GRAND LODGE OF MISSOURI by Missouri Freemasons

ON THE VALUE OF MASONIC PUBLICATIONS. BY THE REV. JOHN OSltIOND

DA~EYNE,

M. A.

The following Extract . is copied from the Freemasons' Quarterly Review, for June, 1844, from the Speech of the Rev. J. Osmond Dakeyne, delivered on the occasion of his presiding at the Masonio Festival of the OIiver Testimonial at Lincoln, on the 9th of May, 1844.

"I need not tell you, Brethren, what Freemasonry is: before I was initiated, -now some twenty years ago, I had read a good deal about what it is not. I aJlt~de to a book published by ProfessorRobison of Edinburgh, towards the close of the last路 century, entitled, 'Proofs of a Conspiracy,' &c., in 'which he, with great ingenuity and considerable ability, endeavoured to connect Freelnasonry with the worst features of the illuminati, &c.,. of the Continent. He was kind enough to say that :he thought ~fasonry in England "was, ill some degree, free from the charges he had brought against it. And "what 'were those charges 1 That we were disloyal, irreligious, and conspiring to overturn all sacred and settled institutions! This book made a great impression; but that impression is removed. And how 1 By these books which lie before Ine !-(Great cheering as the Rev. Brother then held up, splendidly bound copies of Dr. Oliver's Masonic Works.) . These have dissipated for ever路 the accusations brought against our Craft. Disloyall '\Thy, at the very moment when Professor l~obison published his book, who were the heads of our Order 1 The chivalrous Earl of Moira, George Prince of Wales, and Edward Duke of Kent! Disloyal! Was not George the FOU1'th our Grand Master? Was not William the Fourth our Brother and Patron 1 Our last Gran.d Master was a Royal Duke. The Duke of York was one of the Brotherhood! The King of Hanover is a Freemason! Would all these Princes have belonged to a disloyal society~ Are we conspirators to overthrow settled institutions 1 Who is the present head. of the arlUY 7 The Duke of Wellington! aye, the Duke of Wellington is a Freemason ! .~e we ir~e1igiottS1 Tlie Archbishop of Canterbury, the .Primate .of路an. Eng1an<l, isa Freemason, and was once Master of a Bristol Lodge!' But I need not pursue these points; but sure I am that neither I nor my Rey. Brothers near me would be present were it possible to bring any such charges to bear against us. These facts, and above all these books, have set our Or<1er in its true light. And "vho wrote these books 1 Our friend and Brother and guest, whom we are now assembled to honour! They are the 'witnesses to his exertions-they are the vouchers for his services. Our Brother Goodacre has aptly alluded to the spreac1ing of ~rllsonry in the East, and,. indeed, over the world. Wherever our principles have gone, thither also has passed the name of Dr. Oliver, the historian and the sage of l\fasonry; and contributions to this offering from the distant cHInes, prove ih some measure, that his labours are not unre... cognized."

A DIC1'ION AI=tY

SYMBOLICAL

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PREFACE.

IT will be unnecessary to. detain the reader fora single Inoment, by expatiating on the 'value of a "vork. like the present. Its. utility cannot fail to b'e universally admitted, and tIle 0111y \\i"onder is, that amidst the endless variety of dictionaries, lexicons, encyclopredias, alld glossaries, with which the present age abouIlds, Symbolical Masollry, as practised itl this country, should have remained so ~oDgwit}lout an appropriate book.of reference, c<}nstructed ill tllecompr~hensive and accessible forn10fa Dictionary. An idea of the absolute benefit arising from suell a publi8s,tion, appears to have been entertained on the Continent nearly a eenturyago, wIlen :nr{. Fleury publisl1ed Ilis "Dictionnaire de l'Ordre :de laFelicite," for the use of tIle Androgyne Lodges,. as they \vere then denOlninated, or lodges whicll admitted, illdiscl"inlinately, candidates an.d nlelnbers of either sex. A fevv years later, Pernetti published a " Dictiollnairo MytIlo-Ilermetiquc; ,) and tberethe matter r,ested for the renlain,der of the century. It is highly probable that the speculation was not ren1unerative, or it would doubtless have been followed up by sinlil&rpnblications on other branches of the scienoe.

PREFACE.

In 1805 the attempt was r'ene'\ved by Chornel, who gave to tIle world an imperfect" Vocabulaire des ~rancs

¥a¥ons," \vhicll was translated into Italian, by Vignozzi. TI~is "7'as .succeeded by a m.ore conlpendious vvork, edited under tIle superintendence of 11. Quantin, whicll he called a" Dicti<:>nnaire M~gonnique,ou Recueil des Equisses des toutes les parties de l'Edifice connu SOllS Ie nom de l\fa90l1nerie, &c.;" and in Germany, about the same period, Bro. G. Lenning published llis "Encyclopadie der Freinlaurerei." We find also the germ of a dictionaryin th~ "Nornenclature par Ordre A1l)habetique, des Principallx Rites, Coteries, Soci6tes, Secrets, et Grades Ma<jonniques, repalldu en Frallce ou dans l'Etranger,'" inserted by '1'ho1"Y in the first volume of the "Acta

LfLtolnorunl." 'rhe t\VO lllost perfect productions of this class, are tlH3 "~"reill1ttUrer Lexicon," of Gadicke, and the "LexiCOIl of l?reell1usonry," by Dr. l\Iackey, Gralld Secretaryof the Grund Lodge·of Sou tIl Carolina, U. S.

But althougll these publicatiollsare exceedingly "veIl executed, )Tct their peculiar cllaracteristics serve to render thern only partially interesting to tIle English Fraternity. rl'hey d\vell too largely 011 consistorial,capitular, ineffable, and. spurious· . ~~~~rH~sonr~, to be adapted the taste of all ancient Craft Mason ; .and it is tllerefore b~lieved that a vocabulary of terlns, peculiar to Symbolica.l ~fasonry, ,and arranged in alphabetical order, for the conven~ence of expeditious reference, will prove an aoceptahle boon ,to the Britisl1 Freenluson. It \villbe al)parentat a single glance, tllat the plan I have adopted, is to give tIle best defi~itions froin the )'1',

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PREFACE.

vii

. best writers,\vith the. name of the autllor attached to each article. This 111ethod l1as been preferred, as it . was thought 路路questionable whethel" the路Fraternity would have. considered the .explanations of an individual brother to possess that undoubted authority, with which every book of referellce OUgllt to be~invested. I have selectecl from Gadicke's German Lexicon, which has been so ,veIl translated by Bro. Watson in the Freemason's Quarterly Revievv, all the matter which applies to Symbolical 1\1as 0 nry"/; because it is of great value as an evidence, that ho\vever Continental' ~1asonry nlay have been abused by the innovatiol1s of designing men, it still ret~1ins the ortllodox I)rinciples enunciated by the ancient Fraternity. For those articles that are nameless, I am Inyself路 responsible: they are either original, or selected fronlone orot~ler of n1Y publications. On an a.ttentive perusal of the 'York, the reader will find that tIle definitiollS have been studiously contra~ted into as br~ef a space as possible consistently with perspicuity, in order to increase the nUluber of words, and Inake the book more generally useful. It contains a surrunary view of the wbolesystem of Blue Masonry, by a careful condensation of arl that has been ever writtell 011 the subject ; intelligible to the Fraternity, and mysteriOlls to the profane. And IllY purpose will be effectually answered, if the explanations here given of the technical and other terll1S of ltfasoIlry, shall prov~of sufficient value to induce the superficial brother to increase his'stock of knowledge by a reference to, other works, vvhere the subjects are more copiously handled, or to confirm the nlore advanced Mason in the trutl1 of

viii

PREFAOE.

those sacred prill ciples, to the' study of which he路.has devoted his time and talents. My closing advice shall be-he who is ambitious of becoming a good Mason, niust路 work, as our ancient brethren worked, with FREEDOM, FERVENCY, and ZEAL'. G. O.

A. DIOTIONARY OP

SYMBOLICAL MASONRY.

AARON'S ROD. This symbol was introduced into R. A. Masonry because it constituted one of the three holy things which were pt-eserved in the Most Holy Place of the Tabernacle. It. refers to the rebellion of Korah and his accomplices in the .wilden1ess of Sill. Moses directed that twelve rods should be brought in, . one for each tribe. It is probable that they were l1o-t now fresh cut off a tree, for then the luiracle 路llad not been so great; btlt that they were the staves which the princes ordinarily used as ensigns of their authority-olc1 dry staves, that Jlad no sap in them,and it is ~probable that they were all made of~the almond tree. The princes brougllt theln in, some of them perhaps fondly-expecting that. the cll0ice vvould fall upon .them, 3Qd .:&11 of theln thinking it hOllour enough to be competitors with Aaroll, and to stand candidates even for the priesthood; and Moses laid theln tIp before the Lord. On the morrow the.rods, or st.aves, \vere brought out of the 1Iost Holy Place, where they were laid tIP, and publicly produced before the people; and ,,"hile all the rest. of the rods remained as tlley were, Aaron's rod only, of a dry stick, beeamea living branch-budded, and blossomed, and yielded . almonds. In some places there were buds, in others blossoms, in others fruit, at the same tiIrle; tllis was miraculous, and took away all suspioioo.of a fraud,

ABB.

as if ill the night lVIoses had taken away Aaron's rod, and put a living branch of an almond tree in the room of it; for no ordinary branch would have had buds, blossoms, and fruits uIJon it all at once.-MattheuJ HenTy.

. t. \BBREVIATIONS. Abbreviations were Inuch more frequently 11sed during the last centUl"}T than at present. rrhe Jj-'rencll 1\fasol1s are 11101"e addicted to tlleln than ourselves, and tIley u·se after eacll initial letter three points placed ill a triangular form. I subjoill.a few of the abbreviations ,vllichare Inost· commonly used :-. A. Il:1v., Al1IIO Inventiollis. III the year of the discovery. -T11e date used ill -Royal Arch ~Iasonry. A. L., Anno Lucis. III tIle year of light or of tIle creation.-The date used in ancient Craft l\iasonry. .A..·. I.J,,". G.·. D.". G.. ·. A.·. D.·. L'U.". (F?-enchj, A la gloire <Iu Grand .Lt\rchitecte de l'Univers. r~ro the gl01 y of tIle G-rand J:\.rellitect of the Universe. The caption of all ]'rcncll Inasonic \vritings. ...1.. L,.O . ·. (French), A l'Orient. At tIle East.-The seat of the lodge. D. (1-. 1\1., I)el)uty Grand l\faster. 4

E.A.I)., Entered A!)preIltice. · F .... or IfF.". (F'rencn), lJ'rere ou ~'reres. Brother or Brothers. :B'. C.. , ]j-'ellow Craft. G.1\1.. , Cir,tnd l\Iaster. I.·1VI.· ~J., Irnlnovable Jewels. J. 'l-l., -:Tunior ""Varden. J\f" ~J., nloveable Je\vels. 1\1.. 1\1., l\faster l\Iason.. 1\1.·" IVI.".( l/Tcncll),lVlois Jvlas 0 lli que. Masonic 1Iollth -TJ'I1.e lfrench l\t!asons b,egm .,the yearwitll March. M. vV., Most Wor$hipful. · R. CJ, Respectable Lodge. It. A .., Royal Arch" It. VV., I{ight "\Vorshipful. 8.S.. , SaIlc.turn Sanctorulll. s.·" s.·. S.-. (]l''I''enc!t), 1'rois fois Salute Thrice greeting. .-C~onlnlon OIl It-'reIleh 11lusonic certificates. S. \V., Senior vVarden. V.·. (French), \7 cnerable. \\1'orshiI>ful. ,VI'

ABR-ABS.

V.e. T~.路. (F1rench), Vraie lumiere. V.W., Very Worshipful. w. ~I., Worshipful lYIaster.

TrUe light.

ABRAXAS. I have introdllced tl1isword because it occurs in a nlasonic luallU8cript of the fifteenth century, said to have b~ell deposited ill the Bodleia~ Library at Oxford,althougll it is not, at present there. Abraxas is a Basilidean Intelligence, derived probably from the 11ame of Abrahaln, and given to Mithrasor the Sun, as the representative of the S'upl"eme Deity,ol~ in other words, the Sun, ofR路ighteousness. Basilides ,vas a Pythagorean of Alexandria, and when 11e embraced Christianity }le introdllced thedoglnata of that philosopher into his systel.n. To. carry Olit the Pythagol'ean principles, he enjoined on his disciples a nominal silellce of five years continuance, in imitatioll of the quinquennial silence of tIle Pythagoreans.The abovevv"'ord being composed of sevell letters, referred eqtul11}T to the sevel1heavells, and the sanle nUluber of subordinate intelligences, as th,ei:r goyernors; for the Basilideans considered tho seyen planets to constittlte tIle entire 'universe, alld conseq-q.el1tly to be Go<1. . .

ABSENCE. It is contrary to theprinciples.of Freenlasonry to inflict I)ecttniary fines for non-attelldance. The obligatiO':Q and duties inculcated by tIle Order, are of suella I1atureaa to compel the attendance of its members \vho arewitIiout reasonable excuse. It would, therefore, he a c1~scent in the grade ofpunishmeIlt~,and ll1anifestly tend to ~~eaken the solemn nature 'of those obligtl.tiol1~ \vhic.11 E:yvery menlber and 'officer COlltracts, ~rere tIle lodge to atteu11)t tIle in111ositioll of any trifling pecuniary l)enalty for iIleXeusal)}e' absence. The regular attenilaIlce of each brotllerat his lodge~ is strictly insisted on. in the ancient charges, which prescribe as a rule "th~lt 110 ~faster or Fellow could be absent from the lodge, espec,ially wIlen warned to appear at it, "rithO,l1t, inc~rrillg a severecenSl1rc, until it appearedto"J,tAe 1t:Iaster and Wal'"dens that pure necessity hilldere~him." r:rllis regulation has been perpetuated by the ,modern constitutions.- Mackey.

ACA.

ACACIA. There is some difficulty atterlding the explanation of the sprig of cassia, and ill assigning the true reason why it was introduced into the system of Freemasonry. Some say it originated in the Jewish custonl of planting a branch of acacia vera (glllll arabic plant) on the grave of a departed relative; others in tIle custonl of mourners bearing a brancll of it in their hands at funerals. But no writer of any 8:utllority ,mentions either of these customs, and it is doubtful whether they ever existed amongst the Jews., The cassia is not indigenous to the soil of Palestine, an,d is' only Inentiolled in Scripture as a fragrant herb"or spice, the bark beillg used in ungents, and sOlnetimes employed for emballning ~ and" therefore, if the legend refer to the brancll of a real tree, ,it "could be neither the cassia nor acacia; and tll'is h~s given rise to an opinioll that the brancl1 or sprig is analogous to .that alluded to' by \tirgil, in llis description of the mysteries; and consequently ,vas the olive. o tIlers again doubt whether our acacia (axcoaa) has any reference to a tree or shrllb at all, but l11eans tIle texture and colour of the Inasonic apronwllicll tllose hrethren "yore which were deputed by Solonloll to search for - ,-,and sinlply refers to their innocence. If this conjecture be correct, they add, it corroborates the accuracy of the legend 1vhich says-" they took a sprig of cassia ill their hands (with theln) ;" rather than the version Wllicll 1l1arks tIle place of illterment by it. I aUl rather inclined to tllink that tIle cIloice of the cassia, which is a kind of laurel, ,vas founded on some mysterious reference \vllich it ,vas SUPl,osed to possess, either lllytll010gical or symbolical. There are, llov\tever, great difficulties to be surnl0unted before the truth call be ascertained. ACACIAN. We :Masous,deSClibil1g the deplorablu .eBtate of religion under tIle ~J e\visll Itt\v, sl)eak in figures. " Her tornb was in the 11lbhisl1 and filtll cast forth of the temple, and acacia \vove its brane11es over her 111onuI11ent;" axlXXUt. being tIle Greek \vord for inrlocellce, or being free from sin; iml)lying tllat the sins and corrulltions of the old law and devotees of the (Je\vish altttr, had l~id religion frolll those vVl10 sought her, and she was only to be found where innocence survived, and under

ACC-ACH. the ba.nner of tIle divine Lanlb, alld as to ourselves professing that we were to be distinguished by our acacy, or as true acacians in our religio.us faith and tenets.H'lttchinson.

ACCEPTED.. According to masonic tradition the are said to have acquired the name of Accepted at the building of the second Temple; for the Fl~aternity "vere declared Free by King Solomon; and the brethren, '\vhen the first Temple \vas completed, were furnished ,vith an honorary jewel or gold medal, witl1 the word FREE inscribed upon it. The posterity of some of .the lfasons vvho assisted at the erect.ion of Solomon's Temple having settled 011 tIle COllfilles of Judea, were carried into ca11tivity with the J e\vs, and !)reserving a kl10W ledge of the sciel1ces of geoll1etry and architecture, even in their fallerl fortunes, '\vere liberated by Cyrus, and subseq1.1ently declared :B-'ree and Accepted, exonerated from all im11osts, duties, and taxes, and invested vvith the privilege of bearing arlDS by Darius and Artaxerxes, who conl111al1decl the governors of the surrounding provinces that they s110uld require 110 tax or other imposition from any of the 11riests, Levites, porters, or any that were conr cerned abo"ut the 'I'ernple; Ulld that no lXlan sllould have authority to inlpose anything upon them.

~Iasol1s

ACCOUNTS. All monies received or paid on account of the lodge, ouglltto be entered ill proper books. The fees or clues received OIl accOullt. of, and' payable to, the Gral1d Lodge, or Provincial Grand Lodge, should be kept separate aIld distinct fronl tIle monies belonging to tIle private fund of tIle lodge, alld be deposited in the hands of the l\laster illsteacl of the Treasurer of the- Lodge, to be tranSlllltted to the Ct-rand I.lodge at such tiules as tIle la\vs of the Craft reqtlire. 'l'he aCCOullts of the lodge are to l)e ~ruclited, at least once in every year, by a com111ittee too be al)l)oirltedby the lodge. ACIIIL~I~S. !)erlu11)s S0111e 楼\rorthy people lllay路stare \vhen point Otlt Achilles asa If'reemason. .What路! \ve hear tllfnn cxcl~\hll, is it !)ossible that that fierce and feroeiousman-slayer,nay, man-eater at.heart, for he ex-

,,,re

A.CK~ACT.

hibited .a .strong. propensity to cannibalism" in longing to have devoured the dead body 'of Hector,-is it possible that he COl1ldhave'beell one of our philallthrol)ic society? Yes, we reply, such is tIle actual fact; and Bonaparte, was.' one too, in tIle highest degree. But if you will not believe Homer or us, believe your own eyes, if .indeed you are a }vInson. Ecce signull~! Behold Achilles giving Prianl THE HAND when tIle latter is supplicating for the body of his sla.ill son. " Thus having spoken, the old man's right hand at the wrist He grasped, that he might not in any respect be alarmed in mind."

Suell is the 111asonic aild literal translation of tIle text by that illustrious Grecian and bl"other, Christopher NortIl ; and vVllO will say now that Achilles ,vas not a lVlason?-

Freelnasons' Quarterly Revieu-.

ACI{NOWLEDGED. Cal1didates WllO are invested vvith the 1Iost Excellent l\Iaster's degree, are said to be " received and ackno\vleclged" as Sllch.Because, as the possessioll of, that degree sUl1poses a. lnore illtill1ate knowledge of the science of l\tlasonry, the . word acknowledged is used to intimate that such a cllaracter is COllceded to its possessors.-.1l1ackey.

ACROSTIC. . IvI. lYIagnitude, moderatiol1,alld l11agnaninlity. ..8... Affability, affection, und attention. S. Silellce, secrecy, and sil1cerity. O. Obedience, order, O~C01101ny. N. Noble,llutul"al, and neighbourly. R. Rational, reciproc,al,an:d receptive. Y.· Yielding,yeaming, all·a Yare. The elllcidation. . . of this acrostic .having been published in many' nlasonic •works,. andcollsequerltly being \vell knoV\rn, it is unnecessary to introduce it here.

ACTING GRAND l\IAS'l'ER. It was the ellstonl alld practice ·o.fthe old Masons, that kings and pl'inces, being Masons, are considered" Gra,nd l\fasters by llrerogative during life; and in that.case tlley h,ad tIle l)rivilegeof appointing a deputy to l)reside over the Fraternity, witb

ACT-ADD.

the title and honOl1rs of Grand ~Iaster. And in tIle yef!.r 1782 a nlotion was ,made in Grand Lodge that whenever a prince of tIle 'blood honoured tIle society by accepting the office of Grand Master, he should be at liberty to nOlninate any peer of tIle realm to the office of Acting G·rand Master. ACTIVE. A lodge is called active when it asselubles regularly; and a brother "Then he is a working Inember of such a lodge. Many brethren visit a lodge who never or very seldom take part in lodge work, either because they live too far distant from the loc1ge, or that the labour is not sufficiently interesting. Every lodge and every officer· ought to strive diligently to avoid tIle last inlputation, but if tIley find. theil" endeavours in vaill, and that tl1ere is any brother '\-vho will not 11ay due attentioll to the work, theyo'llght to endeavour to reclailn llinl, first byfratel"nal remonstrances; if tllosedo not avail, by punishnlent. By tIle deatll Or l~,emoval of the 111embers~ a lodge z:nay becon:le· inactive for.& time, 811d it is bettel that it should be so than that thecontinlling of the WOI·k. Sllouldbe elltrusted to inexperienced officers.-(;adicke.

ADAl\!. That the first I>urents of· rnankilld were instructed by tIle Almigllty as to his existerlce and attriblltes, al1d after their faIl, \vere further infornled of the Redemption which was to be llerfectecl by Christ, au(l as a Sigll of their b'elief, were commanded to offer sacrifices to God, I fl111y assent to the creed of Masonry inbelieviug. It is also highly probable that symbolIcal actions should IltLVe beell instituted by them ill memory of their lJenitence,'revcrence, synl1Jatll.y, ..liJtigue, Cl1ul jait" , and that these rnigl1t be trallS111itted to 11osterit)r.-./ltc}uleacon ]rfant. ADDI~ESS. Thos(~ "\vho UCCCI)t offices and ex(~rcise authority ill. the lodge, ought to· b(,~ Inen of !)rUdEUlceand ad.dress,enjoying the ad\1!ntagesof a'\lvell-cultiva'bed mInd . retentive Inemory. . All l~nen n.re not blessed with thesanle powers and talents; all m(~nt therefore, are 110t equally qualified to govern. lIe who wishes to teacll nlustsublnit to learn: and no one can be qualified

ADD~ADO~

t~support the. higher offices·· of the lodge who has not previously discharged the duties of those w hichare· subordinate. Experience is-the best preceptor. Every man Inay rise by gradation, but merit and industry are· the first steps to preferment.-Preston.

ADDRESSIN-G. No brother shall sp~ak twice to the same question, unless in explanation, or the mover in reply. Everyone who speaks shall rise,and remain standing, addressing himself to the Master, nor shall any brother pre~ume to interrupt him, unless he shall be walldering from the point, or the Master. shall think fit to call1lim to order; but, after he has been.set right, he may· proceed, if he observe due order and decorum.Constitut·ions. AD1vIISSION. Not more than five lle\V broth,ers sIla1l be ulade in anyone lodge on tIle saIne day, llor an~y nlaIl under the age of twenty-one years, unless by dispensation frolll the Gralld J\laster or Provincinl G-rand ~faster. Every candidate for adlllission must be a freenlan, and llisownmaster, and1 at the time of initiation, be known to be in reputable circumstances. He should be a lover of the .liberal arts and sciences, and llave made some progress in Olle or another of them.-Constitutions. ADMO Nlr!'I ON. Ifa brother grossly Inisconduct himlet llim be adlnonished. privately by ,the W. J\f.; try every gentle means to convince llim of his errors; probe the vV'Ollnd with a delicate 111tnd; and use every mild expedient to. "rork· his refornl. Perllaps he may save Ilis brother, and give to societVA renewe4 and valuable member. sel~

ADONAI.Tlle Jews are said to have substituted tIle word. Adonai for the uneommunicable name; but this adnlitsof some qualification. St. J erome,and after hinl Bellarmine, doubted the fact,because Jehovah and Adonai were two several names of God, and eClually legitin1ute; and in SOlne instances were appointed to be used in conjunction, as J ell ovall Adonai; and the. Septuagint llses the ,\yord I{urios.

ADO-ADY.

ADONIRAM. This prince ,vas apP9inted by King to superintend the contributions towards building the tenlple, as well as the levy of 30,000 Israelitea to work by Inonthly courses in the forest of Lebanon. For this purpose, and to insure the utlTIOst regularity,an old masonic tradition informs us that he divided them into lodges, placing three llundred in each, under a }Iaster and Wal"dens, himself being G. M. over all. He was also constituted by the king one of the sevell Grand SuperintendeIlts, and .Chief of the Provosts and Judges. 8010111011

ADVANCED. When a candidate is invested with the Mark l\Iaster's degree, be is said to be" advanced." The term is very 81ppropriately used td designate that the 1tfaster l\Iason is now pronloted one step beyond the degrees of ancient Craft Masonry on the way to the Royal Arch.-Mackcy. ADVENT. We are "rell assured of tIle. existence of lfasonry· at the tilne of the advent of our Lord upon earth, when it received the assistance of those t,YO great lights, who are to"this·day conl1nenl0rated in our lodges in gratitude for the kindness reeeived from them. 'Ve have reason to believe tllat tIle secrecy of our Order was often useful to conceal, and its universal benevolence to preserve, Christian professors, in the early ages of the church, from. th,e malice of tlleir bitterenelnies ;alld it is certain that there are to be found in tIle vvritings of the fathers many· allusions of an undoubtedlymasonio·character.-.i"l'l·chdeacon Mant. ADYTTJl\f. In tIle British and other Mysteries the three pillars of Wisdol11, Strength, a.nd Bea,uty represented the great emblematical rfriad of Deity, as '\vitlr us they refer to tIle three principal officers of the 'lodge.. We shall find,. however, that the synlbolical meaning was the sanle in botll. It is a fact that . in Britain the Adytuln or lodge was actually supported by tllree ston98 or pillars, which were supposed to convey a regenerating purity to the aspirant, alter having endured. the ceremony of initiation in all its accustomed formalities. The delivery from between them was termed a new birth. 2

AF,F-AGE.

The cqrresp 0 nding pillars of the Hindu ,Mythology were also known by the ~anles of Wisdolll, Strengtll, alld Beauty, ,and placed ill the east, west, and sout]l" crowned ,witl1 threehunlan heads. TIley jointly referred to the Creato,r" WllO was said to ·}lave l)lanlled tIle G-reat Work by .his infinite lVisdorn; executed by .11is St1<engtlt ; and to have adorned it witIl all its Beauty and useful1less for tIle bellefit of man. AFFABILITY. The ancient lodges ,,'~lere so ll1any 8c110018. or acadernies for teacl1ing and improving tIle arts of desiglling,especiall.y· architecture; and the l)resent lodges are often ell1ploye'd tllat\Vay in lodge hOllrs, or else .inagreea~le conversatiol1, thongll witIlout 'politics or l)al~ty feeling; and 110lle of tllenl are· ill enlployed; 11 ave no transaction U11,,,"'ortlly of all hOl1est l11all or a gentlel11an; no llersonal l)iqlles, l1oqu~rrels, 110· cl1rsing and s'\vearing, no cruel Inockillgs, rio 0 bscelle talk, or ill mallners, for tile lloble anel enlillellt brethren are affable to the Ineallest; and these are duly respectful to tlleir betters in harrnolly and proportioll't; and thongll 011 the level, yet al\vays witlrin COl111)ass, alld according. to the sqllare and pluInb.-EucZ,icl. ~ . A.GE. It is Inell of 111ature age and S01111d judgnlent alone '\vho can preserve tile Order ill its 11ative l)urity; and those lodges whose officers are .carefu.l.to aet in .strict accordallce to tIle laws and to the spirit of :F'l"eelnasonry, will always have a SUPI)ly of Ille11 of rnature age as candidates. III tIle lectures tIle question of age occurs, but tllat refers nlerely to tIle degree ,vrought upon. III the ancient :tnysteries tll(~ :rnystical age of t, 3,. 6, and 7, refer to so many yea.,rs of probation_.. Gadic'ke. The ·synlbolic age of an Entered Apprentice is 3 years, of aE"'ellowcr~tft 15, and a, Master lVIason7; a Petit Architect 21, and a Grand Arclliteet27; that ofa Knight of t.he East is 70; a Prince of Jerusalelu D X 15 =? 75 ;a Secret l\faster, a l\Iaitre Ecossais, and a Prince of ]\fercy, 81; and a Scotch Knight 500 years. It "vas by this figurative ,yay of reasoning that the celebrated i1nl)ostor tIle Count St. Gerlllaiu, boasted that lle was 600 years old.

AG·LA.

One of tIle t\velve CJabalistic Ilalnes of God.

The ·othel- eleven were: Ehje, Jehovah, Elohim, EI, 'Gibbor, Eloah, Sabaoth, Isebaoth, Schaddai, Adonai, and 1'Ial,-0111. I t is illtrodu.ced here because some of our brethrell of· the last century used·the word as all inscription in Hebrew cllaracters for "the lodge" represent.ed on tIle floor-cloth. AIIIMAN REZON. Dr. Mackey says these words are derived froID the Heb,rew ahim, brothers, 'Jnanah, ,to prepare,alld·ra..tzon,thewill·or law ; and signifies, therefore, ' literally, "the laW of prepared brothers." Others contend tllat .tIle derivation is froln aclti manratzon, " the opinions of a true alld faithful brother." It was the title 'adopted for tl1eir Book of Constitutions by the sectioll vvhicll Sl)lit off fronl our Grand Lodge about the year 1740, and denomirlatecl th~Inselves, by way of distinction, Anciellt l\lasons.

.l~IR. I~very llunlall being at his birth becoulcs subject to the actioll ,of three elements. He comes out of ;vater, passes throllgll the a£1·, and wllell hearnves at rnaturity, he is under the influen.ce of fire. It is only at his deatll that he carl participate of tIle fourtll elen1ellt (the earth)_ WheIllle is initiated into the mysteries of~rasollry, he is proved by the three elelnents of water, a-ir, and fire. --Rosenberg. AIIOLIAB. Of th,e tribe of Dan. It is observed by R. Bechai, that 'God chose one out of the lowest tribie (for so they accounted tbat of Dan), as wellasdne put of tIle chief, whichvvas Judah; that Bezale,el migllt not be liftecll1p ,vitII vain conceit; for great andsnlall are equal before (Joel. .A..nd he trllly observes, tllat Olle of the saIne t1·ibe of Dan, by tIle rnother's side, ,"vas the 1.11ost skilflll!JerSOll tl1at cOllld be found for the building of the rrelnple by SoI01110n. 'l'}lere "\vere several, no dOllbt,who llad a natural gellius to suell arts as were necessary in tllis. \vork, bllt tlley could 11ot, by their·o~ industry, .llave attained suell skill as God bestowed:Jltll Aholiab ahd Bezaleel; at least llotso soon,. Ba'tD gQ imn1ediately about tIle btlilding of tIle TabetD&cle, and all things belonging to it.-Bishop Patrir:k.

AKI-ALL.

AI{IROP. The name of ullassassin at the building of King Solon1on's Temple. ALERT. As everything in Freemasonry ought to be perforn1ed ,vith the precisioIl of perfect discipline, it behoves call the officers of a lodge to be. ever on. the alert in tIle discharge of their respective d1.1ties, that t.he brethren Inay have continually before thel'n路 all exalllple of order and regularity \~rorthy of in~itation; for it is only .by the correctdenleanour of the rulers and governors of the Craft, that the luachinery of a lodge can be beneficially \vorked, and its labours conducted with such effect as to produce the blessillgs of peace, harnlony, and brotherly .love. ALEXANDRIA. TIle inundations of tIle Nile caused the inhabitants great rejoicings. But it usually happened that when the "vaters 11Ud subsided, and they returned to their agricllltl1ral pursuits, tIle sediulent "vhiell had been deposited by the retreating river had obliterated tlleir tem!)orary land-n1arks, \v]licll originated violent disl)utes res!)ecting their several1ocalities. Being at lengtll tired of tllese annual contentions,. and h.earing tllat a lodge of Masons was in existence at .Alexandria, over \vhich Euclid presided, the Egyptians resolved to refer all liti-: gated ll1atters to this Grand Lodge. Euclid undertooli the task, and '\vith the assistallce of llis Grand '\V'arden, Straton the pllilosopber, collected tIle scattered elenlents of geolnetry, and fornled thern into a regular systenl, by which 1l1eanS tIle peo!)le ,\vere instructed 110W to Illeasure and al1portion their . lands, alld rene'\v tlleir boundary marks, vvithout any infi"ingeluent of each otllers rights or property.

ALLEGORY. The two sons of Abrah~un, Ishn1ael, born of Agar Ilia llandnlaid, alld Isaac, horn of Sarall tlle free-vvoman, contain an allegory in \vhicll tIle naIne is put for tile tIling signified or re11reseIlted by it. ; for these tv\~o \'~Olnen and tlleir cllildrenare, by re})resclltation, the two oovenants; the one covenant beillg that froln l\Iount Sinai, gendering to bondage,'\vhicl1 is, by representation, Agar the bond-\vOn1an, and so bearing ~t c}lild \vh.ich also

ALL-ALP.

was in bondage, for that which is signified by Agar, from Ishmael descended, is ~Iount Sinai· in Arabia) whence the law was given; and this Agar answers to J erusaleln that now is, and is in bonda.ge with l1er children to the law, as the bond-woman and her child were to Abraham; but the Jerusalem which is above, is by representation Sarah the free-woman, whose son was born, not . according to the £les11, but" according to the promise." H Lo then, brethren, we are not the children of the bondwonlan, but the free."-rVltitby. WhOITl

ALL-SEEING EYE. Whom the S'lf,n, Moon, a,ndStars obey, and under whose watchful care even comets perform their stupendous revolutions, beholds the iUlnost. recesses of the human heart, and will reward us according to our· ,vorl(s.-Lect'l~re$. o

ALLUREl\IENTS.];Iasonry is one of the lTIOst sublime and 11erfect institutions that ever was formed for the advancement of happiness and general good of mankind; creating,~ in all its varieties, universal benevolence and brotherly love. It holds Ollt alltlrelncnts so captivating as to inspire the brotherhood wit}1 emulation to deeds of glory, such as must comnland, throughout the world, veneration and applause, and such as must entitle those who perform them to dignity and respect. It teaches us those useful, wise, and instructive doctrines, upon Wllich alone true happiness is founded; and at the same tinle affords those easy paths by which we attain the re'''''"ards of virtue.; it teaches us the duties which we o\ve to our lleighbour, never to injure 11im in anyone situation, but to conduct ourselves witll justice and impartiality; it bids us not to diVtllge the nlystery to the public, and it orde~"s llS to be true to 011r trust, and above all nlearlness and dissiInulatiou, and ill all OU,f vocations to perform religiously thatwllich we ought to do.-Duke 0/ Sussex.

ALPIIA and OMEGA.

From eternity to eternity.

This mode of speech is borrowed from the Jews, who express the wltole ·compa,<:s of tJting\~ by ~ aleph. and r.ta·u, the first and last letters of the llebrew alphabets; but as

路ALT-AM:E.

St. John was writing ill G'reek, lie accommodates tIle whole to the Greek, alph~bet, of which A al])lta and Q 01nega are the first and last letters. Witll the- rabbins lri .,~, l~ti mealeph vead tau, "jro7n aleph to tau," expressed tIle vvllo1e of it luatterjrol'R, tlte beginning to the end; as Adam~ transgTessed ,the whole law jj"om aleph to tau-, i. e. frolll tIle beginning to the end.-Adan~ Clarke. ALTAR. An altarnlust be a Illost lloly I)lace to every Christian, and 11lore especially to every true \yorshipper of God. It ,vas so to the first nations \VI10 conceived tIle, idea of, a Most Rigll being. fligll alJove all the stars tlley conjectllred was his nl0stelevated seat. .rrhey fell upon tlleir ,knees vvl1ellthey \vorslul)pecl Hilll, as luore ernblen1atical of the in1Inel1se distance they were renloved frolll Hinl; and tIley built altars, l.lpOn vvllicll they o~ered frllits andotller things, that the s1110ke 111igllt arise to\varc1s I-linl, as a !)roof of their gratitllde. \Ve, asellliglltened Christians and ~"reeInasons, Inal\"{~ 110 offerings of fruits UpOll 'our altars, neither are they any nlore to be f()l.lnd upon the tops of rnOulltains, or in tIle deptlls of the caverns, but, lInder a ClOlldy canoIlY, as emblelnatical of tIle lleavens, and our ofieri11gs are tll(~ Ilftllowed obligations of ~1 grateful alld piOtlS IH.:.art.G路adicke.. AMERICA. 'fhe Alllerieaills t111pear to be lnore rally versed ill the IJrinciples of the ()rder than brethrell of this country; vvhich is ovving, I c.onceive, to the geninl 0IJeration of its local (~'ral1c1 I..Iodges. l~very brother Inay beCOlnetl ruler of. the (~raft, and a l\Iaster in Israel, "by his OWll llleritoriolls exertions. TIle oflic(~s of a-rand Lodge are open to industrioasand worthy llrethrell who 11nve given'proofof tlleir ~xcellellce in tl1eurt'; and this facility of p,romotion excites as,pirit of friendly (~rnu颅 latioll Wl1icll 0llerates favourably for society at la:rge. The several Grand Lodges also are engaged in an aIllicable contest Wllic11 shall carry out tlleb(~8t in t(~rests of ~rasollry 1110st eflectual1y; and lIenee we find nothing in l\[~soury as it is practised there to eOl,l,dem,I.l" but everythIng to COlnl!lend.. 'rhey do not \vaste theIr tune in talking-debates 11!)On all sI)eeulati:ve qla~stiolls

AMB-.A}IP.

being left to tIle several C0111111ittees Or boards. The Granel Lodges l1ave to dete1"111ine lllerely upon their reports, \vIliell are usu,ally fOtlnc1 to be drawll up ",tith,sO muchj1.1dgment and discriulinatioIl as "Ilotto 1)e sus... ceptible of a-ny hostile OpiIlion; nlld 11encetheir l11elnbers are seldolll ill collision ,vith eaell other.

Al\fBITION. The l)OSs€S'SioIlanc1 exercise of autllQrity is a lnatter of h0110Ul~able and proI>er ambition in every brother vVIlO really l)l"izes tIle institution into "\vhich he has been~ initiated, and vvho \vishes to render his Jllasonry I>roductiy'e of its legitilYlate fruits-tIle 111oral·inlprov:emel1t of llis l11ental factllties.... It is to be regretted,llowever, that this an1bitioIl, so llraise\vortll)" ,vhen exercised \vithill its due bOLInaS, is too frecfuelltlj'" indulged, even to an unliInited extent,l)y bretlll"eIl vvho, tllOUgll ill other respects \Vortl1Y, do llot l)ossess the requisite talent or industry to COllier distinctiol1.. Or, in other \\rords, tIle nnlbitioll is lllore fi"equently for the office, thaIl f()r the (P,Hllifierttiollto exec'ute it "\vitllc.redit to tlleII1Selves or benefit to tIle eOllll!lUnity over ","hich they haye been eal1ed OIl to 11reside.

A!Il\II. Say yo llnto y'our brethren, Aunni; and to your sisters, ItuhalIluh. AltllQugll tIle Israelites,. in the days of lIost~a" were ill corrupt, and addicted to idolatry, yet there 'VV1'ere aUlong thenl in the '\Yorst·.·tiIlles SOIne VY""110 11ad not bo,v'ed do\vn the knee to 13aal. rl'hes(~ "\'vere always 'AmIni and 111lhalllah God's' D\Vn l)eople and a di~n'ling \daugllter.. It is tllatGod here e01111nissiol1S tllese faitllfulfEJ\v adm,onishthe inllabitants of the land ill general of 'the dreadful ju(lgrntnlts that ,Yould l}e bl"ougl1t tlU:111 b~Y' idolatry of the J(nvisll cl1urcll and natioTl. Speal\. to your hrethren, () A.lllrni .111Y I)COIJle), nlHl to y o u r ( ) I~uhalnah ' () darling daugllter).-13ishop Jlorsl!~y. A1rI)~j:I~

(Jrand IJodge is·opell}ed l)crsol1, it is said to bt~ in " arnI)le·fhrnl·;" ,vllelll:>y the l)epllt.y . it is ill "d,lle forrn," and "vlH~n by Llny otller officer, it is said to beshllplJr "in f'ol"In." . by tbe

F()R1[.

(~rand ~laster in

ANC.

ANCIENTClfARG·ES. To define the authority of Masons in the clearest andnlost sinlple manner, our ancient brethren nlade thenl the subjects of a series of exhortatio'ns; ~iC}l is one of tIle nlost valuable legacies that in tl1eir "\visdonl they llave beqlleathed to us. I allude to the Ancient ()har[!cs, whicll 11ave been so judiciously incorporated into Book of Constitutions; and which every l\iasoll \vanId do \vell to study witll attention, tllat they ll1ay be reduced to practice \Y}lellever their assistance is needed. These charges are sufficiently comprehensive, and elubrace an epitome of every duty whieh the 1Iason is enjoined to perforIl1. And as a comlncntary on tlle111, the Grand Lodge lIas tllOUght proper, in its Constitutions, to enumerate these various dutieslnore minutely, and to 111ake tIle breaelles of them penal, whilst honours and re\iva.rds are lleld out to those worthy brothers "Yvho have beerl distillguished by regularity and decorous conduct.

our

ANC~II~N1' l\I.A.SONS. In the year 1739 a fevv bretllren, havins; violated the In\vs of l\[asonrjr, \vere expelled fron1 tlu3 .<Jrand I.,;odge, and adopted the bold nle~1sure, l1nder the fictitious nUlllC of the l\.ncient Yorl\. (~onstitu tion, of constituting lodges, vvhichwere pronounced independent of the Clrand Lodge. And the latter, for the purpose of l)roducing tt 111n.rked distinctioll bet\veen tlle two systenls, resolved at lengtl1 to adopt the expedient, appnrently rendered necessary by the enlergency, but extrenlely ill-jtldged, of introducing 11 sligllt alteration into the systell1, \vhich Inight have tIle efleet of detecting the schis111atics, ,. and thus exelllding theln from tIle orthodox lodges. rrhe resolution ,vas llnfortunate, and produced the very evil it "vas intended to avert. It proved 1\. source ,of exultatioll and triumph to tIle seceding brethren. They loudly exclaimed against \vhat they called an alteration of the landu1arks,as an llnprecedented and unconstitutionuJ l)roceeding; accused the G'rnnd I..Iodge of hnving deviated fi-oln ancient usage, and conft~r red upon all its 111enlbers and adherents the invidious epitll(~t of ilfollernl\Iasous, \vhile they uIJpropriated to thelnselves th,e exclusive and honol1rable title of "~1Jlcient },IaS(H1S, acting lInder t,Ile old York (Jollstitutions, celnent-

ANC-AND.

ed and consecrated by inl111en1orial observance." Taking advantage of this popl.11ar cry, they proceeded to-the formation of an independent Grand Lodge, c1revv up a code of lavvs foi" its governnlent, issued warrants for the constitution of new lodges " tInder路 tIle true ancient system of Freelnasonry;" and fron1 the fees arising out of these proceedil1gs, they succeeded in establisIling a fund of bellevolellce, besides defraying the current expenses of the institution. 路 ANCHOR. The helle of glory, or of the fulfillnent of all Goel's l)rOlnises路 to our souls, is the golden or precious al1Cl10r, by "\vhic}l v,.re l11Ust be l(ept steadfast in the faith, and encouraged to abide in our proper station, alnidst the storIns of telnptation, affliction, and persecll-

tion..-J..~cott. ANCl-lOR AND ARI\:.. ':rhe ark and anehor are enlblell1s of a well-grounded hope and a well-sIlent life. 1'lley are enlbleluatical of that divine ark vvhich triunlphantly bears us over tIllS ten11)estuous sea of troubles; and that anchor whieh sllall safely" 11100r tlS in a peaceful harbour, \vhere tIle \vicked cease froIll troubling and tIle weary are at rest.

ANI)ERSON. Dr. AnclersoIl lived ill the beginning of the 18th century, and it is frOl"ll l1inl that \ve have tlle so deservedly celebrated 13o,9k of Constitutions of the Ancient and IIonourable Fritternityof ]'ree and A.ccepted l\fasons.. TIle first part contains the history of the Order, and the second contains the charges, rules, laws, duties, (~c., together ,vitI1 an historical account of the origin of the Order. .l\.nderson, in tIle dedieation to the tllell Prince of t11es, calls llin1self Seeretary to tIle Grand Lodge in I.Jolldon, find states thnt the \vol:k \vas cOlnl)osed by the ecnnnland of the ({rand IJodge, fronl its arehive.s, ~radi~~?ns, a~d lodg:e.boo~s.. ,the firs.t e~it~on app~~red In 17 .w-.~, a second III 1738, SInce then 'VeJ,XIOUS edItIons llave bet~n I~ublished, 'viz., on(~ by Entick, in 1758, one ill 1776, one in 1784, by Noorthouck, and in 1806 thelaoost. To th(~socondedition a superior Ilrivilege vv-ras attaclled by the (il'"2tnd JJodge in LOndon, 110 other constitution

,'T

ANG-.

book. 'being allowed 111 the lodges but that of Anderson, and l1o~lteration beil1g nllo,ved to be Illade in it. Although in tllis work tIle history of Freenlusonry is carried back to tIle creation, yet the infornlation it l1as been. the meUJ1S of l)rescl'vl.ng ,vitIl regard to tIle dllties of a ]'reell1tlSOn, thecollstitutions of the ()rc1er, and the history of tIle English lodges, luak.e it a vallutble "\vork, a.nd cause it to be lligllly prized by every lodge alld every brotllel.. III the first editioIl 110 111entioIl is l11ude of the fornlation of the G-rand Lodge ill LOllc101l ill 1717, but is added to tIle second edition. Tllere is a Ger111Url translation l)ublisllec1 at ]j-'rallltfort-oll-tlle-l\faine, and various French editions.-C/adicke.

AN(}EL OF JI~I-IO'lAI-I. The Angel of Jehovah at the J3. B.I1US been conjectured to be 1\Iichael, the leader of tIle Iiost of IIeaven, \V ho HI)IJeare<1 also to J osh.ua and I)ulliel; btlt lIe \vas really Hlld truly' tl.l,e cHIJtain of our salvation, or J ell.ovah hin18elf~ the (~rerl'tor of the \~~orld, or J esus C~hrist, called by l\Insons the Clrand . l \.rellitect of the UIliverse, \y110 only hatTl illlinortality, dv~~elliI1g in the I.Jight vv11ieh no lIla!'! enn approacll 'unto. 'fIlis divine 13eiDg eal1ed to l\foses by'!' 11is nalne, and ( onnnnnc1ed 11i111 to it!}IH'oael1 "with naked fe.et, beeatlse the grolll1d on "\vhicll lle stood \vas or by' the divine Presence. .-.t\nd therefore tool\. off his ]11 obedienee to the divine eOllinulIH1, HIld 11l'ostrated hin:ls{;r hef()re the I)eity. 'Vll0 31)p(~nred

l\N (~I~Il()N1'\. 'rIle goddess of silence. J.30tll the ROlllarls and l~gJ"I}tians \vorsllil'l)ed .the gods and godof

'1'110 I..tatins I)urtictllnrly "\:vorshiI>pe(l

l~Ilg'{:n~OrH:L and ':racita'~ ,,,,hose iluagestood upon tho altar Q.'OiCl<1~aS8 Volupia, with its nloutl~ tiE,~d Ul) flnd sealed;

bec,nuse filley "tho e!ldure tlleir cares '\vith silence and patit?llce, do, by that IlleaIlS, I)roeur(~ to theinselves the greatest Illeasllre. rrlH:~r(~ is a healltiful ft:~Inale statue, eX(~Cllt(~d :ill tIle finest style of (Jreeiul1 art, ill tlH:~ rI'o,vnley rOODl iii., :No. 22,\vhieh. SOlne tllink to n fi b········· (~'ll r(~ of rroddpss O· · .... · , 1 ••" .

A"N(:~IJl~S.

Cle0111etrieal figures,

tiS

1illes, ungles,

ANG-ANO.

squares, arid pCl]Jelldiculars, ,vere l'"anked alnongst tIle symbols of Druidisln, as "veIl as ]'reelnasollry. 1\.8 tl1e Druids hud 110 enclosed tel1.11)les, thinli.ing them inconsistent ,vitll the 11lajesty of the gods, so neitller haa tIley any carved illlages to relJresent tllen1, .al1d for tl1e same reason; but instea,d thereof rude stones "\vere erected in tIleir places of. worsl1ip at some 111ystic significant dis- . tance, and in SOUle .enlblelnatical nunlber, situation, and plan; sometilnes in Tight line~, sometiu1es insqlla.res, SOIlletilues in triangles, SOllletillles ill both; now single, and fifty paces distant or lTIOre f1"o111 tl1e circles ;or elninently taller than the rest ill tIle eirCtllar lin~, and nlaking a part of it like portals, not only to s11ape the entrance, but to hallo\v those that entel'ed; it al)pearing, by rnallY Illollllillents, that the Druid~ attributed great virtue- to tllese angular IHlssages bet\v:een rock.s;

ANGUL.A.R TIll.A.I). ..c'\.t the estublisllI:nent of the Royal .f\.rch degree, the angular triad bore ~1 reference to tIle three great lights, \vhicll atfhat period '\vere interprete(l to sylnbolize the lig11t of the Gosl)el Ul1d the 8ublilne 1\1ystery of tIle Trlllity. ANNIVl~RSARY. TIle t"1-o unuivesaTies of SYlllbolic 'Masonry are the festivals of St. J01111 tile Baptist and St. John the Evallgelist, 24tll of J'une and 27th of Deeelnbe~

.A.NNUITIES.Annuities are granted by nlany lodges to aged and distressed Jj'reelnasons, alldalso to the poo"r wido\vs of deceased brethren: and tllis description of cllarity is eertainly thelrlost llseful,vllicll any lodge eall exercise. TIle silentgl"t1tittlde of tIle reeir~ient is tL sufficientr<J\varc1 to t'he Order, but it also real~sthis l)enefit, that the \viclo\v' "\viII en(~o urage her SOllS, if 811e has any, and G'od lllay hless and 1>1'os1)o1' tllcnl \Vl1Cll gro",rn up, to assist in givingsirnilar assistance to other sllfieri11g breth... ren and \vido\vs.

AN ()IVIALY. Freen1asonry is mysterious because it is a.n .adrni ttecl Ull0111aly ill路路路 the history of the enrth. Witllout territorial possessionB-,\vitllollt any other

ANT.

coercing power than that of morality and virtue,.it has survived the wreck of mig11ty empires, and resisted the destroying hand of Thne. Contrast the history of Freemasol~~ry.witll tIle history of the l1atiol1s of the. world, and\,~hat is the result? TIle J e\vs, God's favored people, into ,vllose custody J\rIasonry 'Vvas first entrusted by its divine Author, where are they now ?-A race of V\'"anderers, scattered over the face of tIle globe.. And the stupendous and magnificent structure-the 'l'elnple-at once their glory and the "vonder of the world, ,v}lere is it now ?-N at one stone left UpOll another. Babylon, in her day the queen. of nations, bas fallen, never to rise again. Egypt, with 11er kings and philosophers; classic Greece, and Inlperial Ronle, Vile now find but ocetlpying their pag~ in the history of tIle world. But 路l\Iasonry at this 11101nellt shines throughout the world wit}l as bright und llndinlinishecl a lu~tre as wIlell first revealed by God to Inan..-AlexanderGrant. . .I \N1'El)ILUVIANS.. IIaving heen fbre,varned by i\.da:ul of an universal deluge filld conflagration, the antediluvians erected t,vo !;i11ars, one of bricl{ and the otber of stone, \vhich they \vere of 0l)illioll would, OI1{~ or the otllcr or tlleln, be !)roof against every attnel,- either of fire or \vater. They engraved upon these I)illurs tlleir diseoveries and inventions, lest, in <.t series of ages, the ltno,~"ledgeof scieuee itself Sh01.11d beconle extinct.. 'l'heir 11recaution 'vus not in vain; for, to this da;r, the stone pillar is to be seell in Syria.-JosclJltus. . A.NrrI-l\I.A..S()NRY. ..A.nti-rnaSOlll"Y \vas converted into watell-'\vord about the y'ear 1830, for political Ilur. poscs, and to render the cry lnore imposing, nnd Inore successful, it was alleged that tIle Fraternity had rnllrdered !I, Irian of tlle name of Morgan in 1826 for disclosing tIle secret. .'rhe exciternent ,vas keI>t UI) with uncensing pt~rtinaeity ltutil it nuulbered 11,eurly 100,000 free aIld intelligent electors of the State of Nc\v York; alrnost ilivideCI the 'V"ote of Pennsylyania; l)lanted itself deel)ly in the soil of ~Iassuehusetts; sI)read itself in others of the Ne\~ }:ngland st:at(~s in ()hio an<l else'\vhere; \~~hile in Ver.lnont, like the rod of Aaron, it so f~n~ s\'\":tllo\yed up it

APO-APP.

both of the fOTI11er parties, as to l1ave obtained tIle control of the state govetnment. Nor was it of factitious partizal1S or disappointed 111en that tIllS party was composed. It cOIIlprised amollg its Inenlbers ,us great a portion of wealtll and character-of talents and respectability-as any party that \vas ever forIlled of equal nUlnbers ill this or any other country. And \vhere is this great allti-masollic party now ?The exciteluent continued a fevv yea.rs, tIle hollowness of its principles becanle apparent, and it sud~enlydisappeared like a passing cloud, leaving behind it notllillg but public shanle and contempt. APOSTACY. In the masonic system we are not only taught S0111etlling of the history of the material vlorld, but 11U1l1erOUS facts pertaining to the 1110ral, which are infinitely Inore inlportant. Suell is tIle apostacy of our first parellts. This melancholy event is explicitly brougllt to view in so 111uny words, and so strikingly rel}resented, as seldolIl to fail of m~tking deeI) and .lasting il111lressions on the heart. TIle wretched, and destitute, and deplorable situation of Adam, vvhich "TUS the fruit of his disobedience, are affectingly exhibited by the most lively masonic rel)resentations.- 'l"o'l/.;n.

APOSTATE路 MASONS. It ","ould be equally useless and vain to deny that we 113,re occasionally found anlongst ourselves individuals ""rho路 have violated their solemn pledges, and sinned against the rites of masonic faith. Ho\vever we may lament the consequeIlces, we cannot imp'ugn the fact. Still it does not detract from the nlerit of the in stitl.ltion, allY more thall the apostates, from Judas Iscariot down"vards, \vho 113,Ve failed to sully the intrinsic purity of tIle Cllristian religion. APPEAL. As tlle G'rand Lodge, ,"vhcn congregated, is a representation of every individual member of the Fraternity, it necessarily possess(~sa suprelne superintending authority, and the po\ver of finally . decidiDg'.. on every case Wllichconcerns the jute,restof thoCrafi. Any lO<rge or brother, therefore, \\'ho may feel aggrieved by the decisiorl of any other masonic authority or juris-

APP-ARC.

diction, Inay appeal to tIle Gralld Lodge against such decision. The appeal must be Il1ade in writing, specifying the, particular grievance complailled of~ and he trallSll1ittecl to the Grand Secreta:ry. .f\.110ticeand copy of tlle appeal Inust also be sent by tIle appellant to the party against \vhosedecision the appeal is Illade. All ap~peals must be lnade in proper and decent language; 110 others will be received.-Constitutions.

APPRENTICE, or first degree in the Order. An apprentice is respected in every lodge as a brother equally as 111ucll as an older Ine111ber, alld he llas 110t, ,as llligllt be supposed, any especially derogatory worl\. to do. FIe learnSTIlaSonic wisdoln as far as it C(111 be taught ill the first degree, and lIe is, therefore, called an AppreIltice. His clotlling in the lodge is very little.differen t fi-Olll that of the otl1ers; and the older hretllrell dare not l)lace rnuch value ill their beil1g able to "~iear all OrIltllYlen t or t'\lVO lllore than he does•.....:-(fadicke. APRON. All apron is given to an 0llcrative l\fasorl as a real llecessary article; to ·a Jj"""reemason only as a sylnbot., If tIle al>roll of ('1n operative nlaSOll becollles drrty, this is Inostly a sign of llis praise\vorthy industry; bllt \vhen the Jj"""ree111RSOll does 110t l\.eep hinlself Illorally pure in all his actioils, he stains tIle l)ure \vhite of Iris aproIl to his OW11 disgrace. A 111usonic apron is nlade of comnlon white leatht~r, and· 110 brotller is allo\ved to itpl)eal" in a lodge "\vithout one; it is intended to relnind hilll of purity of luil1d ,1ud 11101"£11s; ,vllite anlongst tIle ancients being considered as <111 elnblell1of purity of s-onl.. It is well ItIl vvn that forrnerly IlOIle btlt thosH of Iuature age were baptized, t'tud they llad to .be dressed in white, to showtllat tllCy had laid aside the lusts of the fiesIl. Those brethren who prove by their active benevolen(~e and industry that theyttre worthy, rece~ve IJro111otion in the ()rder, and their a!)rons have l1ro!)er decorations for each degree.-Gadiclce.

AltC.A.NA. In the secret arc,aIHt of our a series of yuluable truths are llresHrved, '\Vllich correspolld with the teaehing of Christianity, and point to the

ARC.

appearany.e ofa Saviour ill t~le \vorld, to atone for

23 hUl11an

transOTeSSIOl1, alld carry llS frOIn .earth to heaven.

And beil1O'bthe conservator of suell yaluahle IllJ7steries, it is 110t ~urprising t11at in these 路c1ays of superior I)iety and intelligence, it sho'uld so rapidly i11crense in lyublic estil11atiol1, and be practised by tIle ~yise and goo~l, not merely as a soutce of rational aUluselnent, )Jut as ~1 meallS of prOllloting tIle blessings of nloralit~Y" and virtue amongst l11unkilld, and augnlenting a resl)ect for the institution of religioll. ARCH OF REAVEN. Job C0111pnreS lleaven to all arch supported by pillars. "TIle pillars of 11eaVCll trernhIe and are astonislled at his rC11I"oof." Dr. Cuthusll on tllis I)(lssage renlarks-" The ar~Jl in . this instance is allegorical, not only of Ileaven, but of tIle lriglH~r degree of l\lasonry, eOll1111only ea11ed tIle IIo]}~ ]{oyal ./~rcl1. The I)illars vlllicl1 Slll)11ort the arell are elIll)I(~lntltieal of Wisdorn. und Strength; the f()rrner d(~noting tho\visdoru of th(~ SUI)renle Architpct, ~l1d tll& latter tIle stahility of the tlIliverse."-Bretvster. tIle llrst reflecllow astonishingly has the seience of arelliteeture hnrn-oved, and how llonoured and ho\v resl1eeted is an eXJlerienced architect !The scierlce cOIlllnenced '\vith 1l1iserable huts; tIle next step was to erect. altars on \vIllell to ofl(~r saerific~s to the gods; of their o,vn inlnginations regular d\vellings follo\ved llext ill路 rotatioll, after ~thi(~h, in ral)i<1 succession, canle 1)alac(~8 fi)l" their princ.cs, l)I'idges over tIle 1110st rapid streaU1S to fhcilit ate their ('OllllIltlne \vitli eaclt otller; llyrarnids [~lHl to\ycn:s, l)roudlJ~ POhlt}l1g to. lleavens; catacornl)s of nearly InlrneaSlJrable dl111enslons for the interlnent of their deiHl, tlild tIle Inost telll1l1es in honour of the (Ireat ..l\rehit(~et and eurtI1. '.I:hus \ve ht'lve the of ......,.. fronl one of the nl0st (lnei(~ni; und lnost llonolu'"l:tl)leoccupations of n1~),nkind,ulI1tsion to tlle tL.nticfuity of our Order. The working too]s of an 0IHH'utive Inu8on. hu.v{~ becolue our sylnbols, because "vccan fiui} uo better or AltCfIIITEOTURE.

Architeetnre is one

occupation~ in ~?11ich luan el11ployed llirnself~ und tiOIl is路 the first steI) to\vards iIIII)l"oviIlg the lllind.

,Ioi-,.J'Y'.....1il,l'

ARC-ARK.

more expressive ones. No occl.lpation is so widely extended, and in close oOlluexion with otllers, as that of t\ Masoll; and the various patl1s by vvhich Inankind strive to gain an entrallce into the ill1perisllable temple .are innumerable.- Gadicke. l\.RCI-IIVES. Our traditiol1S state tllat tIle hollow of the cylinder of t11ese pillars (J. (\) B.) was used as archives of l\Iasonry, and COlltailled tIle sacred rolls w11ic11 comprised the history路 of the flebrew nation, their civil and religious polity, tlle\Vorl\.s of the I) l"ophetical and inspired "~lriters, and the complete syste111 of universal sc.ience.-Hernming. .

ARITHl\IETIC. The science of aritllmetic is i11dispensable to tIle arcllitect, and lligllly l)rized by l1im. It is a very ancient science, and \~ras perfected in ancient Greece. Far be it froIl1 every 1\Iason to give l1ilnself uI' to tIle sUl)erstitious practice of foretelling llUll1un evellts by the science of arithrnetic; bllt lle l~.no\\Ts tllat it is by the assistance of arithnletic that "Vve have discovered tIle courses of tIle heavenly l)odies; that ,vithout its assistance "\vecould not kno\v ,vherl the 1110011 \v01.11d' slline, wIlen it WOlllcl be ebb or fioQd, \Vl1en sumll1cr or winter wQltlcl C0111111ence.- Gad拢cke.

ARIC AND

AN(~IIOR.

(See ANCl-IOn. i\ND Ann:.]

ARK. The arl\. of the covellant \vas :1 kind of cllest or coffer, l)luced in the sanetU111 sanctorunl, \vith .the tw"o tables of stone containing the (lecaloglle, written witll the finger of God, and containing tIle most sacred monument of tIle Je\visll or any other religion. Along witll tllO ark were deposited tIle rod of AurOll and the pot of Inanna.The ark was a symbol of the divine presence and protectiort of tIle Israelites, und a l)ledge of the stability of.. the th~ocracy, so long us the people adhered to the artIcles of the covenant \vllieh the ark contained. This saered chest VlH.S Inade of shittirll wood, or the tinl1)er of a tllorny shrub \vhich gre,v ill great profusion in l'nany l)nrts of tIle \vilderness \Vl1Cre the Israelites '\vere directed to encul11p, HIld gave its nUIne to

ARR-ART. a particular place, .whieh was hence cal1e~AbelShittim. It is SU1,posed to have been the wood of·.the burning bush, which ,,,"as once lleld ill such veneration in our Royal Arch. Chapters. Tllis timber had ·a close grain, and consequently was. capable of receiving a beautiful !Jolish, and, like. the cedar, from· its fragrance exempt frOln tIle attacks of worms and rottenness. Hence the ark endured, .without .1Qsing: any of its specific virtues, from tIle thne of its construction in the wilderness to the demolition of the Temple by Nebuchadnezzar, a period of nine hundred years. It ·~Tas made by -Aholiab and .Bezaleel,. unde~ the directiol~ of 1\108es, and according to the pattern which Jehovah bad shown him on the Holy Mountain; anc1 appropriated to 811Ch a subliJ.ne office, that all persons were forbidden to look upon or touel1 it llnder pain of death. " ARRANG·EMENT. TIle" al,poilltment .and arrangement of a masonic lodge-rooln 111 the lSthcentury were very different to our present l,ractice. A Iong.table was extended [roIn one enq. of the r00111 to the other, <covered witll a green cloth, orl which ",~ere l)laced .cluI)licates. of the orIlalnents, fUl"nitllre and je\vels, intermixed wit11 masonic· glasses for refresllment. At- olleerld of this table was l)laced tIle l\Iaster's pedestal, alld.ut the· other that of the Senior Wardell, 'Yhile about the 111iddleof the table, in tIle south, the Jllnior 1Varden ",Tas l)laced t al1d the brethrell sat r01.1Ild as at acolll1non ordina.ry. 'Vhen there was a candidate to be illitiated, tIle candidate

was paraded outside the whole; and, on.sllchoccasions t after l1e llad been safely deposited at· the north-east angle of tIle lodge, a very short explallatioIl of tIle desigl1 of Freemasonry, or a brief portiOll of tbe lectul'e, ,vas COI1-· sidered sllfficient before the lodge "vas ealled fronl labour

to refreshrnent.The song, tIle toast, tIle sentiInent, ,\\Tent merrily rOlll1cl, and it\\Tas not Ulltil the brethren. were tolerably satiated that the lodge '\V~as resulued, and the routine business transacted before closing.

ARTS, LIBERAL. The seven .liberal arts· and scieIlces are illustrated in tllcJi"'1ellowcraft'sdegree. They 8

ASC-AST.

are arithnletic, graulInar, rhetoric, logic, geometry, astro-

nOlny, alld Inusic. ASCENT. TIle ascent of ~l, Fel1o\vcraft, "thell he goes to receive his wages, is by a staircase of five divisions, referring to the five noble orders of al"cl1itect1.1re, and the five external sellses or organs wllicll regulate the several 1uodes of tllat sensa tiOll W 11icll \~~re derive froll1 external objects. These are the several links of that po\Yerful cllain \Vllich binds us to tIle \vorl(.s of the ereation, \Vllere"\vith vve can have 110 connection, exclusive of tllose feelings \vllich result froln the delicate nlecllal1islll of the ear, the eye, the Sll:-te11, tIle })alate, and tIle touch. ASIILAR.

[See

ROUGII Ul1d PERFECT.]

. i. \..STRl~l\. rrhe G路odc1ess of Justice d,velt \vitl1 TI10rtals, but their vices and erilnes, "\vhicll she c.oul{l not restrain, disgustecl ller 80 11111c.ll, that sIle ,vas ecnnllelled to return, to heaven, fi'o1l1 \VlIenee tItis charll1ing goddess has llever agnin revisited the eartll to })reside over the tribunals of Illortals, f(n~ \vllicll reaSOll sIle is gCllerally represented as hood \i\Tinked. ~I:rthology' iI~n)rnIS us, tlHtt \vhile she ,,\vas tt d,veller 011 this earth, she ,vas so HeCl \vitll tlle j'llstiee of the sIlirit of E'reclnnsonry, that she took. it ,vith her into 11cr StUlctuary, \vhere sht~ H\vaits tIle hrethren of the ()rder, to bless theIll '\vith all tile llieasures s11e is able to COlll11111uicate .. ~\S~rI1.()NC)l\IY is an art l)}r \vhieJ1 \ve are taught to r(~ad the \voJlderful \\""orl\.s of .. in those saered IHlges, ()elestial lIeluisllhere. '\\?hile \ve nrecll1I)loyc<l'" ill the stud}" of this science, \ve nlust !)erceivo 11nl)ural1eled instarlC{~S of\visdoUl and good路ness, and througll tlle,\vho}e of the ercatioll trace the glorious Alltllor 1)}1' his '\vorks.

. A,S rr It()NCfi\II (J.AIJ. 80:n1(: of our bl"etllren are inelinec1 to thin]\,- that 0111" are astronOIll1e;11, and explain ... pilhu's of the lodge thus: ,\TisdoIl1 is first .Person of the ]~~gvptian ~rrinitv ; t l l o i s tlHl p(~rSOll, b<.;il"lg tll(~ l)enlitll";gl.1S, or 111al{er th(~ \vorld, pnrsonating Strerlgth; und U100rl,

ASY-ATH.

the Bea,uty of J\lasonry, is the third. But as the first persoll is not revealed to tIle initiates of the Ininor degrees, the trinit}· for these grades is made up wholly of visible' physical po\vers, adal)ted to the gross conceptions of the unellliglltened; viz., Osiris, Isis, and Orus; that is, the Sun, 1tfoon, and Orion. The cabalistic Jews had 80111e such fal1ci~srespectingtheir patriarehs. Abrahanl was likened to the sun; as rising in the east; Isaac to the lnOOTI, as receiving his light· from hilTI; and J:acob to the Zodiac, f1"o111 l1is sons constituting so many . stars. Therefore, in " Barmidnlar Raba," these appellations are given' to ~hen1. Descending froIll tIle heavens to the firmal11ent, tIle seven planets COll"l~ after the orbs; these oorrespond to the seven pre-el11fnent Inell until Jacob; £. c., Adanl, Seth, Noall, SheIn, Ab raIl am , Isaac, and Jacob; or, according to otllers, COll1!nencing \vitb J ncob, Levy, I{ohath, Anlranl, Aaron, David, and Solon10n; or 1\.braha111, Isaac,Jncob,. ~foses, .L\aron, David, and 8010Ulon. III eitller vvay this llull1ber is Inystical; for as the sun has three l)lanets above his orb-].Jars, Jupiter, ·and Saturn, and three belo\v it-tllel\Ioon, \r enus, anc11Iereu!,,}r, so }'Ioses is conlI)ared to tIle SUll fi·o1J.l being in tIle centre of these last enl1111erations of patriarells. 'l'hel"efore, the sa.ges say-" r:rhe face of l\loses s110ne like the

sun." ASYLUl\f. 'rhe . .A.~~y·lul11 for '\Vorthy, Aged and D8cayedJj'reemasons is a Il1agnificent edifice at Cr?ydon in Surrey. The charity \vas establisllecl by Ill". C~rucefix, ' after sixteen years of 11erclllean toil, SUCll as fe\y ]lH~Ilbnt l1in1self could have Sllstained. Jfedid not Ible to see it in full operation, but breathed 11is last at the ",err tinle \\Then the cope-stone \vas I}laeed on the builc1ing.Since the death of Ill'. Crl1eefix, it. bas been anlalgalnated 'Vvith tIle Provident .L\.nl1Uitval1d I:1enevolen t ...t1ssoeiation of tIle (}rand Lodge. ., .l\r!'IIEIS1'. One \1,'110 does llot l)elieve in th(~ existeuce of a G·od. l'Iasons, looking to tl1e dangerous tendency of suell a tenet, have \yisely· discouraged it, by de(~lariIlg that 110 ath'Ci ~i.j c.an l)c adJnitted to I)artieipnte ill tlleir fi:aternity, and the llettel" to this lt~'v into efiect,

everycal1didate before·· passing tlll"Ougllany of tIle ceremonies of initiation, is required pllblicly and solelnnly to declare his trust in God.-:-l11ackey. ATTENI).t\.NCE. .Every brotller ought to belong to some regular lodge, and sllould al\v'r~1Ys appear thereill properly clothecl,truly 'subjecting }lill1self to all its by-la\vs and tllegelleral regulations. He Illust attend all meetillgs,.whenduly sUlunl0ned, unless he··can ofter to the lVlaster and i'Tardens such·.. plea ··of necessity for his abse11ce as the. said laws and regulations Inay adn1it. By the al1ciellt rules and usages of Jllasonry,w}licll are generally adopted alnQug tIle by-la'\"\"s of every lodge, no plea Vl:lS jl.ldg·ed sufliciellt. to excuse any absentee, unless he could satisfy the lodge that lle 'Atas detained by some extraordiIlary· and ullforeseell l1ecessity. ATTRIBUTES.

The princi})al design of tIle

la~i's

1\IasOllr)r is ·to prOlnote the harnlOl\Y of its Inenlbers, and by that 1l1eanS create (1 ll1ark.ed line of distinction betweell Freen1asonry and eYel~Y otl1er existing society. The attributes of the several degrees vv(~re~ therefore

distinctly characterized, tllat no ll1istake lnight occ'ur in their apI)licatioll to the business of the Craft. '!'he bretllren of the first degree ,y<.n"e eXllccted to distingtlish thenlselves by llonour and IJl"ol)ity; the l~ello\vcraft by diligence, assiduity, find n. sincere love of scientific l)UrSllits; vvllile the fevv "vho by their sUI?erior virtues attailled to the third degree, reC0111Inended tllenlselves to notice by their truth~fidelit:y, ltIld experiellce in the details and landulurks of tbe Order.

AUDIT. A conlmittee, co~nsist'ing of the GrandOffieers of the year,. and twenty-follr Masters of lodges in London· district, to be taken by rotation, sllall Illeet between the quarterly cOnl1111.II1ieations in l)ecelnber and l\Iarell, for tlle purpose of exalllining and atldi ting tlHJ Gralld Treasurer's accounts for the preceding year, and lllaking a report thereon to theG-rand Lodge.-Constitutions. AUGUST1\.N STYLE.

It "'vas during tlle reign of

AUT-BAB.

,29

August~s that the learnedVitruvius becan1e the father of路 true : architecture by his admirable writings. This imperial patr9nfirst employed his Fellowcrafts in repairing or rebuilding all the public edifices, Inuch, neglected, if 110t injured, during the civil wars. In those golden days of A"Qgustus, the patricians, following his example, built above a hundred marble' palaces at 路Rome,.fit for princes; and every subsiantial citizen rebuilt t~eir houses ill marble; all uniting in the same disposition of adorning Rome; whereby many lodges arose and flourished of the Free and Accepted ~Iasons, so that Augastus,when dying, jp.stly said, "I fOllIld Rome built of brick, b路ut I leave it built of marble!" H~nce it is, that in the relnai11s of ancient Rome, those 6f his time, a.lld of SOlne follo"\vingen1perors, are the best patterns of true masonry extant, the epitonle of old Grecian architecture, 110'VV cOlnlllollly expressed by the Augustan style, ill whicll are united wisc1oln, strength, alld beauty.-Anderson.

AUTHORITY.

[See

ANCIENT CHARGES..]

AXE. In tIle construction of Killg Solomon's TenlpIe, every piece of it, '\\yllether tiIl1ber, stolle, or luetal, was brought l"eady cut, framed, and polished, to路 J erusa1em; so that 110 other tools \vere wal1ted or heard thaIl were necessary to jaill the seyeral parts .together. All the noise ofaxe~ hammer, and saw, ,vas confined to Leba110n, the quarries . and the plains of Zeredatlla, that nothing Inight be heard alnong the luasonsof Sion save 11al"Illo11Y and peace.--Allderso~.

BABEL. This word, '\Ivhicll in Hebrew.nleans COllf1.1sion, was the nfilne of that celebrated tOvver atteIllpted to be built on tIle l)lains of Sh.inar, A. !\I. 1761, about one hundred years after the deltlge, Rnd v-'I'11ic11 holy writ inforlnsus was destroyed by a special interposition of the Alnlighty. BABY~ON.

The arlcieIlt capital ofChaldea,situited both SIdes of tIle Eup,hrates, and once the most mag'nificentcityof the ancient world. It was here that, lll)on the destruction of Solonlon's Temple byN(~bllchad011

BAB-BAD.

.nezzal in the year of the world 3416, tIle Jews of the tribes of Judah al1d Benjall1ill, vvho "\vere the inhabitants of J erusalenl, were conveyed, and detained ill· captivity for seventy years, tlntil Cyrus, Killg .of Persia, issued a. decree for restoring thenl, al1d perlnitting tl1e111 to rebuild their temple tll1der the· superilltelldence of Zerubbabel the Governor of Juc1ea, and vvith the assistance' of Jeshua tIle I-ligll Priest, alld Haggai the Scribe. CO

BABYLONISri C~~PTIVITY. TIle JeV\!s had fallen under the displeaS1.1re of the Alluigllty by· deviating frOIYl true luasonic .princil)les; and hence they not only fell iIlto great errors alld COITUI)tio:ns, but \)?"ere guilty of the 1110st abolninable . sins; wherefore Jehovall, ill llis \vrath, denounced heavy juclgnlents agains·t thenl by Jereruial1 and other prophets, declaring tl1Ut their fi~uitful lalld Sllould be spoiled, their cit~y beeanle desolate and an al)Olllination, and theIl1Selves and tIleir desct~ndants feel the effects of his displeasnre for the sl)(lce of seventy y-ears, \vhieh C0111nlelleed in the fou1"t11 year of tIle reign of J ehoiaellilll, .A. L. 339S.-(}ld Lectufes.

Bl\.CI{. It is t1 duty inCUHlhent ou every ~"ree al1d 1\ccel)tec1 l\Iasoll to SllI)l)ort ~1 brother's ehnra.cter in his absence equall)" as tllongllhc '\iv-ere rn"esent; not to revile hinl belrind his baek, 1l0~" sufler it to be dOlle by others ",rithout using every neeessn.ry· ntternl)t IJreVtHlt it.

B.i\.l)GI~..

Johnson defines ~1 badge as "a Illnrk of to sho\y tIle relation of the \v'earer tt) any person or thiug.. " T.fl1e ()f a is his u!)ron-an. ernblenl of . .and IHl'rity·.... . \Y,lS originally a skill of I)lain vvhit~:~ lentllHr.. 17;·~O it \VaR reguluted ill Grand l..lodgo that tl'lO Clrand sllould " v~rear ,vhite lerLther al)rons ,vitll l)lne silk; and that the .l\lasters and "Tnrdens of pnrtieular lodges nUly· line thei r ~vhite leather apr()us \vith \yhite silk, and llHlY hang their .Je\vels at \vhite ribbons abollt l1eeks." al\Iast(:ar 'ivears a larnb-sl·dn :.:tprOll \V'itll lining and edging, one in.ell and a half "'ith H rosett(a (Hl the filII. or flap. No other eolour or ()l"lHl1nent is ftllc)\v~~d, exeeIltt() otlieers or ofIie(~rs of cognizaIH~e \7\~Orll

"""".lk='I... . ,'.") ..

BAL-BAN.

.31

who may ll~Ye tIle enlblel11s of their office in silver or \vhite ill the centre of tlleir al)ron. The lVlasters and Past lVIasters of lodges wear, in liell of, HIld in tIle place . of, the tbree rosettes 011 tIle l\Iaster lVIasOll's apron, perpendictllar lines UpOll llorizontallines; tllereby forllling three several sets of t"v""O rigllt al1gles, to be lllade of ribbon of the sal11e colour as the edging of the al)ron~ The Grand Ste\v"ards' a!)i·ons are distinguished h3r criUlson and silver, and other gralld and l)rovillcial grand officers by pl.lrple alld gold.

BALLOT. Ballotting fl"equelltly i,akesplace in a lj"'reenlaSOl1S' lodge, 11101"e particularly in adnlitting.{t candidate, ,~rllicll is l1ever allo\ved to tal\.c place l1nless ]lC l1as a ll1ajority of votes ill his f,1vour, according to tIle rules of tIle lodge; S0111e lodges l'eq uiring perfect ·unanilnity, others adlllitting the ca-nc1ic1ate .\vhen tllcre are llot lllore tlUUl three blacli balls against I1hn. III exercising this privilege, every 1'l:1(31111)er OUgl1t to gi\'c his vote perfectly fi'ee ii'onl (lIlY illfhlellce fr 0111 either tIle officers of the lodge, or fr0111 l}ersonal or l)liv'ute 1110tives : he ougllt at all tillles torenlenlher that this' l"n'ivilege is given to Inell \Vl10 OUgl1t to thin"k and net for thCl11Selves \vitll tllis 0110 sole objeet in vie\v, viz., tIle credit, honour, [LIld welffi,reof the Craft.in general, and of llis o\vn lodge in I)artieular.- {tatlicke. BANNERS. ,Vllerl tIle Israelites lllarcllea through the "\vilc1erlless, \ve find that· the t\velve tril:>es had bet"veen tllenl four l)l"illeilHll. or "standards, every one of \vlrieh had its fHlrtieular 111ottQ; and standard had also (1 distinct sign cleseribedupon 'l'hey t~Il'" '-...1'-'''...... ,.,·· ..... ,... round al)out tIle tabernacle, and on tIle east side of J1Hlah on t11(\ vvere tl1r(~e tribes ll11cler the Vlest V:'lore tln~ee tril)eR lllHler tl1t~ stallclartl of ,'.l..I..A~',,j,J."". on tIle SOllth \vere tlrree tribes l~euhen; and on stand:lf(l "4.....

BAR-BEA.

BARE·· ~-'EET.Nakedness of feet was a sign of mourning'" Go(l says to Ezekiel," ~iake no Inourning for the dead, and p'ut ontllY shoes upon tllY feet," &0. It was likewise a mark of xespect.. l\Ioses l)ut offhis shoes to approach tl1e burning bush; the 11tiests served in the Tabernacle vvith tlleir feet naked, as tlley did afterwards in the Telnl)le. .The rralInudists teach that if they lind btlt stel)ped '\vith tlleir feet Ul)OIl a cloth, a skin, ox' evell upon tIle foot of one of their cOID11anions, tl1eir service ,vould llave beell llnla,-,rful. B.A..NQUE'r. After tIle closillg of SOUle lodges for initiations festival, a banquet .is held, tllat is to say, the l)rethr.ell assemble for recreation and refreshmeIlt at a sUI>per. But if the l)retllren nlerely llleet to e<1t and ~rink, thell tIle al)I)ellation InasOllic banqu.et ","ould !lot be apI1!OI)riate. l~ating, or, 1110re properly sllcaking, drinking toast~,. and earnest masonic discourses or appeals. for charituJ)le l)urposes to tIle bretllren, are so blended tog(~ther as to I)roduee one beautiful and ·lulrnl0riious \vl101e evening's arnUS(~lnellt; for this reaSOll the oflieerR of the lodge;' at least the \Vorsllil)full\fnster, "'.ardens, tlud l\xlaster of the (~(~relnonies, or Ilia substitute, lllust be present. '.rIle o!)(),Iling an <1 closing of a masonie lnlnquet, at \vhi(~h the br{~threll al'"C clothccl, is conl11lo111y' regulated l)y ft ritual for tl1at pUl1.lose.-(';adicke. '-

BI~AUTY. The~"reclnason is a true n(lnlir(~r of all tl1C lih(.~ral arts tlIld seienees, btlt he 11lueh lllore· acllnirE~s a heau(5f of bis o,,"n, \Vllieh stands as fast as tIle Ilillars of th£3 earth-is irrlulo\"able and irnnlortal. All oUl"\vorkil1g tools are given to us. to filld out symmetry, prop()rtion, and applicability. ~,re are conducted by every step in our ()rder to order and hamlony, tbevery being of beallty ~ 'Ve do 110t crawl}n loathsomecRverns, but our places of n'leeting are beautiful halls. 1'he out,vard tokens und clothing of our Order are conlposec1 of the lnost beautiful colours. 'Ve l-efllse neither silk !lor llletal in OlH" je\vels, "\ve r€~Joice in the purity of the clothing of our ()rd(~r; hut 1110re espeeially \\"e endeavour to Inake the spirit true beaHty shine in our assernblies, and not to al1o\v it to degeneraJeinto tt ]ift~less aI)penrane(~.-Ga, tlicke..

BEA-BEL. ·BE'AUTY AND BANDS.

The application of beauty

alld banc1R to the science of FreemasonryV\"as in' much

esteenl vvith'our brethren at tIle beginning of the present century; bllt at the reunion, beiD:g pronounced inconsist-· ent with the general plan of the Order, it was expunged, and is now nearly forgotten, except by a few old 1lasons, who may, perhaps,recollect the illustration as an incidental subject of remark anlongst the Fraternity of that period. BEEHIVE. Th~ beehive is an €lnblemof. industry, , and l·ecommends the practice a( that virtue to all crea~ed beings, from the. highest seraph' ill lleaven to the lowest reptile ill tIle dust.. It teaclles .lIS that as \ve caine into the "rorid rational and intel1igentbeings, so \ve should ever be industrious ones; never sitting .a.o\vn contented while OlIT fello\v-creatures around us are in \vant,when it is in our !)o,ver to relievethenl \\rithout inconvenience to ourselves. BEI:IAVIOUR. A ~lason should be always cautious in his \vords ai1d carriage, tl1at tIle nlost l)enetrating strangernlay l10t be able to discover or find Ollt \vhat is not proper to be intinlated; and sonletimes he should divert a. discourse, andmaIlage it prudently for the honour of the worshipful Fraternity. .

BELIEF. The most l)l"Omlnellt facts .which Freelllasoury inculcates directly or by irnplicationin its lectures are these: that thel·e isa· God; that he created man, and placed hiln in· a state of perfect' happiness in . P&radise; t.hat 11e forfeited this suprenle felicity by disobedience to tIle divine C01111Uands at the sllggestioll of a serpent teml)ter; that, to alleviate his rel)entant contrition: a divine'revelutioll was C01111nUl1icated to hiln, tl1at in process of ti111e a Saviour 8ho1.11(1 apl)ear in the "V orl d to 'atone for their sin, au(11)lace tlleir posterity in ie·· cOIldition of restoration·to his favor; that for the increasing wickedness of luan, God sent a, deluge to purgetheearth of itscorruptiollS; aridvlhen it was .again repeopil,ed!, renewed his gracious covenant witll several of the, patli.. archs; delivered his people from Egypt; led them in the

BEN.

wilderness; and in the 1Vlosaic dislJensationgave nlore clear indications of the 11essiah by a succession of prophets, extending throughout the entire theocracy and 1110narchy ; tllatbe instituted a t~bernctcle alld teml)leworshi11, whicll contained the 'Illost indisputable types of the religion \Vllicll tIle l\Iesshth should reveal and pro111ulgate; and that wIlen the appointed tirne arrived, God sent his only begottel1 SOIl to instruct thell1, \vho ,vas borll at Bethlehenl, as the prophets liad foretold, ill the reign of I-Ierod, (vvho ~ras llot of tIle J e\visll royal line, 110reven a J evv,) of a 1)1.1.1"e virgin of tIle faulily of David.

BENAI. rorhe Benai \vere setters, lay'ers, or builders at tIle el"ectioll of King 8010111011'8 ~renll)le, being able alld ingeniol.lS Fell0 \vc.rafts, \lV110 \vere distributed hy' 80101110n into separate lodges, \vitl1 a l\:Iasterand ,Vardell in each, that they' nlight reeeive e0111111ands in n regular 111flJ111er, take cttre of their tools and je\vels, he I)aid eyery ,veek, and he duly fed flJld clothed, that the \vork ll1ight l)roeeed \vitII harlnollY and order. \.. r3I~Nl~b'"'ITS" The soeictj~ eXllenc1s thousands of !")ou,nds st<;rlingevery year in the relief of the virtuous distressod.. Nor call the existencti of these herlefi ts be denied, for they are· 0I>el1 and 1lndisguisecl. 'rhe relief of \vidovrs and orphtll1S, and of aged }\Iasons in \vant; j"onth of botll sexes educated ftl:ld trained to a lift), of usefulness and virtue; the strearn of eharity disserninated through every cla.ss of "\vretelledness and 111iser,y·,. are indeed so evident, that none ean douht the bent~fitsofthe institution; and theref()re those \vho c1e(~l"y.it·are fighting aga.inst truth, .and condernn l.y tl1(~ir \vritirtgs \vhat their

conscience seQ.retly apllroves. :B1DN}~V()r..lIUNC~J, FUND OF\ The distributioll and npplica.tion of' this charitable nlnd shall be I1HJntll1y ; for \'l'hicll:~ I)ul"pose a COllllnittee or lodge of l3enevolence shaJI holden 011 the last '\Tedne8d~\y of '.PIlls lodge shall consist of all the })resent and (Jflieers, nIl actlHl1 l\Iusters of lodges, and " ,'. . ~rhe brother presiding shall be bOll11(] '·".1 .... to ,i"\.'1""T','"''l.,·,.,.... all the regulations of (Jraft t-IC·'~'''t·'\i.Tll''\t'Y' ..... .."+,,..-·••

"I ..

BE'r-BEZ.

distribution of this fund, and shall be satisfied, before allY 11etitioll be read, that all the req1.1ired forlnalities have been路 cornplied \vith. To everjrpetition nlust be added a reC0111111endation, signed ill open lo.c1ge by the }Iaster, vVardens, alld a majority of the 11lenlbers tl1en 11resellt, to \Vl1icl1 the 11etitioner does or did belong, or fronl S0111e othel路 contributing lodge, certifying that they have known hiu1 to have been in reputable,or at least tolerable, circun1stances, and that lle has been not ires's thant\vo years a subscribing 111enlber路 to a regtllar 路lodge.

BETRAYING. By 'a full and fair exposition of our great leading prineil)I.es, \ve lJetyay 110 n1asonic secrets; these are safely' loclied IIp ill the! l1eart of every Thlason, and are l1ever t.o be in11)arted t~xcel)t in a eonstitutional l11allner. Bl1t 0111" leading tenets are no secrets. I t is no secret tl1Ut l\Iasonry~ is of divine origin; it, is no seeret that tIle systenl eU11lraces and inculcates evangelical truth; it is 110 secret that there is 110 duty enjoined nor a virtue reqt1ired ill the voluD1c of insl)iration, but \v'hat is fOllIld in,. and taugIlt l)y, SI)eeulative }~ree1l1asonrJr; it is no secrt~t thattlle BI1I1roprinte nan1e of (~od has heen IJreserved in tItis institution ill every eOllutry \vhere Masonry existed, ,vhile tIle rest of the \\:01'1(1 vras"literalJy sunk ill heatllenislll ;lllHl al)ove all, it is llot, Ileither 0(11) it be, a s~cret, that a good l\Iasol1 is, of llecessity, trtlly and elnphatically a Cllristian.-1"olcn. .. BEZ.A.LEI~~L.

the

1110St

13ezaleel altd Allolial). \,tere not only sli.ilfttl at the building of tbe Tab,ernacl.e, but

the 1110St zeaJ,011s for the ~1"ork.'Ve arc tlH;~ref()re not prepared to see n lniracle i.n this l)artieular; but \ve are prepared to see sOlnething greater, ""ltiC}l is, that Clod claiuls his O\Vll-nS 11is gift, :1S tIle \visdorn \vhiel1 he had Pllt into tllern-that \ye Inigllt call tlle "natllral" genius or talent 'Vvllereby tIle:y' IHltd b(~el1 enabled to aequir<:~ that master skill in arts \yhiell they" \vert~ no\v re<plired to exercise in his serviee. "re tlutt endO\Vlncllts \vere given to . tlH~nl ol"igillally b)" (lod, and the Oil'" ClIlnstances of '\Vllicll gave th(~!n tIle O!>Ilortunity of making theso .aC(luirenlt~nts in ]i~g:rI)t, ,vere deterlllil1(~d by lIirn wifh a view to this uJthnatc clu!>loYlnent in his

BIB-BLA.

service.. 'Ve see· tllat the sen~ices of other persons similarly qualified were required ill the. saine ri18Ill1er, aIld on the S<1111e ground, although 13ezaleel itlld Aholiab were the chief.-Kitto..

BIBI..lE. AInongst the grt~nt .ligllts of Freernasonxy the IIoly Bible is the greatest.. 13y it '\ve al·e tal.lg11t to rule and govern our faith. ,\,rithout thissacl"ecllight we find 110 Inasonic altar. 'v\ritllout it 110 lodge is perfect; neither call an:y one be legally initiated into the Order lluless he believes ill the gralld fruths ,,"hicll are tl1crein. contRined ; lluless heSlll)!lorts is SllPllorted hy' that blessed book. TIle sqtUlre compasses stirnulate· l1S to investigate into the trnths \vhicll are tllerf~in contained ; for truth, justice, nnd 111erey', are l>est s'uP!lorted by true religion. IJ:r it \ve :U"{~ tllUght " In tlle beglIllling ',,"'as ,vo()i~D." ~rlle \vritinas are tL s·vlub<.)lical chain, ,vlriell "t(~ are in tli·(~ ()1~ .\"".J"~T'r\,l'1'1"_ 1,Y. and. .. IlbiltlllthrollY, as nlE~ek and l()\vly di8eiI)h~ of tl e8n~, in 1118 In tllis bl(~ssed l)ook is to b(~ fbund trlle rllle \Vllieh (;very real (Jhristiull ,viIi to regulate conduct.(tadicke. ~. . I~I(i()1'11Y. rl'here are 8<)H10 bigots in opinions against x'"'l"CenUlsoHlJ". It i~, tiley' cary, a bad thing-an unltL\\~ful thillg-~t sinful tIling.. \\I'hy' ?-]~peaUSt~ '\1;"() it-abhor it ! 1'0 I>ity su{'h, is llO nUi~Uk IU1,1"t of C~hristian love, since, I anlt~v(~n in the first enlotions ","ere those of scorn and CfHltelnpt. . ()f usc is it. rea8011 \vitIl bigots, Vl hether· in religiol1, morals, or politics ?- 'l"U'tlU}]".

13LACK. Amongthe Athenians, black \\~as t}l(~ colour of aflii(~tion, ltnd~hite of innocence, joy, and IHlrityo..The Arabs and blazonrjt give to black a signifieatioll eviilelltly derived irOnl trnditions of initiation. I t designates arnong the 1\foors grief, desl>air, obscurit:~r, and eol·l.. . stauey. I~laek, in blazon ulune<l suhle, signifiesprudeuce, \visdorn, nIHl eonstancy in aclv(~rsity and woe. lIt~nce thf~ ·""j,;)L~),"'" ,vorl\. of a 1\fasons' lodge.-tS!.l,nbolic (10[0"'·s. .........

BLA-BOA.

BLAZING STAR. The blazing star luust not be C011sidered luerely as tIle creature \vhicll heralded tIle appearance of T. G. A. O. T. D., hut the expressive syn1bol of that Great Being llinlself, vvho is described by the Inagnificent apI)ellations of the Day S!)ring, or l~ising Sun; tIle Day Star; the Morning Star; and tIle 13right, or Blazing Star. rrhis, then, is the supernal reference of the Blazing Star of IVla&onry, attached to a science "\vhich, like the religion it embodies, is universal, and applicable to all tiules and seasons, and to every people that ever did or ever will exist ollli\our epllell1eral globe of earth. BLUE. This dttrable and beauti~ul 00101.11' ,vas adopted and "VOIn by Otlr ancient bretllren of the three syulbolic degrees as the l)ectlliarcharacteristic of an institution \vhicll lutS stood tIle test of ages, and which is as I1lucll distinguisllcd by the durability of its Dlaterials or princil)les, as by' the beatlty of its superstructtlre. It is an elnbleul of tluiversal friendsllil) and benevolence; and instrnets lIS, that ill the lnind of a 1vfason those virtues should be as expansive as the blue arcll· of heaven itself. BLUE l\I.t\..S(JNR'Y. rl"he tl11'"ee first degrees are clothed in or ornitl'nented ,vitll bIlle, fronl \VllenCe this nalne is derived. TIle fol1o\ving degrees llave not the sal11euniformity in their o'ut\vard apl)earance. Blue is the colour of truth or fidelity; Rucl it is a relual'kable fact tllat tIle bretllrenhave ever renlained true to the blue degrees, "\vhile·tlle authenticity of tIle other degrees·has often been disputed,and .in· many 111aces altogether denied. Under tile reign of. William III. of England, blue \vas adol)ted as the favourite colour of tIle Craft.. (Jadicke.

13().A.RD OE' G·ENERJ.L\IJ

PURI)()SI~S.

This board

cOl1sistsof a IH"esident and t\Ventjr-foul" otller ~lert1bers, ofwllich tIle G-rand 1\faster annually nOlniuates tlle president and ten of th.e lIlel'nbers, at the QuarterlyConllllunication ill Jllne ; and the Q'rancl Lodge on tIle saIne d8~Y elects tIle otllcr fourteen froIll al'l1ong the actual masters aud IJast· rnasters of lodges; and they, together 'Yvith tile

BOA-BON.

Grand l\Iaster, Deputy Granel l\Iaster, and tIle Grand \Vardens of the year, consti~ute tIle hoard.

BO...t\.Z. One of the rules of the ~Je\visll Oabala is called Trallsl,osition, and is llsed by' finding all approJ?riate 111eaning to C1 \vor~~ forIuecl. allagl"Ull1111atical1y frOlll allY otller '\~,...orc1. j\.ctlng 011 thIS rule, .]31'0. 11osenberg, all clninellt J e\visll nlasol1, residing ill Paris, thllS in111roves the nanles of the two 1)il1ars :-" In the first degree the candidate receives ill Ilis pre11[ll"atioll the elelucllts of tJIC sciences; i.t rell1ains for hill1 to instruct or to fortify llinlself by IneallS of tIle l1igl1er sciences. The vvorcl fortify in Ilebl"e路wis ZOAB. At the 1110nlent \VIlerl the YOllJ:lg 11eophite is about to receive the l)hysical ligllt 118 should l)rellure llinlself to reeeive the llloral light. rfh.e ","ord 11repared in IIebre'V" is NIK.AJ. 'l'his \vorcl is very in11)ortant for hinl \vho proposes to follo\v' the patIl of virtue." 130NI) . A.NT) FII1~I~~.. the arand festival \vhieh .l\bralullll gave at the \Vealling o{-'his son. Isaac, Sarah,

detected Ishrnael, tbe SOIl of lIag-ttl" the l~gyptial1 bond\vornau, in the :let of teazing a~ld IlerI)lt;"xing 11er~oIl. She therefore rernonstrated \vith AbralHun, saying, (~ast out tIlls bOlld,vornan and her SOl1, f()r the sOI(of the bond\,rOlllHll shall not be llcir ,vitll Illy S011, even \'lith Isaae.E . ..;',1.. I>. Lecture.

13()ND-",\rOl\I.1\N.. Sarah the \vife . l\bralulul hning about (),ight}r years age, and coneeivingbe pa~t ehild-bearing-, '-to ~~ l:t son \VhOnl she l1Jight adopt, in of of those tinlcs, by to llusband, as her an . l~gYl}tiail . lHUI1Cd lIaga,r.. Ilut tlle bon<1,vornan fCHlll<l tllat she 1u1.(1. by . A.brallarn, slle eOl1dueted llerself \vitIl suell illsolenee to lier Inistress, the l)atriarcll,vas eOlllpelIed to give to eorreetioIl; and she it so Hed:into th(~ '\vilderness, d\v(~lt '\\"atpl\ She ,vas, ]lO\yeVer, retllTll, an(l fbr Iter e()rrlf()rt a predietion ,vas VO'lleJJStllIe':1, \v.hicl1pr()rnis('~d to SOll thirt s11e should Fi.路."t"\'"\ ... 路'" ('1 .. ,\ 1'1

""'路1

BOO-BRA.

his posterity, this relnarkable 11rivilege-that his nalne should never be blotted O l l t . 路

B<)OI{ OF CONSTI1'UTIONS. TIle Book of Constitutions COlltains the rules aild reglllatiolls of the Order, an eX11ositioll of the duties of officers, the rigllts of 111en1bers, tIle detail of cerell10nies to be used on various occasions, such as cOllsecrations, installatiolls, funerals, &c. ; and ill fine a sunlnlary of all the fundalnental principles of l\Iasonry. . BOOK OF THE L~L\."\V. 'rhe Book. of tIle Lavv is always spread'open upon tIle l')edestaldllring lodge 110urs at some important l)assage of Scripture, during the continuance .of tIle 801e11111 Ininistrations of the lodge. III the first degree it is uSllally 1.1nfolded at Itllth iv. 7; in the second degree at J u.dges xxii. 6; and in the third at 1. ICings vii. 13, 14. l'hese llsages, ho","ever, it Inay be necessary to add, are arbitrary; for \ve find at different lleriods dllring tIle last century that Genesis xxii. and xxviii. \vere indifferently 'used for tIle first degree; 1 ICings vi. 7, and 2 C~hron. iii. 17, fl)r the second; and Arnos x. 25, 2G, and 2 Ohron. vi.. for the third. In the United States, according to the instructions路 contained in (;rosse's Chart, Jhe 13ihle is 0l)ened ill the first degree' at Psalm cxxxiii.; in the second. at AU10S vii., and in the third at Ecclesiastes xii.

BRAZEN SERPENT..

r~rhebl路azen

serpent ,vas all

ill1age of 110lished l)rass, in the forIn of one of those fiery sellJents \,\ihichvvere sent to cllastise thenlUflllUl"ing Israelites .in the \vilderness,ancl "\-vhose hite caused vioIeilt heat, thirst, and infian1111atioll. B).... Divine CO111111 and, l\foses Inude a serpent of brass or eOI)l)er, and IHlt it upon a pole; and it CaI11C to flass that if H; serpent had bitten any Ulan, \vhen 11e belle,lc1 the serpent of brass lle lived. This brazen serpent \vas I'H"eservcd as ft 11lOlHl1l1ent of divine InerC)r, hut. in I)l"o(~,ess of tin1e heCtllUe un instru... lnent of idolatry; for it being \vritten in the la'\v of :Thloses, \vhoever looketh 111)on it ~hall live, theyfilnci(;~d they nlight obtain blessings b)T its 111ediation, and tlH~refore thougllt it "\vol-thy to be \vorshiI)Ilcd. Ilut Ilezekiab

BRA-BRE.

tllOUgllt fit to take it quite avv-ray \Vhe11 118 abolisl1ed other ic101utry, b~cause in the tinle of his father they adored it as an idol; and th01.1g11 pious ])eople anlong thenlaCCOlll1ted it only as a I!lenl 0rial of a wonderful work., yet he judged it hetter to aholish it, tll0Ugll the lllelnory of the Illiracle shoul(l hal)l)ell to be lost, than sufter it to reluain, anclleave the Israelites ill danger of COUll11itting idolatry l1ereafter.vvitll it.-Horne. BR;j.~ZEN PILLARS. The t\VO pillars on the Tl路acingboard are the represel!'tations of those vvhich stood at the. entrance of the porch of lung SOlolllon's Ten11)le, ell1blelus of streng~h al1dstability. TIley ate IJarticlllarly clescrilJed in Scripture, and '\vere considered of such inlportance as to be路 put for the rrenlple itself \VIlell its destruction \-vas threatened by tlle Al1l1igl1ty. l'hey \vere COu11)Osed of cast brass, and '\-'Clere l11anl1f~:lcturec1 in the clay1" ground between Sllccotll and Zeredt1tha, aloIlg \vith the holy vessels fOl" the tenlple \vorshi!). 1'hey ,~v路ere 111ude hol1o\v- for the l,urpose of' serving as archives of l\JasoIlr)r, and to hold the constitutional records. I~I~I~l~.I)TII.

The hreadtl1 of the lodge is said to bp

bet\vcen the north and the s01.1th, for the purpose of delnonstrating the universality of l\Iusonry. BI1I~Asrr. .1:1 l\fason's hreast 811ol11d be t1 safe and sacred re-positol*).T for a11 your just and h1\vful seerets. A brother's sec.rets, delivered to Ine as such, I \vould keel) us Iny ,o\vn, as to betray" tllat trust Inigllt be doing lliIn the greatest injury he eOllld sustain in this InortaI life; IU1)r, it \vould l)e like th(~ villany of a~n assassin \i\tho Itlrks in darkness to stah his adversary ,'\楼hen unarnled and least prt~Ilured

to nleet

aneneIny~-OliiLccturc!3 .

.IJl~I~ . A.S1'-I)I.JATl~..1'1'le breast-l)lftte of the h:igh \vas t~ sCl'unreof l1iIH~ inehes, rnnde of the, sallle IlHlt(~rh11 as the ephod, and set \vith t~velve I)reeious

stones, three in eaeh ro,v, OIl \vhich ,verc also engraved the IHlnl(~S of the t\velve tribes. ~rhe colours {)f the \vere identified by thes<~ stones, each trihe hearsall'lccolour fiS the l?recious stone by \vhich it in the hreast-I)la.te..

BRr-BRO.

"BRIGHT MASON. .If any brothel~S doubt wbether it be really l1ecessary that their l11asonic teaching Sllould be reducec1 to practice; if tl1ey aOl~bt whether they ought to .be peculiarly cautious in their words and actions; or vvhether,as l\fasons, they ought to possess a listening ear, a,silent tOllgue, alld a faithful heart; they cannot be brigllt ThIasons, for the complicated system of Freenlasonry is not to be received or rejected as may sUit tlleir pleasure or COl1veniellce. BROACHED THURNEL. This was the name of one of the .original i1111nOVeal)le jeV\7 els, and was. used for theE.A. P. to learrl to work upon. It was subsequently called tIle Brllte Stone, or ~路ougll Ashlar. BROTT-fER. III the lodge, l\Iasons al\vays call each otl1er brotller; and t.he l)oorest ar110ng tIl e111, even the serving brethren, dare 110t address tllen1 by any other title, although tIley 111ay fill tIle higllest offices in the state, or even be lllonarchs.. ()ut of the lodge, in the presence of strangers, tIle vV'ord l)fotller Ina)T bedroP11ed; hllt ,vheIl as brotller 111eetsa l)rother, evell Ollt of the lodge, and 110 other persoll is present, tl1en tIle title of brother lllUSt 110t be oluittec1. It 111USt be Inucl1 lllore <1greeable toe-very brotller tobe ealled by that endearing nalne than to be addressed by" tIle title of your excellency or 1\IIr.,as well ill tlie lodge as Otlt of it "TheIl no strangers are present. No one llath a brotl1er excelJt lle be a brother hi111Self~~G('ldicke~

BROTHERLY Lo,rE. rfhis can路路 be roal1ifested in il1null1erable opportullities Ilot OIlly in the Lodge but also out of it. It is a.cl~no"yledge(lbJ~ the nearly illlperceptible pressure of tIle llund as lnllcll as l):r tIle vinclicatiOl1 of an innoeel1tl)'r" aceusec1 absent Brotll.er fi-onl the throl1c. It is all essential elenlent to bind tIle BretllreIl unto路 each other; -vve have pledge(l ourselves to exercise i t,and it is Olle of tIle greatest duties of a Ifree and Accepted ~,fason to delly it. tl:nto 110 111Ull, more especially toa Brotller 1\Iason. '1:0 exereise brotllerly love, or to feel deeply interested in tIle "telf~lre of others is a source oft-he greatest Ila11piness iIl(~Very situation in life. The kil1g upon his tllrone ,vould find llis situationjnsupport4 .

BUI-BDL.

able if his sllbjects sho\vecl their regard Ullto him through fear alone and not tlll'"Ollgll love, and so would tllose also 1vho llave a superabundanc,e of worldly 11ossessions. He "vho does not路 find his heart "\varnled with love towards all ll1ankilld should never strive to be l11ade a Freelnason, for he Call110t exercise brotherly love.-Gad'icke. BUILDER S~IITTI~N. It is llot to be 1)reSUll1ed, that \路ve are a set of 111en l)rofessing religious principles cOlitrary to tIle revela.tions and doctrines of the SOIl of God, reverencing a Deity by the dell0111iriatioll of the God of Nature, and denying tllatnlediation ,,"-rhich is graciously offered to all true believers. The nlenlbers of our Society at this day, in the tllird stage of ~rasonry COllfess thenlselves to be Christians, " The veil of tIle teln.ple is rent, the builder is snlitten, and "re are raised froln th(~ toulb of transgression."-lIutchinson.. It searcely 11eed to be intinlated tlUlt the sole ol)jeet of the earliest builders; for tIle seientifieal and 1110rnl refinenlel1t:s that gre\v fronl the I)rofession, and are Il0,\V iU1Illied under the term :F'reemasonry, eould not have tal{eIl root 1.111til the <1rt and tIle artists, as v~rell as the institutions of civil society llad attained SOUle degree of nlutllritY.-,J;~1Jldersoll. 13UILDINC}.

