اساسيات التربة by Mohamed Aghbou

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٤٢٥ 

 ‫א‬ 

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

   W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ?   ?  ? ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



  

 ‫א‬

 

   ‫א‬‫א‬



،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ﻞ ﻓِﻴﻬَﺎ‬ َ ‫ﺟ َﻌ‬ َ ‫( َو‬٩) ‫ﻦ‬ َ ‫ب ا ْﻟﻌَﺎَﻟﻤِﻴ‬ ‫ﻚ َر ﱡ‬ َ ‫ن َﻟ ُﻪ َأ ْﻧﺪَادًا َذِﻟ‬ َ ‫ﺠ َﻌﻠُﻮ‬ ْ ‫ﻦ َو َﺗ‬ ِ ‫ض ﻓِﻲ َﻳ ْﻮ َﻣ ْﻴ‬ َ ‫ﻖ ا ْﻟ َﺄ ْر‬ َ ‫ﺧَﻠ‬ َ ‫ن ﺑِﺎﱠﻟﺬِي‬ َ ‫ﻞ َأ ِﺋ ﱠﻨ ُﻜ ْﻢ َﻟ َﺘ ْﻜ ُﻔﺮُو‬ ْ ‫) ُﻗ‬ ١٠J ٩‫א‬F ( ‫ﻦ‬ َ ‫ﺳﻮَا ًء ﻟِﻠﺴﱠﺎ ِﺋﻠِﻴ‬ َ ‫ك ﻓِﻴﻬَﺎ َو َﻗ ﱠﺪ َر ﻓِﻴﻬَﺎ َأ ْﻗﻮَا َﺗﻬَﺎ ﻓِﻲ َأ ْر َﺑ َﻌ ِﺔ َأﻳﱠﺎ ٍم‬ َ ‫ﻦ َﻓ ْﻮ ِﻗﻬَﺎ َوﺑَﺎ َر‬ ْ ‫ﻲ ِﻣ‬ َ‫ﺳ‬ ِ ‫َروَا‬  E

(‫ن‬ َ ‫ﺴ ِﻬ ْﻢ َو ِﻣ ﱠﻤ ﺎ َﻟ ﺎ َﻳ ْﻌَﻠ ُﻤ ﻮ‬ ِ ‫ﻦ أَﻧ ُﻔ‬ ْ ‫ض َو ِﻣ‬ ُ ‫ﺖ ا ْﻟ َﺄ ْر‬ ُ ‫ج ُآﱠﻠ َﻬ ﺎ ِﻣ ﱠﻤ ﺎ ﺗُﻨ ِﺒ‬ َ ‫ﻖ ا ْﻟ َﺄ ْزوَا‬ َ ‫ﺧَﻠ‬ َ ‫ن اﱠﻟ ﺬِي‬ َ ‫ﺳ ْﺒﺤَﺎ‬ ُ )W E٣٦KKF

‫) أن اﷲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺁدم ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻀﺔ ﻗﺒﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻷرض ﻓﺠﺎء ﺑﻨﻮ ﺁدم‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ( ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪر اﻷرض ﺟﺎء ﻣﻨﻬﻢ اﻷﺣﻤﺮ واﻷﺑﻴﺾ واﻷﺳﻮد وﺑﻴﻦ ذﻟ ﻚ واﻟﺴ ﻬﻞ واﻟﺤ ﺰن واﻟﺨﺒﻴ ﺚ واﻟﻄﻴ ﺐ‬    K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬_

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ _‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



  ‫א‬ ‫א‬K  ،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K    K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  _‫א‬،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WESoil

_‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ >E ‫א‬F>،

‫א‬  ‫א‬E ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ < ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١  K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  ٥   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢

K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣  K J ٤   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬



W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٢٠J ‫א‬FE‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

           ‫א‬              ‫א‬   FW    ‫א‬  ٢٥W‫א‬E

 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬_‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ _  ‫א‬_  ‫א‬

 W١‫א‬

 _‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،

 KK_‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬  J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Jgneous or Primany Rocks E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬،EMagma‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 KLava‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬1 -٢-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 W_

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

،__

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W_

_ _

،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ،  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ Sedimentry rocks ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬FWeathering‫א‬  _

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ _‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬_

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬J 

  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E ‫א‬F٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬2 -٣-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

Metamorphic Rocks ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      K  J W

 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



Lava ‫اﻟﻼﻓﺎ‬



Magma ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺟﻤﺎ‬

‫ﺻﺨﻮر ﺑﺮآﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ 

 ‫ﺻﺨﻮرﻣﺘﺤﻮﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺻﺨﻮر رﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬

   E١F    -٤-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Weathering‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬، ‫א‬J        J  ‫א‬‫א‬    J W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ٢  K‫א‬J ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬J J  ‫א‬‫א‬  J ٣  KEF‫א‬‫א‬

 W،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬K

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  W    K‫א‬‫א‬

:‫א‬  W WEF‫ א‬-‫أ‬

J  ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬  

،J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 WEF

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬  J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J   ‫א‬‫א‬

 J ‫א‬

J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Mechanical Weathering ‫א‬  W

 KEF‫א‬W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

 ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬    -٦-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢   ،  ٪٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬  K‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ٤ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥  K‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ٦

?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬ Chemical Weathering

‫א‬‫א‬

،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KJ ‫א‬J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٢٨J ٢٧W‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬J ‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K، -٧-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬ K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CaCO3‫א‬

 ‫א‬  HCl   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Fe2 O3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

4Fe + 3O2  

2Fe2O3 E‫א‬F‫א‬

W‫א‬ 

   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬J ٣

J    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J E  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 KE‫א‬FE‫א‬F‫א‬ WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

J ٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 EH+F ‫א‬،‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 KEOH-F‫א‬EH+F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EH+F‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬،H2CO3 -٨-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEHCO3-F‫א‬‫א‬

 Ca++،Na+ ،Mg++

 W‫א‬

J ٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬                     -٩-

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   ‫א‬‫א‬

٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W Parent Material‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WResidual Soils‫א‬ J ١

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WTransported materials‫א‬ J ٢

‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬  WW‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤



 ‫א‬‫א‬  K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?3 - ١٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬J ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

J  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬ 

Soil Formation Factors ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K،  W



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﺖ وﺗﺤﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﺨﻮر‬     W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ١١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Climate‫א‬ -١

 Organisms‫א‬‫ א‬-٢  Relief or Topography‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٣

 ParentMaterial‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٤  Time‫ א‬-٥

J ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KJ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 W‫א‬‫א‬EKKK،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  WJ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WJ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬J   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W - ١٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  K‫א‬‫א‬

J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬J ‫א‬

- ١٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 J J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 

‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬J EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 - ١٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬  

 K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W،‫א‬  W‫א‬ J ١

 J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

  J   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J 

 W‫א‬ J ٣

 ‫א‬ KEF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬  ‫א‬، ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ J ٤

J E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬،‫א‬J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

J   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ٥ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬  W‫א‬J ٦

 ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪١٥J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬phF‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤  W٥

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬  K‫א‬ 

 W٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧

 K‫א‬

 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١

 

 EF‫א‬‫א‬٣

 

 EF‫א‬٥

 ‫א‬

EF‫א‬‫א‬٧

 K‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢  

 EF‫א‬٤

‫א‬

 EF‫א‬٦

K‫א‬ 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٨  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF–١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬EF–٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF–٣

 K‫א‬ EF–٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF–٥  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF–٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬EF–٧  K‫א‬‫א‬EF–٨

 K‫א‬‫א‬٪١٥‫א‬‫א‬EF–٩ 

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‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١  K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤ K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥  : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  ٥  : ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١  K‫א‬

J ٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J ٣ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٢٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEKK‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٣F  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

J   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٢١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  K‫א‬‫א‬W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J Shoval‫א‬J TrowelsJ Trourel J J ‫א‬ ‫א‬J J ‫א‬

J TapemeasureJ J   

 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J J J Campass ،‫א‬‫א‬،١{٥C١C١‫א‬ ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

J ٥٠،٥٠J ٣٠،٣٠J ١٥ ،‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥–٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬

 E١F 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 K‫א‬J ‫א‬

 K‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١FK‫א‬J ٤ - ٢٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٥  K‫א‬‫א‬J ٦  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨  K‫א‬‫א‬J ٩   ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧

 K٣٠–١٥‫א‬١٥‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١١  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬J ١٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬  K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 KE٢‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

- ٢٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٠J ٥‫א‬‫א‬

     

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬J 

 Soil augers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 E٣FSoil tube‫א‬‫א‬١J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠‫א‬٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ١٥‫א‬

 KE٤F‫א‬

 Soil auger‫א‬٢J ١

 ‫א‬K١٥٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٢٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ، ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬ ‫א‬ -٢ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬J  ٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  KJ EF‫א‬      

- ٢٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



   ‫א‬‫א‬

            K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F - ٢٧ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬



 ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F  W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬  KJ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J W‫א‬‫א‬J J ١

J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

 K‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬WJ ٤ - ٢٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 K  K‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 K،W‫א‬J ٦  WJ J J ٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  K ١٠٠‫א‬W  WJ ٨

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  KJ ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬J ٩

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬W‫א‬J ١١  K‫א‬‫א‬J ١٢

 EEcF‫א‬‫א‬J ١٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EpHF‫א‬J ١٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Flame Photometer‫א‬J ١٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Spectro-colorimeter‫א‬J ١٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Atomic Absorption ‫א‬‫א‬J ١٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬5 K‫א‬ - ٢٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬J ١

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬  ‫؟‬

‫؟‬‫א‬

W‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ‫א‬J   ‫א‬J 

 K،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKK  KKKKK‫א‬

 ‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬J J    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J   ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 KJ ٦

- ٣١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKWMUCKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW



‫א‬

،

،

،F E

F

،

E

‫א‬

‫א‬

،

E‫א‬

،F ‫א‬F E

‫א‬‫א‬

،F ،‫א‬

،

‫א‬

E‫א‬F

‫ א‬‫ א‬

،F ،

EF

E

E‫א‬ 

 W       

- ٣٢ -

‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١  K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦ K‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠J ٨   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦  K

J ٧

K‫א‬

J ٨

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٣٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬



 Physical PnoperliesE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E١ K‫א‬W‫א‬ E٢

K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ E٤  K‫א‬‫א‬ E٥

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ESoil textureF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،٢‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬  E٢،٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٣٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

٠{٠٢–٢‫א‬ESandF‫א‬‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ –٠{٠٢‫א‬ESiltF‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٩FKEClayF‫א‬٠{٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬،٠{٠٠٢



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F  KE١٠٠٠Z١F

  KE١٠FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬EFJ ١

،‫א‬‫א‬ESandySoilF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EESandy Loamy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ELoamy SandF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢ - ٣٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬ELoam SoilF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KESilty SoilF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESilty LoamF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F

  W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬،EClayF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬  - ٣٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

  

٢٠٠٠‫أآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬

‫א‬  

٢ ‫أآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ Gravel

٢٠٠٠-٢٠٠  ٠{٢J ٢

Coarse Sand 

 ٢٠٠J ٢٠

٠{٠٢–٠{٢

Fine Sand

 ٢٠J ٢

٠{٠٠٢–٠{٠٢

Silt

 ٢

 ٠{٠٠٢‫א‬

Clay

  

 Soil Structure‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE١١F‫א‬‫א‬  

- ٣٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻷرﺿﻲ‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫( ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻷرﺿﻲ ﺑﺨﻮاص اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬١١) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EGranularFEFJ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EBlockyFEFJ ٢

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٣٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  EPloryFJ ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  -٤

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٢F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W،‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٣٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



 ‫א‬E١٢F   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٤٠ -

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬J ٦

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬         - ٤١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

  Soil densiry ‫א‬  W‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫ك‬ ‫א‬ = ‫ث‬ = ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

Real Density of Soil ‫א‬‫ א‬:‫أوﻻ‬ ‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ك‬ ‫= ح‬‫ث ق‬ ‫ق‬

 ٣L‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬

= ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬Z،‫א‬Z،‫א‬‫א‬ZW

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢{٦‫א‬‫א‬٣١‫א‬

 EZFK٣L٢{٦‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢{٧٥–٢{٦F‫א‬‫א‬ - ٤٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٦٥‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 

٦APParent Density of Soil ‫א‬‫ א‬:‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬H‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ك‬

‫= ح‬‫ث ظ‬ ‫ظ‬

 ‫א‬

‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻈﺎهﺮي‬

= ‫اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻈﺎهﺮﻳﺔ‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬Z،‫א‬Z،‫א‬‫א‬Z‫ث ظ‬W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١{٣–١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K٣L‫א‬١{٨–١{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٤–١{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6 - ٤٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KEHF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 J W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬ ١   ٢٠٠= × E‫א‬F١٠٠٠=‫א‬ ١٠٠

 E١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F١٠٠٠×٢٠٠×‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KL     - ٤٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  Soil Porosity‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٣١٠٠‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

٣٥٢‫א‬‫א‬٣١٠٠٪٥٢

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

J ١

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٤٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻈﺎهﺮي ـــ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ =‫א‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻈﺎهﺮي‬ E‫ث ظ‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫ث ق‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٠٠×

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٠٠×

‫ث ق ـــ‬ ‫ثظ‬ ‫ثق‬

=٪‫א‬  E١F

‫א‬‫א‬٣٧{٣‫א‬‫א‬٣١٤{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪٥٠=١٠٠×

٧٫٣ ‫ ــــ‬١٤٫٦ ١٤٫٦

 W

=٪‫א‬  E٢F

٣L١{١‫א‬٣L٢{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

٪٥٠=١٠٠×

١٫١ ‫ ــــ‬٢٫٦ ٢٫٦

=٪‫א‬  E٣F

،١٣٠‫א‬٣١٠٠،٣L٢{٦‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٠ ١٠٠ =‫ث ظ‬

٪٥٠=١٠٠C

١٫٣ ‫ ــــ‬٢٫٦ ٢٫٦

 =٪‫א‬ 

- ٤٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬J ١

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     - ٤٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

   Soil Temperture‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

˚٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K˚٣٧{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬˚٥٤{٥  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F   - ٤٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

‫א‬ K˚ ٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE١٦٥F٥٥٠  W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    - ٤٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  W‫א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬J ٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  W‫א‬J ٩

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬J ١٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ - ٥٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K˚٣٥٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ - ٥١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬J ٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  W‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٥٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٥٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬J ٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧٠

 W‫א‬J ٤

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦  W‫א‬‫א‬J ٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

- ٥٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  



 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ 

 ‫؟‬١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣   ٣٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٣L٢{٦‫א‬‫א‬٤  K٢٦٠‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥  ‫؟‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬٦ K‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫ א‬J  K‫א‬‫ א‬J 



 W‫א‬٧

K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬ 

- ٥٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬،٨

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF

 K٢‫א‬‫א‬

EF

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٦ -

EF

‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١  K‫א‬

 KpH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  ٥   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ K١  K K٢

K‫א‬ K٣  W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٥٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Chemical Pnopenties of soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬ K‫א‬

 W‫א‬ J 

J 

‫א‬K  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ pH  K‫א‬‫א‬

J  J  J 

K‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ •

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،

١٠٠٠‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬  KE١٠٠٠‫א‬١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEAdsorptionF •  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ - ٥٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬KE٠{٠٠٠١Z‫א‬F١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬J ‫א‬

 K‫א‬J ٢ 

(‫א‬‫א‬) Clay minerals ‫א‬ -١ ‫א‬٠{٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EpHF‫א‬

٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬

 KJ 

 K‫א‬J ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7 - ٥٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

( Soil Organic Mattar ‫א‬‫א‬‫ )א‬K‫א‬ -٢ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 W‫א‬J ٢

٪٨٠J ٥٠٤٠J ٣٥‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬J ٤

 K٥{٥‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٥ - ٦٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥  K‫א‬ 

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 E‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥ 

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، - ٦١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J ٦  K٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٠ 

 W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E١٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٦٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F Ion Exchange ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٦٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Cation J exchange capacity (CEC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

H+ , F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KECa++ , Mg++ , K+ , Na+  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٢FKE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E ‫ ﺟﻢ‬١٠٠ /F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

٥–١

١٠ – ٥ ١٥ – ٥ ٣٠ – ١٥ ٣٠ ‫أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬

J    

  

   ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F 

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ - ٦٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٠٠L٤٥٠J ١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬EF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

EpHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 pH ‫א‬  EpH= - Log [H]F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬EF‫א‬EpH MeterF ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FpH‫א‬‫א‬  K١٤١K

 EpH   ،‫א‬F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،EOH-FEH+F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ - ٦٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

،٧pH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،٧pH ‫א‬  K٧pH ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٥‫א‬‫א‬FK٧

pH = ٧{٥–٥{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬،pH =٧‫א‬  K‫א‬ 



  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH  J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J EF

- ٦٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J EF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

E١٦FKEpHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫ﻣﻠﻴﺒﻴﺪﻳﻮم‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬E١٦F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F  K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬.pH=٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KpH=٧{٥J ٥{٥‫א‬‫א‬  pH=٧{٥J ٥{٥‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،pH=٤،pH=٩‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨ Factors affecting the Soil pH

‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WECo2F‫א‬J ١

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٩‫א‬٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬ ٨ - ٦٨ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬F

 J W‫א‬J ٦ ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K  W‫א‬‫א‬J ٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F  K‫א‬‫א‬ - ٦٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 Buffering action of soil‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬  K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ pH‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬pH ‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٨‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥  - ٧٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 J W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬  K

- ٧١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 



 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢   ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ 

 W‫א‬٥

 ‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫ א‬J 



 W‫א‬٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 



 W‫א‬‫א‬،٨

 K‫א‬‫א‬

EF

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF

- ٧٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

K٨{٥–٥

EF

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF

 KpH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF

K‫א‬

K٧‫א‬pH‫א‬

EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬

EF

KpH =٧ – ٦

EF

K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٣ -

EF 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١  K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  ٤J ٣   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢ K‫א‬ K٣   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 E٢٠J ‫א‬FE‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٩FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F - ٧٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :‫ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬-‫ا‬ ‫א‬K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

W‫ א‬-٢ K‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬       ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  W

 E،F‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣

- ٧٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ٤

٩‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٪٢{٥،٨٠  W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬J ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ 

K١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KJ ٤

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٥ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٧٧ -

9 10

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫ א‬-٦  

 K‫א‬‫א‬  



K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    ‫א‬E٢٠F   J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٧٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٪٩٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬٪٦٠J ٥‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١   ‫א‬‫א‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴ ﻞ א‬

‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 K‫א‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎط اﻷﺣﻴﺎء اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬

+ ‫ أﺣﻤﺎض‬+ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫دﺑﺎل‬



 ‫ﻣﺎدة ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬ 

 Ammoni FicationW‫א‬J ٢  ENH4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Nitrihcation‫א‬J ٣

 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KENo3F  ‫א‬

 Denirri FicationW‫א‬J ٤ - ٧٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENo3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬  E٢٣F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬J 

 KE٥٦٥J ٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J 

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

Nitrogen Fixation ‫א‬‫א‬ -٥ ‫א‬،ENH4F‫א‬EN2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،٨٦٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬J J  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٨٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

   ‫א‬‫א‬

٢٠٠١٥٠K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J W‫א‬‫א‬

W -‫أ‬

–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W،‫א‬J ‫א‬

 Azotobacter‫א‬‫א‬ -١

 Clostridium‫א‬‫א‬ -٢ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W١١‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ب‬

FJ ‫א‬‫א‬–Rhizobium‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BradyrhizobiumE٢٢،٢١

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٨١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬



 ERhizobium‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬



  ERhizobium‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٠J ٢٠  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٨٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Blue-gneen Algae‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 

  ‫א‬E٢٣F  

- ٨٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢  ‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬ W٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤  ‫א‬ J 

‫א‬ J  

 ‫א‬‫א‬J   J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥  K‫א‬ J 

K‫א‬‫א‬ J   K‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬J 

 J WW٦  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J ١

K‫א‬

J ٣

K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J ٢

J ٤

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬W٧

W‫א‬‫א‬EFW٨

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J EF  K‫א‬‫א‬J EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J EF  K‫א‬‫א‬J EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J EF - ٨٤ -

 ‫א‬

 



‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

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   ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ٢٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬  ٢١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W

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 ٣٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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٥٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤ ٥٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬ ٥٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKE‫א‬FJ ‫א‬  ٦٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬J ٢

 ٦٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫ א‬‫א‬  ٦٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ ٦٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKpH‫א‬

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 ٧٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

 ٧٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ ٧٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٨١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬

٨٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

      

      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS