The Scientific Journal of the Modern Education & Research Institute, №22, 15 June 2023 by Modern Education and Research Institute

scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium

15 June 2023 Brussels, Belgium

Scientific Journal

of the Modern Education

& Research Institute

ISSN 2506-8040

scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium

IN CooPEraTIoN wITH oUr MEMBErS:

scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium

It is the quality, not the quantity, of research that makes the biggest difference to people’s lives and propels researchers to a new higher level. Unfortunately, there are many factors that lead researchers to focus on producing a large amount of research rather than on high quality research. For example, the number of publications by researchers determines decisions about grants, promotions, professional status and funding. Hence the tangible need to «publish or perish». MERI has launched a professional development programme designed to help academics improve the quality of their research and the journals in which their articles are published, without reducing their publication activity. The programme consisted of 8 thematic modules, each detailing pedagogical and digital methods and tools to help conduct and administer research, as well as advising students on their research projects. As a result of the training, participants in the programme: • Learn to work with abstract databases. • Learn to ask the right research question. • Explore the application of stasis theory to identify research topics, develop research questions and develop arguments. • Become familiar with the different types of literature review needed for different research tasks. • Understand how to apply the principles of open science in university research and become a world-class scientist. We would like to thank the participants of the first run of the programme for their active work as well as interesting discussions on the development of scientific activities at the university and on how to help students form research competences during our live sessions and in the comments to the course materials!

Ekaterina Tsaranok

Director, Modern Education & Research Institute

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CONTENT 1.

Bashirov A.A., Zh.A. Duysheev Localization of the medieval towns of Selat and Shikit in the Northeast Fergana International University named after K. Sh. Toktomamatov, Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan............................. 9

2. Chevallier P. Prise en charge de l’anxiété préopératoire «Séances musicolfactives» étude clinique OSTMR, Paris, France..................................................................................................................................... 21 3. Ismailova K.J., Akylbekova Asel TOPICAL ISSUES OF MODERN MANAGEMENT IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM OF KYRGYZSTAN Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyzstan.......................................................................................................... 32 4. Milevica I. TRANSLATION STRATEGIES IN THE TRAP OF INTERDISCIPLINARITY: ON THE MATERIAL OF SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES Alberta College, Riga, Latvia......................................................................................................................... 36 5. Sandler M.R. RECENT POST-SOVIET MIGRATION: EUROPE AND TOLERANCE International Migration and Gender Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium........................................... 40

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LOCALIZATION OF THE MEDIEVAL TOWNS OF SELAT AND SHIKIT IN THE NORTHEAST FERGANA A.A. Bashirov Zh.A. Duysheev International University named after K. Sh. Toktomamatov, Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan

Abstract This work aims at solving the problem of accurate localization of the medieval towns of Selat and Shikit in the north-eastern part of the Fergana Valley. A.N. Bernshtam had written about the difficulty of determining medieval cities location in the interfluve of the Naryn and the Kara-Darya rivers in his works. Based on the analysis of the medieval written sources and hypotheses of A.N. Bernshtam and V.V. Вartold, and archaeological material found in the Mailuu-Suu river basin the authors offer their own version of the precise localization of the towns of Selat and Shikit. The locations of Selat on the site of Mailuu-Suu city and Shikit on the site of Massy village exactly correspond to distances and roads of trade routes described in works of medieval geographers of the 10th century. Keywords: Fergana, Middle Ages, town.

Conclusion The Fergana Valley is one of the centers where the ancient and medieval civilization of Central Asia was developed. Most of the cities located here have already been identified by scientists with found archaeological monuments and modern towns and villages. The northeastern part of the Ferghana Valley – the interfluve of Naryn and Kara–Darya rivers remains a blank spot. However, the localization of the medieval cities of Selat and Shikit remains unclear here.

The degree of study The earliest information about the cities of northeastern Ferghana was left by Arabian and Persian geographers of the X century [6, 194-219]. Al-Istakhri describes the possessions and cities of Ferghana in his work «Kitab masalik va-l-mamalik» («The Book of the Ways of states»). Ibn Haukal amplifying Al-Istakhri mentions the northeastern Ferghana districts Miyan-e-Rudan, Biskent and Selat. Detailed information about the settlements of Kyrgyzstan is given by Al-Mukaddasi. He divides Fergana into three regions each of which in his time was an independent possession: Miyan-e-Rudan – the interfluve of Naryn and Kara-Darya rivers, Nesaya – the area south of Syr-Darya, Vagizia – the area north

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of Syr-Darya [1,357]. Another source is the work of an anonymous Persian author of the tenth century «Hudud-al-Alam» («Borders of the world»). These sources formed the basis for articles and essays on Fergana history by V.V. Bartold and A.N. Bernshtam. The difficulty to determine the exact location of the medieval cities of Miyan-e-Rudan was noted by A.N. Bernstam in his «Ancient Fergana» work: «The location of the cities of Miyan-e-Rudan is difficult to identify. The village of Shikit famous for its nuts, in my opinion, corresponds to Arslan-bob and the settlements of Kara-Unkur. Biskend obviously corresponds to the modern village of Izbaskent and Selat, perhaps to Kokand-Kishlak. Then the numerous ruins between Massa and Kugart (Akman, Chuka-tepe) should correspond to Heftdeh («Seven Villages» – auth.). There are no ancient villages north of the Massy (Izbaskent) to Naryn along the mountains. It remains unclear how the village of Shikit was located from Akhsyket in 9 farsakhs (an old measure of length which is equal to about 5 to 5.5 kilometers). Perhaps this path went through the mountains through the modern village of Gava, or Shikit was in the foothill part in the area of the same basin of the rivers Massa and Tentyak-Sai, connected with the walnut forests of Arslanbob by mountain passes « [2, 265-266]. In his other work A.N. Bernshtam marks Shikit in the vast area of the basin of the Tentyak-Sai and KaraUngur rivers. Nothing is said about the Selat’s identification here. The author also suggests that the ancient authors could have been mistaken [3, 138]. These works are the only attempt in historical science to determine the location of medieval cities in northeastern Fergana. In order to solve this problem it is necessary to determine the already identified cities of this region, find out their role and significance in a certain period, take into account the distances indicated in Al-Mukaddasi and in Hudud al-Alam, to which A.N. Bernshtam refers, and find out why he denies the existence of ancient villages to north of the Massy [2, 266]. When looking at the map it can be seen that we are talking about the Mailuu-Suu River basin (Fig. 1).

Goals and objectives What cities do we know? The center of the Miyan-e-Rudan region was the city of Hailam, located in the Ketmen-Tyub basin at the confluence of the Naryn and Uzun-Akhmat rivers [2, 267]. Uzgen was a major city. Akhsyket which was the center of another region of medieval Ferghana or Vagizia became the capital of the Ferghana domain in the Samanid era. It is identified by A.N. Bernshtam with a settlement south of Namangan on the bank of the Syr Darya [2, 126-129]. Heftdeh («seven villages») are settlements between Massa and Kugart [2, 265]. One inaccuracy in A.N. Bernshtam’s essay is connected with the localization of Biskent. It is identified with Massy which A.N. Bernstam considers Isbaskent. However, the Uzbek village of Madaniyat was called Izbaskent until 1970. The village of Massy is located on the territory of Kyrgyzstan and has never been called an Izbaskent. Biskent in this case corresponds to Izbaskent (the modern name of the Uzbek village of Madaniyat). Today the location of Selat and Shikit remains unclear. Their precise localization will remove the question of the difficulty to determine the location of the medieval cities between the Naryn and Kara-Darya rivers.

Methods In solving this issue, it is necessary to rely on the descriptions of trade routes compiled by medieval geographers. The main trade route from Ferghana to the north was the way from Akhsiket, the capital of Ferghana, to Hailam, the administrative center of Miyan-e-Rudan. Then the way lay to the Central Tien Shan in the possession of the Turkic khagans. Other routes through the Kugart and Yassy passes led to Xinjiang [3, 136]. V.V. Bartold gives evidence of geographers of the X century about trade routes from Ferghana to the country of the Turks. They call them «the gateway to the land of the Turks.» In his essay «Ferghana» the following information is given: «Ibn Hardadbeh and Kudama call Uzgend «the city of dihkan Djur-tegin», i.e., it was probably the residence of a Turkic prince; Churtegin is now the area east of the Yasi Pass. The cities of Biskent and Selat were also considered «gates» [1, 357]. 10

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Here is a quote from the medieval source «Hudud-al-Alama»: «Biskend and Selat have villages around them; these cities are the gates for the Turks who come to them from Miyan-Rudan (here, apparently, Hailam is meant as the capital of the region, author’s note). Just as Uzgend is the gate of the Turks» [5, 273]. The shortest way to Ketmen-Tube through the district of Miyan-i-Rudan according to Al-Mukaddasi began from the city of Shikit, then through the village of Selat to Hailam 14 farsakhs. Taking into account the distances now known, Farsah at Al-Muqaddasi is 8 km, i.e. the length of this path was about 112 km. The length of the way from Akhsiket to Shikit is 9 farsakhs, i.e. 72 km. What conclusions can be drawn from the available sources? The way from Ferghana to the Central and Northern Tien Shan passes through the so-called «gates of the Turks». In the first case, this is the road from Uzgen through Yassy to At-Bashy and further to Xinjiang. Another way is called the road from Akhsyket through the «gate» of Biskent and Selat and further to Hailam, or the road from Shikit through Selat to Hailam. A.N. Bernshtam writes that «Selat, perhaps (corresponds to – author’s note) is Kokand-Kishlak». The village of Kokand-Kishlak is located in Uzbekistan, 15 km south of Massy. And the way to Hailam lies to the north. Thus, Selat cannot be identified with KokandKishlak. Shikit also cannot be identified with Arslan-Bob. As mentioned above, there are 9 farsakhs (72 km) from Akhsyket to Shikit. From Akhsiket to Arslan-Bob is 140 km. This discrepancy forced A.N. Bernshtam to express the idea of a possible mistake of medieval geographers. The way to Hailam from both Shikit and Biskent lies through Selat. Selat can only be located to the north of them. But A.N. Bernstam believed that there were no ancient villages north of the Massy to Naryn. What led him to this conclusion? The fact is that archaeological research has never been carried out in the Mailuu-Suu River basin. In the 1930s, uranium deposits were discovered here. In the USSR this area was a closed regime zone. According to our hypothesis, if the city of Selat corresponds to the location of modern Mailuu-suu, Biskent – Izbaskent (Madaniyat), then Shikit is the Massy. The roads from Biskent and Shikit converged at Selat. Then the way lay to Hailam. Only such localization accurately reflects the distances indicated by medieval authors (Fig.1). This hypothesis needs to be confirmed by archaeological material. Since 1996 a group of local historians began collecting lifting archaeological material, which was previously found in large quantities by local residents during the construction of houses and roads, working in vegetable gardens, examining and fixing the antiquities found – settlements, burial grounds, irrigation systems (Fig. 2). Today part of the lifting material is in the museum of secondary school No. 2 of the city of Mailuu-Suu. The most significant monument are the ruins of an ancient fortress near the village of Kugai to the east of Dachnaya Street on the terrace between the Mailuu-Suu River and the rocks (Fig. 3). The north-eastern wall with a length of 100 m in the form of an earthen rampart with a gate opening has been preserved. Adjacent to the wall from the northwest is a castle-type structure, distinguished by its main tower to the north. The main tower has been preserved in the form of an earthen hill with a height of 6 m with a characteristic failure from the collapsed interior. The second smaller southern tower has such a sinkhole in the southern part. From it to the southwest stretches a 90 m long wall with a gate opening, resting on the south tower. The remaining structures of the fortress are badly destroyed. There are few finds of ceramics on the territory of the fortress. Most of the fragments are made of red clay by hand-sculpting with the addition of dressage and chamotte. The uneven firing is visible on the chips. Samples with paintings or highly artistic products were not found. Around the fortress were the dwellings of the inhabitants of the medieval city. A large amount of ceramics has been found here. A vessel with a painting 30 cm high and 30 cm in diameter attracts attention (Fig. 4). The vessel is flat-bottomed, there is no neck and corolla. It is made of red clay with mineral inclusions. The outer part is covered with polished white clay. The middle part is decorated with a geometric ornament of upside-down triangles drawn with dark brown paint. The upper half of the vessel is painted with an ornament with a floral pattern. Geometric ornament in combination with the stylization of a floral pattern is a characteristic feature of the ornamental art of Sogdiana, Ferghana and Semirechye in the VIII–X centuries [2, 584-589]. In the southern most destroyed part of the fortress during the construction of the road in the mid-80s a mass grave was discovered. Human remains lie at a depth of 70-100 cm. Local residents who know their 11

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ancestral cemeteries claim that they do not know this burial. It can be assumed that these are the remains of the defenders of the fortress, destroyed by order of Khorezm Shah Muhammad II in 1214, who waged war with the Naiman prince Kuchluk [2, 270]. The tributaries of the Mailuu-Suu River are of great interest. Many of them contain the remains of settlements, burial grounds and irrigation networks. The settlement at the Shor-Sai creek, 7 km east of the village of Sary-Bee, has been preserved better than others. The stone and earth foundations of the dwellings stretched for 1 km along the Shor-Sai Creek to the confluence with the Sary-Bee Creek. Along the adyr (hill – authors), to which the dwellings of the settlement are adjacent from the west, a stone-reinforced ditch system is well traced. At the crossroads of roads at the confluence of streams there are the remains of a caravanserai – stone-earthen ramparts with internal rooms around the perimeter. Throughout the territory of the settlement there is a variety of ceramics with painting, glazing, red and white gloss. The corollas of many vessels are decorated with an ornament made by the method of indentation. It should be noted an unusual vessel found in one of the caves near the settlement (Fig. 5). This is a flat-bottomed vessel hand-sculpted. It is monolithic and has no internal cavity, decorated with a riveted ornament in the form of horseshoes with slightly curved ends. The vessel’s plaster ornament demonstrates the evolution based on the zoomorphic and anthropomorphic decor of previous eras. The classical vessel with anthropomorphic decoration from the Sokuluk settlement, described by A.N. Bernshtam, dates from the VI–VIII centuries [3, 537-540]. The vessel found by him from Taraz already of the Karluk period (VIII–X centuries) has a stylization of anthropomorphic forms made in the form of ornamental rivets [3, 591]. The overall dimensions, shape and ornament of the Sokuluk, Taraz and Mailuu-Suu vessels from Shorsay are almost the same. The only exception is the solidity of the Mailuu-Suu product. A large stone millstone with a diameter of 1 m with a hole in the center was found in the center of the settlement near the stream (Fig. 6). A small stone millstone with a diameter of 68 cm was found at the confluence of the streams. A primitive stone grain grater with a characteristic concave surface was found at the foot of the cliff. Traces of another settlement were found near the Ak-Balyk stream 1 km west of the village of Kugai and north of its confluence with the Kugai stream. There is an old cemetery on the pass here. There are a lot of ceramics on the road and the cemetery itself. A partially destroyed ceramic table was removed from the steep edge of the road (Fig. 7). Its length is 55 cm, width is 45 cm. In the center there is a concentric hole with a diameter of 5 cm. On the sides there are two semicircular bowls connected to the sides of the table. Perhaps this product had a ritual purpose. 100 m to the north, also by the road, a large hum was found with a height of 60 cm and a diameter of 50 cm, with a neck with a diameter of 23 cm (Fig. 8). The corolla is decorated with a riveted ornament. At the bottom of the huma there was a bronze disc with a diameter of 6 cm (Fig. 9). On the disc, a sign in the form of a swastika is depicted by the chasing method, the ends of which smoothly turn into a floral pattern. Local residents gave us two coins found during the construction of a house near the Ak-Balyk stream. These are «black dirhams» or «mahammadi», minted in the Samanid era in the IX–X centuries and continued to be used under the Karakhanids in the X–XII centuries [4, 131]. On the right tributary of the Mailuu-Suu River near the Ashvaz stream, 6 km from the city center on the top of the high Adyr, the remains of a 20 x 10 m structure were found (Fig. 10). The interior rooms had partitions on a stone foundation. In the south-eastern part, the semicircular stone-earth shaft of the corner tower has been preserved. The structure resembles in its design medieval castle houses «keshki». From the northeast, an aryk (irrigation ditch) stretches along the steep slope of the Adyr (hilly area) to the castle. Fragments and whole fragments of the ceramic kubur (kuur) water pipe were found on the section of the road that crossed the ditch system. There are a lot of ceramics around the castle identical to Shor-Say and Ak-Balyk. The difference is that there are more fragments of elegant thin-walled tableware with glazing and painting. A large coin 31 mm in diameter was found on the territory of the castle. The legend is hard to read, but the coin type, size and predominance of copper in the alloy indicate that it may be a dirhem-»gitrefi» minted in large quantities in Uzgen in the XI–XIII centuries [4, 131]. 2 km south-east of the castle, on the terrace at the foot of Mount Chon-Tepe, there is a group of mounds. Probably, this is the ancestral burial of the owners of the castle. 12

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The remains of settlements with similar ceramics, irrigation systems and burial grounds were found near the Semendyk stream, the left tributary of the Mailuu-Suu River 10 km from the village of Kugai, at the Kara-Dzhigach stream and along the Bedre-Sai stream (the right tributary of the Mailuu-Suu River). The described finds can confirm the version that there was a large city with numerous villages around it on the territory of modern Mailuu-Suu. Its heyday probably occurred in the VIII–XII centuries. The distances indicated by the medieval geographers of the X century allow us to say that it was here that the medieval Selat could be located.

References 1. Bartold V. V. Selected works on the history of the Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan / Compilation, add. comment. and a foreword by O. Karaev – Bishkek. 1996; 2. Bashirov A.A., Duisheev J.A. LOCALIZATION OF THE MEDIEVAL CITIES OF SELAT AND SHIKIT IN NORTHEASTERN FERGHANA. Scientific review of the Sayano-Altai. 2017. No. 1 (17). pp. 86-92. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=35270505; 3. Bernshtam A. N. Selected works on archeology and history of Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan. In 2 volumes / Comp.: K. Tashbaeva, A. Vedutova. – Bishkek. 1997. – T. I.; 4. Bernshtam A. N. Selected works on archeology and history of Kyrgyz and Kyrgyzstan. In 2 volumes / Comp.: K.Tashbaeva, A.Vedutova. – Bishkek:, 1998. – Vol.2.; 5. Davidovich E. A. Monetary circulation in Transoxiana under the Samanids // Numismatics and epigraphy – M.:, 1966. – Vol. 6.; 6. History of the Kyrgyz SSR: From ancient times to the present day. In 5 volumes. – Frunze:, 1984. – Vol.1: From ancient times to the middle of the XIX century. / Edited by V. M. Ploskikh; 7. Krachkovsky I. Y. Arabic geographical literature. – M.–L.:, 1957.

Figure 1. Map of the way from Fergana to Northern Tien Shan (satellite image).

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Figure 2. Map of archaeological finds in the Mailuu-Suu River basin (satellite image).

Figure 3. Kugai Fortress (satellite image).

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Figure 4. A vessel found at the Kugai fortress.

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Figure 5. A monolithic vessel from a grotto in the Shor-Say settlement.

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Figure 6. A stone millstone from the Shorsai settlement.

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Figure 7. Ritual ceramic table from the Ak-Balyk settlement.

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Figure 8. A vessel from the Ak-Balyk settlement with a bronze disk on the bottom.

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Figure 9. A b

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Prise en charge de l’anxiété préopératoire «Séances musicolfactives» étude clinique Dr. Pascal Chevallier Stomatologue, thérapeute OSTMR© aromateurapeute OSTMR, Paris, France

Introduction: J’exerce depuis 34 ans la stomatologie /la chirurgie orale en secteur libéral partageant mon temps entre consultations et actes chirurgicaux concernant la cavité buccale, soit sous AL soit sous AG. Pour les actes pratiqués sous anesthésie générale, il s’agit très majoritairement de patients jeunes souvent sans aucune expérience d’hospitalisation ni d’actes chirurgicaux en général. Bon nombre d’entre eux sont inquiets, anxieux voire paniqués à cette future confrontation à un monde non seulement inconnu mais souvent fantasmé. Le développement de la chirurgie ambulatoire permet de rester le temps minimal en établissement hospitalier mais dans ces services les soignants sont soumis à une charge de travail intense qui ne leur permet pas toujours de consacrer autant de temps qu’ils le souhaiteraient à la prise en charge des «inquiets – anxieux-paniqués». La diminution de l’anxiété préopératoire est un sujet qui m’a toujours concerné (sans doute en rapport avec ma propre anxiété…) et j’ai constaté que la distribution quasi systémique de benzodiazépines en guise de prémédication effectuée il y a quelques décennies n’est plus vraiment d’actualité, surtout en chirurgie ambulatoire où il est important qu’un patient reste un temps minimum dans le service et retourne à son domicile sans risque en lien avec une pharmacologie utilisant des produits à demi-vie longue d’élimination. La proposition initiale de ce travail est de modifier un état émotionnel, l’exemple de l’expérience clinique étant la diminution de l’anxiété préopératoire en service de chirurgie ambulatoire. Cette expérience clinique sur ce thème est le troisième volet de 2 expériences cliniques antérieures: a) en 2012, il a été proposé aux patients de la clinique «Avicenne» de la ville du Port à la Réunion, en salle dite d’induction, des séances de musicothérapie passive du concept Music Care. 47 patients en avaient alors bénéficié, avec un résultat de 70 % de diminution significative du niveau de stress. b) en 2018, 79 patients du service de chirurgie ambulatoire de la clinique «Les Orchidées» également de la ville du Port à la Réunion, ont pu bénéficier d’aromathérapie dite émotionnelle, en expérimentant des sticks aromatiques, l’olfaction étant le support retenu (puisque les règles d’hygiène préopératoire excluaient les applications cutanées). 74 % des patients ont noté une diminution significative de leur anxiété pré opératoire. c) entre le 1er octobre 2020 et le 31 juillet 2021, l’association musique-aromathérapie a été expérimentée Mais dans ce cas: qui choisir en premier: la musique ou l’olfaction? Pour pouvoir appliquer un protocole accessible aux soignants non formés à l’aromathérapie, les propositions d’écoutes musicales standardisées, ne nécessitant pas non plus de soignants formés à la musicothérapie, ont été préférées et pour chacune d’entre elles, une synergie aromatique a été associée.

Rapide survol de la littérature scientifique sur ce sujet La littérature scientifique ne révèle pas une grande abondance d’études et d’expériences cliniques associant musique et aromathérapie simultanément. Sur le sujet de l’anxiété

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préopératoire, il existe de très nombreuses publications proposant soit de la musicothérapie passive seule, soit de l’aromathérapie seule. L’association musique-aromathérapie a été proposée pour diminuer l’anxiété: des soignant(e)s (Corée, Australie, Iran), de résidents en EPHAD (Corée), en pédodontie (Indonésie), en salle d’attente du service d’urgences pédiatriques (Angleterre), lors d’examens gynécologiques: tests au Lugol (Indonésie), en soins intensifs (Turquie), pour l’anxiété des femmes enceintes au troisième trimestre de grossesse, (Indonésie), pour des femmes enceintes hypertendues (Indonésie), en hémodialyse (Indonésie), pour des étudiants anxieux (université du Wisconsin USA), pour des enseignants stressés (Indonésie). Majoritairement lors de ces études et/ou expériences cliniques, la musique était choisie par l’expérimentateur ou au mieux pour le patient le choix n’excédait pas 3 possibilités. Il s’agissait soit de musique classique (majoritairement), soit de musique traditionnelle du pays, soit pour quelques études de la musique de type «new age» ou de relaxation avec éventuellement sons de nature ajoutés. La Lavande vraie est l’huile essentielle de référence pour la majorité des articles quelques soient les pays (à 75 %). Les autres huiles essentielles expérimentées sont les suivantes: la bergamote, la camomille noble, le néroli, le citron, l’orange douce, la rose, la marjolaine, la cardamome, l’ylang ylang, le patchouli, l’huile essentielle extraite des feuilles de Pandan (qualifié de vanille asiatique).

L’expérience clinique 1° Le concept L’objectif de l’expérience clinique a été défini ci-dessus: il s’agit d’étudier les effets sur l’anxiété préopératoire de patients d’un service de chirurgie ambulatoire en proposant des séances «musicolfactives». Ces séances associent l’écoute d’un morceau de musique et l’olfaction simultanée d’une synergie aromatique d’huiles essentielles et/ou d’absolues. Cette expérience clinique a débuté début octobre 2020 et a été conclue fin juillet 2021. 100 patients ont accepté cette expérience qui n’est en aucun cas une étude clinique randomisée.

2° Les outils a) La musique Les morceaux musicaux, au nombre de 17, ont été choisis parmi les 37 propositions de Music Care. Music Care est un concept développé depuis 1999 par Stéphane Guetin, docteur en psychologie clinique, musicothérapeute, musicien, qui propose des montages musicaux en U, en L, et en J. Les musiques originales proposées par Music Care ont été commandées par Stéphane Guetin à différents compositeurs avec un cahier des charges précis. Pour les besoins de cette expérience clinique, les montages en L ont été choisis. Un montage en L est une représentation du rythme du morceau musical au cours du temps: élevé au début de la séquence, pour être en phase avec le rythme cardiaque souvent accéléré du patient anxieux, il diminue progressivement pendant la séance, abaissant avec lui celui du cœur. Le nombre d’instruments de musique diminue également au fur et à mesure de la progression du morceau musical. L’utilisation de Music Care par les thérapeutes et les patients est, bien entendu, soumise à une licence payante annuelle de manière forfaitaire pour les établissements et les professionnels de santé, et à l’unité pour les patients à domicile.

Montage musical en L

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Les 17 choix musicaux se répartissent ainsi: musique classique 4 choix: 1 musique à la manière de Chopin: «Pause Romantique», 1 musique à la manière de Mozart: «Thème Classique», 1 musique à la manière de Bach: «Thème Baroque», musique dans un style de film romantique: «Musique de film» musique d’ailleurs 10 choix: musiques réunionnaises: «Misik Ker et Lo Ker», 1 musique asiatique: «Douceur d’Asie», 1 musique orientale: «Cahier d’Orient», 1 musique indienne: «Évocation indienne», 1 musique celtique: «Légende Celtique», 1 reggae: «Reggae Jamaïcain», 1 musique cubaine: «Nuit Cubaine», 1 musique des Andes: «Trésor des Andes», 1 musique africaine: «Groove d’Afrique» musique d’aujourd’hui 3 choix: 1 morceau de jazz: «Ballade Jazzy», 1 morceau de rock: «Guitare Rock», 1 blues: «Cotton Blues» L’écoute musicale a été effectuée à l’aide d’un casque stéréophonique «dit fermé» avec utilisation de bonnettes individuelles à usage unique.

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b) Les synergies aromatiques: À chaque morceau musical est attribué une synergie aromatique composée d’un mélange de 3 huiles essentielles et/ou absolues: Les synergies ont été nommées du nom d’un lieu en rapport avec le style musical. Pour les musiques classiques: «Nohant» pour «Pause Romantique», (Bergamote, Ylang ylang, Santal Indien) «Salzburg» pour «Thème Classique», (Verveine citronnée, Coriandre, Benjoin) «Leipzig» pour «Thème Baroque», (Mandarine rouge, Linaloe baies, Oliban) «Venise» pour «Musique de Film», (PG clémentinier, Néroli, Cyprès) Pour les musiques d’ailleurs: «Maïdo» pour «Misik Ker», (Lavande off., Géranium Bourbon, Cèdre de Virginie) «Mafate» pour «Lo Ker», (Citron jaune, Géranium Bourbon, Vétiver) «Jatiluwih» pour «Douceur d’Asie», (PG bigarade, Osmanthus, Santal Hawaïen) «Petra» pour «Cahier d’Orient», (Orange douce, Rose de Mai, Jasmin d’Arabie) «Mysore» pour «Évocation Indienne», (Pamplemousse, Muscade, Santal Indien) «Connemara» pour «Légende Celtique», (Citron jaune, Criste marine, Cèdre de Virginie) «Kingston» pour «Reggae Jamaïcain», (Orange douce, Poivre noir, Patchouli) «Trinidad» pour «Nuit Cubaine», (Citron jaune, Lavande off., Fève de Tonka) «Machu Pichu» pour «Trésor des Andes», (Orange douce, PG citron vert, Cannelle amazonienne) «Lagos» pour «Groove d’Afrique» (Gingembre frais, Lavandin super, Myrrhe omumbiri) Pour les musiques d’aujourd’hui: «Blue Note» pour «Ballade Jazzy», (Bergamote, Lavande off., Cèdre de Virginie) «Île de Wight» pour «Guitare Rock», (Mandora, Basilic tropical, Cèdre de l’Atlas) «Crossroad» pour «Cotton Blues» (Orange douce, Lavande off., Vanille Bourbon) L’olfaction aromatique a été proposée via l’utilisation de lunettes aromatiques avec touche à sentir imbibée de 3 gouttes de la synergie.

3° La pratique Le déroulé de l’expérience clinique est le suivant: à l’arrivée en service de chirurgie ambulatoire, chaque patient est accueilli, pris en charge par un(e) infirmièr(e) et brièvement interrogé sur son état de santé depuis la consultation d’anesthésie afin de valider définitivement son entrée dans le service. Au cours de cette interrogatoire, le soignant questionne le patient sur son anxiété actuelle en utilisant la simple échelle numérique de 0 à 10 (0 aucune anxiété, 10 anxiété maximale) et si l’anxiété auto évaluée est supérieure ou égale à 5, une séance musicolfactive lui est proposée. Le patient installé dans sa chambre ou son box, le soignant indiquera son nom aux assistantes dédiées aux séances musicolfactives. Le temps requis par séance pour chaque patient est d’environ 30 à 40 minutes. En regard de l’importance de leur 24

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charge de travail, les soignants d’un service de chirurgie ambulatoire n’ayant pas le temps nécessaire pour cette prise en charge complémentaire, les assistantes du cabinet ont acceptées de se déplacer à la clinique pour les besoins de l’expérience clinique. Au préalable et afin d’obtenir le consentement du patient, le déroulement de la séance et le matériel lui sont exposés. Le consentement donné par le patient, il est interrogé sur ses goûts musicaux et un cahier présentant les différents types de musiques avec liste des instruments lui permettent de faire son choix parmi les 17. L’assistante prépare le casque stéréo, fixe la touche à sentir sur les lunettes aromatiques et imbibe la touche de 2 à 3 gouttes du mélange choisi. Elle installe confortablement le casque musical, les lunettes aromatiques et explique au patient qu’il pourrait interrompre la séance si celle-ci ne lui convenait pas, soit en cessant l’écoute musicale, soit en enlevant les lunettes aromatiques, soit tout arrêter. A l’issue de la séance d’une durée musicale de 12 à 16 mn selon le morceau choisi, le patient est invité à répondre à un bref questionnaire pour réévaluer son anxiété post séance toujours selon la même échelle numérique et pour recueillir ses appréciations sur la musique, la synergie aromatique, et l’harmonie entre les deux. Avant de quitter le patient, l’assistante prépare devant lui un aromastick

en imbibant la mèche en coton du mélange aromatique respiré pendant la séance, lui remet le stick et lui explique qu’il peut l’utiliser à sa convenance et même l‘emporter avec lui dans le bloc opératoire jusqu’au moment de son anesthésie générale.

4° Les résultats Quelques tableaux et graphiques pour présenter les résultats.

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62 patients de moins de 40 ans

63 patients ayant bénéficié d’actes de stomatologie

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50 patients présentant une forte ou une très forte anxiété Critères choisis pour l’évaluation des effets des séances musicolfactives sur l’anxiété pré opératoire Écart thérapeutique = résultat de la différence entre le niveau d’anxiété AA (à l’arrivée du patient) et le niveau d’anxiété APS (post séance musicolfacive) Si la différence entre AA et APS permet d’obtenir: • un écart de 8, ou de 7, ou de 6, il s’agira d’une forte diminution de l’anxiété • un écart de 5 ou de 4, il s’agira d’une importante diminution de l’anxiété • un écart de 3 ou de 2, il n’y a pas de diminution significative de l’anxiété

37 patients avec forte diminution de leur anxiété après la séance (écart de 8, de 7, de 6) 46 patients avec importante diminution de leur anxiété après la séance (écart de 5, de 4) 83 patients ont rapporté une diminution notable de leur anxiété 27

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Musiques classiques choisies par 33 patients Jazz et blues choisis par 24 patients Musiques réunionnaises choisies par 17 patients Le but des séances musicolfactives de cette expérience clinique étant de diminuer l’anxiété préopératoire, donc de déconnecter le patient de l’ambiance hospitalière (qui portera justement mal son nom dans ce cas, le patient la jugeant inhospitalière), parfois la synergie aromatique a été choisie pour coller au mieux à l’atmosphère musicale et obtenir ainsi une distraction pour sortir des pensées récurrentes, voire obsédantes, anxieuses. Le questionnaire post séance musicolfactive comportait 3 questions sur l’appréciation de l’écoute musicale, de la synergie aromatique et de l’accord, de la cohérence entre les 2.

93 patients ont apprécié la musique qu’ils avaient choisie 28

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93 patients ont apprécié la synergie aromatique qui était associée à leur choix musical

95 patients ont apprécié l’accord «musique choisie – synergie aromatique associée»

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Analyse des résultats Cette expérience clinique rapporte une diminution notable de l’anxiété préopératoire pour 83 % des patients par autoévaluation. Il sera tout à fait impossible de conclure que les séances musicolfactives sont seules à l’origine de la réduction de l’anxiété, d’attribuer cette réduction à la musique ?, à l’olfaction de la synergie ?, à l’association des 2 ?, à la prise en charge supplémentaire par une personne soignante attentive pendant 40 minutes… Une réponse n’est pas vraiment indispensable si l’on considère que le bénéfice clinique est le but recherché.

References 1. Alexey N. Doletskii, Nikolay N. Sentyabrev, Anna A. Matokhina, Alexey G. Kamchatnikov, Denis A. Dokuchaev, Arseniy E. Busygin (2017) The Effect of Music and Aromatherapy on the Electrical Activity of Athlete’s Brain Rehabilitation Sciences. Vol. 2, No. 3, 2017, pp. 54-57 2. Chiu-Hsiang Lee, Chiung-Ling Lai, Yi-Hui Sung, Mei Yu Lai, Chung-Ying Lin, Long-Yau Lin (2017) Comparing effects between music intervention and aromatherapy on anxiety of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit: a randomized controlled trial, Qual Life Res DOI 10.1007/s11136-017-1525-5 3. Claudia Fariday Dewi, Ani Margawati, Muhammad Mu’in (2018) Effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation with Music and Aromatherapy on Decreasing Stress Levels among Teachers, Nurse Media Journal of Nursing, 8(2), 2018, 71-78 4. Cooke Marie (2007) The effect of aromatherapy massage with music on the stress and anxiety levels of emergency nurses: comparison between summer and winter, Journal of Clinical Nursing 16, 1695–1703 5. Davis Cathy (2005) The effect of aromatherapy massage with music on the stress and anxiety levels of emergency nurses, Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal (2005) 8, 43— 50 6. Demmer Craig (2004) A Survey of Complementary Therapy Services Provided by Hospices, Journal of Palliative Medecine Volume 7, Number 4, 2004 7. Faranak Safdari Dehcheshmeh, Hossein Rafiei (2015) Complementary and alternative therapies to relieve labor pain: A comparative study between music therapy and Hoku point ice massage, Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 21 (2015) 229e232 8. Hae Kyoung Son, Wi-Young So, Myoungsuk Kim (2019) Effects of Aromatherapy Combined with Music Therapy on Anxiety, Stress, and Fundamental Nursing Skills in Nursing Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9. Holm Lydia, Fitzmaurice Laura (2008) Emergency Department Waiting Room Stress Can Music or Aromatherapy Improve Anxiety Scores ? Pediatric Emergency Care Volume 24, Number 12 10. Hülya Erbaba, Gül Pınar (2016) The efficiency of aromatherapy and music therapy on reducing the anxiety woman face during invasive and non-invasive gynecologic examination, International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 26:71-72 11. Jiae Choi, Ju Ah Lee, Zainab Alimoradi, Myeong Soo Lee (2017) Aromatherapy for the relief of symptoms in burn patients: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2017.10.009 12. Kane FMA, Brodie EE, Coull A, Coyne L, Howd A, Milne A, Niven CC, Robbins R (2016) The analgesic effect of odour and music upon dressing change, British Journal of Nursing, 2004 (Tissue Viability Supplement), Vol 13, No 19 13. Marlena Warowna, Anna Hordyjewska, Agnieszka Sobolewska-Samorek, Beata Kręcisz (2019) The use of aromatherapy and music therapy as a relaxing factor in a beauty salon, European Journal of Medical Technologies 2019; 1(22): 25-33 30

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14. Milad Borji (2016) A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Cardamom Aromatherapy and Music Therapy on Pain of Venipuncture in Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer, The 3rd International Gastrointestinal Cancer Congress 15. Myrna E. Mamaril, Pamela E. Windle, Joseph F. Burkard (2006) Prevention and Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Look at Complementary Techniques, Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, Vol 21, No 6 (December), 2006: pp 404-410 16. Nayoung Choi (2015) The Effects of Hand Massage Using Aroma Essential Oil and Music Therapy on Anxiety and Sleeping for Elderly Women in the Sanatorium, International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology Vol.7, No.5 (2015), pp.151-158 17. Risqi Dewi Aisyah, S. Suparni, F. Fitriyani (2019) Effect of Combination of Aroma Therapy Lavender and Classical Music Towards a Decrease in Anxiety Levels Moderate and Severe on Third Trimester Pregnant Women, STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Vol.8 No.2. November 2019. Page.117-122 18. Rizky Intan Pratiwi, Lelli Astriani, Dwight Mahaputera Marulitua Hutapea, Albert Manggading Hutapea (2018) Effectiveness of Music and Aromateraphy as an Intervention for Preoperative Anxiety: A Systematic Review, Vol. 6 No. 1 (2018): Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference / Allied Health 19. Sariati Sariati, Dwi Uswatun Sholikhah, Cahya Mustika Narendri, Gevi Melliya Sari and Qolbi Nur Qoidah Yahya (2019) Music Therapy and Aromatherapy Interventions in Patients undergoing Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review, Jurnal Ners, 14(3si), 81-85 20. Seno Pradopo, Betadion Rizki Sinaredi, Bernadeth Vindi Januarisca (2017) Pandan Leaves (Pandanus Amaryllifolius) Aromatherapy and Relaxation Music to Reduce Dental Anxiety of Pediatric Patients, Journal of International Dental and Medical Research Volume 10 Number 3 21. Sevban Arslan, Nadiye Ozer (2016) Touching, Music Therapy and Aromatherapy’s Effect on the Physiological Situation of the Patients in Intensive Care Unit, International Journal of Caring Sciences September – December 2016 Volume 9 | Issue 3| Page 867 22. Shu-Ming Peng, Malcolm Koo, Zer-Ran Yu (2009) Effects of Music and Essential Oil Inhalation on Cardiac Autonomic Balance in Healthy Individuals, The Journal Of Alternative and Complementary Medecine Volume 15, Number 1, 2009, pp. 53–57 23. S Mujahidah, Fery Agusman Motuho Mendrofa (2019) Effectiveness of Lavender Aromatherapy and Natural Sound Music Against Anxiety Level in VIA Examination Patients, Advances in Health Sciences Research, volume 27 24. Somayeh Zamanifar, Mohammad Iraj Bagheri-Saveh, Aram Nezakati, Rozhin Mohammadi, Jamal Seidi (2020) The effect of Music Therapy and Aromatherapy with Chamomile-Lavender Essential Oil on the Anxiety of Clinical Nurses: A Randomized and Double-Blind Clinical Trial, Journal of Medicine and Life Vol. 13, Issue 1, January-March 2020, pp. 87–93 25. Sri Maisi, Suryono, Melyana Nurul Widyawati, Ari Suwondo, Suryati Kusworowulan (2017) Effectiveness of Lavender Aromatherapy and Classical Music Therapy in lowering blood pressure in pregnant women with, Belitung Nursing Journal Volume 3 Issue 6, November-December 26. Sujatha Shanmugasundaram (2005) Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Palliative Care: A Transition from Modern Medicine to Traditional Medicine in India, Journal of Cancer Pain & Symptom Palliation, Vol. 1(4) 2005 27. Victoria Kent, Lauren Hoos, Owen Krueger, Seth Abbott, Joseph Pendleton (2014) Comparison of Essential Oils and Relaxing Music on Reducing Anxiety, Journal of Advanced Student Sciences (JASS)

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Topical issues of modern management in the healthcare system of Kyrgyzstan Ismailova Kalmira Jancharovna, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor (ikalmira@mail.ru) Akylbekova Asel Akylbekovna, Master of Management (aselina0101@mail.ru) Osh State University Faculty of Business and Management

Abstract The relevance of the issue is due to the need to consider the development of modern management in the healthcare system of Kyrgyzstan. The issue of management optimization in any country, in any industry is always relevant. Management must be efficient, as costeffective as possible, and must not undermine the initiative of the governed. The modern health care system of the country needs a new type of manager, such as the «Health Manager», to provide quality medical services. Keywords: management, healthcare, management, manager, qualification.

Health care is the largest part of the social sphere, has its own characteristics of management and development. Today, no country in the world can manage the healthcare system without taking into account the fact that it has a significant impact not only on the health of the population, but also on the domestic and global markets [1]. Increasing the efficiency of healthcare as a system should be carried out by improving the quality of management, which means that medical reform should begin with a rethinking of the role and functions of management. Constructive management, reinforced by economic knowledge, must underlie health care reform. The success of healthcare management largely depends on the level of training of leaders at all levels of key management units, the skillful use of human managerial experience, and a scientifically sound approach to solving the problems of the institution. Over the past few years, and especially after the pandemic, Kyrgyzstan has seen an increase in management requirements in healthcare organizations – hospitals and clinics, rehabilitation centers, medical insurance companies, and healthcare authorities [2]. For Kyrgyzstan, focused on the development of market relations, the need to introduce modern management methods is becoming increasingly important. Management – the science of management – a set of principles, methods, tools and forms of management in order to improve production efficiency and profit. Management occurs when there are at least 2 people – the managing and managed parties. The subject of control is the one who controls, the object of control is the one who is controlled [1]. The subject of health system management is the minister, deputy minister, heads of health departments of the Ministry of Health, chief doctors, deputy chief doctors, heads of departments, directors and heads of clinics, the head of a private enterprise whose functions include management [1].

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Management objects – workers, collectives and various economic and economic objects. In our country, public health protection is provided by a comprehensive system of state, socio-economic and medical measures. Medical and sanitary activities in the healthcare sector are the object of management and quality assurance of medical services, especially with the transition to a market economy and the emergence of medical institutions of various forms of ownership in the country [1]. The combination of an economic approach to managing a healthcare organization with methods for studying public health and impacts on it is the basis of healthcare management. Thus, management in health care has become one of the most important factors in the economy. We consider it as a set of relationships, connections and phenomena that accompany a person in the process of healthcare management [4]. The issues of healthcare management in Kyrgyzstan are more relevant than ever. The domestic healthcare system is in the process of change, including the process of adaptation to market conditions that have significantly changed the nature of medical institutions. In particular, more active interaction with the external environment is expected, which will become a mechanism for determining the effectiveness of market management. At the present stage, the healthcare management system should be endowed with the attributes of organizational flexibility, self-sufficiency, able to quickly and actively respond to changes in the external environment, which will ensure its competitiveness in the global healthcare market. Health sector reform must begin with a separation of management, financing and service delivery functions, with clear definitions of the roles, responsibilities and responsibilities of the various health sector entities. The head of the healthcare system must take care of the market share, anticipate the risks of the institution and the needs of customers (patients, clients), ensure accurate delivery times, produce modern products of the highest quality, set prices, take all possible measures to maintain competitive conditions, the reputation of his medical institution among consumers services and goods. [four] Inside the organization, the manager must achieve productivity growth through competent planning, efficient organization and automation of production processes, while taking into account regulatory requirements, maintaining a competitive position in the market, the desired results, without losing the trust of managers, consumers and subordinates. Strong leadership and effective management at all levels of the health system are essential conditions for the successful implementation of reforms and the achievement of expected results in the selected priority areas. Therefore, to form an integrated management system, it is required: • improving management at the ministry level by delegating some authority instead of vertical management; • implementation of public-private partnership projects in the healthcare system. The management system of most domestic medical institutions today is a much more complex structure with a large number of conflicting elements. Therefore, the transition to healthcare management from the standpoint of modern management is complicated by a number of features. 1. Domestic medicine is provided mainly by budgetary healthcare institutions, the purpose of which is to achieve a number of social goals (treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of diseases) and work on a non-profit basis. 2. Low level of qualification of specialists, especially in rural areas and suburbs. 3. The level of autonomy of doctors and paramedical personnel in medical organizations is very high, which reduces the ability of managers to control their work. 4. Despite the fact that commercial healthcare organizations work for profit as the main goal of their work, it is impossible to imagine their work without its social component – treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of diseases. 5. In the process of professional interpersonal communication, medical workers and their leaders must take into account differences in the upbringing of patients, intellectual and cultural levels, their age, gender, ethnicity and religion. There must be a real psychological connection with the patient, which has yet to be found and demonstrated, because it affects the quality of medical care. 6. The actions of doctors and nurses are full of forced contact with patients, which cannot be regulated at will, which leads to an increase in the level of stress and the development of «burnout 33

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syndrome» and even mental disorders among medical staff. These efforts are facilitated by the high intensity of their work, the constant responsibility for human life and health, the presence of occupational hazards, as well as the low importance of medical workers and the low level of remuneration for their work. 7. The development of viral diseases, the advances in genetics and transplantation create many new and complex socio-psychological, moral and ethical problems that affect the behavior of doctors and nursing staff and the development of managerial decisions. 8. The combination of the need for income of a medical organization and the proper quality of its services is a big problem – clinic owners (investors) spend a lot of money on creating and increasing income, and not on upgrading and maintaining equipment, disrupt technological processes, simplify treatment regimens, use reusable tools leading to a decrease in the quality of patient care. In this regard, the most relevant areas for the development of the management of medical institutions today are: • development of in-hospital management. These are issues such as information development and corporate governance in the healthcare system. • introduction of international standards for effective management and quality management. • use of modern standards and technologies in the healthcare system There is now a growing understanding that health care reforms cannot be implemented without the development of the management system. Key leadership positions in the national healthcare system require highly motivated and professional top managers, whose training requires the transformation of the education system. The modern healthcare system of the country needs a new type of manager, such as the «Health Manager», to provide quality medical services. A manager is a professional manager who has undergone special training, who has the appropriate education and, in fact, is a specialist in a particular area. In this regard, as part of the reform and development of healthcare in Kyrgyzstan, the process of increasing the level of managerial competence of healthcare managers has begun. At the beginning of their managerial career, such managers headed medical institutions, where they acquired systematic and methodological knowledge and skills sufficient at that time. However, in the new realities, they need general competencies in the field of financial management, personnel, marketing and PR, information technology. management of innovations, quality and organizational changes, development of leadership and management and other special skills. Therefore, along with technological modernization, comprehensive training and retraining of professional managers responsible for improving the quality of healthcare system management has begun [3]. One of the ways to create highly qualified health managers in Kyrgyzstan is to coordinate the work of medical institutions at the regional and state levels. The health care manager must have the skills and methods of prompt response to changes in the external and internal environment of the health care enterprise, in order to effectively manage it. In connection with the above, a catalog of competencies was developed for postgraduate training of residents, masters in the specialty «Health Manager». When developing this catalog of competencies, the following documents were taken as a basis: – Law of the Kyrgyz Republic «On the protection of the health of citizens in the Kyrgyz Republic», dated 06.01.2005. No. 6; – Decree of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic dated August 30, 2018 No. 411 «On amendments to the Decree of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic», «On postgraduate medical education in the Kyrgyz Republic dated June 31, 2007 No. 303»; – Decree of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic dated August 23, 2011 No. 496 «On the establishment of a two-level structure of higher professional education in the Kyrgyz Republic (as amended by the Decrees of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic dated July 4, 2012 No. 472, July 22, 2014 No. 405)»; – The Law of the Kyrgyz Republic «On Public Health» (Bishkek dated June 24, 2009 No. 248 as 34

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amended by the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic dated May 16, 2013 No. 72, December 29, 2014 No. 171, 06.06.2016, No. 99). In December 2018, the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic adopted the Program of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic for the protection of public health and the development of the healthcare system for 2019-2030 «A healthy person is a prosperous country» [6]. Within the framework of this Program, it is planned to develop modern approaches for effective and efficient management in the healthcare sector, including through increasing the capacity of heads of healthcare organizations. To achieve the objectives set in the Program, at the request of the Ministry of Health and Social Development (MHSD) of the Kyrgyz Republic, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) launched the Project «Strengthening the Health Management System» in August 2020. The project is being implemented on a nationwide scale by the Euro Health Group (Denmark) in partnership with the Public Foundation «Health Initiatives» (Kyrgyz Republic) and is designed for the period until August 2023. The overall goal of the project is to improve the efficiency and quality of medical services through advanced training of heads of healthcare organizations. Within the framework of the project, it is planned to provide support in the development and creation of a sustainable system for improving the managerial competencies of heads of healthcare organizations. The project «Development of higher education in the field of biomedical engineering and management in healthcare in Kyrgyzstan» within the framework of the EU Erasmus + program for the period from November 2015 – June 2019, funded by the European Commission, played a huge role in the training of health managers. The grant holder was the West Saxon University of Zwickau, Germany. The result of this project was the opening at the Osh State University at the Faculty of Business and Management of the master’s program «Management in Health Care» and at the Kyrgyz State Medical Academy. I.K. Akhunbaev postgraduate training of residents in the specialty «Health Manager». On the way to becoming a young and independent Kyrgyzstan as an independent state, it is necessary to build a sustainable healthcare management system. There is no doubt that modern Kyrgyzstan needs a developed, integrated, socially oriented healthcare system. Management will be entrusted to a new generation of management systems that will provide timely, affordable and high-quality medical care.

References 1. S. A. Stolyarov / Management in health care: textbook for universities / – 2nd ed., corrected. and additional – Moscow: Yurayt Publishing House, 2019. – 764 p. – (Specialist). — Text : direct. 2. Vasquez Abanto H.E., Vasquez A.A., Arellano V.S.//Modern management in healthcare// «THE GENESIS OF GENIUS» April, 2015 3. Great Russian Encyclopedia, (G. D. Gloveli). 4. Tursynbekova K. Zh. / Health management – a new stage of health development in RK / K. Zh. Tursynbekova // International Scientific Research Journal. – 2020. – No. 12 (31) Part 2. – S. 44-45. 5. PROGRAM of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic for the protection of public health and the development of the healthcare system for 2019-2030 «A healthy person is a prosperous country». (to the Decree of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic dated December 20, 2018 No. 600).

©Ismailova Kalmira Jancharovna, 2022

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TRANSLATION STRATEGIES IN THE TRAP OF INTERDISCIPLINARITY: ON THE MATERIAL OF SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES Inga Milevica (inga.milevica@gmail.com) Alberta College, Riga, Latvia

Abstract The article examines the problem of interdisciplinarity on the material of scientific articles published in Latvian collections of scientific works (1991-2020) devoted to translation strategies. The analysis shows that interdisciplinarity is used as an argument for the relevance of research, although the research itself often contains exclusively linguistic categories and linguistic research methods. In addition, these articles often replace the notion of a translation strategy with the notion of a method/technique of translation. Keywords: Translation Strategy, AVT, Scientific Article, selfpresentation, Interdisciplinarity. The concept of translation strategy is not uncommon in the works of linguists. Research in the field of translation strategies is usually updated with questions of interdisciplinarity, but in the end – the research’s nature is often purely linguistic and does not achieve the goals that were updated by interdisciplinarity. The concept of strategy has a wide range of applications in humanitarian research and is specified by the research aspect. O.S. Issers (О.С. Иссерс) explores speech discourses and defines the speech strategy as «a set of speech actions aimed at achieving a communicative goal». [2, C. 54] O.L. Mikhaleva (О.Л. Михалёва) explores political discourse and defines a communicative strategy as «a plan for the optimal implementation of communicative intentions, considering objective and subjective factors and conditions in which an act of communication takes place and which, in turn, determine not only the external and internal structure of the text, but also the use of certain language means». [5, C. 45] V.V. Sdobnikov (В.В. Сдобников) develops a question of translation strategies and tactics and defines the translation strategy as follows: «it is a program for the implementation of translation activities, which is formed on the basis of translator’s general approach to the implementation of the translation in conditions of a certain communicative situation of bilingual communication». [6, C. 172] A comparative and semantic analysis of scientific articles on translation strategies and tactics shows that the concepts of translation strategy and tactics are not always used to identify the exact object of research. On the contrary, the concept of strategy is introduced in articles where the strategy is not defined in any way, the definition is not provided, and, in fact, what is being studied is rather a method or a technique of translation. «The analysis showed that 242 articles [by Russian researchers 1991-2020] out of 325 (i.e., 74.46% of articles) do not use the definition of the translation strategy, and in 255 articles (i.e., 78.46% of articles), the concept is included in the abstract/keywords exactly when the concept of translation strategy is not defined.» [3, C. 110] The most important result of previous

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research is that in «the concept of translation strategy in the text of the article is regularly replaced by (approaching) the concepts of technique, method, solution, trend, principle, et al., which suggests that the concept of strategy is used for the purpose of self-presentation of article’s author. It is important to note that such a rotation around the denotation is not a sporadic phenomenon, but a regular one. The concept of translation strategy becomes a tool or marker of a modern scientific discourse, apparently, because the concept of strategy is perceived as more conceptual and relevant than, for example, technique, especially in strong positions of a scientific article – abstract, key words. Thus, the statement about the narrow and broad understanding of the concept of translation strategy turns out to be incomplete: the concept of translation strategy can be used for the purpose of self-presentation of the author of the scientific article». [4, C. 110-111] Thus, the concept of strategy is often used in a scientific article for a reason that lies outside the field of study. Already even the lexical meaning of the lexeme «strategy» contains the seme «общий план» / «general plan» (cf. the seme of the lexeme «прием» / «technique» – «отдельное действие, движение» / «separate action, movement»). [8], which makes it possible to create a claim necessary for a scientific article for a complex, multi-level concept, thus also for possible interdisciplinarity of the research. The concept of the technique rather claims to be a study that is not so complicated, rather, the level of language or speech (but not communication), i.e. does not correspond to the signs of interdisciplinarity. As a result, the authors of the article – awarely or unawarely – replace the concept of technique with the concept of strategy, achieving the goal of self-presentation, but not the goal of a scientific article and the relevance indicated in it. Anna Vilenskaya (Анна Виленская), a representative of the younger generation of musicologists and a composer, speaking about the professional jargon of musicologists, uses the designation «musicological esoteric» in her lectures – bright, not confirmed by facts, metaphorical statements in relation to some sacred object of research. It can be assumed that a kind of esoteric is quite a common phenomenon of scientific discourse, which requires special understanding and research. Apparently, the statements of I. Kant and also E. Husserl that the subject area of cognition is ordered, and the mixing of subject boundaries is unproductive, in this context again becomes relevant, since interdisciplinarity cannot be some kind of formal argument for an article or study, a formal reinforcement of relevance research that claims to be favored by reviewers, foundations, and grantors, but not the objectivity of the research and the researcher. If we turn to the actual audiovisual texts and studies of audiovisual translation, then first of all it should be noted that audiovisual texts and their translations are certainly not a purely linguistic object of study. They are not only, like modern «texts, internally striving for discursiveness, – i.e., in connection to non-textual objective reality» [7, C. 43–45], but they are such. The transfer of the study of these texts into the mainstream of linguistics – with purely linguistic categories or positions – Is associated with many problems, including terminological problems, problems of formulating the object of study, and even problems of interpreting a discursive unit with tools for studying a text, language or speech unit. Umberto Eco warned about this in his time – Eco, «an expert on semiotics, astutely portrayed semiotics, brought to the point of absurdity, i.e., it became a religion; interpretation of the world as a sign system leads to the so-called over-interpretation, i.e. to the emergence of a kind of religion of the third testament, the religion of a world conspiracy». [1] Finally, another important factor needs to be mentioned. In his book Memes of Translation: The spread of ideas in translation theory, published in 2015 (translated into Latvian in 2019), the 1997 edition with additions of 2015 is published, Andrew Chesterman apologizes. For what? In the part of the book that refers to 1997, A. Chesterman rightly points out – and his remark is still relevant today – that the concept of translation strategy is characterized by «terminological disorder». [9, 96.lpp.] A. Chesterman points out that «a strategy is first of all a plan of how something needs to be done. Therefore, the analysis of translation strategies means the analysis of translation as an action, and means its inclusion in the wider context of theories of actions. This is exactly what many researchers did, especially those who were associated with so-called the communicative stage of translation theory». [9, 97.lpp.] A. Chesterman considers the concept of strategy through the concepts of process, goal, problem, awareness/unawareness and intersubjectivity. [9, 98.lpp.] The author apologized in the notes of 2015 for contributing to the terminological mess, for calling strategies what actually are techniques/methods. [9, 127.lpp.] There is a well-known classification of translation strategies by A. Chesterman [9, 102-123.lpp.], in which strategies are divided into three groups – syntactic (for example, literal translation, tracing, transposition, 37

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replacement of means of expression, replacement of sentence structure, etc.), semantic strategies (for example, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, converse, paraphrase, trope substitution, etc.), pragmatic strategies (cultural filter, information substitution, illocution substitution, coherence substitution, etc.). Applying this classification of translation strategies (meaning also similar classifications) in modern studies would be incorrect, but nevertheless this classification and others like it are still encountered. Let’s turn to the research material. Using the method of continuous sampling from the collections of scientific articles of 1991-2020, published in state universities of Latvia, scientific articles about strategies and tactics of translation have come to light. There were only 6 of them (two articles were devoted to audiovisual translation, four articles – to the translation of journalistic texts, and only one author was a representative of Latvian science, five articles were authored by Lithuanian researchers). These articles used both articles by A. Chesterman (an article from 1999 with the substitution of the concept of strategy) and articles that described classifications of strategies similar to those of A. Chesterman (as well E.E. Davies, T. Tomaszkiewicz, I. Pedersen): 1. An article by a Latvian researcher on audiovisual translation: Jānis Sīlis. Filmu tulkošana: oriģinālteksta atveides problēmas mērķvalodā. Vārds un tā pētīšanas aspekti. LiePa, 2006 (10): article Chesterman, A. Translation Typology. In: The Second Riga Symposium on Pragmatic Aspects of Translation. Rīga, SIA «Jumi», 1999, 49.-62.lpp. was used. 2. An article by Lithuanian researchers dedicated to the translation of journalistic texts: Vytautė Daugėlaitė, Aušra Jankauskaitė. Use of Translation Strategies in Lithuanian Translation of National Geographic: Analysis of the Effect on Target Readers Understanding of Translated Text. VALODA – 2013 Valoda dažādu kultūru kontekstā. DU, 2013: 103.– 118: article Davies, E.E. A Goblin or a Dirty Nose? The Translator: Studies in Intercultural Communication 9 (I), 2003, p. 65-100 was used, in which such methods/techniques preservation, addition, omission, localization, transformation are called translation strategies. 3. An article by Lithuanian researchers dedicated to the translation of journalistic texts Vytautė Daugėlaitė, Aušra Jankauskaitė. Analysis of Strategic Choices in Lithuanian Translations of National Geographic Headlines, VALODA – 2014 Valoda dažādu kultūru kontekstā. DU, 2014: 100-113: article Davies, E.E. A Goblin or a Dirty Nose? The Translator: Studies in Intercultural Communication 9 (I), 2003, p. 65-100 was used, in which such methods/techniques preservation, addition, omission, localization, transformation are called translation strategies. 4. An article by Lithuanian researchers dedicated to the translation of journalistic texts Vytautė Daugėlaitė, Aušra Jankauskaitė. Application of Addition and Omission Translation Strategies in Lithuanian Translation of Subheadings and Captions in National Geographic Articles, VALODA – 2016 Valoda dažādu kultūru kontekstā. DU, 2016; 59-67: articles Chesterman, A. Memes of Translation: the Spread of Ideas in Translation Theory. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997, pp. 92-112; Baker, M. In Other Words: a Coursebook on Translation. ñ London & NY: Routledge, 1992, pp. 22-42; Davies, Eirlys E. A Goblin or a Dirty Nose? The Translator: Studies in Intercultural Communication 9 [I], 2003, pp. 77 are used: in the article, methods/techniques аddition, оmission are called translation strategies. 5. An article by Lithuanian researchers dedicated to the translation of audiovisual texts Jolita Horbačauskienė, Ramunė Kasperavičienė, Saulė Petronienė. Issues of culture specific item translation in subtitling. Rīga: International Conference; Meaning in Translation: Illusion of Precision, MTIP2016, 11-13 May, 2016, Riga, Latvia: articles Davies, E.E. (2003). A goblin or dirty nose? The treatment of culture-specific references in translation of the Harry Potter books. The Translator 9(1), 65-100; Tomaszkiewicz, T. (1993). Les opérations linguistiques qui sous-tendent le processus de sous-titrage des films. Poznan: University Adam Mickiewicz; Pedersen, I. (2011). Subtitling norms for television. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company are used: in the article, methods/techniques Omission, Literal translation, Borrowing, Equivalence, Adaptation, Replacement, Generalization, Explication etc. are called translation strategies. 6. An article by a Lithuanian researcher dedicated to the translation of journalistic texts Eglė Alosevičienė. On the Translation strategies of Hedges. Valoda dažādu kultūru kontekstā, DU, 2009. 38

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77-87: articles Albrecht, J. Übersetzung und Linguistik. Tübingen: Narr, 2005; Schreiber M. Übersetzung und Bearbeitung. Zur Differenzierung and Abgrenzung des Übersetzungsbegriffs. Tübingen: Narr, 1993 are used: in the article, methods/techniques substitution (word-by-word and synonymic cases of translation), elimination, complementation, neutralization, paraphrasing, antonymic translation, and perspective change are called translation strategies. In the reviewed articles, there is a tendency – scientific articles contain information about those classifications of translation strategies, which in fact are classifications of translation methods/techniques. The classifications of translation strategies used mainly contain the simplest logical operations (insertion, deletion, permutation, transformation, and sometimes derivatives of these operations). It can be assumed that just as the definition of translation strategy is not formulated in the articles of Russian researchers, the concept of strategy and the classification of translation strategies [3, C.110] are used in order to realize the self-presentation of the author of the article, which becomes relevant, among other things, by the argument of interdisciplinarity. Thus, scientific articles about translation strategies 1) tend to self-presentation of the authors of the articles, 2) tend to spread classifications based not on translation strategies, but on translation methods/ techniques that implement the simplest logical operations, 3) as consequently, the declared interdisciplinarity is purely declarative. And, perhaps, one of the reasons why audiovisual translation is not given sufficient attention in Latvian science lies in the chosen research tools and terminology: the image of this direction created in those few published articles is at least unattractive.

References 1. Быков Дмитрий. Умберто Эко. «Дилетант», №7, июль 2021. Режим доступа: URL: https://ru-bykov.livejournal.com/4912967.html (дата обращения: 28.12.2022). 2. Иссерс О. С. Коммуникативные стратегии и тактики русской речи / Ом. Гос. Ун-т. – Омск, 1999. – 284 с. 3. Милевич Инга. Стратегиия перевода: средство самопрезентации автора научной публикации? Acta Universitatis Lodzensis. Folia Linguistica Rossica, 2020, 19. C. 103-111. 4. Милевич Инга. Исследования стратегии перевода: к проблеме метода исследования Мова: Науково-теретический часопис з мовазнавства. № 35. 2021. Одеса «Астропринт». С. 221-224. 5. Михалёва О.Л. Политический дискурс: Специфика манипулятивного воздействия. Москва: Книжный дом «ЛИБРОКОМ», 2009. – 256 с. 6. Сдобников В.В. Стратегия перевода: общее определение. Вестник ИГЛУ. 2011. No 1 (13). – С. 165–172. 7. Cковородников А.П. О необходимости разграничения понятий «риторический прием», «стилистическая фигура», «речевая тактика», «речевой жанр» в практике терминологической лексикографии. Риторика↔Лингвистика: сб. статей. Смоленск: СГПУ, 2004. Вып. 5. – С. 5–11. 8. Толковый словарь русского языка. Режим доступа: URL: https://ozhegov.slovaronline.com (дата обращения: 28.12.2022). 9. Čestermens, Endrū. Tulkošanas mēmi: Ideju izplatīšanās tulkošanas teorijā. Papildizdevums. Rīga: LU, 2019. – 277 lpp.

scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium

RECENT POST-SOVIET MIGRATION: EUROPE AND TOLERANCE

(based on surveys, expert interviews and focus groups in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland) Sandler M.R, Director of Office in Brussels, International Migration and Gender Research Institute (Brussels, Belgium), Co-founder of IMAGRI, Expert in Gender Migration, Post-Soviet Migration in Europe (epawpresident@gmail.com) International Migration and Gender Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium

Abstract The current research focuses on the concept of tolerance level, both on the behalf of local residents of European countries accepting migrants, and migrants themselves towards local population. The surveys were conducted in focus groups in Belgium, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Poland, while the expert interviews were collected in Belgium, Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The surveys conducted by the IMAGRI in Europe in December 2021 – January 2022 and compelled to be continued in the form of expert interviews after February 24 2022, allow us to answer the question about the attitude of post-Soviet migrants to European values and prospects of Europe and Europeans in the light of “force majeure” migration, that is the avalanche-like resettlement of millions of Ukrainian residents to Europe. IMAGRI has been working in Brussels since 2009 studying migration from post-Soviet countries emerged on the territory of the collapsed USSR, in particular, the WMA category, or “advanced migration” previously concentrating on women, and in the latest research expanded to all educated migrants of both genders. Highly educated migrants, who are placed in the center of IMAGRI’s attention, possess welldeveloped intercultural communication skills, but in about half of the cases it does not solve the problems of their self-actualization in career and society. Keywords: social adaptation; Russian-speaking migrants; Women-Migrants Advanced (WMA); cross-cultural communication; level of tolerance, attitude, hidden discrimination.

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Introduction The International Migration and Gender Research Institute (IMAGRI) has been studying migration issues for more than 10 years; the presented research was conducted in September 2021 – January 2022. A special questionnaire was developed jointly with Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor T. V. Kuprina and Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor E. B. Bedrina, the Department of International Economics and Management of the Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin (UrFU). The survey was completed in January 2022, and while analyzing its results, we were forced to take into account the Russian SMO in Ukraine, which began in February 2022, therefore, in August-September 2022, we additionally conducted a number of expert interviews in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany and Poland. The research takes into account the results of a survey of 254 people living in Europe for more than 5-10 years; expert psychologists and volunteers working in various refugee assistance centers from Ukraine since the end of February this year, as well as other specialists. The current data correlate with the ones we received earlier (since 2009). The article is devoted to the study of the issue of social tolerance to different views, mores, habits and integration of post-Soviet migration advanced in Europe at the present stage. Research results and their analysis The object of the research is «advanced migrants» – WMA (World Migrants Advanced). The term was introduced by IMAGRI in 2009 and firstly denoted Women Migrants Advanced. But, for the present research we widen this term up to World Migrants Advanced taking into account views and opinions of both genders. At the meeting of the European Migration Forum on October 27-28, 2021, it was noted: about 8% of its current population (about 34 million people) were born outside the EU; 10% of young people (15-34 years old) born in the EU have at least one parent of foreign origin [Eurostat, 2019]. On average, 13% of key workers are immigrants; Luxembourg (53%), Cyprus (29%) and Ireland (26%) are the leaders in this indicator [Eurostat, 2020]. However, in recent months (since the end of February 2022) in Europe, there has been an understandable (and predictable) sharp increase in the number of migrants (including the WMA category) – in absolute numerical terms from Ukraine. In our research, we analyzed more than 250 questionnaires of migrants of the WMA category from the former USSR countries in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany and the Netherlands. Interviews with experts and focus groups on migration were conducted in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland; the responses of the local population were also taken into account. In the process of the research, we have empirically verified the thesis that low–skilled migration practically does not feel intolerant attitude towards themselves while looking for a job (adequate to education – unskilled), while highly educated migration faces a negative attitude in some cases. The latter assumption has been confirmed by our monitoring and research, round tables and debates within the framework of IMAGRI for 13 years. The problem of tolerance is the cornerstone of integration: getting a job adequate to education and professional qualifications is essential for the further life success in a new country. Since February 2022, by WMA (World Migrant Advanced) we mean any migrant who has come to European countries (as a part of the world) from the territory that was once part of the USSR; at least with 1-2 higher educations and with an active social position. WMA also have well-developed cross-cultural communication skills. The news of recent months there is practical disappearance of the term «Russian-speaking migration» from the professional usage of migration sociologists, which is explained by new geopolitical conditions. And in our opinion, it indicates a new emerging trend. Previously, by Russian-speaking migration migrantologists understood all those who came to Europe from the post-Soviet space. However, now it seems to be correct to call such migrants «post-Soviet mi41

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grants», although they still know Russian, and it continues to be the main language for a significant part of them. Almost all of our respondents (96%) fall under the concept of «a multicultural dialogue specialist» – it is confirmed by the current research, but only half of them were professionally realized in the new country. We have again confidently confirmed the long-standing conclusion: European ideas about the initially high possibilities of implementing WMA migrants in a new country do not correspond to reality. In today’s geopolitical realities, priorities have changed for a significant part of the WMA group: creativity and the desire to be realized in a completely new field have come to the fore. We offered respondents some judgments-questions (see Table. 1) with answer options. Table 1. Research questionnaire

№

Questionnaire (statements to agree or disagree with)

«In my opinion, it's normal to think that your people are better than everyone else»

«In my opinion, it is difficult to treat some nations and peoples well»

«A person of a different culture usually scares or alarms me»

«I want people of different nationalities to be among my friends»

«I am ready to be friends with a person of another race»

«It is difficult for me to communicate with people of another faith»

«It doesn't matter to me what nationality my boss is, as long as he/ she has a high qualification»

«I am ready to see a migrant among my colleagues in the office (at work)»

«I am ready to accept a person of any nationality as a member of my family»

10.

«I have a negative attitude to interethnic marriages, as they lead to the disappearance of the nation»

11.

«I think migrants are beneficial because they are very hardworking and diligent»

12.

«I think migrants should have the same access to urban infrastructure as citizens of the country»

13.

«I think that refugees and migrants should not be helped more than everyone else, since local problems are no less»

14.

«I think that a person's nationality affects his/her opportunities in my city»

15.

«I support the idea that the local population should have advantages in the labor market»

16.

«I believe that migrants and refugees complicate the situation in my city (town, village)»

17.

«I believe that migrants increase competition for jobs in my city (town, village)»

18.

«I believe that migrants should only do low-skilled work (cleaning streets, washing floors, dishes, etc.)»

19.

«Among my friends and relatives there are those who are willing to work in workplaces where migrants are currently working»

20.

«There are many people among my acquaintances who have a negative attitude towards migrants»

21.

«A person should be evaluated only by his/her moral and business qualities, and not by his/her nationality»

The answers to questions 1-7 (about friendship and acceptance of people of another culture) are predictable. A small part of migrants (about 9.6%) answered, «It’s normal to think that your people are better than everyone else,» but in the surveys of the «locals» we did not receive such answers. The result shows a high level of tolerance of the community: both locals and migrants. In the answers to questions 7-8 (about bosses and colleagues in the office), we have stated complete tolerance on all sides. 42

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On the topic of family values, local Europeans replied that they were ready to accept a person of any nationality (question 9): so, the policy of European multiculturalism has worked. However, among migrants, approximately 9.7% turned out to be against a new family member of «any» nationality, and 42% felt that the ability to connect their lives with someone depends on the religion of the chosen one (question 10). Half of the respondents (both local natives and those who have come to the country some time ago) believe that local Europeans have enough social problems, so they are primarily entitled to social assistance and access to infrastructure (questions 12-13). To the question whether nationality affects the recruitment in one’s city (question 14 – we asked about qualified job), more than 70% of all respondents answered positively: 92% of migrants and about 30% of locals. A third of migrants with experience supported the idea that «the local population should have an advantage in the labor market» (question 15). The statement «migrants complicate the situation in the city» was confirmed by 34% of respondents (question 16). «Migrants increase competition for jobs» is considered by 34%, 40% disagree with it. 24% do not have their own opinion, as they have never encountered it (question 17). In the judgments about whether an unskilled job is intended only for migrants (question 18), we see complete solidarity and tolerance: of course not. More than 65% have acquaintances who have a negative attitude towards migrants, which confirmed that respondents are aware of the problem. We deliberately did not ask a direct question about one’s own position (question 20). At first glance, there is a clear discrepancy; the respondents themselves or their acquaintances, most likely, have a «negative» attitude towards «migrants in general» – in the general, faceless (or impersonal in consciousness) mass. However, in direct contacts, in everyday or professional communication with a specific person, in whom a migrant is unmistakably recognized, the attitude towards him/her is formed individually, and to a large extent as a result of the behavior of the migrants themselves. Expert interviews on the research topic In the modern situation, the demand for the services of psychologists and psychotherapists has naturally increased. Among the new migrants there are certified specialists, highly qualified doctors, including those with academic degrees. Educated people usually appeal to such specialists. We received comments from experts from the field on condition of anonymity (for security reasons of interviewees; the researchers know the names; the qualifications of specialists have been confirmed; all of them emigrated to Belgium many years ago and have practice in the country). Question: What are your professional impressions about the patients from among the Ukrainian refugees? What are their plans for the future? The answer of a psychotherapist, migrant from Belarus, candidate of Medical Sciences, permanent expert of IMAGRI, specializing in working with post-Soviet migration: Yes, 90% of the patients who come to me are Ukrainians with higher education. It seems that at least 90% of these 90% want to settle here. There is a conclusion that these people have been thinking about moving for a long time. The general situation in Ukraine after 24 February has become an opportunity for them to move to Europe; as a rule, they are those who are used to working and earning. The answer of a practicing migrant psychologist from Russia: Those who come to me for consultations have long dreamed of living, working, studying in another country. They have taken advantage of the situation. There is nothing to condemn them. There is a war there, no one is insured. And the right to save a life is equal for everybody. Their thoughts are: to get a job, learn a language, go to university, find a job, take root. These people are also having a hard time, by the way. Because of the discrepancy they often try to justify their flight, even if no one asks them about it. Question: Do you have many patients who are dissatisfied with their situation now? Who got the right to work in Belgium, but really did not find a job? The answer of a psychotherapist: I specifically observe four factors: 1. Fictional ideas about abroad that do not reflect reality. 2. Soviet habits, the belief that the government is obliged to give something. 43

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3. Person psychologically lives in the Karpman’s triangle, and there everything is rolled up: «Victim»«Rescuer»-»Prosecutor». 4. Personal problems are often interpreted as intolerance, as personal inconsistency. In the Czech Republic and Poland, our experts are volunteers who have been working in refugee assistance centers since 24 February, 2022. Their answers are summarized as follows. About migrants’ plans for the future: almost 90% say they want to return to their homeland, while almost 90% of refugees try to get a job as soon as possible before returning. Belgium. Educated migrants (who came involuntarily, but decided to stay in the country) are very likely to start looking for a job or try to create their own business. We observed a similar trend in previous years as well. However, the poorly educated temporary migration does not seek employment; moreover, it in every possible way delays the moment of starting of labor activity. For example, after 24 February, 2022, cleaning firms in Belgium were preparing for an influx of potential migrant applicants, but expectations were not met, and the explanation for it is very simple. At the time of writing the article, in Belgium refugees from Ukraine received a cash allowance of 1200 euros/ person – 1500 (if there is a child) euros per month1, plus free transportation and medical insurance and the opportunity to shop in a social store. And the salary of a cleaner (and other unskilled workers) is about 1000-1200 euros2. Belgians do not really understand this arithmetic now: unemployed (for example, due to illness) locals receive from the government about 800-900 euros / month plus benefits. In other Benelux countries, the situation is different: the benefit in the Netherlands is 60 euros per person per week; in Luxembourg it is about the same, 500 euros for two per month. Those who came to these countries would like to start working and return home as soon as possible. The situation in the Czech Republic is similar to the Netherlands and Luxembourg: the benefit is 5,000 CZK (about 200 euros); Poland also pays similar amounts. The «non-monetary» support introduced in February, such as free transportation for all refugees, is being gradually canceled. Those who came from Ukraine in spring started looking for a job soon enough and found it relatively quickly. The situation in Lithuania is remarkable. For a small country, objectively not the largest migration flow is huge, and it is difficult for the government to pay benefits. The government is trying to give priority in finding a job for migrants from Ukraine, but Lithuania has very high unemployment. Accordingly, it is difficult to talk about the tolerance of both the indigenous population and the «old» post-Soviet migration. The described situations (in Belgium and other above mentioned countries) are diametrically opposite. But who created them? The governments, of course. Naturally, respectable Europeans get annoyed – both with politicians, with migration as a phenomenon, and personally with migrants.

Conclusion on the main part of the research 1. Tolerance to migration is always a problem – it looks absolutely different from different points of view. Recent migrants believe that they are not being hired because of hidden discrimination. Dutch respondents who live in Europe note that post-Soviet migration carries with it the «baggage of the Russian world», does not focus on European principles of interaction and relationships in labor groups. The office culture in Europe and countries of the former USSR is very different, and that is why migrants are often denied employment.

1 2

From September 2022 for a family of 3 people – 1400 + 250 per child. In Belgium, payments of 250 euros – for the children of employees, for the children of entrepreneurs – 85-95 euros / month.

scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium

2. The importance and timeliness of our research. By coincidence, we managed to record tolerance to post-Soviet migration and its own tolerance to the host society before new acute geopolitical processes and shifts, as well as the level of tolerance or latent intolerance to the host country. 3. We have confirmed a relatively high level of tolerance among the population of a number of European countries; we believe this conclusion can be extended to countries that are not covered by the research. 4. A sharp increase in the number of migrants in the country, caused by tragic or force majeure circumstances, for some (or even quite a long time – at least several months) increases tolerance and empathy among the local population at first. However, now, after more than six months, according to social networks and empirically, we note a slight decrease in it. 5. The level of tolerance in the provision of social support to migrants and competition for jobs varies. As the survey shows, the «general» tolerance towards migrants is higher than existing in the «professional» («career») environment. 6. In the absence of a well-thought-out and consistent governmental policy aimed at the integration, adaptation of temporarily or permanently arrived migrants, the level of tolerance of the local population for a relatively short time (some months) decreases. Even having moved to the country as part of a «planned» («calm», «prepared») migration and being legally assimilated (de facto and de jure – a resident of Europe with all the rights, obligations and a passport of a European country), a migrant from the post-Soviet space sometimes continues to feel like a stranger in a new country. As T. V. Kuprina & S. M. Minasyan note in their research, «socio-cultural relations are a complex multidimensional phenomenon. It is especially evident while interacting with representatives of another culture in the dichotomy of «ours» – «theirs».» [Kuprina, Minasyan, 2022: 208] 8. A significant part of European residents (and assimilated migrants who perceive as such) oppose preferences for migrants in social and adaptation issues, and 50% believe that the social rights of local residents and newcomers should be equal.

References 1. Eurostat, Population data, 2019 (note that all indicators provided below refer to EU-27 area). Estimates for 2017 (latest year available) based on OECD/EU (2018), Settling In, Indicators of Immigrant Integration, section 7. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/population-demography/ demography-population-stock-balance/database. (Дата обращения 13.09.2022). 2. JRC (2020), Immigrant Key Workers: Their Contribution to Europe’s COVID-19 Response. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/knowledge4policy/sites/know4pol/files/key_workers_covid_0423.pdf. (Дата обращения: 13.09.2022). 3. Kuprina T.V. Ocenka otnosheniya studencheskoj auditorii k mezhdunarodnoj migracii / T.V. Kuprina, S.M. Minasyan // Rossijskie regiony v fokuse peremen : sbornik dokladov v dvuh tomah (18-20 noyabrya 2021 goda, Ekaterinburg). Tom 1. Ekaterinburg : UrFU, 2022. S. 204-208. 4. Beketova A.P., Kuprina T.V. Pyat’ urokov razvitiya tolerantnosti. Ekaterinburg: UrFU, 2016. 168 s. 5. Kuprina T.V., Sandler M.R. Nacional’nye osobennosti migracionnyh potokov v Rossii i Evrope. Sbornik materialov 5-go Ural’skogo demograficheskogo foruma s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem. Institut razvitiya demograficheskoj sistemy obshchestva, Ural’skoe otdelenie Instituta ekonomiki RAN. Ekaterinburg, 2014. str. 89-94. 6. Matveev YU.N. Osnovnye napravleniya emigracii iz stran SNG v zarubezhnuyu Evropu. Tekst nauchnoj stat’i po special’nosti «Politologicheskie nauki». 2007 g. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ 45

scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium

osnovnye-napravleniya-emigratsii-iz-stran-sng-v-zarubezhnuyu-evropu (Data obrashcheniya: 18.09.2022). 7. Sandler M.R. Integracionnye kompetencii russkogovoryashchih migrantov v Evrope iz kategorii advanced women i drugih kategorij migrantov. ZHurnal Cross-Cultural Studies / Education and Science/ (CCS&ES), 2016. s.75-84. 92 c. 8. Novy I., Schroll-Machl S. Interkulturní komunikace: Cesi a Nemci. Praha: WMA nagement Press, 2015. 2, vydání. Information about the author: Margarita Sandler, a journalist, migration sociologist, founder of the European Office and co-founder of the International Migration and Gender Research Institute (IMAGRI, Brussels, Belgium), an expert on post-Soviet gender migration. E-mail: epawpresident@gmail.com.

scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium

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scientific journal of the modern education & research institute • The Kingdom of Belgium