01)erative~rasoI1r}" ,"vas

I~UI.... rrlle conlpounds of this diville naU1G Bel, nre of great vltriety. Bel-tIS "vas used by tho (~~haldealls; and the deity 'V8:S kl10\vl'n arnongst the aneicllt Celtc:e 1,y the I1RIl1e of Bel or 13elenus, \vhieh title, by 1110dern authors, is identified \vith 1\pol1o. The !)riulitive natlleof Ilritain was ,Tel-:rnys, the island of 13el; an(} the fires ligl1tc(lul)

on 1Ylay-day were in hOn01.lr of this deity, andc,rtl1ed l:3el's fire" The inhabitants made 1.1seof a word, know}1 only to tllenlselves, to expre.ss the tlnutteral>le 11nnlC of the Deity, of whicll the letters ().I. 'VV. "rer(~ a saercd syln.. bol. In tllis they resernbled the .Te\\"s, '\vho always said . t. \dorHli, wilerl tIle ntllne of J ell ov nIl O(~Cllrred", llan.l ,vas

the Inost aneient god of the C~nnan.nites, and ,vas relt'~rred to the sun. l\fanassell raised altars totllis deity, and \vorshipl)ed hirn in all the 110n11) of 11eatJlen supel"stition; and \vhen these altars ,vere destroyed 1.) v ,Josiah,. the \vo,rshi}) of 13aal ,~"as identified \vitll ihtrt of"the Sun.

BUR-CAB.

BURIAL PLACE. The burial place of a Master Mason is 11uder the Holy of Holies, vvith the following legelld delineated on the mOl1ument:~A virgin weeping over a broken column, with a book open before her; in her light hand a sprig of cassia, in her left an urn; Time standing behind her, with his hands enfolded in the ringlets of her hair. The weeping virgill denotes the unfinished state of the temple: the broken column that one of tIle principal supporters of J\tIasonry (H. A. B.). had

fallen; the open book implies that his memory is recorded in every Mason's heart; the. sprig of cassia refers to the discovery of his remains; the urn shews that his ashes have beell carefully collected, and Time standing behind her ilnplies that tilne, patience, and perseverance will accomplis11 all things. '.' BURIED 1'I~EASURES. vVe have a tradition that I\:.ing SoloIno1l c.ollcealed certain treasures beneath the' fOl.llldation of tIle teplple, which ,vere fOUTI,d when they were opelled to build the secolld temple. It was COD1Inon in ancient times to secrete treasures in such vaults

and caverns. BY-LAWSlI Evel路Y lodge lIas the power of framing by-laws for its OWll government, provided they are not contrary to or inconsistent with the general regulations of the Grand Lodge. The by-laws must therefore be sublnitted to the approbation of the GraIld Master, or tIle Provincial Grand Master; and whellapproved, a fair copy 111Ust be sent to the Grand Secretary, and also to tIle Provincial Grandl\faster; and when any lllaterial alteration shall be lllade, suell alteration must in like lllanner be sllbnlitted. The by-laws of the Lodge shall he delivered to tIle l11astel" on the day of 11is installation, vvllen he sllall solernIlly l)ledge llill'iself to observe and (~l1force tllenl during Ilis Inastershil). Every brother shall also sign theln when he beconlcs Us melnber of ,tl1C Lodge, asa declaration of his submission to tllem.-Con8tit~ tions.

CABAI..JA.. This was amongst the ancient 路Jews a mystical philosophy, inasmucll as they professed to possess cabalisticalseerets fronl the earlies't ages, even from

CAB--CAM.

the days of Adam. There was also a philosol)hical cabala which had its origill ill :E~gypt. l\foderll cabalists llave introduced nlany things into tIllS so called science, and have divided it into sylnbolical· and real cabala. In the symboliealcabala tIle secrets of l1ulnbers is taligl1t, and tIle real cabala is subdivided into tl1eoretical aild I)ractical. In the theoretical the sacred writings are eXI)lained by a host' of traditions, and tIle l)ractical. is, that cabala which has found the. Inostfollowers as it l)rofesses to teach the art of perforll1ing Iniracles. As spiritual errors are frequently the subject of masonic lectures, \ve could not pass the word cabala without llotice.-Gadicke. CABLE-To"V\r. .Alccordillg to tile u.llcient la\vs of .Jj-'reemasonry, every Brotller lllust attend his Lodge if he is within the lellgth of his cable-to\;,~. TIle lengtll of anE. A. P. cable-tow is three English llliles, or 15,840 .feet.-(xadic7cc.

CALEND.A.. R. '1'he first intinlation vve have of this periodical "vas in tIle Y'ear 1775, \Vhell the G-ral1d Secretary inforrnec1 the Grand I..lodge that a, I~'reenulson's ealendar for 1775 and 1776 had heen Inllllished by tIle OOlnpauy of Stationers without the sanctioll of the society', and tl1t1t lIe al)I>rehendeda I)ublieatioll of that kind, properly authorized, \V0111d he accol)tahle to the fj·aterllity, alld nligllt be beneficial to the charity. lIe llloved tllat a Is-'reeulason's calendar, lluder sanetioll of the Grand Lodge, be !)ublislled ill 0l)llosition to fhat llub· lished by the Statioller's (jonlIHlllY,. and that tIle I) 1-0 fits of such 1)11blieatiollhe tlI)pro!)riated to the gEHloral fund of the society. 'I'his 111otion being seconded, the questioll was put, arld it }lassed in the affirrnative.. l.'his(~ltlendtlr was continued till aft·er tl:1euIlioll ill 1813, lJut the fornt in which it was printed being .at length found incoll~ venient, II. R. II. tlle Duke of Sussex (}. J\L. direeted t,hat in future it Sllould he rnlblislled in the fhrIll Of:l pocket book, and it eontiIlllcS to be l)ublished in that fornl to the l)resellt da:y·.. CAl\I.l? ()]j' ISI~AEL. l~"or so large a Hlultitu,de of peo:ple, aud f()r so 11ll111erOUS un nrnl)r, it \vas lleedftll that till the neeessary articles ·of lifh shrnllt1 prnpar(~d

CAN.

b'eforehand, or lJe fOllUd ready to purchase. In these ,respeets 110thil1g \vas walltil1g to the Israelites. Their bread caIne dOWll to them frOIn heaven, and tIley had besides all abllIldallce of evel"Y tIling that could COlltribute to luagnificence. If we may credit Josephus, they had alnongst thenl public markets and a variety of shops. (l\.nt. 1. iii. c. 12, sec. 5.) The taberna.:cle being erected, it was placed in the Inidst of the camp, each of the three tribes stretching themselves on the wings, and -leaving betweentheln .a sufficient space to pass. It was, says Josephus, . like a well appointed; .market, where every thing was ready for sale in due order, and all sorts of artificers kept their shops, so that the camp might be considered a moveablecity.-Adam Cla1"ke.

CANDIDATE. Acandic1ate for initiation into FreeluasoIlry, is a persoll 'VI10 has beelll)roposed by a Brother, and whose l1anle is 1;\r ritten 111)011 tIle tables of tIle Lodge, that tIle lJrethren l11ay be l"elninded to Inake tlle necessary enquiries into his nlora} and soeial cllaracter; for which . llurpose four weeks is.gellerally al1o'\ved.-(;adicke. CANDL]~S. The three great 1llnlinaries, are not to be confounded \vitll tlte tllree great lights. They are merely candles or torches, or tIley lllay be called pillars with torcl).es.-(tadicke.

CANDLJ1JSTICK. TIle candlestick in the Tabernacle was nlanufactured by Bezaleel .and Aholiab of beatell gold. It had an upright shaft wh.ich stood Up OIl a broad foundation, that itssuJ?port tnight be nrmand unnl0veable, \ivitll0Ut danger of being overthrown during the process of trinl111ing uncI e1.eaning its lUlllpS, \vhich were seven ill 11U]111)t~r,~one in tl1e ceIltre, tll1d three on eacJl side, 011 so lIUln}~ branclles that ,~"'ere rlot equal ill l.(~ngtll, the outer brnnclles l)eing elongated, that the lights 111ight b(~ all of the sanle lleight. l.'lle body of the sllafthad fOUl路 . bowls, and tIS n18uy knobs Rlldflowell. Some think. that the sevell branches sYlnbolisedthe seven planets, tIle seVC.ll da:rs of the week, and the seven ages of man; but in trutll tl'lC Cllristian church is tIle candh~stick,and the light is Chris~. .1'~eseven lamps are emblems of the gift of th,e Spirit.; the knobs and

CAN-CAP.

fiowets, the graces and ornalnents of a Christian life. As .the candlestick gave light to tIle tabernacle, so we must remain in darklless .unless Christ sIlall enlighten his church. Simeon therefore prono·unced it to be "a light to lighten the Gentiles, and the glory of Israel." CANOPY. In the nlasonic processions of "the Continent, the Grand Master \valks under a gorgeous callOp:r of blue, purple, and crhnson silk, vvith gold fringes and tassels, borne upon staves painted purple alld ornalllellted with gold, by eight of the oldest l\laster~Iasolls l)reSellt ; and the masters of private lodges walk undel'" Call01)ies of light blue silk with· silver tassels and fringes, borne by four Inembers of .their own respective companies. Tile canopies are in the form of an oblong square, and are in length six feet, in breadtll and heigllt three feet, llaving a semicircular covering. The franlework should be of cedar, and the silken covering ought to hang dowll tvvo feet on eacll side. CAPESTONE. The tOl>1110st stolle in a building; tIle last laid, as the fOUlldation is the first. "1'0 celebrate theeapestone" is to celebrate tIle COlllpletioll of tIle edifice,a custom still observed by operative l\:Iasons.ll1ackey. CAPTIOUSNESS. Captiou811ess is apt to overset the harlnony of conversation. And it is so, 110t only because it often produces misbecoll1ing uIl<ll)rovoking expressions and behaviour in a part of the company,. but because it is a tacit accusation ~ln(l a reproach for SOInething ill takell frorn those we are displeased with. Suell an iutilnation oravan suspicion .must always .be 1111easy to society; 'Slldas one angry person is sufficient to discompose a whole' company, for the generality, alllllutuul happiness cease therein on any SUCll jarring. 'l'his failing therefore, should be guarded agaiIlst .with tIle' saUle care, as. either boisterous l"usticity and insinuatedconteull)t, or ill-natured dispositioll to' censnre.-A1al"tin· Clare. ,CAPTIVlrry. TheJe\vs having offended thnMost IIigh, were delivered over to. theChaldeans to bechastised; and Nebuchadnezzar let loose llis full vel1ge(lnc€~

CAR.

upon them. He ravaged the whole country; and the 110ly city of God, after a protracted siege, during which many traitors went over to the el1el11Y, was abandoned to l)illage. They burned the temple, broke down the walls of the city, set fire unto her towers, and carried away tIle consecrnted vessels of gold and silver, the brazell sea and altar, and the two pillars of Jachin and Boaz, which stood at the entrance of the porch. All the princes, . .t he nobility, and every person of consequence, accora~l1g to the })rediction of J eremiall, were renl0ved into the land of Chaldea; but Nebuzaradal1, tIle chief of Nebuchadnezzar's officers, left behind Inany families of the lower classes to cultivate the vineyards, and other servile p1.1rposes, 'Vvith strict injunctions to tra.nsfer the fruits thereof to Babyloll in their season, 'asluxuries for the tables of the 110 bility. CARDINAL VIRTUES. These are ,Prudence, Fortitude, 'I'enlperance, and J llstice. They are dilated upon in the first degree;'and the practice of thenl'11rged upon the candidate by certain striking allusions to part of tho cerelnonies of initiation.-J}[ackey. CARDINAL PClINTS. Tlle cardinal points of tile compass ha,re a peculiar signification aUl0n,gst, us, .and particularlY"the east, ,vest, and SOtlth. The east IS a I>laee of light, and there stands tIle \V. M., a l)illar of \Visdom,as a ,representation of tile rising sun; and., as that l11,Dlinary opens the glorious day to light lllankind,to their labours, so the W. M.occeupies this. station to open lodge, and to en11)loyand instruct the brethren in Masonry. TIle soutll is a station of another important officer, the pillar of Beauty, \iVIIO is lJlaced in that quarter that he In~1Y be preI)u,red to l11arl( tIle StIll at its 11leridial1, to call the "\vorklnell frorn labour, and to reeruit their strengtll by necessary refi路eslln1ent and rest, that their toils Inaybe rcsu111ed "\\"rith rCllc\ved vigour and alacrity, without ~l'llicll neither ple~'sure nor profitC3.11 mutually result., In the \vest stands the I>il1ar of Strength,to mark the setting sun, and close the labours of the day b:r cOlnmand of the l)residing officer; because the declining luminary warns 111ankind of the necessity ,of repose, else our nature would sink under the effects of incessant toil, unrelieved by rest and recreation.

CAS-CAD.

CASSIA~ The cassia "vas anciently aSYlnbol of honour, triumph, life, and resurrection, according to Pierius, who published Ilis Hieroglyphica ill 1575, which would be quite sufficient to authorize its introduction into our sy'nlbolical legend. Whell the l\Jfaster Mason exclaims, therefol路e, "My nanle is Cassia," it is equivalent to saying, "I have been in the grave; I have t.riuluphedover it by raising frol11 the dead; and being regenerated in the process, have aclainl to life (everlasting)~',

CATECHISJ\I.. This is the most ilnportant document of Freemasonry. Thecatechism"\vasforlnerlyonly COlnmunicated by cOllference fi路oln one lodge to another, or from one brother to another; and tl1is is the reason why we have so lnany different forn1s of tlle cateohism, althougll in spirit tl1ere is no Inaterial difference in any of tl1eln.. As a religious catechisln contains a surnlnary of all that is tallghtby tllat religion, so our cateellisnl cl>ntahls the essence of Freen1asonry; but it is not to be understood '\vithout the teacher taking great I)uins in instructing the student, nor vvithollt Ilt1ving IJreviollsIy been instructed in a lodge, and being ahle to reHeet 111)on and re111ember the instructions there given. ]~very degree has its own catecllis111l1S; allc1 in 111allY lodges it is cllstornary to explain part of it at every meeting, in order that the meulbers Inay becolne intimately acquainted '\vitIl it. -Gadickc. CATENARIAN .A.RC~II. This constitutes the forlll of a Royal Arcll C1u111ter, and is constrllcted on the following prillcil)les. It is akno"~tn trutll tllat it selnicircular arch will not sustain itSOWll weigllt, the crO\\"ll crushing out the sides ; it depends, tIl crefore, OIl nhlltment for support.'l'he only arch. the bearing of \vhich is true in all its points of tIle curve, is the caterun'iun arch. If a slack chain- or rOlle路 be SU!1Ilorted by t\VO hooks, the C1.1rVe it fuJls into is \vhnt is called tIle cnt(~颅 11arian curve; and this inverted is tIle Inechunieal urell of ' the sanle l1aule.Such an aT(~h, truly eonstrncted, ,viII stand independent of any collateral aid ,vhatever..N oortlzouclc. . CAurrrON. The

l~ntered . ApPl"cnti.et~,

at his initiation

CAD-CAV.

in .the United States, is presented with a ne\v name, \vhich js (~alltion, to teac}l hin} tllat as l1e is tIlell iln perfectly instrueted in the Iny·steries of l\fasonry, he ought to be cttutious overalilliswords and actions, that nothing 111ay escape l1iul Wllich lnay tend to afiol-d inforll1ation to the 0PI)onents of l\fasonry. This is one of the triad of duties reC0111111encled in the first degree. CAUTIOUS SECRECY. The cautious· secrecy of the Craft· in early ages "vas used to prevent tIle great principles of science, by Wllicl1 tlleir l"eputation\vas secured and.maintained, fronl being pl1blicly kno\vn. Even the inferior "\vorkl11ell were unaccluaintecl "9\ritll tIle secret and refined ll1echaIlisul \vhich G~rnenteet and· i111parted tIle treasure of \visdoln. rfhey \vere l)rofollnclly ignorant of tIle \visdoill \Vllicll planned, tlH~ beallt,Y \Vllicl1 designed, aIlc1 kne\v 0111y the strength and lahol.lI" \vhicll execllted tIle \york. . ~l'he doctrille of tIle In"ossurealld countexpressure of COll1plicated arches, \V'I'UstL rnysterywhicll the:r JH~V'er attelnpted to l)enetrate. They ","ere·blind instrllnlEnrts in the llands of intelligent ~raster ~ft1sons, al1(1 e()lllpl;,eted tllC Hlost sublinle lludertakings by tIle efl(~ct of lnere Ineelulnieal skill and 1111ysical 11ower, witllOllt heing al:>le to cornI)rel1encl the seeret vvlrich produced thE~nl; \vithol1tunderstandillg the nice adjustment of the lUOlnbers of a building to eaeh other, so necessary to aceoI11plisllastriking and pernl~tnentefl€ct; or without being able to enter into the .science exhibited' in the COlllplieatec1 details wliiclt \vere llecessary to form a l:utrnlonious aIlcl!)roportiouate ."vhole. C~i\ \;"'}3. Solornoll hacl a deep cave dug underneath the SttrH~tlnn SUl1ctorull1 of tIle TenlI)le, with llltll1y intrica-

cies, over\vhich lie fixed a stone, \vherein he !)ut the ark 11Ild ChEYrubinl. rl'lH~~YStlY tlle~l diel tlris beea,usc,· by the Holy Sl)irit threseeing tJlat tllat 1101180, \vould be destrojr(~d,he therefore lxuLde a secret l)lace \VllCre tIle ark lllight bek£~l)t, so that its sllnctity Blight Il0t be l)foHtned by heathen lutnds; n~nd they are of opinion tha~tsubsequenily Josiall seereted' tllerein the ark. l'hey prove it firstly fi-OIll 1 }{jngs vi. H:-" Alld tIle oracle witlliIl the house [l~::h] he Ill:el)ared to l)lace the~e tIle ark," "'''}lere, by llrej)(trc, they understand it tonlean a preparation for the

CED-CEN.

futl).re; as we see, when previously treating of the ark and cherubinl, it路 says, ," And they were there until this day," a term in the Ifoly Scriptures to signify "to all eternity," as, "And no luan knoweth of his sepulchre unto this day," that is, never.-J.lfanasseh Ben Israel. CEDAR. The. cedar gro'~Ts 011 the Inost elevated part of Lebanon, is taller than the pine, and so thick that nve me,ll together could scarcely fa:fholTI one. It shoots out its branches at ten or t\velve feet from the ground; they are larg~nd distant fronl each other, and are perpetually green. The cedar distils a kind of gUlll to. vvhich different effects are attributed. Thf! wood is of a brown color, very solid, and incorruptible if preserved fronl wet. It bears a sInall apple like to that of the pine.-Adam Clarke. CEMENT. The lodge is strongly cemented with love and friendsllip, and every brother is duly taugllt secrecy and prudence, 11lorality and good fello\vsllip.

CENSER. The censer is a representt1tion of the altar of incense \vhiell was made of the acacia covered witll beatell gold. In fornl it \vas a dOllble cube, and had a crown or riullike the table of shew bread, running round its upper surface. It was of sUlall dinlensions, being only one foot six il1ches square, and three feet high, \vith elevations at each corner called horns. This altar or censer was placed close to the veIl \vhicll seliarated the holy place; that the incense Inigllt pelletrate into the latter; and for this reason perhaps it \vas that St. Paul attributes ,it to 'the innermost room. It was n.nemblem or type of Christ, through whomweotfer the incense of our prayers. Theac&cia and gold of which 路the altar was composed, referred to his human and divine nature; the crown to Ilia regal dignity; and the horns to his power. As no incense could be offered but UIlOl1 this nltar, so lrO p:rayers will be accepted but those offered tlll"Ongh Jesus Christ. The incense was offered every morning and evening, and our prayers ought to ascend to the throne of grace at the sanle periods. CENTl~NARY.

The revolution of a hUlldredyears.

CEN-CER.

It is usual for lodges whicll have been established for that long period to celebrate~the anniversary by a COlnmemorative festival. CENTRAL POINT. Masonry is truly the sister of religion; for she boasts her efficacy in all its native influence, and is continually the assistant pronloter of like principles and of like actions. The central point of all her innunlerable 1i1)8s, squal"es and circles, is the love of God. And upon this central point she builds her faith; from it she derives her 1101)e of glory here and hereafter, and by it she squareS,!ler conduct in strict justice and universal charity. The centrall10int of all true Christianity and of all true l\lasonry is the love of God. "l\tfasonry is dedicated only to the Gospel."

OlijN1'RAL,STAR. The llllIuan 'body of Jesus Christ is the Ark of the Christian Covenant, over whicll the Shekinah appeared in the eave at Bethlehem, in the form of a st.lpernattlral Star in the East t which hence 'is placed in the centre of our lodges. CJi'JNTRE. The labors of a ]j"reenlasoIl nlust penetrate to the centre of the earth, and his spirit路 inquire into all the operations of nature, and eitller be able s,atisfactorily to explain or humbly admire tl1em.-Gadicke. CEREMONIAL. On our initiation we cannot fail to be struck with the oeremonials, and must think that there is nlore conveyed by tllemth,anappears to thie vulgar eye. A dl.le attention to the matter willeonvince us that our first inlpressions were just; and by researches to discover their iIllplieations, a competent degree of knowledge nlay be acquired touching the origin of 1\Iasonry, the reasons 'W~hieh support its several inst.itutions, the lllcanillg and import of its VariO\lS symbols, together with tIle progress of the profession..-llutclzinson. CERTIE'!(JATE. ]]very Brother who travels, .Did who wishes to \'11sit the lodges in the cities be com~';,'to, must not only provide l,limself with masoniC, ?lotbing" but withacel~i:fieate. These icertificates are gTflinted by the Grand Lodg'e(jfEngland'to every ,one who has been

CER-CHA.

regularlYinitiated,.and contain ,an account of when and where the hearer was made, and a recommendation to all lodges to admit him to their labours. They are sealed with the seal of the Grand Lodge,and are signed by the Grand Secretary, and the brother to whom they belong. -Gadicke. CEREMONIES. If ~ person wishes to become·a candidate for Masonry,· he should make up 11is nlind to watch the progress of all the ceremonies through ,vhich herpay pass, with attention, and search into their propriety, their origin, and their symbolical reference. He may be quite sure that men of sense and standing in the world-men whose reputation for vvisdom. ,and commOll prudence is of some value, would not subject hiln to any test which Inight cast all in1putation 'upon themselves. CHAIN.. All tIle Freemasons UpOll the surface of the earth form 011e chain, every member is a link' of it, and should ever strive with· the true lland of a brother to strengthen it. No,vavering doubt should break it. None should be shut out from it, as is taught ill every lodge. What an encouraging thought it is for 'the newly initiated·.brother to find himself at once surrounded witl} tIle light arising from this great chain. This chain can be 110 fetter to· him, for the hands of brethrell l,roYe the contrary.- Gadicke. OHALK. Chalk, charcoal and clay, 11ave ever been esteemed the elnblell1s of freedon1, fervency, and zeal, because nothing is more free for the use of man tban eha·lk, .which seldoln touches but leaves its trace behind; nothing more fervent thanc~aa-ooal, fql when well lighted nom~taligabletoresistiitsi fo,ree; nothing is more zealous than olay,ou.r mother"aiarlh, Who will open her arms to receive us when forsaken "by all our friends.

CIIAl\fBER. It is only in solitude that,\\re can deeply reflect upon our present or· future undertakings, and blackness, darkness, or solitariness, .is ever a synlbol of death. A man WI10 has undertaken a thing after lllature re&ctiol1 seldoln turns back. No symbol of deatll will terrify him, and the words of the sacred writings, "In !III

OHA.

the beginning ,vas the ligllt," charIll him light he has lost.-Gadicke.

53 011

to se.ek tlle

CHAPEL. In,every convenieilt place the architect of a lodge should cOl1trivesecret cryptre or closets. 1'hey are of indispensable utility, but in practice are not sufficiently attended to ill this country. On the continent they are numerous, and are dignified with the nan1e of chapels. They ought to be seven in nilmber; 1, a roonl for visitors; 2, the Tyler's room; added to whicll there ought to be 3, a vestry where the ornaments, furniture, jewels and. other reg;tlia are deposited. This is called the Treasury or Tyler's conclave, because these things are lInder 11is especial cllarge, and a COlnn1'llnication is generally nlade to tllis apartlnent froll1 the Tyler's raOUl. There ought to be 4, a chapel for preparations, hung \vith black, and having only one stnal1 Ian1l) l)laced high up near the ceiling; 6, it. chapel for the dead furnished with a table, on VvYhich are ~'L la)np, and emblems of nl0rtality; 6, the lllaster's conclave, \vhere the records, the warrant, the nlinutes and every .\vritten dOCUlnent are ke!)t. 1'0 this roonl the W. lI. retires \vhen the路 lodge is called frolll labour to refreshlllent, al1d at other tilnes \vhen his IJrcsence ill the lodge is路 not essential; and }lere he exalnines the visitors, for which purpose a comlnunication is fornled between Ilis conclave and the visitor's chapel. It is furnislled with blue, and bere he tr~nsaets the lodge bl1siness with his secretary. The Ar~ oftbe Covenant is also deposited in this [tl)artnlcnt. None of these closets should excee'd 12 feet square, and Inaybe ofsmaller dilnellSiol1sncct>rding to c.irCUIllstallces. III the middle of the hall there should be 7, a luoveable traIl-door in tIle floor, 7 feet long and 3 feet in depth, thel1se of \VIlicll is known to none but pc.I.'fc.c.t l\.fa.so. 1.18, "~lho have passed througl1 all the 8y1nbolical degrees. CHAl)ITl~It. Upon each of the pillars of King Solo,mon's temple \vas 111aced a chapiter or symholicalomament, five cubits inheight 7 composed of net,vork, pomegranate..Sf and lil.y wo.rk or opening flow.e.,rs e&.st the. sanle material of which the pilfars were formed. I..,ike tIle Palladium ef Troy.,.,rt'f楼a.ppear to h~ve been essen1'.;I'iJtill'.Sii.iI.ill'lll" ...

OHA. tial to,- the well-being of the structure. Thus, at tJ:e time \vhen the ternple was abandoned by Jehovah, he IS represented as standing 111agnificently upon the altar, and c0111manding the angel of destruction to strike the heads or cllapiters of these two pillars, and the total ruin - not only of the temple but of J erusn.lelll and the entire system ofJe\visll polity should ensue (AU10S, ix. 1). As their destruction was thus comprehensive and significant, so was their erection symbolical of the n1a.gnitude an.d splendour of the Jc\vish nation under 路Solonl0n. A.na this reference "vas embodied in their names. CHAPLAIN.

The Grand Chaplain is appointed by

the Grand J\'Iaster on the day of IllS installation. He should attend all the quarterly communications and other Ineetings of the Q-rand Lodge, and there offer up solemn prayer suitable to the occasion, as established by the usages of the fraternity.-Const拢tutions.

CliAPTER. A COIl vocation of Royal Areh 1\Iasons is called a chapter. The presiding officers are a l~ing, a priest, and a prophet, 路who are representatives of Zerubbabel, Jeshua, and. Haggai. These officers are styled eitherhy the fOl1nders' names as above, 01" as first, second, and third Principals. All chapters are ullder the j1.1risdiction of the Supreme Grand Chapter in London. CIlARACTER. '!'he character of ~L D1aIl thttt ~1ould beconle a l\Iasoll nl1..lst 11ndergo the strictest scrutiny.. He rnust be a man of strict 111 orality ; he must be

hUlllane, benevolent, and charitable to his fellow-creatures; he 111Ust beno galnbler, tippler, or profane swearer; hoe must be 110 railer against the r,eligion of Christ, or the profes,sors. thereof; he must h,e .3 lover of decency and order ; and he must be strictly honest, industrious, and ul)right in all his conduct; for such as delight in th(~ practice of vice are a disgrace to civil society路, 3:nd are seldoln l-eformed by the most excellent institutionsThey retain their vices ul1changeableas tlle skin of the Ethiopian or the spots of the leopnrd. Such indeed would never apply for admission into our benign institution, ,,,'"ere they acquainted vvith her soleil1l1 principles, as were llot lovers of decenc:r and order.-Pouy:rs..

ellA.

CHARGES. The Fraternity had lOllg been in possession . of l11any records, containing the ancient regulations ofttle Order, when in 1722,the Duke of~Iontaguebeil1g Grand l\Iaster of England, the Grand ~odge finding fault witll their antiquated arrangernent, it was directed that they should be collected, and after being properly digested be annexed to the Book of Constitutions, then in course of publication under the superintendence of Dr. Anderson. This was accordingly done, and the old charges of the Free and Accepted Masons, constituted byuniversal4 consent a part of the ftlndamel1tal law of our order. The charges are divided into six general lleads of duty, as follovls. 1. COl1CerllingGocl and religiol1. 2. Of tIle ciyillnagistrates, SUpre111e alld subordinate.. 3. Of lodges. 4.. ()f }rlastel"s, "\Vardens, Fel10\'\"8, . (111<1 111)!)rentices. 5.. ()f the III(111 age nle nt of the Craft in \vorking.6. Of l)ehaviollr tInder diflercnt circumstUJ1CeS, and in various cOl1ditions.-.Ll1<lckey. CIIARI~rIES. Our g(~ner~11 cllarities are the Schools for I30Vs and Gjr]s, the Fun<1 of Ilenevolenee for 'VVidows and l)"'istressed 13retllren, the AIllluity Fund for l\ged Brethren, alld tIle Asylunl for vVorthy Aged and I)ecuyed Freeloasons ancl tlleir 'Vidows, and they are all arnply supported. In the schools seventy boys and sixty-five girls are educated an<l cloth.(}d. 1'he funded property of the Girls' School is about 16,000l., all<l its income 1600l. a year, including lSOl. annually frolH tlle GrslldLodge. The funded prol,crty of the Boys' School is llot· Bomuch, it aUlounts 0111y to 8500l.and the annual income of about 1150l., ineluding 150l.. frolll theG'rarld Lodge. The funded llropertyr of the Royal l\fasollic Annuity ]"ulld is 3500Z., and tIle aUll1ulI ill£ollle inc1l1tlillg 400/. froul tIle Grand Lodge, is l~~OOl. r.fhe nUlul)er of annuitants at 20l. a yeareacll is now thirty. rfhe funde<1 1)1~oI)erty of tho Asyhlnl.is about a450l.. , alid its annllul illeolne fronl other sources 400l. 'fhe two eharities arc no~r united together. Thestnns n,nnually 'Voted by the l~oar<1 of Benevolence to distressed bl·ethren ana th(~ widows ofl\IasoQlI amount to abO\lt 750l., aIid itsfuIlded prop(~rty is 12,~OOI., • and that of the J:loard of GE~nE:~raI Purposes about 60,001.

CIIARITY. This is the bri:ghtest ornalnent of our

li6

CRE.

masonic profession. Happy is tIle brother who hath sown in his heart tIle seeds of bellevolence, tIle produce of Wllich will he charity and love.lIeenviethn.ot his neighbour, he believeth ,not a tale whe:J1 reported by a slanderer, he forgiveth the injuries ofm'en, U11d blottetll tllenl out from his recollection. ,Vlloever would eml11ate the character ofa goodal1d "\vortllY 1\11a8011 ought ever to be ready to assist the needy as far as lies in his power; and if, in the Inost pressing tillle of necessity, he does not withhold a liberal halld,. thelnost heartfelt, pleasure will revvard his labours,alld 路the prodllce",of love and chal"ity willlnost assuredly follow.-Ol~LectuTCS. CHEQUERED.. As the steps of man tread in tIle . various and uncertain incidents of life, as our days are chequered witll a strallge COlltrariet~)Tof events,alld our passage through this existence, thongll s0111etilnes attended witll prosperouscirCUlllstances, is often beset by a luultitude of evils; hence is the lodge furnislled with lllosaic \vorl{ to relnind us of the precariousness of our'state 011 eartll; to day our feet tread ill 11rOSI)erity, to morrow \ve totter 011 the uneven l)athsof weal\.uess, temptatioll, and adversity. Wllilst tllis clllblelll is before us, we are instructed to boast of nothing, to lutve C0111passional1d give aid to tllose who are in adversity, to walk uprigll tly and with h\llllility; for such is htUl1an ex.istence, that there is nostatioll in \vllicll pride can be stably foullded; all luen, in birth ancI ill the grave" are on the level. '\Vhilst V\re tread 011 the nl0saic \\tark, let our ideas tUT'll to the original whicll it cOllies ; and 'let every l\Iasoll act as the dictates of reason .11roIllpt hilD, to live in brotherly love.-flute/Linson.

CH;ERUB.IM.. There were four ehenlbill1S ill the . most ,holy place of.,SQlomoI1's temple. 'l'wo Ie,sser nlade by Moses of 11l,assygold1 and two larger nladH by Solomon overlaid with gold. Those macle by lVloses were part of the mercy seat, and inseparable fi"orn, it; tllose ofSol~moll seenl to have spread their vYings over .. it, being added only for the greater Ofn&lnel1t and glory of God's house.-Bishop Pc"tr拢ck. See "Signs and Sylubols," Lect. 4. 路 1

CHI-CHO.

OHIEF POINT. The cl~ief point in }Iasonry is to endeavollr to be 11appy ourselves, a,nd cOilllnunicate that happilless to otllers.

CIIILDREN OF LIGHT. Relllelubelingthewonders in the beginning, we, clairning tIle auspicious countenance of heaven on our virtuous deeds, assume the figures of the SUll and Inoon as emblematical of the great light of truth discovered to the first Inen, and thereby implying that as true }\fasons ,,~e stalld redeemed from darkness, and are beconle tIle .sons of light, acknowledging in our professiOn our ac1oratioll of him \vho gave light unto his ,vorks.,: Let us then h:y our practice and conduct iIl life, sho,v tllat ~re carry our ell1blems \v.orthily路 ; and as tIle cllildrcn of ligllt, that we have turned our backs 011 ,~vorks of darkness, obSCllrity and drunkenness, hatred and Inalice, Satan and hisdorninions; l>referring cllarity,",.benevoleIlce, justice, teulI>ernnce, chastity Rn.d brotllerly love, .as the acce})tahle service on \vbich the G'reat l\Iaster of all, fron1 Ius beatitude, looks do\vn with

al)11rol>ation.-Ilutcltinson. CIIIS]~~I..l. Thecl1isel, thongll n sIlla11 instrulnent, is calculatc<l to l'nake a l)Hrrnanent iU11)ression on tIl{) hardest substaIlce, and the l:llightiest stru<.~tures are indebted to its aid. It 111 orally clClllollstrates tIle advaIltages of disciplilleandeducation. The lnind, like the diamond in its natural state, i.s unpolished; but as the effects of the chisel 011 the exterlls1 coat soon presents its latent beauties to the so education discovers th,e latent virtues of tIle mind; in order to display the sunlmit of IlUlllUll kno\vledge, otlrduty God and man.

CIIOICEOF OF~"ICERS. '1:his is a l11utter of great concern, for the ofiieers of tl lodg(~ are 110t only bound to advance tllt~ \velfl1re of their O\V111)articlllar lodge, whatever nlUjY tend to tlle good of tlle :E'ratel'ility general.'l'herefbre 110 111aIl Ougllt to be put in election, but snell as by Ilia o\vn skill ttll<l lllerit is aeE,uu:~~a

\vorthy of路 performance,. 'Viz., he must be "veIl acquainted with all the priva:te uncI J?ublic rult~aaut1 orde:rsof the Craft ;he ought to be strIctly honest, naturally hum,ane, patient in injuries, discreet in conversation, grave .in ()

[)S

ORR-OIR.

counsel, constant in an1ity, and above all, faitilful in secrecy.-Derlnott. CI-IRISTIANITY. I\Iasonry is the excellency of Christianity, and every Mason is, if he is ill reality a }'ias011, a true Christian; or at least he is in reality truly religious according to his profession, \vhether 11e be Jew or Christian.-Inzl'ood. CIRCLE. The circle has ever been considered SY111bolical of the Deity; for as a circle appears to have neither beginning nor end, it n1ay be justly considered a type of God, without either begh.J.ning of days or ending of years. It also ren1inds us of a future state, 'Vvhere \ve hope to enjoy everlasting happiness and joy.-Old Lectu'res. CIRCLE AND PARALLEL LINES. III all l-egl11ar and well-formed lodges there is a certain point withill a circle, round \vhich it is said the genuine professors of our science canl10t err. This circle is bounded 110rtll and south by t"vo !)erpelldicular parallel lines. On the upper or eastern part of the l)eriphery rests the IIoly ,Bible, sU11porting Jacob's. ladder extending to the heavens.rrhe point is elllblenlatic of tIle OUlniscient and Omnipresent Deity, tIle circle represents his eternity, and the t\VO perpendiculal" parallel lines his equal justice and mercy. It necessarily follows therefore that in traversing a masonic lodge, '\ve nlust touch 11110n tllese t\""'Q great parallels, as well as 111Jon tIle Volullle of the sacred law; and whilst a l\fasol1 keeps hinlself thus c.ircumscribed, remembers his Creator, does justice and loves Inercy, he may llope finally to arrive at tllat immortal centre! whence all goodness emanates.-Hemming.

路 CIRCUMAMBULATION. TIle ancients Inadc it a practice to路 turn themselves rOllnd vvllen they \vorshipped the gods; and Pythagoras. seenlS to reCOtllnlend it in his symbols. By this circular 1110velnent S~1YS ~lutarcll, some itna.gine that h'e intended to inlitate tIle lllotion of the eartll; but lam rather of 0lJ"inion, that the precept is grounded on anotller notion, that as all temples are built fronting the east, the people ali their entrance turned their backs to the sun; and c.onsequently, (~onstant

OLA-CLO.

in order to face the sun, they "Vvere obliged to make a half-turn to the right, and then in order to place themselves before tIle Deity, they completed the round in offering up their prayer. OLANDESTINE LODGES. Some years ago there were a number of those so called lodges, but there are none at present. Clandestine lodges .are. such as have been formed -by avaricious Freemasons, who tak.e money from those people who can have no idea of the difference between warranted and unwarranted lodges. TIley we~e not warranted by any Grand Lodge, and endeavoured as much as possible to conceal tlleir existence from the Gralld Lodges; their founders fOl"lned a ritual from their Inell1ories, and by tllis ritual tlley made so called Freelnasons, but as they could not legitimize themselves for \vant of certificates and proper infol·mation, they were unttble to gain admission into any vvortlly a~d warranted lodge. Since the lodges have beell forlned into unions, \vorking under one Grand Lodge, un",rarrallted lodges have less. chance ofexis-ting than formerly. A lodge Wllicll is held without thekIlowledge of the nlagistrates or police. of the place 111ay be COllsidered as an tll1warrallted lodge.-Gadicka. CLASSES. AncieIlt Inasol1ic traditioll infoll11S 'us that the speculative and. operative Masons. ~r}10 were asselnbled at tIle building of the temple, were arranged in nine classes, ullder their respective Grand 1v.last{n-s; viz. :30,000 Entered Apprentices, uncler their Gra,nd Master Adol1iranl; 80,000 F el10werafts, under IIiram Abiff; 2000 l\farl\. l\Ien, under Stolkyn; 1000 l\faster !fasons, under l\!£ollabin; . 600 1\Ial"l\. l\{asters, under G·hiblim; 2:1 Architects, under J oahert ; 12 Granq. .l\rchitects, under l\doIliranl; 45 Excellerlt :nlasons, under IIiran.l Abiff; 9 Super.. excellent ":&Iasolls, under Tito Zadok; besides the Ish Sabbal·or labourers.

CLOSING. WIleIl it is proper time to close the lodge it is always high midnigl1.t, and tIle brethren then go peaceably home, remembering that the lligh· midnight of life may overtake them without a Inoment's warning.. -Gadiclce.

OLO-COE.

OLOTHING. It ,vas ordered by the regulations agreed by the Grand Lodge, lVIarch 17tll, 1771, that none but the Grand Master, his Deputy and vVardens, "V}lO were the only grand officers then ill existence, shall vyear their jewels iTi gold pendant to blue ribbons about their necks, and white leather aprons "vitIl blue silk. l\laster~ and Wardens of particll1ar lodges Il1ay line tlleir \vhite leather aprons witll "\vhite silk, and ll1allY hang their jewels by \vhite ribbons abollt their llecks~ l\Iaster l\lasons now are clothed in white, sk~y-hlue, and silver; Grand and Provincial Grand Stevvards in \vllite, crinlson and silver; and all other Grand and Provincial Grand Officers ill \iv'hite, purple and gold. CLOUDY PILLAR. ,,,rhen the Israelites ,vere delivered froln the Bondage of Egypt, and llad arrived 011 the borders of the Red Sea, the EgYI)tial1s tllOUght tllCY were so cOlupletely ensnared that theireseal)e \vas ilnpossible. vVith inaccessible 1110l1ntains 011 eaeh side, the sea in front, and the Egy!)tian arID)r behind, they a1)pea.red to be c0111p lete1 y hen.lmed in. And \";lly did Moses place tlleln in this situation? 1'he road to I)alestine was opell by tIle IsthlllUS; bttt he declined escaping l)j" that avellue, alld led the people south\vard, and l)]aced thus. at the apparent l11ercy of their enen1ies. 'I'he truth is, Moses l1ad 110 option in the ll1utter; he fol1o\ved the direction of the Cloudy I)illar, because he had fhIl COIlfidence that it vvould conduct hinl right. COCHLEUS. A staircnse contrived us a sere\v in the inner wall of the ten1I)le.

COERCION. Alnong tIle imperative requisites of a eandidare for. Freenlasonry is one that lle should COllIe of his free will and accord. l\fasons Call110t, therefore, he too calltious 110W they act 01路 spealt befort) ullinitiated persons who have expressed a wish to enter tIle Order,.. lest this entire fi路eedoI11 路of their will be infringed. Coercion is entirely Ollt of the q'lestion. 1tferc,ennry or interested Illotives ShOlllcl be strenuously discouraged, and no other inducelnentl.lSed thall that silent persuasioll which arises [roln a candid expositioll of the beallties tl:l1d moral excelI~ncies of our institution.-..JfacluIY.

OOF-COL.

COFFIN. In all the al1ciel1t mysteries, before an aSI)irant COllld clainl to participate in the~higher secrets of the institution, he was placed \vitllin the pastos, or coffin, or in otller "vords "vas subjected to a solitary cOllfinement for a 11rescribed period of time, that he nligllt reflect seriously, in seclusion and darkl1ess, on what he was about to undertake, and be reduced to a proper state of rnind for tIle receptioll of great and important truths, by a course of fasting and mortification. 'l"his ,vas the symbolical deatll of the nlysteries, and .his deliverance from confinement was the act of regeneration, or being born again; or as it was also termed, beillg r~ised from the dead. COLL.i\R. All ornament \vornabout tIle neck, to Wllicll is sllspended a je\vel a11propriate to the office \Vllich the '\venrer Occtll)ies ill a lodge. 'l'he colour varies according to rank. COLLEGI.A. ARTIFICIUJ\:[. The "Encyclopedia Americana," art. l\fasoury, derives the Order froln the Collegia Artiticiuln of the Ronlans; and says its Inembers vvere introdtlCecl into tl1is cOJ.1ntry by tIle kings Alfred and .A.thelstan, to build castles al1dchurclles. Theythell lluited, tInder written constitutions of the !{oman and Greek colleges, and the l)!ovisions of the civil law. Their religious tenets being often objects of suspicion to tlle orthodox catholics, and oftell differing among tllernselves, they were not allowed to obtrude ill their 11leetings, alld of COtlrSe tIley "verekept secret. C()LONI.A.L. It being necessary, on account of the distance of foreign district Grand I..Jodges, al1d the conseqllent deluy ill tlleir con.lnlunications ,vitil tIle Grand .Lodge of l~nglancl, tllat their llo\vers should benlore extensive, the (}rand Lodge delegates to its foreign distric.t (Jrand Lodges, 111eetillg 11nc1er a Grand 1vIaster duly o,utllorized aud allpointedby tIle Gralld l\Iaster of l~~nglttnd, in addition to tIle !)owers before specified, that of .expelling l\Insons, Rnderasing lodges within ,the district, subject, llowever, to appeal to the Grand Lodge of England.--...Constitlltions.

COL-COM.

COLOURS. The luasonic colours, like those 'used in the Jewish tabernacle, are intellded to represent the four elements. The white typifies the earth, the sea is. represented by the purple, the sl\.y-blue is an emblem of the air, and the crimSOll of fire. COLUMN. A round pillar nlade to support as well as to adorn a building, whose construction varies in the different orders of architecture. COMl\IENTARIES. Notlling would elevate the character of a lodge Inore than a course of llistorical and philosophical commentaries 011 the authorized lectures, by an experienced and talented l11aster of the work. If a full and regular attendance of brethren be desirable, this process would ensure it. If the inlprovement of the Inind and the pronl0tion of Illoral virtue be tIle objects of our pursuit, tllis would copstitute tIle Illost effectual Ineans of recolllmending thenl to 11otice. 1Vhatevel" is good and valuable ill the 111asonic systenl would be preserved and ll1t1intuined by suell a l)ractice, and the science \V0111d beC01l1e so llllobjectiollable in the opinion of the world, tllat all n1ankind, if they did not jaill Ollf ranks, would at least respect our 1)I"ofessiol1S, and esteen1 the Inotive for our association for the sa!{e of its visible results.

COMMEMORA1'IVE. COlll1nClnorative festiv~als t"tre incidental to all institutions and systenls of religious worship, and are used by Free111aSOnS for the purpose of prol1loting the interests alld increasing the popularity of the Order, of extending the l)ersonal acquaintance of tIle brethren, and of ellsuring harInony alnon,gst the members by a social interchange of senthnent, Inutual professions of good will towards each other, and benevolence to the

Craft at large. COMMITTEE. It being Bssential to the interests of the Craft, that all matters of business to be brought under the consideration of tllC (}rand Lodge, sllould be previously known to tIle Granel Officers and l\Insters of lodges, that, tlll"Ougll' theIn, all the rel)resentativesof such lodges Inay be apI>rized of suell business, and be

COM.

. prepared to decide thereon, "ritll011t being taken by surprise, a general committee, COllsist~ng of the present and 11ast Grand Officers, and the ~f[lster of every regtllar lodge shalluleet 011 the Wednesday ilnUlediatelypreceding eacll quarterly communication ; at which meeting, all re110rts or representations frolll the )\!Iost W orsllipfu1 Grand ~iaster, or any board or conlnlittee appointed by the Grand Lodge shall be read; and any member of the Grand Lodge intending to nlake a motion therein, or to sublnit any matter to its conside.ration, shall, at suell general c0l1l1nittee, state, ill writing, the l1ature of llis intended nlotion or business, that the sal11e may be read. No motion, or other l11atter shall be brOtlght into discussion in the G-rand Lodge, ullless it shall 11ave beell previo"usly COn1lTIUnicated to tllis general cOlnmittee..- [:onstitutio}ls. CC)l\Il\ION GAVEL teaclles t1S to lop off excrescences, and sInooth silrfhces; or, in other \vords, to correct irregularities, tlnd reduce nlan to a prâ&#x201A;Ź>l)er level; so that by quiet del)ortrnent, lIe may, in tIle school of discipline, learn to be content. What tIle conlnl0n gavel is.to tIle '\vorkrnan, enIiglltened reaSOll is to the p.assious; it curbs all1bitioIl, depresses envy, Inoderaltes anger, and eneourages good dispositioI1S.

COlIlVIUNICATIONS. ]'our lodges sl1l111 be holden, fOr quarterly communic.ation, ill eae11 year, viz., on the first \Vednesday in the months ofl\:farch, June, Septeluber, and Decenlber, at whicll nonesllall be present but the 11roper rnelnbers, without permission of the Grand 1Iaster, "or presiding Grand Officer. No visitor shall spealt to any' questioll '~litll0ut leave of the Grand l\faster, 1101" shall lie, 011 allY occasion, be pernlitted to vote.-(;onstitutionl-c;. CC)l\lPANION. A title bestovved by I~oY[tl Arch Masons "upon eaclt otller, und eq'uivalent to the vvord brother itl syllllJolical lodges. It rt~fers, Inost probably, to the cOlllpanionship in exile und cilI>tivity of the ancient Jews, frorn tIle destruction of the rl'etnple by Nebuchadnezzar to its restoration by Zcrubbabel, under the aUsI)ices of Cyrus.

CO~I-CON .

COMPASSES. rrhecompasses ought to keep us within the bonds of union with all mankind, but more especially with our brother ~Iasons; and may every one whose l1allds have lifted this great light continue'to be guided by it in all his actions! By the C0111paSSes the skilful arcllitect is enabled accurately to determine the relative proportions of all 1) arts of tIle building when he is laying it dOWll llpon the tracing-board for the lIse of the \VOrknlen. Without accurate measurell1ent, and ' thereby acquired SY111111etry alld eurythlny, or beautiful and skilful-proportioning 'of all its parts Ullto the vvhole, architectural beauty is not attainable. Witl10ut Cllltivated and amiable conduct-witll0ut benevolent feelings and charitable actions towards each otller, no endearing bond amongst Inankind is conceivable; for so long as Inankind confine tllenlselves to' acts of justice alone to ea~h other, so long 111ust they be kept aS1.1nder by cold civility. It is only the calln affection of pure pllilanthrol)Y vvhicll call unite tllenl in the closer bonds of fratenlal affection. A circle or line dravvn by the cOlllpasses is also an elnblenl of eternity', and COll11110nly rel)reSellted by tt se1l)ent in the fornl of a circle.-Gadii路7ce. , COl\fl)I.JAINT. If any complaint be brougllt, the brother fourid guilty shall stand to tIle avvard and determination of the lodge, \\11"110 are the lll"oper and cornpetent judges of all such controversies (unless ~you carr~y' thenl by appeal to the Grand Lodge), and to \VhOlll they ougllt to be referred, 11nless a lord's \vork l)e hind(~red the mean\vhile, in '\Vllich ease a particular l"eference Illay be made; but you 11lust never go to law about whttt concerneth l\lusollry, \vithout all absolute necessity allparent to the lodge. COMPOSITE. rrhe (~otnposite order of a,rchitecture is so called froln being corn posed out of the otller orders. It is also culled tIle ROlnan or Italic order, as having been invented by the Itol'nans, confofinably to the rest, Wllich are denorninated fronl the peoplearnong '\vholn they had their rise. CONCI~ALl\fEN1\ I{eep the door of thy li!)s, nor ever let the frantic 1110Illents of revenge \vound that

CON..

which, in sober reflection, perllaps thou wouldst wish, in vain, to spend years to heal. Think tIle best, but never spealt the vvorst; reverence and ilnitate tIle good qualities of otllers, but to all their defects, whether real or inlaginary, be a 1Iason in secrecy, and thus prove to the vvorld-vv}lose eye is curious, indeed, over l\lasons-that one of the secrets of l\tfasonry is the conceallnent of our brother's fault, vvhicll, by discovery, could neither be anlended'110r obliterated. . CONCLUSION. Let us 11ear tIle conclusion 'of tIle whole Inatter. Fear God and keep 11is e0111Illandments, for this is the vvllole duty of 111qn. For God shall bring every \york into judgnlent, witIl every secret tIling, wlletllCl" it be good or wlletller it be evil.-SololluHz.

C()NC()RD. The l\faster of eacll lodgesllould found 11is goverrHl1ent in cOI'\cord ana universal love; for as the (lreut Arehitect luoves th(~ systenl with his finger, and touelles the sI)heres with llarl110ny, so tllat tIle Inorning s~ars togeth.er sing the songs of gratitude, and the floods claI) their hands, tnn'idst tIle invariable beUtlties of order; so ShOll1d \VC, rejoicing, be of one accord U11d of Olle law, in unaniInity, in eharity, and in aftectioll, llloving by one unc}langhlg systeul, and actuated by one principle, rectitude ofmttnners..-HutcltilUion. CONF~DENCE. What tIle ignorant call " the oath," is silnply an obligation, covenant, and !l!omise enac~ed previously to the divulging路 of the specialities of the (}rder, and our Il1eaus, of recognizing each other; and that they shall be keI)t fi-orn the knowledge of the world, lest their original intent should he thwarted, and their benevolent 11llr!)Ort l)revented. No\v l)ray \vllat harnl is tllerc in tllis? 1)0 yort 110t all, \;\lhen )"011 11ave anytl1ing of a !Jrivate nature \vlrich )"011 are \villing to confide in a l)articular friend, l)efore yOll tell bill1 w'hnt it is, denland & 801ernn !)ronliseof secrecy? Alld. is there not the utmost lll"opriety in knowing whether your friend is determined to keep yo'ur secret before you presume t,o reveal it ?-lIarris.

CONSECRATING. The day of conseeration was

CON.

annually held as a festival by tlle brethren of the lodge; and as it is frequently the case that none, of those who laid the foundation of the buildillg, and who first taught how it was to be carried 011, are in existence, it is a most solemn festival. 011 this occasioll the building 111USt be . duly surveyed, and tllose .parts Wllicl1 have beconle decq;yed by age l1Just be rel)aired. vVllell this has beell properly done-when the Great Arcllitect of the Universe bas Qeen tllanked for the blessings 11e has conferred upon the lodge and its members during the }rear ,vhicll has p"assed-when His assistance has beell earnestly implored for the tiIne to COIne, and "\vhell the l11eulbers have most solelnnly pledged thelnselves ,zealously to devote then1selves to His service-tIlen, al1d not till then, call they go clleerfully ,to the ba-nquet; for, by holding a Inasonic banquet alone, no lodge carl duly celebrate this festival.-Gad-icke. CONSTI1'UTING. Tile follo\ving is the 111anner of constituting a ne,路v lodge. A lodge is du13r forn1ed; UJld, after In'fLyer, an ode in 110110111" of l\Iasonry is sung. ':rhe G-rand l\laster is tIlell inforn1ec1 by the Secretary that tIle brethren present desir,e to be fOr111ed into a l1e\v lodge, &c. The petition, tIle dispellsation, and the \VUITtUlt, or charter of constittltion, are 110"VV read. l'hc Ininutes of the lodge ,vhile under dispensation are like,~dse read; and, being approved, are declared regular and vnlid, und signed by the Grand l\Jaster. 'rhe (]rand l\faster inquires if the hrethren apllrove of the oftieers \vho, are llonlinated in the \varrant to 11resic1e over thcln. 'rIds being signified in IlltlSonic forn1, an oratio:n 011 the llature and design of tIle institution is delivered. '!'he lodge is tll(~n COI1secrated according to ceremonies proller Ulld llsual 011 these 'occasions, hut not proper to be ,written, nn(1 the Grand Master constitutes the 'lodge ill aIlcient fornl.Constitutions.

CONSUl\IlVIATUM EST. The ne plus 路ultra of l\In.sonry varies ill different systelus. With SOIlle it is one of the I{adoslles, with others the I{.ose C~roix; and \vith the .L\ncient Accel)te it is the thirty-tllird 'degTee.. \Vi tIl all, ho\vever, the })osSeSSioll of it is considered indisllcI1Sable to tbose who clnulate 111asonic I)erfection; alld n~

CON-COR.

person can be adlllitted to it \vho is not 11-1aster of all the previous degrees. It concludes "Vvith the words-consUlnulattUn est. CONTltOVEltSY. ~Iasonry isa universal system, and teaches the relative and social duties of mall on the broad and. extensive basis of general pllilanthropy. A J e\v, a 1\Ial101netan, or a Pagan., lnay attend our lodges without fear of hearing his peculiar doctrines or nl0de of faith called in question by a COn.111arison with others whicll are repllgllaIlt to 11is路 creed, because a perlnanent and unalterable landnlark o{ l\Iasonry is, the total absence alld excblsioll of religious or p"olitical controversy. Eacl1 of these 11l"ofe'ssors l)ractices a systel11 of 1110rality . suited to tIle sanctions of 11is religioll, \\-rhicll, as it enlaIlatecl f1'o111 tl1e l)rirnitive s,:rsteul of divine \VOrSlli!), bears SOIne resenlblance, to it; and cOllsefluerltly lle can Ilear lnoral !)recc!)ts illCllleated \vitllout ilnllllting a designed reference to any I)eculinr lllode of fititll. (;()I)I~-S'l'()Nl~S.ThecOI)e-stOI1es are represented by tIle tl1ree l)rinciIHtls of the It. A. CHU1I)ter, because, as a kIlowledge of the secrets of the vaulted chalnber could be only kl~O\VrL l)y drawing tllcnl forth, so tl1e C01111)lete knowledge. of this degrt~e can be obtained only by passing througll its several offices.

COltINTfIIAN. 'fhe Corinthian is tIle noblest, ricllest, and ITlost delicate of all the orders of architec.. . ture. \Ti1lil)al1dus supposes the Corinthian capitol to have taken its origin fro In an ornament路 in King Solo1110n'8 rrernI)le, tIle leaves wllereof were tllose of the palIn tree. (;()ItN C~()rn was ~1 SYIllbol of tllC l路es路lll-rection, which signiti(~nntly referred to in tIle third degree of I\1asonry. /I

~.;reslls Chr.ist compares himself to a corn of wheat falling into the groluHl, as tt syrnbol of 'resurrection. St. Paul

says, the so'Vv'er sO'Vvs (1 sirllI)le grain of corn, no matter of what kind, '\:\l'llich nt its l)roI)er senson rises to light, clotJled in verdure. So also is the resllrrectionof the dead. Th.. e apostle might,' says. Calmet, have instanced tIle Ilo\ver .of- God in the progreSEf of vivification; and

COR-COD.

might have inferred that the same power whicll could confer life origillally, would certainly restore it to tllose particles which once had possessed it. It is possible he Iias done this covertly, having chosen to Inention vegetable seed, that being nlost obvious to COlnnlon notice; and yet 110t intending to terlninate l1is reference in any quality of vegetation. CORNER-STONE. The first stone in tIle foundation of every Inagnificent building is called the corller-stone, and is laid in the north-east, generally '\vith solen1n and appropriate ceremonies. To this stone for111er1y some secret influence was attributed. In Alet's Ritual, it is directed to be "solid, angular, of aoout a foot square, alld laid in the 11orth-east." Its position accounts in a rational manner for the gelleral disl)osition of a newly initiated candidate, when enlightened, but Ullillstructed, he is accounted to be tIle most superficial !1urt of 11asonry. COUNTRY LODGES. COllntry lodges are under tIle imnlediate sUl)erintendence of the Grand l\faster of tlleir respective provinces; to WI10n}, or to his deputy, they are to apply in all cases of difficulty or doubt, and to wIlonl all c0111plaints and disputes' must be tranSIllitted. If those officers should neglect to l)roceed in the business, the application or cOll1plaint l1Juy be translnittcd to tIle Board of General Purposes; and an apl)eal in all cases lies to the Grand Lodge or Grand J\Iaster.-Constitutions. COURSE. In the entire course of lectures attached to the three degrees of l\Iasonry, iIlcludingthe final triumpll of the Order in the Royal Arcll, such events are lleld prominently to view as are calculated to remind 1.18 of our Christian privileges, emanating from, and connected with, the great promises and advantages WIlich vvere enjoyed by holy nlen under the patriarchal and }'Iosaic dispensations. The creation of the world; the expulsion of our first parents from Paradise, with the consoling proll1ise vlhich accoIl1panied that terrible punishnlcnt of sin; the translation of Enoch; the deluge; Abraham and Sarall; Hagar and Ishmael; the offering of Isaac; tIle peregrinations of Jacob; tIle deliverance from Egyp-

CO'V-CRA.

69 l

tian captivity; the wanderings in the wildeT'ness; the building of the first and second Tel11ples; the captivities; the revelation of the cllenlbic elublenl of the Deit}T ; and the annunciation of the lVlessiah by J o11n the Baptist_ The disquisitions on these in1110rtant points, ~~hicll embrace also many collateral subjects of. eqlutl i11terest, are recoInlllended by tIle sublilne elucidations of SYll1bolical Inacllinery with vlhich they are accom!)unied. COVVAN. Fronl the affair of J eptha, an Ephraimite was terlned a co'Vvall or "iorthless fello"\v. In Egypt a cohell \vas the title qf a }?riest or pl路ince, alld a term of honour. Bryant, speaking of the harpies, says they were priests of tIle sun; and as cohen ,yas tIle nal11e of a dog as \veII us a l)riest, they are ternled 'by A})l)ollonius"the dogs of J'ove." No,,' St. J 01111 cautions the (;hristian brethrcl1 that" without are dogs," (~l!)'l'S) co\v'"uns or listeners; and St. l~aul exhoTts the C1hristial1s to "be\vare of dogs, because tlley are t~vil \vorkers." Now Y.tl{f)V a dog, ()r~vil worker, is tIle IllHSOllic CO'\i~lan. 'l"he above llriests or lIlctal)horical dogs, \vere also called cercyonians or (~er-CO\VallS, hecallse they ,\vere la\vless ill tl1eir behaviour to\vurds strangers. A \vriter of the " l~reellla颅 sons' (iuarterly }{evie\v'" thus eXI)lains tIle ,vord. " I trace it," says he, "to the Greek verb a%o'Z,'(tJ, to Ileal" or listeIl to, froln whieh it is IJut l)arce detorta; and ~"e llave high authority for so inl})Orting v?ords frorn one language to anotller)' .0U1" illustrious brotll(~r, Sir 'Valtel" Scott, Inakes one of his cllaracters in "I~ob Roy" SUy-" she does llot 'v'alue a la\vsuit l'uair as a cowan, aI;d ye 111ay tell Mac Cullulnnlore that Allan Ivcrach路said sa,e.." C'RAl~'1'.. 1'he ordinary aeccl)tatiol1 is n trnde or nlccllanical art, Ul1d collectively the l)ersons 11raetising it. lIenee" the C~raft" in sl)eculative l\Iasonry siglliHes the '\vhole body of Freclnasons \vllerever dispersed. CRAI~'nl'S1:iAN. it CraftsnlUll yOll are to eueoul"age industry Ut".'H.1. T.ew:lrd n~erit; sl1.pp,ly the ,,,ants and relieve tIle nec.essltles of l)rethren an<1 fello\,rs to tbe utnlost of your power and ability; aue1 011 110 aCCOuIlt to wrong thenl or see them wronged, but timely to apprise theln

ORE-ORO.

of approaclling dal1ger, and vie\v their illterest as inseparable fronl your own. Such is the nature of your engagenlents as a Craftsluan, and these duties you are now bound, by the nlost sacred ties, to observe.-Cha'rge,

lJecond Degree. CREATION. It is the general voice of Scripture that God fil1islled the whole of the creation in six days and rested the seveIlth; giving 1.1S all exa111ple that we 111ight labour six days alld rest the seventh tl-Oll1 all manual exercises. lIe who labours with llis 111ind by worldly schenles and plans on the. Sabbatll day, is as clllpable as 11e ,vho lal)ours \vith llis llands in his acellSto.med calling. It is by tIle authority of Goel tllat the. Sabbatll is set ul)art for rest alld religious pllrposes, as the six days of t.Ile week are appointed for labollr.J.4.da,7n Cl(w~ke. CIlI~ISON. This ricll und beautiful COlOlII" is enlble111atical of fervency and zeal. It is tIle appropriate colour of the Itoyal ..t\rch degree; alld adlIlonishes us that \ve s110uld be" fervent in the exercise of our devotions to G'od, and zealous in our el1deavoul"s to l)rOll10te tIle happilless of Inan.

eRO SSe .t\.ccorc1ing to 3:11 ancient tradition, the TeIllpIe of SOlOlTIOn 11ac1 tllree fOllllc1ations, the .d first .of\vhicll contained seventy stones, five ~ . rovvs fr01ll nortll, to south, and f01.1rteen in each ro\v running froIn east to \-'\Test. The centre ro\v COl'Tesl)Ollc1ed \vith the 111)l'igl1t of a cross, \vhose transverse \-vas fOl''lIled, by tvvo stones 011 eacll side of the elevelltll stone from路the easten<1 of路 the centre ro\v(i'l ~ ~r whicl1 tl1e uprigllt is forlned,and the fourth stone from tlle west end of it. This stone, \vhich llence occupies the pla'ce of the crossing of the bearns, vvas "tInder t.he centre of the S. S., '\vhere ,"vas dCl)osited the .l\.rl\. of tIle Covenant and S11ekinah. This design contained an evident reference to the cross of Ch:-ist, ~~nd was so l)laced that tIle !)art \vhere the heart of (Jl1rlst ,vonIc1 be at the tinlc of his erucifixion \vas under fhe eentre of the S. S.

ORUSADES. There is 110t an instance- of tIle European states uniting ill allY one enteI11rise save the 1101y \tvar; and froln thence ~"'e 1110st ratiolln11y 111ust cOllceive the IJresent l1U111ber <;>f ~fasons, dispersed over tlle face of Europe, "vas princilJally derived. By tlle Crusades, the nlllllber of our society ,vould be greatly aug111ent~d; tIle occasion itself \-vould revive the rLlles of l\Iasollry, they being so well adapted to that purpose, and also professional of tIle Christiall fait11, frOln ,~hence sprallg tile spirit of the enterprise. After tllese pursuits subsided, bodies of lnen '\vould be fOUlld in every country froln \VllenCe the levies were ealled; and \vhat "vonId 11reserve the society ill evelY state, even d~ring the persecutions of zealots, tIle l\Iaster l\Iason's Order, ullder its present l)rincil)les, is adapted to every sect of Christians. It originated froIl1 the earliest er~L of Cllristianity, in honour to, or in .confession of~ the religioll and faith of Christians, before tIle POiSO!l of sectaries \vas diffused over the clrurch.-IIlltcltillson.

CltUX .t\'NS1\TA. This sign, originally signifying life, \vas adol)ted as t1 Christian elllbleln, cit-he}" ii-onl its siulilarity to the sllape of tt cross, or fronl its being considered the syTnl)ol of a. state of future existence. CRYPT. .l\. s'llhterr~lneall vault. On tIle tOl) of the Ulount of ()lives \vns t1 vast und very ancient crypt, in " the sllupe of a COlle路 of inlInellse size; the veltex alone Hl)l)earing level \vitl1 the soil, and exhibiting by its section at the tOll a' slnall circ.ular 3Ilcrture, tIle sides exteniling belo\V" to n great del1tll lined wit}l a lIard red stucco . " It ,vas nn idolatrOtlS c0l1sfruction,perlla11s as old as 8010111011, t111d profaue(l l)y Josial1.. It: Sololnon b1.1ilt tIds crY11t, lle llligllt, as the Je\vs say l1e did, eonstrllct one of the sal11C l\.ind beneath . l\.~nlple, for tIle reeeptiOl'l of tIle ark, &c.. , in case of danger; but tllis 11lust relnain undecided till the "tirnes of the Gentiles are fulfilled."-C~alnzct. CUB.E. The cul)e is a S)"1l11) 01 of truth, of wisdom, of Inornl perfectioll. Tll(~ ne\v J erusftlenl prolnised by the j\llocalypse, is ec,[ual in length, brea<lth, and height. The mystical city ought to be considered as a llcw

CU~.

churcll, wllere divine wisdom will reiglle Isaiall, announcing tIle coming of tIle l\Iessial1,. said, "lIe shall dwell in the llighest place of tIle solid rock, aJ.ld the \vater \Vllicll sllall flow frolll him shttll give life." CUBICAL STONE. At the building of the Temple of J erusalenl, an Ul1e:~\.1lected and afflicting event occurred, which tlll'"evv the l\1asons engaged in the ,vork into the greatest confusion. rfhe G. ~I. (H. A. B.) llad sent to certain F. thirteen stones, and directed tllat ,vitIl these they should C011111lete a sInall square near the cape-stone, being tIle only l)ortiol1 of the fabric w llicll relnained unfinished. Every stone of the tell1ple was forlned into a square, containing five equilateral triangles, each equilateral triangle being equal to a cube, and eaell side and base of the triangles being equal to a plumbline. The space, therefore"vhicl1 renlained to be COlnpleted ,vas the last triangle of the last stone, and equal to the eighth part of the 1)lu111b-line, or ~~- of the circle, and 1\路 of the triangle, \vhiell llulllber is in IIebre\v H~ or the gre.at l1Un1e of the Al111ight~r. TIle thirtecl1 stones consisted of all the fi-agnlents ,vhich renlained froIll the building, and cOlnprised tV'lO cubes in t"vo divisions. In the first \vas contained 011e cube in all entire l)iece, and in the second a cube ill t\velve parts: viz., 4"~ l)arts in 1 piece, 2 parts in 4 pieces, 1 l)art in 1 })ieee, and ~ part in 6 pieces; total 12 l?ieces. 'l'he :F'. Cs. ctl,rried the broken cube to S. 1(. I., vvho in conjunction "\vith II. I{. T. directed that they should be 1)laced along witll the jev\,"cls of the Craft, on a eubie stone encrusted with gold, in the centre ofa deer) cavern \vithin the foundations of the teIllple, and further ordered, tllat the door of this mysterious court s110uld be built up with large stones, ~n order tllat no one ill future .sho'tlld be able to gaul adlnission into this mysterious apartulent. At the rebuilding of the temple, however, three Ii'.Cs. lately returned [roIn Babylon, in the course of their labours inadvertently stulnbled upon this mysterious recess. rfllC)f discovered the fractured cube, and ca.rried the I>ieces to z. J- II., \vho recognized in the four I)ieces tIle XX'XX., and ac.cordingly advanced the ~'. Cs. to tt ne\y order in l\Iasonry for having acconlplished this discovery.1'ytler..

as.

CUB-CYP.

CUBIT. A n1easure of lengtll, .originally denoting the c1istaIlce froln the elbow to the extrelnity of the middle finger, or the fourth part of a \vell-prol)ortionec1 man's stature. The flebrew cubit, according to BisllOP Cumberlal1d, \vas 21. inches, but only 18 according to other authorities. CURIOSITY., Freemasonry has in all ages excited the curiosity of nlankind; and curiosity is one of the most prevailing passions in the lluman breast. The mind of man is kept in a perpetual thirst after knowledge, nor can he bear to be ignorant of what he thinks others l{no\v. : CYPfIER. It is not custoll1ary in Freemasonry to \vrite in cypher, neitller is tllere any law cOIDlnauding it to be done, ~although tllcre is a very ancient cypher extant taken from the Square and Triangle. This is also called the Anlmoniall writing of the ancient Egyptian pries~s* .In the year 1808, Bro. J.. G. Bruman, Director of tIle Academy of 'Commerce and Professor of the 1futhematics at lVlannheim, published a programme of a Pangraphia or universal vvriting,lllld at the sanle tinle an Aritbnlctical KryptQ-graphic, which ,vas to be extrelnely useful in Freemasonry; bl1tSO far as ,ve know this work has never appeared.-Gadl~cke.

CYPHER WRITING.

The路system of cypher writing

has been found so eonvenientas a depository of ineffable

secrets, that it has desoendeddown to our own time's, and various Inethods have been prescribed for its use, any of 'rVllicll will allswer tIle intended pUr-P0se; for the路 interpretation is absolutely inlpracticable without a key. The SiU1l)lest kiIld of cypher consists of a siluple transposition of the letters of tIle alphabet, and appears to have been one of tIle earliest specilnens of tllis kind of secret路 conlillunicatioll 'V\rllicll was used in modern times, Its mystery~ however, is perfect; and the places of the several letters rnay be 80 varied as to preclude the possibilityof detectiQn. a,

c d e f g p q r s t 6

h i 11

j W

k 1 ;m x y z.

DAY.

was further incited by an anciellt predictioll of l\Ioses. Bn.t David as yetvvas ignorant of tIle l)lace vvrhel~e the 'relllple of tIle Lord was to be erected; for it still J:elnained ill tIle possession of theJ ebl..lsites, and 011 tllat ,spQtAraun,ah llad established his tllreshing floor. At this period Mount l\Ioriall exhibited a l)icturesque al)pear,ance; being covered by groves of olive trees; and for tllis reason it "vas ealled " the field of tIle ""vooel." .l"'\fter Davlij had 111ade the above deternlination, t:b.e Lord directed Natl1~Ul the propllet to CO 111111 unica te to lliln, "Thus sttitl} the Lord, shalt tll011 build lne an house for to dwell in. "\Vhell thy days be fulfilled, and thou sllalt sleep wi tIl ,tllY f1tthers, I will setup tllY s'eed af~er tllee, Wllich sllull llroceed out of tllY bowels, ancl I will establish bis kingdoIll. lIe shHll build anllouse for Illy narne, and I路 will estahlisll the throl1e of Ilis l(ingdorn for ever. I will he his father, aIld he shall be lIlY' son."

D.t\"Y .1:\.NI) NI(}lI1'. rrhe sun is tIle 1110nareh of the \vhich is state of ligh.t. rrhe 1110011 of the night, or the state of darkness.'rhe rays of the sun fitlling on t.he atuloBl>hnrn, are refracted and dilfllsedover the.\j\thole of that路 htnnisphere of the eartb iU1Hlediatel:y .11nder his orb; 'Vvhile. those rays of thutvast lUllliIHlry \vhich, because of tIle. eartll's snlalllless ineornl)urison of the SUll,Rre diffused on all sides beyond the earth, fhlling on the opaque disc of tIle J110011, are refleeted baek on '\vhat Iuay be ealled the lo\ver hernisphere, or that l)art of the ~~arth ,vhieh is 0Pl)osite to the part "\vhiell is illtuninated sun; und as the earth . a revolution on OWll ttxis in about t\Vellty-foul" hours, consequeIltly .each lleU'ds}l11Cre llas alternate day and lligllt.-Ada1lb ,Clu'rke_ daly'

I).A.Y'S ,\\rOI~I{. TIle day's \V'orkclosed \vhen the set in the \vest. All tIle ex!)ressions used in seriI)tnre ubout llirBd servullts irnply that they \vert:.~ b)" the day. 'rhis is still the casein tIle east, where not only' lal)(HlrerS, but rneehanies, whether they" "v'ork f<Jr a holder ot" for a rnaster in tl1Hir O楼ln craJt, are . by the day, and regularly' t~xpect their day'S \vlu~n the sun goes dO\Vll. It has Ilt:~ver COllIe to OlIf kll()\vledge they vlork at any trade after sunset, eveIl in . SUll

-,Kitto.

DEA-DEC.

DEACON. The dtlties attached to the office of a deacoll are, "to convey messages, to obey· cOlll1uands, alld to assist at initiations, and.in the general practice of tIle rites and ceremonies of tIle. Order." The jewel of their office is a dove, as all en1ble111 of peace, andcharacteristic of their duties.

DEATH. The heatllen llations, before the coming.of Christ, wanted tIle blessing of revelation, and knew nothing of thedestinatioll of man after he· was laid. in the silentt0111b. One of their own poets tellsustbis: "Alas," says l1e, "when the plants and flowers of the gardel1 have perished, tlley revive again, and bloom the succeedin~ year; b1.1t we, l11ighty, wise, a11d powerful luen, when 011ce we die, rell1ain illsensible in the hollow t0111b and sleel) a lOllg alld elldless sleep-a sleep fronl which we never shall be awakened." Seneca said, "post rnoTtem niltiZ Cl;t." Virgil describes deatl1 as an "iron sleep, . aIlcl an eternal night." (Ell. x. 745,,) But so incol1sistent \vere the Ileathell philosopllers upon these alJstruse sul:>jects, Wllich tlley llUd received .only from dark. and uncertain tradition, that in tIle sixtll book of the EIleid, tIle saIne poet describes vvith great milluteness tIle places of reWar(lalld Illlnisl1111ent which are assigned to mallkind after deat1l, as tIle cOllsequence of their personal. responsibility.-Bislt0l) ]lant. DECLARATION. Everycullc1idate, IJrevious to. his adnlission, lllustsubscribehisnalueat full .lengtll toa declaratioll of tIle .following import, viz.:~"'.rothe 'V orsllillful ]\fasters, 'Vi~rdens,·Offieers, and Membersof the Lodge of , No. - . I, , being a free nlall, and of tile ftlll a.ge of twent)"'-one years, do declare, tllat "llubiassed l)y tl1e in1111"oper solicitation of friends, andurdnfluenced l)y ll1el'"cellary or otller 11nwortlly motive, I fi'"eely find 'voltlutarily offer In:rse1f a candidate for the nlysteries of l\Iasonry; that I anl prOlilpted by a favourable opinion conceived of the institution, itl1da ·desiretof knowledge, and that I ,viII ch.eerful1y conform toa.~l:tlle anciellt llsages and established customs oftbe·· .Order. Witness my hand this day of • Witness.-

Constit'utions.

DEC-DED.

DECLARING OFF. \Vhen'a brotller ceases to visit a L,odge, and to pay his Inolltllly subscriptions, lIe tllereby declares hill1self off the lodge. "\Vhen a brother requires to leave the lodge for a few 111inutes, either at labour or at tIle ball ql1et, he 111USt request leave to do so. l\Ial1Y brethren \VllOSe badcOllduct is brought before the lodge, and who are afraid tllat they will be excluded or expelled, tal\.e tllis ll1eans of declaring oft: 'Ve also ll1ake use of this .expressioIl whell allY lodge llas ceased to assenlble for a length of tinle. A Free111a.sons' lodge, or asselnbly of tIle brethren, is prol)erly tyled when 11011e but brethren are l)resent, undwhen 110 stranger call gain adnlittul1ce.

-Gu.dicke. DECORA1'IONS. III disposing of the furniture and decorations of a lodge, great discrill1inatioll is required; and very frequently tIle inlposing tll,pearance vvhich a lodge Olight to I)resent to the eye, is lost for ",,"ant of due attention to these prelirninary arl"angell1ents. '1'he eXl1ert 1\Iason 'ivill be convinced that the ,valls of a lodge roonl ougllt l1either to be absolutel)T Ilak.ecl 1101" too 111ucll aecor~ttea.

A c.haste c1isl)osal .of sylll1lolical Ol"llUlnents the' rigll t l)laces, and according to lll'0l)riety, relieves tIle dulness und vacuity of ~1 blank slluce; and tllOUgh btl t sI)aringly used, ,viII l)roduce a' striking irnpressioll andcolltribute to tIle ge!leral beal1ty and solenlnity of tIle scene. ill

l)~EDICATION. ]'roll1 the bllilding of the fitst telnple at Jerusalelll to tIle 13ahylonisll caI)tivitJ,r, tIle lodges of ~'reernasons vvere dedieated to ICing 80101:non, f1"Ol11 thellce to the advent of Christ toZerubbabel, WllO built the second tenl pIe, and fi"oIn that tinle till tIle final <1estrnction of the teIIlI>leby Tittls, they were dedicated to St. .JOhIl the Baptist. 13ut owing to tIle .losses .whicll vvere sustain.ed by that nlel110rable OCCllrrence, IT'reenlUSOllljr declined; lI1H.llY lodges ,\vere brokell 'til), Ul1d tlH~ bretllrell ,v'ere afraid to. Ineet '\vithout an aekIlovvleclged hend. At a s(~cret l11eeting of the Craft, holdell in the city of B elljlunin, thiscircUlnstanCe\vns lnueh l"egretted, and they deputed seven brethrâ&#x201A;ŹHl to solicit St. Jolln .the Evangelist, \vho '\vas at tllat tirne BisllOP of I~pllesus, to accept the office of (~"ralld lVlaster. . lIe l"el)lied to the

DEF-DEG.

deputatiol1, that tIl0 ugb. well stricken in years, having been in 'his youth il1itiated into MasonI"y, he" would' acquiesce in their reqllest, tllUS cOlnpleting by his learning what the other" St. John had begun by llis zeal; and thllS dre\v what Freen1asons call a line-parallel; ever sh1ce whicll, the lodges ill all Christiall COlllltries have beell dedicated to the two' St. Jollns~- Yo'rk Lectztres.

DEFAMATION. To defame our brother, or suffer hiln to be defalned, without interesting ourselves for the preservation of his nanle and cllaracter, there is scarce the shado\v of all eXCUSB to be found. Defamation is alway"s wicked. Slander and evil speal\.ing are the IJests of civil society, are the disgrace of every degree of religious profession, and the poisonolls bane of all brotl1erly love. Def~1}nation is never absolutely, or indeed at all, l1ecessary; for SlIppose y01.1!" brotller 11tls faults, are you obliged, because you sl)eak of llirn, to discover tllem? has lie 110 good qualities? 8111"e a.llllave SOllIe good oneS; Inak.e tlieUl though ever so fe\i\r, tIle subject of your . conversation, ye Inust路 ta.lkof lliln; and if he 11<:18 no good qualities, s11eak not of hinI at aIL-InuJood. DEGl~EE. A degree, as tIle ,,,orc1 ill1plies, is ll1erely a grade or step, or prellaratiop, as one grade is but 111"eparatory to another lligller, alld so Ofl in l)l"ogression to the" neplus ultra." A degree sonletilnes, but not in Free111aSonry, Ineans a class or order.

DEGREES. Whyarethel"edegrees ill Freelllasonry? The reaSOll \vhy this questiollisasked by the men ofthe vvarlc1, is beCatlSe they are luen and not schoolboys vvho are irlitiatec1, allcl because tIle wllole of the 01"oe1" COllld be C01l11nUllicated to tlleln at one tiule. But still there are degrees, or steps, al1d tru)y' for tllis siu11)le renSOll, as there is no art or sciellce \vhich earl beCOlnU1unicated at one tinle, so l1eitller call Free111aSonry; and although tlley are 111en of 111uture age \vho are initiated, yet they require to be .11roved stc11 by stel). ]"reell1aSonry is a science Wl1icll reql1ires botll tilne and experience, and 1110re tilue tllan 111al1Y 1fasons, espeeially governmerit officers or tradesnlell, can devote to it; the. only time they in fact can apprOI)riate.' to this. p.urpose beillg their hOllrs of recreation. It is, tllerefore, good that it is com-

DEM-DEP.

municated by degrees. Those degrees are conlIDunicated in the lodge at. the end of certain路 deternlillateperiods, or imlnediately after each other, according to the regulations of the lodge, or the candidate's power of comprehensioIl. -Gadicke.

DEl\IIT. A l\fason is said to delnit frolll the Order when 11e withdravvs fro111 all connectioll with it. In the regulations of tIle Grand Lodge, dated 25th Novenlber, 1723, it \vas provided, that if the ]\faster of a lodge is de11osec1, or denlits, the Senior WaI'den sIlall fill the chair until the next appointment of officers. DE1IOCRACY.Symbolical Masonry, under whatever form it may be propounded, is a Catholic institution, democratic in its fornl and goverOluent, and, universal in its operation. This is den:1011strable from any of the defillitioIlS of tIle Order; frolll the free election of its cllief Inagistrate, tLnd. the inferior governors of every private lodg(~, anl1lu111y and by univ"ersal suffrage, and frOlll the rel)llted fornl and extent of its lodges. Ifit were deprived of any of the above attributes it 'Vvould be no longer lfreelIlasonry; and all its beIleficial effects UpOll the lnilld and rnanners of men, \vould be scattered to the vvinds of 11eaven. DEPORr.rl\IENT. Since Inany of our forrns and operations are necessarily secreted fronl C01111l10Il iI1spectiOll, the gen(~rality of rnrulkincl ,v ill lllake nl) their 0l)inioll of the society froul tIle del)ortrncnt of its Inelllhers. ~rhis ought to ser"{(} as <1 'very powerful call to every. one of us, unifoflnly and 0l)eIlly to display those qualities and virtues so strongly inculcat,ed andvvarnlIy recolnmended in the lodge. ~To little purpose shall ,ve cOlnl'nend the institution,> andb'oast the excellence of its principles ltnd p"urposes, ifour livE~sgive not corroborative eyidence to Qurassertions, and prove not tIle proI)riety of our encolllilllns. If we appear neitller wiser nor better tlHul the 11uinitiated, the world YVill . begin to susp~ct the enh~aey of our ten(~ts ; and if no gooc1 effhcts are uI.parent, \vill doubt "\V'hether any are l)roduced.-Harri~<r. l)Ii~P'l:II. extt~Il(l froul

rrhe depth of 11 lodge is figuratively said to the sll.rfhce to the eentre,

DEP-DIA.

DEPUTY GRAND 1\fASTER. T11is'officer isto be appointed annually by the Grand Master, on the day of l1is installation, and, if l,resent, is to be im111ediately installed according to anciellt usage. He Inust llave been master of some regular lodge. In the absence .of . the GraJ1d Master, the Deputy possesses all his powers and p rivileges.- Constitutions.

DESIGN. The initiation into the first or entered apprentice's degree waslnadeOto partake, in aosligllter proportioll, of those trials of physical and moral courage tor which tIle adn1ission into the ancient and· chiefly Egyptian 111ysteries were f~lmous.'The second or Fello\~rcraft's, ,vas rendered interesting by tllose scielltific instructions and !)hiloso!)}1ical lectures whicll ebaracterized later parts of the Inystel"ies; though both degrees were Inade to tend to tIle glory of that· God \V}lO had given such wonderful faculties to thelll and to the welfare of their fellow-creatures. Thus instructed iUlnorals and science, the third or JYIaster lVIason's degree led theln to that great which the sublimest part of evell tIle 11eathellnlysteries~ thougll it too seldonlsucceeded,\vas intended to teaell, and the faithful·believer was assured of a future life and imlnortality l)eyolld tIle grave. And, whereas, the heatherls had taugllt this only by the application ,0£3 ,fable to their purpose, tIle wisdonl of the l)ious, Grslnd MQsQnof t&,e· Israelitisll Masons took·advantage of a real circumstance whicll ","ould more 'forcibly im11ress the sublime trutllS he intended to inculcate Ul1011 the Ininds of all brethren. Snchi,s abri~f?utline, intelligible, I trust, to the Inembers of· the ()'raer, of tIle design of tllut beautiful sj"stem whicli, then establislled, has long been the adn1iratioll of the vvorld, and 1U1S stood the test of ages amid every llerseclltion.A1~chdeacon ltla,nt.

DIAG·RA11S.

The three

1110st

perfect of all geomet-

rical diagrams, are· the eqllilateral triangle, the square, and the equaillexagon. 1'0 tllis we·lnay addan.obs-lrVIr tion, for whicll weare indebted to our G'rand Pytbasoras, that there exists 110 other regular equilateral fonl1s, 'whose multiples are competenttofill'llpand occupy the whole-space about.a gIven centre, which can

DIA-DIF.

only be effected by six equilateral triangles, four sql1ures, and tllree equalllexagons.-Henuning. DIAl\IOND OJj' TIlE DESEI~T. Sir Walter Scott, one of tllose S!)lel1c1id tales of fiction whicl1 11ave imnlortalizeclllis nalne, describes a BIllall spot of verdure amidst an arid vvaste, ,vIliell vvas figur~ltively denomil1ated tIle Dianlonc1 of the Desert. Anl0ngst 11"i8hn1e11, too long estranged by political feuds allc1 sectarian contentions, ~-'reen.lasonry 111fLy be esteelned as tIle llloral Diaulond of the Desert, witllill wl10se llallo\,\red 11recillcts are ullited Inen of wortll of every class, llolding tIle Inost antagonistic pril1ciples-l1nited by a lnysterious and unrevealable bon,d-joined by a tie of brotherhood Wllich tends to tIle subjugation of l)rejudice, the developlnent of cllarity,ancl the nlasterdoI11 of tllose absurd and irreligious antipathies, Wllicll array in llostility creatures of the saIne G-od, for all of vVh01I1, \vithout distinction, the great saerifice of Calvary has l)eel1 cOnSUUl111uted..O'llYrJ.71. ill

DII).i\..01'ICAIJ.. 'l'lle fonrtll sectioll of the first lecture iscalle(l didactieal or perceptive. l'he assertioIl is fully J'!lade out, that 1110rality is the great Rubjeet \vitll \vhieh ]'ree111ltSOnry is eonvrersant. lIenee it fol1o\\ts, that the virtuous l\lason, after 11e 11US enlightened his o'\vn rnind by those sage and 1110ral 1)reCt11)ts, is the l1101"e ready to ell1ight~1l and enlarge tIle tluderstanding of others.-

Ilenzlllint'0='

4 â&#x20AC;˘

DIE'lfl~Rl~NC11~S. ..l\.11 clifferel1ces or COlrll,laillts ~llat call1lot he. necoul111odated privately, or in 80rne regular lodge, shall be reduced into writing and delivered to the Grand Secretary, wbo shall lay them before the Grand Master, or the 11roper board orcon1DlitteeapI)ointecI bJ' theG'rand IJodge.When all parti.es shall have been SUln111011ed to attend tllereOll, and the 'case sIlt'Lll have been investigLtted, Blle}-l order and adjudic~\tion lllay be 11lftc1e as shall l)(:~ itutllorised by the lu\vs and regulations of l\[asoury..- ConstitutiOllS.

I)IIr}'lJSI(:)N.. All anei(~nt lllUSOll'iC tradition relates our :\I.. ]{jrlg Sololnon, struel\. "ritll the universal

DIR-DIS.

harmony prodllced by the admirable arrangelnents which l1ad been adopted ulIlongst. th~ worknlen, conc~ived an idea. of foruling au ulliversal ·bond of brotherly love 1 whicl1 sl10uld unite all nations in tIle pursuit of virtue and science. Forthispurl')ose, lleadlnitted into his systel1l tllose illustrious sages who visited Jerusalem from every part of the globe, and allowed them to participate in Ilis ll1ysteries. And hence, when they returned home they diffused Freemasonry over the whole face of the eartll.

DIRECTOR OF CEREMONIES. The Grand Director of Ceremonies is annually appoi.llted by tIle Grand Master 011 .the day of his installition. He must be a Master ~lason, and punctually attend all the ordinary and extraorc1illury 111eetings of tIle Grand Lodge

DISCIPLINE. At the building of the temple tIle llours of labolll" and restflncl refreshmeIlt were distinctly regulated,and ·enforce·d witll such strictness that every brother WilO .absented llinlself froln his work, even for the sllortestperiod, was punished by a heavy fine deducted from his wages, because he violated tIle unity of labour, by which a correct reSlllt could be alone accol11plislled. The pre.~ise hours of COD1TIlel1Cil1g ,york and calling off torefreshm:ent, werestipulatecl in tlleir gencralcontracts, and conducterd' ~! .known signals and reports, and . they were Ilot allowed to" exoeed thenl by a sin.gle minute. Tllis perfect system of disciplille is wOl~tllyof i~itation anl0ngst tIle lVfasonsof the pres,ent ,day, if they wish"to attain tile Sa111e excellence ill th,emoral edific·6 which·the Craft is intended to raise. D ISCLC)SIN Cf. TIle 111eans devised for pron1oting tIle welfare of E'l"cernasonry" are tl1t~ secrecy, the language, and tIle goverrnnent of the Lodge. Secrecy is wisely adopted to beginnll<1 contiutle ~Iasoury, been/use it is necessary. If the lodge should \vork ill public, who in a sllort time could be its melnbers? Besides secreeYi'~" of itself, s. virtue; and is tallgllt as StlCll.in tIle lod88~~d taugllt effectually. Men sllould boal)leto ke.ep,,!*eit own secrets, nna sllould never violate the confiileuoeQf otllers. JYlasonica .m'ysteridtts btlt ·an

DIS.

indisputable fact. The most tattling Ulan, if l1e be a lVIason, l\.eeps tllis 011e secret; tllere is no risk of 11in1.Enrage, pUllisl1, expel-he 11ever tells. Mad, drunk., or crazy-he 11ever tells. Does he taIl\. ill his sleep? I t is IIOt abollt l\fasonry. Bribe llinl in Ilis \Vallts, ten11)t lliln ill llis pleasures, tllreatell llinl or torture 11iul, 118 is a ll1artyr llere-hut lIe never tells.-Blanchatd.

DISCOVERY. At the btlilding of tIle Secolld TenlpIe, the foundations vvel"e first opened Ulld cleared frolll the aeCU111l11ation of rubbish, that a level site llligllt be })rocurec1 for tIle cOlnnlencel11ent of the bllilc1ing. 'Vllile路 engaged in excavations for this pU1"l)OS8, three fortunate sojourners are said to 11ave discovered an avenue sUl)ported by sevell pair of pillars, l)erfect aIld entire, "\Vllich fronl their sitl.U1tioll l1Ud escaped tIle fury of tIle flarnes that had consllll1cd the teu11)le, and the desolation of \vax \vhich had destroyed the cit~y. This'secret vatllt, ,",\rhich lHtel been hllilt by SoloInon, as a secure depository for certain valuable seerets, that \VOllld IltlVe inevitably been lost \vithout S01ne snell eXI)eclient for their preservation, conrnlunicated by a 8ul>terraneanpassnge \ivith tIle 'king's palaee; but at the c1<~strueti()n of ~J erusaleln, tIle entrance having been closed by the ruhlJish of f;'l1.ling buildings, it had l)ecn llO'V discovered b}T the tll)pearanee of ftkey-stone ulll0ngst the fOUIHlations of the Sanetulll Sunc,toTuln. A careful inspection \vas then rnade, and the invaluable seerets \vere l)laeed in safe custody..

I)ISI)ENS.tl'rI<)N. Is an instrllll1ent \vhicll legaJizes an act or eerenl0Il}T, such as 0l)ening n lodge v\tithout t1 \vnrrant, iorrning a rnasonie 11rocession, \.~c., \vhieh\vould be illegal \vithout it. rJ1he l)o\"V'I'er of granting disl)cnsrttiona is '~Yery !ll"0Ilerly vested in the Granel and Provineial Q'rand l\fasters or their de1)1.1ties, \vho nre the best judges 011

\vhat oceasions it ought to be

exer(~ised.

I)ISP1JTl~S. rrhe candidiLt(~ at his initiation ,vas fo1"ulally exhorted that he is never to iIlvest hhnself \vifh tIle badge of a l\fason should there bE} hrother in the lodgt,~ \\;rith \vhorn he is at varianee, or \Vl101U lle entertains any anilnosity. 111 suell case it is t~xI)eet(~d

thtd: h(~ \vili invite the hrother to \vitIHlnl\v, in order tllat

DIS-DIU.

the difference bet\\,-reell thcln l11ay be anlicably settled; whicl1, if happily effected, tlley are thell at liberty to clotlle theulselves, and \vork. vv"iththat love and harlYlOl1Y Wllicll augll t al wa~ys to cllaracterize tIle Free and Aceepted Masoll. But if, unfortunately, the differences be of such a l1ature as cannot be so speedily adjusted, it \vere better tllat one or both sllould retire, tllall, by their presence, they should disturb tIle Ilarlllo11Y of the lodge. DISSOL"\TED LODGES. If the luajorit}T of allY lodge should deternlhle to quit the soeiet~y, the c~nlstitu颅 tiol1, or po,,;rer of assenlbling, Tellluins vvith tIle rest of its ll1enl bers WIlO ildhere to their al1egiallce. If all the me111bers of [t lodge vvitlldra\v thenlselves, tlleir constitUtiOl1 ceases anel bee-oIlles extinct; and all the authority therebjT granted or enjoyed reverts to the Grand Lodge. - Constitutions. DISTRESS. '1'118 SigllOf distress is said, in the book of Raziel, to be derived froul the eXI)ulsion of Adaln fron1 the Gnrden of l~dell. IIt~ COl111Ylunicatec1 it, along v\i'itll the divine lnysteries he hac1learnec1 tllere, to his son Lotll; Loth eOlllinunieatec1 tllEnn to El1ocll; Enoch to l\fethusaleul; l\Iethllsalenl to Larnech; Lalnecll to Noah; N oalt to Sen}; Sern to AbraluuH; Abrallaul to Isaac; Isaac to Jacob; ~Jacob to l.1evy; Levy to J{elhoth; Kelhotlt to Alnram; Amruln to l\Ioses ; l\Ioses to ~T oshua ; J osllua to the Elders; the Elders to tIle PrOI)}lets; the Propllets to the vVise l\fell; Ulld then fi"ol11 one to the other <1o\vn to 8010n10n. The sign 路of distl"ess isvel"y little different fl"OlU tllut of tb.e ]ftreemasolls.-Ilosenberg路. DIURNAI.J PI{.()GI{I~SS. 'l'lle sun rises in the three stages of its diurnal llfogress, first in the east to 0llell tht~ day, tl11d dispenses 1ife and nourishulent to the \vhole creatioIl~ 'l'his is ,,"ell reIH:esented by the ,\Torsllillful l\faster, \vho is l)laeed in tIle east to open tIle lodge, and WI10 ilnparts light, kno\vledge, and instl'uction, to nIl under his direction. ."then it urri ves at its greatpst altitude in tllC south, \Vllere its beulns are nlost l)iereing and the eool shade Illost l-efi"cslling, it is then also well represented lly the (Junior '\V'ardell, \vho is l)l~tced in the ' BOllth to observe its ll!)I)rOach to roeridia,n, and at, tIle

DIV~DOC.

h~ur

of noon to call the brethren from labour to l路efresllmeIlt. Still pursuing its course to the west, the sun at length closes the day, ancllulls all nature to repose; it is . thell fitly represented by the Senior Warden, who is placed ill the ,vest to close the lodge by command of the \Vorshipful Master, after having relldered to every on~ the just reward of his labollf, thus ellabling~thenl to enjoy that repose vvhich is the gelluine fruit of llonest indlistry .-Henuning. DIVINE LIGHTS. To the Tetragramnlaton alone no effect or action can be attribute.d, 1101" is it derived from any.. Therefore, all except this venerable name are applied to other things in Holy Writ; from which consideration, as almQst every Oabalist assumes that the Divine Lights or Sephirotll are eUlanations of the First CalIse, and appertaining to it, like flriJl1eS to the fire, or rays to tIle sun; or if the divinity of the I.Jord is infused into theIn, tllen by this nlod,e tIle l)hilosopllers and CfLbalists agree, since by giving tllis t11)I)cllatioll to tllose lights, it is given to the ]-'irst Cause, whicll is infused and shines ill tllcnl.-..L1{an,assclt Ben Israel.

DIVISI()NS. If the 1vlaster ofa lodgeal1o\vs t11U1bit of debnte to beCOll18 prevalent anlongst tIle bretllren, and rneu'lbers, fond of displaying tlleir rllet6ricalllo\vers, meet ,vitll encourageulent fronl the chair, it is an evil whicllcarries ruin ill its train; divisions disunite the hretllren; IHlrties are fornled by a systel'llaticcanvass to earr.y iluproper Illotions into effect, and Inutual d.istrust is the rnildest consequellce to l)c expected; for every division leaves a certain l)ortion of tIle mern~berg discontented. In the ,\varn1tll of (lebate, strong and objectionable llhrases and reflections maybe indiscreetly tlsed, whicIl leave a thoro rankling in the bosoln of those at \VllOnl tlley are leve'led; and in the end tIle Ininority UJrE~ c(~rtnin to relax in their attendance, if, Ilotto "vithdnl\V thelllseives altogether fronl all institlltioll\vhere tlu:~ir cOllllsels nre rejected, and their opinions treated \vith coutenl1)t. I)()(1T'ltIN1~S.. 1'he tllree ~UH] science, tradition

rnorrtlif:y,

degrees blend doctrine~ and Idstory', in to a grand

. 87

DOR-DOD.

and beautiful system, whicl1, if studied with attention and practised vyith sincerity, will inspire a holy confidence that the Lord of Life will enable us to tra111ple the ki11g of terrors beneath our feet, and lift our eyes to the bright 1\lorning Star, whose rising' brings peace and salvatio11 to the faithful and obedient to the holy Word" of God. There is, indeed, scarcely a point of duty or morality which man has been presulned to owe to God, his 11eighbour, or hi Inself, under the Patriarchal, the Mosaic, or· the Christian dispensations, which, ~n the C011struction of our symbolical system,· has been untouched. The forms and ceremonies, secrets and landmarks, the types and allegories of Freemasonry, present copious subjects of illvestigation, which canllot be easily exhausted.The l1ature of tIle lodge, its forn1, dimensiolls, and SU!lport; its groulld, situatioll, and covering ; its Orl1t1Jl1en"ts, furniture, aJ?d je\vels, . all tInite tlleir aid to [orIn a perfect coele of moral alld tlleological philosophy, whicll, while. it fascip.ates the understanding, inlproves the mind, tlntil it· becolnes polislled like the perfect Ashlar, andean 011I)T be ·tried by tIle square of~ God's word, and tIle unel"ring conlpassof conscience. DORIC.

The Doric is the seco11d of tIle five orders

of .• architeeture, and is that bet,,'v'eeIl· the Tuscan and tae Ionic.. It . i i themoat·natural and best proportione;d of all the orders; ·allit.sparts being founded on the natural position of solid bodies.

DORlVIER. The dormer is the wina.()~that. gives ligh t to the entrance into· the SanrctuID· Sal1!e·t.orom. DOUBLE CUBE. TIle lleathen deities . \vere nli1ny of thenl l"cl)resented by t1 c'ubical stone. Pausanius inforllls us tl1at a cube was the SYll1bol of lVIercury, because, like the cube, ~le represented 'I'ruth. In Arabia a bl~ck stone in theformofa c10uble cube, was reputed to be possessed &f.·.many o,ccult virtues.. Apollo was sometinles worshipp0d •under tIle symbol of a square stone, and .ia recorded that when a fatal pestilellce raged at the oraole 1Vas consulted as to the m~ansprop·er. ,Io~e adopted for the purp{)~eofarrestingltspr~r.e.s~"and It commanded that the c:6Qbe should hie double·. This was r

./,

•

DOU-DRE.

understood by the priest to l·efex to the. altar, \VllicIl ,vas of a cubical forln. TIley ·obeyed .tIle injullction, increasing tIle altitude of tIle altar to its l)reseribed c1inlensions, like the pedestal in a ~fasons' loclge, alld tIle })€stilence ceased. DOUBTS. It is a good rule in all doubtful nlatters to suspend our opinion at least till positive proof is obtained on \vhieh to found it. Until ,ve have fully ascertained tIle real state of the case, let us al\vays be willing to put the fairestcollstrllction it "viII udnlit; and even to hope the best of a thing ,vllen appearances are against it. vVhere doubt hesitates, let callc1ol1r pr0l11pt ; and\vhere justice balances, let nlercy prevail. EveIl where we find Olll"Selves obliged" to blame the princil)les of a certain sect.or l)arty, let us not be so uncharitable as to confound all its adherents and followers under one general and indiscriulinate censure. ES11ccially let us not charge thenl \vith suell consequences of their tenets as theJT disavo\v.-Ilarris. DO\7]~. 1'lris bird ,vas 1,~the diluviall Inessenger of peace, and hovered over the retreating "vaters like (1 celestial harbinger of safety. rrhus a Illnette floating on the surface of the ocean, attended bya dove \vith an olive branch in its Hlouth, arld encirelcd by a rainbo\y, fOfln a striking and expressive syrnhol ,,~hiell needs no explanation. If E'reernusonry has al1o\vec1 this bird to OCCUI))t a high situation ulIl0ngst its hallo\vec1 sy'rnbols, the reasons for sueh an appropriatioll are fully cornpetcl1t to justify the l)l"oeeeding'. 'I'lle dove \vas an agent at tIle creation, at the deluge, and at the l)fLptislll of Christ.

DRESS. At the revival ill 1717, it \l\r:LS directed-and, that there :rnigllt be DO lnistake about tIle nUttter, the canon \vas inserted hy Anderson and Desagtl1iers in the earliest code of lectureskno~;vn,-that tIle Syllll)olieal elothing of a l\fa8tcr 1\Inson "1(18-" sk tIll-en p and jneket yel1o\v, and nether garlllcnts blue." After tIle nddtlle of thn eentury,he ,i\tas said to "elothed in the old colours, viz., iH1rple, crinlS011, and blue;" and the rcaSOl1 assigllt~Llt(Jr it; \YUS, " beeause they nre l·oya.l, azul suell us the ancient and l)rinees used to \,~ear;" an,d '\ve are

DUA-DUP.

infornled by sacred history that the veil of tIle Telnple "vas composed of those colours ;~ and therefore tIley ,vere considered peculiarly appropriate to a professor of a "royal art." . The actual dress ofa lVlaster ~Iasol1 was, however, a full suit of black, witll V\"'hite neckcloth, apron, gloves, and stockings; the buckles being of silver, an~ the jevv'"els being suspended froul a white ribbon by way of collar. This, disposition prevailed until the Union in, 181a, when it "ras ordered that in future the Grand Officers should be distinguished by purple, the Grand Stewards by crimson, and the ~rasier JYIason by blue, thus reverting to "the old colours" of our ancient brethren. DUAD. Tlie duad, representing the nUl11bel" 2, answers to the geolnetricalline, ,,-rhich, consisting of length withollt breadth, is bOlluded by t\v-O extrenle points. It signifies darkness, fortitude,.hul"I110ny alld justice, because of its equal parts, and thelnoon because she is forked. DUPLICATION. The"'i dUI)lication of a cube is the finding the side of a cube that shall be double in solidity to a given cube, Wllicll is a fanlo1ls 1)roble111 cultivated. by tile geometricians t\VO thollsalld years ago. It '\-vas first proposed by the oracle of Apollo at Delphos; \vhich being consulted about tIle nlUnl1el" of stopping a plague then .l"agingat Athens, returned for answer, that the plague should cease when Apollo's altar, which "vas cubical, should be doubled. Upon this they applied them-路 selves in good earnest to seek tIle duplication of the cube, which vvas afterwards called tile Delian probleln. TIle problenl is only to be solved by finding two. mean proportionals bet\yeen the. side of the cube, and double that side; the first '\vllereof v\rill he the side of tIle cube doubled, as \vas observ"ed hy IIil)pocrates Chrus. Leaving the eonsidel"atioll of tIle various lllethods \vhicl1 have been employed to accoll1plisll the solution of this very important l)roblenl, it remains for nle. to add, that the solution .of the cube's dtlplicatiol1 constitutes the apex of the Temple ; and renders a paralleli11iI)idon, containing 16 linear units, equal to 15 -linear units; thus bringing the numb路er 16 or M-'~t1 1tfessiall; the great name Jah cOlnprising the first two letters of the Tetragrammatons. or ineflablename of Deity tMh-'.-Tyler. 7

DUT---EAV.

DUTY. Freemasollry l'"equires you to be a good and loyal subject; true to your queen; just to your country; peaceable, honest, industrio1Is; telnperate· in all things; good 111elnbers of society; l<.ind to your "vives and families ; courteous to you.r friends and neighbours ; anxious to do good to all Inen; to love the brotherhood, to fear God, to honour the qu.een; and \vhilst yOll IJractise the weightier 111atters required lJy t'he la\v of justice, judgInent, and equity, to forget not life eternal bj"" Jesus Christ, the only sure f011Ildation of ·all your 1101)€S bere, and of :rour eternal hal)piness llcreafter.-Percy. EAGLE. The eagle formed a constituent l)art of the cherubic symbol. It was refelTec1 to the pro11het Daniel because lle spake \vith angels, and received visions \vhich relate to all tinle; and to St. John, ,vho in his gospel treats of Christ's divinity, and soars to heaven like an eagle, in the Boo}t of Revelation.

EAR OF COI~N. Sonlc old l\fasons fi!)pear to thinl~ that the introductioIl of this s)r111bol into ]-'l"Cell1asonry was intended· to pel1lctuate a. remenlbrance of the transit over the river ~Jordan by the armies of Israel,\vhen they entered the land of Canaan for tIle first tinle, under the COll:1Illand. of Joshua. This event, so inlportant in the Je\~"isll history, I1ttving taken 111ace at the eeleb ratio Il of the pnssover, \'VheIl the l)rOlnised lanel ,vas eovered \vith fields of rille corn, the" enr" \vas assunled as ~t symbol of that plenty \vhich gladdened tll(~ir hearts after ail period of forty years In the \vilderness, \vhere they had been fed,vith rnanna only, and eagerly longed for a,ehange of

food. ~~AST. The pedestal, with the VOltlme of the I"'/n.\,,~, is I}lnced in the casternpart of the lodge, to

Sncred signify that us the sun rises in the east to 0llen and enliven the day, so is the W. M. placed in the east to o,pen tIle lodge, and to elnploy and instrllct the brethren in )\{n.. sour)"'. l~J\V.ESDROPPEl~.

iJ:H~

le(~tures.

used at the

ill 1.7:17, the f{)llo\\'ing I)urrishment orl a CO\\~aIl.

