Quinta Monroy / ELEMENTAL // ZINE

EDITORIAL NOTE

EDITOR’S MESSAGE////

Latin America once had a bad reputation for being unstable, corrupt, and engaging in unlawful activities. In contrast, Latin America’s economies are currently relatively stable, and cities there have shown signs of growth as a result of widespread urbanisation over the 20th century. However, there are also unresolved difficulties that lie beneath the optimism, such as the possibility that slums, crime, a lack of affordable housing, and a lack of political engagement would result from unplanned and rapid urbanisation (McGuirk, 2014). Latin American architecture, which flourished at the time of the movement, demonstrates to the globe remarkable design thinking that embraces modernity and exhibits exceptional style and strategy. They provided the world with groundbreaking examples of how to use architecture to decode societal concerns with a high level of social engagement.

Among that, Quinta Monroy Housing by ELEMENTAL completed in 2004 is a great example of addressing poverty and housing shortage by proposing a systemic social housing strategy that reshapes the traditional approaches. In this Zine, we specificly analyzed how Quinta Monroy reponded to the issues by its incremental design method, creating a sense of community and enhance social engagement, and creating better living conditions with the least amount of budget but more thinking. After almost 20 years of completion, whether the time has proved if the strategy has shown the ability to act upon its calidity as expected.

Happy reading!

EDITORS///

YoungEun (Emily) Park Yahweh Wong

Yiran Ma

- Editors Group

Beyond Modernism: Contemporary Architecture in Latin America

Building Analysis

Introduction

Adaptability and

Inhabitation

INTRODUCTION

Background

Adequate housing is a globally recognized human right, a basic need and an indicator of adequate standard of living stated in the new urban agenda (UN-Habitat, 2016). The global south’s first rapidly urbanising nations were those in Latin America, which resulted in stark contrasts and economic inequalities. However, housing policies in Latin America were unable to encompass the immense housing pressus targeting the lowincome groupes and 20% of the population is still living in slums (World Bank, 2014).

Incremental Design

Latin American governments is considered the birthplace of moves validating self-hep housing since the 20th century (UN Habitat, 2011).

The housing policies Latin American governments implemented are schemes with multiple variations starting from a basic housing unit, and these units became the starting point of subsequent extensions depending on the inhabitants willingness to pay (Carrasco & O’Brien, 2021).

Chilean housing programs started incorporating incremental strategies since early 1950s which specificly targeted slums. In this context, Quinta Monroy Housing was one of the most innovative and experimental projects emerged (Carrasco & O’Brien, 2021) .

A Sense of Community

The conventional image of slums, which is frequently associated with crime, danger, and shame. The subject of how to express uniqueness has grown in importance when developing communal housing. The application of creating future expansions brought the emphasis on a sense of place at both the individual and community scale.

Social Housing Prototype

Quinta Monroy was not a singular solution, and the architect aimed to reproduce the strategy in other geographical locations. The means of construction, materials used, and the structure of the incremental design also enhanced the adaptability of this building strategy.

Quinta

Figure 2. Quinta Monroy // ELEMENTAL // 2005, Front View

Figure 1. Slums in Chile

Project Information

Architect: ELEMENTAL, Alejandro Aravena Location: Iquique, Chile Year of Built: 2005

Quinta Monroy by ELEMENTAL was developed in the northern city of Iquique. The goal was to redevelop one of the last informal settlements in center of the city. The land originally was originally occupied by early migrants, and the number of residents increased from 50 to 100 families that

Iquique, Chile

The challenge of this project was to accommodate 100 families living in a existing 30-year-old slum.

The proposal featured 93 housing units organized in 4 major couryards . The housing units consist of 3x6m modules.

Figure 3. Quinta Monroy (2005), Location

Housing extension possibilities are given to residents for self-build, expected happening after 12 years of completion.

Figure 5. Quinta Monroy (2005), Site Context

Figure 4 Quinta Monroy (2005), Site Plan in Transformation

IBuilding Typology CONCEPT

To tackle the insufficiency of the number of housing units in the midst of a rapid population growth, ELEMENTAL decided to build the Quinta Monroy based on a unique typology model that divides a full family home into two halves. This “half-a-house” typology was an efficient way to accommodate for all the families to live on a limited amount of area of the site. As a result, the typology allowed for 93 family units total in the social housing complex.

Quinta Monroy Housing

Above are the rejected typologies that ELEMENTAL disregarded in the design process. Having one unit per lot was not an efficient use of the land. Row houses in a narrower width is overcrowding and blocks light and ventilation. It also only allowed for 66 households. Stacking units vertically has consequences when considering the site and the context and lacks flexibility.

ELEMENTAL

Figure 1. ELEMENTAL / Typology Parti

Figure 2. By T. Cortese / Footprint on existing slum, before construction

Figures 3,4,5. ELEMENTAL / Other typologies

Incremental Design

Upper floor unit

Possible Expansion

Figure 6. Stacking axonometric diagram

A stacking system of units was conceived in the design of the apartment complex; the permanent initial building units consist of upper floor duplexes for the 2nd and 3rd levels (in orange) and the lower floor units for the ground level (in blue). The stacking of the units allow it to be low rise, high density without the problem of overcrowding. The staggered combination of the units allow for possible additions to the units, which is called incremental design.

Figure 7. Quinta Monroy / Elevation with possible unit additions

Architectural Concept I: Adaptability and Long-term Inhabitation

Lower floor unit

Incremental design in housing is a process of housing development that provides an initial base structure that can later be built upon and expanded by the individual owner; at their own timeline and budget. ELEMENTAL implemented incremental design in this project to give the opportunity and power for the residents to expand their house unit. Incremental design allows for customized additions with the residents taking an active role in the expansion of their homes. The strategy that the architect promoted to the residents turned out to be a success, as 92 units out of 93 have gone through expansions as of 2020 (Carrasco & O’Brien, 2021).

IQuinta Monroy’s base building has a structurally sound core of concrete and CMU blocks, engineered to withstand the additional expansions that would take place after the completion of construction. The basic framework that the architect provided were the structural components, partitions, bathroom and plumbing, kitchen, stairs and more.

With the guidelines of what the architect provided, the residents continued to fill the voids in between units by using lightweight construction materials.

Figure 8. Quinta Monroy / Incremental Additions

Figure 9. Quinta Monroy / Section with possible unit additions

Quinta Monroy Housing / ELEMENTAL

1st floor plan

Figure 10. By T. Kalocha /Viviendas Quinta Monroy, Iquique

Above is an interior shot of the ground level unfinished “shell” with minimum conditions ready for the remainder of the construction to be carried out.

2nd floor plan

Inhabitants of the Quinta Monroy are offered technical support in order to do their “self-build”. Guidelines are set for the ease of construction. This reveals a real care for the residents, as ELEMENTAL is trying to aid them along, not for the benefit of themselves but to commit to providing them with safety and the security to improve their living environment.

The incremental design aspect brings the community into the process, working together as a way to make the complex into a more inhabitable space. This resulted in a value increase of at least $20,000 for each property, in the span of five years after the completion of the building (Aravena, 2011). This proves the success of the architectural philosophy in terms of empowering the community and contributing to a profitable investment in their assets. The attempt to undertake the on-going social issue of housing shortages and slums in Chile was successful with this experimental execution of incremental design.

Plans revealing the possible opportunities for extensions on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd floors, in red. Possibilities for new bedrooms and living spaces.

3rd floor plan

Architectural Concept I: Adaptability and Long-term Inhabitation

Figure

Quinta Monroy / Plans

The before and after images over the years shows a various customization techniques and ideas by the homeowners. Each unit has its own unique quality that the residents are able to continually and gradually alter and fix up, contributing positively to the long-term habitability of the housing. The simplicity of the building’s framework provided an easy expansion, catering towards each household’s needs and their preferred approach to plan out their space.

Quinta Monroy

Figure 12 By C. Palma, 2008 / Incremental design: before and after

Figure 13. By C. Palma, 2008 / Incremental design: before and after.

Architectural Concept

Incremental Housing Precedent

A noteworthy precedent that has similar qualities to the redevelopment of Quinita Monroy is the Comunidad Andalucía, in Santiago, Chile, built in 1991. This public housing settlement was an award-winning project by Fernando Castillo Velasco. This project aimed to relocate low-income families in the city centre, which is similar with the case of the Quinta Monroy. Comunidad Andalucía has three levels of units, allowing vertical divisions which opened possibilities of further expansions to be done by the owners. The building provided an initial structure and empty space of 30m 2 for each unit, which later would expand to 70m 2 through the selfconstruction of each household (O’Brien & Carrasco, 2021). The social housing was a success, as incremental improvements were made over 25 years, increasingly consolidating the homes of the residents with time. This is a similar characteristic that Quinta Monroy possesses. The Quinta Monroy Housing provided an average of 36m 2 in the initial unit footprint, which would expand to double the area, to 72m 2 with an incremental addition.

Adaptability and Long-term Inhabitation

Figure

By G. Chacón / Comunidad Andalucía

Sense of Community and Social Engagement

IIThroughout the design and construction of the Quinta Monroy an emphasis was placed on improving the sense of community and social engagement in this neighbourhood. This concept will seek to explore how these strategies materialized within the circulation of the public/ private realm and how the unique identities of the individuals are expressed in the Quinta Monroy present today.

The prior conditions of this neighbourhood were not conducive to a healthy living space, both physically and socially. This was due to the fast growth in population within the constrained area. As seen in figures 2 and 3, this site plan shows the disjoint behaviour in which the homes were constructed, with minimal supervision over the materials used and the form in which they were constructed as. The haphazard construction of the structures also resulted in minimal natural light and ventilation within the structures. Through the replanning and construction of the Quinta Monroy housing units, a grid was established, and the spaces were divided amongst the residences. This allowed for a more organized neighbourhood layout and as seen in Figure 9. This organization promotes social cohesion amongst the physicality of the neighborhood but still leaves room for to develop the self-expression.

Quinta

Figure 3. photo by Tadeuz Jalocha, Cristobal Palma

Figure 1. photo by Cristobal Palma/ Estudio Palma

Figure 2. Quinta Monroy / Past Site Context

As mentioned, the design of the Quinta Monroy was to provide the residence with a framework in which could be expanded upon. This allowed for the initial costs of construction to be decreased while allowing the inhabitants to develop their property later down the road. Through the expansions and modifications to their own properties, it can be seen that each home becomes unique allowing for self expression.

By building off of a common framework, although each space has become unique the original structures and layout has permitted the community to maintain a consistent appearance and organization of spaces by controlling the direction of growth towards the void spaces in between the original masses. As a result, the public and private realms remain cohesive and have successfully grown to accommodate the growing population, without sacrificing organization.

Architectural

Figure 4. Quinta Monroy /New additions superimposed on original elevations

A Sense of Community and Social Engagement

Circulation (Public Realm)

Compared to its inception, the public realm of this neighbourhood has changed significantly. This was largely in part do to the half-a-house typology and incremental design. As seen in figure 7, a unique condition was created where three levels of spaces where created in the public realm, the courtyard elevated, semi-public, space was created. However, the amount of this space will drastically change over the initial years after the structures were completed.

As mentioned in the previous chapter, these spaces were filled in to increase the livable spaces converting most of the semi-public spaces to fully private. However, as seen in figure X, the main courtyard spaces remain intact and still serve as the public communal gathering space that it was intended for.

The allocation of courtyard spaces and backyard spaces restrained the neighbourhood from developing out of control as it had once did.

Along the surrounding streets, the Quinta Monroy successfully integrates the neighbourhood into its surrounding context. One of the strategies utilized was by placing some of the homes to face outwards and to the surrounding streets, as seen in figure 6. Another strategy was the inclusion of large communal spaces in which many members of the neighbourhood and those outside can freely utilize. These strategies successfully draw activitiy towards and outwards of the Quinta Monroy and improving its incorporating into the surrounding context.

Quinta Monroy Housing

ELEMENTAL

Figure 6. Quinta Monroy / Site Context

Figure 5. Quinta Monroy / Site Context

Courtyard Backyard

As mentioned, growth was immediate and the unique expression of the individual residences can be seen along the facades of the Quinta Monroy community. Figure 9 highlights the rapid change between 2005 and 2017. but it can be noted that the main courtyard spaces remain intact and continue to be utilized.

Architectural

of Community and

Figure 8. Quinta Monroy / Site Context

Figure 7. Quinta Monroy / Site Context

Figure 9. Quinta Monroy / Site Context

Circulation (Private Realm)

Quinta Monroy’s design has also generated unique spaces and qualities within the structures’ interiors. The design of the interior layout and spaces were also done with the intent that the spaces be modified to suit the unique needs of each home. As seen in figure 10, the spaces along the interior consist of a basic material palette and flat surfaces, most of which are left unfinished. This allows for the residences to modify these spaces themselves.

IIAs seen in figure 9, most levels were expanded upon over time. By including the staircase within the initial structures, this provided the necessary pathways to simply expand outwards, without needing to consider stairs, or other methods of elevation changes. This promoted the growth of the structures vertically, as well as horizontally, making efficient use of the properties. It can also be noted that in the design certain walls were designed to be removable in order to easily create new entrances to new spaces that are created.

Quinta Monroy Housing

Figure 9. Quinta Monroy / Elevation

Figure 10. Interior view of loft

Before After

3rd Floor: expansion was made possible due to the inclusion of the stair and loft of the original building

2nd Floor: the raised platform allowed for a safe framework in order to create organized additions at the owner’s convenience while minimizing effort

1st Floor: residences were able to expand into the void space below the upper level masses. Additionally the expansion towards the backyard spaces minimized impact on the public realm

11. Quinta Monroy / Plans of private spaces

Materiality

Instead of designing a small house (in 30 square meters everything is small), we provided a middle-income house, out of which we were giving just a small part now. This meant a change in the standard: kitchens, bathrooms, stairs, partition walls and all the difficult parts of the house had to be designed for final scenario of a 72 square meter house.

IIIHalf a “Good House”

With the given USD 7,500 for each family, it was just enough for construction half of a middle-standard house. And the other half was left for the residents’ willing to wether expand the house based on the basic structure frame provided as a start.

In the earlier stage of the project, ELEMENTAL envisaged some limitations for the self-built extensions with guidelines on materials and construction methods. Lighter materials were recommended to build out the expansions (Carrasco & O’Brien, 2021).

Structure Provided

Quinta Monroy Housing

ELEMENTAL

- ELEMENTAL

“ “ ²

Palette

Figure 2. Quinta Monroy (2005), Front View

3. Interior View

Construction

Phase 1:

The site is cleared and the floors and walls for the lower residence is constructed to serve as the foundation

Phase 2:

The roof is constructed which will hold the entire upper residence structure and any new additions determined

Phase 3:

Walls for the upper residences are constructed. Certain walls remain open to construct with a different system in order to allow for easier removability for later additions

Phase 4:

Wood frame is added to the interior to support the loft and stairs

Phase 5:

Final elements are constructed and residences move in

Phase 6

As seen through the construction phases, every step was taken into consideration in order to create an economic and simple strategy for future expandability. This resulted in lower costs during construction to allow for earlier inhabitation.

Figure 4 also expresses how much of the tenants individuality is expressed through these additions as they were added as necessity and take on many forms.

Figure 4. Construction Process

ENDNOTES

Quinta Monroy Housing

The Quinta Monroy Housing is about initiating and creating solutions that embodies with “common sense” that can ironically be easily overlooked. Planning and designing is not all about forming a romantic dream, it is all about facing the problems and situations that is more highly concerned about like low-income settlements, especially in developing countries. This is what architecture could provide to the people; it is all about analyzing and creating innovative solutions that the world needs the most today.

Part

Figures

Figure 1.

Introduction

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Mergili, M. (n.d.). Iquique: Residential area: The world in images. Iquique | Residential area | The world in images. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https://www.mergili.at/worldimages/picture.php?%2F8498%2Ftags%2F103-hot_deserts

Figure 2.

Zarzycki, L. (2021, December 17). Revisit: Quinta Monroy by Elemental. Architectural Review. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/housing/revisit-quinta-monroy-by-elemental

Figure 3.

Carrasco, S., & O’Brien, D. (2021). Beyond the freedom to build: Long-term outcomes of Elemental’s incremental housing in quinta monroy. Urbe. Revista Brasileira De Gestão Urbana, 13https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.013.e20200001

Figure 4.

Zarzycki, L. (2021, December 17). Revisit: Quinta Monroy by Elemental. Architectural Review. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/housing/revisit-quinta-monroy-by-elemental

Figure 5.

Zarzycki, L. (2021, December 17). Revisit: Quinta Monroy by Elemental. Architectural Review. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/housing/revisit-quinta-monroy-by-elemental

References

Carrasco, S., & O’Brien, D. (2021). Beyond the freedom to build: Long-term outcomes of Elemental’s incremental housing in quinta monroy. Urbe. Revista Brasileira De Gestão Urbana, 13https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.013.e20200001

McGuirk, J. (2014). Radical cities: Across Latin America in search of a new architecture. Verso.

UN-Habitat. (2001). The State of the World’s Cities Report 2001 (Vol. 17). United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN-Habitat Nairobi, Kenya.

Part 2. Architectural Concept I

Figures

Figure 1.

Adapted from ELEMENTAL S.A. (2003). Quinta Monroy Housing: Rejected typologies. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2010/smallscalebigchange/projects/quinta_monroy_housing.htm

Figure 2.

Cortese, T. (n.d.). Quinta Monroy Housing: Demonstration of footprint. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https://www. moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2010/smallscalebigchange/projects/quinta_monroy_housing.html

Figure 3,4,5.

Adapted from ELEMENTAL S.A. (2003). Quinta Monroy Housing: Rejected typologies. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2010/smallscalebigchange/projects/quinta_monroy_housing.htm

Figure 6.

Park, E. (2022). Stacking diagram. [Image].

Quinta

Figure 7.

Adapted from ELEMENTAL S.A. (2003). Quinta Monroy Housing: Elevation. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https:// www.elementalchile.cl/en/

Figure 8.

Park, E. (2022). Quinta Monroy Incremental design axonometric diagram. [Image].

Figure 9.

Adapted from ELEMENTAL S.A. (2003). Quinta Monroy Housing: Section. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https:// www.elementalchile.cl/en/

Figure 10.

Kalocha, T. (n.d.). Viviendas Quinta Monroy, Iquique. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https://www.re-thinkingthefuture. com/case-studies/a2673-quinta-monroy-chile-by-alejandro-aravena-architectre-for-social-impact/

Figure 11.

Adapted from ELEMENTAL S.A. (2003). Quinta Monroy Housing: Floor plans. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https:// www.elementalchile.cl/en/

Figure 12.

Palma, C. (2008). Quinta Monroy. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/case-studies/ a2673-quinta-monroy-chile-by-alejandro-aravena-architectre-for-social-impact/

Figure 13.

Palma, C. (2008). Quinta Monroy. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/case-studies/ a2673-quinta-monroy-chile-by-alejandro-aravena-architectre-for-social-impact/

Figure 14.

Chacón, G. (n.d.). Comunidad Andalucía. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https://hiddenarchitecture.net/comunidadandalucia/ References

Carrasco, S., & O’Brien, D. (2021). Beyond the freedom to build: Long-term outcomes of Elemental’s incremental housing in quinta monroy. Urbe. Revista Brasileira De Gestão Urbana, 13https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.013.e20200001

O’Brien, D., & Carrasco, S. (2021). Contested incrementalism: Elemental’s Quinta Monroy Settlement Fifteen Years on. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 10(2), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2020.11.002

Vergis, A. E. V. E., Vergis, A. E., & Vergis, E. (2022, January 19). Quinta Monroy, Chile by Alejandro Aravena: Architectre for social impact - RTF: Rethinking the future. RTF | Rethinking The Future. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https:// www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/case-studies/a2673-quinta-monroy-chile-by-alejandro-aravena-architectre-for-socialimpact/

Gray, A. (2014). The Evolving Process of Incremental Social Housing in Chile. A RCHI | MIT Case Study. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5787b70d29687fd4e14dff41/t/595023a7d2b857fe3aa64 1cd/1498424235988/QuintaMonroyCaseStudy.pdf

Ferreira, K. (n.d.). Incremental Housing & Accessibility in architecture. Introduction to Architecture. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/art101/chapter/the-built-environment-and-accessible-design/ Chacón, G. A. (2020, June 10). Comunidad Andalucía. Hidden Architecture. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https:// hiddenarchitecture.net/comunidad-andalucia/

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Part 3. Architectural Concept II

Figures

Figure 1

Elemental - Alejandro Aravena, Cristóbal Palma / estudio palma Quinta Monroy. Divisare. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://divisare.com/projects/109887-elemental-alejandro-aravena-cristobal-palma-estudio-palmaquinta-monroy

Figure 2

Zarzycki, L. (2021, December 17). Revisit: Quinta Monroy by Elemental. Architectural Review. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/housing/revisit-quinta-monroy-by-elemental

Figure 3

E. L. E. M. E. N. T. A. L. (2015, June 29). Quinta monroy housing. Area. Retrieved October 25, 2022, from https://www. area-arch.it/en/quinta-monroy-housing/

Figure 4

Adapted from ELEMENTAL S.A. (2003). Quinta Monroy Housing: Elevation. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https:// www.elementalchile.cl/en/

Figure 5

Park, E. (2022). Stacking diagram. [Image].

Figure 6

Alejandro Aravena wins the Pritzker Architecture Prize 2016. ArchEyes. (2020, April 7). Retrieved October 25, 2022, from https://archeyes.com/alejandro-aravena-wins-2016-pritzker-prize/

Figure 7

Jalocha, T, & Palma, C. (2015, June 29). Quinta monroy housing. Area. Retrieved October 25, 2022, from https://www. area-arch.it/en/quinta-monroy-housing/

Figure 8

Zarzycki, L. (2021, December 17). Revisit: Quinta Monroy by Elemental. Architectural Review. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/housing/revisit-quinta-monroy-by-elemental

Figure 9.

Adapted from ELEMENTAL S.A. (2003). Quinta Monroy Housing: Section. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https:// www.elementalchile.cl/en/

Figure 10

Fracalossi, I. (2008, December 31). Quinta Monroy / elemental. ArchDaily. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https:// www.archdaily.com/10775/quinta-monroy-elemental

Figure 11.

Adapted from ELEMENTAL S.A. (2003). Quinta Monroy Housing: Floor plans. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https:// www.elementalchile.cl/en/

References

Carrasco, S., & O’Brien, D. (2021). Beyond the freedom to build: Long-term outcomes of Elemental’s incremental housing in quinta monroy. Urbe. Revista Brasileira De Gestão Urbana, 13https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.013.e20200001

Quinta Monroy

Part 4. Architectural Concept III

Figures

Figure 1.

Board formed bare concrete seamless texture. 123RF. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.123rf.com/ photo_135631485_board-formed-bare-concrete-seamless-texture.html

High resolution brick texture images: Free vectors, Stock Photos & PSD. Freepik. (2022, July 13). Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.freepik.com/free-photos-vectors/high-resolution-brick-texture

Oak Wood texture pictures, images and stock photos. iStock. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www. istockphoto.com/photos/oak-wood-texture

Wallender, L. (2022, May 23). Steel studs vs. wood studs for wall framing. The Spruce. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.thespruce.com/reasons-to-reconsider-steel-studs-1822847

Figure 2.

Elemental - Alejandro Aravena, Cristóbal Palma / estudio palma Quinta Monroy. Divisare. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://divisare.com/projects/109887-elemental-alejandro-aravena-cristobal-palma-estudio-palma-quintamonroy

Figure 3.

Fracalossi, I. (2008, December 31). Quinta Monroy / elemental. ArchDaily. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www. archdaily.com/10775/quinta-monroy-elemental

Figure 4.

Adapted from ELEMENTAL S.A. (2003) Quinta Monroy Housing: Construction Phases. Retrieved October 23, 2022, from https://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2010/smallscalebigchange/projects/quinta_monroy_housing.html

References

Carrasco, S., & O’Brien, D. (2021). Beyond the freedom to build: Long-term outcomes of Elemental’s incremental housing in quinta monroy. Urbe. Revista Brasileira De Gestão Urbana, 13https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-3369.013.e20200001

Fracalossi, I. (2008, December 31). Quinta Monroy / elemental. ArchDaily. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www. archdaily.com/10775/quinta-monroy-elemental