اساسيات النربة عملى by Mohamed Aghbou

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  E F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٤٢٥ 

 ‫א‬ 

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

   W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬   ?   ?  ? EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



  

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 



 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،   ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ < ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  ٥   W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣  K J ٤   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

-١-

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W

 Minerals



 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ 

،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K  K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬  W

 ،،‫א‬J E‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬J ١  K،  KEJ ‫א‬J J FW‫א‬J ٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٣

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

J J J F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٥  KE‫א‬J J   ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٦  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ٨  K‫א‬J ‫א‬،١٠١‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬٣١W‫א‬J ٩ -٢-

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ١١

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ١٢

 KJ ١٣ 

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ Clay Minerals

 

 K‫א‬٠{٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  W‫ﻓﺎﻟﻄﻴﻦ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 

 E١FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٣-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 

montmorillonite‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬ 

٣ -١ ‫ اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺼﻮر ﻣﻦ‬K‫א‬

  



E١F 



       E٢F 

 

    

E٣F

-٤-

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 Kaolinite‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(١)

٤ -١ ‫اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺼﻮر ﻣﻦ‬ (٢ )

 

 E٣F



        E٤F     

-٥-

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 Illite ‫א‬

 ٤J ١‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(١)

(٢)

          -٦-

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

      E٣F            E٤F

-٧-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F ‫ﻣﻌﺪن‬ 



‫א‬‫א‬  

        

 ١٥J ٣

‫اﻟﺨﻮاص‬





 ٥–٠{١ 



 ١–٠{١

 ٢–٠{١

 

 F‫א‬  E‫א‬  ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬

 

 ‫א‬

   

 

 

 

 ٤٠J ١٥

 ١٢٠J ٨٠

 

 



 EF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



∗

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬١٠٠LF



 K،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ∗ -٨-

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬

  Cu Fe S2‫א‬  W‫א‬

 ٪٣٥  ‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  Cu2 Co3 (OH)2 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬

   

Pyrite W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬  Fe S2   W‫א‬   

-٩-

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 

MagnetiteW‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  Fe2+ Fe23+ O4  W‫א‬  ٪٧٢‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    

W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  PbS  W‫א‬  

   

 LimoniteW‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  Fe2O3*nH2O   W‫א‬  ٪٦٣J ٤٨



- ١٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  

 ChromiteW‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  FeCr2O4  W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

      

 W‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬           - ١١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  MnO2  W‫א‬  ٪٦٠       GoethiteW‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  FeO(OH)  W‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

W‫א‬‫א‬  CHRYSOCOLLA ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 

CuSiO3 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬ - ١٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬



Hematite W‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ Fe2 O3



‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 ٪٧٠  ،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                    - ١٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫دراﺳﺔ‬  K،،W‫א‬  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬، 

‫א‬







‫א‬







‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬





‫ﻜﺘل ﺃﻭ ﺴﺩﻭﺩ‬



‫א‬،‫ א‬،،



‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬



- ١٤ -



 



 



 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

Jgneous or Primany Rocks ‫א‬‫ א‬-١ 

 E٢،١FKGranite‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،  E٣FGabbro‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،   E٤FBasalt‫א‬

 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،

(١)

       

E٢F

- ١٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

       E٣F               E٤F

- ١٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

Sedimentry rocks ‫א‬‫ א‬-٢  E٢،١FLimestone‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬، 

E٣FSandstone ‫א‬‫א‬

 ،، K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      

 E١F           - ١٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

      E٢F             E٣F

- ١٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

Metamorphic Rocks ‫א‬‫ א‬-٣ 

 W Marble ‫א‬  E١FK 

WSlate‫א‬‫א‬  E٢FK 

WGneiss‫א‬

 E٤،٣FK 

 WSchist‫א‬

 E٥FK 

    

 E١F        - ١٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

       E٢F               E٣F

- ٢٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

   

 E٤F           

E٥F

- ٢١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

  

 ‫א‬–١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  





‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬

        - ٢٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬–٢  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

∗

‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬



- ٢٣ -

  ∗



EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  ٥   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ K١  K‫ א‬K٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣   W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEKK‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬J  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬ J   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٢٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬‫א‬W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫اﻷدوات واﻟﻤﻮاد‬ J Shoval‫א‬J TrowelsJ Trourel J J ‫א‬‫א‬J J ‫א‬ J TapemeasureJ J 

 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J J J Campass

‫א‬‫א‬،١{٥C١C١،‫א‬ J    ‫א‬‫א‬،  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J ٥٠،٥٠J ٣٠،٣٠J ١٥ ،‫א‬‫א‬١٥–٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٠٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬  E١F  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 K‫א‬J ‫א‬  K‫א‬J ٢ - ٢٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬J ٣  ‫א‬‫א‬E١FK‫א‬J ٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨  K‫א‬‫א‬J ٩ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧  K٣٠–١٥‫א‬١٥‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨ - ٢٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٢‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬J ٩  K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠  K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١١  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬J ١٢

‫א‬‫א‬J ١٣  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ،، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬  K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 KE٢‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠J ٥‫א‬‫א‬

     

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬J  

 Soil augers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 E٣FSoil tube‫א‬‫א‬١J ١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬٥٠‫א‬٢{٥‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٥ - ٢٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 Soil auger‫א‬٢J ١  ‫א‬K١٥٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ، ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬J   ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬J  ٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KJ EF‫א‬      

- ٣٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬



   ‫א‬‫א‬

             - ٣١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F 



 ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F



 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬  KJ ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J W‫א‬‫א‬J J ١ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

 K‫א‬J ٢ - ٣٢ -

 K‫א‬J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬WJ ٤  K

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٥  K،W‫א‬J ٦

 WJ J J ٧  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  K ١٠٠‫א‬W  WJ ٨

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KJ ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬J ٩

 K‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W١ ‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬W‫א‬J ١١  K‫א‬‫א‬J ١٢

 EEcF‫א‬‫א‬J ١٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EpHF‫א‬J ١٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Flame Photometer‫א‬J ١٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Spectro-colorimeter‫א‬J ١٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬1 K‫א‬ - ٣٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Atomic Absorption ‫א‬‫א‬J ١٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬J ١  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬ ‫؟‬‫א‬

W‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ‫א‬J   ‫א‬J 

 K،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ - ٣٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKK

 KKKKK‫א‬  ‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J J  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J   ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ إدارة اﻟﻤﺰرﻋﺔ‬-٥  J ٦

- ٣٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWMUCKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW



‫א‬

،F

F

، E

، ،

E

‫א‬

‫א‬

،F ‫א‬F ،

E

E‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ،F ،‫א‬

،

‫א‬ E‫א‬F

‫ א‬‫ א‬ ،F ،

EF

E

E‫א‬

 W‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬      

- ٣٦ -

EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦ K‫א‬‫א‬ .٧   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٠   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥  K‫ א‬J ٦

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٧   W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬

- ٣٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

Soil Moisture ‫א‬

J ١

 W.H.C‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  KSoil texture‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  KSoil Structure‫א‬J ٤ Bluk density and Soil Porosity‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

- ٣٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١١٠J ١٠٥‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٢٤ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 KJ ٣

 KJ ٤

- ٤٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 KEFJ ٥ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬  EF،‫א‬‫א‬J ١  EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 K٢٤١٠٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  K

 KEF،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥ 

 W‫א‬  Z‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬

 Z‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬FZ‫א‬  Z‫א‬E‫א‬H‫א‬FZ‫א‬ ١٠٠C

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠C

=‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ‬

 

= :(١) ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬  J W‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬٢٠Z‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٣٢ZEF‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬٣٥ZEF‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ : ‫اﻟﺤﻞ‬  K‫א‬٢Z٣٠٣٢ZE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٢٠=١٠٠× - ٤١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

١٠  ‫א‬١٠Z٢٠٣٠=‫א‬‫א‬

 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    W

 K‫א‬١٢Z٢٠٣٢Z‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬١٠Z٢٠J ٣٠Z‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢Z١٠١٢Z‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬،‫א‬١٠٠

 ‫א‬٢‫א‬←‫א‬١٠ ٪٢٠=

١٠٠×٢ ١٠

 ‫א‬←‫א‬١٠٠ ...

 W=E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ...

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 E٢F

 W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬١٢=‫א‬J ١

 K‫א‬٤٢ =‫א‬H‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬٣٦=‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

 K‫א‬٣٠Z١٢J ٤٢Z‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬٢٤Z١٢J ٣٦Z‫א‬‫א‬ - ٤٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬٦Z٢٤J ٣٠Z‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬

= ×١٠٠

‫א‬‫א‬

= ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

٪٢٠= ١٠٠ ×



٣٠



‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬

= ×١٠٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  =  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 



٪٢٥= ١٠٠ ×

 

    

 W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫א‬

 ١٥

 ٢٢

 ١١

 ٢٠

١٣

٥٤

٧٠

٦٦

٤٣

٤٠

 ٦٣

 ٨٢

 ٧٠

 ٤٢

٤٦ - ٤٣ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬،H‫א‬

‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ‬+‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ‬

٦ ٢٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬W  KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J J   ‫א‬J   J  J     KJ  

 J W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١  

 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٢  ‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  ٢٤١٠٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤  K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥  EF‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧  W



١٠٠×

(‫ )ﻭﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻔﻔﺔ‬-(‫)ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﺒﺔ‬

=  ٪‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬FJ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F  ١٠٠×

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬



=     

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤٢Z‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٦٢=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٣٨=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٤٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬١٠

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬F 

 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J ١

K

J ٣

K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

J ٢ J ٤

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬

- ٤٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 Soil texture‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣FK‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K–‫א‬J  E٥F

W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EF

 K

‫א‬ ‫א‬EF

 K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬

،  ‫א‬‫א‬

J ١

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٥) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

 K

٢‫א‬ ‫א‬J ٢

، ‫א‬، - ٤٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 J W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ١ 

 ٢ 

 ٣ 

 ٤ 

 ٥ - ٤٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J  Mechanical Analysis of soils K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬J   ‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬J   ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬J   E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬  Hydrometer method ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٠{٣٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J  ٢J J J J J J 

 K‫א‬J   J W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬٨٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ - ٤٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٥‫א‬  K٥‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬J ٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥J ٥

 ‫א‬١٥‫א‬١٠‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،٢٠J ١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٤٠F

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬amyl‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١٥‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬J ٩

 K‫א‬‫א‬٠{٣٦H‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٥٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬ 

 ١٠٠×

 ٤٠‫א‬‫א‬

١٠٠×

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬J   ٪  =

٪‫א‬

 =٪‫א‬

 ١٠٠=٪‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٢٠Z

 ٪٣٥Z

 ٪٥٠Z

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠٠‫א‬٪٢٠‫א‬  K٢٠‫א‬، - ٥١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 K٣٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٣٥‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 KClay‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬،٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٥٠‫א‬ ‫א‬  ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



 ‫א‬E٦F 

- ٥٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  





 



 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 –

 

 

   

   



   

‫א‬ 

‫א‬



 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

   

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 

 

 



 

 



 



     

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   

 

 EF‫א‬



‫א‬ ‫ﻀﻌﻴﻑ ﺠﺩﺍ‬

 ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F

- ٥٣ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١  ٪٦٠Z  ٪٢٠Z  ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬J ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬

 ٧٠

 ٢٥

 ٥

 ١

 ٥٠

 ٣٥

 ١٥

 ٢

 ٣٠

 ٢٥

 ٤٥

 ٤

 ٤٠ ١٠

 ٣٥ ١٥

 ٢٥ ٧٥

 ٣ ٥        

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 H‫א‬،HH،HHH‫א‬،H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥ - ٥٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬    

- ٥٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:‫א‬



،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J W‫א‬

 J W Soil Consistence‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W  J   K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬J   

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KJ ‫א‬    W‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬W

 K‫א‬W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ 

 J W‫א‬‫א‬J 

 W‫א‬  K‫א‬J  - ٥٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 KJ   K‫א‬

 KJ 

 K‫א‬J   J W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬K،‫א‬  E٧FKEFJ WJ 

 K‫א‬J WJ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬J WJ 

 E٨FK‫א‬،K١‫א‬WJ ١

 ‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬J ٢  E٩FK

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W  J ٣  E١٠FK‫א‬٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WJ ٤  E١١FK

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W  J ٥  E١٢FK‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F  

- ٥٧ -

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

          

          ٩

     

- ٥٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  

١٠

               

١١

١٢

    

- ٥٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١٣F

- ٦٠ -

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

 

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬J ١

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  ‫؟‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥ 

- ٦١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Bluk density and Soil Porosity

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Bluk density‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬  K٣L١{٨١{١‫א‬٣L‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?packing?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،١٠٥  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫ א‬J ١

KE‫א‬FCore Method‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢ KExcavation Method‫א‬ J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬=E‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬×‫א‬=  K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٦٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬ 

 E١٤FW‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  E‫א‬‫א‬F  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 K‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦

 KE٢‫א‬F‫א‬ 

 W

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬١٨٩ =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 ٪٥ =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  ٢,٦١١٢J ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 K٧=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ - ٦٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬

  ×٢Z‫א‬‫א‬×‫א‬‫א‬=  ٣

١٥٠=٧٠×E٢,٦١١٢×٢,٦١١٢×٣{١٤F=



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬١٠٥‫א‬٥‫א‬١٠٠  ‫א‬١٨٩‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬F...