"'1'0 be !llacetl under the

EBA-EDT.

eaves of the house in rail1Y weather, till the water l"unf\ in at 11is shoulders alld out at his shoes." The ]j'rench rather extellc1 this punishlllellt. "On Ie l11et SOliS une gouttiere, une p 01nl)e, ou nne fOl1taine, jusqu'a ce qu'il soit nl0~ille depuis la tete jusqu'aux pieds." Hence a listener IS called an eavesdropper.. EBAL.. The following was introduced illto the lectures of Masonry by our brethren of the last century. }tloses commanded Israel that as soon as they had passed the Jordan, they should go to Scb.echem, and. divide into two bodies, each COTIlposed of six tlibes; one placed on, that is adjacent to, Ebal; the otller on, that is adjacent to, Gerizhn. The six tribes on or at Gerizi111, \vere to pronounce blessings 011 tllose ,vho should faithfully observe the la\v; and the six on ~Ioul1t Ebal \vere to pronounce C1.1rSeS against those ,vhosllould vioh.1te it. This Joshua executed. Moses enjoined thenl to erect an altal" of unIlewn stones 011 l\fount Ebal, and to plaster tlleln over, that tIle law Inight be written on tIle altar.-Cal1net.

EDEN. ,\V11e11 God rC,reated the first Iuan 11.e placed him ill the Garden of Eden, to dress it and to keep it. Horticulture or gardening is tIle first kind of enlployment on record, and tllat in Wllich l1lan \vas enga.ged \vhile ina state of perfection.and innocence" Though the garden may be supposed to produce all tl1ings SPOlltaneol.lsly, as the whole vegetable snrfllce of tIle earth certainly aid at .the 路creation, yet dressing and tilling ~'rere after\vards necessary tonlaintain. the different路kinds. of plants and vegetables in tl1eir perfection, and to repress luxuriance.. Even in a state of innocence \ve canllot conceive it possible tllat l:nan could ]1 ave been happy if illactive. G-oel gave lli111 \vork to clo, alIa his eIll1,1oynlent eontriblltecl to his 11lllilliness; for tIle structure of his body, as well as of llis lrdnd, l)lainly 11l"oves that l1e was never intended for t1 lllerely COJ;ltenlplative life.-AJam Clarke.

EDICT. OF 'CYRUS. No SOOlle~" vtas the prescribed ternl of路 the ISr&elitish captivityco111pleted, tban the Babylonian lnonarclls were expelled, according to the voice of proph,ecy ; and, the anger of the IJord appeased,

ELE.'

he stirred up the heart. of Cyrus, King of Persia and BabyloIl, by COll1111l1hicating to him tIle Great Secret, to issue a proclall1a tiol1 for thebllilding of the Telnple. 'l'he people were liberated, the holy lltensils restored to the nUlllber of five thousand four hundred, vvhich had escaped destruction; and the tribes vvho consented to return, under their respective 11rinces and chieftains, \vere led triunlpha~ltly into th~ pro111ised land .by Zerubbabel, tIle prince, J esllua the prIest, and HaggaI the prol)het. ELECTING OFFICERS. III 1110st lodges the election of officers tal\.es place llpon, or near to, St. J 011n'8 Day, \vhen either 11evvofficers are ell0Sell, or the old ones are re-elected. He \vho' aspires to fill any of the chief offices of tIle lodge Inllst 110t only l)ossess the necessary 111asonic kll0\vlec1ge to enable hinl to assist in carrying on the lodge \vork \vith order and harnlony, but he 1l1USt be a lnan \vhose generall\.l1o\vledge, slc.ill, and eX11erience, has gained hinl the esteenl a.nd confidence of his brethren; rank, titles or riehes should never be takon into aceount, unless tlH~ !)ossessor is also endo\ved ,vi tIl the fornler qualifict1tions; nor,路 011 tIle other llanc1, 8110111d allY brotller he elected \vhose situutioll in life ,\VOll1d 110t allo\v hiln to devote the necessary ti111e to the duties of the lo('Ige vvithout injury to Ililnself, his f,nnily, 01路 cOl1nec.tions. Should the electioll have fallen upon any brother 'VI10 feels hil11self unable to 1)e1"[o1"111 the in1portant duties ,vhich '\youldclevolve upon hin1, it is his duty' iInnlediatel)t to decline tIle proffered honour. 'rhe \velfh.re of tIle lodge should be 11is sole objeet, and if he feels that he is not able to prOIl1ote that object so ,veIl as he OUgllt to do as an officer, it is ll1uch Inore creditnble to hilll to contillue to do his utlnost as a 11rivate n1clnber.

ELEorrION..Every lodge shall annually elect its ~Xagter al1dTreasurer by ballot, suell J\fasterhavillg been ~reglliarly al)pointecl, and havillg seryec1 as ,'Tard~~n of a ';\V~lT~l).ted lodge; and at tIle next 111eeting" after llis ,e,lection, \vhen the 11linutes are confi.l"ll1ed, he shall bE~

,installed into the ehair, according to aneient usage ;ufter ,which be is to appoint llis Wardens and other ofii.cers.j'jCq1lStl~tutiollSJ

ELE-END.

ELEMENTS. TIle three elements, water, fire,~and air, signify three F. Os., which conduct us, and are so necessary for our preservation, that our life is at an end the 1110111ent they quit the bod}r. Diseases are generally callsed by a revolution ill tllese elements. The force of one being illcreased appears to destroy tIle body. If the eleUlent of fire becomes unnaturally strong, it causes inflanl111atibn and fever. If it be the elelnent of water which illcrea~es ill strellgth, other .diseases, equally dangerous, are brougllt on. When deatll takes place, the three elements are again represented by the .burning taper, the basill of water, and tovvels, \vllich are generally placed beside a dead body, alld Wllich also represellt the three "Ticked F. es., who have destroyed their ll1aster.Rosenbe'}~.

El\IBLEl\fS. Freeluasonry being confessedly all allegorical systen1, all its !)oints, parts, and secrets, lllUst l)artalte in COll.l111011 of its enlblenlatical COllstrtlction. Every doctrine and ceremony 11as its lllystical reference -every lunc1nlark its legithnate eXI)luIlution. But there are oftell 1110re iUlportant alltity'pes than those vVllicll are C0111111only' assigned; alld tllOUgll they do llot tll)pear on the surfaee, are nevertlleless \","orthy of Ollr 1110st serious consideration.. Hence arises the necessit:y, in tllese tillles of scielltificalld philosophical research, of Il1uintaining l:!-'reeluasonry in .its proper l路ank, l)y ill'\restigating tIle telldency of its numerous details, that we 1'11ay correctly ascertaiIl ,vllether their import be unifor111, .alld their typical "reference vl'aluable. IBnIERCfF~NCY. A lodge ofernergeney n'lay,at any tinle, he called b~y the authority of the 1\Iaster, or, in his absel1ce, by tl1e senior 'Varden, but 011 110 llretence \vithollt such authority first given. rrhe particular reason of calling Os lodge of enlergel1e)T shall be expressed in tIle SUmnlOI1S, uncI after\vards reeortlcd ill the I11inutes; and 110 lJusiness but thl.lt so expressed shnll be entert~d "upon at such rneetiIlg.-C#onstitutio71s.

ENDLESS SERPENT. rrIle serpent 11<laS symbolical of tIle divine wisdoIll, po,",,"cr, iLlld .creative energy; anc1 of hI1IDortalityand regeneratiou, frorn the shedding of

ENJ-ENS.

his skin; and of eternity, when in the act of biting his own taiL Besides tllese various syltlbolizations, we are inforn1ed that the Egyptians represented the world by a circle intersected by two dianleters perpelldiclllar to each other,,-Dean. . ENJOYlVIENT. Free111aSOnS are allo\,red tIle privilege of enjoying tllel11selves vvith innocent l11irtl!, treating one another according to ability, but avoiding all excess, or forcing any brotller,to eat or drink beyond l1is inclination, or hindering hinl from going vvhen his occasions call him, or doing or saying allytllil1g offensive, or that 111ay forbid an easy alld free. conversation; for that ,vould blast our harmony. and defeat our laudable purposes.-Ancicnt Charges" . ENOOJI. The degeneracy of 111al1kiIld becall1e so great before the flood, alld their IJerversions of pllre Qlltec1iIuvian }\fasonry so grievous, that, according to our traditions, Enoch feared the genuine secrets vYould be lost, and s\vaIlo\ved IIp ill the predicted deluge. '1.'0 l)revellt \vhich, he 'Ilid tIle grand secret, engraven on. a white oriental POll,hyry stone, in the bowels' of tIle eartll; and being apprehensive tlHlt tIle lllorality alld sciellce \'\rhicli had beel1 e111bodied ill Free1l1aS0l1ry witll suell care \vould be absorbed ill tIle general destructiol1, to preserye tIle principles of the science, 11e built t\~ro pillars near the spot wl1ere they ,,,~ere concealed, \",itll an inscriptio!l ill hieroglyphics, i111porting that Ileal" it \vas a precious treasure, \vllicll llad been dedicated to G路od. ENSIGNS. On this subject "vo 111igllt1"efer to tlle Tallnudists, \V110 lU1ve gone so far .as to define the C010\l1"8 and the figures or ar111S of the very ensigns.. 'l'hey say, on that of J udall, a lioll was painted witll tllis inscription: -" Rise, Lord, let thine eneluies be dispersed, and let those that 11ate tl1ee flee hefore thee." r.fhey路 gave to Issachar an ass, to Zebulul1 a S11ip, to Reuben a river (others give ReubeIl tIle figure of H: lllan); to Silneon a s,vord, to G'ad a lion, to Ephraiul all unicorn; an ox to l\JIanas sell, a \volf to BenjaIl1ill, and a serpent to !Jan, though the others give hilTl an eagle. In short tlley pretended that the ensign of }.. sher \vas n handfhl OfCOfll" and that of NU11t.hali (1 stag.-fldanz, Clarke.

ENT-EQU.

ENTERED- APPRENTICE. Our bTetllren of the eighteentll celltury seldolll advanced beyond tIle first degree; fe\v v,rere passed, and fewer .still \vere raised to the tllird. The Master's degreeal)pears to have been Inllch less c0111prehensive tllan at presellt; alld for SOUle years after tIle revival of ~faspnry, tIle third degree was lUlapl)l"oac}lable to those who lived at a distance froln Londol1 ; for. by tIle laws of the Grand Lodge it \vas ordered, tllat "4.-pprel1tices Inust be adlnittedFellowcrafts and iVlasters only 11e1"e (ill Grand Lodge), unless by a dispensation fronl the Gral1p. :Thraster." . ENTERING. The lodge \Vl1e11 revealed to an entering discovers to hiln the representation of the "vorld; in WIlich, fro111 the ",:ronders of l1ature, we are led to COllteulplate tIle Great Original, and ,\\l"orsllip hinl for llis llligh ty ,\yorks; and '\rye are thereby also lnoved to exercise those llloral and social virtues \Vllicll becoIl18 lllankind as tIle servants of (ireat Arcllitect of tIle vvorld, in vvhose inlage \ve "vere fOr111ed ill the begirlning.-Hutcl,inson. ~fasoll,

EN'l'Ri\NCE. In AUlerica, "after tIle lodge llas beerl regularly opened in tIle third degree, tIle ,vorl\. is introduced OIl the entrarlce of tIle CUlldidatc by tIle reac1ing of that beautiful and exquisitely touclling portion. of the penitentia.l h y.IX.1Il of. King Solomon, called the Ecclesia.stes (xii. 1-7). Remel11ber 110\V th:y路 Oreator in the days of thy youth, &c. In the course of the cerelnony tllcre is t1 l)ray"er of deep devotion and pathos Con11)osed from SOBle of the nlost sublilne arlda'ffecting passages of that splendid sacred dranla of Araby, th.e I30okof Job. 1'11is prayer incllldes a l)ortion of the funeral service of the Protestant I~l)iscopal (Jllurch, and is full of tenderness al1d heaut)r.."-Stone. ENVY. None shall discover envy tLt the prosI>erity of a brother, nor SUpplUI1.t hinl, or l)ut llinl out of his ,vork, if llC be capal)le to finish the S~lIlle, for no 11H111 can finish anotht~r's \vorl\. so Inuch to tIle lord's profit, unless hebe thoroughl;t ne(pu~inte<l\vitIl desigrls and dt&ughts of hiln that b(~gan it.-Allcicnt Cltarp;es.

EQUALITY.

110

society is this

mOTe

practised

EQU-ESS.

than ill the Order of FreemasoIis;"~forwe are all brethren, and it is said that amongst brethren 4there must be the' 'most perfect equality. But this word may be misunderstood: we are not all equal iil the lodge, inasmuch as some are appointed to rule and govern, so it is the duty of others clleerfully and pronlptly toohey, and all are equally eligible to be elected to tllose offices, having first duly performed our duties as priYate members, and thus enabled to fill thelU with credit to ourselyes and satisfaction to the Craft. Weare not all equal by creation with respect to our mental faculties, and Inore especially we are 110t all equal in the labour whicll we have, or ought to have, bestowed upon cultivating tllose Inellta] faculties to tIle utlnostposs~ble extent. But .we ought all of us to be' equally zealous i~ the discharge of our dllties as men and Masons, and should all prove ourselves to be perfectly eq"ual in tIle zeal of our fraternal affection , to eacll other. 1"'0 he equal to eacll otller ill brotherly love, is the principal tIling whicll ought to be understood in our equality. We dare 110t for 011e lnonlent lose sight of tIle ranI\. or station vV hie11 eacll individual brotIler fills in society, yet tllere l11ay be at thesanle time a perfect equality alll0ngst .1ueIl of tIle n10st opposite social ranks in the desire to promote every useful work; and this equality will produce路路 the Inost beneficial effect 111)011 tIle human heart. Any Mason WI10 WOllld dare to attelnpt, among the bretllren, to claim the precedellCe\vhich his cOIlvelltiollal position in society 111ay give llim, would disgrace tIle l)hiloso11}lY of the Order, and 'by so doing lay a sacrilegious hand upon that sacred bond.. by which we are indissolubly united to each other.-.路路 Gculicke.

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE. In an old code of lectures I find the following explanation of this figure. An .equilateral triangle is perfect friendship. The base of a triangle may be &8& duty, the perpendicular as the sincerity . of performance, the hypothentlSe as the advantage arising from the performance. If the duty of sincerity flow equally, the advantage "viII flow equally. . ESSENES. A1l1ongst the ~Jews in Judea and in Syria, some centuries both before and after the birtll of Christ,

ESS-EST.

it is well knovvn that tllere were tlll"ee distinct sectsPharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes.. This tl1ird \vas the oldest sect, and they were now and then called Therapeutics.. The Essenes laudably distinguished thelnselves in many respects from tIle other t\VO sects, inasn1ucll as they \vere less numerous, and I)roceeded on their way l,eaceably, noiselessly, and without ostentation, or forcible atternptsat proselytism; for which reason they were much less known than the other sects. Fidelity to their princes or rulers, lawful order, adherence unto truth, virtue,sobriety,humility, and strict secrecy, were the chief principles of their code. of action. To the punctual performance of those and other sinlilar duties, viz., the strictest Inaintenance of the secrets of their society; of j,ustice and of hUlnanity every one pledged himself \vhen he ,vas adlnitted a lnenlber, by a lnost solelnn oath.. It was only by being ofnlature age, and going througl1 a three years' l)robation, during which they were obliged to lead a telllp.ernte, chaste, rnornl, virtuous, and, ill many respects, a severely self:'Inortified 路life, that they were enabled to gain adrnissioll into the Order, 'Vvhen they received a white dress or apron and a sInall hatchet (dolabella)",as the signs of their admissioIl.-Gadicke.

E'SSENTIAL SECRETS. The essential secrets of Masonry consist. of nothing more thall the signs, grips, . p,asswords, and tt)KenS, essential to the l)reservation of the society from the inroads of impostors; together with certain sjrrnboHcal em'blem~, the technical terms aPl?,~r颅 taining to vlhich served as 3 sort of universallangulJ!?&, by whieh the lllembers of the Fraternity could dHlStinguish each other, in all places and countries where lodges were instituted.-~Stone.

I~STABI..lISHED. SOl0t11011 erected his pillars in the porch of the ternple, \Vllicll he designed. should be a mernrorial to the tTewsas they entered the holy 111ace, to warm their tninds with confidence and faith, by this recor<l of the Pl"OlIlises nlade by the Lord unto bis ~ her David, a.nd which ","'ere repeated 'unto him in a vis路 in which .tl1evoice of Godproclairned(l Kings, .,. I will establish the throne of thykingaom upon for ever." - Hutchin,o'J&.

EST-EXA.

ES'l'ABLISHED RELIGION. A cheerful COll1pliance witll the established religion of t.he country in vv'hich they live, is earnestly reC0111111ended in the assenlblies of }'fasol1s; al1d this. universal cOnfOr111ity, l1ot\vithstanding private selltinlent and opinion, is the art practised by theln, vvhicll effects the lalldable purpose of COllciliating true friendship U1110ng 111811 of every persuasion, 'Vvllile it proves the Ce111ent of general union.-Prcston. EUCLID. An olel ~rs. 011 ~Iasollry says, "Euclid \vas the pupjl of Abrallanl, and in his tinle the river Nile overfio\ved so far, tllat ll1any of the d\vellings of the people of Egypt \vere destroyed. Euclid instructed them in the art of 111aking Inighty walls and ditches, to stop the l)rogress of the "vater; and by geonletry, lneasured out the land, n.nd divided it into partitions, So that each luau rnight ascertain his o\vn l)roperty." The ],1:8. is incorrect in 111al\.ingEnclid contenlporary "Vvith Abrahan1; but it trul~y adds that he gave to l\Iasonr:y the nanle of Ge0111etry.

E\TII)ENCES. It is not to be presu111ed that \ye are a set of ll1en professing religious prineiples contrary to the revelations and doctrines of the Son of G-od, reverencing a deity by _the denOlninatioll of the God of路 Nature, and denying that 111ediation ,vhich is graciousl}T ol1:ered to all true believers. The ll1elYlhers of out society at this day, in the third stage of 1\Iasonry', confess thernselves to be Christians. The veil of the tenlple is rent, the builder is s111itten, und \ve are raised froll1 the tOlllb of transgression. Our authorized lectures furnish us such a series of evidences in SUl)POl't of this 011il1ion, as can scarcel~y be found in the details of any other 111..1Inatl institution; for Freemasonry, as now 11ractised, isa sl)eculative, and not an o!)erative institution, although it is ad111itted that }Joth these might be blended in ancient tinles. 'l'he evidences of the above fact rUll througll tIle entire systclh, and are equall)r conspicuous in every degree.-Hlltcltinsou. EXl~.LrrED. A candiclate is said to be exalted \'lIlen he rec.eives the degree of IIoly }loyal . A.reh 1\1a80n. I~x颅 alted D1eans elevated or lifted 111),路 and is al)plicable botll to a l)eculiar eerenlony of tIle degree, and to the fact

EXA~EXE.

that this degree, in the rite ill 'Vllic.h it is practised, constitutes the SUnl111it of ancient l\Iasol1rJr~-l~iackey.

EXAl\IINATION. If a stral1ger ap111y to you in the character of a ~fuson, you are cautiously to exanline him in such a 111ethod as prudence shall direct you, that you 111ay not be inlposed UpOll by all ignorant false l)retender, 'VhOl11 ~Y"0!l are to reject vvith conteulpt and derision, and be\vare of giving hilll any hints of kno\vlec1ge. But if you discover hilIl to be a true and genuine brother, you are to respect hinl accordingly; a.ud if lle is in vval1t,you must relieve hin1 if you can, or elso direct hinl ho路whe Inay be relieved.-Ancient Charg路es. EXAl\IPLE. Nothing is 1110re a!)t to attract the eyes and enliven the countenance tllUl1 ligllt, especially that 'which sllines ill a dark l)lace; so nothing can 11lore excite the observation, engage the attention, or gladden the hearts of beholders, than ~t fitir, bright, excellent clutracter, appearing in the Inic1st of HI dissolute and corru!)t generation. And as allltl111il10118 bodies, in llroportion to their O'VVll bl"iglltlless, eli ffuse their light around the!11, alld at a distance enligllten other bodies; . so in a, 1110ral and religious sense, a good exan1ple is a light shining in darkness" s!)reading its influenee every \vay, c1ifrusing instructioll and kno",,"ledge-lllotives to refornl, and encouragemellt路 to virtue.-Ilarris. EXC~LUSION. No lodge sllal1 exclude any llleluber \vithout giving hinl dlte llotice of tIle. charge I)referred against hirn,aud of the tinle appointed for its consideration. The Ilfllne of every brotllcr excluded, together with the cause 'of his exclusion, shall be sent to the Grand Secretary; and if a country lodge, also to tIle Provincial (fraud l\Iaster, or his deputy.-Constitutions. ]~XI~lVIl)rrION. rl'llc l\IUSOl1S \vIto \vere selected to build the ttHIII)le of Soloulon, '\vere declared fi-ee, and vvereexeull>ted,togetller witIl tlleir descendants, from imposts, duties nnd taxes. 'rhey IHld also tIle IHivilege to bear ar1l1S. At the destruction of tIle telnple by

Nebuchadnezzar, the IJoste.rity of these J\Iasons were earried into tIle captivity with the ancient Jews.. .But tl1e

100

EXP.,

good will of Cyrus gave theu1. permission to erect a secolld temple, llaving set theln at liberty for that purpose. It is from this epocll that we bear tlle nalne of Free and Accepted ~fasons.~Yo'rlc Lect2tres.

EXPENSES. TIle wIloIe expellse of btlilding the Temple of Solo111on ~"'as so prodigious, as gives reason to tllink. that the talellts \vhereby the SUIn is :r~cliolled, \vere anotller sort of talellts ofa far less value tllall the l\fosaic talellts: for wllat is said to be givell by David, and contributed by the princes toward the building of tIle te1111)le at J erusalelu, if valued by tllese talents, exceeded the value of 800,.OOO,OOOl. of oU.r money, whicll \vas enough to have built all that temple' of solid silver.-Prideaux. EXPERIENCE. The process ofa l\ifason's experience is gradual, froln the rougll stone in tIle llortlr east angleof the lodge, to the l)crfect aSl,irallt, standing 011 tIle five points of-fello"rslliI). IIis 11!路ogress, 110\VeVer, carl only be :rnaturecl by serious reflection Ullcl 11lcl1tal assiduity', without \vhicll he \villl1ever understal1cl the tYl)ical referCllees contained in. the degrees l1e 11 US received, or their tendenc.y to dignify Ilia nature, .alld Inake llinl a wiser and a better luan.. Still these stel)S, sublinle tll0Ugll they be, tLre o111ypreparatory to som.ething infirlitely more striking, alld more directly applicable to the great disllensati()u on "\vhicll all our llopes of llappiness, botll ill this \vorla and a better, are susl)ended. }ted 1\Iusonry displays the direct prophecies of the Thlessiall, the st~r of 芦Tacoh, Shiloh, tIle corner-stone, }\foses at the bush, &c. In 1rlilitary l\fasonry, all t.l1cse l).ropIlecies are ftllfilled, and the Ohristiull system clearly developed; while in the R'ose Croix, it is displayed in all its comely arld per-

fect proportions. EXPULSION.. A Mason offending against nny law or regulation of the Craft, to the breach of which no sl)ecific penalty is attached, shall, at the discretion of the Ctl~al1d

I.Joc1ge, or any 路of its

delegat~d

a'uthorities,_ ~r of

Pro-

vincialGrancl l\Iaster, be subJect to adllloIlltlon, flIle, or sU:Sl')ension. If fine be tIle punishnlent a\vard(HI, it shall be, for the first offence, n-ot .less than one pound, nor more tl1al1 five l)ounds; for u second offence of a similar

EXT-EYE.

101

nature, within three years, it sllal] be 110t less than two, nor·more than ten pounds; and if a brother s11all refuse to pay the fille, or be guilty of a third offence within three years of tIle second oflellce,he shall be expelled frOlTI the Craft.-Const'it'Utions.

EXTENT. BOtlndless is the' extellt of a Mason's lodge-in height to the toplnost heaven, in deptll to·.the central abyss, in lengtll fronl east .to west, in breadth from north to south. . Thus extensive 'is the liInit of Masonry, and thus extensive sllould be a Masoll's charity. -Mackey. '! EXTERNAL. The external preparatiol1 ofa candidate, vvhic.h takes place in a convenient rOOlU adjoining the lodge, is too \vell known to need explanation; and if not,it isa lal1dlllark which cannot be inserted llere. EYE. The Eye of God is in every l:>lace, for the PU1110se of takillg a strict and inlpartial cogniZal'lC~ofall hurnaIl actions. This expressive enlblenl. will remind YOll that tIle Deity is watching over, all mankind, and will \veigllin tIle balance of truth., every action, tllought, and word. .

EYE OF PROVIDENCE.

A sV"lnbol of theW. M.

As the eye .of the Great Arohitect of-'lleaven and eartll is incessantly llponal1 his works, so slloul(l tIle. eye of the W. 1\1. be upon .every thing which passes in· llis lodge.-

Gadicke. EYESIGHT. lIe who has been temporarily'deprived of his. sight is reduced to the conditioIl of a ne\v-born babe, or of one of tl10se unfortunate individuals \vl1ose natural infirmity reIlders tIle IJreSellce of acollductor indispensably llecessary; bl1t \Vhell tllere are no outward objeots· to distract his attention,· it is t.llen .that with.the eye of reflectioll he probes into .the deepest and darkest reoesses of his own 11eart, and discovers his natural imperfections and impurities much 1110re r~adil1 than>i;,Pre could possibly have done had he not been dep,nved ofiis sight. This short deprivatioIl of sight llas kindled in his he~rt, a spark of the briglltestand the purest flame.

102

EZR-FAI..

"TIle people\vhich sat in darklless saw a great light," (Mat. iv. 16). "\Ve ItH.lst furtl1er adnlit tllat those \vho have been dellrivecl of tlleir sight, and who llave 1101)e8 of being restol路ed to it, strive 1110st industriously and diligently to obtaill it; that. they have 110 greater desire, ,and thattlley 'will 1110St readily pledge tllell1Selves to do all that cun be required of then1, in order 'to obtain that il1estinlable blessing. A l11un \~llO has beell deprived. of Ilis sigIlt 111ay be introduced into places where he is surrounded by the strangest and the rarest objects, witllOl1t a possibility of his becoll1ing a traitor.. At tIle saIne tinIe, those WIlO are in IJossessioll of their sight call110t feel the care of their guides so rouell as tllose WIlO are 11oodwinked, alld who feel that without the constallt attelltioll of tlleir conductors, tIley vvoulcl be nllie}l lllore llelpless than they 110\V are; btlt ho\vever nlany 111"001'8 of att,elltioll aIld care they 11lUY receive, tllere is still sOlnetlling left to \vish for; and to the question, "'\Vhat is )1"01.11" chief desire, the anS\ivcr ,,\till ever assuredly be, "Ligltt.'':-Gadickc. EZll.i\. I~zrn., or Esdras, the fnnlol1s Je\visll higll priest andrefornler, ,vas of a sacerdotal finnily, by SOllle thought to be the son of J erainh, the higll Ilriest, ,vho \vas IHlt to death at Ribltltlut by Nebuchadnczzar, after the capture of J ernSalel1l; but as CuInlet thinks only his grall.dson or grcat-grarHlson. It is believed that the fjrst. return of l~zrtt frolll 13abyloll to tTerusalorn, ,vas ,vit11 Zerubbahcl.. ill the beginning of CJyrus's reign, ~\. 1\r. 3~!()S, of ~"hich he hiIrlself \vfote the histor:y. IIe\vas very skilful ill the ht\v, and zealous for Cfod's service; and lutd doubtless a gren t share in all the transactions of his tilne..- -Caluzct.

F AI'!'II., lP'aitll is tIle foundation of justic~, tIle bond ofalnity, and cllief sUPI)ort of society; we live and "valk by faith.; by it we have an acknowledglnent of a superior being, have access to tIle tllrone of grace, are justified, accepted, and finally received. A true Clllistinn filifh is thn evidence of things llot seen, the substance things hOI)ed for; tllit' Inaintained, and well ans\vEn"ed b;l \va,lking. aceording to our luasonic profession, ,vill turl.l fttith into a \'ision, and hring us 1.'0 that hlessed n1ansioll above, \vhere tIle just exist ir~ perf'eet blIss to all eternity; \vl~ere

FAB-FAN.

103

we shall be eternally happy with God, tIle grand gE:.on1etrician of the tlIliyerse, whose SOIl died for 118, and rose again tllat '\ve llligllt be justified throllgh faitll in his most precious blood.-Lectnres. F ABRIe. The masonic systen1exhibits a stupendou~ and beautiful fabric, fOlluded on universal piety. To rule and direct our passions, to have faith and hope in 路God, and charity towards man, I consider as the objects of what is termed sl)eclllative Masonry.-Jones. F ALL OF MAN. When oU:~ first parents transgressed

by eating the forbidden fruit, theysa\v what tlley had never seen before, tl1at they \vere stripped of their excellence; that tlley had lost their innocellce; and tllat they bad fallel1 into a state of indigence and danger. They \vere eXl)o11ed fron1 tIle garden of Eden, the grolll1d was cllrsed for their sakes, and they vvere condelllned to eat tlleir bread '!?y tlH~ sweat of their brow. Out of this Inelanclloly defection froln purity and peace, a portion of the Royal Arch .Degree lIas been. constructed. :E'ALL O:B' 'VATER. There is a certain enlblenl in the degree of a ~'ello\'vcruft '\Vllicl1 is said to derive its ori~in from tIle waters of J ordu11, wlliell \,rereheld. up \Vhl1e'the Israelites passed over, and whicl1 would naturally fall -w1th great violence wIlen tIle wIloIe host had reaclled the ol,posite shore.

II'AN.A.TICISM. Ii'anaticisln, or a fanatic, dare not be pernlitted anlong ]'reen1asons. 路We should unanimously strive to obtain that object for. "\1VThich the rules.. of the Ordt~r so po\verfully ,vork, fiJ.ld tl1US tllere call 1)8 no disputes or 11el"secutiollS al110ng us for diversity of 0llinion. Every Irreelnason prays to God in tIle vvay 11i8 religion teaches hinl, and he is encouraged so to do in tIle lodge. If .we did not allo\v the wild dreams of inlagination, or the still wilder. ones of sUI)erstition, to llave any effect upon our ideas of (~od and of godly tllings, allJlersecution for difference of religious opinions .~"oul fallof then1selves.Of fil.naticisnl of "rhole lodges against each otller for a difference in tlleir rituals and systems, there were fornlerly too many traces; but they have happily

104

~EA-FEE.

for Inany years entirely ceased. Religious fanaticism call1lot have allY place ina Freell1asons' lodge, for the llleIllbers of every sect of the Christian ,Chure}l have all equal rigl1t ill tIle Order. If a ROll1an Catholic is at the llead of the lodge to-day, and t1 Lutheran or a Illcmber of the I{eforrned Church to-luOrrO\v, it is scarcely.rernarked by the brethren.-Gadicke. FE.A.R GOD, IIONOUR THE KING. It is the illvaluable distinction of this free COulltry路, that suell a just and 'unrestrained interC01.1l"Se of opinions exist, as \vill not permit al1ynumber of men to frequent any dangerous or disgllised. society; al1d th~t it is i111pOssiblea11y profligate doctrines could be ,tolerated for a 1110111ent in a ,lodge lueeting llIlder regular authority, because its fOUlldtttioIl stone is, fear G"od, 110nOUl" tIle king.-E拢lJ~l f?/. ftfoira. ~~1~ . A.S1:. 'l'he convocation of the Craft at all anllual feast, for the laudable purpose of 1)rOll1oting soeial feelings, and eenlenting the bonds of brotherly love by the illterehallge of courtesies, is HJ tinle-honoured cllstonl \vhieh is still, and \ye trtlst, ,viII ever 1)8 ohscrvea. At this lueetiugno h usiness of aUjf ltind, exeept the instC:lllatioll of oflieers, should be transacted, and the day nlust be !)(lssed in innocent festivit:r.. 'IllIe election of ofiicers al\vaj"s takes I)laee at ~t l)revious Il1eeting, in obedience to a regulationadoptec1by the (J"rancl Lodg(~ ill 1720, as follo\ys :-"c.It \vas agreed, in order ~o avoid disl)utes on tIle annual feast-day, that the ne\v Clrand l\Iaster for tIle future shall be nanied and proposed to the Grand Lodge sonlcthne befcn"e the feast."-.J[ackcy.

lrl~I~LIN(i. J.1"eeling is tllat scnse b)r Wllic.ll\Ve are enabled to distillguisll tIle different ,q'ualities of bodies, such as hardness and softness, Ilea-tan.a eold, roughness itnd sUloothness, fIgure, solidity, 1110tion, Ulld extension; nIl of 'v\thiel.l, h~y Ineans ofcorresl)onding sensH.tions of t'oueh, are IJresen ted to the Inind as real external qualities, and the concepti~.)ll or belief of thOlll iuvn.riubly eOlllleeted \vith these ~correspolld~ng sensations by all Ol"igil1ul prillCir~le of nature, \Vllich fitr transcellds our , inquiry.-Uld Lectures.

FEE~FEM.

105

FEES. No lodge sllalllnak.e a ltfason for a less COllSideratiol1 thall "tllree guilleas, exclusive of the registering fee, nor on any pretellce l·elllit or defer thepayulentof any l)a,rt of tllis' SUI11;· th:e l11ember ~TI10 proposes any cal1didate 11lUst be respol1si~le to the lodge for all the feespayahle on aCCOullt of l1is initiatiolJ..All 1110nies payable for register fees, certificates, or quarterage, shall be deposited in the' hallds of the l\faster, to be kept distinct fronl tIle fUllds of the lodge ; and shall be relnitted, ,vitIl proper lists, at leastollce a year if in the country, alld t\vice a yeal· if ill LOl1doll.-Co;utit'utions.

FEES OF HONOUR. Every brother on Ilis appoilltment or rea11pointnlellt to eitller of the follovving offices, 811all pa.y these SU111S :-The Dep'uty Q-rand 1\Iaster, having served the office of Steward, ten guilleas, if 110t, thirty guineas; the Grand "\Vardens eigllt. guineas eaell; Grand rrreasnrer five guineas; Grand Registrar, Secretary,and DeacoIls, three gtlineas eacll; .'Graucl Director of CereIllonies, SUIlerilitendent of 'Vorks, and S\vord Bearer, t,vo guineas eacl1; ·a I)rovillcial Grand l\laster twenty guineas, and if he have llot served the ofiiee. of (frand Ste"\vard, t,-,,-renty guineas TIl0re; nlld a Del)llty Provin-, cial (lrand .l\faster ·IJays t\yO guineas for registering. ]lis narrle in tIle books of th.e Clralld Lodge. '

FELLOWCRAFT. The second, or:B"'ellowcl"aft's degree, is rendered interesting by those scientificinstructions and philosopllical lectures \vhich char~cterize later parts of the nlysteries; tllough botll· of tllese degree,s \vere Illade to tend. to the glory of tl1at GO£! \vhohad given suell \vol1derful faCtllties to them, and to the welfare of their fellovv-creatures.-..IlrcltdeacoJt },!ant'. FE1\I.t\I-lES. 'The only reason 'VVlly ladies call1lotbe present ill an opell lodge of:F'reeulusons, is trutt their mysteries,. being sy111bolical of labollx as pe1"fOInlCd by mall, eould not in that. caso be shared by womeIl ;no h.ollest-bearted 11Iall eottld fora Illonlellt believe tllat in Inind she was inferior; if a Il'H1Ilexisted vVllO thought s:o, let llimask froln wholn 110 first inlbibecl lessons of piety, virtue, and llonour. But if ladies could Ilot shaPe our labour of work, there was no reason WIlY they sft(}luld not enjoy our labour of love.-O,"uc¢x" 8

106

FES-FIE.

FESTIVALS. The l11asollic festivals 1110st generally celebrated, are those of St. John the Baptist, June 24th, and' St. J 01111 the Evangelist, Decenlber 27th. These ,vere the days fornlerly kept. But the annual festival of the Granel Lodge is kept, on the ,:V ednesday follo\ving St. George's Day, April 23rc1, that saint being the patron of England. For a sirnilar reason St. Al1dre'\v's Day, Novenlber 30th, is kel)t by the Gralid Lodge of Scotland. FIDELITY. Joining the right hands is a pledge of fidelity; for Valerius 1faxenlus tells us that tIle ancients had a 1110ral deity \Vh0111 they called Fides, a goddess of honesty or fidelity, and adds, \Vl1en they proI11ised anything of old, they gave their band upon it, as \"ve do no\v, and therefore she is represented as giying her hand, and son1etimes as only t\VO hands conjoined.Chartarius more fully describes this by observing that the l)1"opo1" residence of faith or fideli(}T \vas thought l)y tIle uncients to he in the right hand.-Calcott.

Ji"'IDlTCI.A.I.,h rrhefidueial signsho\vs us if \ve })rostrate ourselves \vith our f~lce to the earth, ,,"e tllUS throvv ourselves on the 111erc:y of Ollr Creator and Judge, looking for"nlrd \vitll llU111hle confidence to his holy prolnises, l)y "\vhich alone \ve hOlle to IJUSS tllrough the .A.. rk of 0111" redenlption into the lllu,nsion of eternal bliss and glory to the I>resence of I-lirll \VI10 is the great I .fl1n, the .AJpl1n and ()nlega, the Beginning and the Ending, the J:l~irst and the I.Jast. ]~'II~RY CLOtJD. This I)il1ar, or COlUl1'ltl, \vhich appeared as a cloud hy day nnda fire b:r nigllt, \vas a sytnbol of tIle divine presence. This ,vas the Shel~:inah, or divine d\velling !)la,ce, and \vtlS a continuull)roof of the l)resence and protection of (tod. ,\Vhetller there ,vas rnore than one I)illar is llot elearly c1eterrnined by the text. If tl1ere ,vas 11ut one, it certainly assulned tln"ee different appearances, for the })erfOrlllance of three very inlportant offices. 1. In the day tillle for the IHlrpose of I)ointing ont the 'V:1}r, ~t colu1l1n" or pillar a cl(HHl 'YUS all that ~vas requisite. 2. i\t night, to prevent that confusion '\vhiel1 111USt other\vise have tal\.cll I)laee, the pillar of cloud bec~nnc a pillar of fire" not to direet their

FIN-FIR.

107

journeyings, for they seldoll1 travelled by night, l)ut to give Ii crht to every part of the Israelitish camI). 3. In such a scorching, barren, thirsty desert, sOlnething further \vas necessary than a light and guide. It a11pears that this cloud had two sides, one dark, and tIle other lurninons. The ll.llninous side gave light t~ the \vhole canlp of Israel during the night of l)assage ; and the dark side turned to\vards the pursuing Egyptians, and prevented thenl froln receiving any benefit ti·OD.l the light.-

Adanz,ClaTke. FINES.· .ll. lodge \iVl1ich has been convicted of any breacl1 of IlltlSonic lt1,\Y, shall, at the discretion of the Grand Lodge, be subject, for the first offence, to ~1 fine of not less than one pound nor 11101"e than £lye 110Ul1ds; fora second ofiellc,e of· a shl1ilar nature, \vithin tl1ree years, it slutll be not less than t\VO nor 1110re than ten pounds; and if the lodge shall refuse to pay the fine, or be guilty of a third onenee \vithin three years of ·the second ofi€nce, the lodge shall be erased and its cOllstitutiOll forf(~itecl. All fines levied shall be applied to the general charity_-Constitutions.

FIRE. lrire and light \vere the unifornl toltel1s of the apl)earaIlCes of the Deity. SOllletirnes shining \vith a Inild· and gentle radiance, like the inferior lun.linaries of a l\Iasons' lodge, and at others RanTing fiercely Rlllidst clouds and darkness, thullderings and noise. To Adalll he Inanifested hinlself in theShel{inab, \vhich l{ept the gates of Paradise; to Abel~and Enocll, and NoulJ, tIle Deity ap11eared in a flanlc of fire. Nor \vere the a:PI)earaRces changed \vhen he visited 1\.brahan1, Isaae, and Jacob. To l\foses in the bush, and to the Israelites iIi thc\Yildel"l1,eSS, fire ,vas his constant SyIllbol.

FIRST DECFRI~I~. In this lecture virtue is IHtinted in the Illost beautifulc,olotu"s, and the beallties of mornlity are strictly enforced.. II(~re \ve are ta.aght suell ·\vise ·und usefbl lessons as I)reIHlre the Inind fhr·.a regular u(lvance111ent in the IJril1eiplf~s of kno\vledge and philosophy; and these are in1l)rinted on the Inemory by

lively and sensible images, well calculated to influence our conduct in tlH~ ':~!~.cllarge of the dutios of life.

108

FIR-FIV.

The whole is a regular systen1 of 111o;rality, conceived in a· strain of interesting allegory', which readilyul1folds its beauties to the candid and industrious i~quirer.-P'reston. FIRST PARENTS. The first l,arel1ts of mankind were instructed by the Allnigl1ty, as to his existence and attributes, and after their fall vv~ere further informed of the reden1ption Wllicll was to be perfected by Christ, and, as a sigh of their belief~ were C0I11111anded to oiler sacrifices to God. It is also highly probable that Sy111bolical actions should have been instituted by thenl ·in Inen10ry of their penitence, reverence, syn1path}r, fatigue, and faith, a11d that tllese luigllt be tranSll1itted to 1),08terity.-A'rchdeaco1~

Mant.

FIRST PRINCIPLES. In the foru1atiol1 of all human societies, there are first principles, \v llicll constitute the basis of union. 'rhis holds true in all cases. If, therefor,e, \ve desire to arrive at sin1111e l11atters of filet, and fornl a correct j udgll1ent, as it regards the soundness of those fundan1elltal pril1cil)les, adapted as the basis of such union, or the true objectscontell1ll1ated in th(~ organization of any society, this is tIle tiIne vlhen trutl1 apI)ears with the least inculubrance, and the n10tiv~ of action is seen under the leastaisguise. In nlost cases where 111oral,bel1evolent, or hU111une establishrnents lUl,ve been formed, these two points are clearly develolled.11()u~n• .b"'IVE. vVe say that a regular lodge cOl1sistBofseven :rtIasters, and also of five. 'rhe last llumber is derived frorn the five senses, inasmuch as .the persons ~"ho are united to fornl a lodge should be as perfect as a whole, and~l'ork together with as' much unanimity as a single Ulan, "vho is endowed with five l~ealthy senses.-{iadicke.

:F'IVE I>OIN1'S OF jJ"'ELLOWSIIIP. rI'he five Iloints of f{~llo\v"ship \vere thus illustrated in the leetures used by the .A.thol ~:Iaso1l8 of the Inst 'century :-" "Then the neee~sities ~f a lJl"other call for IllY support, I \vill be ever ready to lend hinl a helping hand to save lliul frolrl sitiking if I fInd hinl \vorthy tlJereof.2.. Illdoleneeshall not cause Illy footsteps to halt, nor \yrtLth to turn thenl

FIX-FLO.

109

aside; but forgetting every selfish COllsideration, I will be ever s\vift of foot to save,' llelp, and execllte benevo- . , lence to a fellovv-creature ill distress, but more particularly, to a brother Mason. 3. When Iofter tIp nlY ejaculations to :Almigllty God, I will remenlber D1Y brother's welfare, even as my own;, for as the voice of babes and sucklings ascend to tIle throne of grace, so 'most assuredly will the breathings of a fervent heart ascend to the rnansions of bliss. 4. A brother's secret, delivered'to me, as such, I will keep ,as I \vould my own, because, if I betray the trust which has been reposed in me,! "might do him an irreparable injury; it would, be like the villainy of an assassin, vvha lllrks in darkness to .. stab his adversary when unarnlecf and least l,repared to meet an ene111Y. 5. A brother's character I ,viII support in his absence, as I would in his presence. I ",rill not revile hinl 111y8e1f, llorsuffer it to be done by others, if it is in Iny 110wer to prevent it. Thus by tIle five points of fellowship, we are linked togetherin one indivisible chain of sincere affection, 'brotherly love, relief" 'and truth.."

lfIXED LIG路IITS. '!'he fixed ligllts of. a lodge were fonnerlyrepresented lly "tllree ","indo\vs, supposed to be in evel路y roorn where a lodge is held; referring to tIle cardinal points of thecOID,pass, according to tIle antique rules of Masonry.." Tllere ,vas 011e ill tIle east, another in tIle west,and another in the south, to ligh~ the men to, at, alld froln labour; but th,ere was non,e in thenorih, because fhe s11ndarts no rays from tIH~nce. These' con... stittlte tIle syrnbolicalsituations of the three chief officers. FLO.l\.TS. At the building of tIle tell1ple, everything was ,!)re!>ared \\rith the ,greatest l1icety, the stones ,vere aIlhewll in the quarries, and th.ere squared, faslliolled, marked and rll1mbered ; and tIle tinlber being cut in the forests,was there franled,carv'cd, 11larked and Ilulnbered also; so that whellbrougllt to ,Jerusalem, there ,'lY88 nothing left to be done but the arrang,en1cnt of itsdia-erent parts..

The 111aterialsbeing tlluS !)rel)ared, we'.ec&r-

floats down to Joppa, and thence conveyed to Jerusalem on earriagesQ!fourlous lnechanism provided for

rie.d

011

110

FLO-FOR.

the purpose, .there to be put ·togetller according to the plall of the architect.-A1·clzdeacon lrfant. FLOOR. In a sylnholicallodge of Blue lVlasolls, the first object which deserves attelltioll is tIle 1110saic floor 011 vvhicll "ve tread; it is intended to cOllvey to our minds the viscissitudes of hUlllall affitirs, chequered witl1 a strange contraTiety of evellts.. To-day elated witll the smiles of prosperity, to-lll0rrow depressed by tIle frowlls of nlisfortune.. THe precariousness of Ollr sitllatioll in this ,varld should teacll us punctuality, to \valk llprightly ana. firllll y upon tIle broad basis of virtue allc1 religion, and to give assistance to our unfortunate fellow-creatures WIlO are ill distress; lest, on SODle capricious· turn offol"tune's \vheel, vve l11ay beconle depelldellt 011 tllose WI10 before 10 olted up to tIS as their bellefactors.-Daiclto. FLOOR-CL01'If. In foi111el" til11es, it vvas liot CUSt0111ary to use t1 floor-cloth, but tIle Ilecessary figl.lreS ,,,"'ere dra\VIl upon the floor ,vitIl chnlk or charcoal, \yhich, \VllOll done \vith, \vere \vashecl off. rrhis enstolll \vas in lIse llere and there till ab01.1t 1760. l\Iany lodges 110\V lIse solid bodies for their floor-cloths, and not paintings.. Every good l\Iasol1 kno\vs wlutt tlley represellt, and "that a floor-cloth is. 'l'he border by \Vllicl1 it is surrounded is all· inlportal1t sy111bo1.- Gadicke. FOOT. Indolence should not persuade the foot to halt, or \Vratll to' turllour steps Ollt of tIle \vay; but forgetting injuries and selfisll feelings, and relneInbering tllat 111all \vas born for the aiel of llis gellcratioIl, and not for llis own cnjoY111cnts onl:r, but to do tllat whic'll is good ; \ve should be s"\vift to 11ave luercy, to save, to strengthen, and execute benevolence.-Old Lect'zttcs.

FOREIGN BRETHR'EN. Bretllrel1 uncleI' the constitution of tIle Grand Lodges of Scotla11<1 and Ireland, us well as of foreign grand lodges, Inay be l'cliBved by the Jj'ulld of Benevolence, on tIle production of certiHcates fror.n their respective"granc11odges, and satisfactory !)l·oof of their identity and distress.-Constitutions. If()I~}\I."The

forn1 of the loc1ge should be

l~11

oblong

FOR.

111

square (0,) should reacl1 froll1 east to "vest, and fi"0111110rth to SOlltll; up to tIle clouds and to the centre of t.Ile earth. The lill1its of its influence are 110t fOl"lned by four straight lines, or by two squaTes placed 0lJposite to eacl1 other, but are extended to tIle utUlost bounds of tIle lllt.bitable globe. '1-'he lodges 111ust tl1erefore do luore than give theil: \vorl\.l)laces the fOl"1110f a l011g square. But if the bretllren are asselllbled in a long square, let tl1eln lift up their sl)irits to the conten1plation of the l\fost I-ligh, admire !liln ill tIle \vonders of llature,apd e~xtend, as 路far as in them lies, good ancll)erfect gifts into every clilne.Gadicke. '.'

FORTITUDE. By fortitude \ve are taugllt to resist telnptation, and enCOllllter dUllger \vith sl)irit al1d l路esolution. r.J.1his Vi~"tl1e is equally clistal1t frOIl1 rasllllCSS and eo\vtlrdice; t1nC1 lle ,,'"110 possesses it, is seldonl shaken, and neyer overthrO\Vll, by tIle storrns that surroulld hiJ.n. F()RTY. The' t\~iO l)erfeet Ill1nl1){~rs,foul" and ten, being lllultiplied into eael1 other, produce the nUlnber forty, ,vhiel1 \vas also sacred, and bore (,t reference to the nuulber seven. Thus the l)l"obafioll of 011r first l)arents in the garden of Eden, as is generally SUl)l)osec1 \vas forty ; .fhe deluge ,~~as occasioned b)i n rain of forty days and nigllts, of\vlricll eVcllt N oa1:l l1ad severt days Ilotice;

alid the waters rernaiI1ed upon tIle face of tIle eartll forty days. The days of elnbalming tIle dead ","'ere forty路, and of Illourning sev-enty. The cOIlceal1nent of l\foses ill the lan,d of l\fidiall ~ras fbrtyyears,. and }le ~?'as 011 the I'nonnt forty da~ys anc111iglltS. JesusCbrist fastecl forty days and lligll ts in tIle \vilderness, to l)re!'lare for l1is ministry; and ,vus ternpted of the devil forty da:rs; and tIle sall1e term elal)secl bet\veen llis l"esnrrectioIl nIHI ascension. :E'ORTY-SEVI~NTII PR()BI~l~I\I. ..A.s this figure depends OIl the e0111<lexion of lines, angles an(1 tri"~A.Io''''iL''''',;;l't ",rhiell forn1 the \vllole, so ]J'reclnaSOnr)r depends 011 lluanilnity anel integloity of its Inenlbers, the inflexibility oftl1eircharitable l)ursuits, ana the ilUulutability of tIle principles upon \vhich tlle society is established. The position is clear, and therefore iIllL synthetical sense, we delll0nstrate that 801110 of Ot11'" brethren froIn their

112

. FOU.

ex~lted sltuation in life,

lnay be considered as standing on the basis of eart11ly bliss, emblell1atic of the greater square \Vllich subtellc1s the right angle. Others WllOIll Providence hatll blessed witll 111eallS to trea.d on tIle flowery l11eads of affluence, are descriptive of the squal路es Wllicll stal1d on tIle sides that forll1 the right angle. The several triangles inscribed vvithin tIle squares are applicable to those happy beillgs who enjoy every social cOlllfort, and never exceed the bounds of Inediocrity. '1.'11ose WI10 have the heartfelt satisfaction ofadlnillistering to the \vants of tIle indigent alld industriollS, nlay be con111ared to the angles vvhich sUl~路ound and support tIle figure; \vllilst tIle lines wl1ich form it, relnind lIS of those unfortul1ate brethrell WI10, by. a series of il1evitable events, are incapable of l,roviding the COll1nlon necessaries .of life, until aided路 by a cheerful anc1 l"eady assistance.-Old Lectures.

FOUNDATION. l"he masonic day's proper for laying the foundation-stone of t1 lVIasons' lodge, are froll1 the 16th of Al)ril to the 15th of l\lay; allcl the 18tl.l of April lIas heell })ronouneecl . peculiarly' auspicious, because nothing cun he Inore consonant \vitIl reason aIid l)ropriety, tllan to COlnluence a building ill the early spring, that the V\1'orkll1en nlay l1ave the ,~rhole SUlll!ner before theln to con1plete the undertaking advantageously', in order that they l11ay celebrate the cape stone '\vith confidence and joy.. FOUR. The nUlnber four was frequently blended and mixed Ul)~ ,vitll the Ilurnber sevel1, and\vasesteemed: to possess sh:nilar l)l"o!)erties. It signified路. univel"'sality among the Cabalists and Pythagorea:os, and formedtl1e holy tetra,grammatol1 of the Jews. This is observable not only in the quadrl~ple cperubic form at the gate of Eden, the four rivers of paradise,anc1 the four artificial OllCS round the tabernacle, the services of \vhieh ,vere conducted by four priests-Moses, Aaron, Eleazar, and Ithanlur; the four chariots and angelic nlessengers in the vision of Zechariah, and the four visions and the four beasts of Daniel, but even our Saviour's prophecy fronl the ~fonnt of Olives ,"vas so constructed as to con-

tain four synchronisols.

FOU-FRE.

113

FOUR DEG路REES. Ancient J.\fasonry consists of four degrees; tile tllree first of \Vllich are, that of tl16 Apprentice, the Fello\vcraft, and the 8ublinle degree of l\luster; and a brother being vv"'cll versed in these degrees, and other\vise qualified, as hereafter ,viII be expressed, is eligible to be ac1mittedto the fOtlrth degree, the IIO'ly RoynJ Arcll.-Altil1za1ir Rezon. FREE. A\vord that is oftell heard among us, but which is circull1scribed by the saIne bounds as the freedom of social life. III 0111" asseulblies \ve have nothing resembling the freedoln to act everyone according to the dictates of Ills O\V11 cal)rice; lJut \,,"'e are fi-ee, "or at least, eacll of lIS ought to be free, ftonl the d01Jlinion of pride, of prejudice, of l)tlssion, and of other follies of hurnan nature. :b~ree frol1'l the Inadness of refusing obedience either to the ht\v of the lanel or the Cl"uft.GadicklJ. J:l'RE"F~BORN. No candidt1tecan be ttdrnitted into Freenlilsonry, or sllare in i.tsoeeult rnysteries, unless he be a ii"ee nlan, of Illatul-e age, sound judgnlcnt, and strict lIlorality'" Nor can anyone, altllough be have been initiated, continue to aet as a~{ason, or praetisc the rites of the Order, if he be tenlporarily deprived of Ilis liberty, or freedonl of ,viII. So essential is it to ]'reemasonry, that its members路sllould l)e I>erfectly free in all tlleir actions, thoughts and designs.

FRE~l~l\r"l\.S()N. TIle explauationsof.tbis\vora, which

say" the SHl'ne thing in nearly eYt~ry livi.ng language, are very' various. Originally the nnrne "ras only l\Iason, l)ut tile privileges \Vllicll \vere granted lInto eertain l"Ha]

architects alld artists, induced tllenl to adopt the title of Freeluasons, to distinguish thernselVt:s fronl those \vho were n1crelyollcrative InUSOllS. ()thers <lgain Slly' th.at 1\fasons Sllouldlttboul* and uneonstrnined. lIe who is fronl llrejudiee, nnci undt~rstands 110\V to his life and ttctions by the working tools of an ot:)ler8~~1~re mason,can well explain the rneaning of t.he lnason. ."Ve 111ay also reasonably SUl)110St1that nlltl1Y distinguisllcd persons, \vho were Ileitller ~treb:iteetsnor artists, have been adrnitted tIle Fraterni:ey, and that

114

FRE-FUN..

those personsvvere afterwards exelusivelycal1ecl Free and Accepted }.{asons; whic4 title tl1ey.have propagated..

-Gadicke. FREEMASONRY. 1\Iasonry according to the general acceptation of tIle terlll, is an art founded 011 the l)rincipIes of ge0111etry, and directed to the service and con.lf . venience of ll1ankil1d. But Freenlasonry, elnbracing a wider range and having a nobler object ill view, nanlely, the cultivation alld i111prOvement of the hUll1un Inil1d, nlay with Inore propriety be called a science, inaSlTIUcll as availing itself of the terms of the fornler, it inculcates the principles- of the purest lTIorality, thougl1 its lessons are for the Inost pa.rt veiled in allegory, and illustrated by synlbols.-Hem1Jzing. FRIENDSHIP.. Friendshil) is traced tllrougl1 the circle of l)rivate connections to tIle grulld systeul of universal benevolence, \vhich no linlits can CirCU111SCribe, as its influence extends to every brunell of the hU111Un race. On this gelleral plall the universality of the systeul of }\rfasonry is established. "\Vere. friendshilJ confined to the spot of our nativit}r, its operation \vonid bepul"tial, and irnply a kind ofenlnity to other nations. "There the interests of one country interfere \vith those of al">tother, nature dictates all ac111erence to the \velfhre of our ovvn in1111ediate connections; but such interference apart, the trne l\Iason is a citizen of the \vorlc1, and his philanthropy extends to all the hU111all race. Uninfluenced by local l)rejudices, he kno\vs no preference in virtue but according to its degree, frolll wbatever country or clilne it 111ay s!)ring.-P-rcston.

FRUITS. . What are the fr~1ts of 1\fasonry?

It hus

often been effectual to save 路life and property; it has often relieved distress; it constantly teaches the 'ignorant; it daily wipes riAiers of tears fronl the eye of distress; it has oft~ellreconciled the nl0st jarring interests; it has often converted the bitterest foes into the dearest fi路iends.-Inwood. FUNERAL.路 The public are freqllcntly astonished at beholding a large funeral procession, alld cannot conceive

J?UR-GEO.

115

how the deceased, v~Tho lived in a state of cOlllparative obscurity, could IlfLve. had. so rnany friends, anlongst WhODl SOll10 are of the highest rank. ill societ)r, and froln those friends, one of thern advances to the l)rinl\. of tIle grave, and addresses the assernbled rnultitude upon life, , death'! and iUlnl0rtality, in such a touching and feeling rnanner, that hrethren, relations, and sl)ectators, are bat11ed in tealWS. lIe who .can" flatter lliInself that 路lle will have suell a funeral, and that he is worthy of it, can go down to the grave in peace, certain that lle will, receive路 the re\yard of all his labours fi-oln the Great Architect of the:Universe..-Gadicke.

FURNI1'URE. The furniture ofa 1\1<180n8' lodge ougl1i to he disposed ,vitil the same scrupulous exactness as the furniture of the tabernacle \VhlCh l\loses nlad(~ according to the pattern \vhich the I)eity she\ve<1 hilll in tbe Blount. rrh.e tracing-board should be l)laced on the . Mast(~r's pedestal, underueatt'l the bible, squarettnd eonlpasses; the first great light being dis11layed in I~uth.. 'rhis is for the first degree~ rl'he bool{ of constitutions is I)]uetHl before tIle I)ast J\~raster ; the globes in the \vest; the rOllgl1 ashla,r in the, north-east, the l)erf(~et nsll1ar in the 11orth-"Y(~st, vvhile the ~Iaster l\Iasons should take their路station in thesouth-\vest, an,a Past 1\Iasters in the 8Outh-eu,t ; the S,ecretary iu tIle north, ftlHl the Treasurer in .theco,roer of Amorites. G.

rrhe situation of this lett,er,wllen alone, is "well

knO\Vl1 to all !1"'reenHlsons. It to tile name of Ciod nlone ill thcG"errnan ledges, 01" it could not be found in the situation in foreign lodges. It has ll, closer affinit)T to CJeornetry, ,,"hiell is so necessary' to an .t\rchitect,and geornetrieal certaint:j~ tuu} trutll is every\vhere necessary..- (tadickc. GEO}II~rl'llY.. An'long the geometry is tllC one,vhicll has ru?st e~n)e(~nttl to architectur~~, and \vecan, thert~fore, tinder name of geoltletr)r, understund the \vhole art <:~f li'rE~e:rnaaotlry. In Anderson's Book of (Jo!lstit::utions, I~'rcernasonry is frequ(~ntly called. geoDletry; ana of the latter be saitb, that the whole beingtrlle is cotDprebend(~d in

116

it.

GHI-GLO. i

Freemasons therefore ought to make thenlselves inti111ately acquainted witll geol11etry. It is not absolutely necessary to be able to delinea.te geouletrical , figures; but it is necessary to be able to deduce all our acti.ons, 'Vvorks, or resolutions froln geometrical principles. -Gadicke. GlfIBLIJ\tI. The Ghiblilllites "vere expert operative 1YIasons, who understood the sciellce of geo111etrical IJroportion in its })ractical references, and y'vere celnented in their lodges by the ul0rality of its detaclled and cOlllponent parts.

GIRDLE. TIle girdle, in anCIent tllues, was an universally received emblem of truth and passive duty. Elijah the Tisllbite and John the Baptist, were both girded \vitl1 an a!)l"on of (white) leatller. It \vas said of Jesus Ohrist, that his girdle should路 rel,resel1t equally righteousness and fidelity. And in conforlnity v;rith these authorities, his principal disciples exhorted the Christhlll converts to gird up the loins of their 111inds, to be sober and 11掳1;0 to the end, and to starrd firln in the faitll, llaving their loins girt about \vith truth. GIRLS' SCI-IOOL. This charity \YfiS il1stitutec1 on the 25th of l\1:arch, 1788, by the late Chevalier Bartho10.. nle\V Rusl)ini, for the purpose of maintaining, clothing and educatill,g, an unlilnited l1U1l1ber of tIle feulale children and orphans of redueed brethren, belonging to. the ancient and honourable society of Free anid Accepted l\fasons, and of, protecting and preserving .tl1em froln the dangers and lnisfortunes to .Wllichdistressed young females are peculiarly exposed; with the furtller vie\v of training them up in the knowledge and love of virtue, in the liabits of industry necessary to their condition, and of ilnpressing on their minds a due sense of stlbordination, true hUlllility, and the principles and l;ractice of all social, Inoral, and religious duties. Tllis ellarity is supported by voluntary contributions.

(*路LOBE OJj" FIRE. Inthe last century SOIne fal1ciful brethren referred the circle and point to the cherubic fornl \vhich ,vas placec1 at the gate of l)aradise, to prevent

GLO-GOL.

117

the returll of our first pal~ents to that region of l1ever endhlg hallpil1ess and delight, after th~ir fall f1'o111 purity and rectitude, in the uttenlpt to acquire forbidden kllowledge. The" fire unfolding itself," or globe of fire 'described by the prophet Ezekiel, rel)resellted the Deity, and the living creatures 011 one side, and wheels on tIle other, denoted his power alld goodness. GLOBES.' . The terrestrial and celestial globes are tIle noblest instrulnents for giving the Illost distinct idea of any probleln or l)roposition, as ,,ovelt as for enabling us to solve it. Conten1plating these bodies, 1\Iasons are inspired with a due reverence for tIle Deity and Ilis \vorks; and are induced to apply '\-vitIl (liligence and attentioll to astron0111Y, geography, llavigation, and all tIle arts dependent on theIn, by \Vllicll society has been so ll1uch bene fi ted.-P'reston.

GI.lORY IN ffIIEJ CENTRI~.. 'VhCll in the lodge "\Ive elevate our thoughts to the Deity, oure:y'es involuntarily rest on the glory in the centre; then \vith hearts over~ flo\:'ing \'lith gratitude and love, \ye bo\v reverentially " before the All-seeing eye of G-od, \vhicll the sun, 1n0011, alld St:1l"S olley; conscious that it llervades their in1110st recesses, and tries our thoughts, "\'vords and actions, by the unerring touchstone of truth and eternal justice. GIlOVES.The 01)crativeMasoll cannot use gloves at his \vork, but we can, and that too, of the Ilurestwhite, at ours, therehy intiInatingthateverynction ofalVlaeon OUgllt to be pure and spotless.-Gadicl,e. . (tOLDEN C1ANDLESTIOl.(. This utensil \vas Inade by 1\loses for the serviee of tIle Tell11)lc. Itconsistecl wholly of l)llre . gold, and had seven bl"uncl1Cs; that is, three on each side, ftnd 011e in the centre. 1'hese bru.uclles were at equul distnnces, andeuch One\V~LS adorned \vith flo\vers like lilies, gold l"nobs aftHl" the [orIn of uu upple, Rl'ld sirnilar ones resen1bling an a1n10nd. Upon "the extremities of the branches ,\ver() seven golden h:UllpS, \vhich were fed with I)urH olive oiI,and light;cdevery everting by the priests on duty. 'I'Ihe candlesticK \vas placed in the Holy Place, and servod to illunliIutte the

118

GOL-GOO.

altar of incense and the table of shew-bread, vvhich stood in· the saIne champer.-Cabnet.

GOLDEN FLEECE. The l11asonic apron is said to be more ancient than the badge of any other honourable institutioil~ It was used before the Greeks or Romans had a na111e. The. Argonautic eXIJedition is generally believed to be only a figurative account of the deluge; and the apron is unquestionably older thall tl1at event; it was therefore worn before the establishlnent of the s!)urious Freeluasonry. We arecel·taill f1"o111 undeniable authority, that. the apron was the first s11ecies of clothing \vith whicll nlanl\.indwere acquainted, and ,vas adopted before the expulsion ·of ·our progenitors frOl'fl the garden of Eden. When they had violated the original. cOlnpact, their eyes "vere opened toa sense of guilt and shame, and they sa\v that they,vere Ilaked. Decency suggested the necessary expedient of covering tllenlselves \vitI1 al)rol1s. It is therefore said \vith great l)rOlJriety, that ,,' the apron is lllore <1l1cient than the golden fleece or R0111ttn eagle."

GOLDEN RULE. Freernasonry recolnnlcllds the pl"actic~

of· the golden rule, do unto others as

)l'Oll

"\yould

have tllelndo to yOll, llot SO Inucl1 to preserve the peace and order of civil society, (\vhicll l1ot'~Tithstal1ding it cannot fail to do) as to inspire in 011r 0\V11 bOSOl11S, a love of virtue and gooc1 ,viII to Inall. (-fOOD l\IASON. The good l\:Iason is an example to his neighbours; and his naUle and cllaracter are proverbial. rrbose \vho are YOllnger venerate }lim,llis com11unions lovehinl, llis superiors extol him. Inhisfaulily lIe is higl1 without severity, and condescending~ritl101.1t l11ettIll1?SS; llis commands are gentle-indeed his \vislles al:e Ins cOlnmal1ds; for all are equally ready to ans,ver hIS desires.. To llis wife lie is the tender 11'1lSballd, llot the usurping lord; to his children 110 is tIle l~ind, the providential flLther, 110t the <lon1ineering tyrullt; to l1is servants he is equally tIle friend as the 8111)o1"ior. 1'hus ruling, he is ~obeyea \vith cheerfulness; tLnd tIIUS Ilia honle, "vhether. a cottage or a palace, is, vvllilehe is present, the llabitatiorl of !)eace; '\vllen tllcre 110 leaves

GOS-GRA.

119

it witll reluctallce, alld '\vl1en absel1t 11isreturll is expected with a pleasing aviaity.-In~cood.

G·OSPEL. The Royal Order of .l\lasonry, 110\VeVer secret froI11 its 1110st early foundation to the present nl0111ent, has nothing belonging to it,.btlt "vhat is so far fi"oln giving birth or growth to tIle cOIDlnission of any thing inconsistent with the strictest .parts ot OllI" holy religion, wllether it'respects our duty to God or Inall, that every part of it, if d'uly follo\ved, has a direct tendency to enforce and to enco'llrage the perfOr111anCe of everyone of itsl.nost 1101y pl"ecepts; alld, "tIle precepts of the' Gospel are l1niversally the 11rinciples of 1\lasonry." -Inloood. G()VI~RNl\II~NT.

It is ,!VeIl to rules for the of a lodge; but the is experience. Points of Illinor it.llilortiulce, hotll in discir)]jne and, <1Qctrine, <l.re of COl1stant oceUl"l"ence, '\I\o'l'hieh lutve no . prec(~dent, and must he regulated by the judgl'nent of the lVrnst(~r.And on these trifling !natters, tIle '\velfare alld !)rosl)crit:y of <1 lodge freqlleIltly depend. '",•..l. ... ,....... .a..4'''''',L.a.\I

GRA(~~~. \JVl1en hrotller l\lasons are nsseIllbled at the banquet table, wlH~re it is tl1eir duty to crave a blessing, 110W joyfully do tll(~Y Ileal" tIle ,\YOrd8-

o source of.

purest light 10 Lord of Glory! (j,rcnt, incomprahensibly great, a.re thy bandy ,"orks; ThQU gavest to us at .the. building of tbeTemple '\Visdom, Strength, and Beauty 1 Thou gnJ,~est to us vitaUty,pleasure, meat, and <1 rink ! '1"0 thee, therefore, be glory, bonour, praIse, .snd thanks.

After

ll1eal

Cl1ul)lain agaill lifts Ids voice:

"Go<1 be prn.isc<1! Thon llc }lraiscd for this dfl.Y~8 J,JJ.\;1::·jjlUll.!.~ ()b! protect us fn,thcl'ly, nCCOr(lln~ In hn.ppinc~8 and in ~orrow, And hless this night.."

0111.15

this day also;

Gadicke. GRADES. OF RANK. 1\fflny .persons ll.ave voured tosubstnntin.to their ol)jections to institution of Ij"'reen1Monry, from tIle adlnitted dognlR that .. members nleet ana level COllclude that the systenl abolishes all ' pronlises to

120.

GRA.

disorganise society, and reduce it to its prinlitive elements.. But it does no suell thing. Tllere is, in fllct, 110 other institution vvhere tIle grades of ralll~ are better defined al1d preserved. The ,V. lVI. sits ill tIle east. For wh.at pur!)ose is 118 l)laced there? '¥ll Jr, to rule and govern his lodge. Alld he is invested \vitIl l,o\ver even to despotis111, should he consider it safe to use it,and the .v,rardens are his assistants, not llis equals~ Eaellllas a particular duty assigned to hilll, and beyond that, he has 110 right to interfere. . TIle next grade are the Deacons. ,Allc1 \Vllat is their duty? Not, surely, to rank in equality with the ]\faster alld ",\\Tardens, but to perfornl .the part of inferiors . ill office, to carr~y' 111€Ssages and comInands.lt is t11eil" province to attend Ol~ the l\Iaster, and to assist the 1Vardens in tlle active duties of the lodge, such as j.l1e receptiol1 of candidates into tIle different degrees of l\Iasonry, and the ,illlmediate l)racticeof Otl!" rites. TJ.'his is the business of the 'Deacol1s; and b)T its I)unctual c1isc.harge, the office becolnes a, steI)pingstone to further l)refernlent: for as it is illCU111hel1t . 011 . 11 brother to serve tIle o"fiice of a ,Varden, before he is eligible for the chair of a lodg~, so it '\Jvould be\vell if tIle office of a I)eaCOll \vere prepfil"atory to that of Dr ' Warden. rl'he Treasurer, the Secretary, tIle ·Stevvards, the Innel"Gua.rd, and tlle rryler, have all tllcir resl)ective duties to perfornl, and ranIi to support; \vhile tIle brethren are hound to obey tIle \viII and pleasu.l"e of the W.M. GRAl\fl\IAR. Ci-ranlll1ar teaches tIle proper arrangell1ent of \vords, according to the idioln or dialect of ttny peculiar people, and that excellency of prOl1tlIlciation, whicllenables us to speak or write a lallnguagewith accuracy, agreeably to l"easQn and. correct usage.Preston.

G. A. O. T. D., celebrated ill th,e lectures of l\.fnsonry, is the same Jt~hovah WllO declared his 11nn1e to l\loses at the burning bush, appeul"ed 011. eart]l at. tIle tinlB and ill the lllace, ,,"hichhad het~n foretold hy the (Je\visll l)rophets, divested of Iris external splen.dour; attested the truth of his Inis£iol1 by the Illost 'stullendous Iniracles, und tel"lninatfl c1 his efl1.eacious atonelnent by a public

GRA.

1121

ascensiOll irlto tIle cloudy pillar, or Shel\.inall, Wl1ich . hovered over the l\Iount of Olives ; and tIle consecutive steps of tllis great scheme llave bee11 e111bodied in the systenl of }~reelIlasonry. It can therefore be s}lO\Vn, that the 11istorical landularl{s consist of certain In"oIninen t facts recorded ill tIle J ewisll scriptures, which have been received ill all ages, both before and after tIle advent of Christ, as typical of tIle Redeelner of man, anel of him only. GRAND ARCIIITECT. Tllis J\Iost IIigIl Being ought to be duly revered by every brotller as the Great Architect of IleaveIl aD~d earth, and 11is nUl118 ough t never to be s110k.ell hut\vitl1' tIle greatest Iltlrnility and reverence. It is not improper., when we are nl\vays speaking of to cnll G路o"a tIle (treat Architeet ofllca-Vt"cn and as "realso call hinl tIle Lora of lords and ICing of kings. 'Vv110 are not ~ T(~el]:laE~OnS., call hi rn tIle

C1ll " . .o""""\路1"

by it.

body of the called the Dublin, all' Grttnd ..............".. has is ,), Gralld

GRA. GRAND LODGE. 路 This governing body oonsists of a Grand Master with a .full staff of purple offlcers, the Grand Ste\vards for the Jr~ar, and the ~fasters, Past l\fasters, and Wardens, of every \varranted lodge. In the Grand Lodge, besides the po,ver of enacting la\vs and regulations for the goverllll1ent of the Craft, and of altering, repealing, and abrogating thenl, l)rovided that they continl1e to preserve the ancient landrnark.s of tIle Order, the Grand Loage has also the illherent pOvver of investigating, regulating, and deciding, all n1atters relative to the Craft or to particular lodges, or to individual brothers, vv hich it ll1ay exercise either by itself or b:y such delegated authority as, in its '\visdolU and discretion, it 111ay appoint; but in the Gral1d Lodge alone resides the power of erasing lodges, and .expelling brethren frou) 'the Craft, a l)ower which it ought 110t to delegate to any subordinate authority in Englalld.-Constitutions. GI\AND l\fASTER. This chief officer is generally a person of the highest rank.. lIe is nOllj.inated at the quarterly eornn1unication in Deee1l1ber, and the election takes place in the 11lontll of }YIarch follo\ving.. If the Grand 1faster s110uld die during his 111astershi!), or by 路 sickness,absence, or otherwise, he rendered incapable of discharging the duties of his office, the Del)uty GTand ~faster, Of, ill his absence, the Grand "'\Vardens, shall asseulble the Grand Lodge innl1ec1iatel)r, to record the event, \vldch Grand Lodge shall uIlpoint three of its nle:nbers to invite the last preceding Q路rand l\faster to ttct .as ~T'and1faster till a ne\velection take !)lace; if he deehne to act, then the last l)ut one, and so on; bllt if no fornlel~Q-ral1d l\Iaster be found, the de:puty, or tIle grand .olficernext in rank and seniority, shall proceed as principal. If thel:{)be . a Pro-Grand Master at the tiIl1e when n, vacancy oc~.urs in the Grand lVlastersllip, such Pro-Grand J\Iaster shall fOl'>thwitllactas Grand .l\Iaster until a new election tal{e place, at the usun] period.Constitutions. GRAND OFFICERS. None of the grand officers can be renloved, unless for reasons \vhich appear sufficient to the G-r<1nd Lodge; but, should the C}ralld l\,Iaster be dissatisfied \vith tIre conduct of any of his grand officers,

GRA.

,123

he may Slll)111it the case to tIle Grana Lodge; and s110uld it appear to the rnnjority of the brethrell l')resent that the COll11)laint be ,yell foullded, he l11ay dis!)lace such grand officer, and 110lninate anothcr.-Constitutions. G-RAND O:E'FICERS' CLUB. As its 11Ulne irnports, none but gtalld officers are eligible for Inenlbers; but there is 110 l)allot foradnlissiol1, it being lleld that all WIlO are considered ,vorthy of elevation in the Order, have a natural clahn to ellter, although it is weI} understood that there, is no COln})tl1sioll to join the Cll1b, and that several grand officers do not avail thelDselves of the' opportunity. The ({rand ~Iaster sonletilneshonOtlrS the club \vith his l,resence.

GRAND STIC'VAI~DS' IJODGJ.1J. This' lodge llas no nUlnher, hut is registered in the books of the Grand Lodge, and l)laced in. the printed lists, at the head of all other lodges, and ranks accordingly. It is rc!)resented in the (lrand Lodge by·its .1\faster.. I)a,st ~tasters, ,nnd Wardens. J3(~ing constituted as it :r,ruster 1Iasons' lodge, it has no Ilo\ver of 111aking, Ilassillg, or raising J\:Iasons. G"I~AND \Vl\ItD~~NS.The a'rand 'Vnrdens are appointed by the (Jrnnd J.\Iaster annually', on the day of his installation, and if l1resent, are to be iU1Inedintely installed. These officers should have regularly served the office of 1\fasterof a lodge•. They cannot nct ns 'Vtlrdens of [t I)rivate lodge while they continue Cirand 'Vnrdens. "Then the actual Grand Wardens are in the lodge no others cun StlFply their places ; but in tllcir absence tIle senior l)ast Grand War<lens l)l"esent shall act 1.'11"0 tt:lnlJore• If no Past. C~rnna 1)0 present, the G'rand :!\[astcr rnajr dir(~ct all)· l\Iaster of u. lodge to act as Grand \Vn.rdell for tllat occasion.-(;onstitutioJu;.

QRAV.E.

The (Jreeinn graves \vere al \vays Innrked

by a sllrub cnJlec1 ':'to{fOf:, or t1 garland of herbs.. In hOllour of the <l(~ad they thre\v lJouglls und lea,"es 11pon t~e grnvc; u,s]~llrir)ides says they did to Polyxentt \Vhell 8~e died; for in latter tin1es if tt rnnn IHtd \von a race or the like, they had (t c.ustorn to bedecl~ his 'vnliant cor~se ",dtll bOllghs nrH} of Inyrtle, as· in Euri!Jides. Elect. v.

124'

· GRA-GRI.

510. . Whether tl1ere was any allusion to the golden bough of Virgil in all tl1is I will not say.

GRAVITY. In a good lodge silellceand gravity are reeolunlelldations during the hours appropriated to labor. The ordinary business is of too serious a llature to adlnit of any disturbances; and hence the anci'ent charges direct that no brother shall behave hi111se1£ ludic.rously or j.estingly \vhile the lodge is engaged ill \vhat is serious and SOlenll1; llor use any unbecollling lallguage upon any pretence \vhatever;" but to pay due reverence to the l\Iasters, Wardens, and Fello"Vvs, and put the111to. \vorship. Even the noise of 1110ving the seats or the feet is to be avoided as ll1uch as possible; Rl1d for this reaSOl1 sand is not allowed to be stre\ved 011 the floor; nor are the brethren pernlitted to leave the lodge during the solemn cerenlonies, lest tIle noise thus 111ac1e slloulddisturb the proceedings. The effect of an initiatioll. \vould be entirely destroyed by any interruptioll of this kirld; and it is easy to ul1derstnnd that the sanle kind of disturbance vVQuJd be calculated to distract the attention bf the brethrell during the delivery of lectures.

GI{,EA.rr LIGIITS.. Th,e FreenlRsollS are enligl1telled by great and s111all liglltS. The Bible, th.e square, and the cOIl1passes, belong to tIle first; .. Ulld tJle sun, the llIOOll, .and the lVIasterl\Iason, or the stars, to the second. 'rhe great lights are illlll1ortal, and neither lilllited by tirne 1101" space; the snlall ones are liInitecl by both. The 13ible rules and governs our fi:tith; the square our actions; ar~d the cOlllpasseskeep us in n, bond of ullion. ",~it}l all l)~I~kind, eSI)eeiaJlY\Vith a· brother ~fason..Or '\vith .other ,vords, the l3ible directs us to elevate 011r spirits to a l"e&iJf)nabie and ratioIU11 faith; the square teaches so to disciplineQur Illillds as to ma-Ito tllelll cOl1.-esI)ond \vith a purE~ .and pron1pt obedience to tIle la,Ys of our native lund; Hrlld the COl11passesteacll ·118 so tocultivute our understandings as to enable us to live ill the bonds of fdocial undfi'uter.lla.l union vvith all 111unkind, "\,rl1atever 111ay he their l)ceuliur vie"ys 011 religious or I)olitical Sllbj ects.- Gadicke.

GRIP .t\ND SIG·N.

III

rude tiu1es, says rt

11~aSol1ic

GUI-HA~.

125

writer inJ:\.111erica:, \yhell 111el1, igllorant of chirograpl1y, in11')rcssec1 tIle seal of tl1eir purchll1ents "\VitJl the tooth in tlleir head f()l" it signature" it ",tas usual for ~Iaster 1\Iasons to give their apl)renticen gri11 or sigl1,by \vhich he s110uld 111al<.e hinlself kno,,'vIl to ttny l\Iasol1 as a regular E. A. P. to tIle trade; and another when be had COIllpletec1 his u!)pren ticeshil)' and pasBed 011 to tIle ranI{ of a journeynlall,or F. C\; Ulld a tllird when, by assiduity and sl'-.ill, lIe l1ad· beeoll1e llill1self a Inaster of the work, took buildings to rear, 11ired Jj"ello\'vcrafts or journe}YI11en, and received al)prentices. The \iV·Ol·d, the sign, and the grip, in tl10se days, '\vere the certificate of the Craft to its regularly taught 111e111bel:s.. GUID1~. At our introduction into l\Iasol1r~)T, ¥le seel\. for an able guide to. conduct us fr0l11 this dark' state of hunl,111 life i'llto light, 8.11d \vhen arrived at that desired point, vve are struek \vith. the s:yrnbolie representations hefore us ;llnder l)rOlnis~of fidelity ,va begil1 our career ill tllis secret society of Free and AcccI)ted lVIasons.. \Ve ernerge g·r~~dually frolil tll<: lo\vestvale, und hy study arrive at the Inghest degree of the oeeult scienc.e, or to the greatest Ilion till l)erf(~etion.-ll11scJlbeth.

GUTTUltA.L. rl'he guttural sign alludes to tClnper-anee, "vhiell d{~nUl!lds a carltious IHtbit of restraint, as Inay· be neeeSSfll"y to !)reserve us frOIl.l the risk of violatil1g our obliga.ti911 a;n£1 incurring itsp(~nalty. - IlelluJ2illg.

II.t\.Ct1\.11. Abralu1111 ,vas exc.eedingly att,ached to the of IIagar the Egyptial1bol1d-\vorna.n" aIld us be gre\v nIl, tIle afleetions of Ids fatller iner(!t\sed so inordinately that he earnestly intrcated tIle Lord that Ishl11uel might he the ellild of IH"olllise. I:3ut.. reqllest 'Y(lS denied, as heing ineol1sistent,vith diviIle Inul)oses; forchildrcIl cannot inherit a floee an<l noble sl)irit eXCC!lt they ·be born of ~L fi"ee \V01l1UIl. SOIl

This holy ptol,hct filldprineillul of tile ,vas born during. the Bubylouish captivity, a.u.d . retu.rncd .to J. (If.t.lsal.cm wit..h Zerubb~1bel and JeslJiua. lIe exllorted tll(~Ill to resume the \vorl~ of TClnp1e, it had been .interrUI)ted I-I.A.GGAI.

S~nhedrim, or I~oyal l;hapter,.

126 .

HAl\I-IIAR.

nearly fourteen'years, fn consequence of the intrigues of the Samaritans, and otller obstructions excited to defeat the edict of' C)rrus. 'l'he l)ropllet represents the people as 1110re ready to build and adorn their own dwellings than to labour in the service of God. He tells theln that tl1e llufruitful seasons they had experiellced wereentirel:y' . o"\ving to this c~use. He thell encourages' theln with proll1ises of future blessings; and predicts tlle ll11porta.ll t revelations that should precede tIle final advent of the 1Vfessiah, 'Yhell the kingdoms of the ,vorld sllould becolne the kingdonls of the Lord and of 11is Christ. HA~:I}IER. With this small working tool the l\faster of a lodge governs the most numerous Ineetings. '1' he blow of the l\faster's hanlmer COl11u1ands industry, silence, or the close of labour, and everY,brotl1er respects or 110nours its sound. III so far the haull11er is a synlbol of the pOvver of the l\faster. TJ.'he hanl111el" 11lust never be lost sight of at the nleetil1g of the lodge; and Sllould tIle lfaster beunavoidablycol11pelled to leave the lodge-roDIn, lle Inust deliver it to his Deputy or Past.1\faster, orsonle other skilful brotllel". 'rIle \VardeI18 'do not govern the lodge witll their llunlnlers, they only direct attelltion by tllelll to the cOlnllu~nds of tIle W. M.-Gadicke.

HAND. .When the calal11ities of our brother call for" our aid we should not "Tithdra\v tIle hand tlla:t n1igllt sustain hin1 fro111 Sillk.ing ; l)ut that \ve sllould render him those services, \vhich, 110t encull1bering or injtlringour . ft1111ilies or fortunes, charity o~" religion may .aictate for the saving of our fello\v-creature.-Old Lect'u/res. HARODIM. The mysteries of this Order are peculiar to the institutioll itself; while the lectures of the 0IU11)tel" include every branch of the masonic systeul, and represent the art of Masonry in a finished and C0111111ete forIn. Different classes are establislled, and l)artictllar lectures restricted to each class. The lectures arc di\."idec1 iIlto sections, an.d路 the sections into claus'es. The .sections are annually assigned by the C1hief lIal"od to a certain nUlllber of skilful cOlllJ)anions in each class, vvho are delloIllinated Sectionists; and they areell1po~rered to distribute tIle clauses of tlleir resl)cctive section-s, vvitll

HAR-HEI.

127

the approbation of the Chief Harod and Gelleral Director, aluollg tlle l)rivate cOln11anions 01 tIle Chapter, 'VVllO are c1en01l1inated Clauseholders. Suell cOlllllarliol1s as by assidUl ty [>eC0111e !)ossessed of all tIle sectioI1S of tIle lecture, are called Lecturers; and out of these tIle General Director is always chosen.

IIARPOCRATES. rrhis Egyptian god \vas unkno\vn to the Greeks till the ti111e of Alexander. ~ They worshipped him under the l1UUle of Sigalion, and loaded him with many attrib1.1tes UnlillO\Vl1 to the ancient Egyptians. He appeara as a young l11an ill all Egyptian l11itre, holding a cornucopia, lotus, and cl1.liver,. aCCOIllI)a11iec1 with the poppy and o\vl, drap~d in a lOllg robe, llead rainlent, brullcl1 of l)crsea, the iillger'4Jll the nlol1th, IJersea, cornucopitt, lotus, basket OIl the head. IllStosch, tIle bust s"\vaddled in (1 llct, l)ers~a on the heau, globe and serpents 路 011 th(1 breast, but the fInger on tIle rnonth, anclloclt of hair disting'uisl:l.llQarly all his figures.-lrosbroke. III~ARING. lIcariJlg is that sellse by whicl1 we are enabled tgdistinguisll sounds, and are lnade capable of all the l)ereel)f:ions of'lu1rnlony anc1111elod)r, "\~'ritll all the agreeable ehuruls of ulusic ;by it VlO are enabled to erljoy

the pleasures of socieiJy; iLnd reciI)rocal1y to cOlnmuni-

cate to each other our thoughts al1d intentions, our purposes and desires, and by means of this sense o'ftr reason is ~ capable of exerting its utnl0st }Jower and energy.-Olii Lectu1"es. IIE.t\.R1'. 'The 11eart is the seat of theaffectioDS t passions antI desires; and by the 11:receptgiven by Solomon, to ke(~l) our hearts, is l11et11lt, tlUlt \ve sllould di1igt~ntly !>ioeserve our good di~positions, allel correct our bad ones. 1\11 the actions of t1 rnall'S life issue and proceed ii路oIn the heart; ,\v}licil is the fOUlltuill llot only of our naturallif(~, but of our 1110xtal too; 80 tlntt ass. mall'S heart is, so will llis life be: if llis heatt be. kept clean and pure, llis life cannot be "'Ticked and vicious; but if his heart be \vicked (Lnd vicious, his life cannot ,bie kept clean and pure.-路Bishop Be'vc'ri,lge. IIEIGHT.

From the earth to the heavens"

128

HEL-I-IIG.

HELPLESSNESS. As a MaSOI1, your first adnliS'Sion in a stt1te ofl1elplessnes's was an enlblenlatic representation of theentru,Ilce of all l11en jlltO this their state of mortal existence; it inculcated tIle cherisl1ing lessons of natulCal equality, of 1l1utual dependenee. It instructed you in the active principles of universal bel1cvolence and charity, to 11lal\.e thenl the solace of your o,~vn distresses, ami to extend relief and consolation to your fello\vcreatures 111 the hour of their affliction. It "'reqtlired you to free the soul fro111 the clolllinion of pride a11c11)rej udice, to lool\. beyond tIle li111its of 11articular institutiollS, alld to vie\v in ever)T 8011 of Adanl a brother of tIle a. llst.Above all it taugl1t y'011 to bend . '\vitll reverence Ulld resignatioll to tIle vvill. of tIle Grand Arcllitect of the Universe, and todedic.ate your heart tlluS l)urified froID every l11ulignal1t l)(1ssion, Gtnd prellal"ed for the receptioIl of truth fUld justice. IIIERC)GLYPI-IICS. IIieroglYllhics ~vere used before the discovery of the art of \vriting, and thrOl.lgh IHI-intings Ofl1utural or seielltific o~jects \vere represerlted invisible ,things and ideas, \vhieh could not have otherV\'"ise becll delineated. On account of its ilnportance, and the difficulty of reading it, it \Vl1S COllsidered sacred. Ilieroglyphics nlust al\vays be undfH'stood to be pictorial rern'esentutions, and a syulbol can be botll i1 pictorial rCIJresentation and an action.. lrrOII1 vvrhat is here said the Ji"reernasoll will be able to l)erceive '\vhich of the :llIasonic -ul)jects lIe has to consider as llieroglyphics.and''lhich us synlbols.Gadicke.

IIIGII T\VELVE.. 'Ve llave all old tradition, delivereddown orally, that it was tIle duty of Hirarll Abifr to superintend the\vorl{lnen; and tIl at the rel)orts of tIle officers were always examined with the Ul0stscrul)ulous exactness. At the opening of tIle day, \v}lell the sun \yas rising in the east, it \Vas.llis consta11t CUStOlll, befc)re t11c C0111111enCCll1ent of labour,to enter the teu1Ilie and offer up his llrayers to. J ellov~1h for a blessing on \york. And, in like InUllner, ':Y'?11eIl. the sun. set in the \vest, alld the l[Lbours of the day '~V'ere closed, and the \vorl\Jnel1 had departed, he returned his thanks to the G-reat Architect of the Universe for the harnioniol.1S I)foteetion for the day.

I-IIL-ll]R.

129

Not contel1t \vitll tllis deVollt eXl)ressiol1 of his feelings 1110rning and evening, he al\yays \VCIlt into the tell1ple at tIle hour of lLigl1 t\velvl~, \VIlell tl1e 1l1CIl \,,"ere culled fi~onl labo1.1!" to refreslnnent, to insl)eet tI10 11rogl"flss tlH~ ,vork, to clra\v fi"(~sh designs u1)on the tracing-board, if such \,"ere lleCeSSar}"", and to l)crfornl other seientific labours, never forgetting to consecrate his duties l}y solenl11 prayer. These religious CUStOll1S "ve~~e faithfully perfofllled for the first six years in the secret recesses of 11is lodge, alld fox tIle last year in . . the IJrecinets of tIle Most Holy Place.. A.t length, 011 the ver~y day Ul)llointed for celebrating tIle cUl)e-stolle of the l)uilding, he retired as llsnal, aecording to Olll" tradition, at the hour of "higll t1Jvelve, and did 110t rettll"ll alive. lIII.Jl\I~I1'路Y. In alll\Iasonic festivals hilaritv sl!ould be tenlpered \vitll thoughtfulness and eirC1Unsi)(~etion; and, althol1gh \ve 11.,Uve 110 objection, in ,~~ord8 an old l\fasonie SOllgt to

the bowl, nndfill tlle glass (~vcry'VirtU(3, c,\rery

grace,

r.rf, the brotherhood resound

IIealtb, and let it thrice go round,"

yet we \v'olll{l llot forget, in the llollrsof rplnxatiol1, to l"etnin decorunl in ft~stivitv and innoeence in lnil'th, for, ,v]len l)leasurt~ ischastene<1 l)y virtue, its relish \,"ill be increased, arid its zest inlI)lOved.

, IIIIJLS ANI) V ALLI~YS..

Before we had the conve})rethren used to lo\vest of VB Heys ; and if they \vere asl\.ec1 \\;,11)'" they 111ct so 11igh, so }O\V, and so very seeret, the:r re!)lied, tIle l)etter to. und nt'Qt')l~l'拢)' all tlU,tt lllight or ; Hlld in ('lase a eOV~tal1 Sllould n!)llcar, th(~ rryler Inigl1t tilllely notice} to the "r.l\'{., by \Vllich lIl(~Ul1S the nligllt beclosed,aIld the je\v(~ls1)llt }>Y', therehy a:uy tlnlawful intrusioll.- ()ld :t"'otlc Lectu1YJS.

llieIlce of SllCll \vel1-forulccl lodges, lTI,eet 011 the lligllcst of llills and ill

IIIRA~I. A IlaIlle路giy,ell to the gavel of tIle WOJ'shipfull\tlaster, because, asSolo1110Il controlled and directed the \\"orknlen in the Tem!)le 路by tIle assistance of IIiruln

130

HIlt-HIS..

the builder, so does tIle l\faster preserve order lodge by the aid of the gavel.-J.11cu:key.

ill "the

IIIRAl\f, I{ING Oli' rrYJtE. \Vllen Solon10Il l1ad deternlilled to build a ten1ple at (Terusalelu, he sent an ernbassy to rryre, req~uesting IIiranl, the king of the l'yrialls, would furnish 11iul '\vith \VOrltlnen to Ctlt do\vn tilllber at L.ebUIIOl1, and stone in the quarries of Tyro, for the cOllstru"ctiol1 of that 1101y edifice. lIe returned an ans\ver to 8010111011'8 comlnllnication, \Vllicl1 contained tIle language of anlity and esteell1. He agreed to extend the fraternal bond of that charity and brotherly love which \VaSCOll1mon to both the true and spuriol1s l~'l"ee足 masonry, by furnisl1illg cedars and othertinlber fi"oln the forest of. Lebal10n for the erection of a telIlple to the living God, and providing tIle rnost eXI)ert architects ill llis d0111inions for its construction, 011 the sin11Jle condition of receiving eertaill su!)plies of })1"ovisions in exchange; and he pertOI'lned. llis contract \vith llrincely rnunificence and 111tlsonic eandour. l311t Cyell thjs \vanId have l)eell insutlicient to I)I"ocluee any satisfactory resnlt, \vithollt the 11resellce of n Innster-n1ind to Ull1Jllnte and direct the proceedings; tlnd the king of rryre fllrnislled this }Iastcr in the l)erSOll of his chief architeet, IIiranl i\..biff; by vV honl the re-llllioIl of speculative and operative lIHlsons wa~ to be consu.l11111ated. IIIRAl\I . A.BIF:E'. rrhis curious und cunning architect . \vas a \vic1o\v's S011, of tl~e tribe of' Nal)tllali, but Ilis fitther \vas a InUll of Tyre, a \yorker ill brass. lIe was the 1110St aecolnplished designer and 0llerator. upon eal"tll, whose abilities \vera not confined tobuilditlg 0111y, but extended to all kinds of work, whether in gold, silver, brass, or iron; whether in linen,. tapestry, or en1broic1ery ; whether considered as an a,rchitect, statua.ry, founder, or designer, he equally excelled. ]j'rom 11.iS designs, t1ud ullder his directions, all the rich and splendid ftlrniture of tIle Telnple, nnd itssever~lappendages, \vere hegan, carried 011, and finislled.-Ande1\90n.

lIIST()RICAL. The .llistorical portioll of the Rayal Arch lecture refers to three distinct epoch.s, .lHl111ely, to tIle establisl1111ent of thefloly Lodge, the S!tcred Loclg~, ancl the Grana and Royal Lodge.

lIOL. HOLY FIRID.

131

'Vhell Nellelniall ,vas aIlpointec1 to

the. govetnrnent of J uden., \vitll full autllority to build the \va11s of Jerusalern, and to finisll tlle Second 1\~,tl1ple, he sent to seare!1 for the 1101y 'fire, which, before the captivity" of Babylon, the priests lInd hidden in a dry and

deel) pi.t; not finding any fire there, but only thick and Inuddy water, he sprinkled this "upon tIle altar, Ul1d presently tIle ,vood \vhich Ilad beell so sprinkled took fire as soon as tIle sun begall to s11ine, vvhich l11iracle coming to the knowledge of the king of Persia, be cal1sed the place to he el1COlll1)assed ~'ritl1 "valls vvhere the fire had beell l~iddeIl, and granted great favours alld privileges to the prlests.-(:abnet. . IIOI.JY GROUND. TIle lodge is situated on 1101y rrhe fIrst lodge \vas conseeratec1 011 account of three grandbfi~:~riI]gs thereon 111llde, Which luet divine aPlu"obittion.. ~'irst,'- the ready COlIl!)linnce of Abrahalll to tIle \v:ill of ,G"o(], in not refusing to ofi€n- IIp 'llisson Isaao as a hurnt-ofli~ring, ,,,hen itplease<l the Allnighty to substitute a lllore agreeable viethll in his stead; second, tIle nlany I)ious pray"ers and <uaculations of I{jng David, whicll uetuaJly arlpeascd the \Vratll of God, and stayed a p,estilellce which than raged among the people,. owing to his in~dverteI1tlyhaving had thern nUlnbered; and thirdly, the n1any thanksgivings, oblations, burnt sacrific.es, and costly offerings whicll ,Soloulon, I{ing of Israel, lnade at tIle c0111pletion, dedication, and consecl'"ation of the tCIUpIe of J erusal enl, toGod~s service. 1'hese three did then, have since, and I, trust ever will, rellder, t:he ground-work of a l\Iasons' lodge holy. ground.

IIOI.JY ()]' II()LIES. The innernlost and Inost sacl·ed part of tIle ternlJle ,vas ealled tIle 1101y of Tlolies, and sometinles the l\lost IIoly Place, and ,vas orc1ain;ed and made on !lUrpOSe for the, receI)tion of, t.he Arl\. of the Covenant. The "'111. ole end an<l renson of thnt Inost sacred pla..ce being none otller, but' to be a tab~~rnacle for. it. 'rhlS pl~tce or roonl ,vas of anextl,ct cubic forIn, as,belng thirty f(1et sqllare and thirty feet lligll.. III the centre the ark was placed, UpOll a stolle rising there three fingers breadth above the floor, to be, as it were, a pedestal for it. 011 the two sides of it stood two caerubirns fifteen

132

H OL--IIOR.

ft3et high, one 011 tIle one side, tIle other on tile otllcr side, at eqllal distances from the centre of tIle urI\. and eacl1 side \vall; \vhere, having tlleir \vings expanded, witll tvYO of tllenl they tOllched the said side \vnlls, UIld \vitIl tIle other t,vo they did l11eet, und tonell caell otller exactly over tIle l11iddle of the arlt; so that the ark stood exactly in the 111iddle betvveell tllese t\yO cherubinls.P')·ideaua.'. fIOLY LODGE. TIllS lodge "vas 011ened at tIle foot" ()f J\Iount HorelJ, in the \Vilderness of Sinai, abollt t'\vo years after tIle exode of the Israelitesfronl Egypt, on tIle spot where ~foses was first comulanded to go do\vn into Egypt, and where lIe was directed to Pllt oft" his shoes fro111 his feet,because the ground was 1101y. Here tIle Aln1igl1ty delivered to I1hl1 tIle decalogue \vItIl the forn.ls of the tabernacle and tIle ark, and l1ere lle dictated tllose peculiar forIlls of civil and religious l)olit)f, \vhich, by separating his peoI)le f1'o1'.n all otl1er 11ations, lle COIlsecrfLtec1 Israel H,CllOSen vessel for llis servic(\. ()yer this lodge presidedl\Ioses, the grettt and il.lsl)irec11av\t-gi'ver; Aholiab, the curiouscarvcr and elnbroiderer, ancI Bezaleel tb.e famous arcllitect., HONI~Y. 110118Y \,,'"as unfversal1y llsec1 as (1 syuI1Jol of death. The ancients rnnde libations to tIle dead of 110llCY, wine, and blood. Funeral cakes ,,,,ere I)laced l)y tIle Greeks in the lllouths of deceased })ersons to al)l)ease the wrath of Cerberus. Thus. Virg.il,l\felle sop. oratal.ll at medi-. entia frugibus oflll111. Ilo';taJl({, or rouna~ broad, .or tllin cal\.€s, \vith honey, 111ade a IJurt of tIle funeral offerings, to lIceate, or the lVIool1.

HOPE. Hope is all ancho!.ofthe soul, botll sure and steadfast: tl1en let a firm reliance of tIle Aluligllty'S goodl1ess .aniluate our endeavours, and ellable us to fix our hOl)e \vithin tIle linlits of bis most gracious !)l"onrises, so shall success attend us; if \ve believe a thing in11)ossible our despondency rnay render it SO, but if '~7e }Jersevere to tIle cnd, \ve shall finally overcorne all difficulties.-,Old Lectlt'res.

FlOREB.

rfllis 1110l1ntain was renlurI,,['lhle for seven

HOS-HOD.

133

mernorable transactions. TIle Burning Bush; strikhlg of the rock. '\vith the rod of 1r1oses; tll€ lifting up of Moses' llUl1ds by Aaron and IIur, \vhiell llroducecl tl18 slaugllter of the Alualekites; the deli ver:y' of the 1n.\V ; the torty days abstinence by Moses; tIle delnolition of the t\VQ talJles of stone on sight of the golden calf; and the supernal visioIl of Elijah.

FIOSPITALITY. TIle \\.'I'hite stone mentioned in the Apocalypse, appears to bear SOlne relation to a particular custonl among the anciel1ts, witl1 which they COIIlll1enced and perpetuated a refinw friendshil). For this ·llur11ose the contracting parties took a sIllall piece of bone, ivory, or stone, and dividing it into eqtlal and siInilar l)arts, one of the l)ersons \vrotehis nUlne 011 one of and his friend upon the other, und they lu.ade a 111utlud 'exellange. ':rhis little tie,ket, or "kecIlsalte," ,-x."ns reta.ined as a sacred and r(~r.nenlbrancer of an the Dlost and inviolable, entire a,nd perrnHuent, tbat could Including the word, sign, and token of an endeared fl"aternity, it W~lS t}H~ 11leUllS of asccrtahJlllg the llellrt's t:tfl(~ction8 after 1l1uny Y(~llrS' nbsenee, and of AHcnringf()f hirn awelcolne to the I)rivileges, and a share in ~he. . . .... of hospitality and love. Of c,ourse the token Wlt'S earefullypreserved. 'l"hougll, in itself,considered . wortlt, yet as the l11en10rial of a highly esteerned as it those kind ernotions of w~lieh was theobje,ct, and called lll)a history on whieh the heart delighted to dwell, its· vul Uf) becanle inestilnablf~, al1c11(~st SOl:ne 0110 else should tak('~ t}l()ad'\l~antage of it, the 11ossessor kept it with and cantiousl)r eoueealed fronl everyone In a rlt engra ved U1)011 i t.-lvl,rris. }IOUI~-(~I.JASS.

'l'he hour-glass is an elnlJlenl ofhurnnn eunnot\vithout astonishlnent l.>ehold tb(~ littlo pal·tielt?s,\vhich th(), Inaehino contains, JH1SS a'VH)" ulrnost hnpel·ceptibly, and yet, to Ollr surprise, III tht~ short spa~? of n.nhou r f~ll are exhllusted" rl~hus wustes hlUl1l\rl lite. At the of nlan's sho'rt bonr, deat 11 strikes the bloiw, and hu(ries him oft~ the stage to.bis longan<i d&rki8~me resting plaee. "

life..

134

HOU-IDE.

HOURS 路OF WORK.. The masters and officers should always he punctual in their. attendance, and observe the 110ur of meeting witll scrupulous exactness; for correct conduct in officers vvill invariably produce a corresponding accuracy ill the brethren. I !\:110\V nothing ,vhicll tends 1110re to disgust and sour the 111ind tllal1 the ullprofitable enlploJlnent of \vaiting inlpatiently for tlleattelldance of the superior officers, with a probable expectation of being disappointed at last.

I-IUl\IANITY. \Vhat it is and how variously it can be explained, is not necessary to be stated 11ere. To the Freenlasoll it must bea thing of the heart. All lodges nlust exercise it towards each other, as also 111ust every brother, not 111ere1y in, but also out of the lodge.Gadicke. I. A. 1'1. According to the cabalistical theologians, Moses, asI{ing the Lord if he .vvould tell him the nal11C of his Di\:ine Essenc"e, received for ans\ver, say" I AM TIIAT I Al\I," sent Ine to you, (the children of Israel), equivalent to saying-"\Vhat use is it to asl\. \vhat is inex.plicable? "I Al\I TIIA1' I A]rI," as tile ancient sages StlY, lneant, that he ,vas vvith thelll in thatcaI)tivity, so ,vauld he be in others; and therefore He then revealed to 1\拢ose8 tIle Tetragralnll1atoll; and this lIe repeated, as lIe \vould 111anifest lIiIl1self by its representation of the ten soverejgn lights: and by that l11eans ,,~ould becolne kno\vl1, although veiled in theIn; l)ecause I{is existeI)Ce ,viII be ever hidden fi"onl all, and CUl1110t be explained by any clulracter.-.Lllanassell, Ben IS1YlCl. IDE..eiS. The Je\vish system ,vas路 made tIp chiefly of ceremonies, types, and figUf. es, denoting intellectual things and 111 oral duties. This mode of teaching nl0rnlity 'vas at tllat early l)eriod of the world necessary. .Lind vvrhy?-"Because. then not one person in ten thousand beside the priesthood could read. The peo!)le \vere not then able to exhibit thougllts to the eye b,Y 111CanS of \vriting, hence tIle necessity arose of teaching by s'igns and SYlllbols, tllat \Vhel1;, these strucl\. the eye they should raise corl~esponding ideas '~n the Ininc1, u:nd thusCollvey Inoral truths and duties by the sight and by the operation

ILL-IMP.

136

of tools and Inecllanical instrulnents. This is tIle ful.. 'vllich rests alld turns the first and 1110st fusci11ating IJart of 111asollic instruction..-1VatcTlto'Use. crlUll on

ILIJEG·AL SUSPENSIONS. If the Grand }\fuster sllould besat'isfied that any brother has been illegally, or \vithout sufficient cause, suspended, renJoved, or excluded from any of Ilis Inasonic functions or privileges, by any priYate· lodge or ~ny subordinate authority, 11€ nlay order hiIn to be reinstated or restored, andnlay also suspencl,until tIle next ensuing quarterly communication, allY lodge or brother who shall refuse to comply with suell order.-Constitutions.

Il\I:i\IORT.A.LITY O~' TILE" SOUL. A belief in this doctrine is inculcftted in ~Iasonry by severed expressive enlblerns, 111orecs11ecially by tIle second l"OllUd of Jacob's hl.uqer, ancI by the Bl)rig of acacia.-llfackey. I~I~iC)VI~ABLE.

traeing.. hoard, for rough ashlar; for and the I)erfect

'I'he· ilnlnoveable je\vels are the "'V. 1\1.. todravv his designs o:n; the E~.

A. P .. to rnark and indent on; for fhe experienced If'. C. to. try and adjust his je\vels on.. They nre terll1e<1 in1111oveable, because they are distributed in IJlaees assigned tllem in the lodge,for the brethren to llloralize uI)on.'rhey \verefOrlnerly called the trasel-board, the rough ashlar, and the broached thurneL. Il\rPI~ACII1\rENT.ln 1842 a singular case occurred at Ne\v York, in ,vhicll the rights and IJrivileges.of it l\.faster of a lodge ,vero placed in jeopardy, by the action of his lodge. After the loc1ge,vas opened, tIle ~raster occasion to be absent for [t sllort titne, leaving t!le Senior "~larden in llis return, 110 fOl111d that. hnd been l)rE~ferred ugainsthinlself~ nnda 'Committee al)Ilointed to try llin1; nnd tllcSenior 'Varden refused to retnrninto llis hand.s the \varrniitanc1 J:nallet of the . lodge. Conlplnint being n1ade to the a'rand Master by the 1rlnster, 11e directed the (i'rand ~el~retftt·v to inform .the Senior 'Varden that it \vas Iris direction that he should fQrthwitlll"eturn the \Varl-ant to the hands of the ~raster, and that the action of tl16 lodge on that

136

IMP.

case nlustbe suspended, and thenlelnbersllo1c1 theulselves ill readiness· to Inaintain their. charges before. the Grand Stevvards'Lodge, .which was all pro.nlptlycomplied \vitI1 by the parties. The ground of l1is decision was,that the Master of a lodge is only subject to impeachlnent and trial before his peers, who are acquainted vvith his duties, but \vhichthe ll1enlbers ofa lodge cannot know, until they are themselves seated in the oriental chair. Il\fPERFECTIONS. The system as taught., ill the regula,! lodges, lnay llave ··SOlue redundancies. or inlperfections, occasioned by tIle indolellce or ignorance of the old l11enlbers. And, indeed~ considering throngll what obscurity and darkness the luystery has been delivered C10vVll; tIle Dlanycenturies, and languages, and sects, and parties, it has run through, ,ye are rather to vvonder it ever arrived to the present age ,vithout Il10re i111perfections.-AndeTson. Il\fI)LEnIENTS.. A gellcral collectioIl of lilusonic ilnple111ents lnay rCll1ind tile l\faster of .llis pOvver and jurisdiction, \vllile they ,yarn hinl to avoid the alluse of that po\ver, liuliting llis jurisdictioIl aind l)rescribing~ llis conduct. 1'11e}r likewise afford hhl1 copious tOllies of advice to sucl1as assist hiulill tIle governrncnt of the Fraternity, as well as to all tIle brethrell oyer \Vh.Olll he is called to 111"esic1e. lIe 111ay descant 011 the exeellence of the· hoI y "rritings as a rule of life; for those \vritings teach us that, being borll uI)on a .level, we sh(f'clld ·iact 11pon the square, eirclllllscribing o'llrdesires \1litbin the cornpass of Nature's gifts, poured froln thehoru of plenty. fle1"e, also, he Jnay,exhort theln to walkltpriglltly, suffering neither the pressure .• of. poverty, 1101· the avarice of richestQ telllpt· th.e heart f()il~a UiOD1ent· to s\verye fr0111 the line of rectitlldewhioh j S s11spended before the!n fronl the centro of heaven. The divisioll of tinle 'into equal and regular portions, l1C 111ay also urge as the rnethod .of securing the greatest. good fi·onl the 01)1)01"turlities th,atare afforded us.'l'he suhjeetio:rlof Ollr 1):!ssiol1S and desires is IH~re likc\yise ttluglrt by the gavt~l, whicll is used b)'I' the operatiNe builder to ren'1ove the exereseences and to srnooth the sUl"fhees of the rough

'IMP-INC.

.137

materials for a b1.1ilding; vvhile the by-laws of the lodge regulate the deportment of the craftsmen, while ass8lnbled for the pnrposes of social improvelnent and mental recreation, and while separated froln the rest of lnankind, and placed among none but brethren.-Monitor.

IMPUTATIONS. Individual errors or crimes ought only to reflect discredit on tIle offending parties, for a giganticsocietr like ours, whose professors are spread ·over the face of the earth, and are found in every civilized country on the globe, cannot })e responsible for the misconduot of every single member of 'its body. It is very common to hear those who' ar~ not Masons urge this argument with all tIle force and cfonfidellce of conviction. A l\fason has 111isconducted llimself most grossly, tlley ,viII S3IY, and tllereforeMasonry nlust bea bad institution. But tIllS way of reasonillg is absurd. Take the argulnent in another l)oint of view, Ulld wllat does it end in? Why, t\ general condenlnation of all institutions, human and: divine. How would it shock our ears were it applied to~ ChristiH.nity. ;,.. bas been 'guilty ofa,cts of violence; llC has rohhed one neigllbour, slandered another, · and murdered a third; and ·therefore-marl\. tIle consequence-Chl~istianityffi"!lsthe a bad institution. Is not thiepreposterous~ Does it follo'\:v because a "wicked Ch.rl.,·stiQ .eOll1m.,its. m.ur.der., .th.a.t. the Christia.n religion must neeessarily refJommend thecommissi0n of murder '1 So Masonry. Ifsomiebr@thren so far forget their $olemn obligatiollS as to overstep the boundaries of decency ; if tlley set the censure of the world at idefiance, anddisgtace thelIlselves in the eyes of.G;od &ltd man~ it cannot be urged.that the il1stitutioll recommends this conduct. IMPOSTS. The members of tIle secret society of Tyrian artists,. who ,vere llired by King 8010111011 to erect that sacred structure, in order to distinguisll theln froIll" the J ews,~·ho perfol"'rl1ed tIle Inore htllnble labo"l1rs, "1'ere honoured with the epithet of }i"'reeanuexed to the name of builder OllnaSOll; and being tal,el1ted foreigners, were freed froiDl th'e tlsual illlposts paid to tIle state bYithe subjects of Solomon.-IIusenbetIt. ' INCOMMUNIOABLE.

The Cab&listicalJews, and

1.38

IND-INE.

after them J osephl1s, and some of the ROll1ans, thirlk tllat Moses did not ask for the ·nal11e of ~God at tIle bl1rnillg blISh, but for the true pronunciation of it, whicll they say had been lost throng!l the \vickedness of mankind; for whicll reason the forIner affirll1 that the wordgholam, used by Goel presently after, being \vritten witllOUt a va~t, ShOl11d. not be rendered for ever, bllt hid, froIll the root ghala7n, to hide; not considering that, if that was ihe case it sho"uld be writtell glzala1.n, alld not ghola'1Ji. UpO!l this account, the nanle is lJy all the Je\,,"s called Shenlhaln-' phorah, the unutterable nanIe, whicll Jose11}lllS sa:rs \i\7as never l\.novVll or heard of before God told it to 1tIoses, fOl" Wllich reason they never pronounce it, but use the word Adonai, ot. Elohiln, or plainly the word IIash elll, the NAME, to .express it. Thus in their letters and commOll tliscourse, instead of saying the Lord bless you, tlley say tIle Na.nIe bless yOll.-Unit'e'rsal History.

INDENTED TARSEL. This is all oldnallle for tIle oT'nan1ented border which sllrrounds the xnosaic paVClnent, l1o\vcalled the tessellated border. INDISSOLUBLE 'rIE. Masonry annihilates all parties, conciliates all private 011i,nions, and,rellders tll0se 'VIlO, by their Allnighty Father, "rere nladB of one blood, to he also of one lleart and one lIlind; bretl1ren bOUlld fir1111y together. by that inc1issoluble tie, tIle love of their God, and tIle love of tlleir·l\.ind.-Dan££:~ll. INDUSTRY.

l\fasonr)'r is a" l)l"ogressive science, and

not to be attai!led in Hny degree of perfection but l>y · tinle, patience, ttnd ~1 considerable degree of application 'and industry; for no one is adnlitted to the. protoundest secrets, or the highest honours of this Fraternity, till by tilne weare assured he has learned secre~y aIld 111orality. ~ - iflilliams. INELIGIBLE. To l')revent tIle introduction of inlproper I)erSOllS, it is provided by tIle by-la\vs of every lodge, that no person call be lllade a }\fUSOll in, or adlnittecl [L Inenlber of, a lodge, if, on the hallot, tllree hlaek halls appear against l!inl. S01ne lodges ,viall for no SUCl1 indulgence, but require the Unrtnilllous consent

INF-INI.

139

of tIle路 Illell1bers l1resellt; sonle ac1111it: one black ball, The by-Ia\vs of each lodge IIIUst tllerefore gllide tllenl in this res11ect; but if tllere be three blaclt balls, SllCll Ilersol1 Ct1Unot, 011 any 11retence, be adnlitted. SODle two.

INFLUENCE. The illf}uence of Freellluso111"Y can only be supported by an Unanil110US deterulinatioll aUl0ngst the brethren to preserve in their private lodges the utUIOst regularity and decorunl, an uniformity of rit*es and cereInonies, alld, above all, a resolution to pract~ce, in their several stations, those llloral dllties \vhicll are so strongly recommended, and so beautifully displayed ill the private lectures of tIle lodge. INITI.l\.TED. The initit1ted, \vJlile ill tIle lodge, labol1r to 11erfect their 0\Y11 lllental fhclilties, us \ivell as tllose of the ,vho10 11U111&11 ruec. IIere let us路 seek tIle secrets of l\{nsonry, ill tht~nlselves unpronounceable; l1citl1cr ~1Jre they to be COlnln,ullicate(l by tIle laying 011 of llanaS, in a fe\v fleeting llours- TI10Ugllts, the indulgence in '\vhicll a few yearsslgo wOllld have beenpuuisbed by tIle sword, the stake, or banishnlel1t, are, in our days, lovc(l as I)hilantllropic; and priIlces no\v do tllings for which but <'1 fe\v :y-cars back lItisl1uc1erstood I)llilosopllers \vere condclnned as 111ad in1llostors. But tllere are tbOllgllts,even ill tlleI)rcsent day, \Vllicll tIle groat Inass of IIUtnk.indmay Inoek or curse, btlt ""vIlle}l ,vill iTt SOllIe future period be usefully andbelleficially introduced into I>rivnte life. Tllis has been nearly all, and yet continues

to be the chief 'e111ployment.of agonuine :F'reemason; altllongll in tIle lodge those subjects. are very seldom openly introduced; it is for this reason that the great mass consider the cerenloIlies to l)e tIle true seeret, '\vllereas tllCY are illl"eality but tIle sllel1 in \Vl1icll tlley are ellclosed..

-Gadickc.

INlrrIATION. If th(~ brethren, vvhen tl10y enter into tllis society ,do 110t l路(~f1ect 11!)On tll(~ I)rine'iI)les on vvbich it is founded; iftllcyare C011tCl1t to rellluin in tlleir primitiveignorance,

tIle obligations which dischnrge,aJI I can 8(1y is, that tIle sooner SUCll individuals retire ftom the ()rd[~r, t.he better it will be for tll0 society, and the lnore ereclitahle to tlleIl1Selves..- The Dulce oj'" StlSse:.t. 01"

llot

they llavetaken upon

act

UI)011

tllt~rnselYes to

140

INN-INS..

INNER .GUARD.Tlle duty of tIle Illiler G-'uul:d is to admit ~lasons 011 proof, to receive the calldidate ill f01"111, and to obey the COlll111ands.oftheJuniol"'VVarden.

, INNOCENCE. 1'hat innocence should be tIle professed princil)le of a IvlasOll occasi011s 110 astollisl1111ent, when \V"e consider that the discovery of tIle Deity leads us to tIle knowledge of thos~ lllaxnns \Vllere\vitll he lllay be well pleased. 'rIle very idea of t1 God is. atterlded \~vitll the belief that lle cun approve of 110thing that is evil; and whellfirst our predecessors professed tilelllselves servants of the Architect of the .world, as tlllindispensable duty tIley :professed innocency, and I>ut on wllite rairnellt, as a type and characteristic of tlleir, COllviction, and of their beillg devoted to' his wiII.-Hutch拢nson. INQUISITION. The sanguinary tribunals of tIle inquisition IHLve kel)t imlllured alld led to the sluu,gllter 111allY all tll1fortllnate E"'reelnason, for daring to seek Ligl1t, Science, t1ud ':rruth, wllere Darkness, Ignorance, ~:tnd Falsehood held nIl arbitrftry s"vay! . The auto da,j;;, \vhich, under l'>hiliI.) the SecoI.ld, V'(las.. ahno.st quo.tidiau, was illsti-. tuted to indulge the fallaticislll ofa barbarous poplllnce, or the capricious alubitioll of despotic rulers. Not InaIl}'" years ngo, a Freeulasoll of .the IULIne of Alll10davar \1VraS burnt 111 Seville, alol1g vvitlla young \VOII1Url "rho had been COl1victedby tIle holy ofli.ce of IHlving carried 011 all illtercourse '\vith an evil spirit, and of kno\ving the future by heart. Both these helpless victhllS of i rr nOl"al1ce路 alid fhnaticis111 breathed ill every feiLture the ~lostperfe;et llcalth, so tJ.lut the haIlds of theexe;cutiol1er who threw theIn on the I)ile trenlbled all tIle wl1ile. It was ill a square, destined to those llorribleassassinations, that at the end of a pathetic sermon the two Ullfortunate beings were conveyed on ass-back. ." Ite missa est, " was the sign given to throw tIle wretched Cl~eatures 011 the InlrIli~g pile.-Frc{J,masons' Quarterly.lleview. INSEC'l'-SIIIDI~)\IAII. Many of tIle JeV\:s believe the Ternple to llave been a divine "york. SOllle of thenl Stl!)p .. ose that the st~nes were not so framed and polished ~Y 11u~luln art and Industry,. bllt by a \VOI'lll eal1ed sarnlr, Wllich God created for the 1)U11)ose. And tlley fUftherfeign

INS.

141.

that the stones came to the ten1ple of their own accord, and\Vel·C l)ut together l,y angels. This· legend appears to have: arisell froill a misrepresentation of the 'rvord samir, \vhiell signifies avery hard stone, tll~l,t Inight be cllt and polislled with great perfection. It was all elnblem of the peace and quiet ofa Christian church. In Inasol1ic lore, the above worm is called "the inseot shernlah." INSIGNIA. .The presiding·officers· of a lodge are distinguished by certain geometrical figures, being combina... tions of those whic11 are called perfect, viz", the square, the· equilateral triangle, and the circle; tIle latter being a gelleral characteristic of grand officers. The compasses

(G. M.,) are parts of the triangle; the square (W.

M~,)

eitller tria,ngle or square; the level (8" W.,) alld the l)lunlb, (,J. \V.. ,) are bot!1 parts of a square. Now the s<luare, level andplllnlb, hav,e tl1eir separate and specific llses, ane} are assigned to the three chief officers, as clnblenls of tlleir respective duties. But the Past Master 11aving alres,dy executed them all,and b:eing no longer an operative, is relieved from the burden of .bearing a working tool, invested '\vitha 1)roblell1 of the greatest 11tility in geo1l1etrieal denlonstrations, lIe having attained the rank of a ruler ill Israel; all(l tllere.foi"e the Master's square is relieved by 'a sCfuare silver plate, on whioh is delineatedth,e forty-seventh prohlelll of E1IClic1. , The compasses .are instrulnents. of design, and are thus apl)ointed.to the Grand Master. lIe designs; .the P. M.

delnoIlstrates; the W. M. governs his partioular lodge; the S" 'V. 11reserves equality and 11armony amongst the brethren; and tIle J. W. takes care that the propf3r hours of 1,1bollr are 111aintailled. TI1US a system of arrangenlent . is !)reserved,. \tvl1icl1 IJroduces order GIld regularity', and constitutes tIle vViscloll1, Strengtll) al1d 'Beauty of ]'reemasonry. INSTALLATION. This cCl-en1ony tukes l)lace ill every lodge at tIle comnlencementof themaSOllic year. T11eoffieers &l"e installed, and dilige:ntly instlrncted ~in their respective d·uties, frorn theaIlcient statutesof'the Order. ·'It frequently happens tllltt, on tlloseo9o*sions, the newly install.··eti. otlicers.pr?ve to the .h!ethren their qualifications, and it 'is w·ell for the .lodge when they

142

INS.

show that they are duly ilnpressed with the llnportallct:~ of thetrnst reposed iXl theln by tIleir brethrell.-Gadicke. IN~TRUCTED. The candidate is instructed by the 'vV. M. in his ,duties as a l\fasol1; the first and Inost ilnpressive part of whicll, is to study the II01y Bible, and to 11ractice the tllree great illoral duties. to God, your neighbour, and yourself: To Goel, by llolding Ilis llalue in awe and veneration; .viewing hun as tIle chief good, iUlploring his aiel ill laudable pu.rsuits, and Slll)plicating his protection on well-nleallt elldeavours. To your neighbollr, by always acting ul)on tIle square, and COIlsidering hin1 equally entitled witll yourself to share tIle blessings of providellce, rendering Ul1tO 111m those faVOtlrS and friendly offices, which, ill a silnilarsituatiou, you would expect fron1 hiln. And to yourself, by not abusillg the bounties of providence, ilnpairing your faculties h:r-r irregtllarity, or debasing YOllr profession by inteml)t~rance.

INS1.'RUCTION. Any !)erSOll cun 'be 111ade a nlelnber of the Order by being initiated; but by so doing, he for the Inost part only learns to kno\v.the cereulonies; and tIle precise bearing or nleaning of :E'reernasonry he l'nust learn by beingafterwarc1s instructed. In ll1any lodges those instructions are wl"itten out asa C01111l1entary, and are given to the lodge frolll tillle to tillle: at these thnes the VV. 1\1. or lecturer has anlple rOOlll f()r eXlllanatory relnarks.. In otller lodges it is left to the 'V. ~I. to ill'" struct the brethren UpOll 111asonic subjects, according to his O,\-VIl vie"\vs. These instructions forrn a principal part of 路the labors of a lodge, and. the candidate must pay great attention to thelll . -Gadicke.

INSTRUCTI0N, LODGES OF. The importance of meetings under this title is sufficiently apparent, by路 tIle provision tnade for their government and regulation in page 90 of tIle Book of Constitutions; indeed, to the discipline whicl1 pervades, we may say, all of thenl, the Order is lIluell indebted, as it frequently hal)pens that business of a general nature, w llicll ellgages the uttelltiOI10f a lodge, prevents a regular practiee in the cereIIlonials of the Order, and the Inembers\vould require it longer tilne to becoll1e proficieIlt but for the lodges of instruction,

INS-INT.

143

whose business being confined to the principal discipline required in the ceren1onials, lectu.res, &c., gives a Inore ample Ol)portunity to those \路~lho seel-\. infornlation, as \vell as a greater scope to those "VI10 are elnl110us of pre.. ferlnent.. There are several lodges of instruction in London; \vhichare attended by brethren distinguished by their Inasonic attaiulnents, tIle bellefits of Wllich all are desirous ta ill1part. INSTRUMENTAL l\fASONRY. The instrumental consists in the use and application of various. tools and implelnents, suell as the COllInon gauge, the square, the plumb-line, the level, al;.d otllers that ll1ay be called l11athematical, illvelltecl to 'find tIle size or ll1agnitude of the severalllarts or luaterials '\vhereof our buildings are COlnposed, to 11l"ove ,vhen they i'tre \vrought into due form and proportion, and \vhen so \vTought, to fix thenl in their proper lllaces nnd !)ositions, and like\vise to take the dirnensions of all bodies, vvllether plain or solid, and to adj list and settle the !)l"o!)ortions of. space and extent. 1'0 this 1tlso belongs the .118e of various other instrulllents or luaehines, suell as the lever, tIle \vheel and axle, tll.e ,'vcdge, the sere\楼', the I)'ulley, &c., v~"hicll Iua:r be called 111echttnic, being used to for\vard and eXlledite our business, to alleviate o,ur toils, and enable u~ to perform wittl a single hand vvhat could llot be dOllC ,vithout many, and in some cases not at all; alld those 1110re properly belonging to our bretllren of the second degree, styled :B'ellowerafts.-Dzt1lckerly.

INSTRU]YIENrrS.

There are cert$ tools or instru-

ments ,veIl known路 to every Master l!asoll, 'Vvhicll llave undergone sonle vtn路iatiolls in style and denOlninatiol1 sillce the revival in 1717. 'l'hey "\vere then c.al1ed, setting Illnul, setting tool, and setting lJeetle.. Later in the eentury, they llad the nttlrl(~S of setting tool, sql1are, alld rule ; which at the 'Union ,vel"echanged into 111ulllb-rule, level, and heavv Dlaul.

INTEGRITY. As no 1111111 "vill build a bouse.uJeon a bog or.aquicksand, a Jnan ofsuspieious integrity wIll be found equally unfit to sustain the character oKa true

Masol1ll-Noo1'enouck.

INT-IND.

144 INTERNAL.

The路 internal preparation ofa candidate

for Masonry, is exe1l1pli~ed by the declaration he is called

on to nlake witll respect to tIle 1110tives which have induced him to seek its privileges.

INTERRUPTION. There cannot be a greater rudeness than to interrul'lt another in the Cllrrel1t of his discourse; for if it be not ilnpertinence and folly to answer a Ulan before w<fekno\v what he has to say, :ret it is a plain declaration that we are \veary of his discourse, that \ve disregard what he says as unfit to entertain the society \vith, and is, in fact, little less than a do\yuright desiring that' ourselves may have audiellce, v~rho have sOlnething to produce better worth the attention of the cOlnpany. As this is 110 ordinary degree of disrespect, it cannot but always give a very great offence.-Martin Clare.

INTRODUCTION.

'1'he 1110cle of introduction which

a 1\:Iasoll ought to use to reconl1nenc1 Ilinlself to 11otice, is a salute of Tespeet to the l\faster in tIle chair.

INTRUSTED. When the candidate was intrusted, he represented the tribe of Asher, for he was thell presented ~"itll the glorious fruit of Inasonic kno'Vvlec1ge,as Asher\vas represented by fatn~ss and royal dainties. INUNDATIONS. The inundations of the Nile naturally obliterated the la.ndlnarks, \vhicl1 consisted llrincipally of holes dug ill the earth at certain distances, fOflning the boundary lines of eacll estate or division of property; for I do not find that they llsed termini, or if . they did~ they were lnerelyslightstakes, wllieh the watel'S .loosenedand 'Ya~hed,awaf... These holes being filled wIth the alluvial sOlI brought down from the mountains of路.Ethiopia, when 路路the waters receded, the \vhole country presented a level surfaee,and nothing but the practical assistance of geometry COllld possil)ly determille the amount and locality of private l)ossessiol1s. Fl-om his superior knowledge ofgeolnetry, Eucli;d \vas enabled to restore to 1Iasol1rJr its ancient systeluatic usages and custOlTIS, as ",-veIl as to regulate tlle affairs of l~gyptian agriculture; and he bee-arne a general benefactor to the

INV-ION.

145

country,' " giving," says all old record of tlle Craft, "to his system the name of geonletry, Wllich is no\v called Masonry." INVESTED. The investment of the candidate referred to Napthali, and by this ceremony he was considered free; thus the tribe of Napthali had a l)eculiar freedom attached to them, in conf-ormity with the divine blessing pronounced by 1\lose8 just before 11is death.., INVESTITURE. Among the primitive lvIasons, the badge of innocence received a characteristic distinction fron1 its peculiar colouJ;.. and materilJ,l; and was .indeed an unequivocal n1ark of superior digl1ity. TIle investiture of the a})ron forrnedall essentialllart of tIle ceremony of initiation, anc1 'Vvasattended vvitll riteseqtlnlly signiflcrtl1t an~ im,pressive. Withth~ ]iJsse~ia:>-l\tIasons, it was accolnplu~hed by a process b·earlng a sllnllar tendency, and accolllpanied by illustrations not less inlposing' and satisfactory to the newly initiated inquirer. lIe '\tvas c10tlled in a long white r<;>be, whicll reached to the ground, bordered '\vith a fringe of blue ribbon, to· incite personal holiness, and fastened tiglltly round tIle \vttist with· a girdle or .zone, to separate the heart fronl the lower· and more impure parts of the l)ody.· Withfeet bare . and head uncovered, h~ was considered 8, personification" of modesty, humility,. anel tIle fear of God. INVOCATION. The invooation used in tIle Unit,ed States at the dedication ofmasonie lodges, isaafollows: -" Suprenle .Architect of all worlds! vouchsafe to accept the solemn dedication of this hall to the glory of thy holy name !-1tlake its walls salvation) alld its arch praise. l\lay tEe l)rethrell \vho .8110.11 llere asselllhIe, nloot in unity, work in love, al1c1 11urt ill llal"111011}Y. J\Iay Fidelity keep the door, Faith I)l"0111pt the duties, IIope anima.te the "labours, .an(lCharity difl\18etl1e blessings of the lodge! May wisdom 8uc1 virtue distinguish the fraternity, and Masonry become glorious in all the t~arth! So mote it be !Amen."

IONIC. The Ionic bears a kind of mean propQttion between the more solid &Dd delicate orders. It is said

146

IRO-ISH.

to have been forlned after tIle model of an agreeable young WOnlal1, of. a11 elegant shape, dressed in bel" 11air; as a contra.st to the Doric order, \vbicll was forIned after that of a robust Inan.-P1"eston.

IRON CROW. The cro\v being arl elnbleln of uprigl1t11888, alludes to the erect luanner in \vll1e11 the spirit will arise on that great and awful da~y to 111eet its tre111endous tllOUgh merciful judge. IRON TOOLS. Every piece of the rremple, ""vhetller timber, stone, or 11letal, "vas brought I'eac1y cut, fra111ed and polislled, to Jerusalenl; so that 110 otller tools "rere wanted nor Ileardc,·thall what were necessary to join the several parts together. All the noise of axe, llaUlIner and saw, was confined to Lebal1on, and the qucarries and plains of Zeredatha, that nothing l11ight be l1eardamollg the ~fasol1s of Sion, save harnlony [u~d peace. ISAAO..

Abrahanl offered his

SOIl

Isaac

ill

saerifice,

wIlen it l)leased the Lord to substitute ft Illore agreeable victinl in his stead.. As Isaac \vas an eXI)ress tYI)e of Christ, so this event l)ointed out tIle greatatoneUlent; Isaac was nalned by a celestial. lllessenger before he ,vas torn-so was Christ; Isaac carried tIle \vooel on \vhich he was offered, and Christ bare the cross on \vhieh lle was crucified; Isaac ,vas offered o11l\Iount l\Iorial1, Christ was offered 011 all adjoining Inountain; Isaac \-vas· to suffer hy his fhtller's hand, and' ,,"hose s\vordwas it that pierced Christ? Isaacwns redeenled from deatll· three days after Abrahanl \VaSC0111111allded to offer bilnup, all(l Christ was raised froln the dead.three days after llis actual crucifixion. And, lastly,.·.Isaac.became the fattler of tIle Jews, as .Christ is tlte universal father of Christians.

ISI-IMAEL. It is proba;blethat Ishmael. laughed and jeered at the great bustle Wllich was made at Isaac's weaning, .looking upon himself as the firstborn,. and by right of that to have the I!rivilege of fulfilling the I)rOlllise of the 1fessiah.This gIves a good account of Sarah.'s earnestness for tIle expulsion, not only of hinI, but of his mother also; \V 110· it is likely flattered hinl, und bare hinl up in those 11retensions. l\Iany think he did more tllal'l

ISH-JAIl.

147

Inock· hin1, because St. Puul calls it persecution, \vhicll Hierorn talies f()l" beating. Isaac, \\"110 perhaI?s resenting llis flouts, 111ight say s0111ething that I)Toyoked Ishll1ael to beat hinl. And it is very l)robabl(~ his Inotllt~r eucouraged hin1 ill this, or at least Inaintairl'ed hiln in llis insolence; wIlie11 \vas the reason \vhy Sarall J)ressed to lUlye the111 botll turned out of doors.-lJislLolJ Patrick. ISI·~ OH01'ZEB. Hewers of stone in tlle Tyrian quarries, preparatory of King Solomon's' Temple.

, ISHSABBAL.Th(j TIlel1 of burden, being the remains of the old Canaallites vv'ho \vere en1ployed abollt the \vork, anlOuIlting to 70,000, \VllO al"e not nunllJered ulllong the tllaSOllS.

J .l\.C~JIIN .. In tho donlc of "To r tsl)erg, in front of the elltrance to tIle cluunber of the dead, ,\re see on one side, 011 the chapitex of a COltUlln, the Inysterious inscription, Jackin; ana at the other side, the ·word Bonz, on the sbaft of l)illar. And the figure of Christ, ,,"'hich oecupies the 1.°1> of the portal of thecllurcll of St. I)ennis, 11as llis hnnd I}ltlCt~d in a position vycll kno,\vI1 to all existing It-'reelnasolls.-Clarc!.

JACOB'S LADDER. }~itller resting 1.11)011 the flool"cloth or upon the Bi'ble:· tbeeoulI>asses and the square should lead~ the thoughts oftbe bretllren to heaven. If we find it has 111any staves otrounds, they reI>reseIlt as nlnny 111oral and religiolls duties. If it }lRSOIlly tllree, tlley should. re!1resent E'aith, Hope, a'nd .Charity.. Draw :H'aith, Irope, antI Charity from tbe I5ible; with these threc·encircle the \vhole cartll, and order all thjT actions by tIle square of truth, so slHlll the "l:leavells ·be 0l)cned unto thee.- Gtldic'kc.

J AH. The inspired writings infornl 118 that tlH~ deity was Itnown in idolatrous llations, under llis o~vn l)fop,er , and significant u'Epellation of.Jeho,rab. St. I)aul says, that, they knew Goa, thongll th(~y glorififHI lrhll'llotas God, neither were they. thankful;. bllt . \VOrSllipped. the creature rather than the (~retltor.. An<iGod bimself tells us that they po8Se8sed the Tetragrammat,on, Tetractys, or

148

JED-nin".

sacred name, which amongst .the Jews '\vas Jah; for he says, "froln the rising of the sun, even' }lnto the .going down of the same, my nameshall·be (or IS, accordIng to the translation of Cudworth,)· great among the Gentiles. And they superstitiously believed tllat the Name was of such sovereign efficacy, as to enable the possessor to cure diseases, work Iniracles, andforetel future events." JEDIDIAH. We have a tradition, tllat King lIiram has been Grand ]}Iaster of all .nations ; and when the Te"111ple was finished, came to survey it before its 'consecration, and to commune with·Solomoll about wisdom and art; when, finding the Great Architect of the Universe hadinspiredSolomol1 above all nlortal men, Hiram very readily yielded the pre-eminence to Solomon Jedid· iah, i. e., the beloved of God.-Anderson. JEHOSHAPHAT. Otlr ancient brethren who reduced the scatteredl:elements of FreenlaSOl1xy into order at the beginning of the last century, considel"ed tIle lodge to be situated in the valley of J ehosbapllat; and that ill \vhatever part of the world it l11igllt be opelled, it was still esteemed, in a figure, to occupy that celebrated locality. Thus it \vas pronounced, in tIle earliest known lectures, that the lodge stands upon holy gro"llnd, or tIle 11igllest hill or lowestdale,or in the Vale of Jehoshapllat. This celebrated valley detives its name fl"oln Jehovall and Shaphat, which means Christ, and to judge; and as· the prophet Joel had· predicted that th~ Lord would gather together all nations, and bring them down into the valley of Jelloshaphat, it was believed by the Jews, (and theChristial1s subsequently adopted the same opinion), ,that in this place the transaxctions of the great day of ju.dgm:ent·would be.. enacte'd~ h~h-'. This word contains the mystery of the Trinity, as ,the ancient .Jews who lived before Christ testify in their.traditions. ··For by ~r they understand the origin of all tll1ngs. By Mthey mean the Son, by '\vh 0 111 all things were made. "By ~ wllich is.a· conjunction COI)ult:Ltive, they understand the Holy Ghost, who is the love which binds them together, and l)Toceeds·· from th(~m. .And fllrther, that h refers to the two natures .ofOhrist, tIle divine and 11lunan.- VatabuZus.

JEH-JEW.

149

JEHOVAH. }Iost Christian trallslators of tIle Old Testalnent, il1cluding our OVV"11, gen.erally al)stain fi"om introducing tIle Nalue ill their versions, putting "the Lord" instead of J ellovall, in tliis follovving tIle eXUJllple of the J e~rs, '\VllO, to avoid anyattenl1)t J:o !)rOllOUIlce tIle name, read "'~,~ Adol1ai, lllstead of it, and of the sevellty who set down tlle \vord KVt!f,og in lieu of it.1'he J ewisll notion of this lllatter is explained ill tIle TaIITlud, 011 the authority of R. Nathan Ben Isaac, WIIO is reported to say, " In this world things are not as in the world to come;' in this world we vVlite the l1alne of God vvith the letters h,n" (Jehovah), and read ~~,~ (AdonaiY, but in the world to come we sliall- both-'read and write n,'M"l." .JI~I.,rrHA. Tllere is nIl old nlusollic tradition respecting J el)f.lltL to tIle follo",,"ing effi3ct.. 'Vllell the El)hrailnites had asselllbled togetller to 11101est J eI>tha, their leader erlCUl11!lCd ronnel 11 certaill llillar,. ,,"hiell b(~iI1g l)laced in an elevated situation, COllltnandedl1 view of the allci:ent country, . where JeI)th~ vvas lirepared to receive hhn. tIle battle, Whe}l . tIle :FJI)hrainlites were retret1tillg, Jel)tllacaIledn (~OUI1Cil of "\\"ar to (lecide upon the nece~sa.ry· Ineans of intercellting tIlel}l, 'Vvllere it 'Vvas agreed that tIley should l)e Illude to !)l"OnOllllce t't l)RSSword on tIle sllores of G>ilgal, b)1' ~"11i(~11 tIley luight be distinguished in the dark as ill the light. And as they were. unable. to .pronounce this word, they· were illllnediatelyslain.. TIllS· test word having beerl thus tlsccl to distinguish friend (rom ft?e, &c. <

JESHUA. Jesllua the bigh ·priest was a lineal descendant froll1 Seraiah,. "'1'110 hela .tIle· 11011tificate wlleIl tIle ten11)le "vas destroyed, i111d he llecarne the associate and c:ollengllc of Zerlll)babel ill the furtllcrnnce of tile great. design of building tlle seconcl telllIlln.

JEWELS. TIle Ifrenlflsons' ornrnnents are three jf~\V

als, the sq'larc,. tIle level, and the I)11unl)-rnl(~. 1'hose who are intrusted -w.··'ith them must possess great talents, and whether they e~Ul b(.~ eautious und \vorthy gU11r<lians of them must be apparent fro}l} their !lrevious cOllduet~ Gadiclce. JE,\VISI1 MASONS. The true and pure E'reemasons"

150

JEW.

Lodges allow 110 Jews to be admitted; fora Je~T, according to his faith, cannot lay his hand upon the Gospel of St. JOh11 as a proof of his sillcerity andtrutll. Also the doctrine of a rI'riune God is tIle most importallt distinctioll bet~een Christianity and Judaisln, and.the chief doctrine of Christianity, so that no Jew call acknowledge this sylubol, which is so sacred to a Freemason.-Gadicke. JEvVISH SYl\iBOLS. The J e~rs had nlany sJ~lbols represented on the Tabernacle and the Tenlpleo l"Ioses placed in the foruler t,vo cherubiuls, or sphynxes, as vvell as ornaments and decorations of flower-work; alld figures of cherubims were embroidered on the 'veil of the Holy of Holies, on the hangings of the sanctuary, and probablJ'r on the curtain also. It is evident, therefore, that J\cfoses never intended to pTohibit the use of syn:lbols; ,nor was such a thing understood by tIle Jcvvs in any age. . Solomon did not so llnderstand him, for ill his telnple the cIlerubinls were represented in the Sanctul11 Sallctorunl, and he c1ecoratec1the walls with palm-trees, cl1erubhl1s, flowers, and other figures.. TIle brazen sea rested upon twelve oxen. In Ezekiel's description of the teml,}e are many figures, which, like the EgYJ?tian deities, had heads of aninlals. The pillars, J aChll1 and Bonz, \vere··clecorated with lily-work, net-work, ·al1d 110nlcgrarlates, as SYIllbols 'of the peace, Ullit}T, and l)lellt~y "vhicll distinguished the bl1ilding. Evell after tIle Babylonish ca11tivity the saIne synlbolical systeul was used. The golden lanlp in the second tenlple, of which a representation is still extant 011 the triluTII)hal arcll of Ves11Rsian at R0111e, vvas l?laeed OnS!1}1:Yllxes. III the· roof,and at the gate of Zerllhbt1bel's teluple, there were golden vines, thickly charged with riCIl clusters of grapes.

JEWS. The Jews for five hundred years after tlleir delivery from Egypt, have left not a si.ngle l11asonic tradition beyond that· recorded in the first degree, and as tIle second degree treats llpon the arts 811d seiences it certail11y came from a different source thall the first, for the ten cOlumal1dments, tlnd more especially the Tal IntIdie ~xl')lanation of the sallle,were a IHlr to the lligller stl1dies of tIle J e,Ys. Nothing scu11)tured, or otherwise Inac1e \vitIl llanc1s, vvhereb:y tile Deit}r, or eterni(y \vas

151

JOR-JOS.

represented, ,vas l)ernlitte(l ;an,d the Rabbinical law saying tl1at the sciences "v~re l:ot llecessarr, operfLtecl so powerfully lIPOll the conSCIentIouS 11art of tlu'tt 11eol)le, that they follo\ved tile hUlllllle t1111ll1oylllent of a 1)(1storal life. Tllis accounts for the scanty docUlnellts Vle llave of tIle Israelitisll ~'l·eenlasonry.-HU3enbetlt. JOHN'S BROTHERS. Before the year 1440' the Inasonic society was known by the nan1e of John's Brotllers, but they tllell began to 'be called Free and Accepted l\fasons,at which time in some part of Flanders, by the assistallce ,alld riches of tIle hrotherIlood, the first hosl)itals ,"vel"e erected for tIle l elief of such as were afflicted ,vitI1 St. Anthony's fire. AltllOllgl1 ill the exercise of charit}~ ,ve p.eitller regard COul1tryl10r religion, yet \ve consider it both 11ecessary and l)rudellt to initiate non.~ '~nto o~u·. luysteries, exc:~pt tllose 'Vll0 proJess the Cllllst1t1n rellgloll..-Charter qf COl1~C. w

,JOININCt. If any 111ernl)cr sllal1 he(~xcl11(lea fr0I11 his lodge, or slutll withclrnw llimselffroIll it, without IH\ving COlllll1ied\vith its hy-l~t\vs, or wi tIl tllC. gent~ral regulations of the (;rnft, he shaTl not l:)eeligihl(~·to an)" oth:er lodge, until tlHtt lodge has l)e(~n Inadeaecll,udnted \vitll Ilia £Orrner neglect, so that the brethre!l !llay l)cenabled to exercise· tliei'r discretion as to .his adtnisslon. 'Vbenever a Inenlber of any lodge slHl11 resign, or shall be exclu.ded, or whenever at a fl1ture tinl'o·he lnay l'"[}(luire it, lie shall be funlished with acertifictttcstU)tillg the eirCllnlstane(~sllu<1er Wllicll· he left tlle lodge ;anc1snch certificate is to be I)l"'oduced to any other lodge of 'v hi ell lie is Irl"oposed to be adrnittefl it nlenlber, prcviolls to the ballot being tnken.-Constitutions.

J OPl)A. r:rhcre is nn old tradition tn:nong 1\Iasolls, tllat the banks of tho river at tJoIlIHl \~"ere so steel) as· to render it necessnry for tIle '\vorkJnen to ("~acll otller up by 8. pecnliar lockillb."r. of the ri g.l1l# luuul, ",~11icl1 is still preserv6(1 ill tIle 1\inrk...! {aster's degree. JOS1~PH. :h'reelnnsons are ac(~ustOI1'1(~d to esteenl .Josepl1 as one of their greatest liglits, because, of his nUlller011S practical virtues. lIe forgave his brethren

JOU-JUN.

162

freely wh~nhe possessed the power of punishing them for their inhumanity towaras'him,' he succoured his aged father in his distress, and by hissuperi'or wisdom and discernment, he saved a ·wllole people from' destruction. These a.re all luasonic virtues of the first olass; and having been beautifully illustrated in the character and conduct of Joseph, his example is recommended to our consideration, as an us~ful lesson more powerful ,than precept, and more efficacious .than admonition.

JOURNEY. Every Freemason, when he is initiated into the oraft, is taught to consider humap life as 'a journey. He.would.,faint with fatigue, lose himself in unknown roads, or fall over high precipices if he was not supp orted, faithfully·' conducted, and fraternally warned. By·these means he arrives in safety at the end of his journey, and is permitted to receive light himself, that he Inay be able to support, lead, and warn others when travelling the saUle road.-Gaclicke. l

JOURNEYMAN. Thl'ee or four years since, a paragrttphwent the round of tIle press, deriving the English word" journeYlllall " from theeustom oftral"elling among workmen in 'Germany. This derivation is very doubtful. Is it not arelie of Norman rule,ftolll the French" journee,",signifying ~',day-man? In support of this, it may be. obs·erved that the German name for the word in question is "*tagelohller," day-worker. It is also well known, thatdoWILto a comparatively recent period,artisansand free labourers were paiddaily.-Notes and Qmes. JUNIOR WARDEN. T:beJl1niOl"W'atdenis animportant officer. The jewel bywhi·Ghhe is'distinguished is an emblem of uprightness, and points out the just and uprightconduotwhiohh~Llis8 (}UDd/ to pursue, irl COlljunction with the, Mastet~nfi liis brother Warden, ill ruling and gQverning.ihebrethren ef the lodge according to the ConstitutiollS of the Order ; and more particularly by a due attentioll to caution and security in the exami.. nation of strange visitors, lest by his lleglect ~lny unqualified person should be enabled to impose upon th,e lod".,ge, and the brethren be tllUS innocently led to forfeit their obligation. 1

JUR-KEY.

153

JURISDICTION. TIle jurisdiction of a Grand Lodge extends over every lodge working V\;ritllin its territorial limits,. and over .all places not already OccuI)ied by u. Grand Lodge. JUST. AND PER]j~ECTw This appellatioll, vvhich is giveIl to St. Jolin's lodges ingeneral, is of a more important nature tllan is generally understood by it, for it is not sufficient for .a,lodge . only to be so far just alld perfect as to belong. to a certain Grand Lodge, to work acQording to an acknowledged ritual, and to have all its offi.eers and members in their proper places, but it must be just unto all tIle bretlll~en, and perfect in the exercise of every nlitsollic duty. It is not just \Vhell the l)rethrerl are dellrive<1 of tlleir rights, even of superiIltendiIlg the eCOIIOU1)r of the lodge, for suell a lodge has no independellce, au<l 11e WIlO is llot illde!)eIldent cannot exercise IJj.s Inasonicduties as a perfect Master.-Gadicke.

JUSTICE.Justice, the bound~try of rigllt,. con5titute~ the Cenlel'lt of civil society. Tllis virtue in a ,great 111eaSlll"(~ constitu tea real goodness, alicl is tllerefore. re!)resented a.~ the perpetual study of the accoll1111isl1ed Mason . Without the exercise of justice, l.luiversal confusion ~9uldensue,> lawless force migllt overCOll1e tllO pril~ciples ()fequity'l~ s()!cial intercourse no longer exist.-Prcst01l. JUSTIFIC.A1'lON. We.do not hesitate to appe,ll, to tIle vyorld ill justification of the pu,rity of our moral sY's", telll. ()urC011stitutions are well known; we have Sllinnitted thenl fi路eely to general investigation. We solelnnl)"'~\v()ucll tllcln as the principles by whicll we are governed., the fOllIlclatiou on Wllicll we btlild, and tllP rules by ,vhicll ,\ye ,york. 'Ve ellallel1ge tIle most severe critic, tIle D:lOst l)ractised Itlornlist, tIle lnost l'H:~rfect Chri.ati.8U, to point out unytbing in tllt~nl illCOIlsistent with go,od nlanners, fiLir morals, or pllrf.~ religion.-l:Ulrris. KEY. This synlbollua:y be inlproved to upqn the.mind' o.f every brother ~he importance of those ae?t~tEl WhICh have been transmItted through thIrty c,entttrles, amidst bitter persecutions, for the ben,efit of tIle sons of ligllt. As we have thus received tbem, untarnished b:r 11

154

KEY--KIN-.

the touch of profane curiosity, and unimpaired by the revolution of .time and路 empires, l~t us deliver theIn, in all. their purity and perfection, to succeeding brethren, cOllfident that they ,villilever be divtllgec1 to such as are unworthy. I{EYSTONE. . This refel-s to tIle keystone of tbe Royal Arch, called by some the cape-stolle, beca"lse they erroneously SUPI)ose that a knowledge of the principles of the arcll is not so old as the building of the Telllple of Jerusalem. It'was known, however, to the Egyptians several centuries before Solomon flourislle(l, as 1110dern discoveries fully testify. . KING.

The first officer in the Royal Arcll Chapter, called the First Principal. Herepresents Zerubbabel, the Governor of Judea, at t.Ile buildillg of the second telnple. ' COffilUOl11y

I{ING HENRY VI. In the millority of I(ing IIenry VI., a very respectable lodge "''ras held at Canterbury, and a coat ofaruls, nl11c}1 the same as that of tIle LondOnCOITIpany of Freelnasons, was used by them; whence it is natural to conceive that the said COlUP any is descended from tIle ancient lj'raternity, and tllat ill forrner tiules no l'uan was made free of that company until lle was initiated ill some lodge of Free alld Accel)ted l\Iasons, as a necessary qualification; and it not only appears tllat l?efore tIle troubl~s which llal'l)ened in the reign of this Ul1fortunate l)rillCe, J:i-'reenlasolls "vere llniversaIlye~teem颅 ed, l)ut even l{ing IIenry llirnself "vas nlacle a Mason in the year 1442, and, Jl1any lords and gentlemen of tIle eourt,.after IllS exanl!>le, solicited aIld obtalIled udlnittance into the Fraternity.-Calcott. I{ING NAME. TIle l1ame of God illCltldes all things. lIe \VI10 pronouIlces it shakes heaven and enrth,and Jnspires the very angels witll astonislllllent and terror. rrllere is Us sovereign authority in tllis nHlne; it governs the \vorld by its !)o\ver.l'he other l1UUleS Hnd Sllrnames of the Deity tl;re ranged abollt it like oflicers anel soldiers about their sovereigns an,d generals. ]~'ronl this King, Nalne they receive their orders nIld obey.. -CYal'!lal.

KIN-RNO.

156

KINGLY PO'VER. TIle kingly po\ver was restored in the peTsol1 of Zerllbbabel, who sl,rang from the royal line of David, and tIle tribe of Judah; nor was a vestige thereof again: efthceduntilafter the destruction of the city alld temple by the ROlnans, lnnder Titus, in tIle yea.r 76 of tIle present era, thus verifYing the relnarkable propllecy of Jacob, delivered in Egypt above one thOtlsand . years before, that the sceptre should not depart from Jlldah, nor a law-giver from between his feet, until Shiloh came. I{NEE BENT... vVhell '·~le ofter up OtlT ejaclliations to Allnigl1ty Go4, \ve willl"e111enlber n brotller's \velfare as our o,,"n; for as tIle voices of babes and sucklings asceIld to tIle tl1rone of grace, so I110st assllredly \vill the breatllings of a fervent 11eart; allc1 so OlU· pr~tyers are certainly required for eacll otllcr.-Aslt" · KNEELING. 0111"

fall

ill

WIlen '-'l'e bow the knee; it represents,

Adam ; and when :-;va rise, llaving received the

.. henefit of prayer addressed to the throne of grace, it is ~t of our restoration in Christ by tIle grace of God, througll \Vh01l1 vve are H:ble to lift 1111 0\11" l1earts to lleaveIl. r.rlle candidate for MasoIlry is directed to beIld the knee with a similar reference. KNOCK.. . A candidate for Masollry is said. to llave COIlll)liecl ,vitIl tIle terms of a cert~lin text of Scripture, by 11aving first sought in his mind wlletller Tu~ were re:ally desirous of investigating the nlysteries of :Masonry;· thell asked eounsel of his friend, and lastly having knocked, tIle door of l\Iasonry l)eCallle open to hill1; and'it "viII b,e remerubered tl1at tIle door of It ll'reeulasons' lodge does not stand 0I)ell for ever}'" one to entel", Ileitller do ,ve call labourers to the '~lorl(, 'btlt those ';V110 \visll to ,V'ork ~vitl1 us Inust voluntarily one!" tllcirserviees. If IH~ desires to be. admitted, lle . lllust kIlockearl'H~stl~y and nUlnfully. H Ask and ye shall receive, seek and ye slutll find, knock and it shall be opened 'unto Y01.t." lIe "\vho canllot knock in the ftlll confidence of an hOIlOllrable feeling, and is not convinced in his own rnincl that }le ·des(~rves ·.to be adll1itted, ougllt not to havethe·doo1" of the lodge ppened to hinl.-Cfadiclce.

166

KNO-LAB.

KNOWLEDGE. All1an. of .perfectwisdolnalld knowledge, acconlplished in all his ways, and ~rithout the least blame, "vas painted . in .the Egyptian llieroglyphicswitl1 a beautiful face, with wings . like all angel, holding in his hands a bool~, ill whicll]le looked, a sword, alld a balance, and behind hinl two vases, one of then:! full of water and the other of blazing fire, under his right foot a ball "vitI1 a. crab painted on it, and under Ilis left a deep pot full of serpents, scorpions, alld different reptiles, tIle covering of which had the shape of an eagle's l1ead.-Aben PVaslt'il~ KNOW THYSELF. A brother is said to be a good Masonwllo has sttldied and knows himself, alld llas learIlt ane1practised that first and great lesson of subduillg his passion to his will, and tries to the utlnost of his !)ower to free hill1self fi路oIn all vices" errors and inlperfectioIU~; not only. those that proceed fronl the heart, but like\vise all other defects of the ullderstallding vVllicll are caused by custOll1, Opillion, prejudice, or S11I)erstition; he Vl}lO asserts tIle Ilative freedonl ofIlia ll1ind) and staIlds fast in tIle liberty that Iuakes' llinl" free; .whose soul is (if one may so express i t)universal and well contracted ; and vVho despises nonlaIlon account of his COUlltry or religion; but is ready at all tilnes to convince tll.eworld that truth, brotherly love, and relief,are the gr~1nd l'H'incil)les 011 Wllich he acts. LABOUR.

1\..11 iUlportant word

ill Freelnasonry~we

,nay say the lllost irnportttnt. It is for this sole reasoIl alone. that n, llerson llllistbe made a }l'reeluason; all other reasons are incidental and' unimportant,' or unconnaetedwitll it. Labour iseommonly the reaSOl1 v,;rhy meet~gs 'of,the lodge are held, but do we every tinle receives. proof of act.ivity a.nd industry? The work of an operative I'uason is visible, if even it be very oftell badl~y execute.d; ancl he receives llisreward if his bldlding is tlll"O\Vn dowl1 bya stornl in tlle' next nlOlllent. lIe is cDI1Vin(~e(1 that 11e hasbe,en active; .S0111USt also tIle brother Jj"reelllHsDlllabol.lr. IIis labour 1l1Ust be visible to hizl1self alld -Ul1to his bretllren, 01", at thev(~ry least, itmnst be c,Quducive to his OWll iIlvviLrc1 路satisfhction.,Gadicke~

LAB-LAM.

167

LABOURER. No labourer shall be en1ployed in the plwoper work of l\Iasonry; nor shall Flweelnasons work '\vith those tllat are not free, without an urgent necessity; nor sllall tlley teacll labourers and unaccepted Masons, as they should teach a brother.-~ncient Clla rges.

LADDER. Standing :firmly on the BilJ!e, square and cOlnpasses, . is a ladder that connects the earth with the heavens, or covering of a lodge, and is.a traDscriptof that which the patriarch Jacob saw in .avision when jounleying toPadanarum, in Mesopotamia. It is composed of staves,orrounds innumerable, which point out so many moral vir.~ues, but principally of three, vvhich refer to Faith, Hope and Charity ; Faith in the Great Arcllitect of tIle Universe, H011e in salvatioll, al1d to be ill Charity with all mankind, but more particularly with ou'r brethreIl. LA~IBSKIN. Tile lambskin has in all ages been considered as an emblem of innocence and peace•. The Lamb r>f (lod who taketh away the sins of tIle world, will grt1ut to tllose WllO put their trust ill Hiln, his !)eace. lIe, therefore, \vllO "vears the lalubskill ftS a badge of Masonry, isremiuded of that purity of life and converfiation,wllich it is absolutely necessary for them· to observe, WllO expect to be admitted into the Grand Lodge

above.-Hardie. LA~{ECH. After the sun had descended down.· the seVel1tll age £1"0111 Adam, before the flood of Noah, there was barll llllto l\Iatllusael, the son of 1Yfehujael, a Dlan called I.JttlllHCll, ~~ho took unto llimself· t",?O wives; the nal'ne of Oll(~ was .l\dah" aIld the nalue of the otller Zillah.

Now A(lallllis first "\vife bare lliul t\VO SOllS, the OIle nanled Jsbal, and the other Jubal.. Jabal \~tas the in,rentor of geometry, an<l the first vVllO built 110uses of stolle and tinlber; and Jubal was tIle inventor of 111usic and harnlony. Zillall his second wife,· bare T'ubal Cain, the

illStruotor of every artificer in brass and iron ;~d a daughter called Naamah, WllO was tIle first fbunderofthe weaver'scr&ft.-Ancient Masonic MS.

158

LA.N-LAT.

LANDMARKS. What are the landmarks? is a question often asked, but never deternlinately answered. In ancient times, boundary stones were used as landlnarks before title-deeds were knowl1, the re1110val of which was stric~ly forbidden by law. With·· respect to the laIld111arks of Masonry, SOUle restrict thelll to the O. B. signs, tokens, and words. Others include tIle cereulonies of initiation, passing, and raising; and the forl11, diJnensiol1s, al1d su11l?ort; the ground, sitllation, al1d covering; tIle ornanlel1ts, furniture, and je\vels of a lodge, or their cl1aracteristic symbols. SOlne think that the Order has 110 land111arks beyond its peculiar secrets. It is quite clear, 11o"\vever, that the order against reluoving o~· altering the landnlarks was ulliversally observed in all ages of the Craft. LATE HOURS. It is a fact, confirmed by experience, that an indulgellce ill late llours canllot- fail to illjllre the credit and respectability of a lodge, because it introduces other habits which are not COl1Sisterlt \vitIl the gr[Lvityr and decorull1 wllicll OUgllt alvvays to cllaracterize the proceedings of l\Iasol1r~y. And llence it is all ill1!)Ortant part of the "\V.lVIaster's duty, to discOulltenallce Buell a haleful practice. If tIle bretllrell meet for the purpose of business, or to cultivate a knowledge of the science by joihing in the lectures, let tllenl pursue tlleir labo'urs ,)rith assiduity and zeal durin~g the .period presc-ribed in the by-J.aws; and ShOll1d it be llecessary for the Junior'Varden to perfoIlllllis office, let the brethrel1 enjoy tllcnlselves with decent moderatioll; but by all Ineans let tIle Senior Warden discllarge llis duty llonestly aIld COIlscientiously, and let tIle lodge be closed and tIle bretllren depart to their own 110111es at such an 110uras shall excite no nnpleasan.t fee.lings, n.or. call. fort.·h' reproachful ohservavatiollS from the females of their. falnilies, \V1l0Il1 it is their duty and interest, as well in the c11aracter of husbands and fathers, as of Masons, to love, tocherisll, and to oblige. LATOl\fUS.• A Latin ternl derived fr0111 the Q-reek a stone-clltter. It is used in the sense of a It'reemason ill 1\'!o!t1rt"'s Latin Register, quoted in tllO 11ot{~S to Preston, note 17. A purer Latin word is lapicic1a, Wllicll laToflo;,

LAW.

159

Ainsworth defines," a stolle-cutter, a free-lnason."Mackey. L~t\.WS OF 1'IIE LAND. The Freolnasoll llas the greatest respect for th.e laws of the lalld in ,v}licl1 }le lives, alld he obeys them with the zeal of a f~ithful suhject.. If he is intrusted yvitll tIle pUttillg tllose laws ill force, his Inasonic duties reI11inclllilu to be fuitllful alld diligent in applying the,Ill. Sho"uld the state C0111nlarld tIle lodge to be closed of ,,'"Jlicll he is a luenlber, lIe inl1nediately' obeys, and visits no asseulbly \Vllicll is not allowed, or at least tolerated.by the state. In tIle event of a brotller "Vvilfully violating the la'W~s of his country, the Order itself directs tIle attelltioll of tIle 111agistrates 111ltO Ilil11, 311d 11e W}lO is 11tlnislied as a crin1inal by tIle laws, is excluded fron1 tIle Order "\vitllout excel)tion.-Gadicke...

LA\VSO]" ~fASONItY. III tIle Ctral1d Lodge resides the !)o,ver of enacting la'i~n3~1ndregulatiol1sfor tll.e go. . verUlnent of the Craft, altd of altering, repealing, and abrogating theIn, lll"ovided that theycontiutte to l>reserve the ancient landnlarks of tIle Order. No Illotion for a ne\y la\v or regulution, or for the alteratioll or rel)eal of an old one, shall be Inad(~, until it sllalillave beell I)ro})osed in, or cOlnnluuicated to, thegelleral C01l1Il1ittee, "\Vllich lIleets on the Wednesday... pre.. ce.d.. illg eacll <Iuarterly cOlrn:nuIl.icati.on, nor until it. shall havo been hallded up in \vritin rr to ,tile Grand Master. After having been perused and fuund by hiUl1l0t to contain anything contrary to tllea!lCient landIn.~1rks of the Or<1er,tlle Inotion may be publicly proposed. If secon,ded, the cluestionshnll be put thereon for the opinion of tl1e Granel Lodge. If approved and confirlne.c1 at the llext Clls11ing lIleeting of the G'ruud Lodge, It becornes ~11a\v of the soeiety'.-Ctonstitlltio71s. '

LAW-SUI1'S. If allY l)rotlH~r do yOll all i.njury, you mustapl)ly to yOt1f Ov\tll or his lodge, and fr0111 tltellce you may appeal to t;}lC G'rand I~odge at the quarterlycOll.ll11Unication, as has been the ancient laudable conduct of our forefathers in every nation; never take a legal course but when the case cannot.â&#x20AC;˘ be otl.1erwise dec.ided, and patie.ntl)," listening to the honest ana friendly advice of Master and fellows, \Vllen they would p,revent your going to lavv with

160

LEA.

strangers, 01" would excite you to put a speedy period to all lawsuits, tllat so you nlay find the a1tair of Masonry with the more alacrity alld success; but with respect to brothers or fellows at law, the ~faster and brethren should k.indly ofter their Inec1iatioll, Wllich OUgllt to be thankfully submitted to by the contendulg brethrell; and if tllat subInission is inlpracticable, they nlust hovvever· carryon their process or lavv-suit·\vithout \Vratll or rallCOUl", (not in the COlTIlnOll vvay) sayillg or doing lI0tllillg \vhicll may hinder brotherly love and good· offices to be renevved ancl continued, that all Illay see tIle benign infiueIlce of:ThIasonry, as all true 1\Iasolls llave done froll1 tIle begillning of the ,vorld, alld will do to tIle elld of tilue.-Anc'ient Charges. LE.J.t\.GUE. It was lawful in ancient times,befoi~e the law of l\fo~es ,vas given, to mctke leaglles with strangers to tlleir religion, for their illlltlial benefit, as al)pears by the story of Jacob and Lab all, Isaac and Alli111elec}1, (though 801110 dOl1bt \vhether lle ""vas all idolater) al1c1 the la\v of l\foses ll1ade no a1teratioll. If I-lirarn tllerefore worsllipped otller gods, Solo1110n 111igllt, Ilotwitllstandil1g, Illake a league with !linl, (inasnlucll as IIiranl calls him brother) he being none of the seven natiollS ofCaIlaan.Bishop Patrick.

LEATHER APRON.JThe vvllite leatIler apron is all em1?leln of inrlocenee, and tIle badge of a l\Iasoll Illore anCIent ···tllan tIle golden fleece, or ROll1all eagle, ·lnore hOllol1rable than the star alld gftrter, orallY otller order that COllld be conferred UpOll tIle calldid~tte at that or nay future period, by king, 1) rillce, or potentate, or any otller person, except he be a Mason; &lld WllicIl every one ought to wear wi tIl pleasure to hinlself, and llonour to the fraternity. LI~AVING. "Vhen a brother ch.angeshis residence fron1 tIle place where the lodge is held, of \vhicll he isa lneluber, he will act prudently by requiring [t ,vl~itten dislnissal .fronl tIle lodge, moreespecinlly if there is a lodge in tIle place \Vl1ere he is going to take 111) his new abode, and he wisl1es to becolne a rnenlher of it. In tlli.S disluissal it OUgllt to be certified that he llad heen a diligent 'Vvorl\.Inan, and tllitt 118 had done Iris duty to the

LEB-LEC.

161

lodge, of vVllich lIe had TIl? to tllat period l:>eell a Illell1ber. Should tllere be ally otller reason \V11y ~1 ll1el111J er declares 11inlself ofr tIle lodge, it ougllt to be trtlly stated, for trutll Sllould ever he OIle of tIle ,distinguisl1illg clutractel'istics of a lVlasoll. Without suell a writtell testiulonial, no strange brotller should be allowed to leave one lodge and joiil another. In places wllere there are InallY lodges, a 'brother l11ay leave one and join another,bl1t OUgllt IiOt to do so without' a written testimonial that he has done his duty 'to tIle lodge he is leaving; should tllere be any llurticular reason for this step, both lodges OUgllt thorollghl}T to know them. MallY brethrell leave Olle lodge and join another, without all)T l10ticewllatever to tIle lodge they ]lave left; '. the COllsciellces of tllose bretllrell1llnst be their O,\Vll aecllsers or exel.lsers.-Ctixdicke.

LEBANON.

The forests of tIle Lebanon. Illountains Such of 'these forests as lay lleal"est the8e~\ w"ere ill tIle p'ossession of the Phc:enicians, among wl10nl timber \vas in such constant dernand, th,at they had acquired gr<:at ftndackllo,\\tledged skill in the felling and trtll1sl)ortatioll thereof~ ~1nd hence it was OfSllCl1 iU1l)ortance that Hiranl consented to el,n,1110y laI,"ge bodies of Illell ill Lebanon to he,~r tirl1ber, as well' as ,oth,ers to perfon11 tIle service of bringing i.t down to the sea-side, whence it was to l)e tnkeIl along tlleooasts infioats to tIle port of J o!>pa, fronl which place it could be easily taken across tIle country to J erusalern.-Kitto. 0111y couldsll111)ly the tiulber for the Telllple.

LEaTUlt~J. Each degree of Masonry contains a cou.rse of instruction, ill \Vllich ,the cerelnouies, traditions, ~1nd lnoral illstruction tl11pertainillg to tIle degree, are set fcn"tll. Tllis arrangenlent is called it lecture. I~acl1 lecture for the sake of convenience, and for the l)u11)ose of eonfornling to certail1 divisions in 'tIle cere,lIlOl1ies, is divided into sections, tbe'uurnber of Wllich lutve varied nt different periods, altllQugll tIle substance renlains tIle saIne. ,1'l1ose '\vbo ttl"e desirous of learning the lectnres, lnust be' regularly I)resent in tIle lodges, ant1diligently ~ltteutive to the instruction whiell tl1ey receive there.-Jl.fackey_

LECTURER.

In the symbolical lodges' of the Conti-

. 162

LEF--':"LEN.

nent and elsewhere, a lecturer is annually appoillted; and after the W. ~I., and P. ~f., the lectttrel" llas the most iniportant office ill the lodge. lie, as well as the two first officers, lnust be perfectly ·acquail1ted witll ~"reenla sonry, and not only a luau WllO lIas received a liberal education, but must also possess the true spirit of oratory. His orations 01" lectures Inust produce all ilnpression 011 the minds of his llearers. At the electioll of a lect"urer the electors should bear this in lllind, and reflect that lIe has s0111ething more to do than l11erely read tIle ritual. If the lecturer has sufficient knowledge to be enabled to 'teach the bl"ethrell Fl"eelnasonry,. or tIle bearing of 111oral truths upon the science in.an agreeable alId instructive manner, al1d not in mere mystical fonns, 11ewilI be willingly listelled to by tIle brethren. Sornec1iscourses. are appropriated to certain seasons, bllt evell tllese tIle lecturer ll1USt be able to Inake interesting, ill order that tl1CY n1ay llot al)pear as Inere repetitions. lIe \VIlO confines hiulself to these discourses, aild the 11lere reading of the ritual, does 110t fulfil the duties of Ilis office as he ought.

LEFT HAND. 'rIle left lland is nlentioned ill the systeln of Freelllasonry,. as being .·Ilearest to tIle lleart. Levinus Lelnnius, speaking of the right finger, says that " a small branell of the artery, and llot of the nerves,as Gillius thougIlt, is stretched froll1 the heart 1111tO this

finger." LEGEND. All10ngst the Jews the type 5'ta~afJol1J~ whether expressed dramatically or by words, was a legend or symbol. This luethod ofconveyillg a striking trutll by, the use ·of Inetaphorical··ullagery,.. . was employed in their private as well as their public, affairs. •. '!'he syIl1bols, patables, or legends, were, in pro.cess o. f tinlC, Inultiplied so abundantly, as to form the chief contents of the l\Iishun and Gemara, compiled by the Rabbi Judall ~I~lkk<:tdosll and Ilia successors, which form the text and annotatioI1S of the Talmud. ,LENGTI-I.. The length of the lodge expresses the exte.nt of masonic love. With this love our profession will never be in danger of acquiring t:heal)lJe~lation of

LES-LEW.

163

IlYI,ocrisy, but will bear tIle test of sClutil1~r; allc1 110\\'"ever severely tried, ,viII be found a firnl possessioll. \Vitll this love our devotion \,ri11 be tIle true devotioIl of the s,ouI, ill ~111 its llative simplicl,"ty and sincerity. 'l'his Ileavel11y s})ar}( witllin our bosoms will catcll that heavenly flanle of divine and serapllic love, ",,"hie}1 alone can

unite the Creator with the creature ; and thus, alone cun be fOlmed al1dcompleted, that, true felicity of the hUlllan soul, theunioll to its divine original.-In~vood. LESSER LIGHTS. These lights or IUll1inaries are used to light us to, at, alld frol11 labour. They are situated in the east, west, and soutIl, in alItlsioll to tIle apparent course of tIle SUll, which, rising ill the east, gains its nleri(liall ill tIle soutIl, alla disappears in the west. Tllese lurninnries rc!)resent el111)lenlatically, tIle SUII, 1110011, and the J.\Iaster of the lodge. L]JVEL. , The level is 1.1sed by operative Masons to lay levels alid to prove horizontals.. It is tlleduty, of the forenlall or superintendent of every btlilding, frequently to ~)rove tIle vario 'lIS , parts of the btlilding by tIle level, 111 tIle CO'llrSe of its erection, and lIe W}lO neglects this ill1!)Ortallt part of his (lnty, lay's l1in1self

open, to severe censure.-Gadiclce. LEVY.iT~e <ti;nbers ,for /building ,tIle telnpleat Jerusalem, were felled in the forests 'of I.tE~ballon, wllere a. levy of thirty' thousand nlen" of Jerusaleln "were em.. ployed l)y In Ollthl Y courses of ten, thou~and; and, ~~e stones, were, C1.1t and wrought ill; the quarries of the n10ulltains of .Jlldea, l>y eigllty fJhOUSltl1:d Inen,. assisted by seventy th011SUlld vvho bare burthens.-Hemming.

LEWIS. Tllis apl,ellation is !,rl.vell to tlle SOIl of a I..lewis. fornlerly lInd the l)rivilege of bei~g initiated into tIle ()rc1er:y"ounger than allY otller !>ersol1, even in his ei ghteentl,l year ;,. but they only enjoy tbis privilege 11OW ,in those lodges where the law d.oes not prohibit anyone to be initiated before lle l1as reached his twenty-fifth year. Lewis must also be a cultiv~ and morally reseeqtable young man, or the en,.tta:b.ee into the lodge mIl b~r~fu$~d t,? bim~s"well 8S, ,!hose fathers are ,notM.so_~G4diclt8.

Mason.

LIF-LIN.

164

, LIFE. The sign of the cross amongst the EgYl)tians signified life, and was the mark by which tIle Cabalists expressed tIle llun1ber ten, Wllich was a perfect nUlnber, denoting heaven, and the Pytllagorean 1'etractys, or incommunicable nalne of God. LIGHT. Light is a synlbol of kl10wledge. May every Mason strive incessantly for ligllt, and especially for the light eternal! When a society is asselnbled anywhere to do good, they require an infiue11tiall)erson to cOlnmunicate the light of experience, instlllct them, and point out the way they should go, or bring light to them. This may be done symbolically, by suddenly lighting up a dark room witll torches. He who路 thus introduces the light into the lodge, IDllst be a worthy man, and experienced in theCraft.-Gadicke.

LILY. This flower ,"vas full of lneaning an10ng the ancients, and occurs allover the East. Egypt, Persia, Palestine,and India, l)resented it everY\i~rllere over tlleir architecture, in the 11ancls alld on the lleads of their scl.l1p.. . tured figures, wllether in bas-relief or statue. We also find it in the sac-red vestments and architecture of the tabernacle and temple of the Israelites, and see it 111e11ti~ned by our SaviGur as an image of pecllliar beal.lty and glory,\vhen cOlllparingthe works ofllaturewith the decorations of art. It is also represented in all picttlres of the salutation of Gabriel to the Virgin lVlary, and in fact has been held in m)~sterious velleration b,y . all people of .all nations alld times. It is the symbol ofdivinit:r,~fpurity, and abundance, and ofa love most comJ.)lete In 路affec,tion, charity, and benediction ;8S . in HolyScripture,tbat mirror of purity, Susannah, isdefinedSusa, Wllich signifies the flower of the lily, a name given to ~he chief city of the P.ersians, forits superior e~cE)Ilency. The three leaves of the lily in .the 路arms of France, mean piety, justice, and charity~-S'ir路RobertKer Porter.

LILY-WORK. Lily-work, from its whiteness,denotes peace. LINE. The universal bond with whic}levery Mason Ollght to be tlnited to llis bretl1ren, should consist of SiAiy -

LIN-LOD.

166

threads路 or yarns, because, accord.ing to the ancient statutes, 110 lodge was allowed to 11 ave above sixty' lllell1bers ; but it neit:her depends 111)on tIle quality of tIle thread, nor the number of the brethren, if the bOlld whiell unites us all ~s eOlnposed of true brotherly love.-Gadickc.

LINEAR TRIAD. This figure, which alJI>ears in SOine old Royal Arch floor-cloths, bore a referellee to the sojollrners, who represented the three stones on "",hiell prayers and th(tnksgivings ",rere offered, 011 the discovery of the lost Word.; thereby affording all example, tl1at it is our duty in everyl1ndertaking, to ofterup 0111" prayers and .- thanksgivings to the God of our salvatioll. LINK.

Refers to G-eIlesis xi.

LION. The lioll \vas n synlbol of Jerelniah, because of the terrible voice of llis threatening; and of St. Mark, because hisgosl?el begins with the voice ill the wilderness; but prin(}il)al1y ofChrist)\V~110 is. aen01l1inated lion of tIle tribe of Jtldah, t1ud \vill ultimately subdue all thing~ to llilllself; "for lle 111USt reigll tilllle llatlll)ut all eIlemies under his feet."

LODGE. As Inencall tlle llouse of God a cJltlrch, and when rel~giousservicesareI)(~~rfornledill it,say it is cllurch hours, SQ' also we call the locality in 'V,r}licll a lodge assenlbles, a lodge, and when the brethreA nre assenll)led in it, it is loc1gehollfs. The fonn of a lodge ian!l oblong square. Three \vell-infbrlued brethren fonn a legal lodge, five im!)rove it, and seven lllake it perfect. We may also call a rOOlIl in \vlricl1 a lodge is held, a halI.-Gadicke. The.cnrliest descri11tion of n lodge tllat I hnve Inet \vitll, explains it as heing "just, and pe'rfect by tIle llulnbers three, five an<l seycn.. " 'l~hjs \V'ussnbsequently eXelIl!)lifled in the follo\\'ing ru-eseribed f(}rnl. "A. lodg(r of Masons is an tissernhlage . of In路otll(~rs and .. f~~llo\vs l"net together for the IHlrpose of CXIHttiatin.g OIl tll(~ lllysteries of tile Craft,witll the 13ibl(~, 8,ud COIUI)Usses,the Book ofConstitntiolls,路 tLIldw~llrranten'll)oVleringthem to act.." .In the formula used ut th(~ !lrest'l'lt day, a further amI)lifi.cL\tion has be,enado!>ted. It isdeuomin&ted anasselnbly of Masons,just, perfe,et, and 1"egular, who are

166

LOD-LOG.

Inet together to expatiate on the mysteries of the Order; just, because it cOlltains the volume of the Sacred Law unfolded; l,erfect, fr01n its nunlbers, .every order of }Iasonry being virtually present hy its representatives, to ratify and confirlu its proceedings; and regular, froln its warrant of constitutiol1, which implies the sanction of the Grand J.\faster, for tIle Coulltry where the lodge is held.

LODGES OF LEBANON. Each of the degrees in these lodges had its distillguishing signs, "vords and tokens, without Wllicll confusioll and disorder could scarcely have been prevented. The Appl~entices nlessed by seven in a company, and the Fellowcrafts by five. The }Iasters and Wardens vvere lnen of .enliglltelled minds and nlatured uuderstandings, well路 skilled in geolnetry and the rules of proportion. TIley trained their respective brethren ana fellows'to the })ractice of blending nloral virtuewitll the pursuits of science, and inculcated charity or brotherly love, as tIle distinguislling feature of their profession.

LODGES OF TYRE. In tllequarries of Tyre "\Ivere two lodges of Super-excellent M.asters, as sUllervisors of the worl\., over wllicl1Tito Zadok, the high priest, IJre-. sided: these \vere the Harodim. There \vere also six lodges of ExcellelltMasters, eight Grand Arcllitects, and sixteen Arcllitects-\11en of sU!lerior talent, vvho had been selected for their proficiency ill the sciences, alld1>Iaced as superintendents oyer the worknlell. TIllS was a necessary provision; for tllUS they were enabled to regulate the l)roceec1ings of, and to l)reserve order and arral1geluent in,the several clepartnlents whicll were assigned to theIU. rrhere were three classes of Masters in thirty-six lodges, called l\!ellatzchim, and .severi hundred lodges of Ghibibn, or operative Fellowcrafts, under Hiram Ahift~ tlleir Grand Master.

LOGIC. .Consists of a regular train of argtlnlent, \vhence we Infer, deduce, and conclude, according to certain prelnises laid down, tldmitted, or granted; and in it u.re el11ploy~d th.e faculti~s of conceiving,judging, reasonIng, and dIsposIng; \VhlCh are naturally led 011

LOV-MAD.

167

from one gradation to anothel·, till the point ill cluestion is finally determined.-Preston. LOVE. The universal charity of a }\Jlason, is like the cliarity of the Mason's God, and his God is the God of love. Consider the extellt of the love of God, and that only, according to his degree, is tIle extent of luasonic charity. In the broad circle of his affections, lle "encloses all mankind; he, like the God of love, looks through station, clime, and colour, and with one wish of· universal ·good-will, he wishes ,veIl to all mankind. Witll the compass of Ills mind, 11e measures alld draws the square of 11is conduct, and '\vitl1in that square, having "'honestly provided for his o\yn 110useholc1, he forn1s his little angles of benevolence and charity, to tIle distressed of all cOlnll1ttnities.-lnu1ood.

LOYALTY. As l\Iasons you are···l"eqllired to be, ttS your ancieIlt brethrell have always heen, true to . your Queen, and just to your' country; to teacll all \vitllint118 sphere of your acquainta,nce to be loynl; to assist readily in l)tltting do\vn all disloyalty o1"rebellioll; to follo"\v tenl!)erance, fortitl1de, l)ruc1ence, au{l jllstice, in YOtlr walk througll this life; to b(~ good IltlSbal1ds, kina parents, "training tIL) Y0l.lr Cllil(11"el1 ill the nurture and admonition of the Lord."-l>ercy. MADE. This soleI:qnCel"enl0ny ·ShOl:l1c1 never in allY lodge be considered as .. the· nlost iUlf"ortallt. part ofa FreeIllt1S011'S\vork (although it is a ways a thing of inlportance to illitiate a llew Inenlber into tIle Order.) Instrnctioll and cllurity are tIle chief \vorks of a· Freemason. Initiations are only secondary .to tllese. 'l.'he day of his initiation Blust ever 1:>0 an ill1I)ortunt e!loc!l to a ~'reelllason, and lead to a seriOllS self.. exnn:l1uatioIl. The reflection th.at in oue (~Yenil~:g he has llecorne elosely llnitecl withn1~ulY tllollsnnds of tlllkno,vn llltHl, is of itself ilnportant, even if tIle initiated S110uld!lOt be al>h3 to appreciate tIle real sl)irit of tIle ()rder. ()nllisiuitiation the candidate Inust !)]ace llilr18(~lfunr(~scrve(ny . the llands of tlle proper offic,cr apI)ointecl to conduct bin}, and stlbn1it llilnself' to <~very In:oofthat is delnanded frorn llill'l, Ul1d make no objectIon to any of the cere-

MAL-MAN.

168

monies l1e.has togo through, but answer ev"'ery questioll truly and manfully. When he arrives in tIle assenlbly of tIle bretllren he is ask.ed again, alld for tlle last tillle, if it is llis ""visIl to be initiated. In the m0111eIlt vvhen h~ is ahollt to receive the first degree, every freedom is pernlitted to l1i111 either to go for"\vard ill the cerelllony, or retl1rn fron1 vvhence lIe cUll1e; f01""7e l11ust adrnit tl1at to enter U~POll all

unl\.llOvVl1

llndertal\.ing is a dangerous

thing. He \vho is ill earnest \yill 11e1"e pl"ove that l1e holds it to be 1.1n\vorthy of a Ulan not to COll1plete all~Y undertaking v~Thich he l1as comlllenced after nlature deliberation. If 118 does so, the assen1bled brethren cheerfully and llnanilllously prollol111ce Ili111 "\yorthy," and he is Illade a partaker of the LIGIIT. TIle solellll1 obligatioll tal~ell by the calldiclate, and the sacred and mysteri01.1S lnallner ill v~rl1icll the sacred I1tl111bersare COillluUllicated, have al\vays been respectec1 by ever~y faithful brotllcl..- Gadicke. l\fliLLET. This is art hll110rtant instrlllnellt of labollr, and no \vorl( of 111a1111a1 skjl1 can be COII1I}letec1 \vithout it. ~"'ronl it 'V'V"O learn that labour is the lot of 111all, and that sl\.ill \vithout exertiorl is of riO avail; for tIle heart .Inayconeeive, alld the llead devise in vain, if tIle hand be not pr01l1pt t.o execute the design. MAN~ TIle Illall forllled a part of tIle cllerllbic SYll1bol, .and referred to the propllet Isaiah, becallse of his prophecy of Christ being a nIan, by his birtll of a virgin:

and to St. l\Iatthe\y, hecause lle gives Cllrist's Ill-lIllaIl genealogy. It \vas the insignia of !te1.1beIl, and deIloted reason and religion.

MANNA.

A Royal Al路ell sJ1l111oI.

The InRl1na is

called by David "the breac1 of angels." SOTne Rabhins believe tlu1t it llac1 t.llis nanle, becallse tIle an~:rels are refreshed by divine light, "quod IUlllen ineori)'oratull1 est, et factU111 nlanllu." TIle Rabbi Islll:nael,llo'\veve.r, does not slJbscribe to this doctrine, l>eeause the angels being iInnluterial, do not eat lllaterial f()od; and rnHl1UU being' a 111aterial substanee, eould not be 111ade out of the'dh"ine ]jght, v\路hieh :is :.1 slJiritl'lal 8uhstaIlee. C~hrjstian divines, ho\v"ever, think. that the Inystieal lIHtnna ,vas

JYIAN-MAR.

169

called the breac1 of angels, because it \vas a type of Christ,wl10111 the angels wislled to behold.

MANUAL ~rASONS.The" mantlal consists of suell parts of bllsiness as are perfOfl'lled.b}i llalld labour alone, or by the ]lelp of some simple illstrumen,ts, the uses \vhereof are not to be learnt by any problems or rules of art,btlt by labour and practice only; alld this is more peculiarly applicable to OllT brethrell of the first degree, callec1Entered Appl"ell~ices.-Duncke:rley.

MANUALSIGN. This remillds lIS of tl1at deliberate steac1y prlldel1ce \vhiell OUgllt to gtlarcl our actions,

an~

forbiddjrlg us to seal \\ritll the sacred pledge of our l;,igllt lland, \v}utt the heart llas not sallctiol1ed \vitll its approb~ttioll.-1IeJ1uning.

]\,fANtJSCI~IPTS. At the revival ill 17'17, "Gralld !faster, Pn:rne lutd desired. tllat all old lllasonic records tnightbe brought into tIle GralldLodge ,in order to discovtn" the llsages of arlciellt times; and in the year 1721, l)r...A.11derson ,vas emI>lo)red to prepare a Book of Constittltions. Bet\VeeIl tllese 'tvvo lleriods, se路~teral Yel"y valuable lXlaIl'llSCril)ts cOIlcel'"ning the fi-aternity, tllcir

lodges,regulatiollS, charges, secrets, aIlel usa.ges, which had b, eell', ',de,'P,O(,sited illpIi,',vate lodges, particularly one written'" by ,Nicholas, Stone, the 'Varden ,11nder Inigo Jones, '~'rere llastily burnt by ,sorne sCl'-upulollS brothers, under n jealO'llS S11pposition tllatcolnlnitting to print allY tlling reluting to l\fasollry,wouldbe, injurious ,to the interests of tlle C~l"aft: but' slll-ely sucharl act'路 of ftZodese COllld Ilot l)roceed froul zeal according'to knowledge.Noo'l-(holiCk. C.l~.IN.

Sorne say lIe \yas l)aralytic; tllis fronl of the Septuagint, "groaning and trelnbling shalt tllOll he." ~rlle Targum of ~rorlltthau ben 1Jzziel s~.t)1's,tl1e sign \vas froIll tIle great ltnd' preciousNaln(~, probablyolleof 'tIle letters of the name Yehovah. 1'}lC author of all Arabic catena in the Bodleian IJibrary says) "A s\\"ortl" COlI , llot "him, fire could llot burn llil!l, water co'uld Ilot dro'\vn him, and air could not blast hitn; norcouldtllunder or lightning MARl{ OF

seems to h11ve

170 stril<.e hinl.

~IAR-MAS.

The author of Bereshith Rabba, a

C01I1Il1ent

on Genesis, says the Inark was' a circle of the Sll11 rising upon hinl. Abravanel says the sigu\vas Abel's dog, whicl1 constantly accoll1panied hinl. SOlne of the doctors in the Tallnud say, that it \~"as the letter Ii thaunlarked on his forehead, \vhich signified ]lis condition, as it is the first letter in tIle word h::~mM teshubah,.repenta11ce. ltabbi Joseph, wiser than all the rest, says it \vas a long 110rI1 growing out of his forellead!-Adam Cla1 ke.. 4

1rI.t\.RK l\fASONS. The degree of l\Iarl\.-l\Iaster l\Iason 1)8 COllsidered as appendant to that of Fello\v Craft, although entirely distinct and different froIll it. The order' and h,ll-lTIOny, whicll this degree C01111nUnicated. to the builders of tIle teml)le at Jerusalem, al"e iIlcalculable ; and, indeed, \"\vitI10Ut it, so luany \yoTknlel1 of diftureIlt nations ,vonId have been in eontinu,al C011fusion" Not only ,vas eacl1 \VOrl{.ll1all therehy kno\vn to tIle Senior Gral1c1 vVarden, b1.1t every l)art of tIle \VOrkUUlllShil), for that stupendous structure, ,vas suhjected to the nicest scrutiny-\Yhile everJT fhithful labourer reeeived ,vith ptlnctuality 路the l"e\ynrds of industry alld skill.. Bllt it bas tt slleculativeall usiol1 infinitely interesting to eYel~Y aCCOllntable being" It t:5r pifies tIle trial of the' great day, ,vllell every Inan's ","'ork. \villbe proved, ,,~11ether it be good or l)ud.'l'hat \Vllicll is inlperfect \viII be cast out, as l1Ilfit for the Ile\V J erusulenl, into "rhiel1 "11othing can eliter that "\vorlieth alJOll1inatioll or nlal~etll ~t lie."

lllay

l\IASC>N. .L-\. l\Iason is a III an, \VllOSC COI1<luctshould be squared by stri ct rectitude .and, j usti(te .to\vards llis fellovv-creatures; llis deulcauour should be l11arkedby t.Ile level ofeourtes)'" andkinclu{}s8; vvrhile l1prigl:l'tness of heart路 and integrity of action, sylnbolized b)r the plU111b, Hhould 'be hisdistingnishing. churRcteristie; HIHI thus guidec1.1lY the. Inoveahle jo\vels of l\Iasonr:y, he 111U:l de8ceIld tllevaleof life \\litl1 joy, in the 110PO beillg aceeptedby tIle l\Iost 11igh, usa successful candidate for adrnission into the Gr,111d I.JodgealJove. :3f..t\SON lVIARI{S" to 1'}lose l)retln-en \Vl10 beell initiated into the degrees of l\Iark-l\fnl1 and ~l::u路I\.-1\{ttster, perfectly ,vell 11nderstand, that the llJnrk ,yhicll \vas

MAS.

171

conferred upon tIle ancient craftsllla11 \vas not arbitrary, but selected fi·OIll a defined and ,veIl-understood seriesthat the eraftsnlan \vas 110t elltitled to use allY rnarl\. untilllis fitlless llad been tried, al1d he had proved 11ll11self vvel1 skilled ill the use of tIle 1)1 Ull1b, the level, .and tIle SC!Ual"e.. That the distinction of tIle' Illurl,- \V'as COI1f~,rred ,vitIl peculiar solelunities ; and tllatthe subsequent ohligatioll to use the particular nlark so conferred, and to affix it to every" perfect ashlar," was not discretionary, but .iluperative. ·Akllowledgeof these facts, conlbined \vith a careful exanlil1atioll of tIle allcient Inal"ks, \vill,no doubt, tl1rO\V 111tlCh additional ligllt upon the history of ecclesiasticalarcllitectllre, as\vell as prove the firmer C01111ection, and sho\v fhe unioll existing ill I)ast ages, l)etween l?raetical nrcl1itectltre alld sylnbolical or Sl)iritual 11a80n1"Y.-J:>rryer. ~I.1\S()N'S ,'lIND.. J\t the building of King SololIlon's ~t 1\Iasoll'S 'V\rind \vassaic! to l>lo\v fitvourably \VhCIl it,,~ns due east aIlc1 "rest, because it \vas calculated

l'eU1I)1e,

to c.ool and refresll the

at labollr..

n1Hrl

l\r~AS()KIC JIALL. A Inasonic hall should be isolated, and, if possible~· s11rrollnded '\vitil lofty\val1s, so as tol)e included ill aCOllrt, tll1d il11art fron1 any.other builclings, to.llreclude the p08sibility~ of being overlooked by· cowans oreavesdrol)pers; :fi:)1" :B'reellulsonry being a secret society, tlleCllriosity of 111unkind is ever OIl the alert to pry into itslnysteries~ 8.Ilc1. to obtllin by. illicit Ineans, tl1at knowledge ,v}lich is freely cOlnlnunicated to all \vorth:y apI)lic:unts. As, llowever, suell. ~t situatioll in large to\vns, \v 11ere },!asollryis usually llractised, call seldonl bn obtained Wit}l COI1V(~nience to the brt~t]lren, tlu:-lodge sllould he fOl1Tle<1 in all llPI)er story; and if tlu:re be any contig-uollS l)uihlings, the \\Tindo\vs 6110u1d be ill ""tIle roof, or verv floor. .. hiuJi frOlrl '

~,,..,

}IASONIC~ Yl~All. }'reellHlsollS date year accord... ing to l\Iosaic (~hrollo1ogy', or frolll (~,reationof the \vorld, thllS four tllOUSHlld Inore than tJle commOll calelldar sho\vs. rrho Inasonic Y'ear does not c~mmenee on the 1st Jantlary, bllt on the 24th ~Ju,lle•. llutthis.,vay ()f onlytlsual ill thevvritings of the Order. -Clad/eke..

172

MAS.

MASONR.Y. It is useless to profess a knovvledge of Freemasonry, if we do . not frame our lives aceording to it. It is. not enough. to be acquainted. witll its cloctrilles and. precepts, if ,ve fail to reduce theln to l)ractice.ln sue}l a case, our knowledge will rather tend to our dishonour in tllis world, and will certainly be an additiollal article ofacousatioll against 118 in tIle 11ext. It "vould be very unreasollable to doubt the beneficial effects of .our Inasonic precepts; but to adlnit tllenl to be true, and yoet act as if they "vere false, vvould be 1111wise in tIle higllest degree. I "viII not, 110\VeVer, do my brethren the injustice to believe that 111any of tllelll are capable of such a perversion of reason. And it is 111y.firnl:persuasioll, that they 'VIlO 11ractise tIle duties vVllicll Freeluasollry teaclles,

iuconjunetion witll tIle faitllpro110unded in tIleir religion, will inllerit that eternal city of God, \Vlleretlley will be associated wit11 a holy and ht1~PI)Y fi路aternityof saiilts and ullgels, al1d enjoy tIle s\veet brotherly love for ever and ever.

l\IASTER OF THE CEREl\IONIES.

COlll1ll11IlillgS

lIe

I1111St

the first at every asselnbly of tIle brethren, to see th<1t all preparatiol1s are 111ade that are necessary for hQldillg a lodge, and thell. invite tIle brethren to elltel". lIe introduces the visitillg bretllreu, and SllO\VS. tlle111 tlleir l)}aces. He . lllust enter into路 conversation ~'ith ever-v stranger W}lQ路 COlues into tl1e ante-cll~tlnber, todiscovel: if 118 i~ a brother. III tIle lodge he lllUst l),ty attelltioIl, and see that everything l1ecessary for the due soleulnity"is prepared before the lodge is Opt~ne(l, and that Ilothing lnay disturb that solenluity '\vhile it is 0I)en. Ilis seat is so placed, that the "V. 1\1. has lliIn in f\,lll view, H.ll<l lIe can leave it as oftell as ht? tlliIlks llecessary witho'ut. asking leave of the W. l\f.He.has tlle same charge ttt the hanquet,路 alld .the servil1g.bretllrell are generally ll11der his direction.. .Visitors ttpply to llinl first; and it is therefore necessary to fill this office \\Titll unex!)eriellCed l\lason, and, if it bepracticable,witll one '\vho sl)caks djfI(~r~t foreign litl1guages.- Gtltdicke.

l\IASTER OF l\. LODGE. Al1preft~rnlellt ~tlllong ]}fasons should he grounded upon real vvorth and personal merit only, tllerefore 110 brother shall be electnd l\Iaster

MAT-MEE.

173

ofa lodge, or appoiIlted to any office tllerein, mel·ely on account of seniority or l"ank. The~fastel", who must have 1,reviolls1y beenappoilltedalld served as a Warden of SOlne ,,~varranted lodge, shall be ann "ual1y elected by ballot; and at the l1ext lodge, whell tIle Iniutltes art~ confiruled, l1e shall be installed ill the cllair according to al1cient usage; he shall tllen appoint his Wardells (lIld all other officers ofthe lodge, except the Treasurer and Tyler. -Constitutions.

liIATERIAL LIGHT. Light is one of the most astonishing prodllctions of tIle creative skill and power of God. Ii is the grand InedillID l)y \vhich all l1is other "\vorksare discovered, exalllillecl, alld llllderstood, so far as tlley can be 1\.110\Vl1. . Its ilnmense (liffusioll and extrenle velocity are aloIle S11fficiellt to c1enlOl1strate the being and \yisc1ol'n ofG'oc1. Ligllt 11as beell l)rovecll)y 1l1uny experir.nents to iravel. at tlleastollishillg l"fLte of 194,188 luiles in·olle secolld of tinle! and conIes frOUl the S'tlIl to the earth in eigllt 111inutes 11-~"·~· seconc1s, a clistance of 96,613,794 English rniles.-..t1da71&Clarke. l\li\..1'\UltI~ ACi·E. The Order of Free and Accepted Masons Sl1011ldconsist solely of lIlen of llluture age, and it isin.accordaIlce 'V'vitIl tllis rtlle that young 111en and boys are denied adnlittance. III tIle ulleient ehal'ges of. the Englisll Constitution Book, llllde1" dnte 29tl'l Decernber, 1729, it is lai<1 dowllas a rule that 110 IlersonshaJI be initiatecl 11IHlert\\'fenty-five jt'l'ears of age. The lodges of other C011ntriesinitiateatan earlier I)el·iod, and the SOIl of ~t E'ret;IIH1S011, called Lewis, isallo\vetl to be illitiated ll.1uch earlier.

:r.rEETON TI-IE LI~VEL. TIle level is tin elI1IJ}enl of E;~qualitJr, l)(~cause \vitll G-od tl1ere is no res!)ec,t of llersolls, and ill Ids sight all 111en are eqltal, litl'ble to tIle slt,.ple irlfirIl1ities, rec1eC111ed by the StUDe SrLviour, sul)ject 'to the sallIe death and judgulcnt. This is the seIlse ill \vhicll Masons 11,nderstall(1 tIle <luulity of Ill(~Jnl)erB in tyled lodges. They··'· know" Ilotlling oftlutt level1ing . . eql1aJity \vhichis.tllcidol of the revolutionists of this\vorld; they are taught by tlleir Constitutions to "11eaceable subjects, and o1:?edient to the civil po,vers," and are ell cmies

174

MEE:..-MER.

to that confusion. and allarchy which is destrllctive of social happiness. lIenee the level distil1guisl1es the 8e11101" Wardell to relnilld him that \vl1ile lIe presides over the labours of the lodge by cOlnnland of tIle W. i\f., as the Junior )Varden does over its refreshnlellts, it is IllS dllt)r to see that every brother meets upon the level, and that the principle of equality is preserved during the vvork, without vVllich harnlOl1Y, the chief support of our institution, could 110t be Inaintained ill its purity and usefulness. MEETINGS. Our meetings, vvhell COllc1l1ctec1 according· to the true spirit of tIle Order, are characterised bJr an en1tllation to excel ill wisdolll, and the kIlO ,;Vledge of practical virtue; alld tllat tlleinstructiol1 illcessantl}r poured fr0111 the 11astel"'s ellair is ·derivec1 fronlarlample and exhaustless lIline, stored "vitIl the richest gelns of morality and religion, to reforlu the ll1B:IlUerS, al1c1 cultivate g-enial propensities ill the lllind.

lVIE:ftiBERSIIIP. 11 l\Iasoll 111a~y \vitlldra\v frcH:n his lodge, but tIle lllenlhership reIl1ains inviolable. 'rIle true Masoll COllsiders, as ·0118 of his most sacred duties, the exact fulfillnel1t of the engagements ,vbicll bind hill1 to his rite, the lodg~ froll1 vvllenee lIe first received the ligIlt and the 111aSol1ic body fronl whicll he received his !)o\"vers.. I-Iecannot be relieved froll1 Ilis obligatiolls,eXCC!1t b~r the masonic po\;,ver \\dtll vVllicll lIe Illade lliscllgagerncnts, alld according to the 1113,Sonic la,;vs vYl1icll lle hass"Vvorn to observe and resl)ect. Every attelll11t '\vhiclllllay 113sve for its object to COIl11)cl a l\Iason, either· b)'r !)ersecutioll or violence, to q'uit a rite to \Vl1icll lle belongs, is contrary to the spirit and1avvs of lrlasonry·.

MENATZCHIM. Overseers ·alld COll1fol"ters of the people in working, who "WT'ereexpert lrIaster 1\fasons. MEN'l'AL.The lnelltal qualifications of a candidate elnbraee sanity of lllind, a cal)ability of understanding tIle obligations and instructions of tIle Order, that lIe Illay be prepared to perfOl"111 its duties..

MERCY.

A virtue vVl1icll insl)ires

lIS

"vitI1 a

COIll-

J.\tIER-MET.

175

passiOll. for others, Ulld inclil1es us to assist thenl ill their necessities. It is one of tIle Ilol)lest attrib1.1tes of the Deity, speal~ing after tIle 111<111ner of mell, aIld eXl)laining \Jvhat, by SUI)Position, InL"ty pass ill tIle 111il1c1 of God, by \Vllat passes in the 11'Ull1all111ind. The object of 111crcy is lllisery; so G'oc1 pities llulllan 111iseries, and forbears to chastise severely; so I11all pities tIle nlisery of a fellovvl11an, and assists to diminish it.-Cabnet. l\IERIDIAN. The Sllll beillg a fixed body, tIle earth constantly revolving roulld it on its own axis, it necessarily £0110""'"8 that tIle sun is al,va3:rs at its uleridian; alld FreeIllasollry being tllliversally spread over its surface,. it follo\~"s,iis a second cOllsecluence, that the SllIl is al'Y3,ys at its IlleridiaIl \vitl1 resl)ect to Freen1tlSOllry. l\IERIT. At the building of ]~ing 8010111011'8 'telll1,le, rnerit alone entitl{~c1 to preferrncnt; anindispl1talJle il1stance of \vhicll \ve lutveiIl the De!luty Clrul1d l\Instcr of tllltt great undertakiIlg, \\;"ho, \vithout. either "realtll or llO\VCr-\vitJlollt any otller distinctioll tlUtll tllttt ofheing the \vidovi'sson-'\vas tl!ll)oirlted .l)y the Grancll\Iaster, and approved hjr the lieoille, for tl1is siIlgle reason, becau.se lle\VaS a sl\.ilful artificer.- 11'7titllzash.

1\Jfl£SOURANEC). T!'he l)oint ,vithiIl the cil·cle ,vas an Ilniversale-1nblelll to denote tIle telnl)le of tIle Deity, and referred totlleplaIletary eirele, in tIle eClltre of "7hicll 1;vas fixed tIle· SllU,as the llnivel'"sal ({od Ulld fllther of l1ature; for tIle \vhole circle of llcay"ell ,vas called G-oct I)ythagoras esteeI11ed tlle central fire tlleS~l1pernalnlaI1 SiOI1, of tT ove; and lIe called it .J£el10't'f!f.'I.1UiO', because tIle rnost excellent bod)" Ollgllt to l1ave the nlost excellent place, i. c. tIle centre. l\rl~1'tAL. l\Iany 111Cll dote on t.he 1110tals silver and gold \vitIl tlleir ,v'hole 80\11s, t1nd 1\.110\V 110 otllerstaIlc1ard h.. e.re.. b)'. t.J.o es.t.iI,.'nl1..t e.., t·heir O.WU v.·~.o 1.·t.,.Jl,' 01".. the '''"Ol'".t.l.•.l. •. . . 0.·. f their fl~ll()vv-l)e'ings, l)ut l)}~ the (flU1UtitJ" of Inetals tlley l)ossess, thereby del)Rsiug ~"Ln(l degrading tllOS(~ quali.ties of the xnillcl or sl)irit by· ,vlliclt. ulone U.1al1kindought to be estitnate<1. He \VllO '\visl1es tol1e initiated into Freeulusonry must lle 'Vvilling to relincluis}l, . . all descrip\.'\1,.'! .

176

MET-MID.

tions of lnetal, and all theadvelltitious cirCUll1stailces of rank and fortune, for it is tIle MAN that is received illto Freemasonry, and not his rank or riches.-Gadicke.

METAL TOOLS. At the building of I{ing 8010Inon's Tenlple there "vas not llearc1 tIle sound of axe, llamlner, or allY other tool of brass or iron, to disturb the peaceful sanctity of that holy place. TIle stolles were heWll in the quarry, tIl ere carved, lnarl\.ed, and numbered. TIle tiluber was felled and prel)arec1 ill the forest of LelJunon, and cOllveyed by floats frOIn Tyre to Joppa; the Inetals vvere fused and cast on t.he :plains .of ZeredathaJl; after "\Vllicll tIle ""vhole"V\ras conveyed to J eru.salem, and there set IIp by meallS . of l11allls, and otllcr instrulnellts prepared for thatl)1111)ose. MIDDLECI-Ir\.l\IBER. TIle Telnple of Solomoll stood on l\Iount 1rIoriall, and OCCul)ied tIle site of the present 1110sque of ()nlLlr, beneath the elolne of \vhic]l is a, relllt1rkable rock, fifteell feet above the level of the 8111"rOlll1ding 11h1tforrn, evidentl~y left b~y design fc)ra !)eellliar l,u.rpose, and ,veIl ansvveril.lg to the R . ceOullt i. I.l 1 I{j.I.lgS vi., where it is stated that "the door for the lllidclle chanlber was ill the rigllt sic1~e of tIle h~ouse, 3111d they \ivent up vvitIl winding stairs into th(~ l11iddle clu1rnber, and out of tIle ll1icldle into the thirc1 ;" tlrns establisl:lil1g the fact thu,t the Holy of IIolies ,vas on an elevllted spot, to \,,"hich, alld to 110thillg else, can tllis 1"'elnark~bble rock beJ~eferred v",itll the shado,v of a reason. ~IID-Dl\.Y. ..tis often as the Irreelllasoll COlll1uences his\vork, it is 1100n or Inid-duJy, or that thlleill\vhicll the $1111 has attained, its gl"e~\testaltitude; J01~ tlle t~al"tll being round, tIle S1111 is always .on tIle路 lllcridian SOllle\Vllere. TIle Freernason has ttle Inost enlightened and llsefu1 worl"s to do; and "the!l "higll 110011 is I~assed, he llll.lst he~tble to give the lnost satisfactor:y l)l"oofs of the lltility of Ilis labollr.

l\IIDNIGIIT. It is only wIlell 111idnight dra\vs llear thu t f;L freelluLsoll tllink.s of conel udiI1g his lal)ollr; in f'ilct, his activity a.nc1 industry should pel1etrate 1111tO路 high J'nidIlight, or 10vv t\velve..

J\IIL-:l\IIS.

177

1IILITARY LODGES. No vVtll'Tal1t sllall be gralltecl for the estahlishulent of a l11ilitar)r lodge vvitho11t the consent of the cOllllnanc1ing officer of the reginl(~nt, l)attalion, or C Ollll) any, to whicll it is to be attached., being first obtained.. No ll1ilitary lodge shall, 011 anypreterlee, initiate into lVIasollry any illhabitallt or sojollrner in all): tO~'11 or place at vvhich its 111embers may be stationed, or tllTOUgh \vhich tlley may be mal"chillg, 1101" allY person who does riot at ·the tilne belong to the lllilitar)T l'lrofession, nor any ·milita1"y person below the raukof a corportlJ, except as serving bl"ethren, or l)y dispensatiol1 fronI tIle· Grand ]\tIaster, or SOUle pl"OVi11cial Gralld JVIaster. -Constitutions. l\IINERVA. FreenltlSOllS use tIle stattle of l\Iinerva, 01" opell tC1111)les \:vitll her statue therein, as synlbols of \visdolll. :lliythology teacl1es us tllat ~J ul)iter 0l)ened his scull to hear :11inerva, for this reasoll-sl1e is the sylubol of all thOtlgllts that al·e fornled in tIle llend, and tIle protectress of tIle arts alld· sciences. She is generally l·epl"esented as ft ~YOUI1g felnale ill· GreciUllcostllllle, arid has 3:11 o,vl or a cock by Iler side, as it SYl11bol of useful sttldy UIId \vutchfuilless. MIN'UTI~ .BOC)K. E,~ery loclge s11al1 have its by-la\vs fitirly writtell, and shall also keel) ~1 book or 'booI"s in Wllich theMasier,or sOluebrotller ullllointed h}r hinl as secretary, shall enter the.nalllcs of· its Inernbel's, al1d of a11l)ersons initiated or adnlittedtllcrein,'\vith t:hedates of their rn*oposal, adlllissioll, or initiation, 11assil1g,and raising; and also tlleir ages, as nearly as possible, at that tilllC, and their titles, l)rofessions, or trades, together with. suell transactions of tIle lodge as are lll"oper to be written.-Constit'utions. ~fISCONDUCT.

If [Lny l)rotllcr behave ill such ~L to disturb the }larnl0ny of tIle lodge, lle shall he tbrice forlllally aduloIlislled l)y tIle. J\Iaster, and. if llC persist iultis irl"t~gulnrconduct,116 shall he Ilul1isbed a,ccording to the by-lavv"s of tllat l)articular Iodgev<or tIle case l"nay be.reported to.lligller Inasonic alltllority.---

W3lY. ~lS

Constitutions.

Ii'S

MOC-:--MON.

1I()CI( lVI.1:\.SONS. III tIle year 1747 sOIne.unfaitllful brethren, disal>pointecl in their expectatiolls of the lligl! offlces and 110110urs of tIle society, joined a nU111ber of tIle buffoons of the day, in a scllelne to exhibit. a 1110cliery of the public processioll to the grand feast. TIlls, as Inay ,veIl be supposed, furnislled lllirtll to the gapiIlg cl"o,yd, alld disgust to the society, 'VIlO, ,visely recollecting thenlselves, deternlined ill fllt1.1re to confine their operations vvithill the linlits of tl1eir o\,rll asselubly. They vvere called Mock 1Ias01IS.-J:-loo1"tho'Zlck. MODEL. The Telnple of SolonIon "vas erected according to tIle 1110del 11resented by God to I\:.ing David, \VllO nevertheless ,vas not perlnitted to builclt11is sacred temple hi111Self, becUllse his hands had been stained \vitll blood. 1tIODERATION. To\vards the "rell-governing ofa lodge of Masons, I \youlc1 recollullend rnoderation in the superior officers and subordination in the brethren; for \vithout Illutual good ,viII, equaniInity of telnper, and l"8cipl"ocal forbearance, the superstructure "viII. crulllble to decay, and the lodge, soouel" or later, be inevitably

dissolved. l\fON.A.D.The 111onac1 is the l)ril1ci!)le of all things. Fr0111 the 1l1onac1caule.the indeterulinate eluad, ns 111atter subjected to the eause Inonad; fi"o111 tIle 1110nad and tIle indeternlinate duad, nurnbers; frOUll1l1111berS,11oints; fi"onl IJoints, lines; f1"o111 lil1Bs, sUl)erficies; from superficies, solids; froll1 tllese solid bodies, .\vhose elenlents are four, fIre, \vater, air, eartll; of路 all \vhich, transmutated anc1 totally CrUtllged,. the路路 world consists.Stanley. ~fONITORIAL.The rnonitorialsign renlinds us of tIle V\'reakness ofllUlllau nature, unable of itself to r(~sist the po'\vel" of Darkness, unless aided by that Light,~vhich is fron1 aboye, and ,ve tl1US ncl\.l1owledge our O\iV'll frailty, e:111d that '\ve can do no good acceptable service but thr01.1gh Iiinl fi路Olll "\V110111 all good and jllst eounsel doth proceed, and under ,,,hose divine and sllecial fhvour we can never be fonnd unprofitable servants ill IIissight.

J\fOO-MOR.

179

MOON. TIle 1110011 is the seconcllesser ligllt in Freemasonry, 1110veable, not fixed, and receiving 1181" ligl1t from the SUll. Changing ,Vardens lead and assist us, and the n.1oon lights the wanderer 011 his \vay· by nigllt,. but clouds Ina); intercel)t the ligllt of tIle 1110011; for this reason \ve l11ust 110t depend UpOll I1Cr,bl.lt choose OU!" road by a great and fixed light.-Gad·icke. ~IORAL

ARClfITEOTS.

As ·nloralarcl1itects we

build temples for every virtue; prisons and dungeons for vice, in,decency, and ilnmorality. "'\Ve are disposed to evel'"Y Irtlnlal1e and friendly office; ever ready to pour oil and '\vine illtO the \vounds of our distressed bretllren, and gentl:y' bind thenl Ul), (it is 0118 of the principal ends of our institution,) so that \vhen tllose ,vho speak. evil or liglltly of llS sllall behold our condllct, anclsee by 0111' nleans the hllIlgry fed, the l1ak.ecl clothed, tIle sick stlStailled and cherished-shall see our light so usefully Sllil1e-their evil-speaking 111~~Y be silenced, their £001ishprejudicesrernoved, and· theymaybecollvinced that J\iasonry is an useful alld a venerable structure, sUPI)orted b)T the great and eyerlasting pillars of Wisdo111, Strel1gtl1, and Beauty.-Codrington.

MORAL· DUTIES. 'rhe science of Freell1asonryenlbraces every branch of nl0ral duty, \VlletI:ler it be al11)lied to God,our 11eighbour,or otlrselvt~s. This I)eculiarityill the ··systeul is expressly inculcated 011 ·everynlenlber of theC)rder at 11is first adulissiotl into a lodge; so anxiously has Freenlasonry provided against any lllistake as to its !)eeuliar tenets. No brother can be ignorant of the great l)oiuts of 111asonic duty, although lIe Inay be unacquainted \vitIl the rninnter detail.s. 'l'lle traditiol1S and peculiar doctrines \vhicll are included in the 1110re abstrllse I)ortions of the lectures l11a}r l~ave relllained unexplored; but of its rnoral and religions tendency he cannot be uninfornled.

1\IORAf.JLA'V. A I\Iason is obliged by llis tenure to obey the llloral ]8;\V; and iflle l.·ightly unclerstt'tTl.;I th.e art, he \vill l1evcrbe a stul)id .atlleist nor all irreligious lIe of· all men should best kllO\V that God seet!1 not as rnan. seeth; forman looketh at·the outward

libertine.

180

'MOR.

appearance, but God looketh to the heart. A l\fason is tllerefore particularly bOUlld never to act against the dictates of his conscience. Let a Inan's religion or mode of worship be what it may, 11e is not excluded fr0111 the Order, provided lIe believe in the glorious Arcllitect of heaven and earth, and practise the sacred duties of mo-

rality.-Ancient Cllarges. MORAL QUALIFICA.TIONS. The Inoral qualificatiol1s of a candidate are, that he shall neither be an atheist, all infidel, nor an irreligious libertine; that he must practise the four cardinal and the tllree theological virtues; he £nust be an humble believer in the wisdOllf, power, and goodness of God,. because this COIlsti· tutes the religious creed of Freenlasonry, and acts· as a check upon vice, alld a stilnulus to virtue.

MORAL PHILOSOPHY. The moral philoS01)11yof the Order refers to frin1 vvhose injunctions to his creatures are l)eculiarly apl)licable to the I)erforn1anceof Christian duty. It teaehes that \ve o\ve a duty to God, which includes reverence for his n~1n1e and attributes, veneration for his sacred character, alld obedience to his just COlul11ands. It speaks of a duty to our neighbour; with \VhOnl \v"e are directed to act 011 tIle sql1tlre in all the transactions of life. It inculcates a dutJr to ourselves. Weare expected to cultivate self-Itnovvledge al1d self.. l"espect. IPor ·this .purpose, an attentioll to the four cardillal virtues is reconlnleIlded, as \vell as the practice of every Inoral and social duty. Prudence should direct us; TeUJperallce should ohasten us; FortitudesuPIlort us; alld Justice be the guide of all our actions. And in the . cotll"se .prescribed for the regulation of our conduct, we are directed to nlaintain in their fullest splendour thosetrulyu1asonic ornanlents,-Benevolence and Charity; and to ilIlprint··indelibly on· OLl! Ininc1s the sacred dictates of Truth, Honour, anclVirtue. l\{ORALITY. The .111 orality of ~Iusonry requires. us to deal justly with others; not to defraud, cheat, or \vrong the11l of their just dues or rights. 13ut it goes further; regarding all as the children of one great Father, it considers Ulan as bouncl by piety,masollic mo-

l\fOR-MOS.

181

rality, and fraternal bonds, to nlinister to the \vants of the destitute anel afflicted; and that we 111ay be enabled to fulfil this lligll bellest of hunlallity, it strictly enjoins industry and frugality, that so our hands In~ty ever be filled \-vitil the ll1eansof exercising that charity to \vhich our hearts sllould ever dispose us.-Henkle. l\fORIAI-I. The nanl€ of the whole IDOllntaill, on tIle several hills alld hollo\vs of which the. city of Jerusitlel11 stood, ,:vas called 1fol'iah, or Yisioll; because it ,vas lligll land, and could be seen afar o~ especially fronI the south; but afterwardsthat·11alne ,vttS appropriated to tIle most elevated·· part 011 \vhicll the Telnple was erected, and where Jehovall al?l)earec1 to Da:v'id. 1'hi8 nlountaill is a rock.y liulestoIle 11i11, steep of ascent on every side, excel,t tIle north, and is surrounded on tIle otlH~T sides bya group of llills, in tIle £orn1 of an aluphitheatre,\ivhiell situatioll rendered it seCllre fr0I11 tIle eartlHluukes that ul;lJear to.l1ave been frequent ill the Ilol)r I..land~ and lU1ve

furnished the l"n"opllets witll luuny elegnllt. nllusiol1s.Horne. }'IOItTl~.LI'I'·Y.. Let )"'OU lead YOll

the enlblenls of 1110rtality \vhicll to conterllillate yo"ur inevitable desthljr, ~tlld. gUid. e y'our refleetion to.. that most interesting .of .htlll'larl . stud:r-the. kno\vledge .. of yourself..• J3e careful to perfol'lIlyollrallotted task.\vhile it is :ret day; contintlcto listell to the voice of Ilature, ,vhiellbeul"s "\vitrless that c,\rel1 in this l)erisllablefrnIne resides ft vital and immortal. principle, which inspires .a. holy confidence thttt tIle I~ord of Lit(~ ,viII enuhleus to trttrnl)le tIle . King of Terrors beneath our feet, u:l.ld.lift Ottr e:y"es to the brigh.t !Iorning Star, \VllOSe rising brings I}eaee arld salvatioll to tIle faithful and obedient of the hunlall raee.

lie before

MOSAIC !)1'\',rJ~1\II~NT.. 'fhe Illosaie paveluent ,vas foundbeforetllo I)orehSolornon's rl'ernple. J3'ortunate are they \V110 can drrr\v llCH:r {Into it, as also u.nto tlle llorcll.- (}atlicke iI

J\.IOSI~S.~Ioses'\vns lenrlled ill ttll tIle \visdo.lllofthe Egyptians; 11C '\V'as iIlitiated in nIl tIle kno\v'le<.lge . of the wise lllen of that llation,.by WllOlll the learning ofallti,.,.

182

MOT.

qtlity had beell1·etained and l1eld sacred; \vra})ped up fro1:n tIle eye of tIle wiclted alld vulgar ill symbols and hieroglyphics, alld COI11IDunicated to 111el1 of their O\Vll0rder only, wi tIl care, secrecy, and circuUlspection. This secrecy is not in any vvise to 1Je \vondered at, wllel1 we consider the perseclltion which \voulc1 lluve followed a faitll llnacceptahle to the ignorallce of the nations \vho '\vere enveloped in superstition and bigotry. l\{oses l,urged divine \yorship of its Inysteries al1d TIllages, allcl taught the Je\vs the knowledge ''Of the God of tIle Ulliverse, unpollllted witll the errors of tIle nations of the earth, and uncorrupted ,vith the devices and ·luc1icrous cerelnOllies instituted by the people of the east, fronl w~110nl he derived his first l{nowlec1geof the Divinity.-Hutcltinson.

l\fOTIONS. Let' tIle l\faster of tL lodge {liscoura$e, on all occasions, tllat itching l)J'opensitJr vVllicll illcltesa brother to ll1ake lllotions 011 indifferent or trifling Sllbjects. Any Illotion, on Vvllicll tIle lodge is divided, l11Ust be to 'a certain extent inj urious, nUlongst so lIlan)T various habits, vievls, and pro!>ensities, as uSllally constitllte a lodge of 1\1asons. l\fOTIVE Ol:t REASON. IIewllo vvisl1es to enter iIlto tIle Order of ~H'reenlasol1ry, Slloulc1 first be able to render 11utohiIllself a good arid satisfhctor:y· aCCOllIlt \Vll~r lie \visllCS to tuI\.e tllat step. This is 110t easy. A:rnan \vIlo is not a IT'reernason, can onl:r kIIO""\"" tIle Orde-r . by hearsa1J""' or by reading masonic books, and it· is •. ratller a dangerous undertaking to join [t. society, witll.vvllich a persoll is totally ullacqlluirlted. It is(luitediflel''ent to joining any other select society,\vl101lublisll tlleir I'ules andregulutiollS, arid thenalnesofal1 their 111elllbers, and by tl10se 1l1eanS ill'viteothersto join tlleir societ)r. J?reelIlaSOIlS on tIle· COIltrary, try to 1)erS1.1ade 110 Olle to join theil"society, do Iiot !)tll)lisIl tlleil" rules oi- r(~gulatio:ns, and tIle. 11[tUles of tIle Inenlbers are ver}r rarely kno\vn, and 'Vll<Lt is 1110ro, tIle. catldidate nl1.1st Stl blnit hiulself to rules and regulations, the l'U11)ort of\vhich are <311tirely llnknovvIl llnto hinl ; it is true, that there is nothing in tllose rules COlltrary to the It1\vS of G"od, or to his £luty to his l\:irlg and COlll1try, as fL g'ood citizen of tIle state; but h,e \vho is not (L lt~reeInason, cannot have rLI1Jrclear ideal of

MOD"-MUS.

183

what tllose duties are. 'Vllat thel1 are tIle 1110tives suJilciently strong to il:d~lce ~ free IIIall to ·ofi~r 11illlselfas a candidate for admIssIon Into a COll11)aratrvely llnk.nowIl society. Tllose parties act tIle 1110st prudelltl)i, \Vl10 adnlit tllat they wigll to join the Orc1er, because as a llseful and i11110cel1t society, it has enjoyed tIle 11rotectiol1 of the state for such a llUlllher of. years, because so 111 allY 1)1"1.1dent 111en are members of the ·Order, and because, in genel~al, tIle melnbers distinguish themselves by the propriety of their manners,· the uprigl1tlless of their business transactions, and the correctness of tlleir Inoral cOndtlct.

-Gadiclce. l\fOUNT OF GOD.

The ascellt to the SUllll11it of tIle

11arac1isiacalll1ount of God, by lueaI1S ofn p}rraulid consistillg of sevell steps, V\iH,S all olel notion, certainly el1tel"tainecll>cfore t11c visioIl of ,Jacob, for it })revailed ulnongst tIle l\lexie,aIl s~1vages; and tIle original settlers 011 the vast continent of Alllel"ie~:tC0111d huV'€ 110 I\110\vledge of tllis vision, either hy tradition or l)(n'sonal .eXI)erience. rrhe J e'\tisll Cabalists clltertailled a belief tllat the paradisiacal 11101111 t ,vas the l)lace of resic1enee ehosen by"· the cllildren of Seth, "vIrile the c.ontanl'inated descendants of CaiIl resided ill the plains l)clo,\v; and its altitttde \vas said·to be great, tllat fi"onl its SUH1111it Inightbeheard tIle ·angels .of hea'vren, ·singing ·tlleir celestial UlltllenlS before tht~ throne of God!

l\IO\TE1\BLIGJE'VELS.. r:rlle .COlnpasses, square, level and I)lU111b,nre called tIle 11loveaJ)le je'\Atels, becal1se the:r distingnisll fhe officers of fL lodge, Ull£1 are transferal)le to their sue(~essors. ']~he~y \vere f()rUlerl.y· suspended 'fi"ol'll IHlrrO\Y '\vhite ribbons, \Vl1iell \vere sncceedecl hy blue of tll<~ sanle \~vidth ; the "regnlrttion no'\v is, "the eollnrs to l)c Illade of ligllt hllle ribhoIl tbul" inches l.H~oad; if silver <-.lInin be lused, it lllllst 1)0 I.laced over the light hlue' ribbon. n ~ 1rIUSIO. ~{usi(~ teaches i1H~ urt of fbrnling(~011eOrds, so as toconlI)O~e deliglltfltl bUl"111(11):, by OJ IH"oportioIl~l r.rrrangcll1eIlt of· aCllte, gl~ave, andnllxed sounds. ..Trns art, hy a series of.(~XI)erhl1E~Ilts, .is reduc.ed toa.sciellce, '\vith respect to tOlles, al1,d tIle intervals of sound ouly.

MUS-MYS.

184

It illquires· into tIle llature. of concords and discords, alld enables .usto find out tIle. proportiollbet,,"'eell tllenl b;T numbers.-Preston. ' ~ lVIUSICAL BRETHREN. No lodge is "\villinglyheld without songs and Inusic, or a piaIlo at least. ·If there are ll1any brethren belonging to a lodge V\tllO call contribute to the 111usical entertainnlent, they forl11 themselves into a 111usical society, and thus provide botl1 social and sacred nJ,usical entertahul1ents.-Gadiclce.

MYSTERIES. The llsages and custonlS of the ancients in their secret societies are called 111ysteries. If by ll1YSteries .. we 11lerely uudel'"stand a secret religion, tllen, ill the civilized 1)art of tIle globe, there can be 110 ll1ysteries, forGodr.n,aybe openly worshipped everyvv-rherc;but if by luystel'ieswe understand secret cel"el11onies and doctrines, then we 111ay say tllat there are still lYlysteries an10ng Freen1US0l1S11 But "ve do not call our secrets luysteries, and \ve thereby 111"ove that ,vitIl us there ean be 110 secret religion. No one an:lo11g us is a Il1ystagogue, and our ontvvard al)11earance has 11othingnljTsterio'llS

about it.-Gadicke. l\IYSTERY. The '\vord l11ystery llas given occasioll to lllany iUlproller inlpressiol1s against our rnasollic societies. r!'reason, infidelity, a cllarge of taking rash and unnecessary obligations, have been laiq to their respoI1si~ bility, Jret Ilone of these charges have ever l)eensubstalltiated b~y their l;ersecutors. TIle "~lor{l nlys'telltY Juts brought do\vl1 anathe111aS fi"onl over··zenlous divines U11011 tIle heads of l\Iasons, and l:Ul.S induced Inerciless governors to use their \VeapOl1s agail1st tlle Craft, \vhen,UpOll t1l sligbtinquiry, the church as well as the state ll1ight be informed,· tllat devotion to God, obedience to the state, and to all superiors, brotherly love and .universal eharit~r, are the principles vvhich· separate our :F'raternit)r froIll all otller secret soeieties wllieh 113/\re of late years risell , to the degradation of religion, (1,l1d to the danger of good oI"del" in society and the sta.te..- Husenbeth. :1ft:S'I'I(~.

eSl;ecially

Denotes

ll})Ol1

fi, secret doctrine \vhic.h \vorks the feelings of the heart, or of feelings

l\fYS-N A~I. ",rhich cannot he expressec1 by vvords.. The ll1YSticis a vvho believes hiulself exalted above the 111aterial ,Yorld, ana feels hinlself united \vith the in1nlaterial and spiritual. ',\Te ll1ay call 111ysticis111 the feeling of f~dth, or 1iving and 1110ving ill supernatural a.nd inl1110rtal life. Every Inan ought to be some\vhat mjrstlcal, but ought to guard against that coarse Inysticis111, vvhich believes in illtercourse'\vith angels, al1d to be able to penetrate into the third 'heavell.-Gadiclce. 1113.n

}IYSTIO TIE. That sacred and inviolable bond '路'\'vhich unites ll1en of the n10st discordant opinions into OIle band of brothers, ,:vhich gives but one language to 111en of all nations, and one altar to H1el1 of all religions, is properly, fro111 the ll1ysteriolls influence it exerts, denOlninated the 111ystic tie; and ]~reen1asoIls alone, because they" are llnder its h.rfluenee, or enjoy its henefits, are called" brethren of the Inystictie.. "-2l'lackey. 1tfYSTI(1AL LEcrrUltl~. rfhe 11lystical kno\~vlec1ge of the Royal _t1rch degree,C0111prehends the for111 and exposition of the sacred signs, and tIle nature und in11)ort of the IIol}'- ,)Tord., and the traditional ceren1011 Jr to be

used in sho\ving and cornll1unicating the secrets.

NAI{ED}"EI~T. TIle act of goin.g ",.ith naked feet ,vas al\vays cOl1sidereda tolten. of hurnility undreverence, and the I)riests in the Temple al"vays ofHcirtted vvith feet uneovered, althonghit ,\--ras frequently illjurious to their health. r.rhe C0111I1Ulnd thus given to l\Ioses, did not rel)reseut the civil and legal cerenl0ny of l}uttin~ off the shoes, as the ~f e\vs ,vere subsequentl)T directed to do, ,,,,hell the:?' renouneed any bargaill or contract, nor yet the sign of gorief and SOl'TO\V, as \Vllen l)avid enterell into ~Terusalenl llarefooted; but it \vas enjoined that ~Ioses rnigl1taPI)rOllCl1", tlUtt sacred l)lace \vith reverence and godly fear, ~lS if it bad beell n teII1I)]e cOllsecrutec1 to divine \vorslli11. 'I'hus tIle I)}"eacher says, "'l'ake heed UlltO th~Y' feet, \Vhell thou enterest the ten11)le of God." Nl\拢trl~ O~., GOD. JosephtlS says that the Name was never kno\vn, l.Intil God ,told it ,to l\Ioses in the wilderness; and tllat he himself did not dare to mention it, for

186

NAM.

that it was forbidden to be used, except once ill a year by the High Priest alone, \vhen he appearecl before the Mercy Seat on the day of expiatioll. He furtlleradds that it ~"I'as lost through the wickedness of man; and hence has arisen a difference of 0lJinion, SOlne supposing the Word itself lost; otllers, the inlport, or the n1eauing only; and many, the nlanner of its delivel·Y; and froID hence contend, that l\foses did not ask. the Alnlighty for his nanle to carry to his brethren, but for the true delivery or pronunciation only. Ho\v far that 111igllt he the case, is to us uncertain; but it is certain that the true 111oc1e of delivery cannot ·no\v be proved fronl any written record; first, because it is capable of so l11any variations. fronl the 1113.:nUer of a1111exing tllelIasoretic points, which POil1tS vvere 110t extant in tIle days of ~{oses; and secondly, hecause the language 110W.ill use anlongst the J e\vs, is so COrrU}1t and alt.ered fr0111 that in wllich he 'Vvrote, that none of thelll, exce}?t S0111e fe\v of their learned, understund anything of it; for \vhicll reason the J e,vs call it rl"'\jton ~~ Shenl flaull)horeth, tIle unutterable nalne. Hence is our learned bl·other Pythagorashis'7:87:~(t/ll?ap.U(,:ra(p or quaternion.-Dunkerly. NAltfE OF THE LODGE. Any lodge \vhicll 111ay not be distinguished by a nallle or title, being desirous of taking one,nlust for that l;urpose l)rocure the H'1?prObation of the Grand }Iaster or Provincial G-ralld 1\laster, and the nallle Inust be registered vvitll the G"l"alld Score... tary. No lodge shall be pernlitted to alter its name \vithout the like a11probation.-Co1lstit'llt,tons.

NAl\iES O:b" l\IASONRY. 'Ve still retaillal1 the names by "thich tIle scienc.e l1asbeen.distillguished in everyftgeof the world,eithel" hlitssl1eculative or operative forul;wllether it were characterized bJ~ the nallle QfI.Jux,as in the })atrinrchal age; or CfeOluetry, as it was called by Euclid; or Philosoph:;r, as l?ythagoras naJllt~a it; or lVIesouraneo, or any other title; a 111ernoriul of such designation lIas been ell1boc1ied in the S)7stelll. We sa:r If'reell1usonry is a systenl of 'Y\Tisdol11, Strength anc1 Beauty, and the definition ,vas adol)ted fi~onlOtlr ancient G. ]yI. King 8010111011, vvho eaIled the·· science Wisdolrl; y'vhich by theCahalists .\vas subsequently de-

NAT-NEH.

187

nominated Baphonlet. And he defill€S it tllUS: "Wisdom is tIle \vorker of all things; she is tIle brightness of tIle everlasting Light, the 'unspotted luirror of the power of Goel, allc1 the image of Ilia goodness.. She is nl0re beautiful than the SUD, and above all the order of the stars; being· compared witll the light, she is found before it.. " NATURE AND-ART.. If we take a view of the pro. ~ ductiollS of nattlre and art on the face of the planet which we inhabit, we s11all filld that all is replete '\vith tIle divine princil)le of tIle Order. There is 110t a 1110l1utail1 or valley, a tree, a Sllfttb, or a blade of grass; tllere is not a 111agnificent strnctl1re of polisl1€d 111arl)le, riell ill tIle splendid decorations of gorgeous are1:1iteeture, or a refuse stone rejected frorn the flltarry; there is Ilot all ollject, aninlnte or inanin1ate in ulliversal natttre, hll.t it is instinct vvith the genius of ~'reenlaI1S0Ill·Y; Ulld the learnedbrotber rnayfind un, instructive llU1SOllic lectrlre ill the '\ving of a moth, as well as the 111otiollS of tIle august ligllts of heaveIl. NEBUCII.A.DNEZZAR. .t\ king of Bal)ylon, \vho, in theelevelltll year of the reigl1 of Zedek.iah, I{illg of J Udall, baving,after a siege of t'\velve 1110nths taken Jerusaleu1 1 c.ollllnande<1 Nebuzaradan llis ctll)tain of thegnards, to set fire to and utterl)T conSUlne the 'l'elnple, to reduce tIle eit~y to desolation, and to carry the citizens caIJtive to Babylon.

NECf..A.rrI\TE. vVhellallY olleis prolJOsed to become a Inelnber, or any persoll to be 111ade.t1 1\:fason, ifit uppear upon eastilJg IIp tIl 0 ballot tllUt he is rejected, no Inenl1)er or 'visiting brother s11al1 discover, bY' an}~ lnearlS\vhatsoev(~r, \Y]10 those Inenlb{~rs \vere tllat "OPI};)sed his election, nuder tIle IJCnal ty of snell broth(~I' being f()r ever eXIle lIed tile lodge (if a nlernl.H~r,) and, jf a: visiting hrotll(~r, of Iris beingIlev'(~r lllore adl:nitt(~d . as (,L visitor, or heeoluing a 11len)tH;l"; . and· illlluediately ,aft<:~r a negrltive I)(lsses 011 any llcrsoubeing. pro1)(.)sed, the Master shaH Ctl.USC the law to b~ read, t.llU,t no brother present 111ay l)lead ignoranee.(Jld Constitutions. NEJIJ.1~l\II..:\I-I.

Nehenliah wasclltrustedwith aSllecial

188

NEI-NED.

commission to rebuild the \yalls, and relle\V tIle fortifications of Jerusalenl, al1c1 to effect a full restoration of tIle lands and 11foperty "vhiell had been seized duril1g the captivity, by tIle neighbouring nations. Whe11 he arrivt~d <1t Jerusalenl, and took possession of his govern111ent, he found llis country's enenlies, tIle Sanlaritans and others, l1eaded by Sal1ballat, Tobias and Geshenl, 0lJposing every obstacle that ll1ightdistress and discOll1111ode the Je\vs. The reparations of tIle ,valls and fortifications l11et ,"vitIl a forn1idable resistallce f1'0111 those people, \vho conspired to attac1\. the Jevvs \vllile engaged in labour, and consequently.1.marIUec1; and to this they\vere encouraged hy 801118 traitors,vithill tIle city. The vigilance of Nehenliah frustrated tIle scl1en1e.

NEIGIIBOUIl. FreenlUSOnrjT instructs lIS i l l our duty to our neigl1bour, teaahes us to injure 11in1 in none of his connections, and in all our dealings \vith 11irn, to net \yith justice and ilnpartiality. It discourages defllll1ntion, it bids us not to circulate al1~Y \vhisper of il1fhn1y, in1prove any lrint of suspicion, or lluhlisll any fhilllre of eOllcluet. It orders . ns to be fftitllful to our trusts, to deceive not hiul \vho relietll ullon ·us, to he ttbove the lIleanllCSS of dissiIl1UlatioIl, to let tIle \vords of our Inouths be the thoug'hts of our. hearts, nnd\)rllatsO(~Yer \va 1)r0111ise, religio~sl)r to 11erfornl.-Codring'fon. NET"rORK. ,)ras oIleof tIle enrichlnents\vith "\vhicll the chapiters of the t\VQ I)illars of SololHon's l)oreh\vere adorned. :E'r0111 the connection of its luesl1es, it clenoted

unit:y_ NEUTI1.t\I.J.. .l~.s all '\vere llotof Christ\vho eal1ed thel"l1selves(Jhl'istit1ns ill .the thne of the apostles, so all are notl'Iasons. \VllO hrtve been initiated in to the () rder. it kllO\vledgt~ of signs, \VOrdSallc1 tokens, ,vitll0l1 ti an ability to apply th~nl according to their prol:ler design, ean 110 I110re constlttlte a l\Iason, than, the I>ossesRion of \vorking tools can ll1ake a Inan a ea1l)enter, he kno\vs ho\v to use theln. There are Inanverron(~ous 011inions abroad on this IJoint. it persoIl !J1"oc,ures initia"tion, and f~lneies that is all h€~ ,,,,ants. rrhere never ,~vns a Inore ftltal Inistake. Initiation is but the llorn-book of

NEW-NIN.

189

Masonry, alld is only of tIle saIne lIse to\vardR a 1<'110\vledge of its principles, as tIle alphabet is to those 'VI10 desire to excel in literary attainnlents.. If tllis consideration \vere duly enforced upon every candidate for J\Iasonry, the Order vvolllcl aSSUlne a different aSlieet, and its genuine lustre 'VOllld be 1110re 1.111ivel"~al1y disl)layed.

NE'V LAW. NO.lnotionfor a 11ew law or regulation, or for tIle alteration or repeal of all old 011e shall be nlade, llntil it shall have been proposed in, or C01111nllnicated to, tke general C01111nittee, nor Ullti} it sllall have been handed up in writing to tIle Grancl l\Iaster.. AfterIlaving heell perused and found h~y" hilll 110t to contaill路 allYtl1ing contrary to the Rnciellt landnlarks of tIle Order, tIle 1110tioll l11U)T be publiclY"l)roposed. If seconded, tIle questiol1 shall be put thereon for the opinion of tht~ (~Tand Lodge.. If t11Jproved and confirmed, at the 11ext Cl1StliIlg 11leeting of the C+ruIHl Lodge, it becolues a la'\v of thesociety.-CollstitutioilS.

NII,;E..

the tin1e of Euclid the river . Nile overIII any" of the d'\vellings of the, 11eoI)le of EgYl)t \vere destroyed. F~uclid instructe,cl the111 in tllt~ artj of lIluking rnighty \,~alIs tlnd ditch(~s, to stOll the progress of the ,vater; and by geolnetry rneasured Ollt the lund, uncl divided it into l)Ul"titions, so that each Inan 111ight ascertain llis 0\"\"11 11l"o!>ertY',,-OltlllIasonic 1llau/uIII

flo\yed so fltr, that

scr~]t.

NIL NISI (JI..J.i\.VIS DEEST. Att,nched .to t.he inter... secting triangle of the original j.~,~~elof the l{oyaIArch, there is fi"equently the 1l10ttO of "nil 11isi clavis def~st," ,vhich is ~:~ declaration that fhe ,vearer ofa j(~"\'fel C011tnining this ernhlell1 is desirous of doing his dut:v', and filling~"-'up\vithjustice link. in the el{'ilin of cl"(~atjon, ~Tllerein the l\lost lIigll hath pleased to I)ln.ce lriln. NINI~ .. Nil1t~ h{?ing tllH S(ltUlre of is fL .l)erf(:~ct ternary路, h(~Y'on(l'\vhich tJlere is 110 lrrrrnber... It ob.. se1"vE~d hy nl"itllnlE~tieians, sa"f.ls 11l1111t:, (I)ial. Nat. Jtel. p. 1(i7,) "that tIle llrocluets of nine eOlnpose ul,vayseitber B, or SOUle lesser l'l'"oduets of !),if. add together all the characters of \'-Thich allY of tIle fornler 11roducts is

NIN-OAT.

190

composed. Thus of 18, 27, 36, which are products of 9, you make 9 by adding 1 to 8, 2 -to 7, 3 to 6. Thus 369 is a product also of nine; and if you add 3, 6, 9, you make 18, a lesser product of nine."

NINE l\JIASTERS. The following are the nal11es of the nine masters vvho are said to have beel1 elected by Solomon after the death of Hiram Abiff; ]}Ioabon, Jachin, Boaz, Ganigaln, Azariall, Joram, JSCll'gi, Achal, Obed. NOACHID.iE. S0118 of Noah; the first name of FreeJl1asons; wllencewe may observe路路路that believing the world was ftamedby onesuprem.eGod, and is governed by him ; and loving aIld worshipping hinl ;. and hOllourillg our parents ; and loving our neigllbourasourselves; and being luerciful even to brute. beasts, is tIle oldest of all

religions. NORTH. The operative mason is accusto1l1ed to lay the foundatiol1-stone of a Ile\y bltilding on the north side, and for this reaSOll, all tl10se "rho llave llot beell initiated alnollgst lIS llave tlleir place ill tlle nortll. . .TIle light streams f1 0m the east unto the llorth, as all our knowledge lias beell obtained from theorient.-Gadicke. 9

NORTH-EAST. The foundatioll-stol1e of every 111agnificent edifice \vas usually laid in tIle Ilortll-east; vvhich aeC01.lnts in a rationallllanner for tIle general dispositiob of a lle\vly initiatecl calldidate. "TheIl eIlligllteIled but uninstrllcted, he is aCCOullted to be ill tllenlost sU11erficiai part of 1\it1S011ry. NUl\'lBERS. '\Ve eOll'sider tIle' Ilumber. tllree, or three times tllree, asa sacred l1ulnber;aIldiIlall tIle mysteries of the anciellts, tIle 11U1l1ber tline, was most illlportant. Whether we, as Christh1nFreemasol1s, still have an ancient ex.planatioll of tllesacredness of this llull1her, 01,\yllether \\~e derive its sal1ctity from tIle IIol:y 1\"inity, \ve canllot lrere deterlnille.-Gadicke.

O..A.rrII. III Freen.lasoury a l1Ulnl)er of l11ell fornl theln.. . selves into a society, 'Vvhose main elld is to iUl!)rOVe in c01l11nendable sl",ill and l~no'\;vledge, and to !)r01l1ote lrni-

OBE-OBJ.

191

versal beneficellce and the social virtues of hmnan life, under the solemn obligation of all oath. This liberty all inCOl})Orate societies enjoy, without ilnpeachment or reflection.- Andel·son. OBEDIENT. To be obedient is one of tIle great duties of a Fl"eemason,not only. to the laws of the Craft, but to. tIle laws of thekingdon or state in which he may .reside, to the laws of God, to the Jaws of morality, but above all, to the laws of true benevolence. He is also bound to be obedient to the ·Col11111ands of hissul,eriors when. in.the.lodge; but every ruler ought to be cautious, and only give SUCll orders as 111ay be cheerfully obeyed by a free nlan and l\:Iason, anc1110t requireaslavisll·obediellce, for in the lodge there are neither lords 1101" slaves, but trutll and justice 111USt there reign in Ul1aniulity.Gaclic7ce. OBELISK. A lligl1, square...sided and sharp-IJoint-ed pillar, \vhicll is . coIDlnonly erected in cOlll1ueluoration of BODle celebrated 11ersoIl or rernarkable event. ·Theyare to be found among the lllaSonic(~nlhlenls.-Gadicke.

013JEC r!,S. ToCOnlnl"llnicate the blessings of \vlliell weare l)artakers; to contribute to the successful propa... gation of knewledge, virtue and 11eace, of tIle sciences and arts,·.·andof whatever ador1ls social life; and to assert the advancement of llumall 11aplliness, lluveever been the great objects of Freemasonry.

OBJECTIONS. Objections have been urged against Freelnasonry in all ages of its existence,by those who were jealous of its secret inflttenee, or envied tIle pl"ivileges of the. f11YOUred individuals '\¥ho had been initated into its Inysteries.. I~ut although }"efuted over and oyer again, the S!1nle objections recur at stated periods; being reproduced, as it should ap})ear, for the purpose of filU" ning our zeal and keepingalivc our interest in the institution. . It is ~1l11Usillg) in studying tIle llistory of the Craft, to find the hackneyed arguments '\vhichwere refute~ by Ifutchinson, Calcott and others, ill the last century, brought for\\Turd agaill and again by oandidates for the honour of an anOtl)7nOUS blewllt the

192

OB].J.

immortal giantess. Scarcely any novelty in the forn1 of an objection is to be fOUl1d. The censures have been chiefly confined to its secrecy, tIle exclusion of fernales, the obligation, &c. OBLATIONS. The oblations \vhicl1 \vere ll1ade hy the 11eople to'\vards the erectioll of the Tabernacle, ,vere so nlany types of the several graces of Christianity; the gold of Faith, the silver of fIope, the precious stones of Charity; the blue colour of the silks, &c., denoting the lifting up our hearts to heaven, a privilege conveyed to Inankind by the 111eritorious atonenlent of tJ esus (;hrjst; the purple, our \varfare and tribulation for the sake of religion; and the crin1S011, or as the original \vords (tolaghath shani) signify, the double scarlet, the jOlnt love of God and 111al1. OBLIG1\TION. Freen1asons in their secret societies, obligate their diseiples, silllilar to the aneient brethren, to keep theie doctrines, their engagenlcnts, and their transactions, fron1 those \vho are llot of the ()rder. rl'his obligation is not COll1posed of sueh trenlendous oaths with \vhich\ve are eharged h)" bigots,\vho, igIlorant as they naturally ll1Ust be, of the \vhole of our transaetions, unless they had been re(~eived into Ollr society, thllllder theirunholyannthenltlS nnel eXe0I11111Unica.ions ~'lgainst us. 1\.nd thereby 111ake fools approve their rash nets, the world\vondcT, and the ~Iason s111ile at their daring insolence, to eondernn their f(~llo\v-ereatures for irnr;ginnry sins ngainst C1-od and religion, \vhich lllust ultilnatelyhe laid to the charge of those triflers '\vith their neighbours' conseiel1ce s.-11zl8cnbctll.

OBLONG路.. rrhe Tuhernaele,\vitll its 11o]y路elYlblenu~, ,vasa type of n l\lasons'lodge. It\vnsanohlong square, and,\v'ith its courts and a!)pendages, it re11resented \vhole habitable glohe.. Sueh is also the extent of our lodges. 1i he fOrnlCr\VnS sllI)portedby l)illars, HIld latter is also路 sustained by those .of S. and 1:~. 1'hey \yere equally situ.ated due eastnncl \vest. ~rhe snered roll of (*0<1'8 revealed \vill and la\v \vas deposited in the Ark of the C~ovenaI1t; the sarno holy record is plaeed in a conspicuous part of our lodges" ~rlle altar of illeense

"r"

ODS-OFF.

193

,vas a dOllble cube; and so is Oltr l)ec1estal and stone of foundat.ion. '1'he eovering of the 'rabernacle \YHS e0111posed of three colours, asa representation of t.he celestial hen1isphere ; such a.lso is the covering of a l\Iasons' lodge. The floor of the 'rabernacle ,"vas so holy that the priests \vere forbidden to tread Ul)Ol1 it \vi thou t taking off their s11oes; tIle floor of the lodge is holy ground.

OBSERVANOES. Al1110st all the eircu111stances attending the pronlulgation of tIle Je\.'vish dispensations have bee:n introduced into Freen18S0nr}T; and the parti,cular observances incorporated \vith its cereuloninl. The Diyine al)},earance at the Burning Bush, the shoes, the rod, the serpent, and the Sacred Nan1e, are equally en1bodiec1 in the systen1. 1'he plagues of l~gypt, \vith the signs "\vhich attended the divine deliverance of tIle children of Israel ii"onl cal)tivity-the pillar . a cloud and of fire, tht~ 111ightV \vinds, the diyision of the Ited Sl~a, the salvation ({od's I)eOl)le, and the destrnetion of Pharaoh und llis host; the ,vunderings in the \vilderl1ess, the clelivcl"yof the la\v, the bUildi?lg of tIle l'nlilcrl1uele, and the establishnlent of the hierarchy, the ot'tler observetl in the frec!,uent Illigrations, led l)y the banners of eaeh triht~, and otherhl1p~rtant events, a.11 fOl-rn l)arts of the eOlllplieated SystfklIl of ~'1reen]asonry,and sho\v its COIll1cctiol:l ,'vitiI the ofliees of religion.

ODD NUl\fBERS. Odd I1tllllbers \vere ever esteenletl 1110re rn"opitious thalleven ones, ilIld henee \yerethe conservators .of grt~ater路 virtues. . 'l'hf~Y ,,,,,ere sacl"t?d路 to the eelestjal deities, and rel)resentc(l thelllale sex, '~~]lile eV{~ll BUIll hers\veie f'elnale, and Ul)lJro!>riated to the subterranean gods. II(~nee the Inonad \vns estt:erned the f'tither of l;llrnbers, aIId the duad tlH:~ rnother, r'l'OIll'\vhose llnion l)roceeded not only the triad hut tIle saered (tTHlternary, \vhieh\\~ns the ol路.igin of the seven liberrd. sciences, al1d the nUllter and cau,se of all things. 01~"~"IC:l~3.

acqunl11t(~d

"If the sUl)er~()r oflic.(~rs o~' a "l~)d~(~ lJ~~ un-

,vItli !)rll1cnI)les of th(:~ InstItutIon, It can scnreely be. expected to 1)rosl)el". Should th(~ :l\Iusterbe ignorallt of his. ,vork, tIle brethren ,vBl soon leul11 to de.spisc 1li8 alltllority.. '1'0 s~peak ill the technical lall-

194

OFF-:"OLI.

guage of J\Iasonry, if he be unpossessed of the art of drawing designs, how are the Fello\vcrafts to execllte, or the Apprentices to be instructed?

OFFICERS. The ll1asonic officers ofa lodge are the Master and llis tvvo Wardens, with their assistallts, the two Deacons, Inner Guard, and the Tyler; to \vllich, for th~ better regulation of the private C011cer118 of the lodge, 111ay be added otller officers, SllCh as Chaplain, Treasurer, Secretary, & c.-Constitutions. OIL. 011e of the elemellts of conseeratioll. Oil v~ras anciently consic1ered tIle SYl11bol of prosperity and happiness. The oil of gladness lIlentioned in tIle J evvisll Writil1gS was a 1)el~fun1ed oil,vith .\'Thiell peo111e anoillted themselves 011 days of public rejoicillgancl festivity. Everything that "'vas al,propriated to the pllrposesof religion in tIle Tabernacle tllld Temple, were all COllsecrated \vitIl oil. I{ings and priests \vqre Hl10illted in the sanle ll1auner. And our loc1ges, as ternples consecrated to 1110rality and virtue, are also hallo\vcd hy" the application of corn, \vine, and oiL

OLIVE BRANCH. A very great se11sation lU1S been created in Indin by tIle !11路oposa,! of the Rigl1t 'Vorshipful Brother Burns, Prov. G. lI. for路 "'''8stern India, to establish a l1e\v order, uIlder the c1esignatioll of the "Brotherllood of tIle Olive Bra11cll ill the East." The IJroposal ,vas hrougllt fOI"\val"d on St. John's Day, Jun,e 24, 1845, ,vheul1o fe\ver tlluIl eighty brethren, of vario'us nations, vvere assernblecl at Bombay; alld it l1RS beetl received by tIle principalll1elllbersof tl1eCxaft . in I:ndia wit11 great el1tllllsiaSIl1. OLIVI~ . TREES. . Tllel路e are sQlnewllo e011111are th,e symbol of .rt. point witrliIla. circle .to tIle golden eanc11estick flanked by t\VQ olive trees, Inentione(l by" Zechariall ; tlle candidate rel,resel1ting the circle, the oil tIle l)oint, and the trees tIle t"ro perpendicular IJarallel li11es. 1'hH fornler ,vas arl elnblenl of the Je\vish nation go,\terned by tIle, central oil, or tIle IIoly SIJirit of Clod; and tIle

olive trees \vere the t\JVO anointed ones, viz.) the king and priest, a11I)liecl by the l)rophet to Zerubbabel and

ON-OPE.

195

Jeshua,\"V-rho were raised 'up by diviYle providence to preside over the teulporal alld spiritual affairs of tile Je~7isll nation \vhen the secolld 'l'e111ple "vas btlilding, and bearing an ultinlate referellce to tIle lights and onlunlents of the Christian Chlll"ch. ON. Ullder tl1is al)pellation tIle Deity ",ras ,,"ol~sI1ip ped by tIle Egyptians, and they professed to believe that 11e \VftS eternal,·alld the fOUlltain of light alld life; but, accordillg. to .their gross conceptions, being .llecessarilyvisible,.tl1e sun ~Tas adored as his representative,. , and\vas 111ostprobabl~y tIle saIne as Osiris.. If they believed 011· to . be tIle living alld etel·llal ({od, they allovvec1 the saUle attriblltes. to tIle sun, ,"vIliel1 tl1e~y Ulldoubtec11y vYorshippecl as tIle Lord of tIle creatioll. Oallnes ,vas tIle (~·od of tIle Chalc1eans, and Dag-()Il of tIle Philistines; botll of \vhicll are derivatiollS of tIle S~lnle nalne.. ()nvv"'as evidentlythesrtllle c1ei(y as tlH~ IIebrew J el10vnh, and \I\"'as in tl"ocluced anlongst tIle Greeks by Plato, \vho .ackno\¥ledges llis eternit:ra11d illC01111)reheIlsibility in these reluarkable \,,~oI"ds: "T(~11111e of the God On; \vhicll is, and llever kn€\v beginlling.. " And tIle saIne IUU11e \~~as 11sed b}r tIle early Cllristians for tIle true Clod; for St. J'ohn, in the AI)ocalYl)se, lu.lS tlTis expressioll-- O £JJ,', nat 0 'Jj'J', 'Y..a.t 0 c!!ZO/lli1l0S, \Vllicll· is tl"anslatedbyollr allthorized 'lersion of the Scriptures, by "Hilll,wlliellis, and· Wl1icll was, und '\Vllicll is to cOllIe."

OPENING.. Tlleollellillg of tbe .lodge is a eerenlony of great sOlell111ity anel ill1portance.l~ver~ytllil}g is condllcted in slleh a lTlaUller. as to irlClllcate· reslJect for those in authority, '.""it'll solenl11 reYeren(~e and 'adoration of the I)eity, \vhose blessing alld direction 011 our leaders is invoked,

110t

in a light anel thoughtless rnanner, as

s.o:me.. lllU.Y, l)erl. H.l.I.)S. inter.,. .bu.t... \Vit.11 tIle gravi t)r altcl decelley of (1 \vell-reglllated ehurclL. ()p]~RArorI()N.. 'The veil fhro\Vl1 over 1\IaS01l1"Y relldel~s its ope:ft\tiollssilent and lUlohserved ;y'et the influence ofa boily sl1read througll all classes of soeiety, IH~~rvading every circle, and .. :iffhsing(thougll by its sBlntl~itt~ J,nem.. . hers) 0IJiniolls digestetl and. nlatured, frolllrelIlote.periods, in the hrotherllQod, Ulust be powerful. in its effect.-·· Marqu is q,/" I-Iastings.

196

OPE-OPI.

OPERATIVE. As operative l11asons \ve are taugllt to llevv, squal路e, lay stones,and prove llorizoll tals. vVe allude by operative Inasonry to a proper appliotltioll of tIle useful rules of architecture, whence a structure derives figure, strength, and beauty, alId vvllellce result a due proportion arld a just correspondence ill all its parts. OPHIR. "\Tarious have beel1 tIle conjectures concerning tIle situation of Ophir. J osepl1us })laces it in the East Illdies, ill a country Wllich, by llis description, should appear to be l\lalacca. Bochart COlltenc1s tbat it ,vas 1\1plll"obana, or Ceylon.. Callnet l)laees it in Arll1enia; :ThtIontal1tls in Alneric:1; ancl Huetius ill the eastern coast of Africa. As various have been the sentinlents \vith respect to Tarshisll; SOllIe consider it as having been l1ear, and otht2rs as distant fr0111,OlJhir. All that Scripture tells us is, tl1at the l1avy of rfarshisll callIe in once in three :y"ears, and furnished Solonlon "vi tIl 1111111enSe \vealth; of \vhich ,ve kno\v Ilot the al110unt, since \ve call 111uke no exact estinlute of the value of the talents specified.

OPINIONS. Individuals lUlve passed various opinions respecting the puri ty ullc1usefulness of :b"'reenlHsonry. ()ne says it is H,l11odern institution, and tl1crefore of little value; anotller ter111S it fi-ivolous, anclconseqently contelnptible. A third calls it anti-ehristian, and \varna the !)l.lblic to avoid it as a snare. ()thers atTirnl that it is behind the advancing spirit of the tinles, and therefore obsolete; but let anyone candidly judge it by its fruits, ,"vhich is the great Christiu,ll criterion by \vhicll all things OUgll t to be tried, according to the divine fiat of its founder (I..Juke vi. 44). "V路~le feed tIle 11l.1l1grJ.r, clothe the llakecl~ cOlnfort tIle路 sick, relievf~ the distressed,ancl provide for the ihtherless and tIle \vido\v. Is .allY one lrungry-\ve give llirn l11eat. Is any'o11ethirsty-'\ve give hiTn drink; I1aked-\ve clothe hirn; sicl\.-\vevisit lliul; in l)rison-\ve COllIe unto llinl \vitll tl~e lIlessenger of lnerey" "rhatever ulay be the opinions of 0111' op!)onents of suell deeds as these, \ve have the satisfaction of kllO\ving that an approving路sentence ",ill be pronolulced u!)on thern at the last

day.

ORD-ORI..

197

ORDER. In every order the sl)irit of regularity sllould reign, and 1110re eSl)ecially in theOrc1er of :F'reelYlaSonry. The ·l\faster's call to order rerninds the brethren of this in every lodge, and eacll one acknovvledges by the sign, that lIe is 111illdful of his duty.. Originally the society of FreenlUSOllS \vas not an Order, but a fraternity, and the naUle Order has been introduced into Engluncfin Tl10dern tlll1es.- Gadicke.

ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE. A s~ystenl of the several 11lenlhers, Orna111ents, and proportions of columns and pilasters, is called all order. rrhere are fIve orders of COllllllIlS, three of \vhich are ({reek, the Doric, Tonie, alld Corin thiall; and tvvo Italian, the 'ru.scan a.nd l;ornposite. ORG·.A.NIZ1\1'ION. The Dyonitiasts f.()rn1ec1 one and the sarIle assoeiation, as the Je\vish 1\:Iasons \VI10 built the 1'ernple of tlerusaleln. 'l'hese latter, hey·onddoubt, \vera bound together in an organization '\vlliehextended bC)TOlld .J ndea. 'fhe 13iblc·· exhibitsthe111 rni.xing thell1selves \vitIl the'l'yriun 1\lasons,notvvr ifhstandillg the ordinary· r(~pug nance of the Israelites to\vards strangers; and ITUlsonic tradition, ,,"hieh lllllst not be eonternn~~d, 8110\"\"8 that they rec~Jgnizea e~:l.ch other by \vords und .seeret signs, .shnilar to tliose crl1ploycdby the 1\1aso118 of otlH~r ~·6untries. Clal~cZ..

oIiICiIN i\..L I)()INTS.Ancient ]\fasonryatllnitted t\velve original points, \Yhicll. constituteth€~ bnsis of the entire systenl, tLlld \vithoutvvllicll no person did or can be legally rece.ived into the ()rder.. ~~vel"Y' candidate is obliged to pass through all css(~ntinl filrnls (lIld CeJ:-eH~ltH!.lll~~'1 other\vise his initinti(Hl '\vould not be legal. 'l'hey are-oI)ening, preparing, reporting, entering, I)l~ilIY er,cireul11ulubulation, advulleing, ol)]igated, intrust(;~d, invested, pla(~ed,closing. '" ()l'tIGIN ()l? 1\IltS()Nlt1: The origi;Il of J\fnsonry is indisI}u tably traced· £"ro111 the creation of the universe; for after the AllIligllty Architect had filiished Ilis great design in making aU things $ood, lind, according to geonlctr.y, .Adanl, the first of alt the hUlnan race, did soon T

oRP":'-OUT.

198

discovexthis· 110ble science, by· surveying tIle works of God in l1is state of innocence; and althou.gl1 lIe fell through disobediellce, alld\vas expelled from that ·.lovely arbour into the wide world, he still retained tIle knowledge thereof, and C0111111unicated the saIne to llis offspring. -Multa Paucis.

ORPHANS"

There lived in the county of Essex, a

clergynlal1 nanled He\vlett. He died of malaria. IIis trollbles had been of no COlnmon kind. His "\vife had died of conSllluption, about three lllonths previously, and nine orpllall children were left witho"lIt a s11illing ill the world to provide for tllelU. There wa,g a lodge in Rochfort, Essex; they met, took the . case. illtocollsideration, and before tlley separated, l1ine bretIlreIl agreed eacll to

take a child to llis

QVln

h01l1e.-Busltell.

OUT OF TIlE LODGE. .~ Freelnasoll ol.1ght to distinguish hilllself fi"o111 other nlen out of the lodge, ~lS ,veIl as ill it, by u11riglltness a.nd friendship .to the brethren, by a free and unconstrained ll1anller of thinking, and by all "llnhul'leacllable 11urityof liviIlg... A bl"other ~"'r(~ema~ son sllallll0t only cOIH.lllcthimself ill tIle lodge, l)ut also O\lt of the lodge, as a brother tOV\Tards llis brethl"en; and 1181)11Y are they who are convinced that they have in this respeet ever oheyed tIle It1'\vs of tIle .Order. A free and ul1construined 111anIler of thinking distinguis}les not only an enliglltened Inan, hut a ll1aIl ,vho nobly IJl"otects that '\;vhic.ll is j1.1st.-(tad'icke. ourrW~\ItD CERI~l\'10NIES.

A :H'ree111QSOIIcannei-

ther heCOln.e ngrosssensualist,!lOr profess to be stoically' rleadto· all sellsual pleasures; for it is not necessary that he .should· deny hiIDself the .innocent enjoJrnlcnts provided for the eye, the ear ,and the taste.. No l1lan eall i:naintain that l1e ·is entirely uninfluenced by o11t\Vard iInpressions. To al)peal to the bodily feelings or IJassions, :is found tIle nlost eftectuallIlealns of arol1sing tIle sy1l1puthy and securing tIle t1ttelltioll of tIle Inulittude. It is for this reason that anl0ngthe cere1110nies of ll"reenlasonry~ \ve fInd outward fOl"lnscalculated. to \vork llI)on the inward feelings; these eerenlo11ies· are, for the greater part, derived fronl ancient ti111eS, itlld it is very l)rol)able

OX-PAS.

199

that they were more fitted for the state of society then existing, than they are for that whicIl no,v exists.Gadicke.

ox.

TIle ox fornls a component part of the cherubic It was referred to t.he prophet Ezekiel, because he sets fortll tIle restoration <1f the r.remple and altar, the emblem of atonement being an ox; and to St. Lllke, who comlnences with tlle narrative of Zacllal-ias the priest. It also bore a reference to the priestly office of Christ. Sylllhol.

'/ PARALLEL LINES. In every well-regl.llatedlodge, there is fOllnd a POillt within a circle, \vhich c.ircle is embordered by tvvo perlJellc1icular parallel lilies. Tllese lines are rel)l"esentatives of St. J o11!1 the Baptist, H.llc1 St. tToha the Evangelist, tIle tvvo great patl-olls of l\fasollry, to \~~l110nl 0111" lodges are dedicatt~d, ,-yIlO are said to lULve been "l)erfect }laraJlels in Cllristianity as '\\rell as MasoIlr:Y'."-Old Lectures. PARTS. All old word for degrees 01* lectures. In tllis sense, It'reel'l1asol1ry is said to l)e C~Ilsistel1t ill all its parts, vVllicll !)oint to one (Uld the SHJ11e ol}ject, l)rOnliIlelltly kept ifl vie\v througllol1t all tIle consecutive degrees ;t"tIld. tllat every cerenlOIl)", every landu1nl"l\., and evel"ysynlbolicalreferen(~e, constitlltes a plain ty'pe of some great event, which· appears to l)e cOllllected ,vitll our lJest altd dearest interests. PASSIONS.1'he end,tbelnoral, alld purport ofMasour)"', is to subdlle oUl"paSSiollS; llot toao our own will; to 111ake daily l)rogress ill a laudable art; to prOlllote rnorality,. charity, good-fello'Vvsllil), .good l1ature, aIl~d

llUIl1Unity.-..tlndcrBon.

PASS-W()RDS. l\:[ucll il"regulal'it:y' 11::1S llIlfortnnately exept into tIle l)lue degrees, in eOllse(.{llence of tIle ,vant of lIlasonic knowled.ge in 111lUlj~ of. \vho preside over their meetings ; and it is I~artieularly S(>· \~d tIl· those who are llIlaeq1.1ainted\vitll tllC Hebrew langunge, in which all tile words ··and pass-worcls are given. So ,essentially necessary is . it for a Inall of science to preside over a lodge, tllat Inueh injury may arise from· th,e smallest

200

PAS-PAY.

deviation in the eerenlonyof initiatioll, or in tIle lectures ofinstruction. \Ve read in tIle Book of Judges, that the transposition ofa single point over the Schin, in consequence of a national de±(~ct anlong the Ephrailnites, designated the COvyuns, led to tIle slaughter of 42,000

men.-Dalcllo. PAST l\fASTER. A Past l\Iaster, or one \VllOhas actually served the office ofl\:Iaster, so long as 11e renluins a subscribing ll1elnber to any·· vvarranted lodge, is, ex officio, a lllen1ber of the Grand Lodge, and t11)})ears to be entitled to ll1any privileges. None but a Past l\Iaster call legally initiate, pass . or· raise. A.lrlaster cannot resigl1 his ohair except toa past Master. Noboal"dof Past Masters . eallbe legally forl11ec1, Ullless three or .11.1ore installed J\Iasters be 11resent.

PATRONACt}J.. l\Iany lodges honour the head of the governrnent as t.heir patron \~.rithout}lis being a lTreeInaSOl1, and reeeive froIn hin1 it public local deeree, or l)foteetorilHl1,by,vhieh they' are not onl:r pernlittecl to 110ld their lodges: but are also legally protected. It is likewise frequently the case that the Ilatron .is a lnell1ber of theOrc1er.-{tadicke. PAVEl\IENT. .. Thevoluptuous EgYI)tians, \VIlO hauated their· ingenuity ill the invention of l1e\V luxl1ries, u,sed incolllnloll "rith llainted vv"alls and c(~ilings, the lllosaic 11 t'tvenlent, richly tesselated. III the !lu,lnce of C1eolJatra, these 1)[Pleluents were inlaid .preciotls stones; and in India,· the floors of the most sacred telnpIes" or at least of tIle adyta,wer,cenric}led with l)olished ste.es dis!lOSed in sUlallsquaresor teasers. ",hicll reflected the hearne of the sun in a variety of splendid colours.. ()n a ~imilar I>rinciple, the floor of a Masena' ·loclge has been constructed,.whieh is thus .il1 proper· keeI.>ing "\vith the rest of itsdecolations; fottlle designvvoul<1 be hnpt.~r feot,if astrict regard to uniforrrlityund propriety had not heen observed througllout the ,vhol(~ arrangernent. This is a striking evidence of the unity of desigll,vitll which tIle great plan ofJ:l""reelnasonry ·,vas originally constnJetec1. 11o\v Ininutelysoever the IHl.rts or elHlIlcuts nlayapllenr to be disposed, they eae}l and all conduce

PEA-PEe.

201

to the saIne end, tIle glory of God, and the \yelfare of man.

A l\fasolls' lodge is the teu11)le of !)eaC8,

PEACE.

llarrnony, ana brotllcrly love. Nothing is al1o\vec1 to enter \vhich has the rell10test tendency to disturb tIle quietude of its pursuits. A caInl enquiry into the beauty of ,visdoll1 and virtue, and the study of 11101"al geonletry, 1l1ay· be prosecuted ",ithout excitelllent; and they constitl.lte the chief e111ploynlent in the tyled recesses of the lodge. Thelessol1s of virtue \Vllicll proceed frOITI the "east, like rays of brilliant ligl1t streanling fronl tIle rising SUll, illu1l1inute the \vest und soutll; and as the \vorlt proceeds, are carefully inl1)ibed l)y the \yorkrnen. '!'hus vvhile VVisdorn contrives the l)lun Ul1d instructs t11c \vorkTuell, Strength lends its able sUPI)ort to the llloral fhbric, and 13e·auty adorns it \vith curious andcullning ,\yorkl11tlllShil). All this is accoInplislled \vithont the use of either axe, hanl1l1cr, or .(lny other tool of brass.or iron, ,vithin the In·ecinct of the teu1I)le, to distul·l) the Ileaceful

sanctity· of that 1101y 111ace. J?l~(;rI'()I~.A.I-l. The general signification or syulbolical reference of the l)ectol"al ·\vas this :-thc four roy\'"s of I)1"ecious stones reftH'Tcd to tIle fO'll.r cardinal virtues, and

the three stollesilleach, to the three theological virtues.. The t\~l'elvc stones denoted tIle })recious doctrines of C111ristianity, pronlulgated by tIle tv~"elve HI)ostles; and the lTrinl and Tllunlll1iln, tlle vit.al s!)tll"k of these doctrines, \'~as (;hrist, \V110. be.arshiscl1urcll to the tllrone of heaven, as the high priest bore that lnysticaloracle 011 his breast. rrhis utensil bas beell vario'nsly eXl,lained, Olle trnllslating the \yords Driul and TI1Ull.l111inl by elucidations nnd Ilerfectiol1s; another doctrines and truths; others bl·ightness and I'lerfection, justiee and doctrine, ItlCicl ulld !lerfect, (.~c. l)hilo says the:y \vere " duas virtlltes depictns ;" and tIle seVclltJ translate thenl by thp w"ord , ::1Jl).;((}/Jn find A).l';8'litrtll, Inanifc'statioI1S 311d truth. rrhey· ,verecertainly sonie tangible Sllbstallces, which f

\vere l)]aced in the doublillgs of the })cctoral, as in a purse or I)ocket, by \vhicll respoIlses ,,,"'ere vouchsafed to the

wearer of tl1eephod~ 14

202

PEC~PEN.

PECULIAR RESIDENC~.·What\vas the ohject of building the temple of Sololnoll? Oile purpose, vve are inforlned, \vas, that is Inight be a 110riseof prayer for all nations. But this was not i~s 0111y purpose. God intended tOluake it tlle seat of his visible presence, or tIle place of his habitation. It ,vas 110t designated, tllouglltan emhlel1t C01111nentator, to be a place to \VOrSllip in, but a place of worship at, vvhere God ,vas knO\Vll to have a peculiar residence.~Scott. PED.A.. L. The pedal is the point 011 \vhich '")7e l'"eceive the first .great. recomulendatioll0f thel\Iaster, ever to continue, as we then .appeared, upright nlell and Masons. It therefore denotes the duty of universal justice, which consists in doing to others as ~"e wOl'lld •. they··shoulddo 'unto us.---Hemming.,

PEDESTAL. The altar of the lodge is a l)edestalin the [oriU of a double culJe, on \vhich is diSl)h1}red the 1101y Bible, to confer upon it the attrib'ute of justice. And 'Vvhy is the 0l)ell lJible said to be the e!nbleul of justice? I ans\ver. in the eXl1ressive \vords of an eloq'uent writel': Because there is no other virtue of SllCll absolute importance and esselltial necessity to tl1e\velfttre of society. Let all the debts of justice be ulliversally' discharged; let· every. 111all be jllst. to hinlself~ and to all others; let lliul endeavour, by the exercise of industry and econolny, to provide for his O\Vl1 vvants, aud !)revent hinlself froIll becoulinga burden 11})011 society', and abstain, ill the pursuit of his o'\vn subsisteIlc.e, fronl everythillg injurious to the interests of others; let every onerellder unto all their clue~that l,foperty \vllicllhe is obliged by thleh~vvs of the land, or by tllOse of bonourable equity, ~()Ptlly thern; tha.teulldouf and' op,en .dealing to "tv11icll they have a right, in all hiscomno.ercial dealings ,vitll tberu;thf.1t J)ortion of good report .to vVllich their lIlerit ~Iltitles tlleltl, with thc)t d,eeentrespect and quiet sublIlissionwhieh. theirrightflll civil· authority deulands. If justice '\vere tlrus universally dOlle, there ,vould be little left for Illcrcy to do. 1)11JN,A.. Ih ~rhe l)cnal sign lllarks our obligation, and reminds us also of the fiLii of . :'\.dUIIl and the dreadful

PEN.

203

penalty entailed thereby on his sinful posterity, being no less thtlIl death. It iutilnates that the stiffnecli of the disobedient shall be cut ofl from the land of the living by the judgnlent of God, even as tIle head is severed frolll the body by the s,word .0£ lrnnlan justice.1O

PENOIL. Thisis one of tIle working tools ofa ~Iaster 1rlasoll. With the pencil the skilful artist delineates the building in a. draugllt or plan for the instrl1ctionand guidance ··of the worknlen. The pencil teaches us that our words and actions are observed and recorded by the Allnighty Architect, to ""vhom \ve ll1USt give all account of our conduct tllfougll life. .

PENITENTI.A.I...l. rfIle reverentia.l sign l11ay be COlls~aered. as th? l~arent 0.f the l)enitential or SU l)l) l. icat.il1~.(Y

sIgn, Since It Justly denotes tllat franle of heart and Inind ,vithout ,vhich our l;rnyers and obl!1tionof praises ,viII not. obtain aceqpt~lrllceat the throne of grace, before Wllich. how should a frail and. erring creature of the dust l)resent hirnself unless with bended Itnees and u!)lifted hands, betokening at once his humility and dependence? In this IJosture did Acla111first l\.neel before G'od and bless the author of his being; and there too did he. bellcl with contritea~1e before the fhee of his offended Judge, to avert his wrath, and implore Ilis ·lnercy; and'· tranSlllitted this sacred form to his p,osterity for ever.

!)ENrri\.LPIIA. In the Royal Arch Degree, the name of C~od is depicted in the centre of old floor-cloths, by a double interlacing triangle thus ¢.., inscribed within a dark circle, representing tlnlirnited sIlace beyond the reach of light, ancI the top representing the "light shining in darkness, and the darkness cornprehending it not." 1'1118 had bef~n used as a ()hristian syrnbol, to denote tllO t\\~O nrttures of tJ ehovah, tIle G'Od-lIHtn, for centuries· before tlleI{oya.l Arch I)cgree wns ever thought of. . III tl1isfbrUl ~,. or the l'tboYo, it ,vas called thelen~ angle, or seal of'll SOIOlnOl1, and th(~ shi{~ld of I)~tvi,_nd \vas employed nIl over AshL tlS a l)l';eServ~ltive ag~nst \tvitcllcrl,tft, in which superstitiQIl the Jews are .S3id to have IHlrticipated; for tlieyused writteIllc)'Utrmsenclosed in the above hexagonal or l?,entttngular figure)am.d dis~osed

204

l?ER.

cabalistically, whicllwere .worn about tlleir necl\.s. It constituted the Pythagorean pentalpha, arid was the symhol of llealth. PERlj"ECT ASH路LAR. The 11erfect ashlar is a stone of a tl~ue sqllare, \vhich can 0111y be tried by the square and cOlilpasses. This re}1resents the l11ind of a nlan at the close of life, after a well-regulated, career of piety and virtue, \vhicll can only be tried by the square of God's vVorc1, and the ,conlpasses of an approving' conscience.

PERJURY. Let any tlnprejudiced 111all prOnOlll1Ce his opinion of Freeulasonry fronlthe experience of the .benefits it has conferred 011 society, and his judgrnent cannot路 be unfavourable. '.rake the great body of l:t'reernasons, and their Inost deterrnined enel11ies m lIst udnlit thern to be honollrable in their actions, anc1'estiu1uble in private life. Look. over the crirninal calendar atau}r assizes, and you very' se ldaHl tind IneUl bers of this Order charged \vith felonious oHences, or.Hccused of disturbing social order. .Should a l\Iasol1 be COllvicted of feloI1Y or peljury, he is inl111ediately eX11el1ed tIle ()rder. PERPENI)ICULAR. III [L geolnetrical sense that vvhich is uprig'ht and erevt, leaning neither ol.le \vay nor another. In t1 figurative and synl boUcnl sense, it eonveys the signification of Justice, Irortitude, I)rudenee, und rrelnperance; Justice, that leans to 110 side ' hut路.th,at of tru til; Fortitude, that yields to .no adverse nttack; l'rudence, that ever l,ursues the' struigllt !)atl1 of .integrity; and 1'cluperance, that s,verve~ not for appetite nor prtSSioll..-J.l1f.lCkey. P~~RS()NAI.J MEl{Il'. All prefE~rmel1t HTnongst l\IaSons is grounded 111)on real worth and l)crsonal. rnerit onlv, so that the lords l11ay be well served, the hretl1ren not" put to shan1e, nor the Royttl Craft desI>ised. '1' herefbre no 1\:fast"er or Warden is chosen hv .s~~njority, hut for his l11el'it. I t is inlpossible to' descril)c these'~things in \vriting, and therefore every brother lnust att(?IHl ill Ilia I)laco, and learn tbenl in a \V,ty peculiar to this Ifraternity.

- ",4.ncicnt()!ungc8.

PET-PIL.

205

PETITION. Every al)plication for a warrant to hold anew lodge must be by petitioll to "the G-ralld Mastel~, signed by at least seven regularly reglstered1\fasol1s ; and the lodges to vvllich they forluerly belonged nlust be Sl)8cified. The petition must be recolnlnended by the officers of SOUle reglllar lodge, and be transnlitted to the .Grand Secretary, unless tllere be a Pl"ovincial Grand l\faster of the district or province in which the lodge is proposed to be holden, in which case it is to be sent to hiln, or to his deputy, who is to forward it, with his recommendation or opinion'thereon, to the Grand Master. Applications for relief Inust also be by petition, stating . the naUle, occupation, l)lace of abode, and l)resent cirCU111stances of the petitioner; together \vith the name and l1l1111her of the lodge in wllich he \vas initiated, and the tinle vvllcn lle ""vas lnade a lVIasoll. The applicant, unless disabled by disease or accidellt, Illl1St sign his nanle to tIle petition.-Constitlltions. '

PIIRASES OF ADMISSION. When a candidate receiyes the first degree, lle is. said to be initiated, at the second step he is passed, at the third~raised; when he takes tlle rnark degree, he is cO'll~gra.tlllated; having passed the chair, he is said to have p1~esided; ,vhen he becomes a Most Excellent J\Iaster, he is aclcno1vledgcd and ~r(}ceived; and when a Royal Arch~lason, he is exalted.. PHYSICAL.. The physical.qualificatiol1s of a candidate arc, that lle shall be a free 111 an, born of a free ,vornan, of 111ature age, and able body. PICKAXE.

The sound of the stroke of the pickaxe

renlinds us of the sound of the .1ast trumpet, ",rhen tIle grave shall he shal\.cn, loosened; and deliver up its dead.

PILLAltS. I~very lodge ll1USt be supported by three grand shafts, or pillul"s-Wisdol'n, Strength, and 13eauty. WisclomCollstructs the. building, Bet1uty adorns, and Strength Btll)ports it; also, 'Visdo111 is o~dained to discover, Beauty to ornan1ent, undStrengtll to bear. ,,((He who is wise asa perfect}tlnster, will not be easily injured by his own actions. IIatha llerson the strength which a Senior Warden represents> he will bear' and overcome

206

PIL-PLO.~

every obstacle in life. Alldh.ewho is. adoined,like tlle Junior Warden, with hurnilityof spirit, approaches nearer to .the sinlilitudeofGod tharl anotller.But the three pillars .must' be built upon a rock, and that rock is called Truth and J ustice.-Gad£cke. , ···PILLARSOF THE PORCH. It is .generallythought that these IJillars were· 111adeand erected orily for ornament, because they suppottednobuilc1ing. But Abarbinel'sconjecture is not ilnpro~able, that SoIOlnon l1ad respect to .the pillar of the cloud, and the. pillar of fire, . that· went before them and conducted them in the\vi lderness, and.was a token of thedivirie Providence oy·er them. 'Thesehe set at the porch,. or entrance of the Temple (Jachin representing. the . pillaroftlte cloud,arld BO·87i', the pillar .offire),.. pi~aying and ·hopilig.· that the Divine Light, and the cloud of His glory would vouchsaf(3 to enter ill there; and by them God .an<lHis providence would dwell an10ng them in this house.-Bishol) Patrick. PLACED. Thesituatioll of ·the canc1iJateat the north...east.angle of the lodge, was symbolical of Joseph, \wbowas:thB titther' of two tribes· of Israel, oucof whicll was placed at the llead of his division .of tIle Israelites in tIle wilderness, and bore one of tlle great cherubic banners, and the other had two allotll1ents in the Ittlld ·of Canaan. PLANS. The tracing~board is for the lVlastertod..w his plans and designs on, that the building may .be carried on vvith order alld . regularity.' It talers 'to'.the S;i~:re;dVolulne which is denominated the Tracing-Board of th.e,GrandArchitect of the U.niveme, b,ecause in that holy book he had laid down such grand plans and holy designs~.ihatV\Tele·.we "00!l{f,enaJl}ftiherein, 811d adherent thereto., it would bring. us ··tof'~·building llot Illude '\iVith llands, eternal in the heatens,. P.LOTS. A 'Mason' is a peaceable subject to the eivil powers "wherever he resides or works, and is never to be co'ncerned in plots and cOllspiraeies against thepea.ce and welfare of the nation, nor to behave hilnself und'ati-

PLU-POI. 'fully to inferior 111agistrates. lIe is cheerfully to conform to every lawful authority; to Upll01d, on every occasion, the interest of the como1unj.ty, and zealously to promote the interests of Ilis own country.-Ancient Cha'rges.

PLUJ\;IB-RULE. Without this instrument the operative l11asoncannot prove tbathis work is perfectly upright; and the overseer Of superintendent of any build.ing must have this tool ever in 11is llands, that he may prove that his Inen are working correctly. Toproceed straight forward in the paths of virtue and honour, and faithfully to' perform .tll0se duties the Craft requires of us, demands constant. attentioll 011 tIle part of every Free and Accepted .l\fason.-Ciadicke. POETRY OF l\IASONRY. An illtelligiblevie\v of tIle l)oetry of l\fasonry 111ay be gathered froIl1 its general principles. It inculcates brotherly love amongst all mankind; it tends to soften the harshness of an excl naive feeling towards those·who ditf€,r from ,US in our views?f religion and politics, although it allows of n'odiscU8SioDS on either the one or the other; it suppresses the attach111 en t to class, \vhich is the bane of all other institutions ; aIld, by the !)urity of its sentinlents, it llarnl011izesthe mind, arneliorates the disposition, ulnd })foduces that §eitl\)i:nefeeling .of benevolence and Christian charity whi~h" sutfereth long and is kind ; \vhicll envieth not, vitupteth notjtself, is .l:l0teasily puffed up, dotIl not behave· ullseemly, ~~eketh not her own, is not easily prQvoked, thinkethno evil, rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoicetll in the truth., bearethall things, endureth· all things."

POIN'I'. A 110int is an inactive effective disl)osition orinclinatiDIl to the several duties of 111an, and is the ,~giDning of every active duty. It is also thebeginl1ing o'fevery advantage, In-ofit, 111casure, or hapI)iness, that flows fronl the observation or !>erfornlance of such a duty. POIN1"· WITIIINA (;II~CLE. .As in acirf11: ~~w ev,er ·lar~e, there is one Iniddle point, '\vhithel,l, ~bon verge, calle,d by geometricans the centre; &P~iJ),t~d.ugh the 11arts of, the;wIlql.: ~i~v~mference m,~yba .dlvlded !

208

POL-PORe

innumerably, yet is there nootller point save tl1at one froln whicll all measure equally, and which, by a certain law of evenness, hath the sQvereignty over all. But if you leave this one point, whatever 110int you take, the greater nU111ber of lines you dra'\v, the more everytIling is .confused. ' So the soul is tossed to and fro by tIle very vastness of .the things, and is crushed by a real destitution, in that its o\vn nature c0111pels it路 every\vhere to seek one object, and the llll11tiplicity suffers it not.--.St.. A1tgustin.

POLI'l"'ICS.Politics are entirely prollibited fronl a FreenlftSOnS' lodge, and no brother dare attenlpt to propagate his viev*\;rstlpon politics by lneans of tIle Order, this being. in direct opposition to the ancient statutes. The political opinions of In.ankind never agree, and they are thus directly opposed to brotherly union. 路If a peculiar set of political opinions gain the lIpper hand in a state, or if it revolution take place, or if a country be invaded by a foreign arrny, the lodges close thenlselves. Charity to tt suffering \val"rior, let hinl be it friend or a foe, Illl1St not be considered as a political act, for it is the gellcral duty of mankind, and 1110reespecially it isa Inasonic duty.-Gadiclce. PO~II~GRANATE. The I)olnegranate, as an enlble111, was known to, and highly esteenlec1by, the nations of antiquity. In the descrilJtion of the pillars \"rhich stood at the porch of the Temple, it is said that the artificers "111ade t\VO chal1iters of 1110lten brass to set upon the tops of the l)illars." No\v, the Hebrew word caphtorim, which has been trttI1s1ated "chapiters,"and for which, in A.~os i~. 1, the. \vord "lintel" has been incorrectly sUDs'tituted (though the marginal reading corrects the error), signifies an artificial large pomegranate or globe. It was customary-to .place sueh ornaments upon the tops 'or heads of columns,. and in other situations.-.Jfaclcey.

J,")ORCII. The. vvidtll of the porcll, haI)"r and lnost holy places, v~rere twenty cubits, and the heighij over the holy and lllostholy places, was thirty cubits; but tIle heigllt of the I)orch \vas 1l1uch greater, l>eing no less than 120 cubits, or four tilnes the lleight of the rest of

POT-PRA.

209

the building. To the nortll and S011th sides, and tIle west end of the holy and most holy places, or all around the edifice, fi-oln the back of the porch 011 the one'side, to the baek. of the porch on the other side, certain buildings \vere attached; these were called side chrunbers, and consisted of three stories, each five cubits high, and joined to the wall of the temple \vithollt.Cabnet.

POT OF IN.9ENSE.The pot of incense . presents itself to our notice as an embleln of a pure heart, which is alvvays an acceptable sacrifice to the Deity; anel as this glows with fervent lleat, so sllould our hearts con, tinually glo\v with gratitude to the great and henetlcent author of our existence, for the 1l1anifold blessings and con1forts \ve enjoy. POT ()Jj" l\rIANNA. The pot ofnlanna \vas placed in the sanctuary to cOlIlmenlorate the heavenly bread, by which the Israelites were sustained in the wilderness; it 113.8 tllerefore been adopted as a nlosonie erilbleu1, to signify that Christ is the bread of God whicll caIne do\vn fronl heaven.

PURSUIVANT. III former times a Illessenger, who attendetl upon the king in the arlny; anlong l\!usons, an officer in sonle grand lodges, whose l)rincipal duty is to announce tIle names of visitors.-.1l1ackey. PRACTICE. We nlay talk. of religion, itsdoctr:m8s, its l)recepts, and its privileges;. we ma.y talk of philosophy \vitll all its train of hUll1an !)erfections, and htnnnn acquirernents; \ve 111ay become Masons, boast of its secrecy, its science, and its Inorals; l"HIt on all its gaudy trappings and ornUlnents, and decorate ourselves \~"ith its, richest external jevvels. But if our religion is destitute of love to God, and of charity towards our fellow c.reatures; if路 our philoSOI)hyis destitut(~ of philanthrollY, or if our Masonry is destitute of the activity of doing, goo" away withreligiousJ)fofession, it is but an eZl1pty nr.,me'); awaywitll philosophical sentiment, it is but as sounding bras~; away with masonic pretensions, .they as tinkling cymbals.---I,,~i~

PRA.-.-PRE.

210

PRAYER. Thelegitilnate prayers of Freell1asonry, are short addresses to the Great Architect of the Ul1iverse for a blessing 011 our labours.. Now \vho is tllis Divine Being \VhOnl \ve thus ~nvoke ?-Wlly,according to tIle interpretation of our ancient brethren, "Him that was carried to the top of the pinnacle of the ·holy temple,"or Jesus Christ. Nor is :B'ree111aSonry singular in tfllS interpretation. St. Paul says " Jesus Christ laid the foundations of the earth, and the heavens 'are tIle work of his hands," Of, in other words, that he is the Great Arclfitect of the Universe.

PRECAUTION. The great~st precautions are used to prevent the admission of unvvorthy characters; if from want of l)foper information, orfi-oul too charitable COl1structions, such are introducecl, vve. deeply regret the mistake, and use every !)roper ll1ethod to reuledy the

eviI.-Ha,rris. PRECEDENCY. 1'11C l)recedellcy of lodges is derived fronl the I1ulnber of their constitutions, as recordea in the books of the Grand Lodge. No lodge ·shallpe ackno\vledgec1, nor its officers admitted into the UllitB~ GraIld Lodge, or ft l~rovillcialGrand Lodge, nor tlny of its nlell1bers entitled to I)artake of the general charity or otller l11asonic l)rivilege, unless it· has beell regularly constituted and

registered.-Con,~t£tutions.

PREFERENCE.

ThougIl \ve give a decided prefe-

l'"ence to suell as have been tried ,arrd I)l"oved,al'u!l{o..nd to be ,vorthy, and have in consequence been madtl members of the nlusonic fanlily, we'$l:re kllQwn ~c), profess and practise charity unconfined,; aQ~l]ib~:rality unlimited, ~~QtQcomprehel1,d.in th~"Wid.~·. <}i~·Qla of our bene-

volenoe, tIle whole

huma\I,l.!rifJe.~lIa~r08 .•

.PRE,JUDICE. From, p,r@jJldice, as well as ii'oul ignorance,ariSelnO$t ,of the 'pbJeetiQn.sagainst J?reellltlSOnry,

an4 all the nlisrepres~ntationsof its principles and practices. As·the origin of such dislike. to our institution is so wellk.no\vn, itn1ight b,e deenled Iluying too gre~t respect to its evils, to tal{.e any notice of thel'Il all. In general, it "is best to despise the invectives of c&lumny,

PRE.

211

and smile at tIle impotence of ll1alice; to disdain taking any notice of ground~es~ SUr!11ises,· anduot t~ give . our~ selves the trouble of . 1Istening to the . querIes of the ignorant, or of cOl1fu~ing th~ .opinions of the prejudiced ' and captious.-Harl-ls.

PREPARATION. Preparation has several departnlents,varioussteps'and·'·.degrees.We Inust place our ,feet on the.' first round of .tIle l11asonic or tll~ological ladder, "before w:e can as'cend the second ; and We must rece~v6 the degree of Entered AppreI~tice before we can

obtain the }j'ellowcraft, and· tIle ]j'ellowcraft, before the degreeof1Iaster lVlasoll.Thell how COll1plete is the analogy between tIle "Vvork 'of speculative l\lasonry, and the preparatioll of tIle·· .n1aterials for ICing Solomoll's Ternple, und wIlat d~es tIle argul11ent by vvay of analogy delllonstrate? Every Inoral trutll whicl1 tIle preparation of the' materia18~f tIle tell1IJle teacllOS,,()Ur lnasonie llreparation also illustrates. It would be wise in us" to think often of t~he necessity of 11reparationto be advanced in ligllt and·k.nowledge.-Scott. PREPAI~ED.. A Inall WI10 has beel1 properly. prepared to be iuitiated irltO·JrreeIllusollry, is a true synlbol of a pure and uncorrllllted lllan, suell as the Society wishes~i!'and~ :t!Bqnires to have as Inelnbers~ Suchan one must' tie' tfJ.appreci8tte }~ia fellow 11lortalsrnol"cby their moral worth, and inteltootual attainnlcnts, than by their rank, power,'Qfirlchas. Happy .are' those ~~q wis}l to be soestirnated, fo·£· they "will 40 .hlOI10J1l':.t9tl.lt\} Craft Wll~llclothedill pl1,lrpl:Bi ~nd· gQ)l~~-G~if~. · l'

PRFJPARINGBROTJIER.

It dstlle duty of tIle

preparing brother, shortly before the candidate for illitiati,oni~ introducedinto the lodgt~, to !)rove if he still· 0011tlnues earnest in llis desire to be initiatecl,wbat are the reasons ~~lich indllce hinlto do so, and if he is willing

tosubmit"hitnself unconditiolu\lly to tho rules of an 'unknowl! Ls~ei'ty. }j'rom . this we •m.ay .perceive tllat t¥ preparin,sbrQtlKermust ··l)ossJessa,{ine kllowledge of kind. '1' 1~e8tj()I~1 inwhicl1 he is I'laced ,vi tll]t'§ . .

to thecand.i. CbltQ,~v. a.s,. . airp. an,. O'. •.P,. or. t.'".ll. n,',.i. 0. :Pi .,'.".'.,.i,' . . . _.• . 15..,·.r.'~.'" nUlnber of queslioo.s wairdl1d:n~ij)bep~t i~.\111:}'~other i

p..,

,t.,Y,'•......

.r.. ,' .•

,i.•

PRE-PRI.

:J12

place, or vvhich the candidate could not al1s"rer so fully and so lll1hesitatingly as in the preparing-rooln. The preparing brother Inust not territy the candidtlJte from seeking ad1l1issioll; his c1l1ty is 111e1"e1y to renlove any erroneous ideas the candidate Inay have fornled of tIle Craft, as far as ll1ay be found neeessary.-Gad-icke. PRE-REQUISITES. No persoll is capable of bee oming a Illelnber llnless, together witll the virtues aforementioned, or at least a dispositioll to seel\. and acquire theIn, l1e is also free-boTTI, of Inature age, of good report, of sufficient l1atural endOWlnents, and tIle seIlses of a man; \vitl1 an estate, office, trade, occuliation, or S0111e visible vvay of acquiring an honest livelihood, and of working·· in Ilis ·Craft, as .becolnes the luembers of this 1110St ancient and llonourable fj:aternity, who ought not only to earn ""That is sU'fficiel1t for thenlselves alld families, but also s0111ething to spare for \iV~orks ofebarity and sUl)porting tIle true dignity of tl1e royal Craft.-llloo7"e.

PRIEsrl\

The second l)rincipal of the

PRINCIPAL POINT.

I~oyall\.rch.

The"' principal point of Ma-

sonry,is Brotllerly Love, Relief, and Truth. PRINCIPALS.

III

a Royal ArcIl Chapter the Com-

panions ·are SUPI)osec1 to be seated round, in the fonn of the ca.tenarian arch, in \Vllicll the thrones of the tllree Princi11als form the key or C011c-stol1e, to preserve a llleulory of tIle vaulted shrine il1,vhich }(illg Solomon deposited the sacred l1alne of the word. The c011e-stones are represented by the three Principals of tIle Challter, because as a kl10wledge of the secrets of the vaulted chamber could· only.be known .bydrawing thenl forth) so the complete l{nowledga of this degree call be attained only by passing through its several offices.

PRINTED WORKS ON FREEThfASONRY. The l\Iason proillisesat" his initiation, that he "viII not betray tl1esecrets of tIle Order by writing, allcll10twithstanding the great number of the so-called I)rinted works upon Freernasonry wllicl1 vve 11ave, there is not" an autllorof one of tIlose ,yorks vyho l1as beel1 a trt1itor to the real

PRI. secrets of tIle Craft. vVllen it is n1aintained by the world tIlat the books "vhiell are said to have been \vritten . by ollpressed Freelnasons, contain theseerets of Freemasonry, it is a very great error. 1'0 p1.1blisl1 an account of tIle cerenlo11ies of the Lodge, llow~ver wrong that 111Uy be, does not cOlnll1UIlicate the secrets of Freenl<lSOl1ry. The printed· rituals are not correct, as tlleyare l)rinted fronl 111en101"Y, and not from a lodge copy. Inquiries into the history of the OI-der, and tIle true 111Ca111ng of its hieroglyphics and cerenlonies by learned brethrencanllot be considerecl treason, for the Order itself reconlll1ends the study of its history, and tIlat every brother should instruct his fello\v's as 111ueh as possible'. It is tIle sanlC witll the printed explanation of the llloral principles and t11e synlbols of the ()rder; '\ve are reC0111111ended to st"lldy· tlleUl illcessuntl~r, until we lUlve ulade ourselves lllusters of tIle valuable inforrnation they contain; and \vhen OUI' learned and cautious brethren IHlblish the result. of their inquirit;s, they ought to be 1110st welco1l1c to the C1rufti,Gadicke. · PRINrl'IN(~·.. No brotller shall l)reSUlllc to l)rint or publish, or cause to be printed or published, the proceedings of it!lY lodge, nor any l)urt thereof; OT the nan1es of the l)ersons l)resent at sl.Ich lodge, '\vithout the direction. of the Grand l\Iaster, 01' Provincial Grand l\laster, ullderpain of bcingexI)elled fr0111 the ()rder.. 1'his la\v is not to extend to the 'Vvriting, })rintillg, or publishing, of any lloticeor Slnrnnons issued to the l1leIllbers of a lodge by thettuthority of the Master.-Co7l.sti.. .

l'utions. I->llI\T .A. TE. Durl'II~S. vVhoever \vou1d be n .}'Iason ShOllld kno\;v 110\\" to practise all the l)rivate virtues.. lIe should itvoid all1nannerof intenlperanee or exeess, \Vllicll might prevent his Ilcrfbrluanee of the laudable duties of his Uraf~, or lead hin1 into enorlnities, \vllieh ,vould reflect dishonour upon the ancient fi-aterIlity. lIe is to be industrious in 11is l)rof(~ssion, and true to. the I.jord and lYIaster he serves. lIe is to lubo ttl" j llstI y,. and .llot to eat any nIUll'S bread for nought; but to IHty· truly for his meat and drink. What leisure his labour uUows, be is to elllploy instudyiI1g. the arts au4 sciences. with a dili-

214

PRI-PRO.

gent mind, that 11e Inttytheb~tter perfotlll all his dllties' to his Creator, his country, llis neighbour and lliulself.-'' Moo1·e. PRIVILEGES. The Inajority of every particular lodge when duly congregated,have tIle privilege of instructing theil· l\faster and vVardens for their conduet in the Grt1ud. Lodge and Quarterly C0111111Unieations ; and · all'l)articular lodges . in tIle' same COlnl11unications, shall as l11uch as possible observe the same rules and Ilsages, and appoint SOlne of their melnbers to visit eacll, other in the different lo~ges, as often as it may be cOllvenient. -Moore. PROBATIONS. Probation implies progression, and progression, ilnplies l"e'\vard. If the labour of tIl.e Entered Apprentice is intended to refer to tILe fall of l11au, or tIle Cllfse prOnOlll1Ced for his disobedience, then the industrious' find Christian 1\fason llas an aSSllrance that the tilne "viII C0111e ",Yhell he \viII })e called fro111 his lahour on earth, to refreshlllent in lleaven.-Scott. PROCI~SSI()NS. Our public processions lluve be'en instituted for nlany noble p·urposes.We visit the hOllse of God in public, to offer IIp our pl"ttyers and l)raises for rnercies and blessings; \ve attend in l"t body to she\v the world our mutual attachrnent as a band of brothers; we ate arranged in a set fornl to 'exhibit tllebealltyof our systenl, constructed on tIle In'ost harmOlliollS proporti~!ls, aIld lIlodelled by a series of imperceptible grades"oftarik, \vhich cenlent and lIllite lIS in that il1dissolu})lecllain of sineere aflectioll ""rhich is so .well 'understood by 1\faster Masons, and blend ,the', attrib'lltesof equality and subordinatioll· ina ,. balance 80 nieeasndequitable, tlutt the conoord b~tween l"ulers and brethre:nis ne,~er suhject to violation,while we lneeton the level alld !)urt on tlle square~

PROCLAl\IATION.On theproclu1l1atioll of Cyrus Je\vs .left Babylon, under the conduct of Zerubbahel, son of Shealtiel, tIle. lineal descendant of tIle princely house of Judall, attended by J eshlu1 tl.le IIigh Pri,est, 'Haggai the prOI)}let, and Ezra tl1e scrille,an(l:returned thE~

PRO.

215

to their· own land. In the seventh 1110ntll of the sanle year the altar of God was erected, alld· burnt offerings were sacrificed upon it ; and tIle feast of tabernacles was kept according to the law of lVloses. ~fen were also employed according to the pernlissioll of Oyrus, to cut cedars ill Lebanon,and bring them by sea to Joppa. In the beginning of the second, year, the fOtludatioll of· the temple was laid by Zerubbabel, the Grand lVIaster of the \ Jewish l\fasons,. assisted byJeshua the HighPliest, as Senior Gr~nd Warden,. with great rejoicing and praise to God.

PROFiNE. The vvord signifies 11uinitiatecl. All those 'Vl10 do llot belollg to the Order are frequelltly so called. Before a lodge is held, care 11lust be tak.ell tl1at none bl1t tIle initiated are llresent, alld tlH1t the lodge is carE~flll1y tiled. In tIle lodge lists, whicll' are fi~equelltly op.ell to th. e p. ublic, thero are given the addresses to wl.lich ..., all letters for tIle lodge lllllst be sent, and these are called. profaIle addresses.. !t\vouldbe l11ucll lllore !11"Oper to call thenl "town addresses," for Inany of the uninitiated translate tIle vvord 11rofalle as Ulllnal1nel·ly or i111pious.-

GaJicke. PROQ·RESSIVE.There are tllree steps and three degrees in syu1bolical 1[asonry. Eacll ste}J or degree is al1advancetowardsliglltand kn,owledge. 'rhere is Inore revealed ill the IPellovv Craft's. degree, than ill tIle degree of tIle Elltered Apprelltice;and tllere i$ fulnessof light and kT~o\"Tledge illtllB degree .QfJlrlaster. l\fankin<i,be... fore the appearance oftbe lfessiah, had been partially instructed uncler tIle l)atriarcllal'all(~ I...levitical dls11ensations. 13ut the \vorld V\>yas thell c01111)aratively ill darkness;· lIlore light ,vas ,van ted, and tIle ltIessiah earne to give .1l10re Ugh t, to teaell and instruct tIle ,vorld ill tIle mystel'"iesof hiskingdoln.-J.Scott..

PR01frSE.rrhe promise of n Saviour, its reference and fulfilment, is the great l'nysteryof ~"reenlasoll~; Some of ollrmostsublime observances are foundedut:tHi it, and the distinguisbing tokens .ofrecognitiol~ i~.~~~~~f the degrees, ref8r~J:o~usiv~lf t~ that . gracio~s.::i'~.~'OSl tion of the Deity intieb8U,ljft~.fillleti)1mQn,:!8ndtbyv irtue

216

PRO.

of one of these significant signs, if we prostrate ourselves with our face to the ear.th, it is to supplicate the ll1ercy of our Creator and Judge, lool\.ing forward \vith l1unlble' confidence路 to his llQly pro111ises, by Wllich alone we llope to l)USS through the ark of our redemptioll, il1to the ll1ansions of eternal bliss al1c1glol"Y. . . PROl\fOTION. Every Ulan strives for prornotion, either ill office or in knovvlec1ge. It is for this reason that the ApI)rentice strives for the Fellowcraft's degree; the Jj-'ello\vcraft for tIle l\laster's degree, and the ThIaster for a still higher degree, or state of know ledge. Those \vl~o really and zealously striv.e to obtain a correct knovvledge of all that is truly good and valtlable ill the Craft, will not fail ill Jl1eirendeavoul"S to obtuin InaSOIlic promotion.- (tacZic7ce. T

PRONUNCI...t \TION. '1'}18 name of Jehovah is the fountain and root, l)l"oduces all others, and itself is derived froHl none; ')Thiell is she\vn by being \vritten ~n ~~~ ~n ,.,a, \vhich is sevellt~y路-t\VO; and is addllced by "Bereshith I~,aba," as one of the highest Nanles, being taught by the priests und \vise Inen, once in seven years, to their equals in J)iety and virtue, froln the pronunciation being extrenlely difficult and secret.-:Afanasselt Ben l"trrael.

PROPAGATION. Our Cfrand 1\Iaster 8010111011, observing the effects produced hy strict order adopted anloug the l\Iasons elnployecl in Ilia work, conceived tIle ic1etL of uniting the \vise .in every lla tiOll, in the .bond of brotherly love, and in the lrursuit of scientific路 acquireInents.. IIeudl'nitted to the I)articipation of this system those illustrious sages, WllO . resorted to Jerusaleln, even .from tIle uttermost parts of the East, to be instructed in hi,s wisdom; and they returning to tlleir respective hOines, propagated tIle systenl of }'reelllusoIlry over the vvhole face of the Eastern continent.-Ifenvning. PROPER PEI{SONS. TIle persons 111ade 1Iasolls, or adnlitted 111elnbers of a lodge, lTIUst be good and true nleu, free born, and of Inature and discreet age alld sound judgnlent; no bondnlcn, 110 vvomen,110 in1nl0ral OrSC&Ildalous 111ell, but of good report.-Allcient Clta'rges.

PRO.

217

It is to be lamented tllat the illdulgence subjoilled to this vvholesome injunctiol1, (no looge shall ever make a Mason without due inquiry into l1is character,) should weaken the regard seriously. due to' it; for as no man will build Ilis house upon a bog or a quicksand, a p1an ' of suspicious integrity will be found equally unfit to sustain tIle character ofa true Mason; and if S0111e corresponding regard· to worldly circumsttances were included, it would operate more for the welfare and· credit of the Society.~Noortltouck.

P·ROPHET.

The third principal of the Royal Arch

Chapter. PROPOSING. Proposing a candidate is a tIling which req1.1ires the greatest care and attention. Through an in1lJroper subject, a \vhole lodge-nay, even the wIloIe Society-nlay receive a dee!) "voun.d. No one dare prol)ose a. person with w}10Jn he is 110t intiulately acquain~ed, and wlloseconduct lIe llas J:l0t had an opportunity of . observing under differellt circunlstances. . The person Wl10 is about to make a proposition,111ust llave carefully inquired \vhetller tIle candidate is influenced by the desire of gaill or self:'interest; for 11e illl1st not look to tl,1eOrder as a lneans of luaking llloney, bllt rather a means of expending it in chnritable objects.

PROSCRIPTION. The severestp'unisllment in the Order. The Freema~n who is found guilty of a crime against the regulations of tl1e Order, or the laws of the land, is solelnnly proscribec1,'al1d .notice ofIlia proscription is sent to all lodges, 80 that l1enever. can gain adrnissioIl again.-(t[lcZicke.

I>R01'ECTION. TIle trl1e believers, in order to vvitlldra'\v and distinguisll thenlselves frolll the rest of mankind,.csIlecial1y the idolaters by 'Vl101l1 tl1ey were surrounded, adopted elnblclns, allc1111ystic devices,toget.llerwith.. certain distinguishing pr.illci.ples, whc.reby th., 6y.. should be. kll0wn to eaell otller; alld also certifytb&t they were g·ervants of that God, in wh.ose llands allereation existed. By tllesc Jneans tlley also protected themselves from persecution~ and the~r faith.. from· the ridicule of tIle incredulousvulgar.---Hutchimon. 15

218

PRO.

PROTOTYPE. .Masonty <has theOmllipotent Architeet, of the Universefor"the object"of its adoration and imitation, His great and wonderful works for its l)attern and prototype" and the wisest alld best of men of all ages, natiollsand languages, for its patrons and professors. But'though l\tIasonry primarily inculcates 'morals and the religion of nature, it has caught anaclditiollal spark from tIle light of revelation and theSUll of Righteousness. AIld路though Masonry contin~les to burn with subordinate lustre, it ligllts the lluman.traveller on the sallle road, it breathes a concordant spirit of universal benevolence and brotherly love, addsol1e thread 'n1ore to the silkell cord of evangelical charity Wllich binds Inall to 111an, and crowns the cardinal virtues withChristiall graces.Watson. PROVERBS OR MAXIMS. For the most part 11aving reference to the Order, are in many lodges orul1y conl"'; municated to the brethren, and they areexul11inec1 in the proficiency they have obtaiIled in discovering the spirit and meaning of those proverbs, before they crtllobtaina higl1cr degree.-Gadiclce.. PROVINCIAL GRAND LODGE. The Provincial Grand Lodge of each province is tobe assenlblecl b}r tIle Provincial Grand Master or Iris depllty, at least once in ~ach year for business; andv;.rhicll Illlty also be n 11lusonic festival.. Thepresellt and I)ast prQvinc,ial grand officers, being subscribing Inembersofany lodge "ritllill the district, \vitll the Masters, Past l\fasters, and \Vardens of all" the lodges, are 111elnbers of tIle ProvincialG"rand Lodge; and the ~faster and \Vardens 811ftll attend tIle saIne vvhen duly sUllllnoned, or depute soule l>rethrenproperly qualified.to rel)resellt them.-Co1~tit.utions.. Pl1QVINCIAL GRAND MASTER. , 1.'he al)pointInentof this officel" for counties and for large rtoptllous districts,.is a prerogative of the Grand l\faster, 1)}'" \VllOln, or, in h-is absence, by llisdeputy, a pntel1t lllUjrhe grant.. cd, during pleasure, to路' such brother of erninellce and nbility in the Craft as may bt~ thonght\vortl1Y of the aPllointnlent..By this l)atent lie is invested \vitha ra.nk and po\ver, in 11is 11articltlar district, silnilar to thosepossessed by the Grand I\fnster hirnself:-Constitztt拢ons.

PRO-PUB.

219

PROVINCIAL GRAND OFFICERS, These officers are to be annually 110nlinated and installed or invested, according to路 tlleir stations,路 in the Provincial G-ral1d .Lodge; and vvhell so regularly appointed, they possess, witllin their' particular district,. the rank and privileges of grand officers; but they are not by such appointulent Inembers of the United Grand Lodge, nor do they take any rank out of the province, though theya.re entitled to wear their clothing as provincial grand officers, or past officers, in all masonic assemblies. No brother can be appointed a Grand Warden llnless he be the Master of a lodge, or has regularly served in that office; nor a Grand Deacon, tlnless 11e be a Warden, or Past Warden of a lodge. If Grand Ste'\vards are appointed, the llulnber shall not exceed six, nor shall they take any prolninent rank or distinction in the province.-Constitutio1ls. PRUDENCE. The 路emblenl0f prudence is tIle first and Inost exalted o~ject that demands our attention in the lodge. It is placed in the centre, ever .to be present to the eye of the l\Iason, that his heart lnay be attentive to her dictates, and steadfast in rier laws; for prudence is the rule of all virtues; prudence is the path which leads to every degree of l')ropriety; prlldence is the ehannel \VllenCe self-approbation flows for ever. She leads us forth to worthy actions, and, as a blazing star, enlightens us througll0ut the dreary and darksome paths of lifeJlutchinson.

PUBLICITY. What is路. there in Freemasonry, except tIle landnlark.s and peculiar secrets, that \v'e ought to be anxious to cOl1ceal? Are Ollr doctrines 11nfavOl.lrable to the interests of 111oralit.y, tltat '\ve are desirous of lliding them fr0111 pl.lblic ol)servatioll? Are ourcerenlonies repulsive to virtue, or Ollr practices sltbversive totl1e rules and decencies of society~ Nothing like it. vVe boast of our benevolent instittltioI1S ;,ve extol our brotherly love; we celebrate our regard for the four cadinal,and the th'ree theological virtues. "\VllY I)lace our ligllt u.del: a l)ushel? why refuse to let it slline before xnen, that they nla.y see our good works 11~lve a tendency to the glory of our :E""ather which. is in. heaven?

220,

PUN-QUA.

PUNCTUALITY. I would impress upon the ]}Iasters and Wardens the necessity of being punctual, aild always to opell their lodges and COIDlnence their business at tIle exact hour Inelltioned ill the SUIIIIDonses" assured that if they persevere ill this duty, they will incite regularity in t~e brethren, alld. the consequences will be, that their falnilies, and the world at large, vviI1 appreciate an institution which thus displays tIle fruits of SQUIld and wllo1eSOUle discipline; the lodges will increase'ill llU111ber and 路 reputation, and throug11 their exenlplary COllduct, Freenlasonry will secure a triunlphal ascelldancy, and excite general admiration and respect.. " PUNISIIJ\ilEN rrs. Those FreeulaSOns\vho violate the laws of the COulltry in which tIley reside, are eitl1er suspended, excluded, or proscribed. The lodge, llevertlleless, never usurps the place of the rnagistrate or jtHIge, as it has been foi"ll1erly acc1.1sed of doing.. ' It rather directs the attention of the officers of justice to those l)rethren u!)on \vhorn relnonstrances are of no avail, alld ,vhonl it is cOlnl~elled to excluc1e.-(;-ad拢cke.

PURITY. White was al",rays considered all clnblem of purity. Porphyry, Wl10 \vrote so largely on the SPllxiaus Freelllasonry, says, "They esteenl hirrlIlot fit to offer sacrifice \vorthily, whose body is liot clothed in a wlliteanc1 clean garrnent; but they do not think it any great lllatter, if. SOlne go to sacl"ifice, having tlleir bodies clean, and also their garrnents, thougll their Ininds be not v0icl of evil, as if God ,vera not the Inost deliglltcd with internal purity, \vhich bears the Ilearest resernbla,nce to hiIn.... It ,vas evell \vritten in the telnple of Epidauraslet all who COlne to offer at tllis sllrine be IluTe. Now purity COllsists in 1101y thoughts. . PURPLE. l'he colour by Wllicll tIle grand oflicers are distinguisl1ed... It is an clnblem of tluion, being I)rodneea'by thecOlllbil1atioll of blue and scarlet, and rerninds the \vearer to cultivate amongst the br(~thren over \VhOUl he is placed, suell a s})irit of union as Illtt}r cernent thcln into one cornplete and harnlonious society. QUltDR.A.NG路ULi~.R DIAGI~Al\~.

This figuro, \vhicll

QUA.

221

appears on some of the old Royal Arch floor-cloths, reminds tIS of tIle seven pair of pillars which sl.1pported I{ing SOl01110n'S private avenue,. the seven steps ill advancing, and .the seven seals ; for in those days the O.B. was sealed seven tinles. The entire hieroglyphic, including the linear and angular路 triads, and the quadrangular diagram, was used in the t ! continental degree of Secret Master, to 'ex1W , press the Tetragrammaton, or Sacred Nanle, which they ~{ssert was fOUlld "'\tvritten upon the ancient lTIOnUments of Jerusalem.

<!.

QUALIFICATION. Every cal1didate for the office of lVlaster l11Ust be tnle and trusty, of good relJort, and held in lligll esthl1atioll all10ngst tIle bl:ethren. lIe 111Ust be ,,"ell skilled in our 110b1e scien.ce, and a loyer of tIle Craft; lle 11111st ~lave beellregularly illitiated, passed, and raised in the three establislleddegrees of ]'reelnasonry, and have served the office. of Warden in SOlne re~ular warranted lodge. He (5)ught to be of exemplary conduct, COllrteons in Inanl1ers, easy of address, but steady and fir111 ill princilJle. lIe must have heell regularly ballotted for, and elected by, tIle 'Vorshipfnl Master, officers, and bret,hren, in opeIl lodge asseInbled; and presented according to.ancient fornI, to a l"egularlyconstituted board of installed Malsters. QUALIFICATION . QUESTIONS. Th路ese questions are llsed as tests, to ascertain the l'Jrogress of a candidate during llis !)RSsage throngll the degrees.. They.are significaIlt; al1d everyone who aspires to the character of a perfect l\Iason, OUg}lt to he acquainted with them. QUAl{Itl~I.JLIN(J. As i1 ~:1nson yOll are to c.llltivate brotherly love, the foulldatioll nne1 cal)e-stollC, tIle celllent alld glory of this ancient fraternity, avoiding all \vrangling ,1nd quarrelling, all slander and backbiting, nor l)t~rlnitting others to slander any 110llest brother, btl t (lefendil1g his cl1aracter and路 doing lliln all good offices, as far as. is: consistentwith your 'honour a~nd safety,and no filrther.Ancient Charges. ~

QUAIlRIES O:F' TYRE'.

The arrangement of the

222

QUA.

Tyrian quarries must not be. compared with the common stone-pits of this country, but rather ,to an extensive coal mine. Thus, Shaw describes the quarries of Strabo, at Aquilaria :~" ,Small shafts or openings are carried up quite through the surface above, for the' admission of fresh air, Wllilst large pillars, with their respective arches, are still left sta.nding to support the roof." Here the lodges were opened in the several degrees. QUARTERLY C01vlJ\iIUNICATIONS. Four Grand Lodges, representing the Craft, sllall be lleld for quarterly cOlnmunication in each year, on the first Wednesday . in the months ofMarch, June, September and Deeember, on.' each of \vhich occasions, the 'Masters andWardells of all the warranted lodges, shall deliver into the Jlands of tIle Grand Secretary' alld Grand Treasurer,a' faithful list of all their contrib"Lltingluelnbers; alld tIle \-varrallted lodges ill and adjacent to London,. should pay to\vurds the graIld fund one shilling per quarter for cae11 111ell1ber.-..i1rticlos oj. .Union. <II

QUARTEItLY SUBSCRIPTIONS. Supporting a lodge, paying tIle serving brethren, . and otller expenses Wllich are unavoidable, cause an expenditure vtTllieh the uncertain fees upon initiation' will not l11eet, an,d thus renders it Ilecessary for tIle brethren to contribute a sInall sum monthly for this purpose; these SUlllS vary in amount in different lodges according to their O\V11 byla'\vs. lnade for the purpose. The balance in the llandsof the Treasurer, after IluyiIlg all l1ecessary exp~nBes, is spent for the benefit of 路the lodge, or devoted路to charitablepurposes. Nosubscl"ibillg 路brother ought to neglect these payments; and lle WI10 lives. in a I)lace ,"vhere there is no lodge, aI1d is Dot a subscriber, acts Inost unmasollically by neglecting to suppor~ the Charities.Poor brethren, and thosewhQare initiated as rnusical or serving brethren, are exempt froln all contributions; but those vvho are able tosubscl"ibe and do not do so, d(~serve lllOst justly to b;e struck off the list of lIlernbers.Gadicke.

QUATERNARY. The sacred qnaternary, o:c Dumber four,involves the liberal sciences, physics, :rnorality, &0..

QUE-RAI.

223

And because the first four digits, added into each other, produce the ·llunlber ten, Pythagoras called the. quaterl1aryal1 nUll1ber, and used it as tIle synlbol of universality.

QUEEN ELIZABETH. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, tllegovernll1ent of tIle country attempted to interfere with l?reemasonry, but with~ut success. The queen wasjea:lous of all. secrets in vv·hieh she was unable to participate; and slledel)uted an armed force,()n St. John's day, ill December, 1561, to break up the aIlnual Grand Lodge. The Grandl\Iaster, Sir Thon1as Sackville, l"eceived tIle queell's officers "vitIl great civility,. telling tllem 110tlling could give 11inl greater 111easure than to adnlit tllenl into the Grand Lodge, and C0111111tlnicate to thenl the secrets of tIle Order. lie IJersuaded thenl to be initiated, Hlld this convinced theln that thesysteln \\ras fOUllded 011 the sublilne ordinances of nlOl~ality and religion.. · On their l"eturn, tlley assured the queen that the business of 1."reeIllasonry was the cultivation of Dlorali ty and sciellCe,hal"lTIOnyand peace; and that I)olitics and religion \vere alike forbiddell to be discllssed in their assernblies. rrhe queell "vas llerfectly satisfied,al1d 11evcr attenlpted to disturb tIle lodges again. RAINBOW. The ra:inbo,v. was all ell'rbleIll COllllnon to, every species of religio11s 11lystery; a11d \vas probably derived froln an old aI'kitetradition, that tlle divinity was clothed in a rainhow; for thus he is represented by'Ezekiel tIle IJropllet: "As the appearance of the bow that is in the cloud iII the c1n,y· of rain,' so vvras the· appearance of the brightness roundabout; tllis ,vas the a!11)earance of tIle likeness of tlle C*lor)T of tIle Lord." St. J ohu saw. in ~t vision the .ltllrone of G·od· elleolllpassed l)y a rainbo'\v. ....t\. rninbo\v\vas ill fact t'he 'lignal enlblern ofa divine StLviour tllronghollt the \vorlcl. 80111e Christians, "froln the irradiatiol1 of tlle sun uI)on t1 cloud, a!)prehelld the 111ystery of the Son of Itigllteollsness in .the obscurity of the flesh; hy the colours green and red, the t\:yO destructions of tIle world by water and fire 1 or by tIle eolour of\vater ftIldblood tIle lnysteries ofbaptisID; and tIle holy eucharist."

RAI-REO.

224

RAISED.. This terlll is used to designate tIle receptiOll of a candidate into tIle third degree of IVlasonry. It conveys all allusion a particular part of the ceremonies,. as ,veIl as to the fact of his being elevated or Taised to that degree, vvhicll is 'universally a'ckllowledge9, to be ;'\~ the sUlnlllit of ancient Craft 1\fasonry.-i"fac7cey.

RECOGNITION, SrGN OR SIGNS, vYORD, AND GRIP. "\Vherever brethrell 111eet, ill wllateYer 11art of the ,vorlc1 it 111ay be, \Vlletller tlley call 11l1derstalld eacll others language or not, if it be by day or by night, if one be deaf and the otller dunlb, they call llevertheless recognise caell other as bTetllren. In this res},ect tIle recognitioll SigIlS are a lllliversallangllage, and they are conlTllunicated to every l\Iasoll at 11is initiation. Signs and grips call be given so cautiously tIl at it is not possible to perceive theIll, if they are surrolluded by thousal1ds who have

Ilot

been initiated.

r~ro

give the \vord is

S0111e-

what 1110re di:ffic~lt. By tIle g~'il) '\ve lllay 111ake ~urselves k.llovvn to tIle blInd, by. the sIgn ltuto tIle deat, and by the '\-vord and gril) by day or by llight.-fjlzdicke. Rl~COl\Il\IEND.l\.TION. The following is tIle general ~ornl of a I)etitioll to the Lodge of Benevolellce for relief,

which lIHLy be altered accol'(ling to CirCU111stnnees:-\"l c . the undersigned, heing the l\faster, 'Vttrdens, and Inajority of the lllelnbers present, ill 01)el1 lodge assenlbled, of lodge No. - called , and held at , tllis - - - day of , 18 - , do herehy certif}r, that the withilll1D-rnec1 petitioner hath he en a regular contributing m(~nlber of this .lodge ft)1" the space of y'ears ; and that \ve have l\.l1ovvn hirn in reputable .cirClll.nstunces, and do therefore l-ecoIll1Ilend Ilhn to tIle Lodge of 13enevolence for relief~ llaving satisfactory..groullds for believing the allegations set forth in hispeti tiOll to be true.-C1on-

stit1ltions.

RECONCILIATION. FreelnaSOllr}r teaches to sup.. . press private prejudices and l)arty spirit; to forget UIlirnosities, and to listen to the voice of l"eCOllciliatioll; to soften into gentlerlessand eOll11)laisance, sY'InJ.~ulthy, and love; and to prepare for all the duties of universal

benevolence.-Ilarris.

RED-REG.

RED SEA. That part of tIle sea over vvIllell the Israelites l1assed, vvas, according to 1\11'. Bruce, and o~her . travellers, about four leagues across, and, therefore, 111ight easily be crossed in one night. In the dividing of the sea, t\\1'O agents aI)pear to be ell1ployed, thongll the effect produced can be attributed to lleither. By stretching out tile rod tIle "\-vaters were divided; by the blowing of the vellenleJlt. east "vind, the bed of the sea was dried. It llas been observed that in tIle bed of the sea,. where the Israelites were supposed to llave passed, the )iv'ater is about :Courteen fatholllS, or twenty-eight. yards deep. No l1aturaI agent COllld divide tllese "Taters, aIld cause thenl to stand as a vvall 11POll tIle riglit hand and llpon the left; tllerefore God did it by his o\vn sovereign po\ver. When the \vaters "Vvere thus divided, there \vas no need of a l1liracle to dry tIle bed of tile sea, andll1uke it passable; therefore the strong desiccating east \vind was 'brought, \vhicll路 soon accornplished this object.-..t1dcun Clarke. ' RE:E'Rl~SIIl\IENT. I like the good old custoln of l'rloderate ref}eshlnent during lodge llours,. hecause, tInder

l)I'oper restrictions, I an1 l,erslludecl that it is conSOllant with ancient 1.1sage.. The follo\ving are the routine cerclTIonies \Vllich \vere used 011 such occasions by our brethren of the lilSt century. J.\t a certuill IlOU!" of the evening, and V\-rith .certaiI). cerernonies, the lodge \vas called fro 111 labour to refreshnlent, vv11ell the brethren " enjoyed t'henlSelyes .witll. deceIltlllerrinlel1t," and the song and the toast !)revailed for a brief period.. The songs \vere usually OIl rnasonic snbjects,as printed in the old Bool\.s of COl1stitutions, and other worlts; and 111thougll tIle l)oetry is SOl11etilnes 110t of the clloicest kind, yet several of tlleUl rnay classtlrl10ngst the flrst COllll)ositions of the day'. Eaell song 11Ud its al)propriate toast; and thus the bretl1rel1 \'\;'!'ere furnisl1ed \vith the InateriaIs for l)assing a social hOll1". l\nd I earl say from experience, that th~ ti~e of.l'efreshmen~ ill a masonic lodge, UI) to the ll1110n 111 1813, \,tas ft perlod of unalloved hal)I)iness and rational el)j oynlell t. l~l~G ALIA. No brother sllall, 011 any pretence, be adnlitted into tIle Grand Lodge, or any subordinate lodge,

226

REG.

without his proper clothing. If all. honorary or other jewel be worn, it must be conforlnable to, and COllsistent V\Titll, those degrees, \vhicllare recognised by the Grand Lodge.-Constitutions. RE(lENERA'l"'ION.

The cross on which the Messiah

suffered \vas typified by tIle 路staff of J aooh alnongst the patriarchs; all10ngst the Jews by tIle rod of l\:loses, as an agent of salvt1tion 011 tlleir deliverance frolll Egyptian bondage, and during their sojournings ill tIle \'vilderness; allc1 also by the l)ole 011 which the brazen serI>ent \V3;S

suspended: and amongst the heathen by the tau-cross, Wllich \vas appropriated to Serapis, .and other deities; and, in its triple form' (b:.IJ, .constituting fL striking emblelnof Itoyal. Arcll}lasonry 11nitedwithChristianity at the present day. And it is rel11arkable, that in cae}l and every Ci1se, '\vhetllcr of the staff of Jacob, the rod of ~:foses, the pillar of tIle brazen serl)ent, or the tall of tIle lleathen nations, tIle enlblern signified alil\.e tIle cross of Christ, regeneration, ancllift:. REGIS1'I~l~1l. rrhe GTu,nc1 I~egistraris to be alipointed annually by the.Grand l\I~tster 011 the day of his installation,and, if l)resent, investe<l according to ancient cust0I11. FIe shall. have tIle Cllstoc1y of tIle seals of tIle GrandLodge,aIld, shall affix the san18 to all l)atcllts, warrants, certificates, and other doeUUlents issued by tIle allthority of tIle Grand Lodgt~, as ,veIl as. to Buell as tIle Grand ~Iuster, in confornlity to the established la'\vs and regulations of the Craft, 111ay direet. lIe is tosupierin-

tend the office of the records of the Gralld L,odge, and

to take care that the several docU1Ilents issued' from his office be in due fo1'n1.- C01Lstit'utions.

REGISTRATION. Every lodge must be IH1Jrticularly careful in registering the names 'of the bretlrren. initiated therein, and also路路in making the returns of its rnernbers, as no person is entitled to partake of the general ehurity, unless his,Ilame be duly registered, and lIe sIlu]l httve been at least two years a contributing rneulber of a lodge; except in the following cases, to vvhiell tIle Ihnitation of t\yO years is Ilot 11leant. to extend, viz" :sbipwreck, 路01" cfLI)ture at se~1, loss by fire, or breaking or dis-

REG-REI.

227 ·

locating ..a, limh, fully attested alldl)l"ove;d..Toprevent injury to individuals, bytlleirbeil1g excluded the privi. leges of MaS0111"y,. through .tIle 11'eglectof tlleir lodges in not registering theirl'1anleS, any brother,so circurnstanced, on producing'sufficient proof that· he lIas paid the full fees to his lodge, including the register fee, shall be capable of. enjoying the privileges of ·the· Craft. 'But the offending lodge shall be reported to the Board of General Purposes, and rigorously proceeded against for detaining monies. which are .tl1e Cprol)erty. of the Grand Lodge.-Cons.titutions. REGUL.A.RLODGE. Bytllis. ternl we are not only to 'understand SllC}l a lodge as works under .a general '\varrullt, g'ranted by tIle .Gralld .Lodge of the CQUl1try in which it is situated, and \vhicll is acknowledged by, and is in correspondel~ce 'Yitll, the lleighbouring lodges, but also that the Book of the Ifoly Law.shall be llnfblded on the pedestal; that it shall .be composed of the requisite nUlnber of brethren, and, the authority of the warrant enforced by tIle presence of the Book of Constitutions.

REGULARITY. He oulyis acknowledged as a Free and Accepted" Mason WllO has been initiated into our mysteries in a certain manner, wit}l the assistance of, and under the.'· superintendence of at least seven brethren, and \vho is al)le to p;rovethat he has beellregularly initiated, by the ready use of those sigllsand words which are used by the otl1er brethren.-·· Charter oj Colnc RE(tULA1'IONS. WithOllt such regulations as SolonlOIl had devised for tIle governl11eIlt .of Ilis servants, without stlclturtificers,and asul1erior wisdolnoverruling the w}lole, \ve should }:>e at a loss to account for. the begil1.ning, ettrryingon, and finishing tlu1t great '\-vork in the. space of sev'en years and six Il1011ths, ,,,hell the two sy.e,ceedi;tl,g telnples, th,ougll lilucl1 inferior, eIl1!)loyed so much. more titne ; .,1£11<1 then we llave goocl <lIuthori ty to believe tlu1t the tenlple of DiaI13l, at Epllesus,astrueiUDe Ilot cOlnparab~e to the TemlJle of Jerusnlern, w~s two hundred and twenty years in buildirlg.-Ilutcki1J$~•

. ·17tEINsrrATEMENT.;The Provinaial .f}nW.d Master

路 228

REL-REN.

llas 110 power to expel a Mason, thougll he nlay, "\vhen satisfied that any brother llas been unjustly or illegally suspended, relnoved, or excluded frolll any of llis 111aSOllic functions or privileges by a ,lodge, orderhinl to be immediately restored, and nlay suspend, Ulltil tIle next quarterly cOlnulunication, the lodge or brother who sllall

refuse to c0111ply with suell order.-Gonstitutions. RELIEF. Relief is all il11portant tellet of our professioll; and tllOUgh to relieve tIle distressed is a duty inCUl1lbent 011' all Inen, it is nlore particularly so OD ~lasons, who are linked路togetller by an indissolul)le chain of sincere affection. To soothe calalnit)r, alleviate misfortune, cOlnpassiollate misery, and restore l)eace to the troubled ll1ind, is the grand aiUl of the true }VIasol1. On this basis lle establishes Ilia frieIldships, anc1 forms' his conrlexions. RELIGION. The ancient lodges only adnlittcd those persons into the Order \vho ackno\vledged the c1i\'init,yof Jesus Uhrist; thus they vvere to be Christians, either of the l~nglisl1, Catholic, Llltheran, refornlcd, or 1110dern G-reek. church. l\Iaholnetans, J'eV\rs, &c., \vere excluded, for 110Ile of these acknowledged the Ne\v r!'estnrn.ellt as a sacred \vrit.ing. III 1110derrl tirnes sonle of the }'rencll lodges have initiated Je\vs, ,hut tlley are 110t acknowledged by the allcient lodges to he :E'reeI11aSons.-Gad拢cke. REl\fOVi\L 0]' LODGES. \Vllen allY lodge sllall have resolved to reu1ove, tIle 1Iaster or '\Varden shall fbrtll\vith send (1 COI)Y of the 'nlinutes of thc'lodge for such relYloval to the Grand Secretary, or to the Provincial Grand l\:Iaster or l1is deputy, t.hat, it maybe ascertained whether the above hlW has been strictly C0111I)lied \vith, and that the rClnQv&l, nlay bec1uly recorded. If the Illeeting of a lodge at its usual place Sl10111d hy any cirCUTIlstance be rendered ilnpossihle or ill1l'lT'0ller, the l\laster lnay al)110int any otl1erplace, alld consult his })rethren 011 the occasioll..-Const,it~ltions.

RENUNCIA1'ION. Anlongst the Je\vs, "Vvhen al)erson renounced anybargnin or contract, he took off his shoe, and gave it to his fello~v; \vhich \vas considered It suffi-

REP.

229

cient evidellCe tl1at 11e tral1sferred alillis rigllt llnto that person to 'VVhOll1 11e deliver~d . his Sl10~. It is not easy to O'ive all aCCOullt of the origill of tIns CliStOll1; but tIle ~eason is plain eIlough, it being a natural sig11ification that 118 resigned his interest ill the lalld by giving llinl his 8110e, \Vllerewith lIe used to walk. in it, to the end that 11e l11igllt enter into it, and take possession of it l1irnself. TIle 1'arguln, instead of a shoe, hatll the right-hand glove; it being the custom in his time, perhaps, to give that instead of tIle slloe. For it is less troublesonle to pull off a glove than路 a shoe, and deliver it to another, though it hatll the sanle signification; as llOvV the Jews deliyer a hal1dkerchief to tIle sarne purpose. So R. Solo... Inon: Jarclli affirnlS-" vVe accluire, or buy, no\,,'" by a hanc11{ercllief, or veil, instead of a s11oe."-BisholJ Patrick. REIJ..A.STS. The d~LYS of 111eeting are often days of festivity.. 'file re11asts are 11eightelled by the tcrnporary equality, \vhich adds 111uch to the lnirth of the lneeting, all~

all cares subsid.e for the dH.)"" \Vbat has been. said of certain assenll.>lies, V\"11ere decency ,vas 110t respected, i& 1110st eertainly the invel1tion of caluI11uY.-,Ba1"rucl. REIJOI~lrl\ '-rhe sound of tIle l\iaster's hanlll1er 1"e1l1ind~ eacll brotlH:~r of the sacred IluInbers, as thing "\ivhicllOUght to induce llsxeadilyand cheerfully to ackno'Vvledge and ohey his COIllnlan ds.. lIe路 WI10 \v~shes to gain adnlittallce anl0ngst ItSlnust. relUell1ber tlle saying, " I{nock and it shall be 0l)cnecl unto Jon." It is Ollly then that lIe can enter \vitl1 a sanctified heart.-Gadickc.

R:EP()'RTS.

Th'e reports or signals of Masonry are

too well I\.1l0\Yll to e,~eTJr hrother to need any explanation. They nre arranged on certain fixed princil)les to distinguisll c 1lery sel>arate degree. REPI~I~SIDNrr.,A.'l'ION. 'fhe IJublic interests of the l?raternit'yarenlHIHtged hy a general rC1)resentation' of all privat(~loclges 011 record, together \vlth the present and past grand oftieers" and the GraIHl }'faster ttt their head. All 路brt~tbren \vho have been regnlnrlyeleoted and insta.lled as ~Iaster of ~11odge, and \vho have exe~ euted the office for oue year, aliall l路ank us I'ast Masters,

230

REP.

and shall be nlembers of the -Grand Lodge. But if a Past ~faster shall cease to subscribe to a lodge for the space of twelve nlonths, he shall no longer enjoy the rank of Past ~laster, or COl1tinue a 111ember of the Grand Lodge.-Constitutions.. REPRESENTArrIVES, or DEPUTIES FROl\tI ONE They l11ay either be representatives of one Grand Lodge in allother, or of a St.. John's Lodge in a Grand Lodge.. In tIle last 'case the deptlty nlust endeavour to l11uintaill the rights and privileges of the lodge he represents,al1d lTIUst not allow any resolutions to be passed which Inay act injuriously to the lodge he represents, or any other lodge. "'\Ve perceive by this that a deputy Sllould have clear views of the rigllts and privileges of the lodge he represents, and of thevvhole Order, or he cannot do his duty as a deputy itl bringing any propositions he nlay have to .111ake before .the Grand Lodge.. He 111USt also be able to translnit a correct account of the transactions of the G-rand Lodge to the lodge fronl \Vllich he路is de11uted.-Gad'iclce.. LODGE TO ANOTlfER.

REPu'rATION. It See111S the 1\fasons have . great regard to tile reIlutatiol1, as well as the profit, of their Order; . since they Inake 路it one leaSOIl for not divulging an art inCOnllTIOn, that it nlay do honour to the possessors of it..! think ill this })articular they show too Inuch regard for their own society, an(L too little for the rest of nlankind.-Loc7ee. REPltO.llCI-I. There are SOUle of!)ersons of so captions and lll1charitable a 111ake, that it would be .impossible for the l1l0st CLlll tiOllS to avoid tlleir. ren1arks, or escalle their censures.. 1'}le "'exceptious may lay .hold of SOUle unguarded cirCtlll1stance or other, misre!)reSellt "\vhnt is good, and, by giving it a wrong turn or appellation, spoil both its credit and effect. While the eIlvious and 111alicious will路 be sagacious in discovering tIle '\veak side of every 'character, and dexterous ill Inaking the Inostand \VOl'st of it. Thus circumstanced, ho\v are W'C to condllet ourselves? .flow is it possible to steer clear from bhune? It lnay not be. But if \vecannot escape reproaches, "\楼e 111UY avoid deserving them.-liarr?$.

RES.

231.

RESIGNATION. The resignatioll of a merrlber dissolves all CODnectioll betweell 11irnself and his fOf111er lodge, but it does not at all affect his ~eneral relations

witll the Order, or his obligatory duties as a 1Iason. RESPECTABILITY. In· referring to the prosperous condition of the Craft, and the accession whicll is· daily l11aking to its 11ulllbers, I would observe that the character of a lodge does not depend upon the 11unlber but the respectability of its members. It is too often the case that a lodge manifests too great anxietx to swell its nUlnbers, under the erroneous idea .that l1unlber constitutesmight. It should, ho\vever, be renlell1bered, that tlie l·ace is not to the svvift, nor the battle to the strong. So it is in ~fasonry; a lodge of a dozell 111en, of respectable stallding ill society, \vill exert nlore influence ul)on 'tlleconllnunity thaI1 five tilnes the nurnber of doubtful reputation. r!'he latter \vili be greater in nun1erical strength, but the forlner in actual IJovler.-1"'anneltill. RESTRICTIONS. When tIle Temple at Jerusalem 'V\"ascolTI111eted, I{ing SOIOlTIOn,being desirous to transInit tIle society 'llIlc1er the anciellt restrictions, as a blessing to futUl"B ages, decreed that whenever they sllould assemble ill their lodges, to discourse upon, and improve themselves in, the a.rtsand sciences, and whatever else should be dee111ed proper topics to increase their knowledge, they should likewise instruct each other in secrecy and 11rudence,lnorality and good fellowship ; and for these purposes he established certain peculiar rules and CllstOlIlS toube invariably observed in their conversations, that their rninds rnight heenriclled by a perfect acquaintance vvi tIl, and practice of, every 111oral, . social, and religious duty, lest, \vhile they ,,"ere so highly honoul·ed by being ernployec1 in raising a tell1ple to the great tJ ehovah, they should negleet to secure theulselves a hal)PY achnittanee into the celestial lodge, of \Vllicll the Ten1ple was only to be a tYIJe.-Calcott.. RltStJR'RI~CTI()N. The Master 1fason's tracillg-~oa.rd, covered with clnble111S of Illortality, reads a lesson to the i~litia;ted the certainty of death, .aud also ofa J'tlBlln:ectlon froln the dead. Like that of'· tIle two precedIng

RET-REV.

.232

degrees, it is an oblong square, circurnscribedby a black border \vithin the four cardinal points of the C0I11pass. The principal figure is a black coffin,on a vvhite gro"Llnc1, at the head of \vhich is placed a sprig of evergreen, called cassia, or acacia, \vhich appears to blooll1und flourish: over the grave, as though it said-" 0 death \vhere is tl1Y sting! 0 grave \vhere is thy victory! " RETURNS. Every lodge sha,ll, at least once In the year, trans111it, by direct communication, to tlle Grand Secretary a regular list of its 1118n1 hers, and of the brethren initiated or admitted thereill since their last return, with the dates of initiating, passing, al1d raising every brother; alsp their ages as nearly as ·}lossible at that tinle, and their titles, professions, additions, or trades; together \vith all monies due or l)ayable to the Grand Lodge; \vhich list is to be signed by the J\faster and Secretar)T.-Constitutions. RE-UNI(>N. ~F'reernasonry forrns a happy centre of re-unionfor \~"'orthy nlen, \",ho are desirous of n select society of friends aud brothers, ",rho l1ave bound theInselves in a, voluntary obligatioIl to love eaell other, to afford aid and assistance in tilne of need, to aninlute one another to acts of virtue and benevolence, and to keep inviolably the secrets V'lhich [orIn t~e chief characteristic of the Order.-Lalande. REVELATION" l\IasonrJt priInatily illculcates rnorals andthe religion of nature, but it has C~tUgl1t (tIl additional sl,ark fi.·onl the light of revelation and th:e Bun of Rigllteousness. And thongll l\Iasonry continues to burn· ~ith . subordinate lustre, it ligl1ts the hllman trttvelleroIl the sanle road; it breathes a concordant spirit of universal benevolence and·brotllerly love; adds·one thread !llOre to tIle silken cord of evangeli€.al c"harity ,vlliel1 binds lllan to Inan,and crowns the cardinal virtlles ",ti th Christhtn graces..- l Vatson. I

R~VE~S. No dark revelS or Inic1night orgies are practlseclln a lodge. No vlords of\vrath or condeu111n.tioll are heard, and 110 inquisitorial questions are asked. rI'he candidate hears of peace, brotherly love, relief~ and truth.

REV-RHE.

233

He is taught to reverence God's holy nan1e, anc111ever to mention it but with that reverelltial avve whicll is due from tl~e creature to the Creator; to inlplore His aid in all laudable undertakings, and esteem Hinl as the chief good.-S cou . REVERENTIAL.. Weare taugllt by the reverential sign. to bend with submission and resignation beneath tIle chastening hand of tIle Almighty, and at the same tinle to engraft his law inollr hearts. This expressive form, in which tIle Father of t11e hl1man race first presented himself before the faee of tIle Most I-ligh, to receive the denUllciation and terrible jtldg111ellt, ,vas adopted by our Grand l\:faster 1\108e8, \vho, "r1le11 tIle Lord appeared to llinl in the burning busll on Mount I-Ioreb, covered his face ÂŁ1"0111 the brigl1tness of the divine 11resellce. Ill~VISIO N. A revisiol} of tIle lodge lectllres periodically, to lneet the advance of civilization and science, ought to take place under the sanction of the Grand Lodge. Every institution, to be perfect, should be consistent \vitll itself: Andl1ence the insufficiency of the !)resent lectures may reasonably be questioned. It is therefore desirable tllat the attention of the fraternity should be fairly fi\vakened to the sllbject, tllat they may taketheprelnises into tlleir Inost serious consideration. and endeavour to place E"reemasonry 011 so substantial a basis, as to constitute tIle 'llnll1ixed pride of its friends and defenders, and defy the malice of its tradncers and foes, if any snel11tre still to be found amongst those who are indifierentto its I)rogress..

RE\ViiRD. r~ehe bretllrell are released fronl their labour to receive tlleir re\vurc1. Res11cct, love, Ul1d gratitude, are their re\yurd, and the consciousness of IH1ving deserved sllell rnnst d\vell ill the breast of tIle labourer himself: No orie can or dare declare hin1self to be worthy or unvvorthy of t1:lis rc\vard, 11111Ch less can h,e claim merit front hisbretllrell.-Gadicke. RliE'l'ORIC. Rhetoric teaches us to speak copiotlSly and fluently orl any suhject, not merely with propriety, but with all the advantage of force and elegance ';wisely 16

234

RHY-RIG.

contriving to captivate the hearer by strengtll of argument and beauty .ofexpression, whetller it be to entreat or exhort, to adnlonisll or applaud. RHYThfE. When lectures vyere added to the systerli of Freeu1asonry, they '\vere sOlnetilnes couclled ill doggrel rhYlne; but their verses .seldoln embodied any.of the p. elculiar secrets. TIle introduction of the "J\faster's Pa.rt," as it was then called, "vas expressed as follows. The passage has been expunged fronl" Ollr disquisitions, as unuleaning and useless, alld tllel·efore there ,'viII be 110 impropriety in introducillgan extract here, to shov\'" 110'V our forefathers \vorked. Ex. An E. A. P. I presullle you have been.

R. J. andB. I have seen. A :1\1. 1\1. I was

most rare, \tvith diamond, asll1ar, alld tIle square. Ex. If a M~ .1\'1. you would be, YOll nl0st undel"starld· the rule of three, anc1l\f. B. shall nlake you free; al1~l \Vllat you want ill l\fasonry, .shall in this lodge be S110\V11 to thee. ' R. Good l\Iasonry,. I understand; tIle keys of all lodges are at 111y cOlnmand, &c., &c. RIBI3()N. 'fhe ribbon \yorn by the COlllpaniolls of the Order, is ~1sacred enlblenl denoting light, being composed of the t\VO principalcolonrs \vitll.vv'hich the veil of the tabernacle \vas inter\voven. It is further signified by its radh1ted fornl, and iIi botll respec,ts has been •considered an enlbleln of regal110\ver and dig.nit)r. RI(~'JI1' .t\NGLE. The l)erfect sincerity of one right line. to another, is as tIle line of that angle, the ·line of duty being radius. An acute augle is inlperfectsincerity.. An obtuse angle is injustice. J'oin sincerity perfectly to any tltlty, ~lld it forrns justice, and is equal to all angle of ninety degrees..-Olt.l l~ecturc.

}{IQJIT IIAND... The proper residence of ihitll

01'

fidelity was tho'ugh t to he ill therigh t hand, and therefore this deity \vas sOIuetirnes rt3presented b~y tvYO right hands joined tqgt\,ther ;sonletirl1es by t,vo little iUluges s11aklng each other by the right hand; so that the right haud ,"vas esteerned by" the arlcients as a saered s)!'lnboL And ngreeahly to this are those expressiollS in '\Tirgil :-" Eiu dextru fidcsque;" as if shaking by the right haud was

RIG-RIT. an indispensable tol\.en of an honest heart. Al1d again, "Cur dextrre jUllgere dextrail1 non datur, ac veras audire, et reddere voces ~" tllat is to say, why should vve not join right ha~ld to right halld, and hear and speak the tnlth ?-Anderson.

'.~

RIGH'r LINE. .A right line is a duty persisted in "\vith constancy, or any uninterrupted advantage, .profit, pleasure, or happiness. That which hath no dependence on any other thing to makeit perfect ill itself, is a right line. Every divine command is a light line, and also the sincerity with which such acoIDlnand ought to be performed. Every line representing a duty to be performed, . may be supposed to contaillall the particular branches of that duty; for tIle brallcl1es or l)arts of any duty, 111USt of consequence Illake t1l) tIle ,vhole duty itself:-Old Lcctlt~"e.

RIGIITS. The right of the Entered ApI)rentice to be advanced,路 or tIle Fellow Craft to be ra.ised, depends,路 in

strict l)linciple,upoll his proficiency in the degree whicll 'hH lIas received. lie should be able to exhibit tt beautiful speciluen of intellectual or TIloralwork, to entitle l1im to receive wages, or to enter "lIpOn the stud v of higher departlnel1ts of science.-Scott. ..

RITE.. A rite is an iteln in the cerell10nial of conferringdegrees,altllougll in some coul?-tries it is extended to include a number of degrees and orders, as ill the Freuch rite "anci~n et accepte," which c0111llrehends the" Ma~onnerie Syulbolique, Elu, Chev.d'Orient, du Soleil, Kadosh, llose Croix," &c.. , with tIle "Grades dites Philosophiques et AdIrlinistratifs." I=tI1'U.A.I.J. 'l'his ,vord i1nl)orts ho\v [L lodge OUgll t to be .openecl und elosed, and' ho\v an initiation, 11ussing, or raising ought to be (~ollducted; this ]l1ay also be called the liturgy of the lodge. 1'he ritual is not tIle saIne in alllodgcs,Ilay, there ttre nearly us Int1ny difit3rent rituals as ther(~ are Grand I.lodges.1\Iany of those l"itualsate of qltite modern origin, esp.ecially that of theG'randLodge I~oyal 'York, 13erlin, and that of the G.rt~nd IJodge of Ilarnburgh. "rIle :B~nglisll ritual is the most ancient, and

236

RIV--:.ROD.

extended itself into every pa.rt of the ~arth, but \vas afterwards superseded in many places by the JTrencl1, Swedisll, and others. Tllose outward fornls and cereInonies, although they difier, yet they do not divide the bretllxell alnongst thenlselves, but each lodge and its nlembers. is tolerant \vith the ll1elubers of otller lodges; and all lodges are allo\ved to endeavour and strive to obtain their object by what \vay they thi11k. best. Neither .is there any real difference whe~her SODle cerenlonies are to be perfornled ill this I11anller, or ill that, according to the diiierent rituals, or whether the officers are called this or that. TiulC and various circun1stances lluve Inade those alterations in tIle Tituals principally to l)roduce a more lasting hnpressioll upon the Inind of the candidate at his initi;.\tion, alid to advance ,vitll the ill1proved spirit of the times. Fragrnents fronl. SOUle of the rituals have heen l)ublished, especially frorn the old ones; but. tbere lllust be 11101'e than t1 dozell rituals published before an uninitiated person could learn 110\V an initiation \vas conducted, or hovv a lodge ,vas lleld. The end to vv'hich the ritual leads u.s is the principal objeet, or fhe real secret of Freclru1sonry, and it \vould require an adept to diseover' this fi路oln .any ritual. There only ought to be one路l"itual, as ,vas the case in forrl1er ages; und the unlucky word sy-steln Ougllt never to have been introduced into the Craft.-Gadiclcc.

RIVERS O~'1 EDEN. The four rivers of J?aradise had a reference to the cardinal virtues. In I?isor, our first parents revered the foul1tain of prudence; in (jihon they beheld the sacred streanl of justice. 'I'he rapid torrent of IIiddeltel denoted fortitude, and the l~~uphrates the 111ild und steady Cllrrent of tenlperance. IlaI)!)y,vas their state, \vhile these sacred truths COIltinued to guide their actions; and t.110 ~lasorl "viII be equallyhappj1' \vho, through life, adheres to tIle lessons llere inculcated. Instructed by prudence, guided by Justice, strengt:llfYned by fortitude and restrained by temperaIlce, like .i\daul in the garden of l~den, his services will be acce!)tuble to the Deity. I~OD. The rod of 1\loses, fearful as tIle attack of a serpent to tIle Egyptians, ,vas a sceptre of righteollsness

ROU-ROX.

237

to the children of Israel. It was a sign of the divine atlthority, and a visible demonstration of God's power, used to confound tIle pretended skill of tIle l11agicialls, to SllO\V the olnnipotence of the Deity, and to humble the pride of Pharaoh, when he beheld the migllty wonders wro1.1ght by so contemptible an agent as a shel)herd~s staff. But above all, this rod metamorphosed, was a type of Christ's death, to which. indeed Freemasonry ultiInatelj'" points; for as by a serpent death caIne into the world, Boby the death of tIle Son of God, the serpent, or Satan, was fullv vanq~ished and trodden underfoot. . ROUGII ASHLER. We cannot regard the rough asiller as 3,11 ilnperfect thing, for it was created by the Alnligl1ty Great Architect and lie created llotlling ilTII)erfeet, but gave us wisdom and understanding, so as to enable us to convert the seemingly imperfect to our especial use and comfort. What great alterations are made ina rougll ashIer by the mallet and chisel! With it are forl11ed, by the intelligent Inan,tbe nlost admirable pieces of arcllitecture. And 111an, what is he ",~11en he first enters into the ,vorld ?-Imperfect, and yet a perfect work of God, out ofwhicll 80 nl11cll can be nlade by educatioll and cultivation.-Ga{licke. ROY AL ARCH. This degree is lnore august, sublime, and ilnportant than those whicll precede it,alld is the slllnlnit of ancient }fasonry. It impresses 路on our :p1inds a 1110re firln belief of the existence of a Supreme Deity, withollt beginning of days or end of years,. and justly, rell1inds us of th.e respect and veneration due to that holy nanlC. Until within tllese fe\v years, this degree "vas not conferred on any bllt those who llad been enrolled a considerable tirne ill the fi."aternity, and could besides ~ive the rnost unequivocal 11roofs of tl1eir skill and proficiency in theCxuft.-Ahinul/n llezon. ROYAL ART. It is a royal art to be able to preserve secret, .aud weare, therefore, accustomed to call Freerrlasonry a royal art. '1'0 be able to plan large buildings, espe~ially paiaces, is also certainly a great and a royal ~lrrt, but it is still a more royal art to induce men to do that

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238

which' is good, and to abstain from evil, witl10Ut lluving recourse to the power. of the law. Others derive the appellation, royal art, . from that part of the lnelnbers of the English Builders' Huts, who, after tIle belleading of Charles I., 30th January, 1649, joined tIle persecuted Stuart, inaS111Uch as that they. laboured to restol"e the .royal throne, ~Thich had been destroyed byCronlwell. Anderson, 011 the contrary, in his English Constitution Book, affirnlS that the appellatiol1 royal art is derived from the fact, that royal persons have stood, and, still stand, at tIle head of the Craft.-Gadiclce.

ROYAL LODGE. TIle Royal Lodge was lleld ill the city of Jerusalem, 011 tIle return of the ·Babylonisl1 captives in tIle first J,rear of tlle.l"eign of Cyrus ; over it presided Z., the prince of the Je\vs, II., the prophet, and J . , the high priest. No\v it \vas tllat the l\.ingly po\ver \vas again lllore visibly restored, and conthlued till the total destruction of the city and t01111)le by tIle ROlnans, under the C0111111and of Titus; ,vhen IIerod, 110t of their O\VIl royal line, llor even. a Je\v, was appointed king,and hereby was verified that prophecy of Jacob's ill Egypt, deliverecl lllore thaIl· 0118 thousand years before, "tllat the sceptre Sllould not depart fronl Judah, nor a lu\,"'giver ii·Olll between his feet, until Shiloll cOIne." RU Al\Jl~1I. The \vords All1rni and Ruanl111i, Inade use of by tIle propllet Flosea, lnay be interpreted, ?ny lJeo])Ze, and obtlzined 11U}]-Cy.

RULERS. The rulers and governors, Buprerne and subordinate, of tIle alleient lodge, are to be obeyed in their respective stations by all the brethren, according to the old cha1 ges and regulations, vvith all htlll1ility, rever,ence, love, and alacrity.-Ancient Cha'rge.c. ;. 9

SABBATII. slgnU1i~

The institutioll of n Sabln'ttll ,vas in

creationis, fora lllemorial of the creation;" beca.use,

as God rested. 011 that day in testirnony that his vvork \vas C01111,leted, so it ",,·as accounted holy, and aI)11ointed to be observed as a day· of universal repose. SACRED.

"re call that sacred vVllicll is separated

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239

from COIDI11011 tllings, al1c1 ded.icated either entirely or partially to the lYlost Jligh. The ideas of truth and virtue, the feeling of a ptlre love and friendship are sacred, for they elevate lIS above COUlmon things and lead to God. The tenOtlr . of sacred thought and feelings is towards religion, and tllerefore all things are sacred "rllicll are peculiarly dedicated to religious services,and ,carefully guarded frolu being applied to profane uses,or which, by BIeallS of· their religious in1portance and· value, are·especially 110noured and considered indispensable to our spiritual and nloral welfare. According to these ideas of what is sacred, the Freelnasoll can call his '\vork sacred, and every brother 111l-1St ackl1ov~rledge it to be 'so. Our labol1l"s being separated fronl tIle ollt\tvard \vorld, and founded llpon truth and virtlle, require brotherly love and philantI1ropy, and alvvays elevate tlte sl)irit to tIle G'reat Architect of the Universe. But true inward . sal1ctity every bro~ller lllUst have ill his O'Vll breast, and not have- it to seek in the degrees of the Order,,-

Gad·iclce. ()ver tIle sacred lodge·presided the greatest of kings, arid tIle ,visest of lnen; Ifiraul, tIle great BJlcl learned king of Tyre; alld IIiram Abiff; tIle wido\:v's SOIl, of the tribe of NapthalL It was lleld in' the. bovvels of tll.e sacred }\{ourlt lVIoriah, under the !Jart whereon was erected the S. S., or I-I~ of II. On this 11lOUllt it,wasvvllere AbraIIRln cOIl:firl!led his faith b~ his readiness to offer ullhis <?Illy son Isaac." . Irere it was ,vllcre David offered that acceptable sacrifice on the tllreshing-fioor of A1"aunah, by whiclltheanger of the Lord \tvas tll)peased, and the I)lag'tlc stayed froln his peOl)]e. lIere it "vas ,"v']lere the Lord delivered to David, 111 adrenIn, .the l)lan of the glorious tenlple, ~tftt1rWard8 erected by· OUT noble C{. 1\:1. 1:C. S. ..A.nd lastly, here it was where he declared he \voulcl. esta\]isll llis sacred naIne and ""'ford, \vhicllSllol11dnever pass a'V\.ray ;aIld for thE.~8e reasons, this was justly styled the Sacred Lodge. SACREI) 'LODGE.

8010111011,

SACREDNA.l\fI~. '!'}lis nQlneeXpresses the eternity of the Godhead, ana POiIlts to llis UI1Clutngeableness, as well as his infinite perfections. ':rbe· Hebrews noted the attributes of the Deity under. different names. If they

240

ST.

wished to expl~ess his divine essence, they used the v~Tord J ehovall, if lli~ onlnipotence "vas the thellle, it was EI, Elah, or Eloah; to express Ills excellency, tlley used the word Elion; and for his nlerC}r, Elchanllarl.

ST. JOlIN TfIE BAPTIST. He was the forerunner of· Jesus, a son of the Jevv'ish priest Zacharias and of Elizabeth, "\-vho, as a zealous judge of 1110rality al1d undaunted preacher of repentance, obtained gTeat celebrity, first in his native COllntry, then in tIle 111011ntains of Judea, and aftel""~vards al110ng the vlllole nation. 1-li8 simple u,nd abstemious nlal1l1er of li'v1ng contribllted much to his faIne, and eS11ecially the pectlliar l)llrifieation or cOl1secrutiol1 by baptisnl in a river bath,wllich he introduced as a sylnbol of that nloralllllrity wllic11he so zealously inculcated. .Jesns allo"red llimself to be b81)tized by hinl, al1d froIl1 tllat thl1e for\vurd ..T01111 said unto his disciples, that he "v'us certainly the J\fessias. rl'he frank earnestness and the great fhnle \vith \vhiell he preachec1 even in Galilee, S0011 brougllt UpOl1 lrilll tIle suspicion and hatred of the court of'l'etrarcll Arlti11us,.or I{ing IIerod, \vho inlprisoned hiln,and 011 the 29th August, in the thirty-second or tllirty-third year of his life, caused llinl to be beheaded. ':rhe 24th J UIle, l1is birth-c1a~y', is dedicated to· his nlelllol·Y tl1l'Ougll all Christendonl. TIle 11atron saint of the ]'reellltlSOnS' brotllerhood ","as fornlerly not St.John the BUl)tist, but St. John the Evangelist, 'Yvhose f(~stival they celebrated the 27tll I)eceln·ber, upon ,vhic.h day they llold their general assclnbly', prob,ably induced thereto becal1se at this sea... SOIl of the year tIle Inenl berscould be better spared froln their business or I)rofession. For this reason also they chose for their qllurterly festivals, the AnIlunciation of the Virgin Mary, !tiichaell1uls, and the· festival of St. John the J3aptist,. vV hich last festival, on aCCOllllt of the bett(~r weather ando"Wlercircumstancea having been found to be more convenient for the yearly asselnbly, \vas oftell appointed for t,he time 011 which it should bH llt~ld, so that it has IIOW becon1e nearly generaL l\Iany lodges still celebrate the 27th Decenlber, and call it the 1l1inor St. JOhll~S day.-Gad-icke.

ST., JOlIN rrIIE E"\r ANG'ELIST. St. Jollnthe

ST.-SAL

241

Evangelist and Apostle of Jesus, \Vll0Se gospel is so important to all Freenlasolls, ,vas l~or~l in ~ethsaicla., ill Galilee, a son of Zebedee, and a dlSCll)le of Jesus, vvho loved hilll because he distinguislled 11ilTISelf by 11is gentleness and IlUlnility. After tIle ascension of Jesus, he !)reaCllecl tIle gospel IJrincipally in Asia J\Iinor and a.t Epheslls, wllere it is probal)le that he died in a good old age. lIe was a mall. of great energy and poetic fire and life; in his early years s0I11ewllat lla1.1gI1tyandintolerant, but afterwards an exanlple of love. We }lave a gospel or b~ograpllY of Jesus.by 11im, and three of the epistles also bear his nalne. The gospel of St. John is especially important to tIle Jj-'reen1aS0l1, for he 11reac.hed love, and his book certaiIlly contains all the fundarnental doctrines of :F'reenlu:sonry. 1\..8 a :E'reel11ason OUgllt never to forget tlUlt he lias laid his haud upon the gospel of St.. J 01111, so should lle .11ever cease to love llis brethren according to tlle doctrine of love contained in that sacred book. Many lodges celebrate his anrliversary, the 27th DeCe111ber.-(iadiclce. 81\ JOlIN'S l\fASONRY. Originally there ,vas only one l\.ind of Freenlusollry. Bllt ,vhell the Scottisll and other higher degrees were introduced, the three first degrees received the l1al11e of St. John's l\fasonr:r-Gadicke.

Sl\Lrr.

In the Helvetiallcerelllonies of IVlasonry, salt is added to the corn, wine and oil, because it "vas a 8ynlhol of tIle \visdoIll and learning Wllichcharacterize l\{asons' lodges. Pierius Blakes it an embleln of 110Spitality and fi"ielldship,nlld also of fidelit~y. In the Scrilltures, salt is considered as a sY111bol of 11erpetuity and incorrul)tion, and usecl as a, covenant. The fornlula used by our ancient brethren, \Vllen salt \vas sprinkled on the foundation-stone of a nc\v lodge ,vas, "l\Iny tllis lllldertaking, contrived b.y ,visdo1l1, be executed in strength and adorned witll b(3:1uty, so that it llltly be a 110tlSe \v'here peace, llarrnony, und brotherly love shallnerpetual1y reign."

S.c\..LUTE.. ,As 011erative masons and other mechanics have a so-called sign or pass-word, especially ,vhen upon

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242

tralUp, so had we also forluerlya proper fornl for saluting strange brethren. At l)resent the salutation" from the Worthy and Worshipful Brethren of the Holy J-Aodge of St. John," &c., &c., is not required fronl a foreign brother who is paying a visit, because sornething 1110reis delnanded fronl hinl than this ancient 111ethod of legitimation. The salutation of the brethren ShOllld .be a Ralute of peace and love, and strengthened by the sacred nU111bers. lIe ,vha does not really love his brother, let l1inl not tal\.e hinl by the hand, let hiln not feigll love. Expe-

rience teacl1es us that every brother is not ,vorthy of love, and that those wllOlneet everyone ''lith an embrace, \vho profess to love every one, lay thell1selves

open to the suspicion"" tllat they do not really arld truly respect any one.-G-adicke. SANCTUl\{ SANCTORUl\I.

This \vas the oracle;

eherubinl, t\yO lesser constructed by l\foscs of 111ussive gold, and t\yO larger rnade by 8010Inon undplated \vith gold. The fen"Iller \vere attaclled to the lid of tIle 1\Ierc:;r Seat, the latter sl)read their and here \vere

\vings over it

[oll1"

fiS

tLn ornarnent and

!)fotection.

SANI-IE DRIl\I. TIle Sanlledrinl was acollncil of seventy-one or seventy-t\Yosenutors an10ng the Je-vys, WI10 deterlllilled the 1110st iln110rtant affitirs of the nat.ion.. The roarn in \vhiell they rnet \vas ft rotllndn, llulf of \vhich \,ra8 l)uilt v,rithOllt the Teil1I)le and' half \Jlithin,

the latter part being that in ~'"Ilich the judge sat. ..The Nasi, or prince, \vho ,vas generally the llighpriest, sat 011. a throne at the end of the llall, his oeputy, called Ab.. hetll-din, at Ilia. right hand,~nd tlllesub-delluty, or ChaCa1l1"ut his left; the oth.e:rsenators being ranged ill order oneacl1. side... ~1ostofthe luembers of this council were priests 01" Levites, though Inen路 ill private stations of life were not excluded.-Callnet. SASI-I" The colour of theR. A. sash is one of the l1l0st durable a.ndbeautiful in nature. It is the (t.pprop~'iate 001ol1r adopted and "YOl'n by our aneient brethren of the three synlbolieal degrees, and is the I)eculiar .characteristic of an institution which lU1S stood the test of ages find \vhich is as 111uch路 distinguislled by the

seA-SOH.

243

durability of its l11ateria1s or principles as by tIle beauty of its superstructure. It is an,~rnbleln of universal friendship and benevolence, and instructs us that in the D1ind of a lViason, those virtues sllould be as tIle blue arch' of lleaven itsel:f::--Moore. SCARLET. This rich and beautiful colour is emblel11aticalof fervency and zeal. It .is the aPIJfopriate . colour of the Royal Arch degree; and adll10nisbes us, that we should be fervent in the exercise of our devotions t~God,al1d zealous in our endeavours to pr01110te the happiness of man.-1l100Te. . SCEPTRE. TIle olc1l\f:;lsons us;d to say in the R. A. . Lecture, "On tIle tOl) of those staves or sCQ1)tres, are thehanners of tIle t\velve tribes, vvhicll \VO have for 111allY.I)urposes; esbecial1y to con11nenlorate the great wOllders \Vl"oughtfor .the cllild.ren of Israel during their travels in the wilderness,路 vv'then they '\vere first set up as sta-ndards around their encampments, and about whicll each tribe 'Wras assenlbled in due forln. The devices thereon \vere enlblelnatical, of \vhat SllOllld hapl)en to their posterity in after ages." ,

SOHAMIR. It is asserted by the RablJins, that King Solomon received a secret from ASlnodeus"all evil sl)irit, mentioned in the book QfTobit, WIlO had usurped his throne and afterwards becanle his prisoner. 13y. the use of this, he was enabled to finisll the. templewithQut the use of axe, 11ulnlner,' or metal tool; for the stone schan1ir, ,vhicll tIle c1ellloll I)resented to llill1, possessed the l)l"operty ofcuttiilg an)' other substance, 'as a dialll'olld cuts glass. Thi,Si ho\vever, isvvllolly ftlbulous. l\Ietal tools were used in the forest and tile quarry路, and it \vas bya v!efy natural process that the building ,"vas construet,ed without the pollution of these instrulnellts.

SOllIS}I. It is cOll1InOl'lly believe<1 that the pr&valence of scllism ill' any institution~ is the fruitfullJarent of many evils,. which cannot fail to detract from its purity and excellence. And so it is; but the evilis not without its portion of gOOdll EiXperience teaeh:es that if the 1l1enibersofan institution beoomie~pathetic, nothing'

244

SOH-SCI.

is so likely to rouse them to a ~ense of duty, as the existence of conflicting opinions, which produce a separation of interests, and divide them into t\VO adverse sections; eacIl of \vhich, like tIle self-Inultiplying polypus, will frequently become as strong and prosperous as the parellt institution. SCHOOLS. The Royal Freemasons' School for ·Female Children \vas established in 1788, for Inaintaining, clothing, a.nd educating· the fenlale children and orphans of reduced brethren, for protecting and }lreserving them from the danger and Inisfortunes to whicll distressed young felnalesare peculiarly exposed; for training them up in the knowledge and·love of virtue,and in habits of industry; -and impressing on their minds true humility, and the l)ractice of all social, InoraJ, and religious duties. Already have nearly 600 felnale children l)een adrnitted to this school, since its establishnlent, and have been apprenticed, or returned to their fi~ienc1s, ll1uny of \vhorn havebecorne ornal11ents of their sex and station,and all of tllerngood and uSefllll'l1elnbers of society. I Inust also mention the Royal Masonic Institution for Clothing, Educating, and Apprenticing the Sons of Indigent and . Deceased Freernasons,established in 1798. '!'he boys are educated at schools· near the residences of their parents 01" friends, are fl1rnishec1\vith books, taught to read,. vvrite, and arithnletie, furnished \vith pro!)er clothing, and on leaving the institution, a suitable al')IJrentice fee is grantee} to thern.-Pc1'"cy. SCIENCE. Freemasonry is a science not to be confined to a few Israelitie traditions learllad by heart, asa school-boy leal"'tls. his lessons; it is a science \vhich embraces everything useful to man ;it corr~cts the hoart, and prepares it to receive the Inild irllpressions of the divine code; its IDoral injullctions, if duly vveighed and properly applied,· never fail to fornl its disciples into good rnenlbers of society. It opens t1 progressive field tor inquirJr, and ought never to be driven into narro.w bounds by the enactment of a law, saying, thus far will we·allo\v you to go, and 110 filrther, l.lnder the penalty of exclusion ii'onl its universality.---IIlttenbeth. "

SCI-SOU.

245

SCIEN'rIFIC'l\IASONRY. The scientific consists in the knowledge of several of tIle arts and sciences, so far as to enable us to discern the reason for the operations of those before-ll1entioned instruments, tools and lllacllin'es, and to the force andlnomentuln of the different mechallical po\vers; and also to clear up and arrange our' ideas ill such a 11lanner, as to be able to delineate thenl so clearly .on our tracing-board, tIl at, by the help of a proper scale, the brethren of the second degree ·n1ay take them off' and cOlnplete our design,and if intended· for that purpose, erect a structure, "VVllich '\vhell finished, shall contain the greatest degree of strel1gth,elegance and convenience, tl1at the quarltity of materials and space allovved will adn1it of; and tllis is the part of~ or applicable to, our brethren of tIle lligllest degree of the Craft of l\faster 1:lIasons.-Dunckrrrly.

SCRIBES. 'rho t\VO scribes represent the t\VOCOIurnns \vhicll sUPI)orted and adorned the entrance to the arch; 'Vvhel'lce is signified their duty of registering, or entering in tIle reeords, every act, ·]a\v. and transaction, for th.e general good of the ~hapter. SCliOLL. The fine illner bark of suell trees as .the lime, aSh,lIla!)le, or elI11, was early used as a substance for writing on. Assucll wttscalled in Latin libel", this llalne canle .permanently to. be applied to all kinds of lJooks, ltud lIas, in a similar connection, been adopted into lnost EuroI)ean languages. These books, like all others of flexible Iuaterials,were rolled up to render them p.' ortable, and to preserve tltt~ writing. They V\1'ere usually rolled round a stick or cylinder, and if they were long, round t\VO e;rlinders, hence tIle nUlne volume (volurn en) , a thing rolled up, '''lhicll continues to be 8~plied to l)ooks very diflerHnt fr0111 rolls. In using tIle roil, the unrolled it to tl1e llluce 11e \vnnted, ~lnd rolled it up again 'Vl1€Hl lie lUld read it. 'rhe bool\. of the .Ja\v written all parchnlellt, is thus rolled and thus read in the Je\v'ishsynagogues at tIle !>resent ·tin1e.-Kitto. SCULL AND CR()SS..130NES.. 'l'hese are emblems of rnortnJity, and teael1 the l\faster l\fasoll to contempls,te dent1-1 us tlle end of Ilia affli:ctions, and the entrance to

another and a better life.

246

SC·Y-SEC.

SCYTI-IE. The scythe is an eUlblenl of tilne,vvhich . cuts the brittle thread of life,and laullclles us into eternity. What llavoc does the scythe of tinle Inake uIllo,ng the lluman race! If by chance Vle escape. tIle ··llumerous evils incident to childhood and youth, and arrive in perfect healtl1 and strengtll at the years of vigorous manhood; yet decrepid old age \-vilI SOOl1 follow, and. we Inust be cut dovvn by theall-devouring scytlle of time, ana be gathered into the lalld \\illere our fatllers have gone before us.-Old Lectu/res.

SEAL. Every Lodge lIas its own seal, al1d a collection of these seals is a very intcl"esting thing, for they each COlltaineitller: a sylnbolieal or all allegorical allusion to tIle ·11ftl11e ·of tIle lodge. Every certificate is sealed with the s~al of the Grand Lodge by wllieh it is graIlted, and as allG-ruIld Lodge seals are '\vell kno'VV'Tl, it tIluS prevents false certificates fr0111 injuring the Craft.Ga.d£cke. l'he cOIl1ponent IJarts of the cher11birn are exhibited in the officiiti seal of~ I believe, all the Grand I.lodges ill tIle ,"varlet In that of tIle Grand.Ladge of England, the two large ellcruhinlB of Solornoll are its sUl1porters, and the four figures are in1paledwitll tIle Mas(jlIS' UI"Ins 011 the field. The crest, is the Ark of tIle Covellant, 011 \Vlliell the cherubinl are again repeated itS llovering over the }Iercy· Seat,· to f01'111 the sUl)erb tllrone of the Deity. SIDAL ():E' SOL01\fON..The double or endless trian... gle, in one or other of its different f01"n18, constituted the tftlnOus seal of'So10l.l10n, our Rncient G. 1\i.. , "rhiell "\,,"as said to hind tIle evil gerlii so fast, tllatthey\vere unable to release thenlselves. By virtue ··of this seal, as the Moslelns believed, Solomon compelled the·· gel1ii to assist him inbuildillg the Telnple of Jerusalenl, and lllany other ma.gnificeIlt\Vorks. . SECOND DEGREE. As the darkness of llcatl1enism, or natural religion,IH"eceded the divine l"ev€~latioll vouchsafed to the people of God, so by our initiation into the second degree, \ve advance still fhrtller ·into the dawn figured out by the l\losaic dispensation, vvhiell 11receded the nlor'e l)erfect Christian day. Here the novice is

SEC.

247

brougl1t to light, to bel101d and halldle. tools ofa 1110re ar~ificial and ingenious construction, and el11blen1atic of subliuler llloral truths. By these he learns to reduce rude matter into due [orIn, and rude manners illtO the nlore polished shape of moral and religious rectitude; becolning thereby a more harmonious corner-stone of sylun1etry in the structure of lluman society, until he is Illude a gl9rions corner-stolle· in the temple . of God.- ·PVatsoll.

SECREOY. Secrecy is one of the first duties of a . Freemason, but those lVlasol1s elT lnuch who think -they do their duty by only exercising it. ill things concerning the Ordel~ of the lodge. It is not for this reason only that secrecy is so oftell inculcated in the lodge as a masonic duty', it is tlUlt he OUgllt to use seereey' and caution in all his transactiollS Ollt of tIle lodge, and eSI)ccia.l1y vvllere Ids tal1\.~1tivelless Inigllt be the 111eans of causing injury or danlage to l1is fellovv-nlen..-Gadich·c.

SECRETARY. All in1portant o'ffice in a lodge, for it is necessary tllat itsllould be . filled bya nl8:n who can 110t only Il1al\.e out the COlIlmon tral1SaetioIlS 9f th~ lodge, but \vho is also capable of cOInprehending the spirit of a lectllre, and introc1u-cing it into the transactions, briefly and at tIle sttrne tinle oorrectly. To \vrite a l)rotocol correctly, so that ill th.e event of any dispute it may serve as written. evidence, is, as is \vell-kI10\Vn, a 1110S·t diffi·cult task, arld requires great experience.. The Secretary lllUst ])e 11 l\fasterMason, and, whell necessary, tIle brethren ll1USt aSs~3t lliIIl as copyists.-Gadicke. SECRET. "\Vhat can it be? This is a question which has beell asked for cel1tu.ries, ancl ,viII probably eOl1tinue to be asked for centuries to conle. Cerenl0nies, custorns, rnoralexpl~uuLtions of allegorical and s)r111holical illstruIn;ents and figures \vldcll are to be found in {t JI-"reernasons' lodge, it is true, considered ns seCl·(~ts by son~(~ of the· brotllerllood. But tllose cannot be tIle real genuiue secrets of Fl"'eclnasonry; it is itn:possiblc; for u:M:aso,n

Inay be acquainted'\vith all the cerernonies, usages~Lat1d custO.·U1S .of the Craft.-l.le may be able morally. to e.xplain every synlbolical or allegorical instrunlentor figure Wllich is to be found in a M,asons' lodgc-.an,d J..1ctneither

248

SEC-SEE.

be happy ill this world, 路nor have a sure foundation on which to build his hopes of happiness in the "vorld to come.-Gad拢clce.

SECRET SOCIETIES. Freen1usons ever endeaV01.1l'" to act up to the principles of the a11ciellt secret societies, and if they differ in S0111e points froll1 the 11ractices of those aI1:cient \vorthi~s, it is in having in11)roved llp5)n their leading principles., by spreading the trutll rnost . extensively over the! globe, \vllilst tIle schools alIa academies of learning of our predecessors, v\rere l110re of local thall of universal existence.-I:lusenbeth.

SEcrr. It nlust 110t be ill1agined that l\lasonry is a system of religion at the llresent period. Nothing can be farther froln tIle trlltll. Suell a supposition WOllld reduce it to the level of a religious sect, a.nd uttel"lydestroy its universality. It e111braces a vic,v of all tIle ll1uin faets connected \vitIl the great plan of hlunall redell1ptiol1; but leaves the brethren to arrange those filets as Inay suit their ovrn individual o!')inion. 'fhis is the doctrine of the first ancient charge

SEDITI()N. . The fol1o\ving clatlSe of exelnptlon fr0111 the penalties of the Sedition Act, ,vas highly hOIlourable to the Order :-" .A.. nd ,v}lereas, certain societies ht'"Lve been .long aCCllstoll1ed to he 110ldeIl in tllis kingdol11, . under the denOInination of lodges oflt"'reelIHlsons, the 111eetings ,,"here~f have been in a greHJt 111CaStlre directed to eharitahle purposes, be it. therefore enacted,. tha.t nothing in this act shall路 extend to the meetings of a.ny such society or lodge ,vhich shall, before the passing of this act, have been 11sual1y holden under tlle said denomination, and in conforn1ity to the rules l,revailing itInong the said societies of FreemasoIls." SEEING. Seeing is that sense by \vllich ,ve are enabled to istinguisll objects of different kinds, and, ill an instant of time, V\"ithout allY cllange of l)lace or situation, to vie\v ar1l1ies in battle' array ,figures of the rnost ~tatel}i structures, and all the agreeable varieties displayerl In tIle landsca118 ofnature.-Old Lectu''l'r:s.

SEE-SEM.

249

SEEI{. I-Ie "vIla is desiro1.1S of finding vvisclon1, lrlust diligently 8eel~ for it; and if lle \vould !\.IlO\Y the real design of 1Iasonry, he nlust study, and observe, and Ineditate, on vvhat he hears in the lodge, otl1er\vise tIle bondage of ignorallce 'Yill never be rell10ved.

SELF-INTEREST" Let n1e travel froDl east to west, or bet\veen north and south, "'ll1ell I 111eet a true brothert I shall find a friend, \vho \villdo all in his pov,rer to serve nle, without having the least vie\v of self-interest; and if I an1 poor. and in distress, 110 \viII relieve Ine, to the utmost of l1is po\,Ter, interest, or capacity. This is the second grand prineil)1e; for relief ",viII follo,v \V hen there is brotherly"" love.-l)unckcTley. SEL1?-I{NO"'\VI.JI~DGE. Every Freel11usoll is car.11estly exhorted to stuc1)r hinlselt: lIe \VI10 does I10t l\.now hhnself, his nloral '\veaknesses, .his desires, his powers of toleration, and 11is r,eal, Ilot his in1uginary, spirit.ual strength, cannot live as tIle Ordel- requires that llC' ought to live, ill the bonds of the closest fraternal love \~;ith tIle whole brotllerllood; allc1 if an office is intrusted to llinl in the lodge, 11e eannot kno\y \Vllcther he . is callable of filling it ,vitI1 credit to llilnself and !)rofit to the Craft.. It is quite as lleCeSSar}T that ~L J3'rcenlRson should be as \\rell acquainted ,vitll his llloral strcl1gtll as he is vvith his Inoral路 V\-l'eakness; for 111any l\Iasollsare inactive in the lodge and ill theCrnft, n1erely because they do Ilot know the po\ver \vhicll is withill th路enlselves. fIe \vho 'has thorongll1y studied llilnself, and is Buscepti bIe of all good iI111)l"essions,. 'hrill be subject to nluch less evil than others..-(l\ulicke.

SEl\IPI~~R I~AI)El\I. "That is this irnl)crious institution vvhich has spread IH:l" \vings over tIle \vllo1e continent of l~ul.路ope, and \vhich, without the slightest depend.ence on any forrn of governnlent, has })reserved its l)urity arnidst everYS1)ce.,ies of politicIII COl.lvulsioIl, the d.isasters of elnpires, and religious \yurs? 'Vhat is. thisil11mense a.nd influential association \vhosc origin is lost tlInidst the darkness of a.ntiquity, and \VllOSe ranlifications branch out aJnidst the conflicting interests路 of eOlnmercinl sIleeu}atiOl1 , diplomatic alliances, and all the socia( establish17

250

SEN-SEP.

ments of mankind, in every country of the \vorlcl, in spite of ditlerences in climate, colour, lang'uage and Il1a1111ers? What is tIle signification of its rites and cerel11onies, it~ usages, and its symbols? What serv"ices is it able to render to the sacred calIse of hU111anity? Every reasonable man "viII answer these questions by" a reference to' ~henrysteries of Freemasonry.-Jan''L:icT·. SENIORITY OF LODGES. The precedency of lodges ,is derived from the In1nlber of their c0l1stitutiol1, as recorded in the books of th.e Grand Lodge. No lodge can be ackllowledged, nor its officers admitted into the United Grand Lodge, or a p~ovincial Grand I.Jodge, nor any of its Inelp.bers entitled to partake of the general charity or other n1asonic l)rivilege, lluless it has been regularly constituted alld registered.-Constitutions. ,SENIOR W ARDEN. The dutJT of the Senior "rarden, like that of the l\laster, is indicated b}T his je\vel of office, \vhicll is t"t sYlTIbol of cqllality, and. instrllets hb11 that the duties ofllis situation ought to be exeeuted vlitll strict inlpartialitjr, and \vithout resIlect of !)CrSolls. Regularityof attendancc,is t111 .. essential part of this office, because if tIle l\faster sllould die, or be rernoved, or be · rendered incapable of discharging tIle duties of his oflice, the Senior Warden Inust SUpl)l)" his plaee until tlH~ llCxt election of officers; and even should the ~Jastel" nec(~ssa rily be absent frorn any siIlgle lodg(~, the Senior Warden must rule the lodge, if no fOrlnel" J\Iaster be l)l"esent. SE~PIIIRO,]:II. ~rho terrn sel)hira is derived from -,"'to sapphire, vlhich, in holy \vrit, uI)penrs to hav'o lleen eonsidered of the highest brillinncy; the word is th<~refore generally trtlnslated"splendour," altllough sonle \vriter~ consider its derivation to be froln -,~o, tOlluluber, and render it ·"enumerations." r"].'h'e fOflner is the 1110sf; correct, froTH its·supposedorigin.being, that I)revious to tIle creation all space was filled "vitil infinite .light, '\Vl1icJl ~9'as witl1dra\vl1 to a certain :point \vhen the l::>ivino ~lind resolved to tornl tIle universe, tll1is leavirlg a sll11criea'l vaCl1lun. lrrom the concave so fo1"1ned, a bearn of ligllt issued to the opaque sphere. rrhis light 110t conti~luing long in a rcetilinear course, diverged ,at ten different

SER-SEV.

251

points, forming as many separate concentric circles of . light, divided fi"om the supreme ligllt by portions of opaq"ue space, Y'et leaving in the centre an opaque splle11.cal body; they have tllerefore ··termed theu1 sovereign lights. They are named-l,The Crown; 2, Knowledge; 3, Wisdonl; 4, l\light; 5, Mercy; 6, Grandeur ; 7, Victory; 8, Glory; 9, Stability; la, Kingdom. SERPENT AND CROSS. . Before the Israelites were pernlitted· to inhabit the country assigned to theni by covellant frOln Jehovah to their allcestor Abraham, a compound synlbol, which was afterwards introdtlced into Freemasonry, was publicly exl1ibited as a type of salvation. I refer to the tall-cross and sell)ent., rrhe Israelites were subjected to a plague of serpents, as the Jlunishment of sin;. and 011 their reI)entance J.\iIoses was . irected to elevnte a serpent of brass, that ,,-rhosoever looked on it might be saved. Hence th'ecross became an emblem of life and salvation; and being, in a bigller degree tril,>led amongst ourselves" signifies the Tetragrammaton, or Him wboluade the worlds, even the author of our rcclenlption-J esus Christ.

SERVITUDE. The stipulated period of an apprenservitude is seven years, but less time will suffice, iffo'Ul1d worthy of promotion by possessing the qualities

of freedoIn, fervency, and zeal.

SEVEN. Seven is an important numbcl- toa FreemarIn ancient times each brother was comp:elled to be acqllainted \~titl1· tIle seven liberal 'arts and sciences; it is for this reason that seven brethreIl form a synlbolic lodge. .If t"vo triangles £:::;.. are joined togetller, they forru 1(, or six-I)ointed star, and if this figllre is enclosed, in a circle, tllcn tllcreare seven 110il1tS @; and it \vas with this figure that tl~e UIlcients represented tlleseveti ~bordinate powers of nat·ure.-ftatl£cke. SOll.

SEVEN.ST1\.RS. An emblem ,vhich dcnote:s.iith~ number of brethren requisite to make a·perfect lodge. SEV]~NTY YEARS.... ~bis, period of the captivity in Bahylon.JI1ust.·be co~putealfrom·.tbeidefellt/of the Egyp..

252

SHE.

tians atCarchemish, in the same year that this propllecy was given,. when Nebllchadnezzar reduced the l1eighbouring nations of Syria and Palestine, as \vell as J erusaleul, under his subjection. At theel1d of seventy years, on theaccessiol1 of Cyrus, an end was put to tlle Babylonish lTIonarchy; Babylon itself becanle a subject and dependant provinc.e, and began to experience those divine visitations "rhich ternlinated at length ill vvhat is so justly called "perpetual desolation."-!3layney.

SlIEBA. rl'he Queen of Sheba appears to have beerl 'a persoll of learning, and that sort of laarning Wllicll y\ias theIl alUlost l)eculiar to Palestine, not to Eth-i0I)ia; for we kno\v that, one of ller路 reasons for cOIIling '\iv-as to eXt1nline wlletller Solon1on was really the learned Ina11 he . was said路 to be. Slle canle to try llim in allegories and parables, in \vhicll Nathan 11ad instructed llilll. 'I'hey say she \vas a l)ugan \vhen she left Arabia; but being full of adlniration at 8010111on'8 \vorks, shc\vu,s converted to Judaisnl in J erusalcln, and bore hirn t1 son, \VhOll1 he called :ilfenilek, and \vho ,vas their first king.--B)"ucc. SIII~EI~. rIlhe peol11e of God are often tYllified ill the Scriptures under the 路name of sheet), because of their Inild, patient, and inoflellSiv.e Ilatulte. 'I'he lUlll bskin, then, is an uIl'proprinte elublenl of the i11110Cellce of J caus,

and the I:neekness of his follo\vers.. The .1a:rnb, too, is of a, social nature, and is elnblelnatical of brotherly love. rt is easily led. But there are "lost sheeJ)" spokeIl of in the 13ible-tllose \vhicll have \VUlldered far fi-OIll their fold and shel>herd.. rrho aI)ostles were sent to the lost sheer) .,of the house of Israel. Christ eaIled llis o\vn sheep by nal'ne, and leadeth them out. 1'he slleep should always listerl toth() SllC!)llerd's voice, and follo\vhinl and fear. Jesus three tittles bade Simon Peter to feed his sll(~ep.

'fIle .reI)ctition of the

C01l1lIla.nd

is regarded .a.g

very beautiful in theG'reek dialect. Jesus ,vas culled tho" l~alnb ()f (10<1, not only on account of his spotless innoeonce, but innllusiol1 to the lalnb sacri1iced for the })ussover, he being the true 11 ascl1al LaInb, slain frorn tIle toundation of the \yorld.-Scott.

SIIEKIN l~.lI.. A bean1 of glory.

This beatll. sholle

SHE-SHO."

253

upon Abel and his sacrifice, and is thought by some to have been the moving cause of Caill's envy. God testified his alJprohation of Abrahaln's sacrifice by the SU1ne glory, which, lil,-e the flame of a lalnp, passed betvV"eeIl the sacrifices. The pillar of a cloud, and the clouds "\v}lich filled the Tabernacle al1d the Temple, \\t-rere of the same nature; and, according to the. Scriptures, were J ell 0 vall, or Christ; for St. Paul tells the Jews th~t these bright effulgencies vouchsafed to their ancestors, were beanlS of glory from the eternal Son of God. SHESH-BAZZAR. Was another name for Zerubbabel, for it was C01TIlnOn in the tinle of the captivity for the great men of Judah to l1ave two Ilan1€S: one of their ovvn COul1try, Wllicll was domestic; another of the Chaldeans, 'VIllCll was used at court. Nehenlial1 lutd two nan1es, and this of Shesh-bazzar seems to have been a good Olllell of their flourisl1ingcondition; being COlnpounded of tvvo words signifYing fine linen and gold. On tIle contrary, Zerubbabel was a name importing the misery of the people of Israel at that time; for it is as muell as all exile or stranger in Babylon, \Vllere he was born. rI'hus pious Inen, in the midst of the honours they ]lad at court (for Josepllus sait11, Zenlbbabel was one of the guard of the king's body), were admonished not to forget their brethren, .but s)nnpathize witll them in their

miseries.-Bisllop Patrick.

SIIEWBREAD. On the golden" table in the Tabernacle of 1foses, were placed the twelve loaves of unleavene<1 bread, called the presence bread, because it "vas perpetually lJefore the face of Jehovah, and' son1C say they '\vere u1ttrked \vith the names of tl1e tvvelve tribes of Israel; but there is 110 autllOl'"ity for tl1is conjectllre in the sacl·cd writirlgs. . SHII3BOI~I~r:rII.

Shibboletll signifies ,vaters.

Thus

the Ephrairnites I)ru!yed the rnen of Gilead to n.11o'Vv them to pass over, and vvere asked in return-'l'o pass over wha.t? They could not al1swer "Shibbolefh" without betraying themselves to the enemy. SIfOE.

The putting off th;esboes some say, ,"vas

254

SHO-SIG.

commanded Moses, that he should thereby sanc"bify tl1at place by making bare his feet. But the place vv"as holy already, because of God's presence; the place \vas not· holy because l\:Ioses put ofr his shoes, but because it was holy 11e is bid to put off l1is shoes. Alnbrose thus appl~eth it-".that because tIle slloesare made of the skins of dead beasts, 1'1oses should put off all fear of death, for fear whereof he fled at the first fronl Pharoah."· (COlUmente in Lucani lvi~.) Cyprian says, "that l\foses, by putting off IllS shoes, does not cllallenge any right in the spouse of the churcl1, but resiglleth it to Christ, the head and husband thereof; for this was the custOl11, that the next kinSll1all, by putting off a slloe, surrendered l1is right to bis deceased brother's wife."

·SI-TOVEL. The use of tlle. shovel is to clear .away rubbish and loose earth; and it nlorally de!)icts the mortal state in \vhic}l the body is laid ill tIle grave ; tha~ when the reluains of this body sllal1 have been l>rol)crl)r disposed of~ \VC, ,vi tIl hunlble bllt holy eOllfidence, hope that the sl)irit Inay arise to everlasting lift~. SIIRINE. rI'he place wllere the Secrets of the Royal Arcll are deposited. SIC TRANSIT G'LOI~IA l\tIUNDI. "Every tIling extinguislled flanle.". A 1110St irnI)ortant sylnbol fora ].faSOll. No earthly glory should be .able to captivate hirn ; for he nlust ever bear in mind tIle glory' of a tla111e ill con1lJarison ,:vitIl which every other glory is vain. Life itself is like a flame, it can be extinguished before it. has beell SCtlrcely perceived. Th¥J beautiful 8.. Y ·.• mJbol has been adopted by the Knights of the Garter. WIlen thiellelrnet, sword, &c., of & departed brother are solemly lowered, tIle llerald-at-arms exclairns:~"Sic transit gloria nlundi! "-Gad·icke. vani~lles like all

SIGNATUltI1J.Everybrother to Wl101l1 a (1rand Lodge certificate is .grallted must sjgn his Illtl1'lC in the margin thereof, or it will not be valid.-Constitution.lJ. SIG·N OIf DIsrItR:B~SS. In a society \vh.ose 1l1ernbers OUgllt fraternally to love and assisteacll other, it is to

SIG-SIN.路 be expected that tlley'sllould have a sign \Vllereby they could Inak.e themselves 1\.110wn immediately to their brethren, ill ho\vever distressed circumstances they might be placed, and thereby at the same 'tilne clairn their assistance and 111路otection. This is the sign of distress, in conjUl1ctioll with a fe\v words. He WIlO falls into the greatest difficlllty and danger, and supposes that tl1ere is tt brother vvithin sight or hearing, let 11ilTI use this sign, and a true and faithful brotller TIlust spring to his 'assist-

ance.-Gadicke. SIGNS. 1"'he science of Freemasonry is still cllaracterized by S.\V. allel T.; but it is a grievolls error to supp,ase thenl to be the essence of the systenl; they are merely senseless designations of something possessing greater value. Tile., are to tIle 1\1aso11 as tile \vig to the judge, 'la\VIl sleeves to the reverend prelate, or the gold.. . headed eal1C to the ancient physician-essentials as to forIll, l)ut llnirnportant in reality. r.rhe sterling value of our doctrines, as well as their1.1niversality,\VOll1d remain uninjured, if tllese conventional In~trks of recognition 'yere all abolished. Preston calls thell1 tIle keys of our treasure; and so, indeed, they are to a certain extent, but the cabinet lIlight be opelled if these l~eys were lost. The . S. W. andT. are nlerely cOllventional, thougll it is not . to b;e denied that great numbers of lVlasons are satisfied with tlleir possession, and look fornotlling beyond them. SILENC~E. rl'he first thing that Pytllagoras taught llis scllolars "vas to be silent; for a certain time he kept tl1enl vvitllOtrt speal\.ing, to tl1e end they might the better leal'"n to llreserve tIle valuable secrets he had to commuIdeate, illHl never to speal~ but \Vllen reqtlired, expressing thereby that seerecy ,vas the rarest virtue. Aristotle was asked vvhat thing. appeared to llinl Ill0St difficult; he answered to be secret and silent. 1'0 tllis l)urpose St. Ambro-se,in his ofllces, l)laced alIlong tIle prine-ipal fonndationsof virtue the paticllt giftsilence.-Dc1-1JuJtt.

SINCERITY. A searcll after trutl1" is the peculiar employment of J\.Iasons at their periodical m,eetings, and therefore they describe it as a divine attribute, Ul1d the

256

•SIT-SKI.

foundation of every virtue. To be good ll1e.n an'd true, is the first lesson we. are taught· ill l\fasol1ry.·On this thenle we conteluplate, and, by its dictates endeavour to regulate our conduct; influenced by this principle, llypocrisy and deceit are unl\.l1ovVl1 ill the "lodge; sincerity and plain dealing distinguisll llS; vvllile 'the heart and tongue join in prOllloting tIle geIleral \velftLre, alld xej oicing in each other's l)l"osperity.

SI'l'UATION. The lodge is situated due east and west, for various reasons; but the princilJal illduceUlent of our anciellt brethrell to adopt this disposition was, that it n1ight serve to C0111111 en10rate the great deliverallce of the Israelites froll1 bondage, by inlitating tIle arrangementof the Tabernacle ","hich was erected by lVloses in the wilderness, as a place of l)ublic worshil' until tIle Lord sllould reveal the situation \vhicll l1e l1ad chosell for his IIoly N alTIe anlongst tIle tribes in tIle IH"ollllsed land. SIX LIGHTS. Royal Arcll 1\Iasol1s acI{l1o\vledge six lights; the three lesser, together rel)resellting the light of the Lavv and the Prophets, and by this l1ull1ber alludo to the Patriarchal, l\Iosuical, {lnd Christiall dispensation's.

The three greater represent the sacred 'Vorcl itself, expressive of 'IIis creative, preserving, t111d destroying power.. These lightsnre I>laced in tIle fornl of all equi,lateral triangle, eacll of tIle lesser intersecting t11e line fonned by the t\VO greater. Thus geo111etrically dividing the greater triangle into three lesser triangles, at its extrell1ities, and by their union, fOfl!l a fourth triangle in the centre, all of thorn being equal alldequilateral, ernbleluatical of tIle four degreeR in Masol1ry-the Entered. Apprentice, the 1~"el10,vcraft, the Master ]\:{asoIl, and, the Iloly Royal Arch. SIX .PERIODS. In six days God created the heavens and the earth,and l~ested upon the seventh, therefore our ancicntbretllren dedicated it as a day of rest fronl their labours, thereby enjoying frequent 0P11ortunities to contenlplate the glorious 'works of the c,reation, and to adore their great C~reator.-fJ·rebbc. SI{IRRET..

TIle sl\.irret acting on n centrepin is u~ed

SKY-SLI.

257

to 111ark out the ground of a Ile\<v building.. ..l\.s the sk.irret bas a challted line attached to it, it points out tl1e straight line of duty chalked out iil the Sacred Lavv of God.

SI{Y-BLUE. In the cosmogoIlies divine vvisdo111 creates the vvorld, and the Creator is always coloured blue. Vishnu, according to the sacred books of the I:Iindus, was born ofa blue color. This illdicates tllat \visdoll1, elnan'ating from God, is synlbolizedby azure. III EgYl)t the . supreme God, the Creator of tIle tlniverse, Cne!)h, \vas painted sky-blue. In Greece azu.re is the colour of Jupiter. III Cllina the firll1al11ent is the SUI)relne (Jod; and ill Cllristiall sy111boliSlll tIle azure vault of heav(~n is the l11antle \vhiell veils th.e Divinity. Azure is the synlbol of God tIle SaviOllr, tIle Itedeelner of 11H111kind. .SLINI{ING". It is not only possible, but it happened, tllat merl llave stole into the I..lodge \vho \vere never \vorthy of being adnlitted Inernbers·of the but \;\"110 11ave nlanaged to get initiated by llYI)oeris}r, because the !nernbers lluve not IlUd sI:tfticient 0I)I)Ortllnities to prove tllelll, and to \Vatell their l)revious But it is quite illlpossible for anyone \vho hus not initiated to find Ilia \vay into ~L lodge to

that curiosity. Every cultivated and 1110rall11t1Il initiatioIl vvillnot be denied llilll if h.e allplies in B,proI)er manner for it, and",re areassul-cd that th(~y \vill never attelll1)t, eitllerby force or frltuU, to gain into t1 society "\vhere they have no right to be. Should anyone, destitute of rnoral feeling, atteIl1!>t to do thinking that fro111 printed \V'orks he has lunde acquainted \vitll our cllstorns, and ean l)USS hirnself off for a l\Jason, he never can beyond the ante-elUlrnb(~r, for he has 110 c(~rtiticate, or if lie has, iti s not his, uncI this is soon proved; l.lis naIllO is Hot llPOll any lior does lleknow anything of ho\v S110111<1 nns\ver questionswhicll \vill be I)ut to Ilhll. An man has still less chance of stealing into a answer to tIle firatquestion I)ut to biln him at once. If we \vere as well secured from the manner of improp,erly gaining adrnittance into a lodge as l,l,lL.,U••::')\';,l,I.

258

SJ\!IE-SOJ.

we are from tIle last, tIle· Order would be in a more flourisl1ing conditioll" tha11 it 110'VV is.-Gadicke. Sl\1ELLING. With regard to the orgall, it is !1n impression ll1nde on the 110se by little p!1rticles continually exhaling fronl odorous bodies; \vith regard to the object, it is tIle figure and disposition of odotous efIiuvia, which sticking on the ~rgan, excite tIle sense of s111clling; and \vith regard to the soul, it is the percel)tion of the impression of the object 011 the organ, or the affection in the soul resulting therefroln.

SOCIETY. Freeulasollry" fOrlTIS a ha.ppy centre of reunion for worthy TIlell , "\J\.Y"ho are desirous of a select society of friends alld brotllers, who llavebound themselves in a voluntary obligation to love eacll other; to afford aid and assistanee ill tirne of need; to Unill1ute one anotller to acts of virtue and berl€Volence; and to 1\:.ee11 inviolably the secrets vvhich foru1 the great characteristic of the Order.-Lalande. .

SODALI1'IES.Cato the censor, vvllenlle. \vas Questor, institllted sodalities, or fraternities of ·cong,enial· perSOl1S. In the early state of society, ,\rhen the lU1ivs,vere too weak to afford protection, individuals had no other means of securing their lives al1d.l)roperty bllt by ellte:r:ing into suell associations, "\vhere (1 nUlnberof persolls engaged thenlselves to vindicate and assist eacl1 o tIler. And they had 1)eriodical111eetiI1gs~at V\thie}l tIley e1tioyed themselves Il1errily. 'l'hus QUilltilion said: "rl'empestiva convivia, et perviliges joco~ advocata sodaJjunl turb~L solutas, et affluens agebarn."Collfraternities of tIle sanle kind, sUrys BisllOP Perey, pxevailedirlthiskingdon1 not only during tIle. Anglo--Saxon tinles, but fbI" SOUle ages after tIle conquest. . SOJOURNERS. While preparations \vere in In·ogress for building the secol1d rremple, sojourl1er~ .aIlcl pilglirns fi·o111 Baby1011, incited by the adnlonitions of the l)rol~hets, occasionally added to the l1UIYlber of those "\VllO engaged witll enthusias111 in these laborious duties; and their exalnple afforded great encouragenlellt to the ,,"orkmen.

SOL.

~259

SOLID. A solid hat}1 lengtll, breadth, and thicl\.ness, and is.geIleratecl by the fio\viI~~g .o~ a sUI)erficics... A. so]i~, then, IS the \vhole systenl of dIvIne la\vs, us eXlstll1g 111 practice. For if every duty in practice a.nd l)erfeetioIl is ,a superficies, it \viII follo\v that wIlell they arc all laid one llpon eacll other, there will be·· forlned a solid; Ulld this solid ,vill be a rectangular triangular IJyrurnid, \vhose altitude' alld the length and breadth of its base are all equal. ' For tIle length, breadtll, alld lleigbt of tIle ,vllole law in practice nlust be perfect.-·· Old Lecture.

SOLOMON. SoloIno11, SOIl of David, by Bathsheba, was .declared by his father to be heir to the throne of tIle Hebl"e\VS, thereby setting· aside llis elder })rother. lIe enjoyed during a long and l)ea.ceful reign, fi~orn 1015 to 9'76 before C~hl"ist, tIle fi-uits of the deeds of his fhtller. TIle vvisdonl of 11is juclie.ial decisions, as also the in1llrovoInel1t and l)erfectioIl of the systelll of goverllluen't lIe introduced, gained hinl the love and.. adnliration of the people; and his fame is in11nortalized by the building of the Ten1ple, vvhich, for size, 11lagnificence, and beauty, far exceeded all the ,yorks of arcllitecture ever before seen. 1'his Ten11)le is one of the lllost suhlirne SYlllhols in tIle Order of FreenlaSOlll'Y', for \Vllich reason 8010111011'8 name IH1S been il1trodueed here.-(-Jtulickc. SOLOl\fON'S TEJ\~[I)LI~. rrllis is rnost ilIl!)Ortant as a symbol toa Freelnason, for in its tinlc it \vusconsidHred as the 1nost regtllar and ,I110St I:nagnific(~nt building. Solomon built this teu1ple nt tJerusnlenl, and it was not only a !)lace for tIle \vorshil) of Goc1, but n]80 ~t d\\'-elling for the l?riesthood, and a del;ository for tlle nrk. David provided a great quantity of btlildil1g Il1ateriuls, and left an fnlorUlOllS 81.11Il of rnoney to 11aJ,: the eXI)cnses of the building, \vhich ,vas carried 011 ill I)erf(:~ct quietness. All the stone and \vood \vere l)re!)are<!\vithout the eit)'", and then' brol~gllt to ~Je111s~11ern. rrhe foundation \'·ns laid in the year of the '\vorld 2n9~~; and ut that Pha3nicians !)ossessed the best artists of e'"(\r)r deseription, and. in architecture tllCY took thn lend of all other nations. In order, tllerefore, to build Iris TClnple nccordingtothe best rules of architecture thell kno\vl1,SoloIllon r,equested Hira!n, I{ing of Tyre, to ftl'l"nisll hirn with all architect, RInd he sent hill1 on.e who ,~asalso called IfiraJn. IIiram

260

SOL-SOU-

not only possessed scientific knowledge, butalso sufficient practical skill in his art to enable him to make everything according to the wish of King Solomon, as well ill the building of the Telnple with regard to magnificence, as also in originality of iorlnatjon, and in th~ appropriateness of the sacred vessels which ",""ere necessary in tIle sacrifices and burnt offerings, and vvThich "l'ereall formed in strict· proportion, according to the rules of geometry. The ,valls that sUl·rounded the Temple "vere 7700 feet in circulnference. The large and lloble hall stood to\vards the west, and the Holy of Holies in the east.-Gadicke. SOLSTICES. TIle symbol of a point withiIl a circle has s0111etilnes been .invested with an astroll0111ical reference. Thus it is said that the point in tIle centre represents ·tllC Supren1e Being; the circle indicates the annual circuits of the sun; and the parallel lines lnark out the solstices within whicll that circuit is lilllited. And they deduce frolll the llypothesis tl1is c.orollary, that the lVIason, by subjecting llinlself to clue bOlInds, in ilnitation of that glorious lUlllillury, \vill not "vander from the path of duty. SONGS OF lfASONRY. What may be ternled. the dOlnestic 111al1nerS of a society, vary with the eustoll1S of the age in '\vhich it flourishes; and tIle fhlctuations are accurately mal-ked in the character of its songs. It is unnecessary to enter into a dissertation 011 fhe 111erits of nlasonic poetry. In this respect I am willing to confess tllat the Craft does 110t occupy tlle first rank ill· the literature of the da:y. But our songs are not destitute of l)oeticallllerit, if it cOIlsist in the display· of· ilnages wllichare peculiarly appropriate to the subject linder illustration; selltiIne,nt Wllich . strikes the in1ugination, and excites new feelings in the rnind;pathos which toueheaa sensitive chord in the listener's heart; and a lnoraltoinspire a love of virtue ;~al1 expressed in ehaste lttuguage, and divested· of ·extrava,gancies either in style or luattel·. SOUL OF THE WORLD. Phil 011 says. that th,e Sabbath\vas the soul instilled into the world by God ; which, R..A.brahaul Abell Ezra and Nachlnanides 11roperly

BC)lT-SClU..

261

observe was tIle benedictioIl ",,"hie}1 God bestov·:edon the ,Sabbath Day, sanctifying it th~reby; for b~y tl1C. superior influence of that day, the body IS renovated, the strengtll renewed, anclllew illtelligence and kIlo'\vledge cOllveyed

to the soul.-jlanasseh Ben Israel. SOUTH..

The due course of the sun is fronl east to

south and V\'"est; and after the· Master are placed~he Wardens, to extend his cOlnnlands and instructions to the west and the north. FrolIl the east the su,n's rays cannot penetrate into the nortll and tIle west at tIle saBle tilI1C. -Gadiclce. SPECULATI\TE.

The nlasonic systenl exllibits a

stupendous and beautiful fabric, founded on universal piety. rro rule and direct our !)tlssions, to have fhitll and hope in God, and charity to\vurds 111U11, I eonsidpr as the objects of '\:vhat is.terlned SI>cc.ulative l\IusourY--I,StelJluJn

Jones.

S,PIRIT OF TIIl~ CRAli~T. ()'er the pt,YeInellt of this fleeting and chequered existence, \V(1 are fast 11astening to thecOIIllllon end. of all lllen; und llloug tIle down\va.rd track of Tinle, \\l'c nre descending-, SOBle Inore smoothly· than others, but all "Yvith no less suro ,lHHl quick transition.. I~et us not, tllcrefore, be ulunindful of tIle Inerciful ends of ourcreatioIl and redenlIltion, to "shine as the stars in the heavens," whell raisnd in glorified bodies from the darklless of the tomb, we 8ha11'-'bo presel1t(~d, b~r our All-sufficient Conductor before the throne of the Alrnigllty and ever-to-be-adort~d and vvorshill!)cd EterlULI l\laster of tIle heaveIlly lodge above !-})oole. SQU .l\ItI~:. In nrehitectllre 110t onl)T are the eorners of tile building l)roved by the s(lunre, but a111H)rizcHltal andp,elJ>endieulur lines are dra\vn l>y it. \\fitlulut nC(~ll rate squ&,ring, ~,~ building 'vou ld be \y(~uk and tottt~riIlg in its first stalgesof erection, and Inllst eontinue 11l1fillisll(~d. Without a well-defined und very (~let1r code reciJlrocal laws and duties of the oflieers and nlenlhf~rs of any ~ocial,cl~arit~ble,or scientific society, it i~ for lty y It .to aVOId bem~ c.o.m. '. p.,letel. o.vel.·t.,'.,h. ro.,w, n....1.,.11 a V6. s.hort tin1e. l)erfect legality is the only sura •. foundation for

262

STA.

any society, and by it alone bodies ·of IneIl are l\.ept within. their proper limits; for as soon as arbitrary power and physical force usurp the l)lace of the laws of any society, it speedily be00111es defu11ct; with great propriety, . therefore, is the square put into the hands of the Worshipfu11Iaster, in order tIl at he l11ay keep the brethreu \yithin the square of the ancient charges of Freemasonry. This sylhboll11USt at all times, and in all places, be regarded as a great light, and the gel1uineFreelnason is not only reluinded by this light to do'· his duty to his brethren, but to aIlll1ankind.- Gadicke. STANDARD. The Israelites in the wilderness were marsllalled according· to tIleir tribes, eaell tribe being Bub-divided into families. Every head of a sub-division, or thousand, \vas furnished with an ensign, or standard, under ,which his followers arranged thernselves, according to a pte-cOllcerted l)lan, both \vhen in can11' and when all tlle Inarch; and thus all confusion \-vas IJrevented, hovv hastily soever the order Inight be given to !)roceed or to halt and pitcl1 their t~nts. The four leading divisions were designated by tllC conlponent parts of the cherubim-a Inan, an oX,a lion, and an eagle.

S1'ANDARD BEARER.

a-rand Standard Bearers

may beappoillted by the GrandMaster as occasion shall

require; they 111ust be .l\faster l\tInsons, and are to carry the standard of the Grand Lodge, Grand Patron, and GTand l\Iaster, ollnll grand c~remonies. They are not, however, by their 3,pl)ointulellt, nlembers of the Grand I..Jodge, nor arc they to wear tIle clothing of a grand officer. Anygl"al1dofficer appointed to hilvea standard, rnayappoint a Standard .Bearer whenever it shall be neeessary, WhO·luust be a Master Maaon.-Constitutio12S.

STAlt.Astar, in hieroglyphical language, alV\-rays denoted a God. Thus, when Balaanl predicted that a star shOUld arise out of Jaoob,anda sce11tre out of Israel, he· referred to the la\v-giver, or Shilo, of \vhol'n that patriarch had already·spoken. A star out of Jacob and a God out of J acoh '\vould, therefore, be pu,rallel expressions. And who could that God be who should bear the sceptre of Israel as King of kings and Lord of lords,

STA-STE.

263

but ~he theocrati.c King of Israel, J ellovah, the },tlessiall, or Christ? STARS. The }iaster lvIasoll, Iilte the starry firnlament, OUgl1t to be able to enligllten the younger brethren. Seven stars remind us that seven brethren Inake a perfect lodge. ,Stars are also employed principally as symbolso拢 great intellectuality, and this symbol has been perpetuated froul the most remote antiquity. 'l'he decoratiollof most spiritual and temporal orders路 consists ofa star.-Gadiclce. STATUTES OR DUTIES.. 'Every lodge 11a8 its statutes, \vith \vhich every brother should be \vell acquainted, und \Vllicll ought frequently to !le read in open lodge. They treat UpOIl the duties of a E'teenH1Soll both in and out of the lodge, upon the duties of the ofiic(~rs, on the nlana,gclllent of the lodge, the duties and privileges of the brethren to\\l'ards caell other, and of tho locality in Wllich the lodge is placc<1.-('ia(licke. STAVES. In the year 2513, \vl1ile l\.Ioses \vns tending the flock of bis fttthel-in-la\v Jethro, at the foot of a lnountain, he \vas C0111111anded by the Alrnighty to go down into Egy!}t,und deliver his l>rethren fr01l1 their galling captivity. The. DeitJ~ tlleu asked hinl-',' '\That is that in tlline hand?" 'And he said, "A rod."And the Lord said unto hinl-"Cast it upon the ground/' And he cast it upon the ground, and it ilnl'nediately becaule tt sC11)cnt, and 1Ioses flee! fi"orn it. And tJleLord said unto l\Ioses-:-" l">ut fortIl thy hand and take it by the tail." lIe did so, and it resu111ed its original forln. 'rhis is tIle origin of our R. A. staves.. STEP. In the systenl of 1tlasonr)r, the candidate is presented at eaell st(~l) ,v'itll three Ilrecious je\vels. As unE. A. P.) he "n listerrirlg ear, n, silent tongue, and ~ faithful heart." As a ]j'. C~., it is "fitith, llope, and eharlty." Atld路na t), l\I.. l\I., llC rcc.cives " humanity, friend.. . ship, and brotherly love."

STEPS. The reflecting Inan is cautious bow he takes a step, and it i.B not~ndifferent to him whether they are

264

STE-STR.

directed to the east or ",rest, north or SOUtlle His desire is to be continually progressing" and he does l)rogress, even thougl1 he is cOll1pelled occasionally to wait, or even to take a by-path. But to hin1 the three grand steps, "\vhich sY111bolieally lead from this life unto the sourc.e of all kno\vledge, are of the utlnost importance. lIe advances vvith a nrnl step, and he l1ever turns back. . -Gadicke. STEWARD. The stewards are those officers "\vho have charge of the expenditllre of the lodge in refresh111ent, &0. Every lodge has tvvo.-Gad路icl~e. STONE OF FOITNDA1'ION. The masonic founda.. tion stone is said'to have been inscribed with the awful Name or \Vord, \vhich iScollfided to the l)erfect ~Iaster wIlen he has arrived at the highest dignity of thQ science.. The characters \vere }Jlaced vvithin all equilateral triangle and circle, as a synlbol of the Divine Being lInder \vhose protection this consecrated stone ~vas placed, and hence it "\V"as frequently tel"nlec1 the stone of life. rl'lle Rnbbins believed that, fi路orn the l)otel1cy of this Word, the stone was invested \-vith oracular powers, Dl1d D1UllY otller singular virtues. STONE P AVEJ\fENT. The stone paven1cnt is a figurative appendage to a l\faster l\fasons' lodge; and, like that of the l\fost IIoly Place in the' Telllplc, is 路路for the IIigh Priest to \valli. 011. STONE SQUARERS. These \verethe Dionysiacs,a society of architects who built the Templeofllercules at Tyre, ancI nlany Inagnificent edifices in Asia 1\Iinor, before the Tem!11e of Solomon was projected. r.fhey "vere the }Iasters and Wardens of the lodges of ~Iasons during the erection of this falnous edifice.

STRENGTII. It is not necessary tllat the strength of a Warden should C011Sist of the pllysical or bodily; it slloald be of the spiritual. A pillar has strengtll to bear. fIe vvho assic111ouslygoes through the difficult patll of life-courageously bears up against all its disappointtnents-lllanfully and unflinchinglyspealts the truth,

STR-SUB. even before the thrones of kings and prinees,-be possesses trne strength.-Gadicke. STRII{ING OFF.. Prohibiting a lodge to assemble t or striking a lodge off from the Grand Lodge list. It is an event of a very rare OCCU1Tence that a lodge is struck. off tIle list, or prohibited .from assembling. T~is. may be done by cornmand of the State ; and when thIS l~ the case, the brethren are bound to obey the lavv without nlurn1urillg, or conlplaining that tlleir sphere of usefulness is cirCUll1Sc.ribed. But when a lodge is struck oft from the list of the Grand Lodge under '\vhich it held its warrant, it 111Ust be because it lias fallen into irregularity, or has violated the rules of the Craft to SUCIl a degree as to bring do\vn upon it the greatest l)unisl1111ent the Grand Lodge can inflict.-Ctad-ickc.

STRIN(1,* Our truditiollS say that \Vhell Ilirttm .Abiff ,vent into the H. of II. to offer ll,p bis orisons to God at the hour of high twelve, the ark of the covenant bad not- been remoyed thither, for that tool\. place at th~ dedication, after whicll no one \vas perll1itted to enter but the II. P., and he only OIlce a year, 011 the great day of expiation, at which tiule ,he llud a string, or belt, rouna his vvaist, whicll extended into the court of the Tabernacle, that he nligl1t be dravvll trOIn tIle S. S., in case Budden death should -occur wllilst l1e officiated there..-, D(llc}/io. SUBORDINAr.rION.The rulers andgovel"nors,

I)ren1e ancI subordinate of the _ancient lodge, are to ,路.bt obeyed in their respective stations by all the brethren, aceordil1g to the old charges and regulations, ,vith all hunlility, reverence, love, and alacrity.-Ancie1lt CltaTges.

SUBMISSI()N. Your obedience 11ltlst be I)roycdby acloseconfornrity to our luvvs and l"Bglllations; by prOInpt attention' to all sigrls all(1 SUlllnlonses; b)f lnodest andcorrectdenlcaIlour \\rhilst in the lodge; by abstain路 i,ng from every topic of religious or political discuslioa J bya reac1y acquiescence in all votes alld resolutions ,d.l, passed by the brethren; and by Ilerfect 8l1hmission tt the 1faster and, his WardDlls, whilst a~tingin. the '~ charge of their l"espective offices.-llemm:i.ng. 18

SUC-SUP..

SUOCOTH. When a' sufficient quantity of stone and tilnber had been provic1e.d for the btlilding. of the Temple, the brethren were assembled in the extensive plains between Succotll and Zarthan, where the ,vhole materials were arral1ged, squared, and carved; having been first carefully nleasured tInder the arollitect's own 'eye, and the shape delineated by darker lines; eacll lodge having its peculiar n1ark and l1ulllber, that s11ecimens of impelfect '\vorkl11anship might be kllown and submitted to general reprobation. SU~f]YIONS. The brethren nlust he invited b~l summons from tIle Secretary on every lodge nigllt; ,~vhich

summons must contain the place w}lere, and the time when, the lodge is to be held, as well as what degrees will be wrought.-Gad拢c7ce. SUN. The sun rises in tlle east, and in the east is the place for the Worsllipful ~Iaster. As the ~UIl is tIle source of till life and ""Vill'"Il1th, so 8h0111(1 the '路~lorsl.tiI)fhl Master en1iverl and ,varrn the brethren to their \vork. Al110ng the ancient Egyptians, tIle sun \vas tIle syn1bol of divine . providence. Schiller says, H the路 sun darts his bcauls equally into every part of infinity."-ftadic7ce.

SUPERFICIES. The flo\ving of a line generates a surface. A surface, therefore, is l)erfeet duty'.. Duty is either tlleoretical or practical. The sum of theoreticnl duties is the whole systeln ofdivinecolnn1ul1ds. Practical duties are those co!nInunds as existing i1111ractice.Old Lcct211"es. SUPERINTENDEN1:0~' WORI{S. "rhe grand superintendent of th(~ \vorks OUgllt to be a brother'\vell 8'kille.d in the scienee of g,eometry and arclliteeture. lIe is to advise 路witllthe 110ard of General Pl.lrpOSes, on all plans of buildings or edifices .11ndertalten h)t tIle Grand Lodge, and furnish plans and estirpates for the saIne; he is to superintend their construction, and see that they are conformable to the plans [lJ>proyed b:y the Grnnd Master, the Grand Lodge, and the Board of (Jeneral Purposes; he iS,to suggest il11provcrnents ,vhen necessary, in nIl the edifices of th e G rnild I..Jodge; UI1d all the first .

suP-s,vo.

.267

meeting of -tIle Board of General Purposes ill every year, report on the state of repair or dila11idation .of such edifices, and Ina!{e such farther reports from time to time, as he nlay deem expedient.-Constitlltions. .

SUPPORT. The lodge is supported by threepilla.rs, which are called Wisdom, Strength, and Bea'llty; because no piece of arohitecture can be termed perfect, unless it have Wisdom to contrive, .Strength to support, and Beauty to adorn.

SURFACE OF THE EARTH. Renlihds the Freemason that his activity should be universal, tl1at 11i118 or mountains in l1is \yay should not be ab1e to turn him from the straigl1t path of duty, but tllat in tl1e midst of the greatest dangers and difficulties, he sl1ouldproceed steadily, thougll cUl.ltionsly, on his ,\yay to light and

. truth.-Gadicke.

SUSPENSION. If any brother be sumn10ned to attend the Grand Ma9ter or his deputy, or l1is Provincial Grand Master or his, deputy, or any board or committee a1.1thorized by the Grand I... odge, and do not comply,or give sufficient reason for llis non-attendance, the summons is to be repeated, and, if he still persist in his contumacy, .. lle slH.lllbe suspended fl'"onl all masonic rights, and tIle proceeding notified to· the (Jrn~nd Lodge,

-Constitutions.

SWORDS. Itl ancient times,ever:y brother was ol)ligeCI to b(~ armed in the lodge to prot(~ct· himself; in case the lodge \vas assaulted, and as a symbol of manly streIlgtll. .l\.t present, svvordsare not rlecessary in mnny lodges, and iIi others, they are only l1sed as sy"l11bols of obedienee, in case thnt one should be

neCeSSt1Tjr,

and to

bie regarded as the s\'vorcl of justice. For the !1i-otection of his fatherland, eVt~ry fbithfhl brotller Ollght to dra-vv" the sw·ord. of defeneo eheerfully,btlt lle ought l1ever to stain it ,vitha brother's blood, even thougll that brother is a foe.-(iadicke.

SWC)R,D BEARER. The Grand .S\vord Bearer is 3,ppointed annually by the Grand Master,on ·the ·day of

SYJ\L his installation. His duty is to attend the quarterly cOlnlnunioa.:tions, and other meetings of the Grand Lodge. SYMBOL.

Every Apprentice knows what to under-

st,and by this word, and he also knows tIl at a pillar upon a good foundation. l11ay stand firm, although nearly broken. The inscription further ,says to ,11im, "Let no one despair under his trials, when llis anxious strivings after the only true good are impeded at every step; the man deterInil1ed to advance in the paths 'of virtue,ITIUst be firmasa well-founded pillar, eViien when it is broken above llalf-thtough."-Gadicke.

SYMBOLICAL. Freemasonry being confessedly an allegorical' systelTI ,all' its points, parts, and secrets, InUit p,artake in COlnmOll' of ,its enlblematical construction. Every doctrine and ceremony ha.s its mystical teforencel -every landnlark its legitimate explanation.' .But there are often more iUlportant ,antitypes than those which are conlIDonly assigned, and though tll~Y do not 8lJpear on the surface, are nevertlleless worthy of OUt serious consideration. Hence al"isesthe necessity, in these times of scientific and philosopllical res6arclt, of lnaintaining 'Freemasonry in its proper rank, by investigating the tendency of, its llumerous details, that we may correctly , Mcerta,in whether ,their import be uniform, and their ~ypiealreference valuable. SYMBOLIOAL LEOTURE., The fornlS, symbiols., &nd ,ornalneuts of, Royal ,Arcll Masonry.. as well' as the rites and ceremonies at present in use among uS,were adapted by our predecessors at the building of tb,esecond t~mple. Thus to pre8erve in our mmds the providential mtliJ),sbywhicll that great disroovery ,was effected, "as in ouXh,a~sthe lSSionQf that :hi5B. ,In9rality, we, as 1l1eln~ bers of路"tlai$exalteddegre~"oQgb.t to practice, "va have reCQUfseto th,ee~p~a,natiansofthe symbolical lecture.

-R. A.

L6ct~e.

,.'

SY1vlBOLICAL MACIIINERY. The learned Faber, speakin,g, of, th"e co,nstruct,ion of the Ap,ocalypse, h&8 tll,C,." ,following very important renlarI{: "In the represents,...

SYM-TAC. tion ofa·pure ch~rch, an a~'cient patriarc~ial.s~heme.of symbolical. maehlnery, derIved most . plaInly from the events of the deluge, and borrowed, with the usual perverse l11isapplication, by thee()utrivers of pagaIlism, has been reclaimed (by :Chri&ti&llity) tQ its proper use." What is thispatriarehialscheme ,ofsymbolical machinery~ from which the heathen contrived and borrowed their spurious Maso:nry? What can it. ~) buts system.. Qf truth, appended. to the original· plan ofdivineworsbip, which was revealed by God to the first nlan? It was indeed primitive Freemasonry, veiled in allegory, snd illustrated by symbols. SYMBOLICAL MASONRY. Symbolical l\fasonry, . under whatever form it may be propounded, is n catholic institutioll, dell10cratic in its form and governlnent, and ,universal. in its operation. This is d,ernonstra.ble. from .election any of the definitions of the Order, from tIle of its chief magistrate, and the inferior govemomofeveryprivate lodge, annually ·and by universal.s"tlfft1\ge, . . . and from the reputed form ·and extent of its lodges. If it were deprived of any of tlleaboveattriblltes, it "\\"ould be no I011ger Freemasonry; and all its beneficial effec.tsupon th~:mil1dand lllanners of men, would be scattered to the winds ·of·h,eaven",

TABERNACLE. ..The .Tabernacle appears to have

been constructed on the plan of tlle l~~gyptian tenlples,. It is true that, strictlyspeakins, it o~ght not tob.:e looked upon as apiece of architecture,b·~ing.onlyav&st tent. But by reflecting on it more closely; wesbsll pereeiv,e that the Tabernacle had a great. :r;elation with ~rchitee... ture. In the governlnent of" the Hebrews, the Suprelne 13eing\vus equally their God and King. 1'be rl'ttl,)ernaclE~ w~ erected \vith a vie\v to ans\ver to ·the doubl(~ It·ee1tVed at once for the temple and

TAOI'1'URNITY. Taciturnity is. a proof of •."''''''"1.''1'''''""",'_ an<Iallattofinestitnable Val11(~,whiell is I)roved to a~trib?te of, thepeit:t.' by. the g.~o.riou. s ex. amp.·. 1.e. ~e. •. J

'.....

gIves In concealIng from manKInd the seeretmystenes ?fhis providence.... 'l'be wisest ofmeI1can~o~penetrate

Into the arcana ;of heaveD,. what to-morrow may .b1ring

til

di1Tlne to.. day

270,

TAS~TEN.

TASSELS. Pendant to the corners of the lodge are four tassels,meant to renlind us of the four cardinal virtues; namely, temperance, fortitude, p.tudence and justice; the.whole of which, tradition informs us, wee rconstantly practised by a great majority of our ancient brethren.. TIle distinguishing characters of a' good Freemason, are ,virtue, honour and, mercy; and路 should those be banished from all other societies,may they ever be found in a }fason's breast.-Hemming. TAU CROSS. The ernblenl '(fIi) forIllS the prillcipal distinction of a Royal Arch Mason's al)l"Oll alld je,vel. Being placed in the centre of a triangle and circle, both emblerQ.s of the Deity, it would appear tllat it W,1S ori~i颅 nally intended to typify the sacred"name, as tlle "author probably of eternal life; heing tripled ill tIle Christian systeln, because the life to con1e, according to the light of revelation, is superior to the elysiunl of tlH3 heathcll; or perhal)s in allusion to the three he~1vens ll1entioned hy St. Paul. It has been referred to the three great lights of Masonry, expressive of the creative, preserving, alld destroying l)o\ver of God. TEMPERANCE. By temperance, weare" in,structed to govern the passions, and check unruly desires. The health, of the body, and the dignity of the s!,ecies, are equallyconcel"nedhl a faithful observance of it.

TEMPL]J. rrheTel111)leof SOIolll0n V\'rus oIllya small building, and very. inferior inpoillt of size tosom,eof our chu,,rc,hes, its dimen,si,o,ns being onI,',Y one hundred a,n,. d five feet broad, and one hundredalld fiftyfe.et long. Its s~lendour and superiority lay ill the richness of its lllatena~s, and ornaments, and tIle cloisters and other buildings with which it was surrounded. It was built of \vhite lnarble"so excel1en.tly put togeth.er, that the joints could not be distinguished~and the whole building looked as though it had been cut out of one entire stone. l'he timber was cedar and olive wood covered witll l)lutf~s of gold, and studded 'Vvith precious stones of nluny llues. TEN. 'The nU111ber of perfection. fJ:'he great triangle is generally del10nlinated Pytllagorean, ,because it served

TES.

271

as a principal illustration of that philosopher's system. This emblem 1lo\verfully elucidates the mystical relation between llUl1lerical and geonletrical symbols. It is COlnposed of ten })oints, so arraIlged as to~orm onc . g:catE:r equilateral trIangle, and at the sanlC. tIme to dIvIde It ill~O nille shllilar triangles of smaller dimensions.-llt:mm,zng. TESSEL.ATED. The tesselated border was anciently called the Idented Trasel. A learned ScottiSJl Mason, in a letter to the autl10r, thinl\.s that the proper term is tasselated border. TIle sirnple and original Inearling, he says, is to be fOUlld ill books of lleraldry, alld is nothin~ more than all indented bordure of a shield, or coatot arnlS. III }.Iasonry, the border is the lnargin of the masonic floor-cloth, or table-au of the lodge, tho tassels being al'l)endedas ornUlnents. TESSEltA II()SI)I1'1\.LIS. This vvas a token or tally anlongst the ancient Q'reeksand ROlnans, divided lengthwise into t\\ro equal I)ltrts, l1I>oneacll of which one of the parties\vrote llis ntunc, and interchange(l it witll the other as a sign of llosl)italit)r. TheproductioIl of tllis, wIlen they travelled, gave a lnutual elairn to tlle contracting llurties and tllcir descendants, fbI" r(~c(~Iltiolland kind treatment at caell other's llouses, as o(~casion lnight require". It is supposed that an ~tl1usio'l1 to these is illtended ill the Book of Revelations, \vh(~re it is 8aidt "to l1iJn that overcolneth "viII I give a \\~hi.te stone, and in the stone a IIC\V l1aU1(1 ~"ritten, "'''}licll no rrl.al1knoweth, save he that l"eceivetb it." Tl~srrs. ()l1e cogent r(~tlSOll WIlY our brethren of the last century adopted a series of tests to distinguisll the cowaIl frorn the true and fhithful broth.er, is found in tIle fact that . . systenl of sI)eeulutive l\.Ias<Hlry is COIltainec1 in tIle ]:101y Seri!)tures. 'l'}leO lel rrestulncnt presents 'US \vitll history alld le~eIld, tY't)CS and synlbols; ana rrestalrlCnt \Vlth lllorullty, .Dd tIle explanation of those allegorical r~;~feren(~es, .. w"hich wereft sealed book until the aI)I)earnnc(3 of tIle 1\fessiah upon eart}l, and the revelation of llis gospel. N OvV,aB tIle particular tests wllcreall this information 111igllt be

TET-THI. found, were freely circulated amollgst the bretllren in manuscript, if not print, a few stray copies l11ight get into the hands of the uninitiated, alld a superficial knowledge of our references nlight be thus attained ; and without 801118 written tests as a nleans of detecting imposture, a bold Ulan, even ,vitIl such sligllt pretensions, might have succeeded in introducing hiJ.l1selfinto a lodge, where the officers vvere careless about the adnJission of visitors, and the Senior Elltered Apprelltice was relulss in the discharge of his· duties; and once tllere, he "\vould see eno'ugh to qualify hiln to repeat the experilnent, al1d thus would beconle .enabled to reveal tIle truths, wIliell were 110t bound UpOll illS C011sclenee by··any obligations toseerecy. TETRAGRAMMATON.The Jews are quite aware that the true pronunciation of the Word is lost, and r~gard it as one of the Inysteries to be revealed in the d.ays of the 1Vlessiall.. 'l'llCY hold, hovvever, tilat the knowledge of the Nanle of Goel does exist on earth, and he by whom tIle secret is acquired, has,by virtue of it, the powers of the w~orlc1 at Ilis con1malld; alld they acCOUllt for the miracles of Jesus, by telling us that he had got possession of the Ineffable NaIllc. Ilightly understood, tlley seem tomeaIl that lIe whoc.alls llPOIl God. rightly, by this Ilia true nanle, call110t fail to be heard. hyhim. In· short, tllis word fornls the faIllollS tetragralunlatoll, or ouadrilatel"al llanle, of Wllich every one has heard.-K:itto TIIEORY. The theory of nlasonry containS80metl}ing of the wllo1eof scieIlce; tIle. qperative part of ~~R()nry is . the practice o~ ~1~ thevirt~es, of all the s~ePlroes.Therefore,to be Inltltttedoniy Into t~e theory ofr:M~.S()~~,i8 at least to ble in th'6way of learning ,veIl; and if we follGW 011 to exercise th,c practice of l\faso'nry, it will a's Bissuredly lead us'· .into the way of doing '\-vell; and botl'! toleamandt;odo'\vell, is the \vhole of our religion, \¥'hether asmeD, as Christians, or us lVIasOIlS.lnwood. TliIRD DEG'REE. In thecel*emoIlial of tIle Third Degree, the last grand In}"stery is attempted to be illus-

THR.

273

trate'd in a forc;ible al1d 1)ec1:11iar manner, shovving by striking analogy, that the J\Iaster l\fason cannot be deerncd perfect in the glorious science, ti!l by the cultivation of his intellectual powers, he has gaIned SUCll1l10rul government of his passiollS, suell serenity of nlind, that in synonyul011s apposition withl\rfastershil) in operative art, his thOtlgllts, like his actions, have becolne as useful as hUlllan intelligence "viII perlnit; and that 11aving !)assed through the trials of life with fortitude and fllith, he is fitted for that grand, solelnn, and mysterious conSUlllInation, by which alone 11e call become acquainted "\vith the

great secret of eternity.-CTucejiX.. TIIRE.A.D OF LI:F'E. suspended.

'v~l1ich

the l11asonic l\.ey is

TJIREE. A sacred IIUlnl)(H" in Freenlasonr,Y, '\\"ith which all labour is cOlnnlenced and finislled. 'I'his 11U111bel" rex.ninds us of tlle three great ligllts, the tbr(~·e doms of nature, the Holy rl'l"iJlity, or of tbe words Christ: "\Vhe,re two or three are assenlbled in lIlY l1anl(~) there ",rill I be in the Inidst of j~ou." 'Ve Inay nlso consider ourselves as tIle third !)arty in urlity and lovo, whose duty it is to exercise tl10se tvv"o c.ardinnl The .Christian call also take. the lltllllber tlu·{H? a-s grand distinguishing doctri:ne of his faitll. 'l~llere are three principal ,.parts in a rnn11, l)ody, soul, arld spirit.. Fait!l, love, and hope, su!)port al1d adorXl life.-(ladicke.

TfIREE G··RANDOFFERING'S~ Tllese were all perforrnec1 on the sacl"ecl nl0tllltain of l\foriah.. If'irst, the offering of Isaac, vvhen it I~leased the Lord to sl.lbstitllte a more agreeable victim in his stead.. The st~eond eOIlsiste<l of tllC 1na11Y 11ious I)ray(~rs and cjaell1ations of King David, 'Vvhieh Dl>lleased the '\vrath of C~ nd, fUHl a stop to pestilence ,,~lricll raged tllll0l"lg his !)(lople, owing to his inadvertently having had IH.unb(~red• .And the third, of the l1Hlnv thullksaiviru!'s, oblatiofts, burnt sacrifices, and costly oflerings, \vhic}l I{ing Solomonmade at the .dedication tlnd consecration of tbe Teml)le. TIIREE SENSES..

The tllree senses, hearing, seeing.,

274

THR-TOK.

and feeling, are deemed peculiarly essential amongst Masons, and 11eld in great estimation. Their nature and uses, forln a part of the instruction in the Fellowcraft's degree. THREE STEPS. The.three steps delineated upon a Master's carpet, are e111blematical of the three principal stages of hUTIlan life, youth, manhood, and old age. TI~fE. The central point is a sylnbol of time, and the circle of eternity. The latter, like the llniverse, being unlimited in its extent; f9r time is but as a point conipared with eternity, and equi-distant frorn all parts of. its infinitely extended circllmference; because the latter occupied the same indefinite space before tIle creation of our system, as it will do when time is extinguished, and this earl11, witll all, that it contains, shall be destroyed.

TOASTS. The brotller whose duty it is, as a visitor, to return thanks, 111ust be extrenlely careful not to say . too Inucll, or he is easily led. away into an extelnporaneous lecture, to which it is not so easy to find a becoming end; the opposite. fault of repeating a few set phrases, like a parrot, ought to be ;equally as carefully guarded against.. If botll路oldand youngmenlbers are at the same table, the young ,never attempt to press before the old. Aud before the close, tIle toast, whicll is so dear to every路 good Mason, should never be olnitted; viz. "our sick and afflicted bretllren," neither OUgllt the serving路 brethren ever to 路be forgot.-Gadicke..

TOKENS. Signs, .tokens, alld words do not constitute Freemasonry, but are . local marks w~ereby they ~now eacll other, and may be altered, or entirely done &way, without tIle least injury to scientific FreelllaSOl1ry_ . It. is with ID8Iny Freemasons too absurd a belie~ and a still IDQreab'surdpractice, to build our .science upon so sllallow a foundation as signs, tokens, and \vords, Wllich I fear constitute with some the only attai11111ent tIley look for ill Ii'reemasonry. That certain siglials l:nay be l1ecessary, I do readily ullo"v; but deny that such a Inechanism shall constitute a principal part of our institution.HU8enbetlt"

TON-TRA.

276

TONGUE. A MaSOll 8110111d use his tongue to protect, but never to betray. TRACING-BOARD. The tracing-board is for tIle Master to draw his plans and designs on, that the build... ing, \vhether lnoral or literal, may be conducted ,vith order and regularity. TRADITION. 'It is well-knowll that in former times, while learning remained in few llands, the ancients had several institutions for the cultivation of knowledge, concealed under doctrinal and rituallTIVsteries, tllat were sacredly withlleld.froln all vvho ,vere n"'ot initiated into a particiI>ation of the -privileges they led to, that trley migllt not be prostituted to tIle vulgar. An10ng these institutions 111ay be ranked tlutt of l\Iasonry; and its value l11ay be inferred fi"Olll its surviving those revolutiolls of governlnent, religion and 111unners, that have swallowed up .the rest.. And the traditioI1S of so an institutionclailn an attention, fal" superior to the 10088 oral relations or epic songs of any unc'ultivated I)eople whatever.-Andc'rson. 1

TRAITOR. Ancient Freelnasol1ry inflicted very severe punishrnentfol" the least treaSOIl to the ()rder;" nevertheless, we have accounts of Inell ",""ho have l)foved traitors, even as we. find accounts of such traitors to the mysteries oftheallcients. Wit}l the increase of enligllten... ment and· rational reflection,itis admitted that a brother may both speakalldwrite InuC}l upon theO,rder without beCOlllil1ga traitor to its secrets.. flow an initiation is conducttd, hO\7\7 a \'\tord or grip .is giveIl, gives 110 key to the trtle secret of the C)rder; but we nevertheless disap:pr?~~e of such disclosures, for this :-eUSQll,. tha~ tlH:~ umnltlated could only f01"111 a useless chlluera frOlll th·CII1. ~:(Jadicke.

T:RANSFI~~I~IN(+. If a lodge })O disBo11lCtl, the constitution shall be deli"lcred.···. 'Up .tl.'l.e.' Gr.and.·. Master, &.nd shall. not, on any account, 00 trullsferred '\vithout his consent. If thebrethrcll. holding a wal"rt~tlt for a lodge render themselves unworthy of longer poss.essing it, the Grand l\faster may, after the. Grand Lodge shall have

TRA-TRI.' decided on that fact, transfer such warrant to other brethren,whom he lnay think deserving, witlla new nU111ber, at the bottom of the lodges then on record.Constitu.tions. TRAVEL. Our ancient brethren aremasonically said to llave travelled from west to east, in search of instruction; and it is an undeniable fact that all knowledge, all religiol~, all arts and sciences, have travelled, according to the course of the sun, from east to west. From that quarter the Divine glory first came, and thence the rays of divine light continue to diffuse themselves over the face ·of the earth. From thence came tIle Bible, and througll that the new covenant. From thence came the prophets, the apostles,. and the first missionari.es· th&t brought the knowledge of God to Europe, t<> the: i~les of the ·sea, and to the west.--Adam Clarke. TREASURER. The old founders of 'bhe lodges must have intended to collect large sunlS of Inoney, or very small sums must in those days have been considered large.•·• treasures, for they have giveIl the title of treasurer·t'0 the brotller WI10 has charge of the lodge funds. Every lodge 11a.S a treasurer, and it is his duty not only to take care of~ but to ,collect all the lodg'e dues. Part of the e~pend.itureof the lodge .is fixed, and part is voted. by t~s Master Masons for -charitable purposes. Those lodge! which are in. the habit of practising. the charitable vir... tues, inculcated so forcibly in Fre,emasoDl·y, seldom are in possession of large funds;. and lodges wbieh:prid,e themselves UpOll being rie-h, seldom enjoy a gl!~a.t· reputation in. Freemasonry .-Gadicke. ~ Ageometrietl ;figu~e,which. every particulal· study that triangle which llas three equal sides, or 'Vvhich is called an equal sided triangle. The a,ncient. I<~gyptian priests expressed the origin of all things by the tria.ngle; and when they afterwards wished to describe the Godhead in its various attributes, they also adopted the triangle. The kind, .good, gracious, and merciful God, they delineate~:by the water triangle \7 ; and the just and an~y God, b,y the fire triangle A.. The triangle considered as '1,{ITRIANGLE.

~&@maeotl'knows;andh,emust'in

,TRI-TRO.

Ptl?

a geometrical figure, is composed of three things, which united, form one whole, viz., of }hree particular points Jl.nQ angles, by the union of which the triangle itself 1:1 formed, as one whole, or co:oaplete :figure. It is for thh reason' that it ]1as been &dopted, as thesyrrl bol of th:e Triune God. If we uniteay with A W(tl have at six pointed star as aSY1\1bol of tb!!e p,erfect Godhe&d, in all his attributes and works. If we surround this figur~ with a circle C. there will be seven points in it, if we . inolude the centre point of the circle, 'whicll repr.sent V4esltcred number seven.-Gadicke.

rr:aIPLETRIANGLE.One would. be apt to suspect that they (the Druids) had a regard for the sacred symbol and mystical character of nledicil1e, whicll in. allcient times was thought to be of no inconsiderable value; tbis is a l)entagonal .figure, forlllcd froul' a triI>le triangle, called by the na1l1e of Hygeia, because it be resolved

~;~:re~~~e~s1;t~e:n:::\h::~:ip~ea::r;;ysJ~i symbol denoting healtl1, and the cabalistic Jews and Arabians llad the saIne fanC?y. It is pentalllha, or pentagralnnl0u, aluoIlg tIle Egyptians, 111ark of prosperity. Alltiochus Soter, going to fight against the G~tians, was advised ina drealn to bear this sign upon his banner, whence he obtained a signal victory.-路 8tu'kelg".

TRIPLE TAU. This figure forma two riglltangles on eacll of the exterior lines,and auotller thec'ltre by their union, for the three an.gles 路()ftri~tngleare equal to two right 8Jllgles, This "beitlg triplified, illustrates the jH\vel worn by the companions of the Royal Arch, Wllich lJy its intersection forn18 agiveIl Ill.Ul1ber of l'nny be tUJ:;'Cll in five severalconll>inatiollS, aJ;J.~:I.(I~~路Qt)leeiulJ tlleir anlount in l-ight angles \vill l>e found t\VO I>latonic l>oi!ies, whieh reIJreSellt the et.,ments and Spller(~ of the trubfl'erse..-l~.

TROWEI,J. The tro"fvel isU,I)IJfopriated to degree,becaU8;6,a8.the it is as .l',.......~ ... ,,,...,. only we of Again, .t h i s a e

278

TRU-TUS.

working tool of the Master Mason, because, in operative masonry, wlli1e the E: A. P. prepares the materials, and the Fellowcraft places then1 in their proper situation, the Master Mason spreads the cement with a trowel, which binds theln together. In specl.ilative Masonry the Master of the lodge is the celnent路 vVllicll unites the brethren, and binds thenl together in peace, harnlony, and brotherly love. TRUE. The l\fasoll slI0uldnot only be true to the brotherhood and the Order, but to all mankilld. Every Mason ought to act in such a mannel- as to render it unnecessary to doubt his truth. Flattering \vords, which are only calculated to entrap the weak and the unwary, do not strengthen. that truth whi.ch is expected amongst brethren.' We must be able to depen:d. with as much confidence upon tlle\yord of. a Mason as if he had.given us a written undertaking.-Gadicke. TRUTH. Truth is a divine attribute, and the foundation of every virtue. 1'0 be good and trtle, is the first lesson we are taltght in lvIasonry. On tllis tllcme we contemplate, and by its dictates endeavour to regulate our COllduct; influenced by this.principle, hypocrisy and deceit are unknown in the lodge; sincerityall(l plain <lealing路路distinguish us, while the . heart and tonglle join in proluotil1g tlle general \velfare, and rejoicing ineacb ot~er's prosperity.-PTcston. 'l'UBAL C.L\IN. Before the general deluge tllerewas a n1al1 eallecl Lanleck, ,vIlo llad two wives, the oneca,11ed Adah, the other Zillah; by Ada}l he lladtwosons,Jabell und Juball; by Zi11ahhelH~dason called Tubal, alId a daughter called 1\fahmalh These fOl1rchildrell found the beginning of all the crafts in the world. Jabell found out geometry, andh.ad divided flocks of sheep and lu mbs; lle built the first house of stone and tinlber. Juball r

found out music. Tubal found out the Snlith's trading or . craft, also the working of gold, silver, CO!lper, iron, and steel.-Ancient Masonic Manuscript. TUSCAN. The Tusean being the first, is tbemost sirnple. and solid of tlle five ol-ders. It was invented in

TWE---TYR.

279

Tuscany, whence it derives its name. TIle sirnplicity of the construction of this colulnn, renders it eligible where soli<iity is the chief object, and wllere ornalnent would be superfluous.

TWENTY-FOUR INCI-I RULE. Is an instrulnent made use of by operative masons to nleasure and layout their work; but we, as Free and Accepted Masons, are taught to rnake use of it for the more noble and glorious purpose of dividing our time. It being divided into twenty-four equal parts, is emblematical of the twentyfour hours of the day, whicll vve are taught to divide into three parts, whereby '\ve find a l)ortioll for the service of God, and the relief of a \VortllY distl"essed brother; a portion for our usual avocations; ftlld a portion for 1·Cfreshment and sleep.-Lcctures. TYLE, or TII.JE, means no more tllan entering who is not perforrns this duty is

is a tecl1nical nlaso:nic ternl, and to guard the lodge fi"omany one a MaSOIl :hellce the person WllO called a Tyler.

TYLER. The Tylers are to be cllosen by the lnembers of the lodge, and Inay at any titTle be renl0ved, for cause deenled sufficient by' a rnajority of tl~e brethren present,at a regular meeting of tIle lodge. If any 'l'yler, without the licence of the GraTld l\Instef or Ilis del)tl'ty, should attend at any maSOl1ic funeral or other I}ublic procession, or should officiate or attend itt allY nleeting or pretended lodge of Masons, flot being l·egularly constituted, and not ackno\vledging the authority of the Grand Master, or not conforn1ing to tIle laws, of the Grand Lodge, he shall thereby l)c rendered inclll)able of ever after lJeing a T)rler, or attenclnIlt 0110, lodge, and shall be excluded the benefit of the general charity.-G~O}lBtitlttions'. T'YR~j",

Sidon \vere llruler one and th(~ same of tllenl \vere very ingenious m.echanics, especially the Sidon.iU:I1S, h)r ,vllieh arts they grew ve'ryrich. But as for the the Isral~lites, they did not min. d manufactures, but al.)plied.·· themselves.·. wholly to agriculture and the feeding of cattle ; 80 that in the time of Solomon there were no pl~ofeS8edarti6cersin Palestine, rryre

king, Hiranl,

l)oth~

,280

TYR~UNI.

who, COllld undertake, the '\V"ork of the Teluple.-Bis}lop Patrick. TYRIANS. The glass of Sidon, the purple of Tyre, and the exceedjng fille linen they ,vove, were the products of their O\Vl1 COllntry, and their own inventions; and tIle Tyrians \vere fanlons for tlleir skill in ,vorl~ing of metals, in hevving timber and stone: in a word, for their perfect lcno\vledge of vvhat ,vas solid, great, and ornamental in arcl1itectllre, it .11eed but be rell1enlbered the great share tlley had ill erecting the TeI11ple at J erusalem, than "\vhieh 110thillg call ,more redound to their honour, or give a clearer idea of what tlleir own buildings must 11ave beell. Their faIlle was so extellsive' for taste, design, and illvention, that whatever vvas >elegant, was distinguished with the title of Sidonian, or as-the workn1anship of Tyrian artists, and yet the TerDple or TaberIlacle of the true God at Shiloh exceeded all in v;risdom and beauty, though not in strengtll and diulensions..- Anderson.

UNANIJ\fITY. All10ng the variety of duties incu,mbent upon l\IasoIls, tIl ere is none Inoreeffica(~ioU8to the welfare of our institution tllall Unani111ity. This 'lnakes thecenlent, the great princil)Ie of cohesion, vvhiell gives compactl1ess to all the I)arts and 111elnbers; forn:ls tllem into 'a regular struct~n"e, into one ullifornl buildin"g; and adds harmony and beauty, firnlness and stability, to the whole work. Or it Inay be liitened to the key-stone '\vhiell con11,uctsu:nd. strengthens the arcll on\vhich .the edifice is SUI?I)ortecl and ul)held.-R:tf1-7,"s. UNANIl\;fOUS. A ballot is unanimous, ,vhel1 there are no black balls. This ullanimitymllstbe founded upon the proper exercise of tIle tul,€sand regulations laid down for our guidance in this inlportant pUl"t of our duty, and .a perfec,t unan,h,rnit,y in the Opl,·nioIls of the bret!lren on tIle nloralcharacter of the candidate.-Ciadickc. lJNIFORMITY. Ailloclges are particularIybo~lndto observe the sanle tlsages and eustoll1S ; every de'~li~1tion, therefore, froul the established mode of vvorking is l1ighly im,proper, and cannot be justified or countenanced. In

281

UN!.

order to preserve tllis uniformity, and to cultivate a good

tlnderstandino- ~:nnollg Freemasons, S0111e I11elnhel-s of

every loqO'e should be deputed to visit other lodges &B oftell as l~ay be convenient. If any lodge shall give its sanction for a lodge of instruction being lloldcn ullder its warrant, such lodge shall be responsible that the PflOceedings ill the lodge of instruction are .correct aIld regu.lar, and that tIle mode of working tllere adopted has received the sanctiol1 of the Grand Lodge.-Conatitut;ions. UNIVERSE. The universe is the teluple of tIle Deity whom we serve. 'VisdolU., Strength, and Beauty are about his tllrOl18, as the pillars of Ilis V"vorks; for his "\\TisdolTI is infinite, his Strengtll is in omnipotence, and Beauty stands fortI1 throllgll all hisc.reatioll in syllllnetry and order. FIe 11atllstretclled fortll the heavens as a canopy, and tl1eeartll lIe hatll planted as Ilia footstool; lIe crowns his tenlple ~1"itll the sttl,fsa>8 witll a diadem; and in his hand He extendeth the power and the glory; tQe SUIl and moon are Inessengers of lliswiII, and 路a11 Ilis law is concord. l'he pillars sUIJporting the lodge are rel)rcsentative of these divine !)o\vers. A lodge, where perfect Masons areassenlbled, rCl')rescnts these worltsofthe Deity.-llutcJt'inson.

UNIVERSALITY.

The universality of lfasonry is

tllUS described by a In,\sonic \vriter of the last century:.. -.

