Portfolio 2023 by moeitaya

Portfolio 2023 Moe Itaya

Master Diploma Thesis The Socket City -The condition of urban multi-hub residents and the urban structure supporting them-

This thesis explores the transformation of Tokyo, a metropolitan city deeply influenced by the concept of "Homo Movens," as introduced by Kisho Kurokawa in the 1980s. It examines how the urban landscape of Tokyo has evolved due to its increasingly mobile and dynamic population. In today's information-driven society, the notion of community is no longer restricted to fixed geographical locations. The traditional value of physical ownership has shifted, with people embracing the sharing of resources and spaces more readily. The development of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) has revolutionized public transportation systems, resulting in reduced transportation costs. Tokyo was historically characterized by a distinct "doughnut effect," marked by a separation between residential areas in the outskirts and central city offices. This paper introduces the concept of "multi-point residences" for individuals who maintain multiple bases within the same city. It also defines the "shared social infrastructure" as facilities that ensure essential life functions. Furthermore, it characterizes the city as a "functionally diffused city" when these vital functions are effectively distributed and accessible. Through this research, it becomes evident that Tokyo has embraced a new urban identity, where "multi-point residents" coexist with long-term settlers in the same areas, making use of shared facilities. In the long-term perspective, this model of urban living, where individuals move freely throughout the city, utilizing fluidly distributed functions and connecting with their surroundings like a "socket," may serve as a blueprint for high-density living in rapidly growing Asian and African cities.

Collectibility × Mobility

Current Tokyo

Tokyo with

Places for work, residence, and

In areas where purposes mix,

Multi-point residents

leisure are distinctly separated.

the sharing social infrastructure

Depending on the needs, people

is well established.

live while moving between multiple bases within Tokyo.

CLOTH GYM BATH

BIKE LAUNDRY

CAR

ACCOMODATION

ACCESSORY STRAGE

Shared Social infrastructure For this research I defined the “share social infrastructure,” which refers to a mechanism or a system which supports the people’s daily life in sharing the land, assets, functions, and human resources that are usually privately owned by individuals and the private sector.

旅行者と交流するイベントに参加する清掃の必要なし朝食付き wiﬁ 等のインフラ整備あり

睡眠をとる寝室

料理をする

ゲストハウス・ホテル

キッチン

食事をする

カプセルホテル

ダイニングルーム

談笑する

飲食店

リビングルーム

テレビを見る

カフェ

脱衣所

服を脱ぐ

ファミレスお 1 人席

シャワー

体を洗う

銭湯

お風呂

湯船に浸かる

貸し倉庫

洗面所

歯を磨く

レンタル服

洗濯機

衣類を洗う

クリーニング屋

棚

荷物をストックする

コインランドリー

クローゼット

服をストックする

メルカリ

倉庫

思い出の品をストックする

24h スーパー・コンビニ

書斎

仕事をする

シェアオフィス

子供部屋

勉強する

図書館

庭

裁縫をする

シェアガーデン

スポーツマシーン

庭仕事をする

公園

縁側

外気に触れる

貸しスペース

客間

運動する

スポーツジム

自家用車

友人を招く

シェアカー

自転車

車に乗る

シェアバイク

ベジタリアン / フェアトレード皿洗いの必要なし店主との会話ドリンクバー大きな湯船サウナ水風呂地域住民との交流メルカリに出品豊富な服の選択肢高度な洗濯副収入新鮮な食材利用者との交流フレキシブルな会議室コネクションの創出勉強の助け合い蔵書数の多さ他の利用者との助け合い通行人との交流道具の整備利便性の良い会場

自転車に乗る

備え付けの器具スタジオクラスの参加トレーナのサポート利用者との交流お風呂・シャワー利用豊富な車種の選択肢修理点検の必要なし乗り捨て可能

Shared Social infrastructure Shared social infrastructure can generate further secondary benefits associated with the social aspects. For example, there are address hoppers who repurpose spaces like a sports gym for storage, showers, and bike storage or turn a clothing dry cleaner into a closet

In this research, it is essential to emphasize the lifestyles of multi-point residents and gather additional data to further explore the discussed correlations. The study faced limitations in obtaining a sufficient sample size for quantitative analysis, potentially due to the ongoing trend of urbanization. Future studies may have increased research potential in this regard. It's worth noting that the current study primarily focused on younger residents and derived data on shared infrastructure facilities from younger customer groups. Future research should aim for a broader sample spectrum, including families and older populations, to provide more nuanced insights We are no longer confined to a specific location, and the ability to move around freely and connect online allows us to adapt to different places like a socket. Tokyo, as a pioneer of "Socket city" can serve as a model for upcoming cities in Asia and Africa in their efforts to create social and livable urban environments. This research was conducted prior to the global limitations imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the desire for newness and flexibility in living arrangements, even if they involve some degree of sharing, has gained momentum and entered the spotlight. Remote work has led people to seek more appealing living spaces, while numerous companies have embraced shared offices as alternative workspaces. Industries dissatisfied with their traditional operations have started offering new services, creating diverse ways to utilize these functions. I believe that the behavioral changes triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic will play a pivotal role in promoting a lifestyle in which individuals can freely choose and adapt their locations, akin to the "Socket city" described in this paper.

Bachelor Diploma Thesis Effects and assignments of local community based accommodation led from field survey -comparative analysis of domestic and foreign(2017) Japanese, Conference Presentations @AIJ(Nihon Kenchiku Gakkai) Urban Design(2018) , 23-26, 2018-07-20

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the design and function of accommodation facilities, with a particular emphasis on cultural experiences and exchanges in the field of tourism, which has gained significant attention in recent years. The aim is to analyze the relationship between guests and the local community to elucidate the potential that accommodations have in fostering such interactions. The market survey reveals that there is a noticeable increase in the demand for accommodations with shared spaces, such as guest houses and hostels, across all age groups. However, these are not traditional guest houses or hostels of the past such as “you get what you pay for” mind ; instead, they are evolving into places where guests and local residents can connect while providing a certain level of quality. This type of accommodation is referred to as "community-based accommodation." Through field surveys of two "community-based accommodation facilities" in Japan, which are operated by companies or organizations focused on community revitalization and boast well-designed buildings with mechanisms to facilitate guest and local engagement, it is observed that some of these mechanisms are not fully utilized. While they do attract people to shared spaces within the accommodation facility, there is potential for greater interaction if these mechanisms were more effectively employed. To promote the appeal of the local area further, there is a need for mechanisms that encourage guests to explore places beyond the accommodation itself. In contrast, the Albergo Diffuso concept in Italy, with accommodations dispersed throughout a town, has designed a system that not only encompasses the interior of the facilities but also integrates elements of accommodation throughout the town. The town itself becomes part of the accommodation, sharing spaces with local residents and guests. This system encourages guests to engage with the town, providing an opportunity for guests to experience a deeper connection with the local community. Furthermore, Albergo Diffuso creates opportunities for local residents to become more involved with the accommodation. Based on the findings of these surveys, accommodations now serve a dual function, not only providing a place to stay but also facilitating connections between guests and local residents to promote cultural exchange. This adds new value for both parties involved. This added value extends beyond deeper guest experiences and contributes positively to the local community, going beyond economic interests. Through surveys conducted both domestically and internationally, it is evident that the development of accommodation facilities can lead to several benefits, including: -Providing an external perspective on the local area -Contributing to the overall development of the town -Aiding in the recovery of disaster-stricken areas -Increasing the number of residents moving into the area And more.

Normal accomodation Interviewed Mr Giancarlo Dall’Ara who promulgated idea of Albergo Diffuso

Community-based accommodation

Albergo Diffuso

Albergo Diffuso mark on appartment entrance

reception/cafe room historical spot restaurant/food shop

150m

Lovere village in Italy with Albergo Diffuso

voco Osaka Central @Nikken Sekkei Project Management

I was in charge of the first property in Japan for the InterContinental Group's lifestyle hotel brand. The Corona disaster made it difficult to actually visit the existing property and site, and to have face-to-face meetings with stakeholders. The developer and designers' willingness to utilize the history of the old building as a design element, the proposal to consider SDGs, and the concept of valuing the connection with the local community matched, resulting in key designs such as the entrance and distinctive EV hall, which reused wood from a Japanese house. Photos from

https://www.ihg.com/voco/hotels/jp/ja/osaka/osakn/hoteldetail

Harakado Tokyu Plaza @Nikken Sekkei Project Designer

I was involved in the detailed design of a shopping mall redevelopment project facing one of Tokyo's most famous Harajuku intersections, which took over eight years to complete. It was a joint project with several architects, including exterior designer Akihisa Hirata, interior designer Nomura Kogeisha, and rooftop planting designer SOLSO, and I was mainly responsible for the design of the toilets and application work.

Hyper School HARUMI 2020 to 2050 Assignment to propose an elementary school planned for the site of the former athletes' village for the 2020 Olympics. The proposal was created after a hut that was once used as an athletes' village for the 1932 Olympic Games in Los Angeles was shipped to various countries and continued to be used as a heritage site. I designed a classroom unit for an elementary school consisting of modules made by combining steel frames of a size that could fit in a container. When the elementary school is no longer needed due to Tokyo's declining birthrate and population, it can be shipped in a container as a heritage of the athletes' village and the Harumi district where the elementary school was located.

Phase1 Olympic athlete village in 2020 high-rise appartment and olympic village

park

residence

public building

privately owned public spaces

Phase2 Elementary School in 2025 Harumi elementary school

workshop

air

class room light

Phase3 Dismantling & Export in 2050

Reference 1: Olympic village1932 Los Angels

reduction of elementary school and overseas export

Reference 2: THE POTTERIES THINKBELT by Cedric Price

structure + -knowledge of disaster preparedness and response -hydrogen technology -and others

10400

4400

10400

図工室

4400

図工準備室

4400

廊下

無垢フローリング材 :10mm 根太材デッキスラブ：150mm W 型デッキプレート

＋2600

屋上屋根

ガルバニウム鋼板 t=5mm 平葺きアスファルトルーフィング t＝10mm デッキスラブ：150mm W 型デッキプレート釣り天井吊ボルト @400 野縁受けチャンネル [t=38mm]@400

変形鋼板：10mm ボルト止めモルタル充填

トイレ

10400

4000

抗菌性ビニル床シート均しモルタル

教室

理科室光庭

壁

倉庫倉庫

200

ラワン合板はめ込み

2400

＋2600

4400

柱 400×400 階段

L 綱：φ20mm I 綱：φ20mm H 綱：φ20mm ボルト止め防腐材塗装

光庭

8400

1400

＋GL +0

ビニル床シート踏み込み床 t＝30mm 合板折り曲げ加工

t＝150mm

＋GL +0

10400

光庭

理科室準備室

光庭

絨毯

ギャラリー

＋2600

T=10mm フェルト均しモルタル

引き戸プルームガラス 2mm

4400

図書室＋2600

光庭

N 0.1

0.5

Plan detail S=1:50

Keigo Kobayashi Lab Project GHOST GUIDE TO TOKYO 2020 *TEAM LEADER Village as Utopia

Keigo Kobayashi Lab Project GHOST GUIDE TO TOKYO 2020 *TEAM LEADER Workshop with UCLA Urban Humanites Initiative 古い椅子 The Old stool

Keigo Kobayashi Lab Project GHOST GUIDE TO TOKYO 2020 *TEAM LEADER Tokyo Olympic map

2020

e on Z ge ita

He r

G 7

C D

F LIn

New National Stadium

Metro Yurakucho Line extended

e Line

Air

ag en aC aw

ter Lo op Lin

Shibuya Redevelopment Area

e cess Line

Horsemanship

YOYOGI NATIONAL GYMNASIUM

Handball

TOKYO METROPOLITAN STADIUM

Table Tennis

OLYMPIC STADIUM

Ceremonies, Athletics, Football

BUDO-KAN

Judo, Karate

TOKYO INTERNATIONAL FORUM

Weightlifting

KOKUGIKAN

Boxing

OLIMPIC VILLAGE

Olympic Village

SHIOKAZE PARK

Beach Volleyball

ODAIBA MARINE PARK

Marathon Swimming, Triathlon

ARIAKE TENNIS PARK

Tennis

de ysi

Haneda

New Building

OLYMPIC BMX COURSE

Cycling (BMX)

OLYMPIC GYMNASTIC CENTER

Gymnastics

ARIAKE ARENA

Volleyball (indoor)

TOKYO BIG SIGHT HALL

IBC/MPC Tokyo International Exhibition Centre

SEA FOREST CROSS-COUNTRY COURSE

Equestrian (eventing, cross-country)

SEA FOREST WATERWAY

Canoe-Kayak (sprint), Rowing

OLYMPIC AQUATICS CENTER

Aquatics (swimming, diving, synchronised swimming)

TATSUMI INTERNATIONAL SWIMMING CENTER

Aquatics (waterpolo)

DREAM ISLAND ARCHERY FIELD

Archery

CANOE SLALOM COURSE

Canoe-Kayak (slalom)

New Building

Highways constructed for 2020

Exsisting metropolitan higways Railroads

Railroads constructed for 2020

Central Redevelopment Area

Outskirts Redevelopment Area

Considering gratitude toward foreign countries, a strend of steady reconstruction, and the power of sports that it showed after the 3.11 disaster, Tokyo was selected to host the 2020 Olympics. The stadium was supposed to be designed by Zaha Hadid, however the high budget was a target of criticism, resulting in the withdrawal of her plan, now replaced with one by Kengo Kuma.

Airport Ac

Athlete’ s Village in Harumi

Event

BAJI KO-EN

in Sh

Yurikamom

rt D

ire

Facility

2 km

Japan World Events Others Olympic

(公益財団法人東京オリンピック･パラリンピック競技大会組織委員会

Tokyo failed as a result of participating in the 2016 Olympic Games bid

Tokyo was Chosen to Host 2020 Olympics

Old National Stadium began to be dismantled Japan International Expo (Aichi, Earth Expo)

Tokyo Olympics

Zaha Hadid Olympic Stadium was canceled

Housing of the site of the athlete's village will be completed?

Kengo Kuma's plan was adopted

Television broadcasts switch to terrestrial digital

Apple iPhone begins sale in Japan

East Japan great earthquake (3.11)

Tokyo Skytree opens

⒈https://tokyo2020.jp/jp/games/venue/olympic-stadium/ 新国立競技場大成建設・梓設計・隈研吾建築都市設計事務所JV作成／JSC提供) ⒉http://www.tokyu.co.jp/shibuya-redevelopment/index.html （東急電鉄） ⒊http://itot.jp/tokyo2020/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/124667_ov1.JPG (BEYOND 首都圏 2020未来予想図)

Number of foreign visitors to Japan exceeded 20 million

Loop road No.2 will be opened?

Linear Motor Car will start from Shinagawa to Nagoya?

Population of Tokyo starts decreasing?

Shibuya station redevelopment will be completed?

World financial crisis Sydney Olympic

2000

Athens Olympic

Beijing Olympic

London Olympic

Rio de Janeiro Olympic

Paris Olympic?

LA Olympic?

Keigo Kobayashi Lab Project GHOST GUIDE TO TOKYO 2020 *TEAM LEADER GHOST GUIDE TO TOKYO2020 exhibition @ shibaura house

A summary exhibition of the "Ghost Guidebook" international workshop that examined the impact of three Olympic Games on cities.

Seoul biennale Tokyo booth *research member COMMON MATTERS

Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism Event Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism (Seoul Biennale) Date

Odd years September~November

＊ The Inaugural Seoul Biennale–Sept. 1~Nov. 5, 2017

Venue Main: DDP, Donuimun Museum Village, Sub: Various locations in Seoul Theme Imminent Commons Program

Thematic Exhibition, Cities Exhibition, Live projects, Public Programs

Organization

Seoul Metropolitan Government / Seoul Design Foundation

The term "commons" is often used to characterise a more or less coherent community of people who share a specific resource and safeguard its fair use. The 21 elements presented are representative of the wide and rich spectrum of community projects and small and big commons in Yanaka neighbourhood, also known as "YaNeSen" of Tokyo. They are ordinary, everyday matters that show the diverse motivations and the strong individual aspirations, as well as the desire to collaborate with others, which are the vital prerequisites to create and maintain the commons. Community and commons don’t exist a priori, nor are commoners born as such. They co-emerge with common matters that connect people and places. Rather than monolithic and unitary, commons coexist and coemerge at various levels; nestled into one another; larger commons assembled by smaller ones; each of them dynamically expanding, contracting, or fusing with others. This nuanced view of the commons suggests that it is not necessary to coerce everyone into a unified common mindset, but rather allow and embrace the co-existence of a variety of motives, loosely connected to each other by small and big common matters. In pluralistic societies a collection of independent actions with selfempowered, strong, intrinsic motivations are important to create sustainable projects and foster creativity

McDonald’s Radio University *support European Thinkbelt

The McDonald’s Radio University offers a three-week series of live-lectures by “professors” from Afghanistan, Syria, Pakistan, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Eritrea, and Iran. The live-lectures take place at specific times and at seven different McDonald’s restaurants in the city. They are only available via radio. The course syllabus with all offered lectures is listed at this website. Please follow the instructions below to enroll in the program. European Thinkbelt The Balkan Route, an established route for refugees to enter Europe, is transformed into a “university”. The network of these “McDonald’s Radio Universities” between Frankfurt and Athens will make up the “European Thinkbelt”. At the same time it is also a theatre project which crosses closed borders, connects the cities and uses a belt of thinking by refugees to repair a Europe that is cracked like porcelain. Potteries Thinkbelt „European Thinkbelt“ is a homage to “Potteries Thinkbelt”, an unrealised project conceived by the British architect Cedric Price in 1966. At that time the traditional ceramics industry in North Staffordshire was in a state of collapse. In order to regenerate the region, Price suggested converting the regional rail network into a university and transforming its cities into places of learning.

Micromega studio @studio in ULB,Belgium • The A5 The first exercise is a game. It consists in making the theme of the semester, at least one drawing per day in A5 format. This exercise is a retroactive calendar that keeps track of the mechanisms and the design process. It reveals the skills and personalities of each in terms of composition. It is usually in these A5 that we find together the concepts and graphic expressions that will guide the projects. • Urban analysis Students are asked to carry out an urban analysis of the studied metropolis and a collection of remarkable buildings This research aims to gather as much information on the context as possible to reinterpret, filter and synthesize it. This research takes the form of graphic documents called MAPS. Two A0, double-sided, which fold on themselves like city maps. These documents are to be finalized before the workshop. • A Workshop The workshop carries out each semester a partnership and a workshop with a foreign university. This exchange allows students to confront other ways of life, other ways of thinking and designing the territory. It allows to visit cities, in a framework of university and non-tourism study, which is for us, remains the best way to learn architecture. • A place The location of the project is chosen by the students after the urban analysis. Sometimes the site is shared by everyone, sometimes it is different for everyone. This choice is an issue that students will be asked to determine. If architects are seldom given the choice of where to act, it is important to empower students to face the project site. Choosing a place is a first way to understand, to become aware of it.

L’atelier développe une méthode et une série d’outils destinés à concevoir des environnements de qualité conscients et respectueux de la complexité du territoire qu’ils modifient. La méthode proposée commence par une analyse fouillée du territoire à grande échelle pour aboutir à une matérialisation ponctuelle et détaillée du lieu. Nous

décortiquons les dysfonctionnements de vastes territoires urbains par le biais de

récolte d’informations très diverses. Cette recherche consiste en l’élaboration de propositions d’interventions précises et pragmatiques, visant à améliorer la qualité de nos cadres de vie. Les outils valorisés par l’atelier sont principalement les bibliothèques réelles et virtuelles, le dessin à main levée et la production de maquette d’étude. The workshop develops a method and a series of tools designed to design conscious environments that respect the complexity of the territory they are modifying. The proposed method begins with a detailed analysis of the territory on a large scale to achieve a specific and detailed materialization of the site. We are dissecting the dysfunctions of vast urban areas through the collection of very diverse information. This research consists in the elaboration of proposals of precise and pragmatic interventions, aiming to improve the quality of our frameworks of life. The tools valued by the workshop are mainly real and virtual libraries, freehand drawing and the production of study models.

SyntheSiS

eVoLution of bruSSeLS

urbAn deVeLoPMent

10th century to now

between 1897 And todAy 1897

The Brussels International Exposition Promote the national products and the opinion of the people about colonization

1897-1936

1910

First organic law of urbanism

1962

«The Manhattan Plan»

Garden city Floréal

1963

653 units were built 350 single family homes inspired by the achievements of English city-gardens

1952

Brussels is what is called a second generation city. Unlike for example London or Paris, it does not have Roman origins. The city emerged at the beginning of the 10th century. In 1507 the population of Brussels will grow to about 45,000 inhabitants. The resulting commercial development will lead to the digging of a canal. At the beginning of the reign of Leopold I, Brussels presented itself as a provincial capital. The structure of Brussels is still medieval. From the dismantling of the second enclosure (1840) of Brussels and the creation of the boulevards of the small belt (called «pentagon») at the beginning of the 19th century, a city traced to the line gradually superimposed itself on the surrounding countryside, its rivers and than to the old roads and paths, leaving only the main ones to remain in the 20th century. In the same year, Vanderstraeten could be said to have been the first planner of the city, because he approached several scales at once, embracing with one gesture the whole territory of Brussels, its neighbourhoods and its surroundings. We 1880

talkt about radio-concentric city plan. In 1865, a set of inner boulevards was set up, where a river, which passed the historical core, had to stop. The Senne was covered by Jules Anspach, «Brussels Haussmann». Modern urbanism was born under the impetus of the architect Victor Besme. In 1863-66 he realized the General Plan for the extension and embellishment of the Brussels agglomeration. The Leopold district was the first extension of Brussels outside the walls. In 1874 the perimeter of Delcour maintained the difference between the agglomerated parts and the non-agglomerated parts of the suburbs, that the non-agglomerated could not be assimilated to the city. The urbanization of the 19th century will be favoured by recourse to expropriationconcession. A private operator can expropriate the market value of plots of land to realize the roads and equipment, at a depth greater than necessary. The first major urban planning law will be that of March 29, 1962.

1954

Opening Jonction Nord-Midi B

Cité Administrative The result of the necessity of national administration to group into one site its officials and its services

1958

The site is best known for the Atomium, a giant model of a unit cell of an iron crystal

Cité Model Laeken

Sanitizing operation Benefit of slum dwellers.

1970

1987

Built for the 1958 World Expo Demolished in 1984. It was built on site in 10 days

Social housing «Brigittines»

Cité Moderne Berchem Sainte - Agathe

1963-1973

1973

The viaduct Boulevard Léopold II D

1960-1970

The expropriation and complete destruction of a central district of 53 hectares

Fifteen towers transfor the city landscape

IBM Tower, Hilton Tower, Generali Tower, Sheraton Tower, the Towers Madou e Astro, AG Tower, Philips tower

Expo ‘58

1959-1966

The symbol of the European Community

Construction of social housing

Is a railway link of national and international importance through the centre of Brussels, that connects the major railway stations in the city

1780

Berlaymont

1962

Universal exposition 13 million visitors Third international exhibition of the city

1920

Designed as a contribution to the solution of the question of social housing

1963 -1969

Operation «Hiroshima» The disappearance of the last historical and pictorial angles of old Brussels

Construction «Amelinckx»

170 flats with two-bedroom and living space

Property tax

Centre International de Congrés N Un extension of the European Parliament

2007

Plan de Développement International de Bruxelles

2008

Fiftieth anniversary of the Worl Exhibition

The biggest of these commemorations is the «Pavillon du bonheur

ZITOUNI B. Agglomérer: une anatomie de l’extension bruxelloise 1828-1915. VUBRESS, 2010.

www.adt-ato.brussels The Brussels of today is a city marked with multiple traces and scars of its evolution. The reason why Brussels is sometimes called “the patchwork city” is due to the multiple identities and different political ambitions that the city had to bear along its existence. At the beginning, Brussels, in the 10th century, humbly started out as a small settlement in the river Senne valley from where its name originally came from broek “swamp” and sel/zele “dwelling”. After few centuries, Brussels becomes more and more important as it became a provincial capital during the reign of Charles Quint and a country one after under Leopold I (1831) when Belgium took its independence. This change, from a provincial capital to a country one, started a new era of Brussels’ urbanization: the big scale urban projects. During this era, the city had to cope with health hazards due to the pollution of the river and so one of the big project was the covering of the Senne (186771) which let a new area to be built on. The

Expansion Plan of Brussels (1863-66) made by Victor Besme was another big scale project which aimed to coordinate the future urbanization of the villages around the Brussels historical center. The XX century, marked by the two world wars, witnessed a housing crisis caused by the partial destruction of the city and the fast increase of population. This led to the construction of garden cities in the suburbs which continued the urbanization of Brussels as the city beyond the city. On the same time the inner core of the city faced a huge transformations: on one hand, the city developed itself as a city for car, promoting highways, viaduct to host the International exposition of 1958, and on the other hand, with the junction between the North train station and the Midi train station which erased an important part of the old medieval fabric (the closed block), giving space for the future administration and international pole led by Brussels wish to become the new capital of the European Union.

NOW Nowadays Brussels, and since 1989, became a proper region as equal as the Flemish and Walloon regions. Due to the different level of powers (state, region, Europe) Brussels can be described as a fragmented city without a global identity. This is why new urbanistic tools were implemented such as the PRD (Regional Development Plan) or the district contracts to cope with the different scales present in the city. The matters of civic and cultural identity are in the heart of the urban planning concerns: we have to reconnect the fragments into a coherent network integrating all the urban

services. As a conclusion, we can say that Brussels hasn’t developed itself into a bi-polarity «city-countryside» but more towards a territory much more borderless, where the diffuse urban expansion blurred the limit of the city. Creating a city beyond the city, Brussels’ region could have the opportunity to design its territory not as a compact city, where every institution is at the center of the city, but more like a diffuse city in which could emerge a continuous middense landscape, going progressively from the natural countryside to the dense city, erasing the contradiction city-nature.

ZITOUNI B. Agglomérer: une anatomie de l’extension bruxelloise 1828-1915. VUBRESS, 2010.

ÎLot ferMÉ

gArden city

urbAn MorPhoLogieS

The historic urban tissue of «Îlot fermé» makes the main morphology of the city of Brussels. It is very widespread in the center of the city, within the «Pentagon» and in the historical residential blocks. This urban tissue is mostly an heritage of the typical medieval urban structure, but most of the houses were built between 1860 and 1930. The «Îlot fermé» is composed of several individual houses, built close to each other, that follow the block’s perimeter. One of the most important aspect of these urban typology is that houses are built in plots with specific dimensions: they are long and narrow. Because of this structure and because they are addressed to the bourgeoisie, the building’s façade plays an important role in this «Îlot», it has a width ranged from 5,5m to 8m and a height of 18-20m. The «maison bruxelloise» was intended to be a single-family house, even if, over time, they have turned into multi-family houses. Despite thise,

urbAn MorPhoLogieS

this type of house has kept the original main features: there is a basement, the main floor that is slightly raised and it is composed of 3 rooms in line with a lateral stairwell at the entrance. Another important aspect is that each building has his private garden behind the house that is the natural extension of the plot. In this green area, over time, people have added rooms to the original house’s structure according to the needs, making the space behind the house cahotic. These gardens are invisible from the street and they are entirely walled, but they contribute to make Brussels one of the most green city in Europe. This type of housing cont inues to be successful until the inter-war period, but then, it is gradually supplanted and divided in apartments or rooms. The «maison bruxelloise», indeed, was designed to be a single-family house, despite the large areas available, but after the Second World War, rich people begin to prefer and move out of the city, towards undeveloped areas.

The destruction suffered by Belgium during World War I and the consequent shortage of housing were seen by architects and urbanists of the era as a unique opportunity to restart to solve the problems of the industrial city. In fact, exiled architects came back to Belgium with new ideas about urbanism, inspired by England - where garden-cities have developed since the 19th century - France and Holland. In 1919, the establishment of a «Société nationale d’Habitations et de Logements à bon marché» gave them the opportunity to put this vision into practice. The concept of «cité-jardin» aimes both to ensure reconstruction and to solve the problems of the working-class home. The architects mainly react against individualist inspiration and chaotic growth of the city. They propose a new image of society, in which the individual-community link is underlined, and in which one of the pursues is the realisation of an harmonious entity on the aesthetic level. The urban project consists of a methodical

extension of the city, an organic urbanization in the form of a garden city, and therefore a complex of limited-density constructions placed in a green space. The main organizational principle is a minimum area bound to individual plot so that it’s possible to locate private or public gardens or recreational and public functions in the center of the blocks. The hierarchy of roads and pedestrian paths is respected. The houses are assembled to form structured groups. In the development of this type of urbanisation, two trends are clearly distinguished: the first one, near the Amsterdam school, represent the geometric current; while the second one, with a more intimate vision, approaches the cottage and British style. The garden cities are placed randomly in the suburb of the city, next to the perimeter of Brussels. Some examples are: Logis, Florèal, Van Lindt, Terdelt, Bon-air, Moortebeek, Kapelleveld, Jouët-Rey, Tuinbouw etc.

Source: Bruxelles - Architecture civile et militaire avant 1900, Victor-Gaston Martiny L’immeuble et la parcelle, le cas de Bruxelles 1870-1980

Source: L’avènement de la cité-jardin en Belgique , Marcel Smets, Pierre Mardaga editeur

houSing bLockS

SingLe-fAMiLy houSe

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2020

If we intend one day to manage the increasing fluxes from our cities, to give back the public space to the people, to the nature and, at the same time, to cope with the continuously increasing urban population demanding new housing possibilities, the radio-centric city concept with a high/low density territory should disappear to give space to a more polycentric diffuse city, interconnected with a rationalized transport infrastructure (Cargo Tram system). With decreasing budget dedicated to big scale, we could seek the solution for managed fluxes in the existing urban fabric rather exploring more expensive and maybe less effective alternative. The traditional urban fabric of Brussels, often seen as an obstacle that slows down fluxes may be the solution instead of the most common used, known as the boulevard system, presents in other cities like Paris, London or even some parts of Brussels (with the different rings). Furthermore, the tendency of heritage enhancement making the city museum like gets us to wonder how to

integrate, in a sustainable way, our city centers in big scale fluxes management? In addition of the PRD, some projects tend timidly to bring Brussels towards this goal like the new upcoming pedestrian removing the car from the historical center or also the green mesh plan, working on the continuity of the natural elements all over the city. Other projects such as the RER that would connect Brussels to other cities with high frequency trains and the plan Canal which tend to create a real ambient landscape all along the river bed follow the same idea. Some thoughts also are given to the future with expositions like Brussel 40, the project Bxl2020 or the new PRDD looking forward to the future of the city. However, designing the city as a continuum landscape require new urbanistic organism beyond the authority of the region if we want to achieve it otherwise there will always be a fracture between the region of Brussels and the real metropolitan territory.

The open block composed by housing bars are 6,7% of the residential buildings of Brussels. The building is proportionally very high compared to the occupied surface. It is placed randomly regarding to the outlines of the block and the space left is used as common public garden and open sky parking. The car access is encouraged and get into the block. This one, the city in height of the 30s and its theory of the zoning city, replaces the model of the city garden. Those buildings are mostly build following the big transformations of Brussels. In reaction to the rural exodus that was perceived negatively and provoked by the big works, new housing blocks were build in the city. The idea is to build an «independent city» that could offer to inhabitants comforts of real city, but in a healthy environment. A piece of city within the city that aim at being a model and that is supposed to develop and grow up like a real

new city. The «Cité Modèle de Laeken», in Brussels, is one of the most famous project of this type of urban morphology. This project was born together with the expo in 1958, but it was finished in ten years. Buildings are built in group and they are based on Modernist principles. The morphology created by urban tissue is characterised by a concentration of many apartments placed in big buildings surrounded by green spaces. The Cité Modèle try to join buildings with landscape and to renovate the idea of big scale buildings, improving the environment. The complex is today incomplete. It aimed at the harmonius integration of the individual into a community and it was thought as self-sufficient composition, with cultural, social, commercial and medical centers, a church, schools, a gymnasium and sports grounds.

In Brussels, the residential buildings are formed by up to 14,5% of open blocks with single-family houses or individual house with four facades. The villa is often off-centred and requires a car to reach it. There are only a few public transports leading to the zone. The villa is positioned randomly regarding to the outlines of the block and owns his private garden surrounded by hedges and most of the time also owns his personal garage. The first villas appeared at the beginning of the 20th century and were build by the bourgeoisie encouraged by the apparition of the omnibus and the will to spend time in nature areas. But nevertheless lands remained expensive and the urbanisation of the zone was slow. It’s the beginning of the ‘periurbanisation’ of the well-off classes. Later, after World War II, from the 50s, occurred a second remarkable evolution of the zone. It’s the period of social and technologic progress and it’s the apparition of the consumer

society and the reign of the car. We can mention the development of the culture of individualism and the exportation of the American model that spread the idea of owning his own house, garden and car as an ideal. At this time, the middle classes were encouraged to make credit by the ‘loi de taeye’ which was simplifying it. Brussels, like many European cities after World War II, sees the «spread» of urbanisation, out of the city centre. The idea of living in green spaces spreads fast and, in parallel with the social idea of «Cité Modèle», rich people try to leave the city in order to have quiet, silence and health, following the American model. In Brussels these areas are mostly present in the south, because of the proximity of the «Forêt de Soignes». The commons around the forest, were urbanised quite late following this type of tissue, like for example the common of Uccle, in the south of the city.

Source : Un siècle d’architecture et d’urbanisme. Bruxelles : 2000, Yves Jacqmin.

Recycling City by Lorenzo Fabian “Bruxelles 2040: trois visions pour une métropole» (bozar expo)

About MicroMegAS LAb

Alain Simon (coordinator), Eve Deprez University of Brussels, Faculty of Architecture

The studio mainly focuses on the potential that architecture has, to implement and improve highly dense human settlements. After 20th century utopias and the nihilism of the postmoderns, what can today’s students imagine to push forward the idea of architecture in congested and dense areas? What is the role of architecture today and how can it influence the evolution of our cities? Is an architect still needed in the urban generic fabric? Is “a brave new world” the only answer to human needs? How cities evolve through time is extremely complex to understand, but we believe that it is by experimenting with different possibilities, through the study of the context and the design of architecture, that some new opportunities will eventually emerge. Obviously, the notion of architecture covers more than the design of a simple building. It is here considered as a research of meanings, spatiality and quality of human settlements. We still believe that one of the specificities and conditions of the task of an architect is to contribute and to increase the overall lifestyle quality. He has to provide pragmatic and intelligent solutions to the development of land features, in order to obtain a beneficial impact on users.

Programming The students also have to question the purpose of architectural interventions, and induce a reflection on many aspects of architecture, such as uses, function, political and territorial inscription, form, composition, materiality, orientation, or identity. To be qualitative, a place must first of all be favorable to human activities and respond to a need. This phase of the exercise allows the student to reflect on the origins of healing properties that architecture can have. The studio will therefore conduct various programmatic and spatial experiments. The contrast and comparison of the different programs will increase the richness of the studio reflection.

Urban Maps The studio undertakes the creation of a general document called “the Map”. It consists of a group gathering information about many aspects of the studied city such as typology public space, climate and traffic network. This exercise allows the students to glimpse the complexity of a city and the reasons of its qualities and dysfunctions. It permits the student to have an overview of the actual urban context and helps in synthesizing it. It also shows the interaction between different scales and actors of the city. Site Definition After the urban analysis, the students are invited to select an area within the city, with sufficient potentiality linked to the studio topic, to develop a qualitative architectural project. It has to be relatively large and of substantial complexity to have intertwined public and private space intertwine, and mixed programmatic elements of microstructures. We believe that this research is essential for the study of cities.

Punctual spatial materialization. The studio’s main objective is in the end to give spatiality to the research, focusing on relationships implied by architectural composition. The particularity of this space is that it is directly designed by its surroundings and establishes a progressive continuity between the inside and the outside, the public and the private. Each student will appropriate this concept in order to give it an architectural materialization. Students will have to formalize and bring a response to this deliberately ambiguous notion of space. Special attention will be given to orientation and navigation, scale, identity, and emergent versus planned materiality.

Students d’Arripe Laure, Bang Jungyu, Calafati Jacopo, Corazza Gianvito, Cymerys Wojtek, De jerphanion Camille, Doucy Cyprien, Faravelli Silvia, Gorlier Guillaume, Hoebeke Michael, Hoffait Annabelle, Ismail Ali, Itaya Moe, Jegu Ysaline, Lee Kwang suk, Luzi Isabella, Moisand Yuli, Museux Basile, Nguyen Duy Dao, Nisot Pierre, Pietraszek Jan, Pucha Zuzana, Rufrano Francesca, Santoni Alfonso, Terenzi Filippo, Vanderborght Clara, Ville Louis, Vives Gabriel, Watanabe Mana, Xu Yanxiao, Yu Han seul

1ST SEMESTER 2017 - 2018

PunctuAtion

internAtionAL bruSSeLS

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Brussels is characterized by its towers, punctual elements that reigns over the low city. At the middle of the twentieth century borned a lot of international firms, and they were the origin of many projets of Brussels towers between the years 1960-1980. Unlike some other city, the towers of Brussels are low: the highest one does not exceed 38 floors (mIdi Tower, 1962-1967). Into the ‘pentagon’ of the city center are located four towers built in this period: the tower Philips, the administrative tower of Brussels, the tower Westbury, and the tower Blaton located on the site of ther former people’s House. Punctuations then continue around the small belt of Brussels. The towers are located in the intersection between the ring of the ‘pentagon’ and the radial street. There are ten towers characteristic of these years: the Sheraton, the tower Rogier, the tower Saint-Lazarre, the tower I.B.M., the

internAtionAL And euroPeAn inStitutionS

tower P.S., the tower of Midi, the tower Astro, the tower Madou, the tower A.G., and finally the tower of the Cité Administrative. These masterpieces of engineering are now part of the urban plan. They became a landmark, fixed building in the landscape of the city and they are present in the collective imagination of brussels people. The contrast between this high and new tower and the historical lower building made with a different material is interesting. Representing the era of an urbanist posture maybe concerned with its heritage, a period often represented by the Blaton tower. Carrying the name of its promoter, Emile Blaton, the tower of 26 identical floors will figure the block of the joseph stevens street. Today, certain urban planning practicies are similar, such as the Up-site tower, which consists of 40 storeys of housing.

Source: Bruxelles est malade... Mais son coeur Bat, Michel Michiels Le Livre, Paul Legrain

As the seat of the European institutions, as well as many international organisation, both governmental and non-governmental, Brussels has an international importance. There are some international institutions headquartered in Brussels. For example NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), established in 1949, that is a strong strategic military alliance of 28 European and North American states; the World Customs Organisation (WCO) that aims to develop lawful international exchanges and fight fraud efficiently; the Eurocontrol, that is the air-traffic safety agency in Europe, also responsible for providing a uniform air-traffic control system for all 41 member states. In addition to international institutions, Brussels is above all the capital of Europe, since the decision of the member states to make Brussels the seat of the European institutions in 1997.

In the course of successive enlargements more and more European institutions have been established in the Brussels-Capital Region, which has created a European neighbourhood in the heart of the Region. The main European institution in the city is the European Parliament, even if Strasbourg is the official seat of the Parliament, Brussels hosts many meeting’s plenary session; but also Council of the European Union and European Commission play an important role in the city and in Europe. Barlaimont Palce, European Parliament, Justius Lipsius Palace became a landmarks: buildings recognizable in their greatness with a caracteristic shapes. They caracterize the new European block, in the east of the city, near the Brussels Park and the Royal Palace. This international presence is one of the new incentive for a growing city.

Source: Bruxelles en Europe/L’Europe à Bruxelles, Le Castor Astral, Bruxelles 2007 Laconte P. & HEIN C. (Ed.), Brussels. Perspectives on a European Capital, FFUE 2007

DEMOGRAPHICS

BRUXELLES: 1 189 890 INHABITANTS/ BELGIUM: 11,35 MILLION INHABITANTS

NATIONALITY

RELIGION

COSMOPOLITAN CITY

ECONOMICAL CONTEXT

A BALANCED DIVISION

0,50 - 1,00

1;50 - 2,00

France

2;00 - 2,88

Atheists/Agnostics/Unbelievers

Spain

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Portugal

Catholics

2007

2008 2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2005

2006

2007

2008 2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2009. The crude birth rate of 15.4 ‰ is slightly lower in 2015. However, it remains well above that of the whole of Belgium (10.8 ‰). The number of deaths (9329 in 2015) is light increase in the Region, compared with the former. The result is a stable crude mortality rate of 7.9 ‰, a lower value that at the level of the whole of Belgium (9,8 ‰). The natural balance is the difference between the births and deaths. It amounts to +8885 units in 2015, 600 fewer than in the current year 2014. During the year 2015, 24,139 persons are come to settle in the Region, coming from of the rest of Belgium. At the same time, 37475 people have left the Region to settle elsewhere in the country. The difference between these two flows constitutes the internal migration balance. It is very negative in 2015 and amounts to -13,336 units. This indicator is very stable since 2004.

Source: IBSA.brussels Institut Bruxellois de Statistique et Analyse / SPF Economie

meant Brussels could have a marketplace, build

Muslims Protestants

Other countries of EU

Others

A Grand Place

city walls, collect fees for passage into the city,

The Grand Place was referred to in 1147 as the ‘lower market’ and was situated close to a port

Rest of the world

Brussels has the second place in the most cosmopolitan cities in the world, causing by few immigrations waves. The first called the “worker immigration”, between 1918 and 1939, to the benefit of industry who was mostly carbon’s mine. This population was coming from Poland, Italy, Czech Republic, Hungary, Yugoslavia. In 1946 until 1966, the country had seen a diminution of worker in the industry’ sector caused by the hard conditions. In reaction, the Belgian’s policy decides to induce a new immigration by a recruitment’s workers in Spain, Italy and Greece. According to this international agreement, the politic promises a home, native food and the same advantage than the Belgian workers. After an important economic increase, a new agreement has been applied with Morocco and Turkey and the government had planned to place this wave in the Schaerbeek

independently as a city. Town Privileges also

Germany

Flamand / Wallon come to Brussels Brussels people leave

During the 2015, Bruxelles capital region earned 12 717 inhabitants, with relative growth of 1,1%. As has been the case since a decade, this annual growth can be explained by natural sales (+8885) and migratory flows (+17309). These largely offset the internal migration very negative (-13336). The intensity of growth is mainly due to the the importance of net international migration. By 2015, the population has increases in each of the 19 Brussels municipalities. Increases the most important are observed at Evere (+ 2.9%), the City of Brussels (+ 1.7%) and Jette (1.4%). These more marked developments are in a longer-term dynamic. On the contrary, it is at Woluwe-Saint-Pierre, Saint-Josse-ten-Noode and Saint-Gilles that the growth are the most moderate (less than 0.5%). The number of births in the Brussels Region is 18214 during the year 2015. It is stable since

1229, meaning it could govern itself

word Broekzele, which translates to ‘settlement in

Bulgaria

Turkey 2006

century. The name Brussels originates from the the swamp.’

Morocco

2005

and Molenbeek. The 60’s, the independence of Congo create an incoming population who take his place in Ixelles, precisely in the Matongé district. In the beginning of 70’s, Belgium go from work immigration to familial grouping immigration. The migration politic was stopped in 1974 after first petrol crisis and they decide to close the borders, only the high-qualified worker can entrance. Nevertheless, the politics measures didn’t work because migration flux didn’t decrease, the migrant people stay in an irregularity status and Belgium keep his image of host country. Today, the immigration reason changes from economic to politics, Belgium had accepted more than 23 000 political refugees since 2014, but this migration present the smallest part in the cosmopolitan aspect of the capital.

http://www.vivreenbelgique.be http://plus.lesoir.be

catholic infrastructures explain by the status of Christianism like a part of the Belgian heritage.

FUTURE PLANS

It is difficult to interpret this graphic because the Belgian constitution guarantee a liberty’s beliefs and a secular public system and to avoid a stigmatization there is no state’s census. The graphic is done on a sample of three hundred persons in nineteen districts of Brussels. Another way to estimate the different parts beliefs, it’s by funding of religious organization, but the budget is distributed by quantities of imams, priests, … not by the number of practitioner.

FUTURE PLANS

www.rtbf.be / www.lalibre.be

Two areas of Brussels suffer of a lack of social mixity, the richest part of Brussels where many Belgians and european expats live and the poorest area where many migrants live. The «Poor C» is located west of the center of the city and along the canal, which is seen as the zone in need of development. The Canal was once an important link of Belgium’s booming industrial revolution as it allowed boats to travel from the port of Antwerp all the way to Charleroi, down south. After the industrial era, this part of Brussels was left with old worker houses in a bad shape and a high unemployment rate. Brussels is working hard on revitalizing the zone mostly through neighborhood contracts. The areas with the highest mean income of Brussels are located in the South-East of the city. The rich left the center to live close to forest and in the greenest area of Brussels, where they

enjoy a peri-urban lifestyle. This lifestyle was allowed after the rise of the car allowing the rich to live further away from their workplace. The area is also the only part of Brussels lacking much public transport as the rich prefer using their car, but this leads to a worsening of the social mixity as poorer people need public transport to reach the center where a lot of workplaces are located. Revitalizing the poorest areas to improve social mixity is seen as essential, and still it’s side effect is an important gentrification - which is considered as bad. Improving the parts of the city in need without the unwanted effects of gentrification will be one of Brussels main challenges in the next few years.

According to the Euro Health Consumer Index, which annually compares the healthcare systems in 36 European countries, Belgium currently has the sixth best healthcare provision in Europe. The report described the Belgian system as “generous and focused on good service”. In recent years the system has been made more reliable, the number of hospital infections reduced and patients better informed. One point of criticism is that antibiotics are still prescribed too quickly.1 To benefit from the social security healthcare system in Belgium, you have to join a health insurance fund. Most are linked to political parties but are open to everyone. The funds will generally reimburse between half and threequarters of the bills of a doctor or specialist visit. 1

https://monitoringdesquartiers.brussels/

Bonjour

Hoe gaat het met je?

Comment allez-vous?

Good morning

Goedemorgen

Bonjour

Nice to meet you

Aangenaam kennis te maken

Enchante

My name is...

Mijn naam is...

Je m’appelle...

Have a nice day!

Fijne dag!

Bonne journée!

Goodbye

Vaarwel

Au Revoir

Please

alsjeblieft

S’il vous plaît

Thank you

Dank je

Merci

Excuse me

Excuseer

Excusez-moi

YES/ NO

JA /NEE

OUI/ NON

Today

Vandaag

Aujourd’hui

Tomorrow

Morgen

Demain

I don’t understand

Ik begrijp het niet

Je ne comprends pas

Help me

Aidez-moi

Police

Politie

Police

GEOGRAPHY

GREEN SPACES

TOPOGRAPHY AND HYDROGRAPHY

center of Brussels the pentagon shape it has

Brussels has an abundance of private hospitals, poly-clinics and university hospitals that offer the high quality of services. Public healthcare is provided through the city hospitals which are operational twenty-four hours a day. Social security encompasses health, old-age pensions, unemployment, and handicap, both managing the finances (collection of contributions, subsidies and payment of refund, allowances etc.), but also the management of different kinds of care, regulation of the market of medicines, health and safety at work, health and safety of any public service rendered to the general public, monitoring and safety of the food chain etc.

HISTORY OF BELGIUM

Source: http://www.xpats.com/health-matters-belgian-healthcare-system

SITUATION / BELGIUM

GREEN CITY / GREEN GRID STRATEGY

CITY OF VALLEY

Brussels. Before that, Belgium had been

WATER MANAGEMENT

FAUNA/FLORA

CLIMATE DATA BASE

RUN-OFF/ SEWAGEE

a part of the United Kingdom of the

THREAT ON THE HIDDEN LIFE OF THE CITY

SUNLIGHT / PRECIPITATIONS / SCIENTIFIC DATA RAINFALL NORTH PLANT (AQUIRIS)

TEMPERATURE °C

governance. These are the walls that gave the today.

In 1830 a revolution took place in

Hallo

How are you?

of Brussels as an actual city with its own

entire Grand Place was rebuilt after it was bombed by the army of Louis XIV in 1695.

SUBWAY AND TRAMWAY SUBWAY AND TRAMWAY

In opposition with the cosmopolite aspect of the city, this subject show us three dominances in religious beliefs; unbeliever, Christianism and Islam. These statistics destroy some prejudices than the people can imagine knowing about origin of the population. As if Christianism has the biggest part of the believers, only third consider himself like practitioner, in the other side, almost the totality of Islam believer claims be practitioner. Brussels take a special position in Belgium by this thematic, because forty-three percents of Belgian say be catholic in front of only seventeen percents of atheist. The muslim people are presents for only twelve percents, this comparison show that Brussels a balanced proportion between the different beliefs dominances. About the places of contemplation, the state has to finances all of them, but put more attention in the

and have its own taxes. This marks the beginning

on the Senne and along an important road. The

Belgium Independence Hello

Brussels received its ‘Town Rights’ in

settlement by the river Senne in the 10th

Poland

380 000

Three Times a Capital

Brussels humbly started out as a small

Romania

Commuting (%) 370 000

310 000 300 000

From Swamp to City

Italy

Population

900 000 850 000

EARLY HISTORY OF BRUSSELS

HIGH INCOME FOREST

1,00 - 1,50

360 380 000 000 350 370 000 000 340 360 000 000 330 350 000 000 320 340 000 000 310 330 000 000 300 320 000 000

HOSPITAL / PENSION

DEVELOPMENT ZONE LOW INCOME

0,26 - 0,5

1 250 000 1 200 000 1 1 150 250 000 000 1 1 100 200 000 000 1 1 050 150 000 000 1 1 000 100 000 000 1 950 050 000 000 1 900 000 000 000 850 000 000 950

HEALTHCARE

RICH AND POOR AREAS

Relative population growth in 2015 (%)

1830

Flanders resisted as well. Secondly, the Catholic south greatly distrusted the Protestants. Furthermore, the economy was

Netherlands, known as the ‘Southern

doing poorly in the region after the harvest of

Netherlands.’

that year had been poor, spreading further

The reasons for the rebellion against Willem I

unrest. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, Queen

were varied. First, he made Dutch the national

Victoria’ s uncle, became the first king of the

language. This was not only unacceptable for

Belgians in 1831.

Wallonia, the French-speaking upper class in

NORTH-SUB BASIN

THE SENNE 50 45 45 60 30 55 35 55 65

25 60 50

65 70

INSERT IMAGE

70 60

65 55

60 35

20 70 45

60 60

45 75

SOUTH PLANT

35 85

WALONE-SUB BASIN

105

85 80

80 20

85 95 70

80 30

SOUTH-SUB BASIN

45 80 70

65 80

30 20 115

110 90

50 70

60 40

110

115

Luchthaven

Aéroport

Station

Gare

110

105

110

110 85 105

I’m hungry Enjoy your meal Lunch Breakfast Dinner Water Tea Coffee Beer Wine

Taxi

Hoeveel is het?

Ç’est combien?

contant

En espèces

Kaart

Carte

Ik heb honger

J’ai faim

Eet smakelijk

Bon appétit

Lunch

Petit-déjeuner

Ontbijt

Déjeuner

Avondeten

Dîner

Water

Eau

Thee

Thé

Koffie

Café

Bier

Bière

Wijn

Vin

Brussels, capital of Belgium, is located on Western Europe. Belgium is known to be a small country with its 30.528 km2 area. The adjacent countries are France to the South (556 km), the Netherlands to the north (478 km), and Germany (133 km) and the Grand Duché of Luxembourg (130 km) to the east. Belgium hosts the north see on its west coast, located 97 km away from Brussels. The city of Brussels is considered as the capital of Europe du to all the administrational E.U. and NATO headquarters. Brussels also is one of the three regions of Belgium, with Wallonia and Flanders. The region is a political entity, responsible of, for example territory, environment, agriculture, ect. Within this region, there are 19 municipalities, composing the territory of the region. The role of the municipality is to govern the citizen’s daily life.

About Brussels, its coordinates are 50° 51’ N and 4° 21’ E. The area of its territory is 161.4 km2 for a population of 1.191 million inhabitants (2017). With its “Europewide“ outreach, it is said that the population should increase about 83 % until 2050.

https://www.belgium.be/fr/la_belgique/connaitre_le_pays/geographie

ENERGY

ENERGY CONSUMPTION / ECONOMY STRATEGIES

Hillside

Belgium, the flat country. Brussels, the valley country. Indeed, several rivers lay in the region and it carved the topography of Brussels. The city is characterized by a succession of swampy plateaus and sandy valleys. Historically, the city took place on the right of the river Senne. From there, Brussels is keeping its tendency to grow on its southeast side, on its rougher slope.Brussels is then easily identified with a hand and its main part, even though the basins are multiple. The city pattern developed itself around those settings; the west of the valley of the Senne is linked to the factories, and the worker class, while the east is linked to the power institutions, and the upper class. The social dissymmetry gets bigger in this big picture. With this topological morphology, climatic topics. It impacts the mobility within the city. More, from its multiple basins, Brussels

has to face water management issues. In fact, he senne is the main river that crosses Brussels. It takes its source at Naast near soignies, it travels a distance of 103 km and flows into the Dyle. It was through this river and the neighboring hills that the city of Brussels was born. A network of narrow streets, shops, mills, tanners, breweries, laundries has developed from la Senne and its meanderings. In the XIX century, for reasons of hygiene, hydraulics and safety in order to avoid the flooding that the authorities of the city decide of the voucher of the Seine. His main tributaries (neeperdbeek, gelytsbeek, molenbeek, drootbeek and maelbeek) throw themselves in different places in the Senne. Since the arched, two purification stations have been set up as well as several storm basins in order to anticipate possible floods.

AIRPORTS THE MAIN AIRPORTS IN BRUSSELS AIRPORTS

Brussels, second greenest metropolis in Europe. In fact, the city is only built on half of its surface, the nature is very present. It counts not least than 8000 Ha of green spaces, 70% in periphery and 30% , so more or less 67m2 per inhabitant. This high number can be explained among others by the presence of the Soignes forest but also by parks. There are 400 green spaces of this kind around the city. However, the private gardens represent one third of the unbuilt green surface of Brussels. From 1999, a « green grid » strategy was launched by the regional plan of ground utilisation. New projects are building now, in Tour et Taxi of revitalization all of the Canal zone. The objectif is to open the public space and to make an ecologic district composed of collective apartment, community facilities and shops,.. It provides the establishment of a continuity in the green spaces of the city.

Firstly, making the city center generally greener is necessary to establish a better distribution of the green spaces and then decrease the waterproofing of the centre. Then, these green spaces have to be connected by « green continuities » to promote the soft circulation and create a biological corridor, to enrich the urban biodiversity. But this transformation plan is still very partly executed, it is to be considered on a long term. Moreover, the changing of allocation in certains urban areas have an direct impact on the individuals that attend, sometimes, a disfunction is observed. Including for pedestrian of the Bourse, causing number of criticisms, in part at the level of insecurity, of the dirt.. The government encourages the placement of green roofs in the private housing sector. At the scale of the neighborhoods, small initiatives emerge, like vegetable gardens.

The Brussels-Capital Region is part of the Senne hydrographic basin, part of the Escaut basin. Being the focal point for the city’s development, Since the beggingin of the the Citys existance The Senne was the source of life but also the means of disposing of wastewater. There was a covering of the river under the Lemonnier and Anspach boulevards in the 19th century TRAIN and by the 1950s the river was covered entirely from Rue des Vétérinaires to Quai des Usines along with its redirecting. The 1990s had both the Flanders and Brussels regions agree to a wastewater management plan which resulted in the building of two plants one on both south and north areas of the Brussels-capital area. The plant on the southern side was the first and now serves 360,000 inhabitants covering roughly 1/3 of Brussels’ wastewater, while the newly built plant in 2007 with plans to treat the waste

http://www.environnement.brussels http://be.brussels/culture-tourisme-loisirs/parcs-espaces-verts

aquiris.be/en/history.php cfe-ecotech.be/references-ecotech

ROAD SYSTEM AND BUS

TRAIN

water for a population of 1.100.000 inhabitantequivalents, construct a 6.5 km sewage collector along the left bank of the Willebroek Canal and connect the plant with the existing sewage network. The operation of these works took place over 20 years. This plant ended up catering for 1,400,000 inhabitants and takes care of roughly the remaining 2/3 of the wastewater in Brussels. Collectors for the right bank of the Region are located in Woluwe and Haren. A new collector for the left bank was built directly undernethe the public highway that goes along the left bank of the canal, this collector linked into the five existing co llectors at Paruck, Drootbeeck, Molenbeek, Beysseghem and Marly, which in turn take care of the wastewater from residential areas to the north of the Willebroek canal.

SUBWAY TRAIN STATIONS TRAMWAY RER’s RER’sproject projectLINES SUBWAY LINES

HOUSING

SERVICE

TRANSPORT

50 40 30 20 10

Busiest airports for passenger traffics

About energy, Brussels is very dependant from the exterior outcomes: more than 96% of the energy consumed by its inhabitants is imported from outside. Only 4% is produced within the city (small power station in Schaerbeek, solar panels). Renewable energy represents only 0.2% of its energy consumption. However, the European Union has committed to raise the portion of renewable energy used in the final energy consumption in the long term, and for Belgium an objective of 13% in 2020 has been established. For now, the principal sources of energy are the liquid oil products (37%), natural gas (38%) and electricity (21%). The sectors with the highest energy consumption rate are the housing sector (41%), then the tertiary sector (31%), the transports sector (24%) and the industrial sector (4%). The amount of energy consumed in the city in 2013 was of

22.539 GWh, wich represents around 18.800 kWh per person per year. Most of this energy is then consumed in the construction and use of buildings (about 70%), and this sector is then a priority for the energy economy strategies: for example, the PEB law, that requires that all the new buildings (or heavy renovations) built from 2015 respect a passive conception. For that, they must obtain a PEB certificate that attests the energetic performances of the building. This law will become more strict in the future: by 2020 every new building will have to respect the energy consumption 0 factor. For the transports sector, the authorities have implemented a plan that will progressively forbid the use of diesel and oil cars, to promote the use of electric cars. The government also provides economic compensations for the placement of solar panels on private housing roofs.

http://www.environnement.brussels

There are two main airports in Belgium, one of which hosts principally intercontinental routes There are two one mainEuropean airports in Belgium, one of and the other routes. which hosts principally intercontinental routes Brussels Airport, also called Brussels-Zaventem and other one European routes. is anthe international airport located in Zaventem, Brussels also called 11 km (8Airport, miles) northeast of Brussels-Zaventem Brussels, Belgium. is the an international airport located in Zaventem, Is biggest airport in Belgium. 11 2015 km (8more miles) northeast of Brussels, Belgium. In than 23,4 million passengers used Is the biggest airport in Belgium. the BRU airport ranking it as the 21st busiest In 2015 between more than millioncountries. passengers used airport all23,4 european It hosts the BRU ranking it as the busiest more thanairport 250 airline companies and21st does more airport between all european countries. It hosts than 238,000 aircraft movements annually. The more than 250 airline companies and does more Railway Station is located in the airport building, than 238,000 aircraft across movements annually. with direct services Belgium. The most The Railway Station is located in the airport used destination is Brussels South Railway building, with direct services across Belgium. Station. The most used destination is Brussels South Brussels-Zaventem is the largest airport serving Railway Station. Brussels, but is not the only one, the other Brussels-Zaventem the largest airport serving airport serving theis city is Brussels-Charleroi Brussels, BRUSSEL AIRPORT but is not the only one, the other airport serving the city is Brussels-Charleroi Brussels Airports

DECISION MAKERS

URBANISTIC TOOLS

SUBWAY AND TRAMWAY SUBWAY AND TRAMWAY FUTURE PLANS

BRUSSELS, BELGIUM. BIKE NETWORK

located 46 km south. Charleroi Airport is the second airport in Belguin for importance and is located 46 kmthat south. the first base the Irish company Ryanair has Charleroiin continental Airport is Europe. the second airport in created Station), Lille and Bruges. With the city bus line that the Ryanairinhas created in There is aIrish buscompany service arriving Brussels (Midi continental Station), LilleEurope. and Bruges. With the city bus line There is TEC a bus service arriving in Brussels (Midi A of the company it is possible to reach the Station), Lille andstation, Bruges.and With thehere city with bus line Charleroi railway from the A of the it is possible to reach the train youTEC can company reach various destinations. Charleroi railway station, and from here with the train you can reach various destinations.

extension of the city lead by Victor Besme, the idea of the “jonction Nord-Midi” emerged to connect the Bruxelles-Midi and Bruxelles-Nord train station. The construction only started in 1911 because this project caused a lot of controversy and was stopped because of the two world wars. The junction perforated the historical center of the city. It was inaugurated in 1952, with it’s 6 racks it made it possible for trains from national and international lines to get through the heart of the city. However the number of racks today is not enough and the junction is now saturated. In 2010 a strategic plan for the mobility has been RER’s project created : IRIS 2. In this important project, they proposed the creation of a regional express Existing train’slines network called RER ( Reseau Express Régional ) and a part of this will be a railway network.

life in urbain context. The disappearance or on the contrary the occurence of an individual can threat the whole community. The ecosystem more intense is in the Forêt de Soignes (1665 ha in Brussels zone) maintains a wealth of fauna and flora important. However, thereof as well as a wealth of brussels green spaces are under threat of a imbalance result of the fragmentation, made by the urbanisation but also the construction of rail track ways, , highways, the pollution and the climate changes. To maintain this biodiversity, 16 brussels areas has been designated by the Natura 2000 network like reserves protected. To conserve the habitats and the spaces who there live. The projet of a green meshes is still developing since 1999 in the will to create a green continuity in the health of the region to preserve and favorise therefore the development of spaces.

One of the first railways on the European continent crossed the distance

1835

be covered. Not only had the Senne become so polluted it was a health hazard,

between Brussels and Mechelen. Because of its

the river also overflowed its bedding each year,

independence from the Netherlands, Belgium no

reaching the houses of the working class.

longer had access to the Dutch waterways.

From 1867 to 1871, a part of the river was

The connection was proposed as a part of

overarched with a brick construction, and the

another great construction in Brussels, the

newly gained terrain was quickly covered with

covering of the Senne.

new boulevards and buildings.

Brussels started out as a river port, but in the 19th century it was decided that the river needed to

WAR AND PEACE

SUBWAY STATIONS TRAMWAY LINES SUBWAY LINES

completed with tangential lines. This project will facilitate the accessibility between the region and the rest of the country. 6 It could also develop a new urban pole and could aim to be a polycentric city and a better service road. These project is an important investiment of money (almost 3 billions invested) and time and that’s why he was reported. There is several investors in the project : the federal state, the 3 regions of the country and the 4 main operators transports, so it isn’t easy to find a common agreement. Initially expected for 2012, it has been reported many times : 2019, 2020, 2025… Today, they decided to build segment by segment to allow the uesers to benefit from it as soon as possible.

The World Wars did not leave Brussels

BIKE NETWORK

unaffected, as Brussels has been

BRUSSELS, BELGIUM

CONNECTION TOWARD UCCLE BIKE NETWORK NORTH-SOUTH IN STUDY AFTER 2018

CONNECTION TOWARD UCCLE

TRAMWAY LINES

NORTH-SOUTH IN STUDY

SUBWAY LINES

AFTER 2018

POTENTIAL SUBWAY NETWORK CURRENT ItSUBWAY AND TRAMWAY NETWORK From 1860 to 1960 as part of the plan of will be conceived as a radial network

Industrialization Brussels is an green city. 50% of the territory is made up of forest, parks and private gardens at a whopping 8000 ha of green spaces. This urban biodiversity is composed of 800 spaces of plants with 20 % from the forested areas like the anémone of sylvie or the jacinthe des bois. The wildlife appears so prominently, there are 45 spaces of mammals, 19 spaces of bats, 103 spaces of birds and 9 amphibians and reptilians spaces. Without humans interventions, the brussels plants would be like a mixed forest consists of willows, marsaults, birches, oaks at the beeches. But the human interventions are created urban modifications like the insertion of exotic plants sometimes invasives hazards caused by habitat-type imbalance such has the berce du caucase, the renouée du japon.. Another is the occurrence of foxes in the city. Indeed, this rural species adapted quickly to http://www.environnement.brussels

CURRENT SUBWAY AND TRAMWAY NETWORK

The variations of the precipitations between the dryest month and the wettest is 21 mm. Usually there is around 1500 hours of sunshine in brussels, for 130 days of rainy days.

Source : https://fr.climate-data.org/location/6316/

FUTURE PLANS SUBWAY STATIONS

Existing train’slines train’s lines

INDUSTRY

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Brussels is located in the north of Europe, approximately 90 Km far away of the north sea. Due to this proximity, the climate is mostly influenced by the atlantic ocean and the gulf stream. So it’s a sub-oceanic climate, what means there is rain all year long. We really can feel the fourth season. Summer is not especially hot but it can have a few canicular days often follow by a lot of precipitations in a short time that can sometimes induce inondations. Winter is quite cold, from december to february the average temperature is around 0°C, just few degrees above freezing. Wind and humidity often exacerbate the feeling of cold. The annual temperature average is 11.9°C, and the annual precipitation average is 785mm. With 17,6°C, July is the hotest month of the year while January is the coldest with 2,1°C.

1914, 1939

World War l and ll

THE MAIN AIRPORTS IN BRUSSELS

(IN)EFFICENCY

THE MAIN AIRPORTS IN BRUSSELS

BRUSSELS - CHARLEROI

Card

130

TOKYO

Cash

120

PARIS

How much is it?

110

115

Taxi

105

BRUSSELS - ZAVENTEM

Station

LOS - ANGELES

Airport

people from pro-German Flemish

resisted, but were eventually occupied.

circles. The mayor of Brussels refused to

Belgium had been devastated—not so much by

distribute the Star of David badges, even though

combat, but rather by German seizure of valuable

he did agree to make a register of Jewish

CONNECTION TOWARD UCCLE machinery. During the WWⅡ, Brussels underwent NORTH-SOUTH IN STUDY Nazi occupation. Nevertheless, the city remained EU most bike AFTER 2018 friendly countries.

POTENTIAL SUBWAY NETWORK

1. Denmark 2. Netherland 3. Sweden 4. Finland 5. Germany 6. Belgium 7. Slovenia 8. Hungary 9. Austraulia 10. Slovakia

hostile towards Germany. The ULB was closed after it refused to hire

attacked during the two wars. They

residents. The city was liberated by the Welsh Guards in 1944.

EXPO ‘58

The World’ s Fair in Belgium in 1958, large-scale World’ s Fair after the WW Ⅱ. It is an

The subway started to develop in Bruxelles by started But most of lines are still sharing theirmost roadsof lines are still sharing their roads Independence of Congo But The subway to develop in Bruxelles by The Genral Strike withThe cars and causing someand it’s causing downturns, some the end of the 70s. The first line thatthe started end oftothe 70s. first lineit’s that started downturns, to with cars solutions still needtotoMérode. be found regarding this.still need to be found regarding this. operate connected Debrouckère tooperate Mérode.connected Debrouckère solutions Today the subway counts 4 lines with the 59 subway counts 4 lines with 59 Today subway network very convenient for its network is very convenient for its stations. The subway network is globallyThe The The subway stations. subway network is isglobally it is circulating within its ownsince site, it is circulating within its own site, distributing the city on an east-west axis, two the users users distributing city onsince an east-west axis, two Center of Europe congestion of thelines city. lines share very similar path of twolines othershare lines verydodging dodging congestion of the city. similar path of two other HoweverThe its south network around the pentagone. The south around of the city Howeverthe its network needs to improve, the the pentagone. of needs the cityto improve, Iris 2line. (2011) is focusing towardPlan thisIris goal. isn’t crossed by a metro line. 2 (2011) is focusing toward this goal. isn’t crossed byPlan a metro The main actions planned are: The increasing main actions planned are: increasing the frequencies, automation of the lines and The tram system in Brusselsl operates since the frequencies, automation of the linesState and The tram system in Brusselsl operates since of Anarchy the network to the southern and the network to the southern and 1869 and is now made of 17 LIFESTYLE lines. 1869 and is nowexpending expending made of 17 ART lines. LEISURE LEISURE northern area of Brussels. At the end of the 1950s, with traffic getting northern area of Brussels. At the end of the 1950s, with traffic getting more and more important on themore roads andin more important on the roads in the city it became more difficult for thethe citytram it became more difficult for the tram to circulate. In the 1960 the construction of In the 1960 the construction of to circulate. FEAR OF TERROR AND FUTURE the “prémétro” was decided so that tram thethe “prémétro” was decided so that the tram Bomb Terror could circulate underground and avoid the car could circulate underground and avoid the car traffic. traffic.

Roads network 2009

Road network 1930-35

The fleet of cars increased strongly in Belgium during the 50s (1 car for 16 inhabitants), in response to this , some new road infrastructures were needed. The approach of the Expo 58 stimulated some decisions that were aming toward the politic of the «tout-automobile», new infrastructures were built like urban highways, viaduct and tunnels. The infrastructures that were created to make the traffic more fluid are actually causing traffic congestion nowdays and are making it more difficult for other means of transportation to circulate. To counterbalance this, the urban planning is trying to give more importance to the pedestrian areas, like Place Flagey (2006) and even more recently the boulevard Anspach. The bus made its beginings in Brussels in 1907. It is now a vast and dense network that counts 50

different lines.The Flemish, Wallon and Brussels transport company operate in simoultanesely in the same city without being part of the same system. Unlike the broad avenues typical of the town planning that presided over Paris or Barcelona’s development , or cities that were rebuilt after World War II, Brussels has a fabric of relatively narrow thoroughfares which does not make running buses easier, nor does it facilitate the taking of measures that would not interfere with automobile traffic or parking. In addition, slow commercial speeds and highly irregular service, sometimes the two together, contribute to mass transport’s poor performance.

www.rtbf.be/info/regions/bruxelles -

https://mobilite-mobiliteit.brussels/fr - mobilité et logistique a Bruxelles, Cathy Macharis et Michel Hubert

From 1860 to 1960 as part of the plan of

HTTPS://MOBILIT.BELGIUM.BE

It will be conceived as a radial network

completed withconceived tangential lines. the city by Victor Besme, From extension 1860 toof1960 aslead part of the plan the of It will be as a radial network idea of emergedthe to This project with will tangential facilitate the accessibility completed lines. extension of the the“jonction city leadNord-Midi” by Victor Besme, connect the Bruxelles-Midi and Bruxelles-Nord between the region andfacilitate the rest of the This project will thecountry. accessibility idea of the “jonction Nord-Midi” emerged to 6 train station. The construction only started It could also develop a new urban pole and between the region and the rest of the country. connect the Bruxelles-Midi and Bruxelles-Nord in 1911 because this project caused a lot of could aim to be a polycentric city and a better It could also develop a new urban pole and train controversy station. The construction only started and was stopped because of the service road. couldproject aim toisbe polycentric city and of a better in 1911 thisThe project caused a lotthe of two because world wars. junction perforated These ana important investiment service(almost road. 3 billions invested) and time controversy wasof stopped of the historicaland center the city. Itbecause was inaugurated money These is an important of two world The junction perforated in 1952,wars. with it’s 6 racks it made it possible the for and that’sproject why he was reported. There investiment is several trainscenter from national and international lines to investors the project : the federal state, the 3 time money in(almost 3 billions invested) and historical of the city. It was inaugurated get with through heart it of made the city.it possible for regions of thewhy country and reported. the 4 main There operators and that’s he was is several in 1952, it’s the 6 racks the number of racks todaylines is not transports, it isn’t easy :to find a common investors so in the project the federal state, the 3 trainsHowever from national and international to enough and the junction is now saturated. agreement. regions of the country and the 4 main operators get through the heart of the city. In 2010 a strategic plan for the mobility has been Initially expected for 2012, it has been reported transports, so it2020, isn’t2025… easy to find a common However the: IRIS number of important racks today is they not created 2. In this project, many times : 2019, agreement. enough and thethe junction now proposed creationis of a saturated. regional express Today, they decided to build segment by Initially to expected foruesers 2012,toitbenefit has been In 2010 a strategic the mobility has been) network calledplan RER (for Reseau Express Régional segment allow the fromreported it and: aIRIS part2.ofIn this willimportant be a railwayproject, network.they as soon times as possible. many : 2019, 2020, 2025… created this Today, they decided to abuild segment by proposed the creation of a regional express www.rtbf.be/info/regions/bruxelles - https://mobilite-mobiliteit.brussels/fr - mobilité et logistique Bruxelles, Cathy Michel Hubertfrom it segment to allow theMacharis uesersetto benefit network called RER ( Reseau Express Régional ) as soon as possible. and a part of this will be a railway network. WWW.RTBF.BE/INFO/REGIONS/BRUXELLES - HTTPS://MOBILITE-MOBILITEIT.BRUSSELS/FR - MOBILITÉ ET LOGISTIQUE A BRUXELLES, CATHY MACHARIS ET MICHEL HUBERT

SUBWAY STATIONS TRAMWAY LINES

NORTH-SOUTH IN STUDY POTENTIAL SUBWAY NETWORK AFTER 2018

CURRENT SUBWAY AND TRAMWAY NETWORK

POTENTIAL SUBWAY NETWORK

isn’t crossed by a metro line. The tram system in Brusselsl operates since 1869 tram and is now made of 17 lines. At thesince end The system in Brusselsl operates of theand 1950s, traffic 1869 is nowwith made of 17getting lines. more and more on1950s, the roads in the getting city it At theimportant end of the with traffic became more difficult for the on tram to roads circulate. more and more important the in In the 1960 the construction of thefor “prémétro” the city it became more difficult the tram wascirculate. decided In so the that1960 the tram could circulate to the construction of underground and avoid the car traffic. the “prémétro” was decided so that the tram

But most of lines are still sharing their roads with

cars and it’s downturns, some solutions But most ofcausing lines are still sharing their roads still need be found regarding this. with carstoand it’s causing downturns, some solutions still need to be found regarding this. The subway network is very convenient for its userssubway since itnetwork is circulating its ownforsite, The is verywithin convenient its dodging congestion of the city. users since it is circulating within its own site, However congestion its networkofneeds to improve, the dodging the city. Plan Iris 2its (2011) is focusing this goal. However network needs toward to improve, the The Iris main actions planned toward are: increasing Plan 2 (2011) is focusing this goal. the frequencies, automation theincreasing lines and The main actions planned of are: expending the network to the southern and the frequencies, automation of the lines and northern area Brussels. to the southern and expending theof network northern area of Brussels.

could circulate underground and avoid the car www.bruxellesmobilite.irisnet.be traffic.

that Belgium is gearing upcycling to build 15 new Brussels is characterized a relatively low BelgiumNow is gearing up to build 15 new Brussels is characterized by a by relatively low of cycling compared to Flanders cycling super highways byis 2025. The goal is level level of cycling compared to Flanders and and super highways by 2025. The goal to tackle north-western european tackle chronic around traffic Brussels congestion manymany otherother north-western european cities. cities. chronic to traffic congestion by around The service offered the public is in continue Brussels by encouraging people use bicycles The service offered to theto public is in continue encouraging people to use bicycles rathertothan increase. a Bicycle-shering increase. SinceSince 2009 2009 a Bicycle-shering systemsystem cars. rather than cars. has been available the public. The City has been mademade available to the to public. The City of Brussels has bicycle itstory. territory. first ofphase of the include project ainclude The firstThe phase the project cycle a cycle of Brussels has bicycle boxesboxes on its on terrisuperhighway along the routethe of the highspeed A bicycle box isbox a box that can A bicycle is a with box key withaccess key access that can superhighway along route of the highspeed train line between Zaventem and Machelem accommodate 5 bikes from from local residents. accommodate 5 bikes local residents. train line between Zaventem and Machelem and a cycle theover Brussels The ring. The Cycling routesroutes are recommended routes routes for Cycling are recommended for and abridge cycle over bridge the ring. Brussels total cost of the estimated to be 13.3to be 13.3 medium and long distance bike trips, medium and long distance bike either trips, either total costproject of the isproject is estimated millions.millions. through several municipalities (regional through several municipalities (regional cycling routes) or within the same cycling routes) or within the municipality same municipality EU most bike (communal cycle cycle routes). rule,a these 5. Germany (communal rou- As tes).a As rule, these friendly countries. 6. Belgium routes use local roads,roads, wherewhere the traffic less is less routes use local the is traffic 1. Denmark dense, less rapid, and therefore less stressful 7. Slovenia dense, less rapid, and therefore less stressful 2. Netherland than on the main roads. But the overcoming of 8. Hungary than on the main roads. But the overcoming of 3. Sweden certain natural or artifcial obstacles sometimes 9. Austraulia certain naturalonorthe artifcial obstacles 4. Finland reduces the routes main roads. Now sometimes that 10. Slovakia

1992

reduces the routes on the main roads.

http://www.cyclo.org

Source

Source www.bruxellesmobilite.irisnet.be

BRUXELLES, DINAMIC CITY

1960

CONNECTION TOWARD UCCLE

SUBWAY LINES CURRENT SUBWAY AND TRAMWAY NETWORK

The subway started to develop in Bruxelles by the of the 70s. The first line that started to Theend subway started to develop in Bruxelles by operate connected Debrouckère to Mérode. the end of the 70s. The first line that started to Today theconnected subway counts 4 lines with stations. operate Debrouckère to59 Mérode. The networkcounts is globally distributing Todaysubway the subway 4 lines with 59 the city onThe an east-west axis, two islines share stations. subway network globally very similar path of two other lines around the distributing the city on an east-west axis, two pentagone. The similar south of theofcity isn’t crossed lines share very path two other lines by a metro around theline. pentagone. The south of the city

1958

also known as Expo ’ 58, was the first

SURREALISM

2010

BEER / MUSIC FESTIVAL / SPORT BEER / MUSIC FESTIVAL / SPORT

INSERT IMAGE IMAGE INSERT

Source www.bruxellesmobilite.irisnet.be The decision-makers of Brussels are complexe and numerous. This is the reflection of the different scales and entities acting in and for the city : The region (Bruxelles-Capitale), the capital itself (Federal State), and the 19 municipalities. Historically, only the municipalities were in charge of urban planning and only with the production of few iconic master plan, like the Besmes development plan or the Vander Swaelen one, would the state occasionally be involved. However, with the creation of the region Bruxelles-Capitale (1989), the state gave all the power to the region for urban matters. According to that, the regional government created some urbanistic tools and organisms to deal with urban planning at the big scale as well as at the small one. First, the Regional Plan of Development (PRD) is set by the regional government. This master plan plays HTTP://BE.BRUSSELS/ - HTTP://PERSPECTIVE.BRUSSELS/

the coordinator of a specific area (often poor area) in which the city aims to develop at the same time projects with an internationnal radiance, like the Citroën Museum (for the Plan Canal) and smaller projects with the purpose to improve the neighbourhood needs. Secondly, the district contracts are the municipality tools to promote projects the closest of the citizen needs. To do so, the region has 3 agencies to act on the area, each one with specific application. The Territorial Development Agency (ADT-ATO) coordinates the development and ensures the proper follow-up of the master plan and work in collaboration with the Urban Development Corporation (sau-msi) which is the public operator responsible for the operational implementation of development plans in the strategic area and Brussels Planning Agency which goal is to collect data.

Source www.bruxellesmobilite.irisnet.be

Who organized Belgium, Original Belgian They really enjoy a balanced, enjoyable lifestyle in Brussels. For their, work-life balance is most important. In the OECD report, just 8 % of workers in Belgium worked very long hours, compared to the average of 13%. It can be possible by appropriate healthcare, education system and pay equality. Multi-culture expatriate Belgium’s multicultural makeup gives its capital Brussels an edgy vibe with an array of global services and facilities on offer to ease in even the newest expat. The international presence in Brussels is second highest with some institutions and European headquarters of multi-national organizations. Travelers Because of Belgium’s central geographical location in Europe. From many surrounding countries, lots of tourist flow in Belgium. How lives in Belgium? In Belgium,

they always try to enjoy their life by many ways. In the most multi-national country, those leisure character being presented by dynamic civilized living. About beer, we can find out almost 3,000 kind of beer at the pub. And also about the pub, we can find all types of bars, from trendy lounges to old Flemish hostelries serving an array of the best-tasting and most interesting beers in the world. And we can find easily shisha bar around Grand-place. It came from turkey, morocco with lots of immigrants. When it comes to eating establishments, the country is proud of the choice and quality of its restaurants. In fact, Brussels ranks among the top European cities with the most Michelin stars Belgian also truly enjoy their cultural and entertainment. Impressive museums, a lively theatre scene, and some of the most picturesque historical towns.

Source: https://www.expatica.com/be/about/An-introduction-to-living-in-Belgium_469849.html

In 1801, when Brussels was still part of France’s territory, was founded the « Musée des BeauxArts de Bruxelles », with pieces of art coming from the Louvre of Paris. Afterwards the museum evolved and the collections were enlarged in different occasions, until it received its current name in 1929 : Musées royaux des beaux-arts de Belgique. In fact, the institution is now divided into five museums, : the museum Old Masters (with a large collection of Belgian painters from the 15th-17th century, among others Brughel, Rubens and van Dyck), the Magritte museum (with the largest collections of the Belgian 20th century master), the Wiertz museum, the Meunier museum, and the FinDe-Siècle museum (featuring an overview of the arts from 1868, when the « Société Libre des Beaux-Arts » was funded, until the beginning of World War I), replacing the Modern Art

Museum closed in 2011. In parallel, from 1880 the will to found a central place of expression for multiples forms of art appears in Brussels. That’s how in 1929 the current « Palais des Beaux-Arts » built by Victor Horta opens, as a multidisciplinary space to present a large variety of events about music, theatre, arts and crafts, dance, cinema, architecture and litterature. It is still nowadays a central place of the artistic life of Brussels. Victor Horta also represents the art and architecture « Art Nouveau » movement, very present in Brussels’ heritage. Finally, we can find recent places presenting contemporary art in Brussels as the Wiels (opened in 2007), the Mima (founded in 2016) and shortly the future Pompidou Center, all installed in former industrial buildings.

Drink a special beer in a bar is a most favorite Drink a special beer in a bar is a most favorite leisure and social activity in Brussels. You can leisure and social activity in Brussels. You can find everywere in Brussels a bar with terrace find everywere in Brussels a bar with terrace seat and dozens of categories of different seat andcraft dozens different special beer. Inofthecategories bar, you canofenjoying a special the bar,with you you canfriend, enjoying specialcraft beer,beer. haveIn a discuss anda special beer, discuss withfoot, you and friend, and you can alsohave playadarts, baby board you can also play darts, baby foot, and board games. games. There are a lot of musique festival, music concert There are a lot animation of musiqueinfestival, music concert and cultural the city throughout and the city throughout the cultural year. Foranimation the eventinorganisation, Brussels the the event organisation, gotyear. a bigFor support with many place to Brussels etablish got big support to Belgium etablish anyaevent like Tourwith andmany Taxi, place Ancient any event Forest like Tour and Taxi, Ancient Belgium Concert, National (interior); Grand Place, Concert, Forest National (interior); Grand Place, la Bourse, boulevard Anspach (exterior); even the rooftop of a fewAnspach parking building around laonBourse, boulevard (exterior); even the city center.of a few parking building around on the rooftop the city center.

You can also make many sports. The city brings You can also make many sports. The city brings together on its territory the largest clubs of together on its territory the largest clubs of sports practiced in the country. There are also sports practiced in the country. There are also the largest sports facilities. The most pratical the largest sports facilities. hockey The most pratical sport is football, basketball, on grass, sport is rugby, football, basketball, hockey and also waterpolo, volleyball, ... on grass, and also rugby, waterpolo, With the concept of a greenvolleyball, city in the...future, the concept of a green in the built future, aWith running and cycling circuit city is being a running and crossing cycling several circuit is beingand built around the city, districts around thethese city, different crossing stretches several districts communes; traverse and a communes; these different stretches traverse a multitude of landscapes (urban, rural, industrial multitude of landscapes rural,areas industrial ...), while making discover (urban, many green of ...), while making discover many green areas of Brussels. Brussels.

Future of Belgium

2016

Project Usquare Renovation and conversion of buildings on the site of the former barracks in Ixelles for VUB (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) *internship in AGWA (architecture design office) Be in charged of 3D archicad design and graphic design

Projet Usquare Mission d’Auteur de projet en équipe pluridisciplinaire relative à la rénovation et la reconversion de bâtiments sur le site des anciennes casernes à Ixelles Pour l’Université libre de Bruxelles

AgwA + Muck Petzet - architectes JZH & Partners - stabilité et TS / Enesta - PEB / Scala - Acoustique / Sixco - CSS

Mission of project author in multidisciplinary team on the renovation and conversion of buildings on the site of the former barracks in Ixelles For the Freedom University of Brussels(VUB)

Stratégie - utiliser le potentiel de tous les bâtiments

Observation - Nouvelle colonne vertébrale universitaire dans la ville