١٨٠=

 E





L١{٢=

‫א‬

١٨٠ ١٥٠

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 W،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬

١٠٠×

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ =‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٠٠×

 

 EF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

=‫א‬‫א‬

   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١  K٢٠=‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٧=‫א‬‫א‬  K٦=‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣L٢{٦‫א‬،٪٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢  ‫؟‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ ٪

٣L‫א‬

‫א‬

 KKKKKKK

 ١{٢٥

 ٢{٥

 ١

 ٤٠

 KKKKKKK

 ٢{٦

 ٢

 ٦٠

 ١{١٠

 KKKKKKKK

 ٣

٥٠

١{٢٠

- ٦٥ -

٢{٦٥

EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ K 

K‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ K١  K‫ א‬K٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣   W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٦٦-

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J  J ٣٢٥٠J  J   ‫א‬J    ٣١٥٠J J J J  

 E٥W١F‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬٢٠‫א‬J ١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬٣١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 ٥W١١٠٠W٢٠‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣٠J ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬

٣٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W

 ٣١٠٠‫א‬١٠٠E١W١F  K

 K٣١٠٠W٥٠E٢W١F

-٦٧-

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W  K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W

 EEcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W  W‫א‬‫א‬  K٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠

J ١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢W١‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬٢٠٠

،٣٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١‫א‬  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  ١١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ -٦٨-

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   =



‫א‬J ١

 = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 =

‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 ٣=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  ٣=

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 =

‫א‬J ٦

 ٪= ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧

 ‫א‬=

‫א‬‫א‬J ٨ 

Ec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦٩-

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOhmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬EOhm‫א‬F 

،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬، 

 ‫א‬  E.C =R × FE × FT  K‫א‬‫א‬R 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ Fe  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FT  J W‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ١٠×‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 ٦٤٠×‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  ٠{٣٦×‫א‬‫א‬ZE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ٣          -٧٠-

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  



 K‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ 

‫א‬،‫א‬ ٣١٠٠‫א‬ ٢‫א‬٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ٠{٨      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ٣  ١٠ ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣  

       

-٧١-

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 KJ ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬J ٤ E  ‫א‬‫א‬١٣٦‫א‬F‫א‬J ٥

 ٨{٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٪٩٥‫א‬J ٦

 ٣٥٧٣٨٠٠٧٠٠F‫א‬J ٧  K٧{٠‫א‬E٣٦٨ 

 J W‫א‬‫א‬  ٣٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٣٣‫א‬J ٢  K٥‫א‬،

-٧٢-

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣   ‫א‬

 K‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٥‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ٣٣٣E٪٩٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 K٤٠

‫א‬٣٣٣‫א‬‫א‬J ٥    K‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٣١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦  K‫א‬٣١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠٠×‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

=‫א‬‫א‬

Flame Photometer‫א‬‫א‬J ٧

 W‫א‬  ١٠٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٧٣-

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J ‫א‬‫א‬   K J ‫א‬   W‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

-٧٤-

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

pH‫א‬ pH ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟـ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH،‫א‬‫א‬p‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬H+‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬ 

٥‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬pH ‫א‬KpH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 pH‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬J   J W‫א‬J 

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       -٧٥-

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬pH J  pH‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KpHJ J pH

 W‫א‬pH

 ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٠F١W١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١

 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

 ‫א‬١٥١٥،‫א‬‫א‬K٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬K٣

 pH‫א‬F‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬K٤  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pHK٥ 

 J W‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬٣٢٥٣٥٠‫א‬١٠J ١

 ٣٠،‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٥W١‫א‬‫א‬F  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٥W١F‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K

 K‫א‬J ٢ -٧٦-

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  

 KK‫א‬‫א‬  KpH‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 K 

-٧٧-

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 EF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،pH‫א‬‫א‬١  pH‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬      

-٧٨-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤١٧F‫א‬،

 K‫א‬–

 K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤١٠F،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬_‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٦٣F‫א‬‫א‬

–‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١٤٠٤F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬J ‫א‬

J E٧F‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٤٠٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤١٦F‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٨٥F،‫א‬ 

Adam,K (1996) . Soil Science laboratory manual. publishing, N.Y., USA. Soil Conseruation Service. U.S.D.A , Agricaltare NO : 436

- ٧٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Burgess Handbook 

 ‫א‬

 EF‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬



 ١

 ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣٧

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ٧٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٦٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬ 

      

      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS