample of the study: men – 104 people (33.02%), women – 211 people (66.98%). Having siblings: 280 people (88.9%) have siblings, 35 people (11.1%) do not have siblings. According to the level of education received: 228 (72.4%) respondents – higher education, 42 (13.3%) –secondary vocational education, 45 (14.3%) – full secondary school.
Emotioncontrol:control 9,79
As can be seen from Table 2, self-esteem is characterized by an average level of severity, with a tendency to lower than average self-esteem (30 points is the maximum possible result). I am a concept: according to the indicator of professional ambitions – the average level of severity (max= 30 points), according to the indicator of psychosomatic complaints – the average level, with a tendency to below average (max= 25 points), that is, most respondents experience psychosomatic complaints not often (several times a year or several times a month). Depression is also expressed at a level below average (max =80 points). Belief control: emotion control is expressed at an average level (max=15 points), the ability to insist on one’s own is expressed at an average level with a tendency to an above–average level (max=15 points), social abilities are expressed at an average level (max=20 points).
Self-criticism 15,97
The ability to insist on your own 11,38
Information Identity Style 34,51
Personal attention itself 9,95
Norm-oriented identity style 24,52
Public self-attention 9,35
Self-attention (sum) 19,31
indicators of «i am a reflexive» self-understanding of personal identity average value
Psychosomatic complaints 12,60
Depression 35,89
Social abilities 11,77
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Diffuse identity style 21,29
Table 1. results of the diagnosis of «i am reflexive» of the titular ethnic group of Kyrgyzstan according to the olSi questionnaire (average values)
Self-assessment 20,16
indicators of «i am real» self-understanding of personal identity average value
As can be seen from the average values from Table 1, both personal and public attention itself (the maximum score for each indicator is 15) is expressed at an average level. Self-criticism is also expressed at an average level (15.97 points is the average value out of a possible 25 points). Of the identity styles, the informational style prevails, followed by the norm-oriented identity style, the diffuse identity style is least pronounced in comparison with others.
Table 2. results of the diagnosis of «i am real» of the titular ethnic group of Kyrgyzstan according to the olSi questionnaire (average values)
I am the Professionalconcept:ambitions 22,26
Belief
I am a member of a religious group 1,6%
On big holidays I attend a religious service 5,4%
indicators of «i acting» self-understanding of personal identity average value
Political behavior (obtaining information) 13,38
Not important 12,6%
I pray constantly 34,5%
Bir Bol 3,5%
Rather not important 6,8%
Other 10,2%
Another 48,6%
Religious behavior (importance of religion) (in %)
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Religious behavior (activity) (in %)
Is very important 38,5%
None of this 41,3%
Kyrgyzstan 4,8%
I regularly attend religious services 2,2%
Partially important 19,1%
I take on responsibilities in my religious group 4,8%
Table 3. results of the diagnosis of «i am acting» of the titular ethnic group of Kyrgyzstan according to the olSi questionnaire (average values and %)
Political behavior (choice of party) (in %)
Ata-Meken 10,6%
Rather important 23,0%
As can be seen from Table 3, political awareness is expressed at an average level (max=25 points). Political behavior according to preference in choosing an active political party: preference from these parties is given to the SDPK political party (19.2%), while it is interesting that 48.6% of representatives of the sample of the Kyrgyz ethnic group do not prefer any of the active political parties in Kyrgyzstan and would like their interests to be expressed by another new political party of the future. The majority of representatives of the sample of the Kyrgyz ethnic group consider religion (first of all, Islam, see above) important for themselves, while 19.4% of the sample of respondents do not consider religion important for themselves. A descriptive analysis of the answers to the question about the activity of the respondents’ religious behavior is also interesting. 34.5% of respondents constantly pray, while 41.3% of respondents are characterized by atypical forms of religious behavior or low activity in religious behavior is possible.
SDPK 19,2%
RAGE 9,6%
Onugyu-Progress 3,5%
Inner harmony 3,67 13
Work as a necessity 10,2%
Founding a family 4,59 1
As can be seen from Table 4, the average value of the total values corresponds to the average level (max = 75 points). At the same time, having ranked the average values of common values, the 5 most important common values were identified: the foundation of the family, world peace, self-respect, national security and true friendship.
Wealth 3,90 2
Respect for traditions 3,95 10
Spiritual life 3,89 3
Equality 4,21 1
True friendship 4,38 4,5
Social justice 4,22 7
The value of «Equality» (equal opportunities for all) stands out from ethnic values by importance. Perhaps, during the Soviet period of development of the Kyrgyz Republic, this value was insufficiently taken into account and satisfied.
Mature love 3,71 12
Undecided on the answer 7,6%
National security 4,38 4,5
Value of work (in %)
indicators of «i am the ideal» self-understanding of personal identity average value rank
Freedom 4,31 6
Shared values 60,13
Self-respect 4,40 3
Authority 3,31 14
Pleasure 3,89 11
Social order 4,16 8
Ethnic values
Stimulating joint development with neighboring countries 3,86 4
No paid work 3,2%
Table 4. results of the diagnosis of «i am the ideal» of the titular ethnic group of Kyrgyzstan according to the olSi questionnaire (average values)
I work willingly, but I also appreciate other areas of life 20,6%
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World peace 4,42 2
Salary is not important, the quality of work is important 30,5%
Social recognition 3,97 9
Work is the most important thing in life 16,2%
Changeable life 2,79 15
Work as a business 11,7%
2. (eds.), «I, Ego and Identity: Integrative approaches», New York: Springer–Verlag, pp. 243-262. Kamchybek uulu Myrzabek. The structural model of the study of personal and social identity
Kamchybek uulu Myrzabek. Psychological analysis of self-knowledge of personal and social identity
3. of U. Schmidt-Dentera in modern society. / Current issues of education and science / Scientific Journal. – №2(72). Arkhangelsk 2021, p. 108. Kamchybek uulu Myrzabek. Psychological analysis of self-understanding of personal and social4. identity in modern Kyrgyz society. / Vestnik of the KNU named after J. Balasagyn – № 4 (108). Bishkek 2021., p. 120.
In general, the self-understanding of the personal identity of the Kyrgyz ethnos study sample indicates the formation of all four structural components «I am Reflexive», «I am Real», «I am Acting» and «I am Ideal».
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The value of the quality of work prevails in almost one third of the respondents of the Kyrgyz sample of the study. At the same time, work is considered as the most important thing in life by slightly more than one tenth of the sample of respondents, while one tenth of respondents also consider work as a necessity.
5. in modern Kyrgyz society. Vestnik of the Treasury. Psychology and Sociology Series, [S.1.]v.81, n.2, pp. 43-48, July 2022. ISSN 2617-7552.
references
G.Taifel, «Social identity and intergroup relations». Publisher: Cambridge University, 1982.1. M. Berzonsky, «Self-knowledge, identity status and social cognition. In D.K.Lapsley and F.S.Power
The relevance of payment of compensations in high altitude areas is part of the key roles in the modern world. This article will discuss the types of compensation at mining enterpris es, which are the key task and a working function of any financial department in any mining enterprise, and, thus, of accountants, financiers, auditors and lawyers.
There are negligible oil reserves in the south of the country, but gold mining continues to be the largest source of the Kyrgyz economy. It’s no secret that the largest gold mine is Kumtor, which contribute about 10% to the GDP of the Kyrgyz Republic.
Mining activity in Kyrgyzstan is centered around the mining sector, in particular gold and coal mining. There are also deposits of other mineral resources equally important for the country, such as copper, mercury, silver, iron, arsenic, zinc, fluorite, tin, tungsten, lead, bismuth, molybdenum.
distincti V e features of com PensatorY
As of today, the Kyrgyz Republic has significant reserves of coal and gold, which make a significant contribution to the economy. Mining has continued in Kyrgyzstan for many years, although extensive mining has only begun in the past three decades. [1]
PaYments in hiG h latitude areas
abstract
(anyuta_kopytina@mail.ru) Khoshanlo
Kramarenko anna igorevna amina Salikhovna aidan university of Kyrgyzstan», Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Therefore, a deep knowledge of the specific features of compensatory payments, their contents, timing and structure will allow economists and accountants to rebuild a part of the economy, as well as the budget, in connection with the modern requirements of the society, which can significantly increase the level of the country’s economy, as well as improve the quality of the country’s legal framework.
Let’s come back to the topic of compensations in high altitude areas.
For persons who live and work in high altitude and hard-to-reach areas of the Kyrgyz Republic, the following criteria and sizes of coefficients for top-ups to wages and other social payments are established. [2]
Keywords: compensations, types of compensations, temporary disability benefits, vaca tion compensations, compensations for work injury, high altitude conditions, amounts of payments.
The economy’s efficiency and balance in any country, as demonstrated by the global practice, is determined by the optimal combination of interaction with the mining industry.
(aberdybekova.consultant@adb.org) non-profit educational institution educational and scientific production complex «international
Having been in the Central Asian market for more than 10 years, the mining companies of Kyrgyzstan with some Chinese shares have accumulated experience in mining and adopted the experience of such international mining companies as China National Gold Corporation, Kaisun Enegry group Limited (Hong Kong), Zijin Mining Group, China Nonferros Gold Ltd etc.
(Amina_1601_a@mail.ru) Berdybekova
4
For people who work in remote, high-altitude and hard-to-reach areas, who also have labor relations with employers who have a head office in areas that are not classified as hard-to-reach and high-altitude
Wage supplement coefficients are established for people who live and work in remote and hard-to-reach areas, and the size of allowances is determined by applying these coefficients.
8
Group altitude range oefficient size 1,800-1,900 1.1 1,901-2,000 1.2 2,001-2,200 1.3 2,201-2,400 1.4 2,401-2,600 1.5 2,601-2,800 1.6 2,801-3,000 1.7 3,001 and above 1.8
1
•
Types of payments, compensations and guarantees in high-altitude areas: Wage; Compensations to unemployed citizens; Pay for years of experience; Payment for harmful work; Payment of rotational allowance; Regional coefficient to the wages of working citizens; Rated increase to the wage; Payment for meals; Guarantees for the provision of accommodation (based on enterprises’ conditions); Payment of transport costs (based on enterprises’ conditions); Factored leave compensation; Temporary disability allowances; Maternity allowances; Pay for night work.
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5
c
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6
High-altitude criteria:
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The
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In this article, we will focus on temporary disability allowances in high altitude areas. temporary disability allowance is paid to: [4] persons who are in labor-law relations with the employer; individual entrepreneurs; members of peasants’ farms.
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scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 28
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criteria for hard-to-reach areas:[3]
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category remote areas criteria c oefficient size Relatively hard-to-reach areas 1.20 Hard-to-reach areas 1.30 Areas with minimum access 1.40
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3
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2
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2. Law of the Kyrgyz Republic «On State Guarantees and Compensations for Persons Living and Work ing in High Mountain and Remote Hard-to-reach Zones» of 28.06.96, #33. // Government of the Kyrgyz Republic – 1996;
• if temporary disability has occurred due to alcohol, narcotic or toxic intoxication; [4]
• if temporary disability has occurred as a result of injuries resulting from committing a crime by him/ her;
areas, the allowance is calculated on the basis of wages, taking into account all supplementary benefits to theirAswages.forthe
• who was absent without a good reason before becoming temporary disabled;
• who intentionally caused harm to his/her health to evade work or other duties;
All types of remuneration to the working population in high altitude areas (basic wages, rewards, bonuses, pay for night time, rotational allowances, wage supplements on holidays, one-time additional payments for one-time work, payment for harmful work, high altitude coefficients, payment for food, transport costs, if any), provided for by the salary system, provisions on bonuses, collective agreements accrued in the settlement period shall be taken into account when calculating the average wage to assess the allowances. [5]
For the payment of temporary disability allowances in high-altitude areas to persons who permanently live and work in remote hard-to-reach and high-altitude areas, the calculation is made for all working (shift) days in the amount of 100% regardless of the length of service, type of sick leave (outpatient or inpatient), as well as the type of work and position, at the expense of the employer’s own funds.
When calculating temporary disability allowances, the periods of work associated with the temporary disability of the employee, being on annual or paid additional leave, maternity leave shall be excluded.
Temporary disability benefits are not paid to an employee:
4. Regulation on the procedure for granting temporary disability allowance, maternity allowance. of 18.09.18, № 434. // Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. – 2018;
5. Tax Code of the Kyrgyz Republic of 18.01.22, № 3 // Government of the Kyrgyz Republic – 2022.
• during the period of compulsory treatment based on a court order (except for persons with mental illness).
When assessing the average salary, remunerations shall be included in the salary of the month for which they are assessed, that is, they refer to the salary according to the payroll.
1. Crowe has accumulated sufficient experience in providing services to mining companies. [Electronic resource] // URL: https://www.crowe.com/kg/industries/mining-industry. (accessed 19.08.2022).
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 29
sizes of the high-altitude coefficients of wage supplements and other social payments to the population who live and work in remote, hard-to-reach and high-altitude areas, they are determined by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic.
3. Labor Code of the Kyrgyz Republic of 4.09.04, No. 106 // Government of the Kyrgyz Republic –2004;
references
K. o. Sabdenov (sabdenovko@yandex.kz)
introDuction
30
A Brayton, Carnot and Stirling cycles is considered in which the working substance is a chemically reacting gas with molar weight and heat capacity changing as a result of a reversible chemical reaction. By way of example, the reactions N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 and CO + 2H2 ↔ CH3OH is considered. For a constant heat supply, the cycles is characterized by the lower (Tlow) and upper (Ttop) temperature boundaries of existence; between these boundaries, the efficiency can change from 0 to 1. Such peculiar properties are manifested because of two factors: reversibility of the chemical reaction and the special role of the chemical work in the conversion of heat into mechanical work, which minimizes the heat loss to the surrounding space in a closed thermodynamic cycle.
the neW thermodYnamics cYcles With a reVersiBle chemical reaction in PhYsics courses
abstract
Keywords: thermodynamic cycle, reversible chemical reaction, efficiency
l.n. Gumilyov eurasian national university, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
In university physics courses [1, 2] efficiency η of heat engines depends on the condition of heat supply and removal, which determine their technical and technological features. The second law of thermodynamics implies the removal of a part of input heat Qin in the form of heat or energy Qout; mechanical work W done by the engine is then estimated by the equality W = Qin – Qout, and η = W/Qin. The working substance in this case is assumed to be chemically inert, and its thermophysical properties are considered constant. In most cases, the working substance is used in the form of a gas, since it can do the expansion work. The removal of some of heat Qout is necessary to return the working substance to the initial state or to close the thermodynamic cycle. Modern approaches to increasing efficiency are based on the choice of new thermodynamic cycles [3–5], the selection of working substances [6–8], and the reduction of energy losses to the ambient level [9–11]. However, if the working substance can change its properties as a result of a chemical transformation, the process of conversion of heat Qin into work W involves chemical work Wch. If I components of a mixture of substances with ni molecules or atoms (i = 1, 2, …, I) are transformed into one another, change dWch in the chemical work is given by [1]
,
Here, NA is the Avogadro number and µi is the molar mass of the i-th substance. The chemical work differential is then defined in terms of the change in the mass concentrations:.
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 31
where U is the internal energy. Number of particles ni of the mixture components with mass m can be defined in terms of relative mass concentrations gi:
1. General forM of tHe firSt laW of tHerMoDYnaMicS for a cHeMicallY reactiVe GaS
To analyze cyclic processes, it is necessary to write the law of conservation of energy law in total differentials. In media with chemical reactions, the internal energy and enthalpy depend not only on temperature, but also on the mixture composition, which varies during the reaction. Each of the components with masses mA and mC has its own internal energy UA and UC: UA = cv,AmAT and UC = cv,CmCT. Internal energy U of the mixture is given by .
The mixture is characterized by its heat capacity at constant volume and mass m = mA + mC; we can then write U = cvmT. Let us introduce the relative mass concentrations of components:
Comparing the above two definitions of internal energy, we can define the heat capacity of the mixture as cv = cv,AgA + cv,CgC. Since gC = 1 – gA, the heat capacity and internal energy can be written as , . (1) The most general form of the first law of thermodynamics takes the form [12] , (2) where p is pressure, dυ and dq are differentials of specific volume and heat. Equations (1) and (2) are the basic equalities for studying thermodynamic cycles with reversible chemical reactions.Inaconditional initial state, gas A at a high temperature T > Tmid is converted in the course of a chemical reaction into product C; at a low temperature T < Tmid, the reverse reaction occurs, and C is converted into A. Here, Tmid is the middle temperature at which chemical equilibrium sets in, and the rate of direct reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. This can be expressed by the general chemical equation In the general case, temperature Tmid depends on pressure p [13], but, to simplify the analysis, this dependence is assumed
The Brayton cycle is shown on pressure p vs. specific volume υ diagram (Fig. 2), where the reaction A→ C occurs in the upper isobar segment 2 → 3 at pressure pmax = const, while the reaction C → A occurs on the lower segment 4 → 1 at pressure pmin = const. The change in the gas composition is traced from the value of relative mass concentration gA of the first substance. Gas A is compressed on adiabat 1 → 2, while gas C expands on adiabat 3 → 4.
2. BraYton cYcle
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 32
to be weak. At an arbitrary instant, the region in which the chemical reaction occurs contains both substance A and product C. Both components of the mixture have heat capacities at constant volume cv,A = const and cv,C = const, molar masses μA and μC, and constant adiabatic exponents γA and γC, respectively.
Fig. 1. Diagram of a gas-turbine engine with the Brayton cycle; digits indicate nodal points for determining thermodynamic parameters.
Fig. 2. thermodynamic Brayton cycle and concentrations ga on adiabatic segments.
In practice, the Brayton cycle is used in gas turbine units (Fig. 1); in the upper heat exchanger at pressure pmax, specific heat q2→3, J/kg, is supplied to the working gas; through the lower heat exchanger, heat per unit mass q1→4, J/kg, is removed at pressure pmin; the total specific mechanical work is denoted by wΣ, J/kg.
.
Temperatures T1, T2 and T 3 are determined at points 1, 2 and 3. Figure 3 show the results of calculation of η (3) and Carnot efficiency η0: (4) , Fig. 3. Dependences of efficiencies η (solid curves) and η (dashed curves) on compression temperature T2 > T1 for the following values of q2 → 3: (curve 1) 0.1 MJ/kg; (curve 2) 0.25 MJ/kg.
This figure shows the possibility of achieving the highest value η = 1 in limited temperature ranges.
In practice, the Carnot cycle is difficult to implement, but the results obtained on the basis of its analysis serve as a good guideline in the development of heat engines with other thermodynamic cycles [1, 2]. Therefore, consideration in the first place of the Carnot cycle with chemical transformations can give practical results. The Carnot cycle in p-υ coordinates is shown in fig. 4, where gas A with adiabatic exponent γA rises from initial state 1 with temperature Tmin to T max by adiabatic compression, point 2 corresponds to this.
3. carnot cYcle WitH a reVerSiBle cHeMical reaction
0
For the thermal efficiency, the formula is found [14]
(3)
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 33
,
where ρA, ρC are the densities of the components A and C. This dependence is considered as one of the possible, in fact, there can be infinitely many different forms of gA(ρ).
If µA = µC and γA = γC, then F(ω1, ω2) = 1, and equation (5) yields the Carnot efficiency for a chemically inert working gas η0 (4).
For the Carnot cycle (and further, for the Stirling cycle), it is necessary to use the dependence gA(ρ), ρ = 1/υ. Therefore, the function gA(ρ) is taken as an approximation
Fig. 4. constant values of temperature Tmin and T max and mass concentration ga in different parts of the carnot cycle.
If the substances A and C are different, then the numerical value of F(ω1, ω2) can be either greater or less than one. To fulfill ηC > η0 must be F(ω1, ω2) < 1. From the last inequality we find the condition αC < 0, or, γC > γA. As a rule, the smaller the molar weight of a gas and the number of atoms in its molecule, the greater
The equation for the efficiency factor ηC can be written as (5)
, , ,
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 34
4. effectiVeneSS of a StirlinG MacHine WitH a reVerSiBle cHeMical reaction
Fig. 5. Stirling cycle with a reversible chemical reaction in p-� coordinates
As in the Carnot cycle (Fig. 4), the chemical transformation occurs on isotherms 2→3 and 4→1, in the isochoric sections 1→2 and 3→4 the composition of the working gas remains constant, work is not performed in them. In section 1→2, gas A receives heat q1→2 = сυ,A(T max − Tmin), in section 3→4 heat is removed from gas C: q3→4 = −сυ,C(T max − Tmin).
the adiabatic exponent. But the adiabatic index characterizes the ability of gases to compress (and expand) under external influence. Therefore, we can say that the possibility ηC > η0 is determined by the scheme of transformation of substances, and gas A on the left adiabat of Fig. 4 must contract/expand weaker than the gas C on the right adiabat.
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 35
The Stirling machine in modern engineering is considered as one of the most promising devices for converting heat into mechanical work and its numerous improved versions are known [9, 15]. The Stirling cycle consists of two isotherms and isochores (Fig. 5).
(6) , , , ,
The efficiency of Stirling machine ηSt is given by the equation
concluSionS
If the chemical composition of the working gas does not change, then υ,A, = µA = µC = µ and γA = γC = γ, then the well-known expression [15] is obtained from (6)
сυ,
,
where R is the universal gas constant. The condition ηSt > η0 is satisfied if G(ω) < 1. A simple analysis leads to the requirement
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 36
Below are the results obtained on the basis of equations (5) and (6). Here, too, high efficiency values are possible, and the Stirling machine can surpass the Carnot machine in this indicator (Fig. 6). The dimensionless temperature θ = Tmax/Tmin is used here.
Fig. 6. reaction co + 2H2 ↔ cH3oH. Dependences of η0 (line 1) and ηSt (lines 2–4) and on dimensionless temperature θ at various ω = 1.5 (line 2), ω = 4 (line 3) and ω = 5 (line 4). the dashed-dotted and dashed lines indicate the points of the lower temperature limits θlow,1 and θlow,2
.
Analysis of the Brayton, Carnot and Stirling cycles has revealed a strong effect of the chemical work on the efficiency. Three main physical parameters (the ratio of the maximal and minimal temperatures, the molar mass, and the adiabatic exponent) affecting the reaction have also been established. To obtain high efficiencies of heat engines with the Brayton, Carnot and Stirling cycles, the following conditions must be satisfied: (i) the working substance must be chemically reactive reversibly in certain temperature intervals; (ii) the physical properties of the working substance must change, and adiabatic exponent γA of the gas in the compressor must be smaller than adiabatic exponent γC in the turbine; and (iii) the chemical work must be comparable in magnitude with the supplied heat and be negative on segment 4 → 1 for the cycle to become closed due to the chemical work.
сυ,C = с
A. P. Baskakov, B. I. Berg, O. K. Vitt, Yu. V. Kuznetsov, and N. F. Filippovskii,
R. Andriani, F. Gamma, and U. Ghezzi, Trans. Jpn. Soc. Aeronaut. Space Sci.
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 37
6. 61 (3), 106 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2322/tjsass.61.106
E. Takahashi, H. Kojim, and H. Furutani, Synth. Engl. Edit.
T. Fukui, T. Shiraishi, T. Murakami, and N. Nakajima, JSME Int. J., Ser. B9. 42 (4), 776 (1999). https:// Sh.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeb.42.776Kojima,J.Therm.Sci. Technol.10. 14 (2), JTST0024 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1299/ H.jtst.2019jtst0024Fujiki,Ch.Nakagawa, Y. Takeda, and H. Cho, Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Jpn.11. 41 (3), 285 (2016). K.https://doi.org/10.14723/tmrsj.41.285O.Sabdenov,Combust.,Explos. Shock Waves12. 57 (1), 46 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/ Ya.S0010508221010056B.Zel’dovich,G. I. Barenblatt, V. B. Librovich, and G. M. Makhviladze,13. Mathematical Theory of Combustion and Explosions (Consultants Bureau, New York, 1985). K. O. Sabdenov. The Thermodynamic Brayton Cycle with a Reversible Chemical Reaction.14. Tech. Phys. 66, 1275–1283 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063784221090164
5. 92 (3), 574 (2019).
4. 9 (1), JTST0001 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1299/ K.jtst.2014jtst0001O.Sabdenov, M. Erzada, and A. T. Suleimenov, J. Eng. Phys. Thermophys.
2. Heat Engineering (Energoatomizdat, Moscow, 1991) [in Russian].
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I. P. Bazarov,1. Thermodynamics (Pergamon, New York, 1964).
Y.https://doi.org/10.2322/tjsass.54.44CuiandK.Deng,J.Therm.Sci. Technol.
3. 54 (183), 44 (2011).
7. 8 (4), 187 (2015). https://doi.org/10.5571/ J.syntheng.8.4_187Nizar,M.Mukai, R. Kagawa, H. Nakakura, O. Moriue, and E. Murase, Int. J. Automot. Eng.8. 3 (3), 81 (2012). https://doi.org/10.20485/jsaeijae.3.3_81
G. Walker.15. Stirling-cycle machines. University of Calgary, Canada. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1973.
T.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10891-019-01965-zKanda,M.Sato,T.Kimura,andH.Asakawa, Trans. Jpn. Soc. Aeronaut. Space Sci.
To provide support and assistance in combating stress, first of all it is necessary to clearly diagnose the condition of a person with disabilities: shock, stupor, post-traumatic stress, hysteria, increased spasticity that prevents movement [1].
38
All our lives we face stress, some events are easily overcome, and the consequences of some remain with us during all our lives. War is one of those stressful situations that cannot be simply forgotten and easily overcome. Everyone has his/her own tools to deal with stress, but the conditions of today's situation raise the level of stress too high, which raises the need for professional support and prevention of stress manage ment.There is a category of people whom I would like to single out, because their physiological and psycho logical condition primarily has certain features caused by chronic illness, trauma, specific functioning of the nervous system and the peculiarities of certain organs – people with disabilities.
ProV ision of social and P sYcholo G ical serV ices to PeoPle W ith disa Bilities in Wartime conditions : main directions and difficulties
Sarancha iryna Hryhorivna (isarancha@gmail.com)
The purpose of the publication is to emphasize the main problems of providing social and psychologi cal assistance to persons with disabilities, which arose during the wartime conditions and to find ways for building the individual algorithm of actions for persons with disabilities in emergencies.
Keywords: stress, persons with disabilities, evacuation, forced movement, algorithm of actions.
abstract
Problems of providing social and psychological assistance to persons with disabilities in wartime condi tions arose with the enemy's invasion of Ukraine in 2014 and reached its acute phase in February 2022, so in Ukraine research on this topic is just beginning.
Vinnytsia M. Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical university, Ukraine
The article considers the features of providing social and psychological services to peo ple with disabilities, reflects the first experience of evacuation of people with disabilities in Ukraine. Recommendations are given to people with disabilities who need and wish to be evacuated, as well as outlines for the establishment of the evacuation process for organiza tions and institutions that provide such opportunities. Particular attention is paid to building the individual algorithm of actions for people with disabilities in emergencies.
external signs of stupor:
• sharp decrease or absence of arbitrary movements and speech; lack of reactions to external stimuli (noise, light, touch, pinching); «freezing» in a certain position, numbness, a state of complete immobility; possible tension of certain muscle groups.
• lack of response to pain.
•
•
• psychogenic amnesia (displacement of tracing events from memory);
• disorders of the health of a person who is in the state of stress. preserved consciousness; excessive arousal, many movements, theatrical poses; emotionally rich, fast speech; screaming, sobbing.
Table 1. external Signs of Stress of a Person with Disabilitues
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 39
•
•
• avoiding thoughts, feelings or conversations related to the event;
• barrier inaccessibility of shelters and bomb shelters;
•
•
•
external signs of shock:
•
•
• constant and obsessive reproduction of traumatic events;
• disturbing (nightmarish) dreams;
•
•
•
•
•
•
external signs of hysteria:
• helplessness; feeling of horror;
• constant waiting for traumatic events;
external signs of post-traumatic stress:
•
•
Only after a clear diagnosis of the condition of a person with disabilities, it is possible to start social and psychological assistance and support. It should not be forgotten that regardless of the condition in which a person is, psychological assistance can be provided only after elimination of the stimulus that caused a par ticular condition. That is, in case of wartime condition, the first need is a temporary evacuation to the safe place (shelter, bomb shelter, etc.) and/or relocation of the victim to the safe place of temporary residence (safe regions of Ukraine or abroad).
The experience of the first months of the war in Ukraine showed the following problems during the evacuation of people with disabilities:
•
• strong excitement; pale skin; accelerated breathing and pulse; dilated pupils; cold limbs; intent gaze, blinking eyes; bulging eyes; paralyzed speech; desire to separate from others; being in the embryonic position, agorophobia; loss of sense of reality;
•
• intense fear;
• attacks of intense experience;
• increase of the level of stress compared to what the person felt during the event;
• unplanned evacuation routes (there was no clear information on how to get to bomb shelters for people with disabilities, to green corridors from hot spots or to find adapted housing in Ukraine) and receiving of the adapted social and psychological services; in some places it is not possible to receive support at the station and around the city;
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 40
• insufficient number of the special cars to move people with severe disabilities.
• explain the purpose of relocation, term (you want to move to a permanent place of residence, asy lum for a minimum period until the end of the active phase of hostilities, obtaining refugee status, job search during a stay in another country, etc.);
• indicate composition of the family and/or persons who will accompany you (number, sex, age, pres ence of children and separately describe their needs);
• indicate the need for further support at the place of temporary stay: legal issues, social counseling, psychological support, medical care, etc.
• detailed data on human health and physical condition (mobility, hearing, eyesight, general health, etc.);
• study material needs in food, medical means, means of rehabilitation, clothes, means of hygiene, etc.;
• find out the purpose of movement (moving to a permanent place of residence, asylum for a mini mum period until the end of the active phase of hostilities, obtaining refugee status, etc.);
• clearly explain the physiological needs and obstacles that may arise on the way to evacuation (mov ing in a wheelchair, moving on crutches, inability to move upstairs, need for specially equipped bathroom, etc.);
• clearly formulate the material needs: clothing, food, housing (rent or shelter for refugees), medi cines, hygiene products, etc.;
2. The organization does not cling to you in a detailed survey, but simply studies your needs to meet them effectively, in a timely manner and in full!!!
Only the open dialogue and joint interaction of all participants in the evacuation process will allow for its effective implementation and create the most comfortable conditions for everybody.
• decide on the organization that will carry out the evacuation and/or relocation;
If you are a person with disabilities and you need to be evacuated, it is necessary to do the following:
• too high expectations of migrants, or too low level of organization of inclusive life by the organiza tions;
• indicate the need for social support or consultation on the documents and legal aspects of reloca tion;
• indicate the peculiarities of nutrition (diet for diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, etc.);
The only way to avoid the problems that arise in the provision of social and psychological services and evacuation of people – is a dialogue, i.e. study of the needs at all stages of social support.
• needs for architectural accessibility in the future living space (elevator, ramp, low thresholds, spe cially equipped bathroom, etc.);
• find out about the availability of all necessary documents;
• inability to receive the necessary personal hygiene products and technical means of rehabilitation in time;
• get acquainted with the composition of the family and accompanying persons (number, sex, age, presence of children and separately describe their needs);
• establish the social status and capabilities of the person (unemployed and does not plan to work, unemployed but can and wants to work, employed and plans to work remotely, etc.);
• examine the need for further support at the place of temporary residence: legal issues, social coun seling, psychological support, medical care, etc.
When studying the above needs, it is necessary to consider the following basic rules:
In addition to the problems associated with the evacuation and relocation of persons with disabilities, social and psychological work with this category of citizens is implemented in many areas and each of them
If you and/or the organization you represent provide evacuation and/or relocation services for people with disabilities, you should consider the following questions about those people:
1. The immigrant/refugee does not require certain conditions, it is not his/her whims, but he/she just has such needs!!!
Resolving family and interpersonal conflicts is an integral part of social and psychological work in wartime conditions. After all, living in constant stress, instability, fear creates conflict situations, both in families and in the immediate environment. Conflict management takes place in the communities where there are no hostilities that are host to people from hellish places, and in the area close to active hostili ties. Forms of group and individual work in different formats are allowed in this direction of work: hold ing joint cultural events, individual conversations with problem families, inclusion in socially important patriotic joint work, etc.
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 41
• ensure accessibility to distance learning for people with disabilities through the introduction of the latest tools and technologies;
Social adaptation in places of temporary stay
• involve parents/guardians or other family members of the child with disabilities to take the active part in the learning process.
Accompaniment of children and youth during training
The individual algorithm of actions for a person with disabilities should contain the following informa tion:1.
2. Find contact information of individuals and organizations that evacuate people with disabilities and/or other mental and physical disabilities.
The important component of social work with people with disabilities is assistance in registration of residence, material benefits and other documents at the place of temporary residence. After all, solving these problems is the key to material well-being and opportunities to meet the minimum human needs.
Documentation of the official place of temporary stay and material assistance
• adhere to the rules of safe stay during training: by the absence of architectural accessibility of shelters for people with disabilities, it is necessary to introduce distance learning;
3. Have access to information on legal issues of evacuation, financial assistance and psychological sup port (telephone, internet).
Figure 1. areas of providing social and psychological assistance to persons with disabilities in wartime conditions
Resolution of family and interpersonal conflicts
has its own difficulties and features. The main areas of social and psychological work with people with dis abilities in wartime conditions are shown in Fig. 1.
Today's conditions do not guarantee that if necessary, someone will be able to be around. Active hos tilities, occupation, aerial bombing are events that cannot be foreseen or predicted. The main thing in such situations is to stay calm. This can best be done by a well-constructed strategy of one's own actions in the form of the algorithm. Not everyone will be able to build such algorithm on the own, for a person with dis abilities to build the own clear strategy of action can be a guarantee of saving life.
Social and psychological work with people with disabilities in each of these areas has its own character istics. Thus, when accompanying children and young people with disabilities during training, it is necessary to take into account the following:
Social adaptation is the adaptation of a person with disabilities to a new living environment, including the people around him/her. Effective social adaptation is the key to combating stress and, as a result, reduc ing interpersonal conflicts.
Social and psychological work in all these areas is very difficult but also very important. Taking into account the physiological, psychological and mental characteristics of people with disabilities, allows to ef fectively and fully provide social services.
Set the level of danger. Each region has developed its own notification system – air alert, complete evacuation of the settlement, or in case of danger of radiation contamination. A person with dis abilities must clearly know and be able to identify alarms.
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 42
4. Be able to clearly articulate the own needs for medical care, physical rehabilitation, possibly medical mobility and rehabilitation.
7. Be a partner in providing oneself with social and psychological assistance, not a passive recipient.
6. Ask for specific help, not expect any help.
The introduction of the proposed system of work for social workers and psychologists will allow reach ing a larger number of people. After all, in the event of a dangerous situation, a person with disabilities will not look for an assistant, but will be able to help himself/herself. Having up-to-date contacts will allow con tacting the specialized organizations directly, bypassing the social service as a mediator. The ability to clearly and specifically form the own needs will allow the specialized services to provide the necessary support and assistance in a timely and high-quality manner.
The purpose of providing social and psychological services in wartime conditions should include the targeted information to persons with disabilities, employees of social services and/or representatives of pub lic organizations about their actions in case of danger. The main task is to create the clear algorithm of ac tions for a person with disabilities collectively!!! That is, first to study the needs and problems, and based on the information obtained to jointly develop the individual algorithm of action.
1. Stress or Injury. K. 2015. 24 p. URL: znakhoditsya-u-stani-shoku-stresu-chi-travmihttps://dnmcps.com.ua/posibnik-dopomoga-lyudini-yakareferences
5. Be able to clearly define the own psychophysical condition.
Bondarovska V.M., Kulbachka T.V., Lamakh Ye.B., Kozub L.I. Helping a Person in the State of Shock,
Further research should be based on the study of the needs of persons with disabilities in wartime con ditions in Ukraine, as well as on the experience of providing social and psychological services to persons with disabilities in the countries with a history of military conflict.
Danilova Julia (Juliawillauthor@gmail.com)
international Higher School of Medicine
Greece is a very beautiful sunny country located in the southern part of Europe. A great place not only for tourist travel, but also for permanent residence. However, the main disadvantage of the state is the protracted economic crisis and high unemployment. Economic growth should be considered as endogenous for higher education and investment in physical capital. The role of higher education in economic growth seems to be very important and largely explains economic growth. However, despite this fact, higher education institutions in Greece are considered attractive for foreign students, despite the economic situation in the country [1].
international Higher School of Medicine
Moldalieva Meerim (meerimmoldalieva70@gmail.com)
Some studies show that today there is a high unemployment rate among graduates in the country. Graduates of specialties with a high level of employment in the private sector, such as polytechnic and computer science, are generally more successful in the Greek labor market. On the other hand, graduates of specialties traditionally related to the needs of the public sector,
h iG her e ducation in Greece: oPP urtunities and t hreats –c ritical a nalYsis
Muhammad Wahab (muhammadwahab125@gmail.com)
Shevtsova alyona (shevtsova_a@mail.ru)
abai Myrzakhmetov Kokshetau university
The list of Greek universities and institutes is large, more than 40 universities throughout the country and more than 600 faculties in various fields (humanities, medical, economic and managerial, technical). It is worth noting that education in state universities of the country is free. Education is available to both residents of Greece and foreigners, as excellent conditions have been created for higherSpeakingeducation.about the features of higher education, it is worth noting that the higher education system of Greece is under the full jurisdiction of the state. One of its features is that religion and education are inseparable from each other. They are controlled by one body — the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs. Education at the country's universities is conducted entirely in Greek.
narmin fatima (Narminfatima03@gmail.com)
international university of Kyrgyzstan
Recently, higher education institutions in Greece have attracted students from all over the world. The reason for this is the high level of teaching, good learning and living conditions, numerous benefits. In addition, Greek diplomas are recognized and quoted all over the world. Good academic performance at the university is encouraged – students receive scholarships or study grants. They are engaged in student scientific circles, take part in various Olympiads. An important factor is that Greek universities are engaged in the employment of their young specialists.
l.n.Gumilyov eurasian national university
• Theology • Philosophy • Sciences' • Law • Economic and political sciences
• International Greek University
Oceanography. Oceanography may not be what you think about when considering studying abroad in Greece. But the country's location on the Mediterranean Sea can provide a great opportunity to see some unique aquatic ecosystems.
• Ionian University
However, according to the ranking of the best universities in the world, the best universities in Greece are recognized: Aristotle University in Thessaloniki, the University on the island of Crete and the John Kapodistrias University of Athens [2].
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 44
• Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki aims to offer equal opportunities for learning, research and communication; it aims to create an environment in which education and research flourish, and then realize the vision of a better world with equal rights for all to claim the fruits of economic growth and social prosperity.TheUniversity consists of 41 faculties and schools offering all types of education. Each faculty/school offers Bachelor's, Master's and subsequent degrees.
Greece can offer many opportunities not only to continue your current studies, but also to enrich it. In fact, the country can provide new opportunities to learn your lessons from books and transfer them to the world. Among the directions, based on the results of the analysis of existing ones, we would like to highlight some: this is medical research. With its long history of medical ethics dating back to antiquity, Greece is an interesting place to study medicine, combining the old with the new and modern at the same time.
Greek philosophy. The history of Greece is full of famous philosophers – Plato, Aristotle and Socrates, and these are just some of the most famous of them. As part of these programs, you could study the origin of philosophical thought in Greece.
• University of Crete
• University of Ioannina
Dance and drama. Just like philosophy, dance and theatrical drama have experienced many of their first days in Greece. Studying abroad in Greece, you could get the opportunity to get acquainted with the theatrical practices of the ancient Greeks. It's time to get used to performing in amphitheatres, performing in a choir and using the term deus ex machina.
The second is archaeology. Greece is full of places that archaeology students can explore. In fact, many tourist attractions in Greece may be part of a beginner archaeologist's dream. As part of the study of archaeology in Greece, you may have the opportunity to visit the current excavations in the country. This can give you not only an idea of professional excavations, but also the opportunity to take part in them.
such as social sciences and humanities, have poor employment prospects [3]. This gives rise to the answer to the question of which of the most popular destinations in the country.
Greece offers study abroad programs all year round. This means that you can fit an international adventure into your schedule at a time convenient for you. It is worth paying attention to the list of international universities compiled by us, within the framework of which the above set of directions is implemented:
• University of Patras
The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki is the largest university in Greece and one of the largest in Southeastern Europe. Its large main campus is located in the center of Thessaloniki, Greece's second largest city and a popular destination for visitors to the country. Founded in 1925, the institution is named after the famous philosopher Aristotle, who was born near the city, and is variously referred to as Aristotle University, University of Thessaloniki or AUTH. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in a wide range of subjects, with most courses taught in Greek. In the QS World University Rankings 2021, the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki ranks 571-580 in the world.
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In fact, NKUA is not only an institution dedicated to education, but also a knowledge-intensive university. Their goal is to provide the highest quality learning opportunities for students, decorated with the new knowledge they discover.
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a) The original of the school graduation certificate, certified by the competent educational authority of the candidate's country (with an apostille)
b) The certificate of his/her average score, issued either by the Ministry of Education, or the competent educational authority of the candidate's country, or the embassy of his/her country in Greece. The overall average score should be set on a scale from 0 to 20 points, where 20 is the highest score and 0 is the lowest score.
c) A certificate issued by the competent educational or diplomatic authority of the candidate's country confirming that his/her graduation certificate entitles him/her to enter a higher education institution in his/her country.
The University of Crete (UoC), founded in 1973, is a non-profit public higher education institution located in the urban environment of the middle city of Rethymno in Crete. It is one of the most academically recognized and reputable in the country.
The issue of requirements and documents required for admission to Greece is being updated here. Required documents submitted by the candidate for admission:
The school offers a variety of 42 bachelor's degrees and 188 postgraduate degree programs (leading to a master's degree or PhD) through its various faculties. 9 faculties include: Agricultural development, nutrition and sustainability Economics and Political sciences Education Medical sciences Law Philosophy Physical education and sports science The science Theology [10]
Further, the National Kapodistrian University of Athens (NK UA) is a non-profit public higher education institution located in the urban environment of the large city of Athens, Attica. Usually called the University of Athens, it is the oldest institution of higher education in the modern Greek state and the first modern university in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is currently one of the largest universities by enrollment in Europe, with over 100,000 registered students.
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 45 • Medical sciences • Technic • Fine Arts • Education • Physical education and sports sciences • Agriculture, forestry and the natural environment [8].
So, to get an education in Greece is the right of any person. But if you have successfully completed your studies in high school, have a valid school graduation certificate and are eligible for higher education in your country, you may also be eligible for higher education in Greece, and this is a fact.
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UoC is committed to quality education and strives for excellence in degree programs offered at all levels. The University of Crete offers various bachelor's and Master's degree programs in the following areas: Philosophy Education Social Sciences Science and Engineering Medicine [9]
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• does not have a certificate of completion of a Greek secondary school, which operates in Greece;
• consent of the parents or guardian for the planned stay, if the student is under 18 years of age;
g) Two small-sized photos of the candidate.
All documents issued by a foreign authority (school, education authority, etc.) must be:
Speaking about the procedure for obtaining a student visa, it is worth noting the required list of documents. Type of this visa: National-D (category «D.1.1 Study») Third-country nationals who have been admitted to a higher education institution in Greece to participate in a full-time study program in Greece may be granted, after physical presence at the Greek consulate and a corresponding interview, a national visa valid for up to 365 days, and then obtaining a residence permit that will be valid until graduation [5]. The necessary supporting documents are as follows:
The second issue worth paying attention to is the student visa. A study visa to Greece will provide an opportunity to stay in the country much longer than a regular tourist visa, but no more than the period provided for the passage of training. However, there are some limitations. Today there are many international educational agencies that can provide the necessary assistance at all stages of admission.
• has no degree of faculty or department of Greek higher education;
i) An official statement that the candidate:
f) A certificate confirming not only the origin of the candidate, but also the origin of his/her parents (it must be clearly confirmed that none of them is of Greek origin).
• a fully completed and signed application form for a long-term national visa. The application form is a statement established by law, provided for in paragraph 6 of Article 22 of Law 1599/1986, that the reported data is correct and the supporting documents are not forged or falsified;
h) A certified copy of the candidate's passport (VISA) or residence permit, indicating the candidate's legal presence in Greece.
• confirmed the authenticity of the signature of the undersigned either by the Greek diplomatic body abroad or by the diplomatic body of a foreign state in Greece (in the latter case, these documents must be confirmed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Greece);
e) A certificate issued by the competent educational authority or the diplomatic body of the candidate's country confirming that he/she has fully attended the last year of the lyceum or equivalent school in the country of his/her graduation, the student must have attended school courses from the beginning to the end of the academic year.
• a certificate confirming registration at the relevant educational institution or a certificate that he/she has been accepted for registration; proof of income to cover the costs of study and accommodation;
• was not accepted to any of the faculties or departments of Greek higher education institutions in 2010 or earlier. Candidates, holders of a certificate of completion of the Cyprus Lyceum, officially declare that they have an entrance certificate with a general assessment of the current year [4].
To apply for a master's degree, you need to find a suitable program for yourself in advance directly on the websites of universities and also request information about the necessary documents for submission. However, usually a passport is required, a copy of it, several photos, a certified translation of the diploma and a document on the recognition of this diploma from DOATAP with an average score, a language certificate, as well as various applications, motivational letters, resumes (in each university individually).
d) A certificate issued by the competent educational authority or the diplomatic body of the candidate's country confirming the country and curriculum of the candidate's graduate school.
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 46
• translated into Greek either by the Greek diplomatic body abroad or by the Translation Service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Greece.
• if the study program to be attended by a student requires sufficient knowledge of the Greek language as a prerequisite for his/her registration, the relevant educational institution must carry out the necessary checks and issue the appropriate certificate, which must be submitted to the competent consular institution of Greece;
• Medical certificate;
• Housing rental agreement;
Greece is known for being one of the cheapest countries in Europe in terms of tuition fees as well as the cost of living. To the great delight of EU students, universities operate on a free basis.
However, student loans are offered by a number of Greek banks. The maximum amounts range from 6,000 to 30,000 euros, and interest rates are high – from 10 to 12%. Typical loans are issued for a period of 1.5 to 7 years, and some offer a one-year «grace period» in which only interest is paid.
• TEI Scholarship No. 3 from Epirus, Arta, Greece;
We would like to present the top 6 scholarships in Greece for international students by 2022:
• Fulbright Scholarship for students from the USA;
• Passport or other recognized travel document;
Public transport in Greece is not as expensive as in other European countries, especially when it comes to buying a travel card for a whole month, as it is extremely profitable. As an example, we can consider the prices for public transport in Athens:
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 47
• ticket for 5 trips (90 minutes each): 6.50 euros (one way) – 3.00 euros (for students);
Most students are eligible for free meals in the student canteen, but those who are not eligible for free meals usually pay a maximum of 4 euros per meal. In general, prices for meals per month start from 150 euros and vary depending on needs.
• Fulbright Scholarship for citizens of Bulgaria and Turkey.
• Photos of 3.5 x 4.5 cm for a visa — 2 pcs.;
• one-way ticket for 90 minutes: 1.40 euros (one way) – 0.60 euros (for students);
In public universities in Greece, students from the EU/EEA are usually not charged tuition fees; the only exception are several master's programs. All other international students will have to pay tuition fees ranging from 1,500 to 9,000 euros per year, which also includes textbooks for selected courses.
• Scholarship No. 2 of the University of Piraeus;
Finance is a very important component in the life of every student entering adulthood, especially when it comes to living in another country. Greece is very diverse, it is a country for different budgets and tastes, but for a student, information about accommodation is important, and often in an economical way. In Greece, the average rent varies between 180-350 euros per person, and housing costs (bills, etc.) are about 50-100 euros per month.
• Scholarship of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki;
• research scholarship No. 1;
• 5-day ticket: 9 euros;
• 3-day tourist ticket (with trips to and from the airport): 22 euros.
• Medical insurance with a validity period equal to at least the validity period of the issued visa;
• A certificate of non-conviction issued by foreign authorities certifying the criminal status of the applicant in his/her country of residence;
• Visa fee (90 euros) [6].
• day ticket: 4.50 euros (one way);
• monthly pass: 30 euros (per person) – 15 euros (for students);
There are a lot of affordable mobile operators in Greece that have special packages for students. Buying a SIM card and registering online costs about 5 euros. The average monthly student rate usually includes a decent amount of SMS, phone calls and the Internet, it costs about 10 euros per month [11].
• Booking of air tickets;
Daily expenses for food and drinks depend to some extent on where to buy goods. In most cases, local grocery stores slightly inflate prices, so it's better to buy in supermarkets, where you can often buy goods at a discount. Also, fairs and farmers' markets are held on weekends in almost all districts. Average prices for basic products that may be needed in everyday life: milk (1.18 €), bread (0.76 €), rice (1.75 €), eggs (2.75 €), chicken breast (6.80 €), bananas (1.36 €), potatoes (0.78 €), onions (0.71 €), water (0.84 €).
Ranking of the best universities // URl: https://www.unipage.net/ru/universities_ranking\
AntonovarequirementsI.Yu., Mishchenko T.S. Higher education in Greece // BMIK. 2016. №5.
10. Cost of Living in Athens – The average student budget for Athens. Published by flag– Erasmusu11. Content. URL: the-average-student-budget-for-athens-1197746https://erasmusu.com/en/erasmus-athens/erasmus-blog/cost-of-living-in-athens-Датаобращения:03.05.2022
9. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens website//URL: https://en.uoa.gr
As a result, it is worth noting that studying in Greece is based on the Bologna system familiar to us, and graduates of Greek universities receive a European diploma, which is automatically recognized in all European countries. However, a Greek diploma is not considered as prestigious as, for example, a diploma from the UK or the USA. And the quality of education strongly depends on the faculty, which was described above. It is worth noting that according to the reviews of some students studying in the country, its main advantages were – friendliness, hospitality and security.
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6.
2. Livanos I. The relationship between higher education and the labor market in Greece: the weakest3. link? Higher education 60, 473–489 (2010). URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-010-9310-1 Embassy of Greece in Kazakhstan //URL: https://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/ru/kazakhstan-ru/
8. University of Crete website//URL:https://en.uoc.gr/
Pegkas P., Tsamadias C. Does higher education affect economic growth? The case of Greece //
5. Studying in Greece// URL: https://www.studyineurope.eu/study-in-greece/admission-
references
Visa Application Center // URL: https://kz-gr.gvcworld.eu/ru
1. International Economic Journal. – 2014. – Т. 28. – №. 3. – С. 425-444.
7. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vysshee-obrazovanie-v-gretsii (дата обращения: Aristotle19.04.2022).University of Thessaloniki website//URL:https://www.auth.gr/en/
4. Globalvisas]
Sudyyeva nursulu Baimagambetovna, lecturer at the Department of oriental Studies Master student of the 1st year of scientific and pedagogical direction of the Higher School of State Science
Government officials in Japan have long been aware of the country's trend towards a smaller and older population, but as the severity of these changes and their anticipated effects became more apparent, academics and public policy specialists started to raise their voices in alarm. [17], [20]. It is already commonly known that Japan's soaring old-age dependency ratio, or the proportion of persons in the labor force between the ages of 16 and 64, will place tremendous strain on its already overburdened pension and healthcare systems [18]. Concomitant labour shortages could further slow Japan’s sluggish economic growth rate by as much as 0.5 percentage points per year [4].
Keywords: Japan, migration policy, migration legislation, labor migrants.
One of the most divisive topics in Japanese politics is the question of gradually liberalizing immigration laws. The demographics of Japan have changed dramatically during the past few decades. From 14.6% in 1995 to 28.7% in 2020, the percentage of people over the age of 65 has nearly doubled in just 25 years [22]. The overall population has decreased due to low fertility, declining by around 1.7 million between 2010 and 2018. The population decreased by 263,000 from 2017 to 2018 alone, or 0.21% annually. These tendencies are anticipated to persist in the future: By 2045, it is anticipated that Japan's population would have decreased by roughly 20 million, and more than one-third of the country's population will be older than 65 [22]. The Mizuho Research Institute predicts that by 2065, out of 88 million people, only 39 million will be able to work [15].
abstract
la B or miG ration in ja Pan : the transformation of miG ration P olicies in ja Pan
One of Japan’s most pressing issues is its declining population, which includes people of working age. The utilization of labor migration to alleviate Japan’s labor shortage appears to be not only rational but also an undisputed alternative given the demographic trends. This article will examine the immigration regulations being changed in Japan and how the terms «skills» and «skilled migrants» have been redefined to reflect the fundamental changes.
eurasian national university named after l.n. Gumilyov; Higher School of State Science «astana» international university, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
According to the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan (MHLW), in 2018, there was an acute labor shortage in 20 areas: among them – construction (an average of 8.5 jobs per candidate), mining (7.4) , medicine (4.66-3.27), car repair (4.25), transport (3.66-3.28), hotel and restaurant business (3.08), food industry (3.07) [11]. Moreover, The Japan Times reports that even in such a sought-after and advanced industry as IT technology, a shortage of 800 thousand people is expected by 2030 [10]. «To meet this demand: it will be necessary to increase the number of foreign workers to 3.9 million by 2030, so that they make up 5-6% of the total workforce,» said Yamada Higashi, a researcher at the Japan Research Institute (JRI), a leading analytical center in Tokyo.
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 50
The Japanese government has implemented a variety of policies since 2012 to encourage migration and improve living and working conditions for migrants. Among these adjustments, the government:
• In 2012, it established a points system for highly qualified professionals. As of June 2019, there were about 13,000 visas issued, up from a low of 845 at the end of 2013.
• Created a care work visa for foreign residents who become Certified Care Workers by graduating from recognized Japanese vocational training programs. This visa status allows recipients to bring in family members and in principle permits unlimited visa renewals and ultimately permanent residence and citizenship. In anticipation of this change, the enrollment of international students in Certified Care Worker training programs increased from 17 in 2014 to 1,142 four years later.
The government has also started to assume responsibility for the social and political environment that foreign residents confront. In 2019, the national government started supporting the services provided by the nation's One-Stop Counseling Support Centers for Foreign Residents. Before, local governments that
• Set a target of 300,000 international students enrolled by the end of the year in order to build a pool of part-time workers while they are obtaining the necessary skills to graduate as professionals who can contribute to a global workforce.
Public opinion is one of the factors influencing Japanese authorities' reluctance to allow immigration. Public opinion influences the policy options available to and pursued by public officials in liberal democracies like Japan [19]. With a few caveats, studies on public views about immigration in Japan indicate that the majority of the population does not favor a significant rise in the country's existing immigration rate [5], [6], [9]. To give an example, according to a 2018 Pew Research Centre study, 58% of Japanese respondents said Japan should keep immigration levels at their current levels, 13% wanted Japan to admit fewer immigrants, and only 23% wanted Japan to accept more immigrants.
However, aside from minor, piecemeal changes to immigration laws [22], and despite the lack of success of the major policy alternatives to immigration, these calls have gone unheeded and the idea of immigration has been and, for the most part, is still considered ‘unacceptable as a policy option for the Japanese government’ [3], [1].
cHanGinG PolicY
In this article, we examine the causes of public hostility to immigration in Japan. Recent research has found some significant correlations between individual and sociodemographic factors and societal perceptions of immigration. For instance, Nagayoshi [16] discovered that large differences in Japanese attitudes about immigration can be attributed to factors such as ethnicity, occupation, and the pace of increase in foreign inhabitants. Particularly large Chinese or South American populations, high percentages of foreign laborers, and quick growth in the size of foreign communities all contribute to a surge in antiimmigration sentiment. According to Green and Kadoya [7], age boosts anti-immigration attitude whereas English competence, a proxy variable for the amount of contact with immigrants, decreases it. According to Hamada [8], those in white-collar, managerial, and high-status occupations are more likely to support immigration, whilst those in blue-collar, nationalist, and inhabitants of key manufacturing locations are more likely to reject it. According to Kobayashi's theory [12], factors like as an immigrant's ethnicity, socioeconomic standing, and degree of acculturation to Japanese society would be excellent indicators of a country's desire to grant them citizenship. They found greater support for awarding Japanese citizenship to those hypothetical immigrants who were Korean (as opposed to Chinese), employed high-status jobs, and were well-adapted to living in Japan when they tested this hypothesis by asking participants questions about hypothetical immigrants. Last but not least, Mazumi [14] found that larger and more successful companies in the seafood processing sector are more likely to hire foreign workers than smaller companies, indicating that business needs for labor migration are driven by economic factors.
• Enacted legislation in November 2016 overhauling administration of the Technical Intern Training Program (TITP) system and supervision of employers’ conduct. The law also provided for possible extension of one’s stay on the TITP from three to five years and added a new category of «care work» (nursing care) in residential-care facilities.
On paper, the new system of medium-skilled migration promises opportunities for greater labor movement, protections for human rights, a cozy atmosphere for workers, and a welcoming environment for them for an endless time. However, it does not promote permanent habitation right away. The system's
In summary, the establishment of the medium-skilled work visa categories is part of a patchwork of laws that promote higher labor migration and better integration services for both temporary and permanent residents. When combined, the aforementioned trends and policy modifications show a growing openness to immigrants of all skill levels. They also acknowledge that immigrants contribute to society and that many of them are settling, despite the fact that there is no official government program that actively promotes immigration.
concluSion
Only two occupational sectors have received approval for SSW2 classification, which requires a higher degree of skill: construction and industries associated to shipbuilding. The SSW2 will authorize an unlimited number of visa extensions as well as the recipient's spouse and children, but not their parents or other relatives.
Although the SSW1 category is temporary and has a maximum stay requirement, it complements the TITP by enabling trainees to switch to this visa. A total of 14 occupational sectors are currently included in it: agriculture, aviation, construction, fisheries, food and service industry, industrial machinery and manufacturing, nursing care, automobile maintenance, building/cleaning, electric and electronic information, food and beverage processing, lodging, material processing, shipbuilding and ship-related sectors.
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 51
understood the need for such services for their inhabitants who were foreign-born and had the capacity to provide them differentially bore the costs of the support centers. All prefectures, all cities with a population over 500,000, and other cities with sizable foreign populations are to get national funding. The assistance centers offer migrants information and support in multiple languages regarding all facets of social and tax policies as well as other regulations that influence them.
Until now, Japan has placed a strong cap on the number of low-skilled individuals who can stay in the TITP while giving priority to admissions for highly skilled and skilled occupations. By acknowledging that Japan requires these workers to have a particular degree of skill, the development of chances for skilled workers in manual and service sector employment departs from the TITP's original intent as temporary training to benefit the origin nation. The new system establishes the Specified Skilled Worker 1 (SSW1) and Specified Skilled Worker 2 visa categories (SSW2).
tHe teMPorarY SSW1 cateGorY
a neW focuS on MeDiuM-SKilleD eMPloYMent ViSaS
Of course, it is too early to talk about the effectiveness of the measures proposed by the government, but it can be said with confidence that the strengthening of the legislative framework, increased control and the introduction of penalties for improper implementation of TITP testifies to a responsible approach from the government. This, in turn, can be explained by two important points. Firstly, it is a matter of reputation. Since Japan seeks to play a significant role in world politics and the economy, the Japanese government is trying to eliminate the existing problems associated with the violation of the rights of migrants as soon as possible. Secondly, the shortage of workers is not weakening, and potential interns are no longer so willing to agree to participate in the program due to negative feedback from fellow citizens. At the same time, the internal measures taken by the Japanese government to mitigate the consequences of the demographic crisis, such as financial incentives for later retirement, active involvement of women in labor activities, are not sufficient to maintain production potential. Thus, the government is trying to convince migrants of the absolute safety and profitability of the program.
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tokzhanova aiymzhan (aiymzhantokzhanova@gmail.com) akzholova luiza (luiza.x13@mail.ru)
Keywords: higher education, scholarship, Sweden, university, student visa, job, interna tional program, grants.
’
1. You can find a job with a diploma from a Swedish university in any country in Europe and abroad –since Sweden is part of the Bologna education system;
2. Emphasis is placed on the development of high tolerance and the education of European values;
introDuction
l n.Gumilyov eurasian national university, Nur-Sultan
What are the features of studying in Sweden that make it so attractive:
abstract
6. Language schools are open for foreign students;
The Kingdom of Sweden is a country with a high standard of living, annually attracting young people from other countries. University diplomas are valued by many employers all over the world, so the education in Sweden received by a young specialist helps to move quickly up the career ladder. Sweden is an amazing destination for international students eager to get their Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees. Nevertheless, what makes Sweden such a great attraction?
Babar farkhan (farhanbabar902@gmail.com)
3. Each university develops relevant and effective programs – they are independent of state policy in the field of education;
let s Brea K it doW n : studY inG in s W eden
rejab Hayat (reejabh123@gmail.com)
Practical training is applied – universities work closely with enterprises where students can get real work experience;Thereare many English-language programs at universities;
Yadav Manoj (manojrajan1990@gmail.com)
international higher school of medicine (iHSM), Bishkek Kyrgyzstan
54
We are representatives of Central Asian countries, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. We be lieve that investing in your education is an investment in your bright future. Higher educa tion is the cornerstone of sustainable development. In our research work, we studied higher education in Sweden. The higher education sector is very diverse. In addition to the widely accepted traditional degrees and continuing education programs, there are short courses with vocational or technical skills.
international university of Kyrgyzstan eastern Medical campus, Bishkek
In 1937, he studied art and literary studies at Stockholm University. He was a Swedish film director, screenwriter, and producer. Universally ranked among the most accomplished and influential filmmakers of all time.
Paul Jozef Crutzen
Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné, was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern biological naming scheme of binomial nomenclature and modern taxonomy. Linnaeus received most of his higher education at Uppsala University.
Here’s the list of famous graduates of above Swedish universities: Ingmar Bergman
Lund University seeks to be a world-class university that works to understand, explain and improve our world and the human condition. The University is ranked as one of the top 100 in the world. [1]
Paul Jozef Crutzen was a Dutch meteorologist and atmospheric chemist and studied at University of Stockholm . He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 for his work on atmospheric chemistry.[ 5 ]
University of Gothenburg
Swedish universities typically fall into two categories, namely the traditional ‘university’ and a ‘university college’. Distinction being that, while the former has the right to confer PhD degrees, the latter normally does not. As for the structure, offering bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral programs. The length of each program Bachelor’s:is:Three Years
Ranked among the world’s top 100 universities globally and one of the 25 best universities in Europe, offering over 75 international master’s programmes in science, social sciences, humanities, and law[3].
7. Students are free to earn extra money after their studies without additional permits;
Lund University
Strong research and attractive study programs attract scientists and students from all around the world. The University of Gothenburg is environmentally certified and works actively for sustainable development. [4]
8. The Ministry of Education strictly monitors compliance with high standards of education – it is not surprising that most of the Nobel laureates are graduates of Swedish universities.
tHe MoSt PoPular uniVerSitieS or fielDS of StuDY
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 55
2. PhD: Several Years depending on the course
1. Master’s: One to Two Years
3.
Uppsala University
Stockholm University
Carl Linnaeus
Uppsala University is the oldest university in Sweden, with a living cultural environment and extraordinary student life [2]. World-class research and high quality education pursued here benefit society and business on a global level.
more than 1 year, then it is necessary to register in the Swedish Population Register.
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 56
You must always submit your certificate/diploma and transcripts in the official language of the country where you studied.
international ProGraMS
tHe ProceDure for oBtaininG a StuDent ViSa
residence permit for studies in higher education
The Swedish Institute provides about 500 scholarships to foreign students annually for study and research. The most popular study program is the Visby Scholarship Program or the Swedish Institute Baltic Sea Region Program. It covers the cost of tuition, accommodation and airfare[9].
2. Transcripts of completed courses and grades for each semester included in your degree
1. have a valid passport
6. have, or have applied for, a comprehensive health insurance policy.
5. In order to speed up the processing of your application, they require a copy of the page in your passport with your personal data and photograph, or some other identification document. [7]
Grants from the Swedish Institute
In order to complete your admissions application, you must provide the following documents so they arrive at University Admissions by the deadline. [6]
reQuireD DocuMentS tHat for aPPlication
3. Proof of English language proficiency
4. Proof that you meet the specific entry requirements
It’s important you check your university’s website for information regarding the specific entry requirements for the course or programme you have applied to and any other documentation they may require, such as dissertations, essay summaries, letters of recommendation.
translation requirements
Official means that your translation must be completed by a translation company or a person who works as a translator. This translation should be in Swedish or English.
If you are going to study in Sweden for a period of time longer than three months, you can apply for a residence permit for higher education. The permit must be issued before you travel to Sweden.[8]
3. be able to support yourself during the time for which you are applying for a residence permit
4. have paid a possible tuition fee before you send in the application
5. the average tuition fee is about SEK 129,000 per academic year (exact tuition depends on the university and the programme.)
2. have been admitted to full-time studies in a programme or courses that require your presence in higher education
1. Certificates and diplomas of your completed degree(s).
for your certificate/diploma and transcript
requirements for residence permits:
An applicant from a country outside the EU and Switzerland submits documents to the Swedish Embassy/Consulate in their country. Before applying for a residence permit, you must contact the Swedish embassy/consulate.Ifthestudylasts
A number of universities in Sweden administer their own scholarship programs. An example is Lund University, which provides scholarships that fully or partially cover the cost of studying in a master’s program.
Disadvantages
1. You will need to get used to the climate in sweden. You will find that the climate in Sweden is described as «generally terrible» by most people all year long. There are a few weeks during the summer when the sun is out consistently, and you can wear shorts and t-shirts.
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 57
Working in Sweden allows you to take advantage of their year-round vacations. In the first year of employment, it is common for people to take at least five paid vacations.
University Scholarships
2. You will quickly discover the unwritten rules of the l aw of jante in sweden. There is a code of conduct in the Nordic countries that is known as the Law of Jante. Swedes call it Jantelagen. It portrays that doing things out of the ordinary, or being overly ambitious on a personal level, is inappropriate and unworthy.
Swedish citizens and European Union citizens are entitled to free education at the country’s universities and schools. However, if you relocate to Sweden and live beyond the authorized areas, you will be obligated to pay out of pocket.
SourceS of funDinG are aVailaBle for international StuDentS
A number of Swedish universities are partner universities of the European exchange program Erasmus Mundus. A list of these universities can be found on the website of the Swedish Institute[10].
aDVantaGeS anD DiSaDVantaGeS of liVinG in SWeDen
Erasmus Mundus program
Advantages:
2. extensive healthcare opportunities
3. health insurance in sweden does not cover everything. It would be fair to say that the standard healthcare package in Sweden is something that is affordable to everyone. There are certainly opportunities to visit with medical professionals whenever something is bothering you.
1. excellent Working environment
3. no free tuition if You move to sweden
Although many people believe Sweden has a universal healthcare system, this is not entirely accurate. Within the boundaries of this structure, the maximum fee for each visit is 1,000kr, or roughly USD 120.
1st student
tHe coSt of liVinG anD StuDYinG in SWeDen
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 58
c ost of education
If you are a foreigner you should budget at least 8,568 SEK per month to cover all of their living costs. Your monthly rent for accommodation will take most of your budget and probably cost between SEK 4,170 – 6,500, or perhaps even more[11]
Table 1
4. Unlike so many countries around the world, students allowed to work while studying in Sweden if they have your residence permit (student visa). So, here we suggest checking Part of Educations Media Group’s site [15].
If you're a non-EU/EEA student, tuition costs will vary depending on the university and discipline you choose. Expect between 7,500 – 25,500 EUR/year for a Bachelor's or Master's programme. Specialized courses, like MBAs, can cost as much as 31,000 EUR/year.
Name :Rojin, living and Studying in Sweden for 4 years
6. «Glassdoor» [17] is the worldwide leader on insights about jobs and companies. Built on the foundation of increasing workplace transparency, Glassdoor offers insights into the employee experience powered by millions of company ratings and reviews.
5. «iAgora» [16] provides internships in Sweden for English speakers and for any categories. You will see tabs for graduate jobs, internships, various companies and universities. Let’s globalize your CV!
2. «Study in Sweden» [13] will find all necessary information about getting a visa, moving, studying or working in Sweden.
City name: Stockholm
1. are you satisfied with studying in sweden or do you want to move somewhere else?
2. Your advice for students who want to study in sweden? – Bring warm clothes with you, it’s very cold outside. The weather in Sweden is really cold and we don’t see the sun. In winters it is always dark, but in summer it is bright even at 23 pm.
3. «Studyportals» [14] began as a spin-off from a couple of large international study associations. It was born out of frustration, a total lack of information and overview of the fast-growing number of international Master’s programmes in Europe.
transport Transport can cost you up to 5000 SEK. tax
In Sweden, most people pay only local tax – ranging between 29.08 and 35.15 per cent depending on municipality – on their annual income. others 2000,3000 SEK including food and other essential dimensions.
– I am okay with my studying. There is no problem in getting an education. I am happy with Sweden and I don’t want to move elsewhere.
uSeful linKS, MaterialS anD reSourceS
1. Here’s the official website of the Swedish embassies and consulates [12] and includes all the websites of Sweden’s mission abroad.
feeDBacK froM StuDentS StuDYinG in tHe countrY
1. are you satisfied with studying in sweden or you want to move somewhere else?
– If you want to study here. Firstly, collect all the information about your studies, secondly, ask people who are studying here; thirdly, if you are in high school and want to complete studies then complete it for your homeland first.
10. https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/about-sweden-non-swedish-citizens/
5. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1995/crutzen/biographical/
2nd Student
– Yes I work at a cafe on weekends. I can manage my studies with a job.
3. is it expensive to live and study in sweden?
14. https://www.iagora.com
– Yes, Sweden is an expensive country. You have to pay taxes but your education is totally free. If you are an immigrant, have permanent residency or have an EU card then you can get more facilities, even students can get extra money from school for studies.
1. https://www.study.eu/university/lund-university
15. https://www.glassdoor.com/Job/sweden-internship-jobs-SRCH_IL.0,6_IN223_KO7,17.htm
12. https://www.bachelorsportal.com/countries/26/sweden
11. https://studyinsweden.se
references
– I am from Pakistan. I am ok with studying at Komvux. Komvux is for the people who are above 18 so they cannot go to high school.
Name: Kausar Nasir, living and Studying in Sweden for 1 year City Name: Stockholm
2. do you have any job opportunities with your studies?
3. Your advice for students who want to study in sweden?
3. https://www.su.se/cmlink/stockholm-university
4. https://www.study.eu/university/university-of-gothenburg
6. https://www.migrationsverket.se/English/Startpage.html
– It is very difficult to find a house in Sweden and the rent is very expensive. We also pay too much tax. So living is expensive but school is not. The state provides the necessary aid for your education.
7. https://si.se/en/apply/scholarships/
8. https://erasmus-plus.ec.europa.eu/opportunities/individuals/students/erasmus-mundus-joint-masters-scholarships
13. https://institutions.educations.com/insights
9. https://studyinsweden.se/
4. is it expensive to live and study in sweden?
2. https://www.mastersportal.com/ranking-country/26/sweden.html
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 59
In recent years, many countries of the world have recognized inclusive education as a priority, as opposed to special education, this has been facilitated by the Convention of the rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) and the Salamanca Statement , as well as the movement and activism of parents, who are more likely to choose for their children to study in general education schools. Many countries, including Georgia, have made changes to their education regulatory documents, and various support services for inclusive education have emerged. In the wake of this process, the mechanism for identifying and determining special educational needs remains an important issue, because inclusive education, which is based on a social model, aims to include not only children with disabilities, but also all children with learning difficulties in the educational process, and this may in many cases not necessarily due to any diagnosis or disability.
Keywords: inclusive education, SEN student, multidisciplinary team
60
Inclusive education is an educational environment that is equally accessible to everyone and involves the inclusion of all students in the educational process, regardless of certain needs. Inclusive education rec ognizes individual differences and at the same time equality. Accordingly, inclusive education is a process within which individual educational needs and opportunities are provided for all students.
t he role of the multidisci PlinarY team in the introduction and de V eloP ment of inclusi V e education
tamar tukhashvili (tukhashvilitamar@gmail.com)
The paper deals with the issues of the essence, importance and development of inclu sive education in Georgia. Also, the work describes in detail one of the important links of inclusive education, the multidisciplinary team of the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia in the direction of implementation and promotion, development and monitoring of inclusive education.
Sn. andrew Georgian university, Georgia, tbilisi
abstract
introDuction
All students can experience learning difficulties because everyone has different ways of perceiving, pro cessing and presenting information. An equally accessible educational process involves planning and con ducting the process in such a way as to ensure access to education, engagement, participation and achieve ment of learning outcomes for all students. Quality inclusive education involves identifying and overcom ing barriers.Whatcan be the barrier to getting an education? Individual characteristics of the child/student and difficulties in development, or difficulties in the environment that prevent access to education? Also, there may be difficulties in the student’s development that require more support from the school and require the use of additional human or material resources.
According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights «everyone has the right to educa tion».
The multidisciplinary team of the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia is a team of experts that operates throughout the country – regionally and locally. The total number of team members currently exceeds 47 members, with different quantitative distribution. The team includes people from different pro fessions, most of them are psychologists. Also: special teacher, occupational therapist, speech therapist, psychiatrist, behavioural therapist. The specialists listed above are selected by the Ministry based on the goals and needs of the administration.
a) physical limitation;
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 61
e) disorders of speech
Who can be a student with special educational needs?
Inclusive education in Georgia is based on the social model. Important procedural issues are: inter pretation of assessment results; identification of strengths and needs; make a conclusion; determination of required services; drawing up an individual curriculum plan; Monitor progress.
This includes every member of society, including persons with disabilities, representatives of various vul nerable groups and minorities, who have the same right to education, development and socialization as any other member of society. Accordingly, many countries of the world pay special attention to an internation ally recognized topic, such as the harmonious inclusion of persons with disabilities and/or special educa tional needs in the educational process, which is the main basis for the introduction and development of inclusive education.
f) behavioural and emotional disorders;
c) Disruption of learning ability;
What can be the purpose of the referral and assessment to the multidisciplinary team of the Ministry:
g) the need for long-term hospitalization;
h) difficulties in learning caused by social factors, due to which he cannot meet the requirements of the national curriculum;
In case of learning difficulties of the student, based on the parent’s consent and application, the school is obliged to refer to the multidisciplinary team of the Ministry:
Evaluation for the purpose of transition from kindergarten to school – if, in the early development stage of the child’s attendance at kindergarten, the parent has certain information or the conclusion of other specialists (psychologist, doctor, kindergarten teacher, etc.) that his child has certain difficulties in development A multidisciplinary team of the ministry should be referred by the parent during the school registration process, so that the team member(s) can assess the child’s needs in detail and draw up a report describing the child’s strengths and weaknesses.
A student can be a student who has:
to remove the status of special educational needs – parents and/or teachers, if they have a reasoned assumption that the student has the ability to overcome the standard of the national curriculum and no longer needs an individual curriculum plan or special education services, apply to the multidisci plinary team with a request to remove the status.
b) violation of intellectual development;
Implementation of inclusive education in Georgia started in 2005 in the wake of deinstitutionalization in 10 pilot schools in Tbilisi; Of course, at the same time, changes were introduced in the legislation; Since 2009, the pilot project «Inclusive education in 10 regions» has been started. Nowadays, inclusive education has been implemented in 73% of public schools (out of 2100 public schools, inclusive education is imple mented in 1525 schools).
d) violation of sensory development (hearing and/or vision);
What is the multidisciplinary team of the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia?
Regarding the identification of difficulties related to the student’s learning and the assignment of the status of EvaluationSEN.
i) Difficulties in learning caused by the language barrier
inclusive education in Georgia
remote assessment
Assessment for enrolment in resource schools – 7 resource schools operate in Georgia, including 4 in Tbilisi and 3 in the regions. resource schools are provided for students with special difficulties who, based on the assessment and conclusion of the multidisciplinary team, are recommended to be in need of the said Assessmentservice.to
Assessment of a person’s special educational needs by a multidisciplinary team and drawing up a con clusionThe assessment of a person’s special educational needs and drawing up a conclusion by the member/ members of the multidisciplinary team is carried out after receiving the application from the school and the attached documents. In order to respond to the referral, a member of the multidisciplinary team contacts the person’s legal representative and, in agreement with him, determines the date, time and place of the person’s special educational needs assessment.
In addition, at the end of the report, a list of specialists is presented whose work is effective with the student with special needs and the school is authorized to announce a competition for additional specialists and hire specialists (if it has not had the need for this until now).
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 62
Assessment for Transition from School to Vocational School – One of the functions of the multidisci plinary team is to provide assessment of the student at the elementary and/or secondary level of schooling for transition to vocational school. In this case, a person’s strengths and weaknesses in cognitive, academic, motor, social, and functional skills are assessed, as well as making recommendations for determining pro fessional orientation, researching the applicant’s interests and inclinations, so that the profession can be chosenAssessmentsuccessfully.forenrolling in an integrated class – integrated classes have been operating in Georgia since 2013, its purpose is to place students with approximately the same needs in one classroom space and pro vide additional human and material resources, because it is considered that students with more difficulties are enrolled in integrated classes than in public classes Integration is gradual and requires more planning, effort and time. At this stage, integrated classes for students with autism spectrum disorders and students with hearing difficulties are functioning, where enrolment is made only on the basis of a multidisciplinary team assessment and a written report.
The assessment form, written by the member(s) of the multidisciplinary team, is very detailed and includes structured information about the assessed person’s academic (writing, reading, narration, calcu lation) and cognitive (perception, attention, thinking, memory) development, as well as motor and func tional skills, behaviour, Communication, interests and more. At the end of the form, there is a conclusion, as a result of the assessment described above, whether the student has been assigned a special educational need and what kind of recommendations are effective in this regard. Based on this information, teachers have a clear idea of how to teach, what strengths and weaknesses the student has, etc.
confirm or eliminate the need for an assistant for a person with special educational needs – if, according to the multidisciplinary team’s assessment, the student with special needs requires more support and assistance, in terms of developing functional skills (self-service skills), the school is au thorized to hire an assistant. Also, an assistant is hired even if the student has difficult behaviours and needs special attention and support to achieve full involvement in the learning process.
The assessment conducted by the member/members of the multidisciplinary team is carried out by the following methods: interview with the parent/legal representative, interview with teachers and specialists involved in inclusive education and/or requesting written information from them, direct assessment of the child/person based on tests, observation of behaviour; Getting to know the documentation prepared by the teacher/teachers and/or specialists involved in inclusive education; Getting to know with the recommen dations developed by the school for the primary management of the difficulty expressed by the student in relation to learning.
The situation created in the world during the covid-19 pandemic has naturally replaced the face-to-face meetings of the multidisciplinary team with remote assessments. Accordingly, based on the change in the law, the multidisciplinary team, depending on the need, can carry out the assessment of the special educa tional needs of a person remotely.
Tamar Tukhashvili: conference materials. 20211. Tamar Isakadze: conference materials, 2021.2. Law of Georgia on General Education http://www.inclusion.ge/3. http://ncp.ge/files/ESG/NC%202018-2024/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%92%20-%204. 2018%20%E1%83% http://inclusion.geE1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C.pdf94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%207%20%E1%83%A1%E1%83%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%
references
scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium 63
As a conclusion, it is possible to say that the multidisciplinary team of the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia is one of the important links in the process of development, implementation, support of inclusive education, effective communication with schools and vocational schools, preschool institutions, parents of special education students and in general, the establishment of an inclusive society.
5.
Also, the functions of the multidisciplinary team include the development of recommendations re garding the modification of the national curriculum and/or adaptation to the learning environment and/ or the preparation and implementation of the individual curriculum; development of recommendations for the student’s legal representative regarding the student’s learning/teaching strategies, preparation for his/her independent life; The multidisciplinary team will determine recommendations for setting up a resource room in the school (if necessary); The member/members of the multidisciplinary team par ticipate in the selection interview of the applicant in the direction of inclusive education; The multi disciplinary team promotes awareness raising in the direction of inclusive education, cooperates with parents, resource centres, special teachers, non-governmental organizations, school principals – within the framework of relevant competence. Introduces the culture of inclusive education and monitors the results achieved in the educational process.
lies in the disclosure of issues of thoughtful and conscious attempts of the Kyr gyz Republic to improve their debt management practices pursuit of national interests and general develop ment of the country. This proved to be a redundant and complex process for the KR, as it led to adjustments, new economic conditions, taking into account the priorities of a large-scale review and changes in the eco nomic component of the state’s development as a whole.
lipovich iuliia Georgievna, Postgraduate student of the Department of english and intercultural communication (ylipovich85@gmail.com)
From a 4.8 percent of GDP surplus in 2020, the current account balance fell into a deficit of 8.6 percent of GDP in 2021, driven by a sharper trade deficit. Economic recovery has been
Zenina elena Vyacheslavovna (Lzenina@list.ru)
l atest outlooK on strenG theninG de Bt m anaG ement Practices in the K Y rGYZ r e P u Blic
The article elaborates in details the main building blocks of a medium term debt management strategy which should contain: (i) clear benchmarks for the debt portfolio; (ii) understanding the cost and risk im plications of different borrowing scenarios; (iii) ensuring credibility of the preferred strategy, and its con sistency with other government objectives via a sound governance framework; (iv) ensuring accountability that the agreed strategy is implemented; (v) the macroeconomic framework and the level of development of the domestic market; and (vi) the cost and risk of, and availability of finance for, the different debt instru ments.Reviewing the country context vs general Public Debt Management Guidelines of the International Mon etary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank [1] we can clearly state that the Kyrgyz economy was hit hard by the pandemic in 2020 but began recovering in 2021. It contracted by 8.4 percent in 2020 because of the impact of COVID-19 but then registered a modest recovery with 3.6 percent GDP growth in 2021 contributed mostly by non-gold sectors. The economic recovery continued in the first quarter of 2022 with GDP growth reaching 4.5 percent, supported by industry, including gold production, retail trade and services.
Kyrgyz national university named after Jusup Balasagyn, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
64
abstract
non-profit educational institution educational, research and production complex «international university of Kyrgyzstan», Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
The article reviews challenges of improving debt management practices in the Kyrgyz Republic (hereinafter referred to as KR) through the implementation of debt management reforms and training the staff of the debt management department in the area of debt strat egy formulation and market development.
Keywords: debt management, management strategy, budget, debt, national interest, loan, market,Relevancedevelopment.ofthisarticle
Throughout the last decade the Kyrgyz Republic has made encouraging progress towards debt transpar ency, debt management and fiscal sustainability, including modernization of the budget system and more transparent debt statistics and reporting. Monthly reports on public debt published on the Ministry of Fi nance’s (MoF) website include data on external and domestic central government debt, stocks and flows. Furthermore, reporting to Parliament takes place as part of the Budget Execution report prepared by the MoF. This annual report includes analysis on the domestic debt market, the approved vs. actual issuances of government securities, stock for external and domestic debt, debt by currency and a short analysis of planned vs. actual debt services for external and domestic debt. Lastly, domestic bonds’ issuance calendar is available only for the specific months for which issuances are planned. The MoF is planning to prepare an annual debt bulletin that would provide a comprehensive view of the debt portfolio and analyze its cost and risk indicators as well as its main vulnerabilities. However, challenges remain in the legal framework for mandatory enforcement of debt transparency and management, limited capacity within the government for data consolidation and regular reporting, and weak financial reporting practices of the SOEs, including the non-disclosure of SOE debts.
The Government’s current Debt Management Strategy, covering the 2020-23 period, aims at ensuring the availability of funding to cover the financing needs of the Government at the lowest possible cost and reasonable level of risks. It also targets the development of the government securities market and maintain ing public debt sustainability. More specifically, in its external debt management strategy, the Government is aiming at securing a minimum level of concessionality for new external loans of at least 35 percent while restricting the amount of funding coming from any one external creditor to 50 percent of the total external debt. Furthermore, the Government is not pursuing the issuance or placement of foreign currency bonds in external financial markets. For domestic debt, Government is aiming at increasing the share of longer-term bonds (5-,7– and 10-year bonds) in the overall domestic debt portfolio to extend the average maturity of the domestic debt.
The latest joint Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) [3] by the World Bank updated in April 2021 as sessed Kyrgyz Republic’s public debt as sustainable, but the risk of public and external debt distress remains moderate. This assessment resulted from breaches of the thresholds of the Planned Value (PV) of debt-toexports ratio and the debt service-to-exports ratio under the most impactful standard stresses. Conversely, the PV of external debt-to-GDP ratio is assessed to be resilient even under its «most extreme» shock, as this ratio breaches its threshold for only one year (in 2023) by 0.7 percentage point of GDP. The assessment considered the significant contraction of real GDP in 2020 as opposed to the modest growth projected in the 2020 DSA, but also the much lower fiscal and current account deficits. The baseline assessment also consid ers the slower growth recovery and a moderate fiscal adjustment in 2021.
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The near-term outlook projects weakening of the Kyrgyz economy because of the deteriorated global economic environment after the military conflict in Ukraine. According to the World Bank’s and other in ternational development organizations forecasts the Kyrgyz economy is projected to contract by 2 percent in 2022 largely due to a projected significant decline in remittance inflows and the resulting fall in private consumption and investment. The fiscal deficit is expected to sharply widen to 5 percent of GDP in 2022, and external trade is expected to shrink due to import compression. Growth is forecasted to pick up to 3.2 –4.0 percent in 2023-2024, assuming a resolution of the conflict and resumption of the high rates of public investment, maintenance of domestic political stability and the easing of pandemic conditions as vaccine deployment continues. With more than 80 percent of public debt denominated in foreign currencies, the recent depreciation of the som will worsen the country’s debt financing [2]. profile and increase public debt servicing pressures. In addition to higher cost of public debt service, lower tax revenues from trade disrup tions, lower customs revenues, weaker domestic economic activity, and anti-crisis government spending will exacerbate fiscal pressures in 2022.
accompanied by a significant rebound in imports, which grew by almost 50 percent in 2021 and by more than 90 percent in the first quarter of 2022. Exports grew 40 percent in 2021, before slowing to 3.8 percent growth in the first quarter of the current year. Higher food and fuel prices drove inflation to 11.2 percent in 2021 from 9.7 percent a year earlier and kept it high during the first quarter of 2022. The government’s fiscal position improved significantly in 2021 and the deficit fell to 0.3 percent of GDP from 4.2 percent in 2020 on the back of the improved revenue collection and the restrained growth of public spending. As a result, public debt declined from 67.7 in 2020 to 60.3 percent of GDP in 2021.
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1. Guidelines of the Public Debt Management by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank (March 21, 2001) – https://www.imf.org/external/np/mae/pdebt/2000/eng/index.htm
2. Oleksandr Kilievych – English Russian Glossary of Terms and Concepts in Public and Economic Policy, Administration and Trade, University of Central Asia, 2nd Expended Edition, 2013, p. 99.
3. Debt Sustainability Framework (DSF) – https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/debt-toolkit/dsf
The analysis focuses on domestic securities market development, including pre-requisites for the development of local bond markets, distinction between financing requirement and nominal issuance and between bond coupon and yield. The following session familiarized the counterparts with exist ing frameworks for developing local currency bond markets (LCBD) by describing stages of analysis, building blocks for local currency bond market and stages of LCBD, showing other country experiences and sharing examples of the reform plan design. The session on organization of the debt management functions showed and shared different modes of organizational setups of the public debt management function across different regions drawing attention to ensuring strategic linkages with cash management, monetary and fiscal policy objectives.
4. The 2022 calendar of issuance of domestic debt can be found at a website of the Ministry of Finance of the Kyrgyz Republic –varitelnyy-prognoznyy-kalendar-emissii-gosudar.http://minfin.kg/ru/novosti/obrascheniya-grazhdan/kalendar-emissii-gtsb/pred
It is important to note that the domestic debt market experienced serious challenges after the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine as the investor demand has significantly deteriorated in the context of heightened uncertainties. The produced calendar of annual and quarterly auctions ensures availability of funding to cover the Government’s financing needs from the domestic market while taking into account the current uncertainties [4].
references
In recent years the Kyrgyz Government has been implementing measures to develop the domestic debt market, which however remains relatively small and dominated by buy-and-hold investors. Since 2018, the Government has slowly increased its issuance of securities in the domestic debt market and, after close consultation with the National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic (NBKR), it has re-started regular issuance of 6-months T-bills in order to provide greater flexibility to meet the government´s temporary in-year cash needs at lower cost. During FY21, the government prepared and published its first annual borrowing plan (ABP), which aimed at enhancing the planning of the overall domestic and external bor rowings. The initiation of the publication of the annual and the quarterly auction calendars for domestic borrowing follows the debt management reform pattern. It will provide investors with clear indication of the volumes and instruments which government will issue in the domestic market of government securi ties during the fiscal period.
67 Ed ITor I al & rE v IE w IN g Board dmitry lepeshev, Phd Sh.ProfessorUalikhanov Kokshetau University academician of the academy of Pedagogical Sciences of ZayrullaKazakhstanTokubayev, Phd First CentralProfessorvice-rectorKazakhstan academy Elena Shumilova, Phd KubanProfessorState University laura Turarbekova, Phd aProfessorl-Farabi Kazakh National University Modern education and research institute Square de Meeûs 38-40, 1000 Brussels, http://moderneducationinstitute.comonline@moderneducationinstitute.com+32488866865BelgiumdesignbyKseniaKolosovaKseniya@moderneducationinstitute.comYuliaMatskevich,PhdresearchManagerBrunelUniversitylondonlanceleverette,MBaMarketresearcherEkaterinaTsaranok,M.a.directorModernEducation&researchInstitute
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