"Leaving llolyground, we traoe Masonry

~~~:r~v~~~i;,u1iijno:i;:/es~?~:~,

anl01lg8t~

l:tZ;gaofw~~;

direction, it \vasbrougllt by that European apostle of Masonry, Pythagoras, ii-orn '\vhose propagatioll it reached tlle British isle. Its 11riIlciples \~cre rcsI)ccted ancI dias,emillated hy Ilrnhnlins, I)hilosoI~hers, artists, and saints, and. difI\lsed the ligllt of science to the l~(nnotcst corners of the. earth. It taught natural . I)lrilosophy, 811b.,.or.dina.,.ti.0l..l,. and on the banks C.tttn.g.re.~s.,. . 1.!.'..0 tIle .路hieroglyphics of Egypt, the .. of :E~18_1 the schools of tlle sages, the eaves of tIle I)ruids."

arts

.LANG U AG" E. An univeraallanguage hasUNIVERSA,L been much desired by the learned of many a.ges~ ,. It 19

282

UPP-UPR.

is a thing rather to be wished than hoped for. But it seems the Masons pretended to have such a tIling alnorig .them~ If it be true, I guess it must be something like the language of the panto111i111eS among the ancient Roman.s, who are said to be able, by signs 0111y, to express and deliver allY oration illtelligibly to Ulan of all nations and languages.-Loc~e. UPPER OHAMBER. Our lodges are forll1ed in uppel~ chanlbers, and carefully guarded by tyled doors Ul1d drawn swords. The llighest of hills alld the lowest of yalleys are situations least exposed to unauthorized intrll-

sian. Thus Masons are said to meet in these situations, to comnlemoratea remarkable custom. of the ancient Jews in the building of their temples, 80110018, 路aIld sy:pagOlgues ; and as by the Jewish law, whenever ''ten of them. assembledtogetller for that purpose, t.hey l)roceedecl to worI{, so it was witll our ancient brethren, \vho forn:lccl themselves into a lodge, whenever ten 0l)er~ttive 111aSOU8 were assembled, consisting of tIle 1\fastcr, two \~'rardells, and seven Fellowcrafts. UPRIGIIT POSTURE.rrhe IlHtnwho has planted his feet upon the immutable square of morality, arld whose body is erect in tIle proudcollsciousness of 'virtue, is indeed wortllY of tIle dOlllinioll whieh has been givell hinaover the beasts of the field and thn fo\vls of the air. Andtllc Mason, renlenlbering tfHlt" God hath 111ttde Dlan upright," shouI,d constantly endeavour to !)reservo that upright 119sture of his body find his IIlind.-Ma,ckey. UPI~IGII'l'LY. To wa'lk u,prightly before Heaven aBclbefore men,. Ileither inclining to tha right nor to路 t.he istlleduty of a MAson ; neither beconlingan enthu. siast,or路& pel'seeutor in religiOll, nor bel1ding to,\yt\rds inn.evatioft ,or infidelity.. tIn civil government, firUl in our aI.legian;~,yotst,oodfastin our laws, liberties, andcollstitutiOl1. In private life,yielding up every sellisll propensity, iucliningneither to avarice or. injustice, to Inalice or revenge, to envy or contenllJt \'vitllmankind; but as tIle builder raises hiscolunl11 by the lllane and p:erpendicular, so should the Mason carry llimself towards l

t路he world.-Ilutcltinso1t.

USA-VAU.

283

USAGES. The usages and customs of Masons have ever corresponded with those of the ancient Egyptians, to which they bear a near affinity. Their philosophers, unwilling to expose. their mysteries to vulgar eyes, concealed tlleir particular tenets and principles of polity and philosophy, under hieroglyphieal figures,andexpressed tlleir notions of government by signs andsymboIs, which they communicated to their priests, or magi alone, who were bound by oath not to reveal them. V.ALLIES.

[See

HILLS.]

VARIETIES. If you visit the symbolic lodges of the different countries of E"llrOpe, or even the different states of Alnerica, yOll \vilI see in all SOUle differellce from each otller. If the presiding officer is t1 man of talent, he adds stIch enlbellishmentsas Ilis genius POillts out to him. Should he, on the contrary, be 8 man whose mental faculties do not arise above mediocrity, and.who does not feel much enthusiasm in a system wllose beauty he does not comprellend, here,ducesthe subject to alevel with his own genius.-Dalcho. VAULT. Vaults are found in every country of the world as well as in Judea, and were used for secret pur'.poses. Th.us Stephens, 路speaking of somre rtlins in YIICatan, says-" The only way of descending V\ as to tie a rope aroul1d the body, and be lowered by the Indians. Tn this way I was let down, and almost before lUy head had passed thro'ugh the hole,. my feet touehedthe top of a lleap of rubbish, high .directly under the hole, and TaIling off at the sides. Clambering down it I found myself ina rOtInd chamber, so filled with ru.bbish that I could not stand uprigllt. With a ca~ndle in nlY lUllld, I crawl~d all round on my l1unds and knees. The ellarnber ","as III the shape of a dome, and had beell coated ,,"itll !>Iaster, most of wlliell llad fhllen, and 110W encl1111bered the ground, the depth eOllld路 llot be ascertained without clearlngou.t the interior." j1

VAULTED PASSAGI~. The Jewish GioetoTS say that Solomon constructed a room under ground (under the floor of the orscle), wher~ the ark might be hid, in

YES-VOTe

,284

case the house should b'e laid desolate. And lIe Inade this cave 111 very deepland windingburro'\vs, putting a stone upon the moutll0f it, upon which. the ark stood. Here Josiah, they fancy, hid the ark and the pot of nlanna, and the rod of Aaron, and the holy oil,where they were found after their returl1 froln Babylon.--Bislzop P atriek. VESICA PISCIS. The hieroglyphical device styled Vesica l?iscis, '\vhich constituted the sign of recogl1ition among the Epopts, appertained to the Platonic systelu. Plato and Proclus refer repeatedly to this figure, "\vhich they had se路en and heard interpreted in EgYl,t. It often appears on the telnples, and especially on the tllro,ne of. Osiris. Being a triple sy111bol, it referred to the doctriIle . of tbe Eigyptian priests on the subject of their trLaity, and represented geometrically the birth of IIorus (the Osiris sun, or nl0nad of the world), fi~om the wedding and Isis.

VIRTUES. In all ages it has heell the object of ]'reeInasonry, not only to inforl'n the ll1illds of its lnernbers, by instructing thenl in the sciences and useful arts, hut to better their hearts, by .enforcing thellreceI)ts of religion and morality. III the course of the ccren10nies of initiation, . brotherly love, lQyalty, and other virtu~s are inculcated in hieroglyphic synlbols, and tIle candidate is often reminded that tllere is an eye above, wIlierl 01)serveth the ,vGrkings of his heart,and.is ever fixed upon

tIle

th~ughts

and a.ctiODsof men.---4a路uru.

VISITING BRE1'IIREN. If a Freclll8So11 is amernb:crofany lodge, lIe has a right to be adrnitted into all other lodges as fl, visiting brother, but he must be either illtrodtlloed bya lllcInber of the lodge, or 110 Dlust be able to legitimise billlself byprodueing hisG'rand I.lodge certificat~, and pl10ving himself by his work. At labour, as '\-vell as at tlletable, a visiting brother having clul:/ I>rove(l hhl1sel~ and gained hisadll1ittance,. sllouldalv\tays be treated ,vith the greatest kindness and civility by tIle melnbers of the lodge. VOTES.

All rnatters are to be decided by a Inajority

285

VOT-WAN.

of votes, each member having one vote, and tIle Grand Master two votes ; unless the lodge, for the sake of expedition, ~hiD;k proper to leave any particular subject to the deterlnlnatlon of the Grand Master.. The votes of the members always to be ei~ified by each holding up one of his hands, which uplifted hallds the Wardens are to count, unless tIle number should be so uneven as ,to render counting unnecessary.-, Constitutions. VOTING. The old Constitutions provided that all motions made in Grand Lodge should be submitted to the perusal even of the youngest Apprentice; the approbationand, consent of the majority of all the brethren present being absolutely necessary to make the same binding and obligatorJT. And any ope above the degree of E. A. P. was capable of representing the Master or 'Vardens in Grand Lo'dge in their absence, provided he attended with the proper jewel of office.

WAGES... The tradition respeoting t:pep'~Yll1ent of theworl{lnen'S wages at the bllilding of Solomon's TempIe, nlay or Inay not be accurate,a.s lam ignor&nt of the autllority on which the calc'ulations are founded. Indeed the probability is, that the traditio11 llas been fabricated in a subsequent age, \vithol1t the existence of any doeuments路toattest its autllenticity. ,1'he men were paid in their lodges by shekels, a silver coin of about half~a-erown of our money; and the number of shekels llerday was regulated by tIle square of the number the dearee whicll each order of Inen llad attaincdt! Thus with respect to tIle Entered Apprentices only, there were ten thousand ill work, and twenty th01.1Sand at rest. These men, at tIle rate of one shekel per head, ~1'ould receive daily 1,250l., or, duripg the sevell years alld sevell lTIonths of building the rrelnple, 3,458,750l. In the 11igller grades, the men were not OIlly renl11nel"ated for tlleir labour, but also for their superior ingenuityandartistical skill,

o路

WANDS. The l)earings 011 the 11. A. ~rands deno'te the regal, the prophetical, and the sacerdotal offic路ers,.. all of wIdell were,. and still ought to be, conferred, and in 8, peculiar manner . accompanied with.the possession of particular secreta.

286

WAR-WEA.

WARDENS. Every lodge has two, and tIley stand next ill rank to the W. M. rrheir places are so situated, that they are enabled to superintend the execution of the cOlnmands of the vV. M. Experienced bretl11"en, who have a sufficient knowledge of strength and beauty, and who are at all times ready to use the level and the plumb-rule, ought always to be chosen as Wardens, that they lnay be enabled to conduct tIle business of tIle lodge in tIle unavoidable absence of the VV. ]\if. or his depu ty.- Gadicke. WARLIKE WEAPONS. The Atl101 J\fasol1s repudiated the idea··of introducing into a Craft lodge any appearance of warlike weapons. They condell111, and I think justly, the practice of displaying a draw11 svvord in open lodge. WARRANT. In forIner tinles a lodge fornled itself without any CerelTIOny, vvllerever a sufficient 111Unbel" of brethren dwelt to fornl a lodge, and one of the neigllboUl·ing lodges fOl·med it for theln. But in 1722 tIle Grand Lodge ill LOI1dOll deternlined tllat every Ilew lodge in England sllould have a patent, and since that tilne all those brethren who wish·to forIna new lodge, strive to obtain a warrant fronltheG"rand Lodge. The no\,r lodge then joins the Grand Lodge asa daugllter lodge, binds itself to work according to its systern, and to keep within the ancient landmarks, and subscribes a SIn all BUIn annually towards defraying tIle expenses Wllich every Grand Lodge ll1Ust incur.TIleIl is such a lodge called just, perfect, and regular.-Gadicke. WATCH-WOI~D. The Word is not to be understood as a watch-word only, after the m8J1nerof those annexed to the several degrees of the Craft,but also,· theologieally, ase, termtooonvey to the mind sonle idea of that Great Being who is the sole author of our existence, and to carry along witllit tIle Inost solenll1 veneratiol1 for his sacred Narne and Word, as well as the 1110St clearaud perfect elucidation of llispower and attribtltes that tIle hUlnan Inind is capable of receiving.

WEA.NED.

WlleIl Isaac was '\veaned, Abrallam cele-

WES-WHI.

287.

brated the event by' a gralld festival. He had not paid the same'colnplimellt at tIle \veaning of Ishmael, because 11e was tIle son of a bond-woman, whicll irritated I-Iagar very luuch, and' 81le incited her son to tease al1d perplex the yOUllg eI1ild Isaac, who being unable to resent these repeated annoyances on' account of the superior age and strength of Ishluael, COlllIDllllicated tIle fact to his mother. Under the influence of resentnlent at this inforlnation, Sarall ren1011strated with Abraham, saying -" Put away that bond-woman and her son, for such as they shall not inherit with the free-born." Slle spoke as being endowed witll divine illspiration, linowil1g that from Isaac's loins would issue a great and llligllty people, who would serve tIle Lord \",ith freedoI11, fervency, and zeal ; and fearing that if tiley v路vere brougllt Ul) together, Isaac Inight hnbibe SOlne of Isllnluel's slavis}l l)rin(~iples and propensities, it being generally reI'narked that the 111inds of slaves are naturally rouell Illora contarnirlated than those of tIle free-born. WEST. Where tIle sun closes its daily I"ace, there tIle thalll\.s of the inhabitants of the ,"vorld follow it, and \vi tIl the ensl.ling 1110rning it again' COlll111ences its bCIlevolent course. Every brother dra\vs near to the evening of his days; and \vell \\-rill it be \vith hin1 if at tlle close of.路his labol1rs lle can look forward witll 11ol1e for a good reward for lliswork.-Gadickc. WHITE.Onenf tlleenlblematic colours of 1Iasonr}rt \vhicll is preserved in the apron and gloves, with which tIle initiate is invested. It is a syn1bol of inllocen:ee and purity. The,vllole investiture was a part of the cereInonies of all tIle ancient 11lysteries.-llfackcy.

vVIIITE STONE.

'I'he

\"'V~llite

stone is an inestirnable

gift, prornised to everyone vvho lives a lnoral :lndvirtu.. . ous life.

"'\Vhite is an enlblenl of pllrity', ana thellew

ll&llle conv(~ys a title to be adnlit,te<l \vithin. the veil, and hon~luredwit}l tt seat11ear the living G'od in that I>alaoo \vhiehis de,scribed by St. JOhll as ft I>crfi1ct cube, whose

walls .and foundations are garnis]lcd 'hrith all mannt~rof precious stones, all hewed, squared,.. and polished by the

masterly hand of T.G. A.. O. T. U.

288

WID-WIN.

WIDO'VS' FUND. The Grand Lodge ;has frequently gJ;anted the sum of fifty pounds alld more to the widows of worthy Freemasons;' and has recently passed an order, whiQh redounds very 111uch to their credit, for Inaking a pernlanent provision for this kind of female destitution. WIDOW'S SON. Hira111, tllearclliteet, is described in two places of Scripture; in the first. he is called a wido,v's 8011,of the tribe of Naphtali, and in the other is called the Son of a ,vonlan of tIle daughters of Dan; but in both that llis father was a man of Tyre;' that is, she was of tIle daughters of tIle city of Dan, in the tribe of~aphtali,al1d is called a widow of Naphtali, asher husband was a Na.phtalite ; for 11e is notcalleda'l'yrian byd.escent, 'l?lltalllan of Tyre by habitation.--Anderson. WIND. A l\Iason's ,v'ind is said to blow due east and west, to cool and refresh the Inen at labour; und it refers to that rniraculous vvind vvhich divided the Red Sea, that the Israelites Inight eSCa!H.: frorn their EgyptiaIl bondage, and afterwBlrds dro\vned the l~gyptiall army in their attempt to' follow thenl. WINDING STAIRCASE. WIlen tl1e Fello","cl路afts went to receive their wages, they ascended a 'WTinding staircase, the steps of vVllich, lilteall themasonie SYUlboIs, are illustrative of discil)line and doctrine, as well as of natural, matllelnatical,andmetaphysical science, and open to us all extensive range .of llloral and specular tive inquiry. In their delil1t~atiol1, tIle steps which count odd nUl11bers, ShOl11cl be 1110re particularly nlark.ed. as one, three, five, sevell, and eleven; and in ascending thenl theFellowcraftsl1ould !laUSe OIl eacll alternate ste-p, &nd.路co~sider. the .sev.cralstages.路 of his !)fogress, as well as the important lessons which are there inculcated.

WINE. I~()ne of the elements of consecration,and SYlllbol of che路erfulnesa and Joy. Thus David, speaking of the Divine beneficence, says-" lIe C8Jllsetll .the grass to gro\tv for the cattle, and herbs for tllC service of mall, thttt he 111ay lJringforth food out of tllceartll, and wine that Inaltcth glad tIle lloart of l'nan, and oil to make it

WIS-WOR.

289

his face to shine, and bread whicll strengtllenetll Inan's heart." WISDOl\{. Those alone are "vise WllO exercise the powers of tIle l11ind in secrecy,. and WI10, vvitllout any selfisll object, endeavour to promote the universal happi11ess of Inankind, whom neither fortune nor ll1isfortune are able to drive froln a caInl and steady progress through life. '1'0 possess masonic wisdom it is not necessary to be very learned, or to have a lnostpen:etrating genius; the Inan of good plain COIninOll sense nluy be rnore masonically wise than tIle ll10st learned Illan ill existence. It is not tne act of a "vise llIal1 to llla.ke a great professi9n of "\visdol1I; alld tIle seC14ets of our lodges OUgllt to teach us 110W to exercise our Inasonic \,risd0111.- (Iadiela,!.

WlrrNESSES. 'rIle emblenls, synlbols, &c., of Freemasonry, 111ay be termed 1110ral witnesses. There is no just ground to suspect their· integrity,having lived ~~)r ages, and never ·varied ill tlleir ·evidence.1'hat which they }lave at all tinles spoken, will bear the sUelneCOl1structioll alld meaning. They direct tIle rnind to the contemplatio.n of our social and eternal destinies. The s,eriesof deductions Wllicll have beell and ruay be drawn from tIl elTI, and the orc1er ill whicll tIle enlblelusarld types are introduced, ellhance 111aterially the strellgth of the . evidence.-Scot,t.

WORKING TOOLS OF FREEMASONS.

They

are of three kinds, viz., ornaments, furnit'ure, andjew~lli. Wllat we understand by these are things without which vve are unH/bIe to perforIll any l'nanuallabour as ought to be expected from \vorking tools; but if \VO take them as synlbols, then tlley llave a nlost importallt siguification•...-:Gadickc. WORLDLY POSSESSIONS. 1.'ho pupils of Tubal Cain would Iluturally possess all abundarlce of raw materlaltoexcrcise their ing(~nuity.111)011; and scientifie pursuits were acoelerated by tIle new in1llulse which Ilia inventions.wouldcoIlvey to the talented \VOrklnen... But tlleir worldly pos,sessions would be in,complet:e \lvithout a knowledge of the precious metals. Accordingly, if

290

WORe

we use the analogy of .the early period after .tIle flood, we may reasonably COllclucle that gold and silver were ple.lltiful amongst tl1e' antediluvians, and contributed their share to the corruptions which ended in' their destruction. WORLDLY WEALTH. l\fasonry regards 110 Inan on account of his vv"orldly wealtll alld honour. 'l~he poor as ,veIl as the rich 11lay knock at tIle door of our tenlple, and gain adlnission. All are welcoule if found worthy to receive light. This strictly scril)tural: "Seek, and ye shall find; ask, andye shall receive; l~l1ock., and the door shall be opened Ullto you." ~lasonry, from her ample treasures, makes full provision for the 1;001".Scott. . WORSHIPFUL. The style given to a symbolic lodge, and to its l)residing officer the Master. Past Masters, after leaving the chair, still retaill the title of Worshipful.-l~1ackey.

WORSJIIPJj'UI.J l\IAS'l'EI~.. FIe ·who has attained the tllird degree· in Ifreelnasonry is a 1tfaster; and where they do not ,vorl\. in the so-called higll degrees, has attained tIle SUlll111itof llis professioIl. NOIH3 but Ii"'. Cs. who have been proved and found \vorthy call obtaiIl tllis degree. The clothing of a l\f. J\f. is blue, fLs a rewal-d of his fidelity and truth. As a !1.. l\f. lIe has a. voice ill all the consultations· of the officers of tIle .1odge, und ·lle 111ay, if possessed ·of sufficient l11asonic skill, be apIJointed to any office in the lodge, even that of VV. 1\1. 'I'his is the higllest !Jreferlllenta ,~Iason can obtain in St. John's M~S()Ilry, t11l"Ougllthe tllreedegre,es of which every candidate for the P.)f. degl~ee must h&vepassed. If there are members in tIle lodge WllO Jlave the higher degrees, they are generally elected W. M . ; but althotlgll it is by no means neeessary to possess those degrees to enable a brother lobe elected to the chair, it is absolutely 11(~CeS sa.ry that lIe should be a nlal1 of good, 11ft3r, llublenlished 1110ralcharacter, and extensive 111asonic inforuu1tion; lle is tl1ell elected by his brother 1\1. Ms. for one yeur~ 'l'he greatest care and cautio!1 ought to be used by .the brethren at this electioIl to prevent the lodge being injured

WOR-YEA.

291

by· the election of an inlprO!Jer person; for, in small towns especially, tIle public is speedily awa-re who stands at tIle 11eaJ of a lodge, and if he is not a Iligl11y respectable man, tIle brethren WI10 have elected lliul have much to answer for. He D1USt also be well acquainted with the Order, its doctrines, its secrets, its history, and constitution, alld must possess the power of cOlumunicating his own reflections upon allthf!se subjects, in a clear and comprehellsive fornl, to tIle brethren. .He should also be able,upon occasion, to deliver a logical discourse upon the Craft, extemporaneously. The duty frequently devolves upon him alone to fix the labour of the lodge, and to fornl every brother into SllCh a Freemason as tho statutes of tIle Order require. It is quite easy to be a W. M. as too 1nany arc, but n10st difficult to be suell all one as the Orde'r require,,,. vV. ~Is. in general thil1k they have done their. duty by reading distinctly the ritual. But he "rho wisl1es to do· his duty faithfully, nlust 1"&lnember he sits'ina chair· Wllicll. was fonnerlycalled in

England the seat of King Solomon.---Gadiclce. WORTHY. W]lenever a brotller applies for relief, be careful to examine strictly whether Ile is 'Vvorthy of acceptance; inquire the cause of llis Inisfortunes, and if you, are satisfied tIley are not the l"csult of vice or extravagance, relieve him with such a sum as the lodge sllall tllinkproper, and assisthinl witll your interest and recommendatiqn, that 11e may beenlployed according to his capacity,aIld not eat tIle bread of idlelless. ~his. will be acting COllsistent with troth, whieh is the grand principle of }/f..asonry.-D'Ut~ckel'ley. YI~AROF ltIASONRY. TIle birtl1 of Christ is co;mmonly given to th.e autunln of tIle year 5, before C~~~, which is an appareIlt anolnaly, Wllicll lllay require a. .few words of explanation. The era of the birth of Christ was llot in use until about 532 A. D.. , ill the time of Justinian, wherl it ,vas iIltroducec1 by DioIlysius Exiguus, .a Scythian by birth, and a Roman abbot; and w ..• hich only began to prevail in the west. about the. time of. Charles Martel~nd Pope Gregory II., A. D.* 780. It. has long been agreed by 8lIlchronologers that 'Dionysius made a Inistakein placingtlie bi~h of Christ some years

29.2

YOR-ZER.

too late; but the amoul1t of the differellce has been variously estimated, at two, .three, four, fiye, anp.even eight years. TIle general conclusion is that Wllich is adopted in our BillIes, and which places tIle birth of Christ four years before the COlnmon era, or luore probablya few months lnore.-Kitto.. In Masonry we very often add 4004 up to the birth of Christ, and their sum constitutes the reputed year of Masonry. , , YORK MASONS. The brother of I{ing Atl1 el stan, Prince E~win, be,ing taugl1t Masonry, and taking, upon him the charges ofa Master Mason, fbI" the love he l1ad to the said Craft, and the honollrable principles vvhereon it is grounded, purchased a free 'charter of King Atllelstan for the Masons; having a correction among themselves, as it was anciel1tly expressed, ora freedom and po~"'erto regulate themselves, to amend vvhat might happen amiss, alld to hold a yearly cOlnlllunication and general :lssembly. That accordingly Prince Edwin SUnl1110nec1 all the l\fasons in the realnl to llleet him ilIa congregatioIl at York 1 \vho canle und COlll1)osec1 a gellerallodge, of \yllich he was, Grand 1vfaster; and llaving brought \vith thenl all the writings and records ,extant, some in Greek, some in L~til1, sonle in !t"'rellch, and other languages, ,from the contents thereof that asselllbly did ,frarne, the Constitutionand Charges of all Englisll lodge, and l11ade a ,law to ,preserve and observe the sa.nle in all time cOIl:1ing~-,

Old Masonic" jfa1~1.t$crll)t. ZEREDATIIA. The pillars and other brass work were cast ill the clayey ground betweenSuccoth and Zeredatha. 'Intl1e Hebrew the words for "clayey gxound'" are "in tile thickness of 'the ground." That is~theearthwasstiff alld glutiu(jus, and Upollthat aeeount more fit to make luouldsof all kinds. AIlc1 in'tt plain ,country,snch., moulds ,were more ,easily fixed thal1 on the sides of llills orsteepplaces..-BÂŁ$hol~ l)atriclc~~ ZERUBBABEL" The son of Salathiel, of tIle royal race of David. Oyr1.18 committed to his care tIle sacred vessels of the Tenlple, witl1 which he returned toJerusalem. 'He is always l1all1ed first, as being tIle cllief of tlle Jews that returned to their own country. He'la,id

ZER.

293

the foundations of the Tell1ple, and restored tIle ~"orship of the Lord alld .the usual saclifices. 'iVhen the Sa111uritans offered to assist in rebuilding tIle Tenlple, Zerubbabel and tIle principal men of J udah refus(~d thenl this honour, since Cyrus had granted his conlmission'to the Jews only. 'Vhen the Lord sllowed the l)rol)het Znchariah t,vo olive trees, near the golden candlestick with seven branches, the angel sent to explain this vision informed the prophet that these two olive trees, which supplied oil to the great candlestick, were Zerubbabel, the Prince, al1d J eshua, the High Priest, son of J osedech. -Calmet.

TIlE BOOK OF THE LODGE.

THE

o o

THE

L 0 D GE OR,

OFJ?ICERS' MANUAL. BY

THE REV. G. OLIVER, D. DI' .AUTHOR OF H

T.BB HISTORIOAL LANDMARltS,t> "THBl HISTOR.Y 0 Ii' INITIATION.'· H J.NTIQUITIEBOF FREmMJ.SONRY/· "STAR IN Tam BAST," In'o•• :.ETO., ETO.

P.A.ST D.. G.. M. OF THE GRAND LODGE 01'"" MASSACHUSETTS, PAST D. P. G. M. FOR LU\COL'N8HIRE.

u.· s.

BONOIU..ItY :M::Il:A1BER OF TBm ItA.NIt 0.1' E~GL.A.!tDLODGE, LONDON; THE SII.A..KSPEAUB: LODGE, 'W .4RWIClt; THE FIRST LODG:mOF LIGB:T. Bl1UfINGH,AU; THm 5'1'. PETRR'S LODGE, WOLVEltlUlfPTON; THB: Wl1'HJ.M LODGB. LUWOLN; THE ST. PETER'S LODGlll, :PETERBOROUGH; LIGHT OJ' TIlE KOltTH LODGE, L():NDO:t\DEItRlr; ROt'J.LST.AND.ARD LODGE, XIPDlIRMl:NSTE.R; LODGS lUSING STAB, WESTERN' I.NDU, BOMBAY; SI'.G,EORGE'g LODG:S:, llONTIUIAL; LODGESOOIAL F.RX BiNDSKX P, MADRA.S,· liTO.

Aif'll'If»'P

'raJ,., GJeo8fl'l}'rb)'JI.-SOPBOCLKS.

GrmCO! Teletas ac Mysteria taciturnitate

parietibusqu~ ela.usisse. VARRO.

NEW YORK: JNO.W. LEONARD &; CO., AMERIC.AN MASONIC AGENCY. CLARK,

A.U8TI~ &

SMIT'B, S ':PARK ROW.

1850.

rrOI.:\!AN .t GIUY, »S~te'rf!()t!lln'1"s and Pri?!tf'rs l

lV'. Y.

TO THE

FRATERNITY.

DEAR BRETHREN,

It is ,veIl known that throughout IllY whole life I have been, llot l11erely a lover of l\fasollry, but an enthusiast-a cllalnpioll for~lle l)urity of its f01"1118 and ceremonies-zealous for its uninterrupted prot311erityand fearful lest the world should misunderstand its references, or misinterpret its benevolent designs. Sellsitively" alive to its interests and l路eputation, I have defended it with my lltnlost abilities, and have mourned when the misconduct of an illdividual brother has givel1 its enemies an advantage, anc1 caused thenl to exult in an imagillary triumph. I \vell rel11elnber ill my eurly nlasonic day"s, before I became acquaiIlted witll the true beariI1g and excellence of the i~stitl1tiol1, tIle bitter mortification to which I found myself sul)jected,. when an expert路antagomst advanced arguments against theOrd~r, which I waB .1"

PREFACE.

not prepared to refute; for the masonic literature of that day was circumscribed witl1in a very narrow compass" and extellded informatioll on the subject of J\.fasonry was difficult of attainmcllt.

It is a 111attel" of infinite gratification to nle, that this ullfavoul"able state of things 110 lOllger exists, a~1d that I have lived to a period wIlen the Fraternity have roused thelllSelves to a sellse of duty, and elltertaill a feeling that the dignity of Freemasonry 'requires SOlne exertions on their part, to proll10te its popularity, and place it on a level with otller scientific institutions; and who, for tllis great plll}'0se, elnploy their talents' through tIle medium of the Press, to display its utility as a benevolent Order, proln~tillg at once the illvestigatiollS of science, and the practice of every llloral alld social ,virtue.

For several years I have been in the habit of receiving letters from bretllren in different parts of tIle kingdom, WllO have been entrusted with tIle arrangelnent of any important Inasonic celebratioll, enquiring into the usages of antiquity onpartictllar points, tllat the ceremonial may be conducted ill strictaccordanee witll theConstitutions of the Order. A marked anxiety so unifornily displayed amongst the whole body of,'masons,bas"sugge'sted the propriety of some geneml'an'swel~s to all enqtdrlesof this nature,as ,81' lneM'1:1te which would ,llot only be well reoeived, but hailed as a boon by the Fraternityat large. For this purpose it is not to be doubted r"ut that a Manual,elllbracing legitimate infornlation on all cases

PREFACE.

which can possibly arise, ,viII be peculiarly acceptable to the VV. l\fasters and Officers of a Lodge in partic1.1Iar, and to every brother who is desirous of becoming well versed in the usages and customs of Masonry in prin1itive times. f

On this plan, tllerefore, the present little volume has been constructed. The infornlation \vhicll it contains has been carefully arranged, by a comparisoll of the rites practiced by our ancient brethren witll tllose vVllich are enjoined by the Ullited Gralld Lodge of I~nglaIld; and it appears extrelnely probable tllat tIle JT'raterllity vVOllld gladly adopt all unifol"lllity of practice, 011 POil1tS 'V}lel'e tlley have hitllerto been at a loss to deterllainc wlletller ceremonies of constant recurrence are, or are l1ot, in accordaIlce with ancient ~sage. In tllis enquiry the custolns of foreign Lodges have 110t been overlooked; and it is ~oped that this little volulne will constitute an unerring book of refererlce \vhicll cannot fail路to be of incalculable service to tIle Fi"aternity. It is almost entirely practical; and the directions ha,:e beell drawn up in strict confonnity with tlle Constituti011S of our own Grand Lodge; so that the brethren lnay adopt theI11 ill full confidence tllut tIleyare as sounc1 and legitimate as if they IlUd been elljoined by autllorit:y.

G. Scopwick Vicarage, January l~t, 1849.

CONTENTS. '

THE AUTHOR'S ADDRESS TO THE FRA.TERNITY.

CHAl? I.

WHAT IS MASO}TRY 1 Its nature and influence-Symbolical Masonry defined-Arts taught by Freemasonry-its high antiquity-morality of the order-Know thyself-universality of Masonry-its benevolent character-in whOln do you put your trust 1-tonguc of good report-open toall-symbolical-ancient charges-tendency of the Lectures-symbol ofa Lodge--equaJity -secrets of }{asonry incommunioable.

II. THE LODGE. Initiation ofa oandidate-definitionswhat is a Lodge 7-a microcosm-extent-ground-pavement -star-border-covering-Pedestal-Lights, &0., all minutely explained.

CRAP..

III. THE RITUAL OF BUILDING. Why a m8A.c;on's Lodge differs froln an ordinary building-utility of' ceremonies-exhibited to the dead-preparations for building-the ritual-the plan-proper situation of a. 111asonic halI-positionof the windows -altituae-roof-approaches-erltranoes-screens-chapels or closets-various other particulars.

CRAP.

IV.. THE FOUNDATION STONE. r拢he a,J?propriate time of levelling the footstone of a masonio hall-nurnberof brethren necessary to begin the work-notices-dutyof P. G. l\1:asters and nlusters of loc1ges-prelilninnry an路nngements-instructions for ceremonial-assembly of brethren-full and copious detail of aJ1 the rites nnd CereI11011ies of layiugthc foundation stone.

CHAP..

V. THE DECOI~A'rIONS..:F'urnituroof a lodge-.of the walls - emb路ellishments- 路curtains- tiais- screon- pedestal- appropriate passages of scripture for opening .tho JIolyBible in tho several degrees-ornaments-tl"ansparencies-ca.ndlesticks-sta.. tues or paintings-carpet-general harmony of design.

CHAP..

viii

CONTENTS.

Improper names-impoI'tauce of-due ought to be appropriate-l)recedency-the Number of a lodge-why lodges are nanl€c1-its utility-superstitions attached to names-ancient nlysteries and miracle plays-moralities-Names derived from--the period when names of LQdgcs were :first imposed.

CHAP.

VI.

THE NAME.

cons~aeration necessary-names

VII. THE CONSECRATION. Necessity of dedication and consecration-duty of director of cerenlonies-processiolls,,-preliminary arrangements-instructions to the brethren-Ceremony of Consecration _minutely described-duties of l\Iastersorder of procession-l'eligious services at the church-sermonreturn to the lodge roo In.

Cl1.A.P.

VIII. THE PILLAR OF WISDOl\1. ,Union of the fraternity --form of government-laws-constitutions-Iandmarks-rulers or a lodge-power of a Master-his duties-his quaUficationsand tact-impropriety ofelectil1g inadequate Masters-evil consequences of-degree of Past Master-description of a good 'V. J\L-how to govern a lodge profitably-the Bye-La"\ys-rogu. larity and decorum-adulission of eandidates-impl'oper persons to be rejected-results of good governIDcnt-l)cac(), harl110ny, and brotherly-love.

'CHAP.

IX. rrIIE I)ILLARS 0]' S'l'Rl~NGTH AND BEAUTY. Duty of the Wardens-Jcf\vel of the S.. "\V..-his place in tho lodgcregularity of attendance recommencled-Jewel of the J . 'V.-his place and auties-the Deacons-the office unkno'wll till iL recent period-the officer of the South, 'who ?-1~. A. P.'s originally had a vote ill Grand Lodge-enquiry into tho first appointment of Deacons-their Jewel-continental officers of a lodge-autics of the members of a lodge-mutual obligations-happy results.

CHAP.

TRACING· BOARD OF AN

E .. A.. P. Bro.. ..Hatrlstsnew

Tracing Boaxds considered-progress of a candidate· through thedegrees-instruction-the ground, situation, extent, SUppOl't, and oovering of a lodge,explainedindetail-east anc1 wcstthree. Pillars-mosaio. work-jewels....;....symbols-'w'orking toolsashlers--lewis-the Holy Bible-podestal-great lights-ladder -blazing star. CHAP.

XI.

TRACING BOARD OF A

F.C.,

AND A ~I.

1.1. The new

Fellowcraft's tracing boards noticed-J(\ptha and the Ephraimites-the river J Ordan-1yinding staircase-working tools-the

CONTENTS.

two 'Pillars-view of the Holy Place-queen of Sheba-decorations-lights-altar of incense-Sanctum Sanctorum-the veils -Tracing Board of the Third Degree-emblems of mortalitythe ven. withdrawn-ark-Mercy Seat-cherubims-Slleldnahthe centre-working tools-ornaments-custom of decking graves with :Howers-uncertainty of life-resurrection of the dead-the way to die happily. XII. LABOUR AND REFRESHMENT. Arrangement of the lodge furniture in the last century-the primitive floor cloth -masonic labour-explanations-refreshment-its propriety -disuse of during lodge hours-.;.duty of the J. W.-approval of moderate refreshment-toasts andsongs-soeial intercourse -libels on masonic refreshment-moderation of the ÂŁraternitytemperance and total abstinence considere<1.

CHAP.

THE :BOOK OF THE LODGE

CHAP. I. WHAT IS

MASONRY~

. , King Athelstan ,oaused a general assembly of all masons in the realme at York, and there made many masons, and gave them a deepe charge for observation of such articles' as belong to masonry, 'and delivered them a 'charter to keepe, and when his Assembly was gathered together he caused a cry to be made,'that if any mason of them had a,writing that didconceme masonry, or could informe the King in anything or matter that wanting in the said Science already delivered, that they or hee should deliver them to the King or write them to him: and there were some in French, some in Greeke" some in English, and other languages; whereupon the King caused a Book to be made, which declared how the Soience was first invented, and the utility thereof; which Book he commanded to be read and plainly declared when a man was to be made a .mason, , that he xnight fully understand what, Articles, Rules, and Orders, he was, obliged to observe;' and from that time untill this day Masonty had been much l"espec13edand preserved ; and divers new A.rticles have been added to the sayd charge, by good' advise and consent of the best ~Iasons and }'ellowes."-A.NCIENT MASONIclfANUSClUPT..

TIlE tendency of Freemasonry is sometimes l11istaken, not only by the tlninitiated, but also by many of those who have been superficially instructed in its mysteries. One considers it to be an institution framed for the purpose of benevolence; , that, ,through its mediunl,the siek may be visited, the'destitute relieved, the widow comforted, and the ' aged placed in' a situation where want can never more afflict them. But this design, how amiable and praiseworthy soever it may be, is only one of"the purposes of Freemasonry; and if, as this class of brethren suppose, it \vere confined to these charitable ends, it would rank merely on a ,level with a conlmon Friendly Society, or Sick Olub. 'OtllersSltpl)ose it to be connected Wi~~~:~i8ansand operative stonemasons; jtldging from the' inlkttments of mechanical craft whicll form the chief symb?lsof the order, that this must be its J?t?~,~~!II reference ;----\Vhile some take it for a mere conviVlal'IOUt,aty, whoseex:elusiveness in theseleetion of its me1llbers is guarded by signs and tokens, the payment' ofa heavy fine at, admiSsion, 'and the ad,optionor a pe!onli&! dress..

2·

There are other 'opinions" 'afloat, evell aillongst the brEjthren themselves; some of them frequently display such a frigid indifference 'to the peculiarity of its construction, and are so insensible to tIle great and apparent advantages whicl1 result from its complicated organiza, tion, embracing llistory and legend, science and morals, and blending the practice . of virtue .with the enjoyment of l11:0derate eonviviality,-as to afford a reasonable pretext to those, who are lluinitiated for taking no interest in the institution, .and for repressing'~ny . desirewhich they might otherwise 11ave entertai~ed to "ask that tlley might have,.to seek ·that they might find, ,and to knock that thed~o!(}f masonry might~eopaned to them." Symbolicalmasonry,underwhatever form it maybe ~ropounded,is a catholic jnstitution, democratic in its form. of government, and universal in ,its; Qper:~tion. This is demons'trable from. any of the ·definitions·ofthe order; -fronl the free"election 'ofits .chief'magistrate ·and the infel·ior governors of every private lodge,anl1ually alld by universal suffrage' ;-and fronl the· rep1.1ted .fornl, and sY111bolicaJextent of its lodges. If it were deprived of any of the above attriblltes, it would be 110 longer Ifree- ~ Inasonry; and all its beneficial effects llpon tb.e mind and lua11nets of men, would. be scattered to the vv"illds of heaven. ···That this' conclusion . is not l.lnwarranted, we will proceed to test it by an . enquiry into the nature of theinstitutioll,and its"pt~culiarityof construction; which wilt clearly prove its universality, and the free application of· its pl'inciples .to every inhabitalltof the. globe WI10 ackno'Vvlec1ges tIle being of a God, whatever be his colour, religion, education, or mental, .qualifications. A COllsideratioll of .the. definitions of Freemasonry whichllave· been' given ill different ages, 8J:l9~Y different ~:tite!'B, vvill clear tIle way, and fonD., 8. ;:e~eliminarystel) t().·.)..• .•.~.j,'.• :,~. :.'.,•..•. . . n. s.id.:I€.r. at.l.. on.... Of.' its g.e.D.i,.e.l'.,a., •.~.,;p. rinelple.s,and show inwhi~t,m&nl1~r they are ap,pli9a'Qle to all mankind ill evety'.age i_d 'A&tion. .' . 1. In a MS.. w:hi~h h~ theraputation of having been vv'-ritten by King Henry VI" we. have this definiti~nof lllasonry.. " Ytt beetll .tlleskyl1e of natul"e, tIle understondYIlge of the myghte that ys hereyuIle, and its sondrye werkynges; sonc1erlyche, the skylle of reckenyngs, of waightes and 111etynges, and· the. truemaIlere of , @'.'. .:.

fagonnynge al th.ynges for manne~ use; headlye, dwellinges,. and buyldynges of alleklnd,~s, and all. other thynrres that malte gudde to manne. And· agaIn, tIle sameodOCUlnent asserts that the arts whicll 11ave been tau~ht to mankind by masons, aJ:e "agricultura, architectura, astronomia, geometria, D.umeres, Inusica, poesie; kyluistrye, .governmente, and relygyonne." In these definitions we find nothing of an exclusive or l111approachable nature; for natural, mathematical, and Inechanicalknowledge, have been practised in- every age, and by· every peopleupo11.the face of the globe. Whether we turn our eyes to tIle east or to tIle west-to India and China-Egypt and Greece-Scandinavia and Britain -Mexico and !>eru-tlle remote islands of Austl"aliaon the one hand, or Iceland and Spitzbergen 011 the otller\ve slutll find every \vhere traces of genius alld skill of the higllest anti(!uity·, \Vllieh (~xcite 01.1r astonisll111ent, and prove beyond a dOtlbt, t·hat how proud. soever we may .be of our progress in the above arts and sciences, we were eqtlalled,and in SOmE) inst!anCt8S suryassed, by , those primitive. nations. The'monuments of India and Egypt, with those of what we denominate the New orld, exhibit the perfection of science, aIld the tril1Illph.s of 11Ulnal1 ingenuity; as tllC rltins of Herculalleliltl and Po!npeii have thrown 011eIl to 0111"" inspection the elegance and luxury of the Greeks and ROll1ans at the period wIlen tllese . cities were destroyed by tIle fearful eruptions of l\fountVesuvius in the ·tin1e of Titus, a short tilne fitter the destruction of tlle temple of Jerusalem. Recent discoV€l"ies in central. Americahavellla,de us acquaintedwitll a series of facis wllichdisplaythescientifie acqllirClnents of an unkl10wn people, whose antiquity CftUnot even be conjectured. Stephens, in his "Incidents of T:ravel," IULS the follo\ving l"eflections in the Inidst of the magnificent ruins of Copan ill ~Iexico. "'I'llere were ,no associatiol1S conllected witll the !)lace; none of thosie stirring recollections \vhicb hallo\v llome, Athens, and,~., ",,'orid's great mistress on t:he Egyptian I)lain butM:chi~ecture) scuII)ture, alld paiIlting, all the which embellish life, had flourisllcd in this overgrown f?rest; . Qrat0m~warriors, and statesmen ; bieauty,ambitron,. and gloJY~ha(l lived a:ud paase;Qaw&y, and ·none knew that such things h~d'b.een, or could tell of tlleir

past existence. Bool\.s, the records of knowledge, are silent on this theme. The city is desolate. No renlnant of this race hangs round. the ruins, with traditions handed down from father to SOIl, and from generation to generation. It lay before us like a shattered bark in the midst of the ocean; her masts gone, her llame effaced, her crew perished, and none to tell whence she came, towl16IIl she belonged, how long on her voyage, or what caused her destruction; her lost people to be traced only by S0111e fancied resemblance in the 路constructioll of tIle vessel, and perhaps never to be known at all. Theplace where we sat-was it a citadel, from which an Ul1known people had sounded tIle trumpet of war? or a temple for the worship of the god of peace? or did the inhabitants worship the idols .made witll tlleir own hands, and offer sacrifices on the stones before them? All was mystery; dark, ilnpenetrable mystery;' and every circumstance increased it. In Egypt the colossal slieletons of gigantic tenlples stand in the Ul1watered sallds in all tIle llakedness of desolatiol1;-here an inllnel1Se forest shrouds the ruins, hiding thenl fronl sigllt, heiglltelling the in1I)ressioh and nl0ral effect,. alId giving an intensity and allnost wildness to the interest." OIle thing, however, is quite certain. l'11ese ruiIls exhibit a liTIowledge of the sciences, whicll is not surpassed by any nation of the ancient world. 'l'he arts then being of universal application-FreeInasonry-wllicll teaches those arts, is of uIliversal application also; and hencecosmopolitical. 2. TIle next definition of Inasonry V\rhicll lellall adduce in proof of the saIne proposition, was propounded at the revival of masonry by Dr. .A.llderson, the learned atlthor of the lIistol"yand Constitutions of Masonry, whose 0l,iniol1, in路 tllose days was considered decisive on every point connected with the order. As the former related exclusively to science, this is confined to morals; and \villbe fOUlld equally comprehensive. "The end, the 111oraI, and purport of masonry ig~ to subdue our passions, not to do our own will; to m.ame a daily progress ina laudahle art, and to promote moratlity, charity, good fellowshil)' good nature,.andhumanity."l I have considered this definitiol1 witIl great attention, ~nd cannot find anytlling exclusive in tIle terms by whiell .1

Golden ItemnhlS, Vol. 1. p,,, 49"

itis~set fottI1. It is applicable to all nlunk.ind, ill every situation, condition, and religioll. There call be 110 ex'ceptions to the universality of its principles; and the virtues whicll it enjoins, may be practised by old and young of botll sexe~, in all nations, whetller"Savage or civilized. To subdu"e the passions has been the universal ainl of Inankind. All have placed their hopes UpOll it; arid hence sprang the first idea of th'e FvIXJ{}f, ueav7:'()V, which v~ras inscribed "on the portal of tIle heathen telnples, that it might 11rove a stimulus to virtue, ofwhicll it was the first .lesson, and lead to the desirable consummation in Wllich 'all excellellce "7as blended, of . subduing the passions.Fevvattained tl1is blessed serenity of 11linc1, but Socrates vvas U1TI011gSt the nUlnber; for ZOl)yrus, all en1illent l)hysiognolnist, having declared tllat lIe discovered ill the featllres of tl1atl)11ilosopller evidellt traces of 111any vicious l)ussions; the fi路iends of Socrates derided llis judg11lent, vvhich they declared was clninently at variance ."\v ith fact. But 'Socrates acknowledged his llenetration; confessing th~t he vvas naturally disposed to vicious indulgen~es, but tllat he llad subdued his passions by reasol1'anc1 philosopllY. ' Alnongst the earlyCllristians, many,.of 1vllose llarnes have beell inscribed on the' lists of the order, vvllether truly orr not is i111111aterial to our presel1t PUJ1)ose, this result was frequently acquired; of Wllicll tIle llistory of th,epersecutions affol~ds numerous instances; and vVjtl10Ut it tIle religion of Christ could not 11ave bee~ sllccessfully pronlulgated in tlJe midst of dangers, and umder the constarlt dread' of bonds, imprisonment and death. Tacitus thus 111elltions tIle facts. H Their sufferings at their exe:" vverenggravated by insult and mockery; for sonle \VeTe disguised in the sltips of wild beasts; and \vorried to deatll by dogs; son1C ,vere crucified; and otllers \VCl'e ,~vrDl)ped in pitch shirts, alld set 011 fire "\VhCIl the that tIley 111ight serve as ligllts to illu"': And tJ u\lcnul, to tIle SUlllC .1)U,rport, says'& v;,rere sul)jectecl to be burned irl their own flame .snl0ke, their head bE~illg 11(:~1(1 tIl) . by a fixed to their chin, till they n1ude a long stream of,b~ood and melted sulpbur on the ground." And endured these accumulated sufferings with . elicited the admiration 'even of their bad a great 2

contempt for the things of this world, and· cherished such strong hopes. of immortality, . that they surrendered themselves cheerfully to sufferings, and despised death under whatever fearful form it might be presented to them. Here then we have a clear proof that the early Christians practised the Inoral definition masonry. They subdued their passions; did not their own will; made a daily progress in a laudable art; and practised morality, charity, goodnature, and humanity. If "ve turn to the savages of the east or tl1e west, we shall find the same general principle exemplified ;-they attained suell a nlastery over their passions under circum stances the most distressing, that when the fortune of war placed them in the hands of their enemies, they despised torment and courted death; and instead of trying to conciliate their persecutors, they taunted them witll their own performances, and dared them to proceed to the utlnost extremity of inflictil1g pain; dying at length with a song in their nlouth, alld joy and peacefuliless in their hearts. . So extensive was the operation of masol1ie principles, even in·the absence of masonry itself; and so··boundless was the influellce of those peculiar virtues which it recommends and enforces, that their operatioIl nlay justly be pronounced to be universalin extent, and COI1Seqllently unlimited ill its practice. 3. The 11ext definition. we meet with was pronlulgated about the middle of the 18th century. I,t is l)eculiarly cosmopolitical,. and requires no explanation to point out its universal tendency. "l\fasonry is a science confined to no J?articular country, but extends. over tIle whole terrestrIal globe. Wllerever arts flourish, there it flourishes also. Add to this, that byscecret and inviolable signs, carefully preservedanlong the fraternity, it becolnes an universal language. Hence many advantages are gained;-the· distant Cllinese, the wild Arab, and the American savage, will embrace a brother Brito;n, and know, that besides the common ties of hU111anity, there is still a stronger obligation to induce· hiln to kind and friendly offices." 4. "Freemasonry is a benevolent order, instituted by virtuous men, for the praiseworthy purpose of s!)reading

the blessings of morality p,nd science amongst all ranks and descriptions of men." 5. "Freemasonry is the grand and universal science which includes all others, but. having a more immediate reference to those branches which teach usa knowledge of ourselves, and our duty to others." These definitions· of masonry convey the same truth, that its .purposes are benevolent, andb,eing spread over the whole universe, operate, without respect of persons to make men happy in this world, with the hope of having it increased in the world to come. Like the formerdennitions, they refer, not only to. the inhabita,nts living in the 19thcentnry, wheresoever dispersed under the wide and lofty canopy of heaven, but to all nations, kindreds, and people, from the formation of the world. In this respect· it is like Christianity, which is also a cosmopolite institutio 11, comprehending all mankind in one fold under one shepherd, and embracing them in the universal scheme of unlimited redemption. There· never was any nation under ·heaven, hows.avage soever its inhabitants might bet who bad not some notion of ··S Supreme Being, and .a.future statie·ofexlstence. Their opinions were often fanciful, and frequently erroneous, but none were buried in a gloomy atheism. Each had its scale of virtue which was reputed to translate them to the Good Spiritafier death. Amongst theprineipalnations of the earth, a peculiar institution was in existence which promised eternal happiness in Elysium to all who were initiated into its mysteries; while the deepest and most painful· earvern's of Tartarus. were allotted to the atheist, and the despiser of these celebrations. Thus Cioero asserts that it IS by the influence of the Mysteries that mankind are drawn from a savage life, and modelled by humanity. Hence they are called Init.ia, because they are tIle beginnings of a life of reason and virtue; and men receive from them a sute:riordegree of happiness here, with the promise of a betterlm.':"ehereafter. And Plat.o sal·s to the sam.·eeffi.,.60.• ·t. "In my opinion the institutors 0 · the Mysteries were well acqutlfmted with the manners anddispositioDsof men; for .ift· these rites the aspirants were taught that th.ose who. died without· being initiated, would for. ever stIck fast.lu the mud and filth of ·Tartarus; while thos,e

"vho were purified by initiation, should, after death, be advanced to the habitations of tIle celestial deities.. " IIl'these extracts we find principles enullciatedvvhich correspond in a great nleasure \vith the above ,definitions of Freelnasonry; and shovv that sinlilar ideas existed, Ulld produced the saIne COl1clusions ill every age and nation of. the world; for the precepts of our ll0ble Order llave been admitted throughout all time, as the best calculated to l)roduce human happiness llere, allc1 lead to a 1110re perfected and·· ineffable. bliss hereafter.. The patriarchs practised it,. and fOllnded their dearest llopes Ul)Oll it. The Je\vs professed.it, althougll they did not ill l)ractice conforln to its dictates, as Inay be instanced ill the case of the ,vornan'taken i l l adultery. "Jler crilne "vas ·111Ullifest," says Dean I{irwan, ."and ller punishlnent exactly laid dowllin the lavv; yet it filled the just soul of the Redeei:ner with indignation, to see men.so c.rilninal 8S tlle Pllarisees, the slaves of every l)assion, under the Inasl~ of extraordinary zeal, standing forward ,vitIl clanlour aIld eagerness, to avenge the violated la\v; he therefore an- '" s\vel'ed thenl in a \vay not to pallittte the oflence, but whicll strikingly conveyed tIle indis11ensable concornitant of true zeal,-Let the nlan \'\"ho is witllOtlt sin a.nl011gst you cast the first stone at this .11ufortnnate woman!" A decision too pointed 110t to llave a most apt and a 1110st hU111iliating eftect; for, as tIle Evangelist reports, "tIley retired one after another silent and confounded." Even the ··heathen eulogised the beauty of virtue,altllOUgh ' they 111isapplied the ter111, and believed it to consist in practices vvhich revelatioll condell111S in the strongest ternlS. "Discil)lines," says IIippodamus the Pytl1agorean, " are the sources of erudition,and cause the desires to be impelled to virtue. But. the laws, partly detaining by fear, repel .111cn from the commission of crimes, and partly alluring by honours 'and gifts,excite them to virtue.A,nd Inanners and studies ftlShiol1 the soul lik.ewax,and through theireontinued energy iIll'" press in it propensities that become, as it \vere, 11tituraL It is necessary, however, that these three should have an arrangelnent in conjunctiollwith the beautiful, the useful, and the just; and that eacll of these three should, if possible, have all these for its final intention; but if llotall of thenl~ it should at least have two or Olle of

them as the mark' at which it ainls, in order that disci:.. plines, 1nanners, al1{l laws, luay be beautiful, just, and advantageous." . This reasoning is purely masonic ; but if we refer to the lives of those 'to vv~hom ~his man preached, 'ye shall find thenl replete with conduct·· which is in· direct opposition to the precepts, because they mistook the,meaning of the word virtue; and classed on an equality with it, many unsocial, selfish, and fieBd-likepassions. How different are the conclusions: of our glorious science, which centre all tbe·benevolent affections ofthe mind in charity and Brotherly Love. In' the words of one who was not a maSOll by initiation, but \vas truly a brother in his .heart, "I-Iow perfective of hUlnan nature and human happiness that systenl is, \vhich, even in the face of an eneIllY, observes a brother; \vhich is one contin11cd line of exhortation to llnboul1cled benevolence, and\vhose illustrious founder has declared, that its' professors should be known· and imnlortalized by that oncsentinlent alone; thus pointing out the means of beginning our heaven upon earth, and antedating.llere beIow.th~ joys and tranquilli ty of the blessed." 6. "S11eculative nlRsonry is so far interwoven with religiol1, as. to lay us under the strongest obligations to pay that rational h011lage to the Deity, which at once constitutes our duty and our hal)piness. It leads tIle contemplative to view, -writllreverenceand udlniration the glorious works of creation, and. inspires thenlwith the 1110st exalted ideas of the perfections of the Divine Creator." ". I-Iere "\ve llave a direct assertio~ of the universality of masonry, for tIle precept is aI>plicable to all people that ever existed, or that ever shall- exist throughout the whole course of tin1e.Tllc hOlllage \vhiell is due fronl the creature to the Creator, is a natural feeling, in11)lantad in the heart hy the Deity hin1self, andcxistillg \vitll the most barbarous as ,;v"ell as the 1110st enlightened people. None, '\vho sa\~r thecOlll"Se of tho SUIl by daytthe luoon and stars hy nigllt, the grovvtll' of ,regetables, Sll1111ner ahd winter, secdtinlo and harvest. eotlld be ignorant of the existence of sOIllesuperintcQding phenoIn~na ;-every thing preserving the mostpierfectorder and regularity; for the Inolt b-arbarolls and savage peo-

pIe-possessing but a single spark of reason-could not be induced to believe that the sun and the moon occupied their places by chance, that by the effect of accident the trees put out their buds at one season of the year, the blossoms and leaves at another, which ripened into fruit ina third, and were cast aside in a fourth, because they were useless in an inclement winter. Even Aristotle, who, if not an absolute atheist, was on the very verge of it, could say, "That to believe the gods to he the first beings, is a divine truth ; and that, though arts and sciences have probably been often lost and revived, yet this opinion has been preserved as a relic to this very

time." There is an. excellent passage to the same effect ill a writer of the last century, wb.ich is worth preserving. " Th~judgmentthatevery wicked man necessarily and imluediately makes concerning any unjust act of another, by which he hiulself happens to suffer, will for ever con... viet him of knowing well that difference of moral good and evil, which he is not willing to ackno\vledge, or which he is not willing to nlakethe rule of llis own behaviour. This is what the Apostle calls the law written in men's hearts, by which they are a law uutothemselves, their conscience also bearing witness, and their thoughts the meanwhile accusing or excusing one another; therefore it is certaiIl men are naturally conscious of the differenc路e of good and evil, and of the conseq~ent desert of their own actions. It is natural for thelll. to apprehend that this judgment of their own conscienoes i~ the judgment that God also passes upon them ; and the scripture very clarly affirms that it is so." From such arguments we deduce the. universal application of the definitions of masonry under Qurpres.ent ;Q<.ltice, in proof of the fact that the order is cosnlopolitical. 7. "Tuezealofmasonsin the acquisition of knowledge is bounded by no space, since they travel froln east to west .in its pursuit; and the路 principles which actuate them are highly conducive to morality; viz., the attempt to rule and govern tIle passions,and路 to keep a tongue of good report, that where candourcannot commend, silence will, at least,. avoid reproach." 8. "The masonic system exhibits a stupendous and

beautiful fabric, founded on universal piety, Ullfolding its gates to receive, without prejudice or discrimination, the worthy professors of every description of genuil1e .religion; concentrating, as it were, into one body, their just tenets,路 unincumbered by the disputable peculiarities of all sects. and persuasions." These definitions need no comment. The reference which they contain to universality, to the application of masonry by all religious sects, and the professors of every:mode of faith who practise genuine religion in its purity, are too evident to be denied, and too plain to admit of. dubitation or dispute. They exhibit a beautiful picture of the genius of masonry opening ~ride her arms of benevolence to receive the children of men; like the Saviour of mankind inviting his creatures to accept the salvation which he freely offers \vithout money and without price. "Conle unt0111e all ye that labour and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke llpon .you, and learn of me; for I am m:eek and lowly in heart ; and you shall find rest unto your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.. "! An,d his benevolent intentions are confirmed by St. Paulin his COs111opolite assertioll that " there is IleitherJew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male.nor 路female; for ye are all one in Christ Jesus."s And again,with more 110iversality of application in another place, "there is neither Greek nor Je"r, circumcision .nor uncircumcision, Barbarian, Scythian, bond nor free; but Ohrist is all and in al1."4 9. "Masonry is a beautiful system of morality, veiled in allegory, and illustrated by symbols.'" This illustration, when divested of its firstme~ber" is peculiarly applicable to all those remarkable institutions \iVllich prevailed anlongst heathen nations, and were denominated Mysteries, but are novv called tIle Spurious Freeulasonry. It is true, they eulogised morality in pOlnpous language, but practised it not; or more correctly speaking, understood it llotll Ovid

affirms,

Ingenues路 didicisse fidelitcr arios, Emollit mores, llec emit esse feros; 2

Mat. xi. 28,. to end. 路OotHi. 11.

G,aL iiL 28.

12 a sentiment \yhich is extren1ely apposite, and en1bodies an attribute. of ll1asonry; for by the study of the sci-路 ences, our order asserts that 'rve acquire a propensity to benevolence, anc1 a desire to be useful to our fellow creatures. Horace, ,ho\vever, excludes morality froIn the practice of his" good luau," and confines it to obedience

to the la\vs of our eountry. Vir bonus est quis! Qui consulta patrU111, qui leges juraque servat. Charondas, the Catanrean l)hilosophel", thus recomn1ends 111orality. "vVanton insolence and injllsticeare the attendants of shalnelessness and irnpudence. And destruction foIlo\vs these. Let, however, no one be impudent, but let everyone be' Inodest and ten1perate ; because he ",Till. thus llave tIle gods prol)itious to llill1, ~nd will proc'ure for himself salvation. For 110 vicious man is dear to divinity.. Let .every one likewise llonour probity and truth, and hate \vhat is base anclfalse; for these are the inc1ications of virtue and vice.. " It ,"viII be unnecessary to ll1ultilJly instances of tIle love of virtue ulnongst the heathen in thcory-the"'fact is notorious. But the fate of their best and rnost virtuous rnell\vill sho\v the kind of estin1ation in vvhieh tlleir Inoral harangues\vere held by the people.. Pythagoras ,vas slain... As he sat in council with his路 friends i l l the house of ~Iilo, it \vas set 011 fire b)~ SOBle one out of envy because he hacl been refused adn1ission. l)ythagoras Inade his escape,路 for the envious ll1an llad vo\ved to take avvay his life; and :havingprocurecl the assistance oftt fe,v ul1\vorthy Inen the I)hilosopher \vas hotly pursued.. COI11ing to a place fu1I of beans, he 路sto11ped short saying, "it is hetter to be taken than to tread anlongthe, bealls; it is better to be killed than to speak," and Ids pursuers accordingly. sle\v hill1.. In a similar 111'111ne1" most of his disciples lost their lives. Aristides ,vas ]Janished from his C011ntry out of envy, because by his upright and virtuous conduct he l1ad acquired the npI)el.. lation of "the j ust." Alcibi~des was killed hy a laction; Socrates was put to cle~th for his virtues; and it ,vas at all times dangerous for any one to be eelebrated for his benevolence, justice, or kindness to the poor. If 'rve take a vie\v of the heathen rnorality through the Inediu111 of its 11ublic in$titutions,v\teshall not enjoy a more favourable l)icture of its operation.. Lu\v and

13 religion "vera equall J s~l1guinary;. and a lj~nevolel1t feelina towards those 111ISerable beIngs \vho fl11ecl the labori~us situations of life, ,yonId have been considered the extrelnity of ,\veakness und folly.. "'I'hey SllOvyed no Inercy to th~ widovv, did no good to the ththerless, . 110r llelped any mall ill his distress.."s To accol11plish a favorite object, human life was sacrifieed freely and without conlpunctionor regret, as Pharaoh N ecl10 sacrifrced 120,000 men in a fruitless attempt to cut a channel fronl tIle Mediterranean to the Red Sea. And if vve refer to nl0rality in a national point of view, the result vvill be exactly the sanle. Philosophel-s and llierophants gave public dissertations in l,raise of virtue, vvllile they practised in private the 1110st unbounded licentiollsness. 'l'he nl0ralit~y of the I)ngans in India ll1ay be estiuluted f1"o111 the Bayaderes or dancing girls, \vho \vore the property of the l)riests; [l1.1d the public \vorship of the Linganl ;-that of Clreeee anCI ROl1le by the .cxcesses of the I)ionysiaca, and the l)l'"ostitlltion of virgins in the telnple of Mylitta ;-\vhile the l1atiol1s of northern Europe and America \vere a,ddicted to the sacrifice of hunlan victilTIS, und believed the I)ractice to be a service \veII pleasing to Goel. It is evident, therefore, that if '"vc 'Vvould apply the last definition to the ages \vhieh \vere past at the advent of C1hrist; \ve 111ust reject the first mernber of the sentence, andleave out the allusion to 111orality.. Its practice is indeed COSlllopolite, and it ,~ras lauded ulIlongst every description of people, but its object ,vas 111istaken~ and consequently true 1110rality-the love of God and of our neighbour, and the 11ractice of every llloral ancl socialvirtlle-,vas 'ul1kno\,"n. 13l1t the remainder of tIle definition t111plies \vitll great pro11riety to the ancient mysteries of every COllntry in the \yorld, \vhich ,,,,ere truly veiled ill allegory, nnd illustrated b yr SYIIlhols. The fornler consisted in a deseription of tile reputed death of a celebrated individual \vho ,vas indifH:~rently ~amed Osiris,or I3aechus, or .L\.donis, or its ~~quivalent In every other IHttion; \vith the eeren101P,T of discover~l1g the lost remains, and raising theln to ~~ nl0re. decent Interluent" The sanle legend \vitil precisely the same T

reference, formed the basis of the Spurious Freemasonry, in every quarter of路the globe~ 10. The following, witll which I conclude this portion of the subject, can sc~rcely be termed a definition of Masonry. It is rather a general ad~onition respecting the practice of religion, which bas been introduced into.the ancient charges for the express purpose of sllowing the cosmopolitical nature of the institution. "In allcient times the Christian l\Jlasol1s were charged to comply vvi.th the Christian usages of each country where they travelled and worked; but Inasonry being found in all nations, even of divers religions, they are novv only charged to adhere to that religion in which all men agree (leaving each brother to his own particular opinions) .by whatever names, religions, or persuasions they may be distinguished; for they all agree in the three .- great articles Noah, enough to preserve the cen1ent of the lodge. Thus masonry is the centre of their union, and the hal)PY Ineal1S ofcol1cilia.ting pel~sons tl1at otherwise 111USt have renlulned at a per!)etual distance." This latitudinarian principle is well adapted toa society wllich is considered路 to he tlniversal. It isexpl~essed in such general terIns as to .be no burden upon any man's conscience, because it meddles witll no. system of religion, and leaves every menlherat full liberty to follow that way of faith in whicll he had been educated. The modern lectures 11ave rather encroached upon tllis universal principle by the introduction of subjects which bear a direct and exclusiye referellce to Christianity. The historical Landlnarks of masonry, as laid down in the lectures vvhich are enjoined by authority in the 19th century, are, luany of tllenl, types of路 the ChristianJ:eligion; and they call1lot be otherwise explained. And'in aOhristian lodge, they either refer to 'Christianity or nothing. In a Jewish lodge, ()ur Hebrew brethren would interpret them differently, if they form a portion of their lectures, wlli0h is somewhat. doubtful; and 'Vv"e are quite certain that ina Turkish lQdgethey would be carefully excluded. It is clear therefore that路 the lectures of masonry are arbitrary; and, with the exception of a few deterlllinate Landmarks, vary essentially in different countries; being constituted in such a Inanner as to agree with the peculiar habits and belief of the fraternity who

use .tllenl; that the introductioll of 110 startlulg facts or unacceptable doctrines, 111ay cause disputes or divisions to arise .amongst a brotherhood who profess to be cemented by the indissoluble chain of Brotllerly Love. The cosmopolitical construction of 111asonry 111ay be also verified by the reputed extent .of th~ lodge, which in length, and breadth, and depth,and heighth, isa representationof the universe as the temple of the living God. Thus the Lectures of masonry teach that "the universe is the temple of the Deity whom"\ve serve ;-wisdom, strengtll, and beauty are about his throne as the pillars of his work; for his wisdom is infinite, his strength is olnnipotent, and beauty shines forth througllout all creation in symmetry and order; he hatll stretched fortIl the heavens as a canopy, and the eartll he planted as llis footstool; the callopy of his teml)le is crovvned "J'ith stars as \vith a diadeITI; the SUIl and 11100n are messengers of llis will, and all Ilis law is concord." In tllis quotation. from the old lectures of nlRsonry we find that a mason's lodge is a symbol of tIle universe, whicll is the ma.gnificent temple of tlle Deity, or the centre of the divine circle. ButwJlere is tIle circumference? This \ve are totally ignorant of. '!'he centre however, is sufficient for our present p'urpose, for it fills all known space,. and extends thl路oughout extent.. The centre of the Almigllty circle whicll the Deity' alollecan fill, occupies milliolls .. upon lllilliollS of rrliles, fh.rtller than the human eye can reach, witll all tIle assistance whicll the lnost improved instruluellts are able to aflbrd. Sir John Herschel, in Ilis "Essay 011 the po~rer of the Telescope to penetrate into Space," a quality distinct G."om the Inagnifying pOvv'er, illforms us that tllereare .otars so infinitely rell10te as to be situated at the distt1.11Ce of twelve nlillions of nlillions of 111il1ions of Illiles fi~oro our earth; so that light, whicll travels ,vitIl a velocity' of twelve millions of l11i1es ill a Ininute, \yould require two millions of ~years for its transit f1'o1"n those distant orbs to our OWIl, ,,""hile the astronorner, 'VIIO s'llould record the aspect or 111utation of suell a star, "W"ould not be relating its history at the 路llresent day, but that which took place .two millions of years gone by.. So universal is masonry. Allnlankind arie creatures of the san1eGod,andequally the obJects of his care. He

16 makes his Sun to shine upon the evil and the good alike, andsendeth raill on the just and unjust, for tllere is no respect of persons with 11im. Thus. also in Freelnasonry "a king is reminded tllat tll0Ugh a erown may adorn his 11ead and a sceptre l1is hand, the blood in his veins is derived from the COll1IDon parellt of 111ankind, and is no better than that of his meallest subject. The .statesman, the senator, alld the artist, are thel·e taught that, eqtlally vvith others, they are by nature exposed to infirmity and disease; and that all unforeseen Inisfortune or a disordered fral1le, may impair their faculties, and level them with the most ignorant of their species. ~1en of inferior talents, who are not placed by fortune in suell exalted stations, are instructed by masonry .to regard their superiors with respect,when they behold them voluntaril;y divested of the trappings of external grandeur, and condescending, in a badge of. innocence. and bond of friendshi11, to trace wisd0l11 and to follo\v virtue, assisted by those 'VI10 are of a rUl1k. beneatIl thOU1. Virtue is true nobility, Ul1d vvisc10111 is the cl1alluel b)T \vllicllyirtlle is directed and conv~yed. 'Visd0111 and virtue alol1e, nlark distinction amongst nlusons." From all tl1ese argulnel1ts and delnonstrations we con... elude that masonry is all illstitution ~1]lich is· applicable to all Inankind, ill all ages and conditions of lll.lmunity; and' its construction is so perfect, that, although it has been strictly scrutinized, by ·ellenlies as ",rell as friends, yet, 110twithstanding the existence of a few anomalies, from which no human establishment is free, no material fia\v has 11itherto beell found, of sufficient importance to endanger its existence. It has· outlived the env10f its opponents, and gathered strength from every. hostile attack. In some countries Chure1! and State have been anayedagainst it without effect ;---demagdgues and adven.tn:~rs ,h~ve endeavoured toob'scuJr~ its purity by heapingll~"~niteverykind •.,of absurd innovation; btlt their resp,~6tive. systems,after ,. anepllelneral existence, have sunk, one· ~fter . another, into 111eritedoblivion, leaving IJ'reelnasonry. to enjoy its trillmph ;-seceders have tllreatened to betray its secrets, but all their attempts have signally failed. The order being based on Brotherly Love and Charity, is iUlperishable. "Masonic secresy," says brother Blanchard, a learned .transatlantic

17 mason, "is a mysterious thing-it has llever been divulged. â&#x20AC;˘ The most tattling man, if he be a l11aSOll, keeps the secret. There is no risk of hun. Enrage, discipline, expel-he never tells! Mad, drunk, or crazy-he 11ever tells! Does he talk in Ilis sleep? It is not about Inasonry. Bribe him in his wants-tempt him in his pleasures-threaten him, or torture him, he will :endure being a martyr, but -he llever tells!" All that have opposed its progress have shared the same fate,being met by the obloquy and derision ofm,ankind."

CHAP. II. THE LODGE.

The secunde artycul of good masonry, As ye mowe hyt hel'e hyr specyaly, That every mayster, that ys a mason, Most ben at the generale congregacyon, Where that the semble schal be holde ; And to that semble he most nede gon, But he have a resenabul skwsacyon, Or but 118 be unboxom to that craft, Or with falssehed ys over raft, Or allus sekenes hath hym so stronge, That he may not come hem amonge; That ys a skwsacyon, good and abulle, To that semble withoute fabulle. ANCIENT !\!ASONIO MANUSCRIPT.

I HAVE often admired the observation of Plutarch, when treating on mental tranquillity. "That saying of Diogenes," lle remarl\.s, "extrenlely pleaseth me, who, seeing some person dressed very neatly to attend a public entertainnlent, asked him whetllerevery day was not a festival of a good man? And certaillly, that which makes it more splendid is-sobriety. For the world is a s:pacious and beautiful temple, whicll a mall is brought Into as soon as he is born, not to be a dull spectator of the works of art; but of things of a more sublime nature, which have the principles of life alld motion in themselves; such as the sun, moon, and stars; rivers,. which are constantly su~plied with fresh accessions of water ; and the earth, vVhlCh with the indulgence of a tender mother, suckles the plants, and nourishes her sensitive creatures. If life, therefore, is the most perfect institution to which wc.are introduced, it is but just that it should be passed in cheerfulness and tranquillIty." In like manner, when a candidate is first introduced into a lodge, which is a lively type of the world, he lnust not be an inattentive spectator, if he desires to reap any benefits from his initiation. fIe 111l1St, "read, mark, Tearn, and inwardly digest," al} he sees, for everything which.

is visibly displayed before his eyes is invested with· a moral signification, that may be berleficially applied to some useful purpose of civil,·· social, or religious life. The lessons of virtue which. are drawn from these sensible objects are of the utmost value, because they are applicable to all views and circumstances ; and· they are extremely pleasing and attra.ct.ive, because they are dictated in a spirit ofk.indness and cheerful b;enevolence. The earliest description of a lodge that I have met with explains it as being "just and perfect by the numbers 3, 0, and 7." This was subsequently exemplified in the following prescribed form. "A lodge of masons is an assemblage of- brothers and fellows met together for the purpose of expatiating on the mysteries of the craft; with the Bible, Square, and Oompasses, the Book of Constitutions, and the Warrant empowering them to act." In the formula used in the present day a further amplification has been adopted. It is here denominated "an assembly of masons, just, perfect, and regular, who are .met together to expatiate on the mysteries of· th'e order ;--:just, because it contains the volume of the Sacred Law unfolded; perfect, from its numbers, every order of lnasonry being virtually present by its representatives, to ratify and confirm its proceedings; and regular, from its warral1t of constitution, which implies the sanction of the Grand Master for tIle country where tIle lodge is held." Some distinguish between the Charter, ",Varrant, and Constitutions, which indicate tlle regularity ofa lodge; the first· includes the sanction of the mysteries, forms, aIld ceremonies enjoined by the laws of the country where the lodge is assen1bled;-thesecond is the. ancient, and lawful authority of the Grand Master ;-and the third is the sanction of the Grand Lodge. In the middle of the last century the lodge was described as " a representation of the world, in which, from the wonders of nature, weare led to contemplate the Great Original, and worship him for his mighty ,~~orks; and for the saBle reason weare also moved to exercise those rnoral 8Illd social virtues which are incumbent 011 Inankind as the g,ervants of the Great Architect of the Universe, in whose form theyw eree~reated." The above !definitionscombined will show that a lodge of masons isa school for the practice of science and good

manners; and a lllic.rocosm, or representatiol1 of the universe. FrOIn a principle. of piety· to the Most Higll, its pursuits lead toa knowledge of virtue botl1 moral and social, and the exercise of those courtesies, \~Vllicl1 produce confidence and Inutual esteem betwixt I1Iail and mall. In fornl and extent it is an oblong square; its length reaching ii'Olll east to \vest, its breadth fronl l10rtll to south, its lleight, according to the Illost aneient definition, "inches, feet 'and yard'S inn1.lmerable, extending to the heavens;" alld its depth" to the centre of tIle earth;" ,vhiell, in a globe or sphere, is the greatest extent that can be ilnagined. TIlis universality ,,~as symbolized. by the Theosophical masons. of the last celltury, as the" lIeart of God ill tIle centre 9f a cross, Sigl1ifying the Trinity ina globular Rainbovv, wherein tIle 'red, signifies the Father's propelwty ill the gl~nce of nre; yellou1, the son's lustre and Inajesty; blue, the substantiality; tIle dusk.y b,"ouYn, tIle Itingdo111 of darkness. On 81.1.oh a Rainbo\vvvill Christ sit to judge ; and thus is

llC

1.1udividecl eyery \vhere, and ill that 11lan 'VIlO is born of God, js the \vhole undivided IIeart of (Jod, tho Son of Thfan, sitting in the circle of his life 111)OIl tIle l~ainbovv at the rigllt hand of God; fbI' that Inall is Christ'smen1ber, his body, l1is brotller, 11is flesll, l1is spirit ;-power, nlujesty, heaven, 'pal"'adise,elenlclltal stars,eartll and nIl, is that luau's ·vVllO ill··Christ is above llell and devils, though llis earthy life be under heaven, stars, elenlen ts, hell and devils." TIle l~dge stands" 011 11oly. ground;" llavillg b<:en consecrated. by three offerings 011 the ·spot 'Vvhere '80101110n'8 teluple waserecte~l; all of whicll vvere distinguished by the visible appearttnce of the l\ngel Lord of tIle cQvenant-Jehovah-the 1\Iessial1, or Christ,·as types of his presence on the St1111e Illountain tOvv~ork out hUlnull salvation by his deatll upon tllecross. It is placed, according to the testilnony of the old York Lectures," on the hig~est hill or in the lo\vestvale; in the vaI1(~Jr of J ehosh,ttphat .or any otller secret· plaee ; " that if tt eo \VaIl, or intrusive' listener s11ouldctppear, 1'yler Inigllt UI1llounce the fact bytl18 usual l''t~I)ort; and the l'Iaster, being thus cautioned, tIle business of tIle lodge rnight be suspe,ndec1 till enquiry ,ver(~ into the causes of the interru])tion; and in ease of actual danger, tIle Jevvels lrJight be put. by', the I,..jodge closed, and the

21 brethren dismissed to their.respective IIOmeS. Tllis exclusive principle was used by t.he ~ssenes and tIle early Christians in times of hot persecutIon, \Vllen tIley were reduced to the alternative· of ·either abandoning their religion, or celebrating its rites in secret crypts and caverns. The same custom··was resorted to by the Freemasons in the Iniddle ages, but with a different purpose. Their design was not ·to practise forbidden rites, but to guard the secrets. of their art from the knowledge of the profane; and it is well known that· in the earliest era of the masonic establishlnent, a geometrical figure, or canon, was· adopted ill all sacred buildings,wllich had an import llidden fi"om the vulgar. It was called tIle Vesica Piscis; and had a decided reference to the Christian religion, and also an equal analogy \vitll0ther Inysteries 11rofessed by the first society of ll1asons.1 Jj"o1" the l)uIl)oses of tllese l11eetings, crypts and secret conclaves \vere constructed, where the lodges were always held. The pavelnent of a lodgeismosaic-tlle 0PtlS GrecaniCUll1 of the ancients-skirted with' the "indented Tarsell," or tesselated border. These little lozenge-liI{e tess!rre, being alternately ,,"hiteandblack,refer to trle qllick recurrence of pleasure aIld pain, happiness and misery,by \vhi ell this life is diversified; tIle \Vl1ite squares represellting virtue and Ilappiness, and the black ones vice and misery. Indeed tIle designs of Providence eould scarcely beaccoluplished in the absence·· of suell a wise disl)Cnsation. The nature of. "man is so very ilnperfect, that uninterrupted ease and enjoyment ';~tould introduce preSlUl1ption alld impiety, and terminate in destruction.' It ,vas ~ fi~om such consideration~ as these that our Royal Grand 1tlaster cO!lfessed, "ltlS good for me that I have been afflicted, that I might learn the statutes of tIle Lord." Affiictioll and pain are sent to us as friends and correctors; for" whom God loveth he cl1usteneth.." In a word, without affiictioll \ve ShOllld never becorne Inaster <,f that valuable 111asonic l)rece!)t \Vllicll teaches us to know ourselves, and to do to others as '\vc \vould have them do to us. The'equalodistribution of the tesser<:e in our Mosaie paV6Iuent woulae'eem to imply that virtue and vice are '1

DaJlaway, Archit. p. 418.

equally spread oV'",~r the face :of the earth. A moral writer of the last ccntury,.however, disputes the fact, and I alll inclined to agree with hin1.He says, "whatever be the sum of misery in the world, there is a mucl1.1arger sum of .happiness. The\veather is S0111ctimes foul; but it is oftener fair. StorIns and llurricanes are frequent; but .callllS are Inore C0111nlon. There is some sickness;. but·tl1ere is more healtb.TlleTeis SOlue pain; but there is more ease. There is some mourning ; but tllere is more joy. There iscomplexiollal depression that ask~ wherefore is light given to hiln' that is in nlisery?-but it bears no proportion to ·the native cheerfulness \vhicll is op~n to the agreeable impressions. of surrounding 'nature. }Iultitudes have been crushed under tIle foot of cruelty; but greater multitudes have remained un~Q lestedby the oppressor. 1\rlany have perished with hunger and nakedness; but more have been' supplied with food and railnent. If "re thus survey tIle cllcqu.ered face of hUIlJ:.1n life at large, vve shall find its brigllt sl)accs more 11UUlerous thUll its shado\vs." 'Phis cOl1clusioll has been fornled under the influence of Christianity- Other religions· entertain a morc·melancholy view of the state of IlUlnan nature. "I Ilava heard," saysI.. ane,2"Ar~1tbscol1fess tllat their nation possesSeSllil1e-tenths of the envy tllat exists D.l11ong all mankind collectively. Ibn Abbas assigns nine-tenths of the intrigueo! artifice . that exists ill the \vorld to tIle Copts ;nille-tentbs of the perfidy to .the J e\vs; l1inetenths of. the' stuI>idity to the l\faghrabees; nine-tentl1s of the llardness to the rI'urks; and .nine-tcIlths<?I . tIle bravery to the Arabs. According. to I{aab El~Ahbar, reason and sedition are nlostpeculiar to ~yria,l plt;nty and degrada.tion to·.Egypt; and misery ihealth to tIle p~~ert."

. ,.

ana.

. . . ...'

FreelUasonxy teaches her childten. tllrough the medium floor of the .lodge, to observe the diversityp( Q,bject,s wh~cllbe~utify .andadorn ·the creation, the animate a~ ~ell:'&s the inanimate I)urts thercot The

"I;'

of.th~~$!p.Q~liyal

Blazing Star in the centre, refers us to that grand lunlinary the Sun,whicl1. enliglltens the earth 'by its benigll infiuen~e, and dispenses its blessings to mankind in gene!

.A.rabinn Nights, ·vol. i. p. 125.

ral; giving light, life, and motton,. to all things here below. l'he indented Tarsel: or tesselated border, refers to the planets in.their several revolutions, which form a beautiful, skirtwork roun:d the Sun, as the other does to the pavement' of arnason'sLodge. . , The ornamental crown of the lQdge is itseloudycanopy, which is' accessible' by a . . ~eries,.,iof~tepscalled 'the Ladder of Jacob,.. that reaches' to the he~ve.s,.• and rests on the volurx.l.e. of the sacred law; biecau~e,by the doctrines contained inthatholy'book, .weare taught. to believe in the., wise-dispensations ofProVid~nee; which . belief strengthens ourfaith and enables us .to ascend the first step. ··.This..naturally·creates in us a, hope of beeoming partakers of the prolnises therein recorded; which hope enables us to ascend the second step_ But the tllirtl and last being c}tarity, eonlprehends tIle ,vhole, and the mason WllO is possessed of that virtue in the amplest sense, 111ay justly be deenled to llave attained the summit of 4i8 pr?fessiQu; figuratively sp,eaking .t9: &n et~ereal Dlansjon·. veiled frQm:rnQ:rt~leye

bythestaUf,6rmam,ent.

~nd. emblematiea\lly depicted ,in

a mMon'$ lGdge by,seven. stars,whieh have an allusion to as Inany wortllY brethren, regularly i,nitiated,passed, and raised, without which n:umber 110 lodge is esteemed perfect,. nor can any gentlenlftllbe legally.initiated into Inasonry within its walls• .The~ltar of ,the lodge isa pedestal in the {orID of a double cube, on which is displayed tIle holy bible to confer l.lponit the attribute of justice. And why is the open bible~idtobe··the emblelD of justice? I answer in the expressive words of an eloquent writer". beoouB,e there is no other virtue of such absolute.··imponance and essential !lece~sityto .the welfare of society•.' Let all the debts ofjustice be universally discllarged; let every Inan fbe just to himself and to all others ; let him endeavour, by the exercise of industry andeCOnOTIly, tOl)l"ovide for his own wants, and prevent himself from becoming a Q~deIlul?on society, and abstain, in the pursuit of his Qwn ~~QsJ.Stence,from everything injurious to the iIltar.. eats. ofQ~h~:rs; let everyone rellder unto. all theird~;· '. that pr?p~~! which he is obliged by the l~~~of th·e land or bl; t~9s@ ()f honourable equity, to them; that cand?ur an.j()p~d6alingto·whieh theyal'.'!&'rigbt, in" all hIS commercial int~:rcoux$e with them; that portion c

of good report to whicll their merit entitles thenl; with tllatdecent .respect and quietsnbmissionwhicll their rightful civil authority de111ands. . If justice .w~re thus universally dOlle, there would be lIttle left for mercy to do. "he universal discl1urge of this 011e duty would produce, in hU111all life, a picture of happiness that would content the eye of charity. Generosity would have only to spread a heightening colour over, and breathe a richer spirit into the piece. The acts of Justice are the pillars of society; if they stand firln, undefaced, and fair, charity will have only to beautify the capitals of the eternal columns,路 and lend a little orna1l1ent to the well supported fabl~ic. Let mankind be left to themselves vvithout Inolestation; to the unimpeded operations of their own powers; to tIle goodness of路 nature . and of God;. and pity will have few tears to shed; friendship few words of comfort to utter; and beneficence but few offices of relief to perform. The fixed lights of the lodge were formerly represented by "three windows SUl)posed to be in every roon1 wbere a lodge is l1eld; referring to the cardinal points of the compass,according to the antique rules of masonry." There was one in the East, another in the West, and another in the South, to light the men to, at, and jrom labour; but there was none in the north, because the sun darts no rays from thence. 'l'}lcse constitute tlle symbolical situations of tIle three cllief officers. IIellce our transatlantic brethren affiml that "a lodge is, or ought to be a true representation of king . SoloInon's temple, which was situated north of theecli~tic; the SUIl and moon therefore, darting. their rays from the south, no light was to be expected from the north;路 we therefore, masollically, term the north a place of darkness." The WI' ~Iaster's place is intJ.1;eEast; to eall the b~ethrento labour; the J. W. is I'~a'~ed in the South, to "0hieer and encourage them tf,$",tb;eir, work; and the S. W.la''ihe:West, to dismiss themfrbm their daily toiL And the lodg~ was 路80 .constrncted . that if a cowan was caught listening'ol' prying into the business of masonry, lIe was punished by" b,eingplaced under the eaves in rainy weather, to remain exposed to the droppings till the water ran in at his shoulders, and out at his heels,"s i

Old Lectures.

The above description of a mason's lodge will be found to embrace a perfect picture of the universe, both ill its attributes and its extent. The SUIl governs the day, the moon the night, and the stars illuminate tIle spangled canopy of heaven; while the earth is spread with a carpet of natural mosaic work, beautiful to the eye, and administering to -the necessities of man. The hills are adorned with flocks and herds ; the valleys stand thick with golden grain; the parterres of nature are covered with fragrant flowers and nutritive he~bage. .." He watereth the hills from above; the earth is filled with the fruit of his works. He bringeth forth grass for the cattIe; and green herb for the service of mell; that he may bring food out of the earth, and wine that malteth glad the heart of man, and oil to n1ake him a cheerful countenance, and breadÂˇ to strengthen man's heart."4 The ocean flows round it as a beautiful sI{irt\vork or tesselated border, not Inerely as an ornament, but as a medium of COlnmul1i cation between distant countries, and a .gigantic reservoir for the production . of food, "wherein are things creeping innuluerable, botllsmall and great beasts." The cloudy canol>Y is a symbol of heaven, and the steps whicl1 lead to it are the innulnerable emanations from the tllree Theological virtues, Faith, Hope, and Charity. â&#x20AC;˘ Psalm civ.. 13, 14, 15.

CHAP. III. THE 'RITUAL OF BUILDING.

Every towere bre:tered was so elene Of those. stone, that were far asundre; The workmen have with. fell and sterne visages Of rich entayle Wrought out of stone, and never like to fail, And oneacht.~rrettwere raised up figures Of savage beasts. LIDGA'l'E.

~t1o:ajsthedesig~ and ~uch the,us~s ,of a Inason's Lodge. But .before . itamves at tllisperfection,many

prelirrdnary ceremonies are necessary. If an oblong building be erected for the purposes of a bairn or \varehouse, it never changes its character, but l"elnains a barn ef warehouse to the end of its days. 13ut if the saIne edifice be constructed fora mason's lodge, tlle Jdtes of building, dedication, and ., eonsecration, cOllvey to it a higher destiny.. It then becomes a place where~cienee is taught, and the precepts of morality and virtue, are unfolded; and by the influence of its ornanlents, furniture, and jewels, it acquires a, 'solen1nity of character, and a devotion of purpose, tllat excite veneration, and give it an aspect of holiness even in the opinion of tIle most casual visitor, vvho, though not a nlaSOll, 111ay be incited by curiosity to inspect its internal arrangements, and speculate upon the uses of the various symbols and regalia which are disposed witllsucll order and regularity within its walls. Freemasonry is an institution of ceremonies. Every point, part, and secret which it contains, is lledged about with fOrII1S that preserve it from the prying eyes of tlle uninitiated on the one hand,and fronl deterioration in its translnission from age to age amongst ourselves, on tIle other. This attachment toeeren.lonial observances is by no means either singular or of Inodern inventioTl. 'l'heir use was dictated by the divine example at the creation;l 1

See the IIistorical Landmarks of J\.fasonry,. vol. i.., p. 494.

27 sanctioned 011 tllesalUe atltl~ority, by the practice of th~ patriarchs, and tIle elaborate ordinances of the Je"v~sll church; and at ·lengtll introduced into Christianity.by the oommand of its founder; and the precepts andadlnonition~ of his . holy Apostles. 1.'}lUS St. Paul, speaking to the Corinthians on the· ceremonies of the' church, wllich l1ad.beel1Vi()lated·~y;theintloductionof new and unautho~ized iunovations, said, " Let. all things be done decently ~nc1 i l l order."~ fIisadmonitionson this Jlead are extremely comprehensive,and embrace a series ,of observanceswhicllwere dictated by inspiration, and intended to be. binding on Christians to tIle end of time. , On this subject the Cllurch of England is eloquent. She· says, . "without SOUle cerelTIonies it is. not possible to keep' any, order or quiet discipline ; alld .tllereforewe tllink it convenient that'sllcll cerell10nies sllould be used as are best to the setting fortll of God's 110110Ur and glory, and to the reducillg of the people to a Illost perfect and godly living."3 As tIle use of ceremonies was considered necessary. in a church divinely founded ; how luuch more in ,!In institution lilte that of Freemasollry, is i.tnecessal"yand appropriate to confer·beautyand solidity OIl tllcsystem. Cerelnonies, however, considered abstractedly, aTe of little value, except theycontril)ute their aid to iml)ress upon the Inind scientific beauties and 1110ral truths. An,d I will undertake to affirlu that our systenl, c0111plicated as it is, does not cont~inasillg1erite tllat is barren of intellectual ill1provement ; and they. all bear a reference to corresponding .·usages contained. in tIle' book Wllicll is always spreadopell onthepedestal,ofa InaSOI1'S lodge. Bishop Sanderson makes tllenl~he test of obedience. He says, "let Ceremonies be as very .trifles as allynlall can imagine them to be ; yet obedience sure is 110 trifle. TIley Inistalte tIle question wh.en they tall\. of I>ressing cerelTIonies. It is Obedience,forlnally, tllat is reqllired; -:-rceremonies not otllervvise 11ressed thaI1 as the Inatter wher~in that obedience is to 1>'e exercised. If a 111llSter appoint his servant to do SOlI1C SlllUll 11Uttter tll~t lIe thinketh fit to 11ave (lone, thougll of itself of Ilogre~t moment, yet he "viII ex!)cct to be obliged; and it is great 3

2 1 Cor. xiv. 40. Introduction.to the Book of Conunon l)raycr.

Of Ccrcnlonies..

reason he s11ould. If ill such case the servant should refuse to do tIle路 thing appointed, because he had 110 l11ind iliereuntQ, alld should receive a c11eck or correctioll for such refusal; could he sufficiently excuse his O\iVIl fault, or reasonably cOll1plaill of his Inaster for dealing hardly wit11 I1hn by saying-the thing "vas but a trifle. Is it not evident that the thing vvhich l11ade the Inaster angry, and the servant an offender in that case,vvas not precisely and fornlally, the leaving of the tIling ulldone, wllich, had it 1I0t been c0111manded, 1night 11ave been left undone without any fault or blallle at all, but tIle refusing to do it wIlen lIe that had a right to his service COl11111allded him? "4 Ceren10nies are considered of such ilnportance amongst masons, as S0111etinles to be exhibited to the dead; but these are not proper to be publicly expatiated OD, because they apply to suell brethrel1 only as 11&Ve acquired a competent k.nowledge of tIle art; and are Ilever displayed but in the Illost sceret recesses of a closely" tiled lodge, and during the solel'nnization of tL l)eculiar rite vvhich none but . . . l\faster ~Iasons kno\v. 'l'he cerenlOllies of lnasonry connnence before thH footstone of the lodge is deposited in the ground; and this is also accolllpnnied b)r peculiar forrns \vhiel1 eonsecrate tIle l)roceedings, and invest thern \vith in11)ortance in the estimation of the l

p路ublic. When the erection of a l\fasonic I:IaH, or Loclgt~ Roorn has been deterlnined Oll, the first thing to becoI'lsidered is the Plan, \~lhicl1 is a l11atter of tb.e greatest ilnportance; for the r(~gularity of all the rites and cerell10nies of the order depend, l)ril1eil)allj~, upon the proper construction of tIle l)lace of asselllbly. ()ur continerltal brethren are governed in this particular hy a Ritual of Building, whicll it is'V'cnal to violate; and they feel a more thall eomn1on. interest in a punctual observance of tIle ordinances there prescribed, tl1at tlleir lodges nlay be erected, like horoscope of all expert astrologer, without the violation of any ru.le, even in the minutest IJurticular; for as no correct decision rtspecting the native's destiI1Y call be elicited froln an informal figure of the llcavens; so our continental bretllreIl believe tbnt the efficacy of 4

Preface to 13ishop Sanderson's SerIX\oXls..

Freelnasonry will be considerably deteriorated, if there be any error or ill1perfection in the. fornlation of the lodge where its benefits are imparted. In this country, Masollic Halls are frequentl), erected at a great expense, and when finished, are deficient in many things which contribute to tIle effect of the ceremonies, a.nd the comfort of .the brethren. These evils will surely arise when an Architect is elnployed who is not a mason, and路 consequently ignorant of those especial accoll11nodations which are indispensable. to a good lodge; and which none but masons ean appropriately introduce. Vitruvius tells us that the Ephesians had a very wise law relative to tIle constrllction of public edifices. The architect whose plan is chosen, enters into a l)Olld l)y which he engages to forfeit the \vhole of his l)rol)erty if the building be not erected cOllforll1ably thereto. If lIe fulfils tIle condition of his agreenlent, hOllours are decreed to l1in1. If tIle eXI)ense exceeds tlle esthnate by only one quarter, the surplUS was paid by tbeparty building; but if it amollnted to 1110re the architect was cOlnpelled to suffer the loss. It l"equires not 0111y a talented architect, btl t an eXl1eriellced .Freenla.sOll,. to build a Lodge '\vhicll sllull COlltaill every req11isite j'or tIle proper adrninistration of all the cerenlonies of tIle order. 'fhe . follo\ving directions 111ay be useful, but they are necessarily restricted in their application, hecause it isa subject on "Thic.ll it is inlpossible to be fully ex})licit on all points connected therewith. First tIlen, a 1\Iasonic 'lIall should be isolated, and, if possible, surrounded wit}l lofty ~ialls, so as to be included in a court, and apart fro In allY otller .路buildings to preclude tIle 110ssibility of being overlooked by covv"ans or eavesdroPl?ers; for Freenlasonry being a secret society, the curiosity of Inankind is ever 011 tIle alert to l)ry into its nlysteries, and to obtain by illicit l11etrllS, that kno'\vledge which is fioeely COII1111unieated to all ,,,"orthy a!)l)licants. As, 11owever, sncll a situ~ttion in large towns where masonry is usually l)ractised, CUll s(~ldon1 be obtained,witll convenience to the bretllr(~n, the Lodge sllould be formed in an uPI)cr story; and. if there be any contiguolls buildings, the \vin(lo\'\'"s should be either in. the roof, or very high frOlTI the floor. In the latter case, the altitude of the lower part of the windo\v,as

prescribed in the I-IelvetianCerernonies, is five cubits, calculating by the masonic cubit ,of 18 inches, .and lueasuring fi"om the superficies of the floor within.. The observance of tllis l"ulewould effectually protect our mysteries from profanation, alld assure the. brethren of a perfect security in the llerfornlance of their secret ceremonies. .'l'hese 'Vviudows OUgllt to be all on one·side-the South, if practicable-and furnished with pro.~per ventilators, that the brethl~en bHnot inC0111IDOded wllen pursuing their accuston1ed· avocations, by tIle heat of the lodge. The utility·of ventilation is kno\,\Tn. to all good masons; nor can a building be properly finished without these conveniences judiciously disposed. The windovvs being placed at the above distance from the ground, will indicate, in some measure" the height of the roOlU; which, to pre:servea justproportion, IDust,of course ·be lofty. The proper height, as prescribeid by the ancient rituals, is 27 feet,cOrl"eSpOIldingwith the dimensions of the Pillars in front of the Porcll of 80101110n's Telnple, V\rhicl1 had {L lIlystical significatio:Q.,and tllerefore, as ,ve sllal1 I)resently sec, had all appropriate place assigned to thenl in the lodge. '1'}ley V\?ere hollow, to.contail1. the constitutional records, being of sufficient capacity for. that purpose; the diameter being 6 .feet: and the outer riIn 4 illCllCS·tllick...·. . So111e think that the lodge roonl should be 32~ feet ill lleight to accord witll the 611tire altitude of the Pillars including the plinths and capitals; but this \vould be ont of all Ilroportion; and if the principle be accQuntedorthodo:x,there is lloreason why the entire bases should be 'rejected, Wllicll .wt)uld make the rOOln 64 feet in lleight, and constitute .amonstrous absurdity.. The room should be.· furnished with. $pitp:,hmd root o~ itll.in., and relieved with an~entaJ. . ·.. · .ftamew.ork eli' ""D,U,' or painted so .as to species of timI~:$'b:ouldbe supported runriing along theebrniJoe" on which sb..o uld ..•. :Jengraven lllasonic ornaments, ot,thearUlorial:bearing$ of enlinent 1118,SOI1S ill the Provil1ce\vheretba Hall is situated, as a Inelnorial of their zeal·and activity. foa: the general prosperity of the order. In estiluating the height, it is to be reckoned from the surface of the floor to the extrelne point of the gable. The din1.ensions of the room in length and l

W.·. ·..

31 breadth have I)otbeen.a:uthoritatively presoribed~,beca11.s~ they will depend in agreat'll1easure '011 tbesituation of the lodge, or the space "rhicll is assigned foritsposition; and this yvilloften beex.tr emelyoir.cun1scribed.in a large and populous .place,.wh(are.b"Ullding land. is searce a11d dear ,.01" the 'fund illadequ ate toally.ex:t~~lsive op~e.rations. BItt in all cases, adueproportion·sbo~ld be Gbserved in the "several nlembersofthe fabric· wheJ~Yet it. is .prac"'! ticable, that no unsightly appear~ncenlay.oftel1dth~e.Y~, by disturbing that general harmony. of parts .'Vlli~4.e~n~ ~titutes the beauty. and excellence.of '~V~ryarchrtec~ral production. . "... :," .,Th.~ principal.entranceto th~loage roon1, o:ught to face the East, because the Eastis a place of Liglltbothphysical and moral; and. therefore the bl"etl1ren lluve access ' to the lodge by tllat entral1ce,8s a sylnbo}of llJcntal illull1ination;for as Polydore Virgilquail1tly' says,"the. ma1111er of turn)TlleOUr face$ . into th~ . caste '\vhenwee praie, is .talten of the old Ethnikes,.. wl~iGll+?, J1S ApuleiUB remell1be'rethusedto, .1Qke ea.stw.ard.ealld.· ~alute t~e Sonne. We'iake it . in acu.stoilll .to .put us i'll'rEnnemb:aunce that C·hristeis.the 'sonne of- ~igh~eousnes, titat dwclosetll sec?·etes." The approaches to tIle lodge Inll$.t be angular, for a straigllt entrallce is unnlusonie,and cannot be tolerated. The advance. fi·onl the "externalaveUlleto the East ought to consist of three lines and two angles. The first line passes througllasrnall rOQ1l10r closet for the aoC6mmodation. ofv.isitors.·.. b,.. efo. re.•~ •. they. h.a,y.ep.·•.. .r.o..v.e.,.d,.' their qualifications to be ,aCln:titted. into tIle Lodge,;by signs, tokens,andperfect points of~en.:trance ;. forstranget:tl must be . lodged somewhere, and:it,'ought1tp be ·€>1J.tt)f sight and bearing .of· thEr lodge, ]j;eeause:ol\e¥Blllination it. is 110ssible tlley miglltprov~e impostors,'alld their el~inls be conse"quentlyrejected. 'At tlleext:i"enlity of thIS apartlnel1t there ought to be allotller angu1arl)assage leading to the tyler's room adjacent to tile lodge; and fto~th!e~ce,byullotherrigllt. aIlgle, you are adnlitted in~t(J '.; . ~Jesenee. of the brethrel'l \vith.your· fil.~e to LIght" al1o:1standprepared to salute the vV. 1\11. SQ, are th~proe!eedings of a lodge, and StlCllistlli¥ ,im:measurwble'distance frolu cQln'luQnoboo1;VtJ,tion; .. and _~emark, ,.tbati't~~;do~r :~hie~h,opeIlai:i~~m ~l)e :t}il~i!s,loQm Into the Lodge shouidlbaprouected!bf !3scr:een of thick.

moreen, or a double entrance door, that nothing \vhatever which passes in the lodge should be l1eard even in this privileged apartment. In every' convenient place the architect should contrive secret cryptre or closets. They are of indispensable utility, but ill practice are not sufficiently attended to in this country. 011 tIle Continent they are numerous, and are dignified with tl1e nalue of Cllapels. T"iO of these apartnlents have already been mentioned; (1) a room for visitors; (2) the Tyler's room; added to which there OUgllt to be (3) a Vestry wllere the ornanlents, fUl'"niture, jewels,and other regalia are deposited. This is called the Treasury or Tyler's conclave, because these things are under his especial charge; and acommllnicationis usually made to this路apartment from the Tyler's l"oonl. TIl ere ought also to be (4) a Chapel for preparations, hung with black, anclllaving only one sluaillight placed high up, llear the ceiling; (5) a Chapel for tIle dead, fllrnislled witll a table, 011 vvhicIl are a la111p, and e11111lenls of 111ortality; (6) the l\Iaster's conclave, \\T}lere the records,"the warl"ant, the nlinutes, and every ,,\rrittell dOCU111cnt are Itcpt. To this rOOll1 the ''-V. ],1. retires whell tIle Lodge is called froll1 labour to refresllnlent,and.at otller ti01CS when his prescllce in tIle lodge is not esseIltial ; and llere he examines tlIe vi,sitors, for which purpose a conlnlunication is formed between his conclave alld the visitor's chapel. It路is furnished \vith blue; alld llere he transacts thelodge business "\vith llis Secretar)'!". The Ark of tIle Covenant is also deposited in this apartlnent. None of these closets should exceed 12 feet square; and may be ofslllaller dimensions according io路cireumstances. In the middle of the Hall there sllould be (7) a nloveable tra,p路 door in tIle fioor,7 feet long and 3 or 4 broad, opening into a small cl"yptabout 3 feetin depth; the lIse of which is known to none but )?erfect InaSOl1S \Xlho have passed through all tIle symbolIcal degrees. Thesie conveniences having been arranged by the expert architect,and transferred to the Tracing Board for permanent reference; the next cal"e of the ~raster is to make due pl"eparation for the cerelnony ofconlmencing the building in peace and 11armony, and consecrating the ground to the purposes of Il1aSonry by laying tIle foulldation stone vyit.h all the usual formalities of tIle cl'"aft. IIi

Germany this duty is discharged witll the greatest care and circumspection; for it is considered inauspicious to omit anyone ceremony, how trifling soever it nlay appear, which custom has> rendered necessary 011 such an august occasion. A building committee is therefore appointed to make the preliminary arrangements, and nothing is done without its previous sanction.

CHAP. IV. THE FOUNDATION STONE.

" Thus saith the Lord God, Bchola, I lay in Zion for a Foundation Stone, a tried stone, a precious corner stone, a. sure foundation; he that believeth shall not make haste. J udgelnent also will I lay to the line, and righteousness to the plummet."-lsAIAlr. THE appointnlent of a favourable day for levelling the footstone, isa question which occupies tIle serious attention of the building COIDlnittee; for our ancient brethren, in the construction of any nlagnificent edifice, w}lether civil or religious, believed that the success of the undertaking depended, in a great 111easure, on tIle genial . jnfIuence of the till1e \vhen tIle \'\;"01"1\. \vas C01l1111ellced., The Dlasonicdays prol)er for this PUI1)OSC, are fl"On1 the 15th of April, to the 15th of l\I~:LY; and the 18th of April has been pronounced l,eculiarly auspicious for Iay~ng the ]:1"'oundation Stone of amason's lodge. In this reference we find some renlIlant of the super-

stitions of bygone ages, \Vllen a potentate c.onsulted his astrologers on the most fortunate period for c0111rnencing any public enterprize. According to Lane, "Tho quotes from EI-Is-hakee, the l\fahoIl1etans consider 'l'11ursday and Friday, especially the latter, to be fortunate; Monday and Wednesday doubtful; Sunday, Tuesday, and Saturday, especially the last, unfortunate. It is said that there are seven evil days in every month; viz., the thh"d, on which Cain l{iIled Abel; the fifth, on which God cast out Adam from paradise, and on which Joseph was cast into the well; the t11irteenth, on whicll God took away the wealth of Job and the kingdom of Solomon, and on which the J路ews . killed the prophets; the sixteenth, on which God exterminated the people of Lot, transformed the Jews into apes, and on which the Jews sft,\i,,~cd Zacharias asunder; the 21st, on which Pharoah was born, and droV\Tned; the 2 i.tth, on which Nilnrod kille~ 70 WOlnen, and cast Abraham into the fire.. ; ana the 26th, on \vhich a suffocating wind was sent UpOIl the

35 p,eQpleof Hood. On tn,e contrary, with us, Friday is deemed all unlucky period to Ulldertake any important business. Thus Fynes ¥orysoll, in his Itinerary, speaking of thel{ing of ,Poland, ill 1593, says, "the next day the liinghad a good wil:1d, but before tpis, bec.ause th~y esteeu1ed Friday to be· an unlncky day,hadlost mallY fair winds." And it still continue~ to be as 'superstition amongst ~he working classes Qfthis' cQuntry, that it is unlucky' to '. be 'married ona Friday. The above nan1ed time for,layi1?-g the Foundation Stone of a ~fa's~ll.io. Hall, however, ap'pear~ to be npI)ropriate without any referellce toasl1perstitions custoln; because nothing can be. more eonsonan'twitll reason and propriety, than to commence a building in the early s!)ring, that tIle ~Tork.lnen nlay'" have the\v}lole SUll1111er before them to conlplete the undertal~il1gadvalltageous1y,in order that they Inay celebrate the cape stone witll cOl1f1dcIlce and joy. A Mastel'" and two ]'tellow Crafts, if there ·be a dearth ofworkm:en, or war, or famine, ora,~st1fess~ may lawfully begin .the' work of building a Lodge:;. but if {lOne of these causes be .in operation to impede tlleundertal{ing, he OUgl1t Ilot to l)roceed ~ritl1'less thaIl sevell vvorkll1cn, for reasollswhich are evident to every brother, but can.. not be' revealed. And seven days, at the least, before the p~riorl which the buildingColl1mittee have fixed for the conl·menceme,rlt of the work,. the 1\.1 aster, by tIle assistance of his . Secretary, should cornlnunicttte such intention to every Lodge ill tIle Provirlce; .lu1ving previously. nlude llisarrangernents with tIle Provincial Grand 1tiaster. The Masters .·ofLodges are expected, 011 such occasions, to render their assistance,. not only by being presel1t'at the cerenlony of laying the foundatioll stone, but also" by furnishing a, beanl of cedar, Syc~ull0re, or fir, to lllace in the roof~ besides suell other voluntary offerings t1S ll1UY be 1110st con.veniellt to thenlselves.. " "On the appointed da.y, the Lodges being all assenlbled

In &G~. Q..•.• .:. ~.cO. nv.·. e.l1iC.ll.t place, the Pr<?v. il1cit.~l.l G. rl1ud I:O..d.l.8)-~ is opeJ;lf}~'·lP. ,due fo1'111; and 111"00f IS strIctly requlr~~~ of every visitor that he is a mason, and qualitied to be precsent, and to assist at the cereliloniul. Visitors residing in the Provinc.,e,.. no. t p.ein g members of any Lodge, should have a well. known brotller ready to testify that they

36 have been regularly initiated into the order. lVIasters of Lodges ought solemnly to assure the. Provincial Grand Master, tllat the persolls whom they preserlt, really belong to their own cOlnpany; beCatlSe at a great nleeting, where many strangers are sure to assemble together on such an important occasion, unqllalified persons might, if due ca"ution "vere not observed, succeed ill imposing upon the lodge, and the bretllrell be innocelltly led to forfeit their Obligation. Strangers, therefore, sllould not only be strictly exaluined, bl1t should also be required to produce路tlleir Grand Lodge Certificate, so tllat no doubts may l"elnaill 011 the 111ind of any of路 the bretl1ren respecting the regularity of their initiation, and their indefeasible right to be present. They will then take tIle stranger's place ;. which is at the head. of the processioll ; except they be Grand Masters or Deputy Grand Masters of another province, wIlen the testimony of any brother tllat they hold, or llave lleld this higll office, shall be路 c1eelned ~1 sufficient vvarrant for their adnlission; and (1 higll place in the procession is usually assigned to tl.leUl, at the I)leasure of the Provincial Grand. ~laster. Instructions respecting the ceremonial are delivered by tIle Provincial Grand 1\Iaster, who then. demarlds to see the "Ta.rrant of the Building Lodge; and being satisfied on this point nudall others by the usual enquiries, he proceeds to address the brethren present to the following effect. "I }lereby, ill the presence of all these Worshipful lVlasters, vVardens, and Deacons, and of all these ]Vlaster ltfasons, \vorthy and diligent ,,,1orknlen of our secret Craft, do ask of you, and of your cornpany, if you kno\v yoursel'{es, at this tinle, to have done anything contrary to the la,vs of'nlasonry~ '\vhicll has 110t been cODlnlunicated to the .provincial autllorities, and whereby you ought to be susllended from your work? WORSliIPlf\UL l\.[AsTER. lnaSOl1S at thievery tinle. PROVINCIAL GRANDMASTER.

We are all good

Ifave. you, anlongst youfcompany any brother guilty of bravvlings, strife, and disobedience, in 0llell lodge? W ORSH.IPFUL 1\:IAs'fER. \Ve have n~ne, Itight ':Vorshipful Sir. I)ROVINCIAL GRAND

l\fAs'rER.

Have you any brother, vvho, after opel1 Lodge, is

guilty of. drunkenness, common swearing, or. profane words? WORSHIPFUL MASTER.

We have none, Right·Worshipful Sir. PROVINCIAL GRAND MASTER.

Have you permission to do this day's work? WORSHI:FFUL MASTER.

We have; and if it. be your will and pleasure, it shall be here communicated. After this ceremony has been performed, the Provincial G;rand Master proceeds.to say; . "Master,Wardens, Deacons, and brethren ; all here is right . and as it should be. I give you joy of this day's worK. It 11as begul1 in zeal-let it end ill cl1arity and brotllerly love. l\fay all luasons llelp lIS in our 11resent undertaking; and let us give due hOIlour to the l\faster and brethren of the - .- Lodge, No. - for wishing to raise a Telnple to Masonry. l\Iay the blessing of the Most Rigll rest upon it. May the new Lodge increase in its prosperity ; and may itbe~n.asylu,nl tol;1arbour the poor brethren) and console the· rich. Amen. So mote it be." The Arlt of the Covenant is now furnislled by tIle Stewards with tlle,Vo}ulne of the Sacred La\v; and also with salt, clay, a pair of cOID1?asSeS,alld other Inasonic emblems; and they deliver the Veil to the Provincial Grand Master, who sprinkles it witll essences. All the brethren present then walk round the roon:l ill procession, preceded by the purp.le, and from a basin of perfume, the Provincial Grand J\fastersprinkles them as they pass by llim, exclaiming. "Mayall our deeds be.sweet and ·savoury!l\fay we be a. refreshing odour to our poor and worthy bretllren; for.. Charity is as s\veet as roses! " The Lodge being 110\V adjourned, the pllblic l)rocession is formed; whicll will be found in a subseqllent p,agc, 8rl1lDg~d for a· Province, in accordance \vitIl the form presnri'b"edby the authority of tlleG-rund Lodge. The principles· on· wbicll it is .founded arc I)recisely simil~to the regulations of civil society; foraltllougll Freemas:onry is undoubtedly a democratic institution, yet its degrees of rank are placed on the same scale of systematic grada4

38 tion, as is used for tlie regulation of precedency in a state or kingdom. It is an admitted, principle in masonry tllat the post of honour is the last place in the procession; which is accordingly taken by the Grand, or Provincial Grand J\.faster, if he be present; a Grand'Tyler with 路a sword being placed on each side, and a Sword Bearer before him; the swords being dravvn, and tIle scabbards left behind. The S\vord Bearer is preceded by the Standard of the Grand 1tfaster or of the Province, as the case may be, flanked by the Stewards with wands. Next in precedence, are .hiscolnpany of the Grand or Provincial Grand Lodge, according to' their office, clothed in purple, with Jewels of Gold, and preceded by a Tyler "\vith his sword also ,drawn. Then follow the I" rivate lodges according to their numbers, eac~ arrange,' in form; i. e. the brethren first;' then the officers agreeably to their rank, the l\faster being the last person, who is, attended by the banner of the lodge. 'I'hus the W. 1\1. of the oldest lodge "viII be placed imlnediately before the l?urpIe brethren; and if the Provincial Grand Master and "his Staff be not present, he will then take precedence~ or the last place in the proc'ession.. On theContiIlcllt tIle Grand Master walks under a gorgeous canopy of blue, pllrple, and crimsoll silk, with gold fringes and tassels, borne upon staves I)ainted PUl-pIe and ornamented ,. \vith gold, by eight of tIle oldest Mastel" J\Iasons !)resent: and tIle l\fasters of I>rivate lodges walk under canopies of light blue silk 1rvitll silver tassels and fringes, borne by four memb,ers of tlleir own respective companies. The canopies are in the form of an oblong square, and are in lengtll six ,feet, in breadth and height three feet, llavinga' semicircular covering. The framework sllould be of cedar; and the silken co,vering ought to hang down two, feet on each side. In the centre of the procession, is carried the Ark. of .Allianc'e, covered with a veil of blue, purple, and crimsoll silk, in alternate stripes, by four of tIle Ill0St aged masons present, without, re,gard to their rank ill nl&SOnry. When tIle procession moves onward to the place where the fouudatiol1 stone" is 11repared to be levelled, the music should play sorne solemn air; for liYel~y路 tunes ~re indecorous and unsuited to this stage of tIle l)foceed-

39 ings. Pleyel's Gerlnan Hymn, Haydll's National Al1them., Handel's Minuet in, Salnson, or 'a slow march would be

considered appropriate. ' Having arrived within a proper distance of the spot, the procession halts, the brethren open to the right and left, so as to leave room for the GrandMaster to pass up the centre, he being preceded by bis standard and sword Bearer, the Grand Officers and brethren following in succession from路,the rear, so as to invert the order of procession. The Grand l\iasterhaving arrived 'at his station on.a platform, the brethrenforluthemselves into a square round the stone, which is" directed to be laid in the corner of the Amorites. An' Ode ,is then sung; the 'Grand Chaplain repeats a prayer, and the Grand Treasurer having deposited the various coins of the realm, the cement is' laid 'OIl the lower stone, and being spread witll a silver tro\vel by the Gralld J\iIaster, the upper one is let, down slowly to sOletDll nlusic. Tile GJ;and "Master then descends to the stone" and proves that it is properly adjusted by the plumb, level, and square, which are, delivered to him in succession by the three officers, to whom ,they belong; after whicll, the architect delivers to him tIle mallet, witll which 118 gives three knocks upon the stone. 'Vhen the operations are completed, the "Grand Master makes an address to the assembly, in whicll he tells them, in such language as he may be pleased to use, that we are lawful masons, true and faithful to the laws of ourcountry,and engagecl by solemn obligations, to erect magnificent builc1ings, to be serviceable to the brethren, and to fear .G路od, tbe Great Architect of the Universe i-that we have amongst us, concealed from the eyes of all men, secrets which cannot be divtllged, and which. have never been found out ;-but that these secrets are lawful and honourable, and not repugnallt to the laws of God or man. 'l'hey were entrusted, in peace and honour, to the nlasons of ancient times, and have been faithfully tranSIllitted to us; and that it is our duty, to convey t"he,m unimpaire, d to the latest posterity. Unless our craft were good,and our calling honourable, "ve should not have lasted for so many centuries, nor should we have been honoured with the patronage of so many illustrious men in all ages, who have ever shown themselves ready to promote our inter-

ests, and to defelld us against'all adversaries. \Veare assembled here to-day in the face of you all to bllild a, 110use for masonry, which we pray God may deserve to prosper; by becoming a place of concourse· for good men, and promoting harmony and brotllerly love througllout the world till tinle shall be 110 1110re. The brethren all exclahn, "Sonl0te it be." The above ·detail has been· adapted from the rituals which are used in Gerlnany, France, and other continental nations; but I have il1serted nothing Wllich is inconsistent with our own practice; or Wl1ich Inight not be used in this country vvithout the slightest violation of the ordinance,· for the above ·has been issued by our own Grand Lodge; and tllere are SOIne. points which I consider to be an improvelnent on our practice. I subjoin the continental formula. After the. brethren have formed themselves into '8, fello\v crafts' lodge round the foundation stone, the arclliteet is called for, \vho l)laces hilnself in front of the Grand l\faster, 'VIIO \vhisl)ers in his ear sonlething \v1ioh all ~faster l\fasons kll0\V; all vv"hicll. the architect produces the plan of tIle building, \vhich is inspected ana handed round an10ngst tIle brethren. All. anthan is tIl ell sung ; and tl1e Grand l\Iaster calls for .the ·vvorking tools of a nlason and anoints thenl mth oil. ·IIe tllen delivers them to. tile W. ~r. of the building lodge, "rho hands theIn. to· the architect. The Grand lIaster tllcn says; "W. M. of the-·-.Lodge, ,,,,,hat \viII your lodge be

like?"

The W. 1\1. al1Svv~ers nothing, but lifting up his right hand points first to th.e heavens, and then to tIle earth, and then extends bis arms to their 'utmost limit. GRAND MASTER.

That is a good plan, Worshipful Master; but have you nothing more to tellll1e ? TheW. M. Dlakes no verbal reply to~ this question, butpnts his. right hand 011 his he&rl, and presses the fore fingers ofbis left l1and on his lips. GRANDMASTER.

The \V. 1\f.does .well, ··brethren, let .us copy his exanlIlle. Underncatll the fotlnc1ation stone the officiating Master places some grains ,of Wheat,witll a few· drops of Oil

41 and Wine, along ,with the coins of the country. In addition to which th~ Granel l\faster throws a spoonful of salt, which is his exclusive .' privilege. Thelnortar is then spread as already described, and the stone descends; whi~h is adjusted, &c., as before,accompanied by the following dialogue'. GRAND 1vIASTER.

W. If. otthe -.-.- ~odge,·what isthe'proper Jewel of .your office? .. ' . .. WORSHIPFUL l\IAsTER.

The .Square, Right· Worshipful'., Sir. GRAND !IAsTER.

Have you applied the Sq1;lare to those parts of the stone that should. be square? WORSHIPFUL l\IAsTER.

I have so applied it, and find it to be correct. GRAND ~.fASTER.

Brotner Senior. Warden wllat is the proper. Jewel of your office.? SENIOR WARDEN.

The LeveI,RightWorshipful·Sir. GRAND l\fASTER.

Have you apl)lied tl1e··Levelto the.stone? SENIOR "VARDEN..

I have done so, und fincl it to be c.orrect. GRAND l\I.llsTER.

Brother Jupiol" Warden what is the proper Jewel of your office.? JUNIOR WARDEN.

TllePluI11b Rule,RightWorshipful Sir. GRAND l\fASTER.

Have y011 ap111ied tl1at instrull1ent to tIle several edges of the stone? J UNIOlt WARDEN. I have takell the 1)reCul1tion to do so, and find the stone perfect ? GRAND ~rASTER.

Having full confidence in J~our sl\.ill ill the Royal art, it only remains that I finisl1 the \vorlt (flerehe strikes tllree times. "\vith a 111nl1et lll)on the stOlle.) ·May tllis undertaking be conducted nndcompleted by the crafts-, man, acc,ording to the grand plap, in peace, harlnony, and brotherly love.

The Grand JYlaster, attended by,the purple brethren then descends 'from the platform, and compasses the foundations of the building in solemn procession; aftel' whicll returning to his canopy, he anoints the foundation stone with fresh oil copiously, till it runs down on all sides, saying, "As Jacob the SOIl of Isaac, the son of Abraham, fled from the face of his brother Esau, going from Beersheba toward Haran, he tarried in a certain place all night where he slept on the cold, ground, with a stone for his pillow, in great discOlnfo!t. Here he ha.d a vision of tIle -gates of heaven, and vvhen he awoke", he anointed the stone on which he slept with oil, and named the place Beth El, or the House of God.. In like manner I anoint this stone with pure oil, p,raying that in the building whicll may arise from it none but good men may enter, and men that fear God.. Then may it truly be said, Behold how good and joyful a thing it is, brethren to dvvell together in unity! It is like the precious oint111ellt upon the llead, that ran dovvn unto the beard, even lll1tO Aaron's beard, alld went dOWll to the skil路ts of his clotlling.. Lil{e as the devv of I-Iermon which fell 011 the Ilill of Sion; for there tIle Lord promised his blessing and life for eyermore." An anthem is then sung) and the brethren return to the lodge from whence they set out. It'may be useful in this place to add a few words on the custom of scattering corn, wine, and oil, and 'salt, 011 the foundation, as the elements of consecration; which appears to have been aCllstom of great antiquity. Corn, ""vine, and oil, taken ~ogetl1er, are a symbol of prosperity and abu11dance; and refer in this ,case to tIle anticipated success of the Lodge where,theyha.ve been u~~d, in promoting amongst its m~Illbers the blessings of moralitya,nd virtue, and by an iDore:&Se .;>f the brethren, to disseminate amongst mankind, the benefits resulting from Brotherly Love, Relief, and Truth, that society in general may' pro~t by, an infusion of the principles of lllasonry into every class, and introducing a better feeling into the whole mass.. Thus, as 'a little leaven Jeav.eneth the whole lump, so all may become masons in practice, although not n1asons by profession; and the general anlelioratioll of society be produced by the

genial,i11fluence of masonic wisdqro, goodness and truth. Corn was a symbol of the resurrection, which is significantly xeferred to in the third degree of masonry. Jesus Christ, compares himself to a corn of wheat falling into the ground, as a symbol of the resurrection. 'St. Paul says, the sower sows a :simple grain of corn, no matter of what kind, which at its proper season rises to light, clothed in verdure. So also is the resurrection of the dead. The' apostle might, says Calmet, have instanced the power of God in the progress of vivification; and might .have inferred that the same power which could confer life, originally, could certainly restore it to those particles' whicll once" 11adpossessec1 it. It is possible he has done tllis covertly, having chosen to melltion vegetable seed, that being n10st obvio1.1S to common notice; yet not intending to terlninate his reference in any quality of vegetation. We find tIle same luanner oro, expression in Manu, who, discoursing of children says, "whatever be the quality of the seed scattered in a field prepared in due season,. a plant of the same quality springs in that field with peculiar visible properties. That one plant should be SOWll and another produced, cannot happen; whatever seed may lJesown, even that produces i.ts proper stem." All this reasoning serves to ~prove that corn is a correct symbol of the resurrection. Wine is a symbol of cheerfulness and joy. Thus David, speaking of the divine beneficence, says, "He causetll the grass toÂˇ grovv for the cattle, and heTb for the service of man, that be may.bring forth the food out of tIle earth, and wine that . maketh. glad the heart of . man, and oil to make his face to shine, and bread whicll strengtheneth man's heart." Vineyards "yere plentiful in Palestine. It was indeed peculiarly a land of corn, and wine, and oil. Thus to S110W the abundance of vines which allould fall to tIle lot of Judah in the partition of the promised land, J ncoh, ill llis, prol,lletic benediction, says of his .tribe, he s11all be found Binding his colt to the vine, And to thechoioe vin,e) the fod of hi.s MS. W~hing his~ents i~ wine, IDs ciotAesintheb~o&doâ&#x201A;Ź the grape.

44 The Jews planted their vineyards, says "tllelnvestigator," most commonly on the soutll side of a hill or mountain, the stones being gathered out, and the space edge.d round with thorns, or 'Y"alled in. The expression of" sitting every man under his own vine," '\vhich is used more than 0110e in our scriptures, probably alludes to the delightful eastern arbours, which .were partly' composed of vines. Nordell speaks of vine· arbours as being COlnU1011 in the Egyptian gardens; and the·Proo--nestine pavement in Shaw's Travels, gives us· tIle figure of an ancient one. The expression is intended to refer to a time of public tranquillity and profound peace. Oil was anciently considered the symbol of prosperity and happip.ess. The oil •of gladness mentioned in the Jewish writings, was a perfumed oil with which the people anointed themselves on days of public xejoicing and festivity. Every thing that was appropriat,ed to the purposes of religion i l l the tabernacle and terr1l)le, were all consecrated with oil. Kings and priests were al1oint-. ed in the sanle lIlanner. And our lodges, as ten1ple~ consecrated to lnorality and 'virtue, are also 11allowed by the· application of corn, wine, and oil. Our anciel1t brethren used salt as an emblell1 of consecration, because it vvas a symbol of WisdOlnand Learning. Our Saviour says, "llave salt ill yourselves, and have peace one with another." And St.Pat1.1 adds, "let your speeell be always with grace, and seasoned with. salt." Salt is also a symbol of perpetuity and incorruption. Thus the J e\vish law is said to have beeA "a covenant of salt before the Lord." And acrain in another place, "the Lord gave the kingdom Israel to David alld to Ilis sons, by a .covenant of salt." A foreign writer, under the date of 1666, quoted by Brand, says" "the sentiments andopini()Dsboth of di¥ines and p~s?phers, c,?ncur in making Sal:iiJb.eemblem of wisaom~tl.~ learnIng; and that, 110,;ij;ionly on account of what It1Se~)tnp()sed.of, bU,t &1.. so.w./ilih respect to th.e.severalllses towhieh it .is applied•. As to its COn1!JOnent parts, as it consists of the purest matter, so ought Wisdorn to be pure, sound, immaculate, and il1COrrul)tible; and Sill1ilar to the effects whicll salt produces upon bodies, ought to be those of vvisdomand learniIlg upon the mind. This rite of salt is· a pledge or earnest of the

study of good hearts, and of obedience and duty." The. application of this meaning of tIle s}Tlnbol to our society is not difficult,because our professioll is to cultivateWisdonl, to nlaintain charity., and to live ill harmony alld brotllerly love. Andit is ordainec1 tllnt nOlle can use salt in the consecration of ~1 Lodge but the Grand }faster, because he is, in a pectlliar ll1anner, the pillar of Wisdom. The following epigralu was vvritten when the tax was first laid upon salt about the Dliddle of .the last ce~ltury. The emblem 0' th' nation, so grave and precise, On the emblem cif wisdom have laid an excise. Pray tell me, grave sparks, and your answer don't slllother, Why Qne representative taxes another? The Commons on Salt a. new impost have laid, To tax WisdoUl too, they most humbly are pray'd ; For, tell me ye patrons of woollen and cra.pe, Why the type should be fill'd, and the substance CSC~Lpe '1

Salt h,as .ever b,eendistinguished asanell1blem of h08pitalit1. TI1US the governors of the Provillces bey:ond the Eupllrates, writing to, king Artaxerxes, tell hi111 that "they are salted with the salt of the palace;" Iriealling that tl1ey lUtve the right of maintellaIlce tl1ere. vValdrOll ill his description of tIle Isle of l\Ian, SUt)fS, "110 person will go out 011 allY 1l1aterial affair '\vitl10Ut taking some salt in tlleir pocl~ets; fiuell less remove 拢:1"0111 one house, marry, put out a ollila, or take one to nurse, \vitll01.lt salt being mutually interchanged; nay, tilOUgl1 a I)oor creature be alnlost fttmished in tIle streets, 110 ~;rill not accept of allY food, unless Y011 join salt to tIle rest of your benevolence." We llave a curious instance of the regard paid to salt as an embleln of hospitality and friendsllip in distant countries, related by IIarnler from D'Herbelot. "Jacoub ben Laith, WllO all1)ears to have been notrling Inore tllUll a captaiIl of haIlditti ill Persia, llaving broken into the palace of tIle 11riIlce, and collected a v路ery large booty; lIe ,vns on tIle l)oint of de11ttrting, when his foot kickec1 H:gaillst SOllletllillg \vlrie1:1 Inude him stumble. .Imagining it 111igllt be sOl"nethingof value, he put it to his mOlltll anc1 1"01111(1 it to l)e a lUlnp of saIt.Upon this, according t. 0 the superstition of .the country, where the people considered salt as a symbol and I)lec1ge of llospitality, hew&s so touched that he left all his

路 booty, al1d retired \vithout taking allY thing \vith him. The next morning, the risk they had run in losing. so many valuables. caused a strict enquiry to be 111ac1e,and Jacoub beil1g found to be the person concerned, 11e frallk1y told the wllole story to the prince, by Wllicll 118 so effectually gained his esteenl that 118 took him il1tO his service, and he ultinlately succeeded Ilia master on the Pe:&sial1 throne." Salt ,\~ras also a synlbol of Fidelity. Whence tIle propriety of its use a1110ngst masons. It \vas also an emblem of eternity alld immortality; because it is not liable to putret:'1ction itself, and preserves every tIling that is seasoned vvith it from decay. Reginald Scott, in his discourse concerning Devils and Spirits, asserts that "tIle devil loveth no salt to Ilis Ineat, for that it is a sign of eternity, and used by GOd'scolnman~mentsin all sacrifices." In like manner tIle science of Freemasollry 111ay be aptly symbolized by salt, because it is eternal alld will11cver decay. It has existed from the creation, and vvilll"elnaill a blessing to ll1aIl till tllis eartI1 is burnt U1) alld tIle ele- ~ ments shall lnelt ,vitII ferv'!'ent lleat; and tllen Love universal shall exist for ever al110ngst the glorified fraternity of saints and angels.

CHAP. V. THE DECORATIONS.

In which ther V\~ere roo ymages Qf gold standing in sondrie stages; In mo riche tabernacles; .A.nd with pierre moe pinnacles, And moe. curious pourtraytures And quent mannere figures.

*Of

these yates fiourishinges Ne of conlpaces lle. of kervings 3 Ne how the hacking in nlasonries; As corbeUes and itnageries. CHAUCl':n.

THE next cerelnony by Wllich·the ·newly-built llall is appropriateclto Inasonic IJtlrposes is the disposal of its f'urniture und decorations prellaratory to tIle soleIl111 rite of dedicatioll and consecration. Great discrin:lination is required to accolxiplisl1 this· point correctly and vvith proper effect; a11d v'ery frequentl)T tIle inlI)osing fil)11earance which a lodgeOtlgllt to present to the eye, is lost for want ··of due attention to tllcse l)relilnilu:ll")r arraugements. The expert maSOll "viII be convinced that tIle walls of a lodge room ought l1eitller; to be absolutely naked nor too llluch decorated.. Acllaste disposal of syl11bolieal ornalnents··ill tIle right places, and according to l)l"opriety, relieves tIle dulness and vactlity of a blank, space; and thougll but s11aringly llsed, ,~"ill produce a striking inlpressioll, and contribllte to tIle general beaut)~ and solernnityof tIle scene. TIle eUll>ellisll1:nellt of the interior of a Lodge roorn is indeed of vast ill1ll0rtanc.e; altl10uglt I arn afraid, very little attentiorl is usually paid to it; and notlring but a fincand discriulinating taste can do it ttlnplc justice. Nor is it necessary to ineur Ileav)" t.~xI)el1ce8in the details, for it is the design, and Ilot tIle value of the IuateriaIs, that produces the effect. A fe,v brief llints for tllis l')urpose rna}" be acceptable; although after all \·~till

depend on the judgment of the architect, who ought, in all cases, to be a brother. Over the row of windows, which, as I have already observed, are disposed on one side of the room, should be placed, rullning fi"om east to west, a thick brass rod, on which is suspenc1ed, from a series of rings of the same metal, a great curtain extending tIle whole lengtll of the rOOID, and when drawn, covering all tIle windows at once, for separate windovv curtains are unmasonic, and not to be tolerated in a good lodge. This great cUl'tain must be composed of blue, purple and crimson lTIOreell, disposed in alternate stripes, the breadth of the stu~ anc1lined with black cloth. Silk may be used if the lodge be prosperous enough to incur the expenee, but lleither cotton nor·linen are allowed. It must, however, be ql1ite plain and devoid of orn·ament;. for the intended effect would be entirely destroyed by the introduction of tassels, fringes, or bindings of any other colour. In the east should be a raised platfonn or dais for tlle ]faster and his attendant officel"s. IIere are the t",ro !')illars already mentioned flanki11g tIle Chair or Throllc, which is elevated on three steps at SOUle distal1ce from . the wall; for su'.fficient space OUgl1t to be left for two persons to pass conveniently, which is 'concealed from tIle observation of the brethren by a screen placed bellilld the chair, higher than the Master's head wIlen· seated. The two extremities of the screen are made to fold inwards at right angles, thus enclosing tile officers oIl,'the dais by three sides of a parallellogram. On the back of the screen a design should be paintedona ground of black or·clark purple, elnblelllatical of the name of the lodge; and the flaps sllould be decorated with intersecting triangles, emblems of mortality, or othermasoniodesigns according to the taste of the arehiteet.r.rhe effect will be81ugmented by painting it as a t!~tlI~~.Qcy. Inforeign Lodge$ th:ere ispIaced behindth~ thJrone, and high up in the gable of the roof, a well tOQedbell· or Indial1 gong; and I have known it used with good effect ill ourovvn COUlltry.

The pedestal· is placed in front of the throne.. In form. it is a double ctlbe; and s110uld belnade of shittim wood or acacia, in imitation of the Altar of incense and other appendages to the tabernacle of Moses. Tllis n1asonic

altar is consecrated by the Book of the Lavv, vvhich is always spread 0l?en upon it,. at some important pas~a~e of scripture"d~;wgthe contmual1ce of the s?le:nn 1111nlStratiol1s of the lodge. In the first degree It IS usually unfolded at Ruth iv. 7; in the second ,'degree at Judges xxii. 6; and in the third at 1 Kings vii. 18, 14. These usages, however, it· may be necesisaryto add, are arbitrary; for we find, at different periods during the last century, tbatGenesis xxii. and xxviii. were indifferently used for the first· degree; 1 Kings vi. 7, and 2 Chronicles iii. 17, for.the second; and Amos x. 26, 26, and .2 Chronicles vi., for the third. In the United States, according to the instructions contained inCross's Chart, the Bible is opened in the first degree at Psalm cxxxiii.; lllthe second at· Amos vii.; and in the third at Ecclesiastes xii. Again,· during the cerell10ny of consecrating a Lodge the Volume should be displayed at 1 KillgS viii.; in processions at Numbers x.; and at funerals at Gen. i . , or 1 Oor. xv.. It is, however, a matter of little importance, provided the p,assage ·correspo:md with the struetur'e of any part ofth·e degree. Asectionofourbrethrenhave always evinced the greatest anxiety that this arrangement should be pUllctually observed; and are even so particular as to l1av~e the obligation sealed on tIle apprOlJriate verse; ,vllile otllers treat it with indifferellcc;al1d some care very little whether it be whollyonlitted. Infact I knew··.a lodge where the ·1\Iaster always opened llis Bible at Eccles. x., which has no masoni~ reference \Vllatever. In tIle West, and facing the· l\Iaster's Throne, there ought to bea gallery furnished with an organ ;wlliehis also 'useful for a musical band, or for the accommodation. of 'ladies on festive occasions. The teclll1ical ornaments ofa lodge arc, as ,veIl kno\vn, the 1110saic pavement, the blazing star, fLnd tlle tesselated bOl·der; but a ,veIl disposed loc1ge roon1 adnIits of other ornaUlellts '\Vllicll add considerably to tllO brillianoy ~f its Hl)l)earance. These decoratiolls, however, oughttQ baill the strictest conformity wit}1 thege~'lts of the ()r(l~r. Tlleir introductioIl is freqneIltly theJeff$ct ofaccident.! .Aeheap l)Ul"chase ata s,ale,or the indiscriminate libel!&lityof an individual b:rother, will fre-

quently placealDongst the 0111&m-.t:s"& pi,otare or bust,

which is not in keel,ing with the general contol1Tof the lodge fl.lrnit-ure. Such al101nalies ought to be avoided. The Freemasoll's IIall, Great Queen Street, is a beautiful specimen of this kind of ornament, as" it \)ias designed l)y the, architect at the period of its erection. It is pllrely masonic; and hence it is to be presu111ed that statues or paintings of the Virtues are in good taste; as also of the worthies nanled in the Bible, Wll0 3;1"e celebrated in the system of masonry; such as Al)rallanl or 1\foses, Solomon or H A B, or tIle t\VO St. J 011118; any or all of these \vould be appropriate. Nor should pictures of the great benefactors of masonry be omitted, as a llle111ento of departed worth \vhich the craft delights to 11onour. These decorations, jtldiciouslyinterspersed vvitll masonic emblems, if properly managed, may contribute to produce a very imposing appearance. A marble slab, containing tIle name of.··the loage, with its founder, and the contributors to the building fund, ought to be let into the nortl1 ,vall. The candlesticks ShOllld be ll1ade of brass, and very lofty. These add a grace to tIle appearance of a lodge \vhich can only be estin1uted by those 'YIlo have ,,)ritnessed the effect. SOllIe of the 1l10st gorgeous foreign lodges use a seven branched candelabrum, ill inlitation of the golden candlestick of the tabernacle and tetl1J)le; and this appears to be a most appropriate article of furniture to occupy a conspicllOUS place in the lodge. It was a truly nlagnificent utensil, vvTeighing 125 pounds, nnd tllerefore \-vonId be ~Torth about £6000 ,. of our money. It stood upon a base'~Tith a perpendicular steln,at the top of which was the centre light. Three branches.I>rojeeted from the stem 011 each side, forlning the segment of a circle, and rising as high as the centre light. The whole. of thecandlestiek·was adorrled with a variety of carved ornaments, all in chased gold.. In a lodge tIle candlesticks should always be composed, of bright brass; wood of all· kinds beingextremely improper. Ina. good lodge silence and gravity are great recomnlendations during the hours appropriated to labour. The ordinary business is. of too serIOUS a nature to admit of any disturbances; and hence the ancient charges direct that no brother shall behave himself ludicrously or jestingly wllile the lodge is engaged in what is serious and

61 solemn; nor use any unbecoming language tlpOn aUJ pretence whatever; but to pay due reverence to the l'faster, Wardens, and fellows, and put thenl to worshipr EVe!l the 110ise of nloving the seats or the· feet, is to be avoided as luuch as possible; and for this purpose sand is not allowed to be strewed on the floor ; nor are the brethren permitted to leave the Lodge during the soleml1 cerell1onies, lest the noise thus made S110uld disturb th& proceedings. The effect of an initiation ,,~ould beentirelJ destroyed by any interruption of this kind ; and it ie easy to· understand tllat the same· kind of disturb an co would be calculated to distract the attention of the brethren during the delivery of the lectures. It woulo also· create a degree of embarrasslnent to tIle l\,faster, an<1 tend to disarrange his ideas, and COl1Seqllelltly, to some extent, nullify his instructions. It is to prevent the occurrence of all such irregularities tllat the Grand Lodge . have provided that "if any hI·other bel1ave in suell a way as to disturb the llarnlony of tIle lodge, hesllall'be tllrice adlnonished by the Master ; andif he I>ersist in his irregularconduct hesllall be punished according to the ByLaws of the Lodge; or the case. may be reported to higher 111aSol1ic authority." The best 111etllod of pre,-renting any casual disturbance on the floor of the lodge, is to have it covered with drugget or carpeting ; and this is generally used in foreigll lodges.

CHAP. VI. THE NAME.

"\Vhat's in a name 1 that which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. . SHAKESPEARE.

"The Phceniciaus gave appellations to places according to their respective cOlnnlodities and manufactures, wherein, if ,ve do but seriously consider. for 'what particular thing each cOWltry, in former time, was most especially taken notice of, and then apply the Phoonician narp.e of that thing, let it be custom" situation, trade, or anything else, and we shall find the .Phoonician 'Word so l~xactl.y agreeing with the nature of the country so expressed, that we must conclude it impossible so constant and gcueral an harmony between. them should happen by chance; but ratiier, that the nan1es 'were iInposed for some particular reason or dcsihrn."-SAltI1\!ES.

A WORD 011 the Nalnes of lodges nJay not be 'llIlacceptable. The brethren."Vvllo drew up the code of" the HelvetianCeren1011ies of Masons, said to come from Egypt, translated from the路 French and Gerlnan of L. S. Ulland 2 B7 C," condemn the use of such nanles as tIle A!Jollo, the Minerva, the Vesta, &0., as being l1eathen, and furnishing ideas of idolatry and superstition. They also disapprove of the nan1es '\vhich savour of any sect .or party, either religious or political. "These," tlleysay, "can have nothing to do \-vitil 111asonry." Des Etangs, however, contends that it is lawful to use as the names of lodges, any of the great lleathen philosophers, such as Zoroaster, ,COnftlCius, Pytl1agoras, Socrates, Plato, &0.; and also WisdoIl1, Good Faith, Friendship, Constancy, or any other of tlle 1110ral virtues. In this country tIle titles of lodges are frequently determined by chance;. bllt the roost al)prolJriateare those \Vllicl1 are asstlmed from the D3tllleS of son1e ancient benefactor, or 111eritorious individual "tho ,vas a l1ative of the place "\Yhere the lodge is held; in a city, the builder. of the Cathedral Cllurell; because it. is quite certain that l1e '\vas a Il1aSOn; for none but those vvho

are jnlpregnated witll the true scientific princilJles of the order, could possibly 11ave produced the 111Jr sterious and cOlnplicated effect which those gorgeous edifices uniformly display. The name of a Hundred or vVapeut,ake ill which the lodg~ is situated, or of a navigable river vvhich confers wealtll and dignity 011 the town, are I)rOpel~ titles' for a lodge; as are also the orders of arcllitecture, the tlleologicaI or cardinal virtues; alld Harmony, . Brotherly Love, Friendsl1ip, Unity, or other social qualities of the" mind. In all cases tIle temper of·tlle brethren should correspond with tIle na111e' of the lodge; otherwise they will expose theulselves to be ranked as hypocrites, and instead of masonry constituting their pride, it will subject them to obloquy and shame. If the nlenlbers of a lodge dedicated to Frientlsllip or IIarll10ny be notoriously at variance \-vitIl eae}l other ;-if the brethren of a lodge of Fidelity be, in l)ractice, llnfuithful to every trust;-ifa lodge called Social Union be distinguished. by bickeringsand disputes; or of Good Faith,by defrauding or s\vindling tbeirlleighbours; what 'can be expected to result from 'such anonJalies, but disorder anlongst then1selves alnd unpOI)ularity ill the world; their O\Vll character ,vil1 be COIll!)l"Onlised, the lodge disgraced, and Freenlasollry, \vhich ought to be the vehicle of perfect friendsl1i11, \viII hecoll1e a by- . word and a reproach, ill the estinlution of all good and worthy men. . The precedency of lodges, llowever, dellends 011 tIle Nunlber and not on the Nanle; altllough by custom evel·Y lodge has its proper name; and this is considered of such in11:lortance by the lnasonic authorities, tllat the approbatiorl of the Grand Master, or at least of the Pro- ' vincial (Jrand l\Iaster must be obtained' before any nall'le can be legitiIl1ately used; and evell tllen it 11111st be registered '\vitll the G·rand Seeretar~y·. Nor CUll an)' lodge alt, e,f ~tg u"llme without the same authority. The privilege of~iving a Ilun1e has al\vays been considered ass, token of authority. TIlus a fhther is eUII)o\v'I'ered to determine tIle naInes of his cll'ildren anc1 tt l\Iaster those of, his servants. E'or the sanle reason the l\{aster determines the llame of his lodge. It is said in Serif· ture that Adam gave a name to ,his wife and. to al the animals, whicll theye'Vernfter retained. God himself 5

condescencled to change tIle l1ames of Abraln, Jacob, and Sarai, as a tol(el1 of honour, and an addition expressing 11is particular regard for them. lI,ence lle gave a' nunle, even before their birth, to some persons to \\"holn hepUl})Osedto extelld his favours in all especial manner; as to Solon1on \Vh0111 he called J edic1ia11; to the Messiah \VhOnl he called E111anuel and Jesus, to J 01111 tIle Baptist, &c. Assigning a nanle to a lodge, like tIle deterlnination of the nanle of a SOIl or daugllter, is frequently a 111atter of Inuell seriolls deliberation; alld is sOlnetinles attended \vith povrerful religious feelings. "The strange prejudice of lucky alld llnlucky nal1leS," says D'Israeli, "prevailed allover lnodern Europe!" TIle successor of Adrian VI. wislled to preserve'llis own name on the Papal throne; but he gave up the wisll.when the conclave of Cardinals used the powerful argull1ent that all the Popes WilO had I)reservecl their o,vn names, ha<1 died in the first year of their !)ontificate. Cardinal l\Iarcel Cervin, \VllO preserved his naUle \Vllell elected POl,e, died OIl tIle tvventieth day of his I)OIltificate, ,,,"hiell confirrned tl1is superstitious opinion. LaIlloth Ie Vays gravely asserts that all the queens of NfLI)les of tIle Ilalne 路of Joan, alld all the kings of Scotland of tIle name ofJ aInes, llave been unfortunate; and we 11ave forrnp.l treatises 011 tIle fatality 路 of ;Rarticular names." , rIle saIne credulity still operates, to a certain exterlt, :tl:nongst ourselves; and not only the ignorarlt, bllt also l1len of learning and talel1t are scarcely able to diYest thenlselves of certnill fancies about the nalnes of their children ;as if their Sllccess ill life were to be d(~l)endellt 011 a casuaJ Url)l)ellation iU1110sed at tIle font. Nor is the sUl)erstitionconfined to any nation or people ; but appears indigeIlous to the hunlan Ininc1. Amongst tIle Rornaus there were certain 11lysterious notions connected \vith the 11am~of individuals. . In calling oyer a ml1ster roll of soldiers, thesergcantsal\vays began ","ith l1tunes of good 0111e11, as Felix, . Fallstus, &c.,auulogous to our (lood luck, IIappy, &0. Livy, speaking of a llcrson Ilamecl Atrius Ulnber, calls itaoominanlli ollzinis nOlnen; and in like rnanner Plautus says of one \~rhose na111e ,vas Lyco,

,rQuid OSlllet nunc facite conjecturwll creteruUl, id sit hominis, cui. Lyco nomen siet.

Plato recolnmended to parents to select lucky l1ames (fausta n0111ina) for their child,ren; and' Pythagotas thOl1ght a 111aIl'ss11ccess.. in life depellded 011 his name. Calndenhas a" story illustrative of his feeling:-" We reade that tvvo Alnbassadours were sent out of]'rance into Spaine to king Alphonse the ninth to demand 'of th~ .. daughter~ . which 'he had by the daughter of the l{ing Henrie the.second. 'of England, to bee married to their soveraigne king Lewes the eighth. One of these ladies was verybeautifull, calledVrraca, the other not so beautifull, but named Blanche. When they.were 'presented to the Ambassadours, all men .,held it asa matter resolved that the choyce would light upon Vrraca, as the elder and fairer.' But the Ambassadours en'quiring each of tl1eir names, took. offence at Vrraca, alld lllade choyce of the lady Blanche, saying that her nalne \V0111c1 be better received in France theIl the otller, as signifying faire and beautifull, according to the verse ll1ade to her honour." " Candi<la,candescenscandora, at oordiset oris."

And a Inodenl French writer has the following passage, which shows.that the same feeling still prevails anlongst tllat peol)le. "vVbat is yo~ur name, J\:fademoiselle Y ]'elise, replied the child.. It is a pretty name, said the kind-lleartecl woman. Felise-that means happy; .one that is bOl"nunder a fortunate star! I-Iearing these \vords, tIle traYell~r and her attendallt involllIltarily turned, and, doubtless struck by the same tllonght, cast a singular loolt upon the child." Pegge has quoted from]j'uller an amusing instance of the same superstition.ina Spaniard.SIlch was the ridienlOlls attachment to long and high-sounding names and titles in Spain, that when an epidemical sicl{ness }"aged in Londoll ill tIle reign of QuecIl Elizabetll, the Spanish AnlbasStlc1or, ,vho, I suppose, enjoyed a sesq1.1ipedal name, was consigned for safety to the ellarge of Sir tJ o11n Cutts, at his sent in Canlbnidgeshire. TIle don, l1POll tIle occasione~pressedSOllle dissatisfaction; feeling hinlselfdis-. paragedat being placed \vitll fL person ~rllose name was so short..An amnesty, llowever, was soon granted by tIle Spaniard; for my author says, that what the knight lacked in length ,of name, he made up in the largeness .of llis entertainment." '

56 V\Thelldrall1atic representutions were first introduced into tl1is country, the subjects were extracted from tIle Bible路 history; and thenalnes路 of the patriarchs alld saillts were principally used, the devil being the chief con1ic perfornler. They were managed by the clergy, enacted in cllurches and Inonasteries ; or, under their direction, in the public streets on Corpus Cllristi day'. About the time of the Reformation, these l\fysteries and Miracle Plays \yere rivalled, and "nltimately superseded by historical draluas called l\tIoralities; and the names of tIle Virtues and Vices were Sllbstituted for scripture characters; the devil's place in conledy being supplied by a personage .named Ygnorance; wIlence was derived theClo"\JVll or Fool of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. These \yere secular Interludes, and the origin of the regular .dra.ma. Thus, in 1520, we find "A new Interlude and a Mery, of the nature of the IV. elements;" -which contained tllefollowing characters-the J\1essengere, Nature, Natnrale, Humanytie, Taverner, Experyence, Studious, Desire, Sellsuall Appetyte, and Ygnorance. In 1567, ""yas printed by Tho111aS Purfoote, a l1e\V and Mer;r Enterlude called the "Trial of . Treasure;" witll these nanles :-Sturdines, Contentation, Visitation, Time, Lust, Sapience,Col1solation, the Preface, J "lIst, Pleasure, Greedy G'utts, Elation, Trust, Treasure, and the Vice, who is here called Inclination. And to close these extracts, we find a l1lultitude of路curious uames ill a drama called Cambises', ,vritten by Thomas Preston about the sanle period; viz. COllncell, Huft Lob, Rllf, COIllnl0ns Cry, Con1IDonsCoIDl)laint, Venus, 81111f, Small Habili1ty, Proof, Execution, Diligellce, Crueltie, flob, Preparation, Anlbidexter, Trial!, l\feretlix, Sllame, Otian, and IIlullyothers. . Froln this personification of the Virtues, tIle custom. of giving sinlilnr l1fill.leS to children was greatly fostered and increased, ill the hope that a propitious name路 nlight be the harbinger of virtue,prospetity{ and happiness; whence the female names of F'aith, ,.Grace, Hope, TeUlperance, Charrity, &0", abounded tllfOUghout England; and have become standard llames, with whiell the l)ooras ~ell as the rich daily flatter their own feelings by conferring thenl on their beloved offspring ; and Freemasons llsually follow tIle exalnple in giving propitious names to their lodges.

I do not find, however, that our lodges had any distinctive names before the latter end of tIle last century. TIle four regular lodges which were fOllnd in practice ill the south of England at the revival of l1lasollry V\rere desigllated by tIle sign of the tavel'1lS where tlley were respectively lleld. TIle saIne practice con~inlled for many years. Before 1738, by all order of the Grand Lodge, an ellgraved list was published, which was received as occasioll required. The two copies of this list in my possession were respectively pl~inted in 1764 and 1767; the former dedicated to Lord Blaney, G. M., the latter to the Duke of Ileaufort, G. J\f. In both cases tIle lodges are usually designated by a pictorial l-epresentation of the sign of tIle tavern where the brethren Inet. A printed list, dated 1774, appears to be ill l1nifornlity witll those whicll are engraven. 1111784, Noortl1ol1ck pul)lislled his editioll of Allderson's Constitutions; and the laws of the Gralld Lodge therein recorded, make no mention of the name of a lodge, but recognize the路 engraved list. In a catalogu.e dated 1790, the lodges have names as "veIl as .llumbers; and two years. after,路 a list was published with llames and numbers, as alterec1 by tIle Grand Lodge. In tIle present Book ofConstitutiol1s tIle nalnes of lodges are formally recognized, and directed to be enrolled in the Grand I.Jodge Books.

CHAP. VII. THE CONSECRATION.

"And now the Icing's command went forth Among the people, bidding old ana young, Husband and wife, the master and the slave, .All the collected multitudes of Ad, Here to repair, and hold high festival." SOUTHEY.

"An hail to the morning that bids us· rejoice;

The temple's completed, exalt high each voice; The Capestone is fil1islled, our labom· is o'er, Tho soun.d of the gavel sllall hail us no more.. AIrnighty Jehovah descend llO'V and fill This lodge with thy glory, our hearts with good will Preside at our meeting, assist us to find T:t:ue pleasuros in teaching good will to mankind. Companions assemble on this joyful day, The occasion is glorious, the Keystone to .lay , Fulfil'd is the promise by the Ancient of· Days; To bring forth the Capestone with shouting and praise." l\fASONIC CONSECRATION HYMN.

WE will now suppose the Lodge to be built, furnislled, decorated, and named; it renlains that the ceremony of Dedication and Consecration be performed before it can be legally used for masonic purposes; and that every thing may be done decently and in order, these rites should be .performed with every fittillgso1em~ity, and in due and ample form. Tile Worshipful;,Masterhaving first made. the necessaryarrangelllents . wi.th the Provincial Grand Master, should instruct the ProvincialG·rand Secretary to make· his prep. arations with the Ininutest. accuracy, because the smallest omission may lroduce a very serious i111pediluent. ill the cerenlonial, all . utterly de~~roy its effect. 1tfuch also will depend on the tact and activity of the Director of Ceremonies, whose duty it is to Buperintend the processions, and to see tllat every

brother has his proper ral1k, according to tIle code of precedency which distinguishes the Order. It is usual on these occasions for the Provincial Grand Chaplaill to preach a serrnonat tIle churcl1, to which the brethren move in formal procession. Ho\v trifling soever this may be considered by SOlne inconsiderate persons, its regulation is the result of no ordinary mallagement. To give it the proper effect requires the utmost nicety of arrangeulent. Every brother's place should be marked· down 011 paper by the Director of Ceremonies, and openly proclaimed before he leaves .the lodge to join his brethren in public. In the church, certain pews should be marked out as appropriated to the brethren according to tlleir rank; others for ladies; and the rest for the Iniscellaneous congregation. Care should also be takell to prevellt all ingress and egress during the celebration of divine service, by cl1ildrenor loose persons, who are attracted by curiosity, Ulld feel no interest in theproc:eedings. In the course of Iny experience I· have witnessedgl"eat disorders for want of a little preliminary caution in this respect. It should also be seriously impressed upon the W orshipfull\faster of every lodge, that he is responsible for the regularity and decoruln of his Company; and that it is.his duty to instruct and admonish thelD,at SOlne lodge of cIl1el"gency to be convened at hOlne for that especial l)urpose, on the necessity of apl)caring in the proller clothing of masonry; and on the conduct which it becollles thetn to observe at the approaching commemoratioll, that masonry in general,. and tlleirown lodge in l>articular may not suffer in the estimation of the public. On the appointed day, the lodge llaving been opened in due form by the ProviJ;}cial G'rand l\faster, and the J\linutes read and cOl1firmed; the !'l·ovinciaIG·!""lnd Secretnr)r is directed to read the order of I)roc~:~ssioIl; after"V"llich a charge is delivered fro 111 the throne 011 prQp,riety of conduct, .a:nd the necessity of adhering strictly to .8.11 the fortns, as they llave beerl J·eguln.ted by ~he n:ul,s.Quic authorities. After '\vhicll ·the lodge. adJourned t . the ladies are adulittc<l into .gallery. TIle prooession now 1110YCS rOlllld. the lodge thrice, . and afterwards the brathre~ remain st&ti'0narYI theelernents

of consecratio11 arranged, and· the following passage from scripture is read by the Provincial Grand Chaplain~ "Then Solomon asse111bled the elders of Israel, and all the heads of the tribes, the cIlief of tIle fathers of the children of Israel, unto king Solomon ill J erusaleIn, that they ll1ight bring up tIle Ark of the Covenant of the Lord out of the city of David, WIlich is Zion. And all the 111en of Israel assembled themselves unto king Sololnon at the feast, in the month Ethanim, which is the seventh nlonth. And all the elders of Israel came, and the 11riests toolt l1p tIle Ark; and they brought up the Ark of the Lord, and the tabernacle of tIle cOl1gregation,and all tIle holy vessels that were in the tabernacle; evell those did the priests and the Levites bring up. And king Solomon, and all tIle COl1gregation of Israel that were assembled unto 11im were with him before the Ark, sacrificing sll~ep and oxen, that could not be told nor numbered for multitude. And the priests brought in the Ark_ of the Covenant of the Lord unto his place, into the oracle of the house, to the ~fost Jloly Place." (1 I{ings, viii. 1-6.) An Anthe111 proper for the occasion is thell sung, which is usually,vritten for tIle purpose by SOIne nlember of the lodge. The Architect then makes his report; and the Provincial Grand Master delivers a stlitable Oration; and concludes by directing the bretllren to TI10Ve forward in procession to churell. This is the point .''''7hon the talent of ~he Director of Cereluonies displays itself: Without the nlost judicious Inanagenlcnt on his part, a scene of great confusion would ensue. His duty is to place himself w.. ithin the entrance of the lodge and proclaim every brother by·llis office or rank as lIe is Ito take his situatiOllin tlle procession, beginning at the top of his Roll, and suffer no person to Ilass, under any pretence whatever, until his name be called. This process, with anassistal1t· l)elo\v ~o arrange.· the. brethrell as theyarrirve in the street, or In the court of· the lodge, as the case Inay be, ,viII preserye due order, and complete the regularity of the proceedings. To give facility to this lJl0VelIleIlt, . the Masters ·of tIle several lodges ·should act tIle part of captains of cOlnpanies in a regiment of soldiers on

61 ",

parade, and keep tIle hrethren of' their respectiv'e lodges strictly togetller, not allowing thelTI to Inix vvith other lodges; because it ,vould occasion considerable enlharrasslnentwllell the nalnes were called; and at tllis point of the cerelnonial 110 time OUgllt to 1)8 \~~asted. in rearrangenlent. Every lodge should be ready to obey the SUmlnOl1S of the Director of Ceremonies. The fol1o\ving form of processiol1 I should recomulend as being most appropriate for the use of tIle Provinces, every brother or file of brethren, observing a distance of six feet in the rear of llis predecessor; so that a procession of fifty bretllren vvalking by pairs ll1Uy occupy a space of about one hundred yards. A r:l'yler with a sword. U nioll Flag. Band of lVIusic. U nioll Flag. Visiting Brethren two and tw"o. Rough Aslllar borne on a pedestal. Lodges out of the Province. The private lodges of the County ill the following order; the highest l1ulnbers vvalking first. Tyler '\vitll a s\vorc1. Brethren two and two. Inller Guard '\vitll a sword. Two Deacolls. Stewards. Secretary. Treasurer. Chaplain. Past ltfaster. Two Wardens. TIle Lodge Banner. l\faster. The Perfect Ashlar borlle on a Pedestal before the W. Master of the senior lodge by a brotl1er of llis own

Company.

P.G. Tyler witl1 a s\vord. Unioll Flag. Tracing Board of thc路]first Degree. Inner Guard路with a sword.

Past P. G. Deacons two ana cwo. Tracing Board of the Second Degree. Past P.G. Organist. . Past P. G. A:rchitect. The two P. G,. Deacons bearing tIle Warden's Pillars on Pedestals. . A Cornucopia borne by a Brotller. P. G. Organist. P .G. Arcl1itect. P. G. Director of Ceremol1ies. Tracing Board of the Third Degree. Past P. G. Treasurer and Secretary. The Book of Constitutions on a Pedestal. P.G. Secretary. P. G. Registrar. P. G.Treasurer.

Sr~W~;d}'l'11e

S9.uare Sr~w~;d ".tl . . pass.es, c.urrled b.' four. 1\,'f aster l\laa. vVI 1 a . ..,'V"-.tl' son's· sons; open a t N 11111b ers x. '"1 1d I-Ioly

~ible,

andcom-{.

wan.. d .

l~.

v;. all

(J. Cllfiplain.

Past P.. G-. "\VardeIls t\voand t~ro. The Three IJigllts l)lacecl triangularly on a.Pedestal. 1). G". Junior \Varden with a gavel. 1). Ci-. SeIlior Warden witll a gavel. P. G.Stevvarcl P G St('d' .. } .~ P. G. Steward with a wand. 5 .• all ,11 C• <. vvitIl a wand.. 'l'he Globes 011 a Pedestal. Banner of the I). I). (1. 1\1. Depl1ty ProviIlcial (j'rand ~Iaster. . P.. G. Ste-vvard l BSllller of tIle \ P . G.. Steward witlr'a ,vand. 5 P.G.l\f. <. with a wand. P.. G.... Sword Bearer. Tylerwitlla( , . .' '. STylerwitha sword. 5 ProvillClal Grand Master. <. sword.

Union Flag. T,vo Stewards .with wands. P. G. Tyler with a sword. 'Vhen the. proceesionatnv'Bs at the churcll door, the leading files llalt, and the brethren fall baek to the rigllt and left as before Inentioned, and InakeaIl ope'ning for the ProvincialG-raucll\Iaster and his Staff to l)ass tIp the

centre. Thus tIle IJT'ocession willellter tIle churcll in a reversed order, and the Covenant is placed on a pedestal ill front of the Reading Desk, where it rell1ains during the whole service. 011 returniIlg from church, tIle Lodge is resunled, alld the dedication and COllsecratio.n solemnized by an adherence to tllose ancient and secret forms which it would be in11)roper as well as lleedless to describe here, as the ontline, so far as call be legally communicated, may be found ill Preston's Illustrations, and many other nlasonic works.

CHAP. VIII. THE PILLAR OF WISDOM.

"The eleventhe poynt Y5 of good dyscrecyoun, As ye mowe knowe by good resoun ; A mason, and he thys craft weI COD, That sygth hys felow hewen on aston, And Y8 yn poynt to spylle that st<tn, . , .Amende hyt sone, yef that thou con, And teche hym thenne hyt to amende, That the werke be not y ..schende. And tache hym esely hyt to amende, Wyth fayre wordes, that God the hath lende, For hys sake that sytte above, With swete wordes noresche hym love." ANCIENT l\:fASONIC l\IARUSCRIPT.

FREE:MlASONRY Inay be justly considerec1 as a regular and well fOI"rued society, elllbracing, in one universal bond of brotherllood, all l11allkind, witllout any distinction arising froln birtll, Coulltry, education, clinlate, and colour, ,vho have been admitted to a 11articipatiol1 of its sublime mysteries, on tIle broad prillciple, that there is no respect of persons in the eye of that all-wise and all-

powerTul Being "vho created and governs the Universe ; who is distinguisl1ed by the attributes of wisdcnn and loving kindness, and a dispositioll to 路do every'thing for the general benefit of Ilis creatures. Hence, wherever a mason Inay stray-even tllOUgh it be into countries diversified by every variety of manners and custolns, language and religion, he ,viII always find a hOlne ;-he Wl11 always meet witl1 SOlne kind friend and brotl1er, to greet him with the right hand of fellowship, to prOlTIote his interests, and to give him comfort and consolation in

his distress. It Inay truly be said of the fraternity, as Arcllbishop Potter predicates respecting the members of tIle Church, that they are" united not only by the love and affection, by consent of opinion, or sinlilitude of manners, \vhich may happen to the 111ell1bers of other societies; but they

65 all bear the saUle relatloll to the same common head. This .it is, 'Vvllereby regular Societies are distinguished from COllfused 111ultitudes; that whereas the latter are only locally llnited, and whell their parts are dispersed, they utterly cease, to be; the forllleI' are joined under the saIne form of government to the saIne COlumon llead, by tlleir alliallce to wmchtheir several parts, how rell10te soever in place, do nlaintain a strict communion witll one anotller.Thus· the several persons vvho live in tIle sanle city or kingdom, are united illtO one civil society. And the Jews, however dispersed, ~ere all united to God and to one another in the same religious society, having all obligated tllemselves, by the same Covenant, to be the people of God. Whence they are called God's peculiar treasure, a kingdolll of priests, all 1101y nation. And being engaged as one and the saIne perSOll to llim, they are ealled his S:pol1se, \\:1'llence G-od is said to have l11arried tllem, and to be tlleir husbuIld. III tIle very saUle manner Christians being separated fi"onl tIle V\torld, and united to Christ by the New Covenant, are called a cllosen generation, a royal priesthood, a· holy 11ation." And Freemasons,. however ,videly dispersed, are united "under a nlystic tie, as bretllren of tIle sallle order, obligated on the sall1e C01leIlarlt, governed by the saU1e la,ws, and practising tllesanle cerelnonies. TlleCOllstitutions of the society are l)laced 011 a firnl basis, alld tIle Landluarksarenot susceptible of alteration, altl1 01.1 gIl the la-wrswhich do not affect its lllecIlRllisnl Jl1ay be nlodified or cllanged, ",Tith the eonsent· of tIle bretllrell asser.nbled ill Grand Lodge, to lueet the denlands or reqllisitiollS of any in111rovement in ·tIle state of society; in order that Freeulasonry may 110t remain stationary, wllile other scienees are 111akillg rapid strides towardsperfectioll. There is 110thing to be found ill the cOllstitutioll of the Order, lyut '\vllat is 11erfectlyconsistent ,vitI1 the pril\ciples?y \vIde11 it is goverlled. 1'}lUS tIle ancicllt Charges prOVIde that "the rulers nIHl gO'v'ernollrs suprclne and subordinate, of tl1eallciellt lodge, are to 'be ol)eyed in their respective stations by all the brctl.wen, according to the oldcharg(~s and l·egulittions,\vitll all humility, reverence, love, .aIlda.lacrity_" .'l'hese rulers, aocording to an' original law of revived Grand Lodge, .were tllC Grand MaRter and his. Wardens; . aadthey were repeated

in every private lodge, \vhich in fact is but a transcript of the Grand Lodge; although, as the nllmber Of1l1aSOnS increased, otl1er officers, called assistants, \vere subsequentlyadded. The constitutioYl of a lodge is essentially democratic, because the rulers and goyernors of tIle craft, in the persoll of the Gralld ~faster, as well. as tIle Master of every private lodge, are .elected ann11ally by universal sufti路age; every brotl1el" having a vote ill tIle latter case, and the l\fasters, Wal"dens, and Past lVIastel"s of every private lodge fornling a legitiInate delega.tion to vote in the election of the Grand lVlaster. All actual pO\\ler is vested, during their ternl of office, in the l\faster alld his \Vardens; but the forlner is tIle responsible officer, alld tllerefore llis duties are carefully guarded by specific la\vs, aIld solemn pledges. TIllIS the Constitutions provide that "every 1\iIaster, wheIl I)laced in the Chair, shall 路solemnly pledge 路l1ilnself to observe all the old establisl1ed usages and CUSt0111S, and to I>reserve tIle Landnlu.rl\.s of the order, and Illost strictly to enforce thenl vyithhl his O\\;Tl1 lodge. lIe Ir1USt also take care that the I3y-ltl\Ys. of the lodge be fhithfull)T \vritten; and tlu1t books lle l{eI)t in 'Vvhicll he, or sorne brother appointed by hirn as Seeretar:.y路, shall ellter tIle IU11nes of its 111 CIIlbers, and of all l)crsons initiatec1 or adlnittofl therein, '\vitl1 the dates of their !)rol)osal, initiation or adlnission, l)assing, and raising; also tlleir ages, as . nearly as possible, Ul1d their titles, !)l"ofessiolls, or trades, together \vitll suell tral1sactions of tIle lodge as are proper to be \vritten. r.rhe accounts shall ulso be regularly kCI)t, ~lnd tIle fees payable to the Graticl Lodge shnl1 be e:ntered in a separate ~tlld distinct account.. The l\Iaster is responsible for the correct insertioll of all tIle above particulars; alid is bound to .prOdtlCe such lists, tninutes, 4ndaccOuIltS., wh.ell required by any lawful authority ~" The Master ofa Lodge, 110Weyer, has still Illore onerous duties to discharge. Ile.mwst b,e true and trusty, of goot1report,. and held in highesthnatioll aJl10ngst Iris brethren. He must be well skilled in our Iloble science, rtnd t1 lover oftlleOraft; exemplary in lliscondtlct, ,COUfteo"us in his nlanllers, easy of ac1dress, bllt stE~!tdy and firm in principle. He has imposed on him l as the Pillar of Wisdolll, the cllarge of instructing tIle brethren ill

masonry:-not l11erely by repeating certain formal passages night after l1igllt, \Vllicll are calculated rather to vveary thall to enlighten the mind; but to adapt his instructiollS to the capacity of his hearers, and to see that none depart unimproved in moral v'irtue, and a steadfast resolutioll so to a/darn their masonic profession, that the ,vorld may discern its influence on their outward conduct, alld learll from thellce tllat its precepts have been firmly l)lanted ill tIle 11eart. The l\faster ofaLodge is by no llleans a routine office, although it is frequently considered to be so; and a. brotlleI', wh.o possesses sufficient tact and activity to work the l11akings, passings, and raising, considers himself to be fUl"llished with every requisite qualification to rule or goverll a lodge. This is a greivous error; Ulld I have "\vitllessec1, in the course of I11)T experience, 111any 1111fortunate consequellces resul t fronl all irn!)l'11dell t choiee of the chief officer of a lodge. If he be inefficient, his inac1equacy is 80011 discovered by tIle .brethren, and disgust or IJity is sure to ellsue. They forbear to complain, because 110 is their own choice. 'l'hey cannot expostulate, .because his atltllorit.y is .sUI)l"en1c,and it is their duty to obey.'" A secret dissatisfhctioIl is therefore indulged, \vhielI is the lllore dangerous fi"Olll being irrelnediable. A vvriter of tIle last century, sI)eaking on tllis subject, lIas the following judicions renl~Lrk. ""VIlell tIle body languishes under any secret, lurking disteu11)er, it isal\va}ys restless aild uneasy; l)t~rpetually shifting. its l,ositioll, though every altered rnotion gives fresh l)ain and disquietude; ana tllUS it is witl1 the Illilld also; \Vllieh, once deJ)rived of tllat ease and (luiet Oll'\vhicll its healtll and happiness del)elld, is ever seeking after new objects to divert its anguish, ttnd deceive it into a 11101nentary Rl1d fELlse tral1q'llillity_" III this state of things-tIle l\:Iaster's illCOlU1Jetency becoIlling 1110.re al)IHlrent every lodge 1light-tlle bretllren are relniss in their attendance; defeetiolls ensIle; and a very serious defhI(~ation in tIle constitu tiOll of tIle lodge soon becoITles 'visible; and its declension iTl Ilumbers and respectability is tIle inevitable result. frhe evils arising fi"Ol1I the ineolllIletency of the Master of a .lodge, are practieally illustrated in the degree of Past Master as it is co~nferred in the United States. 0010-

nel Stone, who appears to be well inforlued on tIle subject, tells 118 that tIle chief object of this degree is to exemplify tIle necessity of goverUluent, and to ellforce UpOll the Ininds of tllose vvho are called to govern, the import~nce of qualifying thelllselves for tIle skilful aIld efficient discllarge of their duties. The ceremonies of the degree are extended to great lengtll; but tlley are such as strongly ill1press upon the nevvly elected }Iaster a seIlse of his own deficiencies ill tIle lllfitter of governlnent, and the 11eed he has of pronlptness and ellergy in preserving tIle disciplille of the society Qver "\V"hiell 118 is to preside. The 1)roces8 of conferring tIle degreeteaching by practical illustrations-is apparently grave, though withal rather aU1using. The Colonel 11ere describes tIle process, 'v hiel1 I omit because it is i:g.consistent with my plan, but llecol1cludes wit}l tllcse observations. " It is unquestionably true, that in the proceedings I have thus atteI11pted to describe, tIlere is often lnnch confusion and not a little lllerriulent; arising solel)"r fi路o111 the perplexity, and ludicrous conduct, l)erforlned \vitll sober gravity, by tIle candidate. I shall Ilever forgettlny O\VII eIllbarrassing exploits when called to this trying station. 1'he laughata lnan tllUS cirCUlnstanced, Inay argue \vant of grace; btlt the eoul)let mtl,st be finished in extenuatioll; for to be grave \voul<1 exceed all po\ver of fac~. Still there is Ilotlling \vicl\.ed, or lllalicious, or riotous in it; altllougll tIle Iloise rnay be rnisconstrued by tllose \vitllout the lodge, iIlto tIle 'Vvild l1proar of revellers. But a single rap, at tIle l)l"o!)er lllonlent, llushes all into installtaneOl1s silellee. Illc1eed there is no body or society of Inen on earth-no Ineeting or asseIllblage-under such strict, ilnmediate, al1deffeet.. . ive control, asa lodge or cllapter of 111t1S011S." It is easy for (1 superficial observer to be deceived ill a man''s tl"uecharacter, until the solidity of his judgn1eut 11as beeu路 tested by experience. Vivacity may be lnistaken for Wit,UI1<1 gravity for wisdom. A broth~~r \V110 is stiululatecl to obtrude hiIIls路elf into the 11igh oflices of a lodge l)relnaturely,willseldoln be found to !Jossess the requisite ability for executing their duties witll credit to l1imself or benefit to tIle fraternity. lIe is too intent 011 11is own personal aggralldise~ent to care much for the

general interests of the commul1ity ill which 11e moves. We usually see, as tllrough a glass, darkly; and, wllen it is too late, \ve frequently discover that insteac1 of a "\-vise and judiciolls chief-instead of a wary alld I)rudellt ruler, we llave COlunlitted our interests to tIle keeping of an idle jester, or all ignorant pretender. III eitlleI' case, the reputation of the lodge is put in jeopardy, and it ,viII be fortunate if it escapes public reprobation. TIle ~Iaster ought to possess kl1owledge, to diversify his instructions; juc1g111ent, to preserve the llappy medium between l"aSllness and cowarc1ilness; talent, to address tIle bretllrell at length on every elnergency; tact, to conciliate disprites, and reconcile cOlltendil1g bretllren; and presence of l11ind, to decide correctly 011 any sudden il1discJ;etion or irreglllarity ,,"hicllll1ay OCellI" anl0ngst the 111elnliers of the lodge, that order and good fellowship rnay be perfect anc1 c0111plete. lIe ShOllld al\vaJrs bear in lllind tlu1t it strict and 1111\Vavering cldllerence to the la\Jvs, on every practicable point,vvill. never l1roduce rebellion, altllough temporary dissatisfactioll n1ay sometimes occur.. But it is al'\vays s}lort JivedI' The evils arising out of disorgallizatiol1 in a lodge are uS1.1ul1y tIlt? effects of an ll11uecessary interference ill trifling 111atters, '\Vllich, if passed over withoqt llotice, ,vould create no ~ sensation, either of l)leasure or l)ain. 1'he great secret of govern111ent is to llnderstallcl correctly under wllatcircUll1stances authorit}i OUgllt to be exercised, andwllere it vvoulc1 he profitably \yitl111eld. The l\lslster maybe easy in his marIners, and courteous in disposition, but he rnust be\lvare 110\V lIe perrnits any kindness of heart to iIltel'fere witll stringentdllties, or to tolerate disobedience to the laws ofnlasonry.. It has been said \vitIl equal judglnent and trutl1, tllat "tIlere is no praise so liglltly accorded <1S tlH~t of being a good hearted 1nan at. tlte botton~1' It is often besto\vec1 011 111en guilty of notorious vices, and l.ltterly devoid of l)rinciple. 'rheS8cret of this strange appropriation of evil lies in the 'tIIlstinted toh:~ratioll with \vhich s11ell clluracters behold tile faults of others.. 1\. good llearte<1 Juan at th,e bottornvvill giv'e llis hand in aUlit}" to tlle living repre.. sentative of almost any (~rirne or\veakness that can disgrace llUIl1anity. lIe will pOQr flJllow the desperate 6

ganlester; good jellow tIle desperate drullkard; alld fine fellow the desperate libertille; in return for all which good 'heartedness, he expects to receive plenary indulgence for allllis OWll irregularities of every description whatever." It will be easily seell tllat suell a good hearted l11an at the hottonl would In[Lke but an illdifferent Master of a Lodge. Its respectahility "\vould soon be conlpronlised ullder suell rule, and its 111embers would dwindle, away till none reluained. The Pillar of vVisdoll1 Inust be of a very different character. The By-laws of a lodge are usually so clear that they call scarcely be Inisinterpreted; and beillg in tIle hands of every brother, they are universally- known. When these are ,adhered, to, according to their literal construction, the interferel1ce of, the Master would be rather illjUrious .than beneficial, and tend to shake the confidence whiell the lnembers ought always to have in their chief. But 'VV~hile he overlooks trifling and Uni111portallt' deviations, it is Ilis bounden dllty to enforce tIle disci})line of llis lodge by a strict observance of tIle Landn1arks, and by (1 judicious attentiOll to every rule \vhose breacll migllt cOll1proIllise any l)rorninellt l)rillciple of tIle order. lIe lTIUSt llever exercise })artiaJity, or be detected ill the slightest bias ill ft1VOur of individuals; btlt 'Vvllen fine 01" punishnlent is illcurred, he路 must be firm in his decisions, and prOlnpt in the enforCClllent of allY sentence \vhiell luaybe found 11ecessary to prorl1ote the vvelulre of 111Usanry in general, or llis OvVll lodge in particular. . A brother "vha possesses all these qualifications, will rule andgov~rl1 llis lodge witl1 hOllour to llilnself, and satisfaction to the brethren; it ,,,,,"ill'represel1t a \vellregu.. . lated and hUl)PY fanlily \~~here hartll0ny and bl"otherly love will prevail aUlongst' tIle l11enlbers; fraternal affection \viII l)reside untailltecl 'Vvith. strife, and discord ; the c.,o~l1),unity,will ellde~vour to 1)l'"Onlote ,each other's '\VTelfate, and ." rej oice in each other' 8 fIosperity; tIle order ,viII becAme respectable in th,esaght of nlel1, and the 1\faster will :retire from his government cro\vned \vitll all the honours the fraternity can bestow. The cllaracter of a good Master 111ay be sun11ned up ill a fe'\v "楼vords.lle has beell invested, "vitIl po~rer tthat, he ~aypromot,e~tIle hal)piness and prosperity of the lodge.

71 . For this purpose he ~onsiders that when he undertook the-offi.ce, his duties were g.. reatly increased; embracin~.·. many points '\vhich require his utmost attention and solicitude. . He feels that .much 'VviII depeIld on 11is own example; for how excellent soever the precepts which he enforces nlay appear, they wiIllose .half their value if they be not borne out and verified by his own practice. This is the main~spring which actuates and gives vitality to the wIloIe machine. If his power be exercisediyrannically, the brethren will·not love him; if he allow the reins of government to be too much relaxed, they will despise him; if he be irrf?gular and dissolute in his habits, they will condemn him. He must be ·a pattern of·correctrtess to l1is .lodge, and never ,allow his authority to be pleaded in extenuation of any serious delinquencies. ' Trf!Il1blingly alive to tIle responsibility Wllicll rests lIP011 hill1, lle COIlsults tIle By-laws, and detennines to regulate his cOndtlctstrietly by 'their pr~visions. He allows. no innovations 'to be practised in the ceremonial or mechanism of the order; no private . committees or separate. conversation alnongst tIle bretll.rel1, but keeps tllenl l~igidlyattelltiYe to tIle' business before them ;no jesting or ludicrous behaviou:r ,v}lichmay disturb the serious avocations in ~thich they are engaged; no disputes or unbecolning langualge alTIOngst tllernselves; and while, during the moments of relaxation, he e11.joys hinlself, in ,common with the.rest of tIle brethren, ,vitIl inn.ocent mirth,. hecarefullY'Rvoids all excess, . and never suflers the harmony of the lodge. to be disturbed by any altercations on the forbidden subjects of religion or politics ; and before closing the lodge hecalltions them ill the language of an ancient Charge," to consult their health by llot continlling together too late or too long from barrie after lodge hours are past; and by avoiding of.. g.lu.tto.·.,n.·,y 0. r.· d.ru.nke.nn.·e.ss'. that. their families be n.ot neglected or injured, and themselves. be disabled from workin8~"

lIe· is regular in his habits botll ill the lodge and in-the world. .Pl1nctual to 'a nl01nent iIi opening and closing the lodge, ·as a stimulus to tIle correct attendance of the brethren; for nQ'th~gahows to so mlloh advantage. in

72 the Pillar of Wisdom as tllis exactness with regard to time. In performing the rites of masonry, whether ill the initiation of candidates, the d~livery of lectures, or other routine business, lle exhibits a seriousness of de- . portment,alld earnestness of demeanour, which attract the attention, interest the feelings, and contribute to recommend the beauties of the systeln, while they infornl the understanding and improve the lleart. There is still another point of great monlellt to the \vell-being ofa lodge, which depelldsin some measure 011 the correct judgment of the lfaster; and that is, the proper choice of candidates for initiatioll. The good Master will firmly resist the admission of any persoll whatever whose character does not correspond with the requisitions contained in the ancient Charges. The calldidates must be good and true men,. free-born, and of luature and discreet age and sound judgment, no bondInen, no women, no ilnmoral or scandalous luen, but of good report; for a.ll preferrnent alnongst Il1asons is grounded UpOll real '\vorth and personulll1erit Oilly. This is of such paranlount il11portallce, that tIle Grand Lodge has thought proper to issue a penal injunction on the subject; because" great discredit and injury llave beell brougllt upon our ancient and h.onourable fraternity froul admitting membersalld receiving candidates without due notice being give11, or eIlquiry made into tlleir cllaracters and qualifications; and also fronl tIle passing and raising of masons vvithOtlt clue instructions in the respective degrees; it is therefore deternlilled tllat, ill future, a violation or neglect of allY of tIle lavv~s ,respecting tile proposing of Inembers, or of Inaking, passing, and raising, shall subject the lodge offending to erasure, because no emergency can be allowed as a justification; nor ,can a disp,ensation in any case be granted.. " To prevent, therefOlre, the introdtlction of improper persons"it is provided by the By路laws of every lodge, that D$ persoIl can be Inade a mason in, or admitted a member of a lodge, if,. on tIle ballot, three black balls appear against hinl. Sorne lodges wish for no such indulgence, but reqllire tb() unanimous consent of thememb'ers I)resent ;sonleadmit one black ball, SOlne two; the By-Ia"rs of eacll lodge must therefore guide them in this respect; but if tllere

be three black balls, such person cannot, on any pretence, be admitted. If all lodges were ~onducted on these principles, they would become, in a more perfect manner, the seat of happiness alld joy; peace, harmony,. and brotherly love, would ever preside at their social meetings; and'they would exhibit no imperfect resemblance of :that blessed state to which all good and worthy masons aspire, when T GAO T U shall eternally preside over the saints in glory.

CHAP. IX. XHE PILLARS OF STRENGTH AND BEAUTY.

"vVhen the Senior Warden standing in the West, Calls us from our LABOURS to partake of rest, We unite, whilst he recites The duties of a mason. On the level meet, on the square we part; Repeats each worthy brother; This rule in view, we thus review Our friendship for each other.. When the Junior Warden to REFRESHMENT oalls us And the Sun is at meridian height, Let us merrily unite nlost cheerily, In social harmony new joys invite. One and ull, at his call, To the feast repairing, .All around, joys resound, Each the pleasure sharing." WEBB.

"They that have used the office of a Deacon wen, purchase to themselves a good Degree.-ST.. PAUL..

THE duty of the Wardens is sOlllewhat Inora restricted. As the Master is presumed to be endued with. Wisdom to contrive, so the Senior Wardell ought to be ill possession of Strength to support, and tIle JUl1ior Warden of Beauty to adorn. Arid tl1is explaills the disposition of the. lodge. The vVorslli~ful Master is placed in the East, to represent the Stln at Its rising in the morning, that lie may open his Lodge, and employ and instruct the brethren in. masonry ; to whom it is Ilia duty to communicate light: forcibly impressing upon, their minds tl1e dignity and high importance of ];'reemasonry, and zealousl yadmonishing" them never to disgrace it.. So that "Then a person is said to be a mason, the world ll"lay know that he is Olle to whom the burdened heartnlay pour forth its sorrows; to \VllOln tIle distressed may. prefer tlleir suit; whose hand is guided by jtlstice, and whose llcart is ex-

panded by benevolence.. The .Junior Warden is placed in the South, tl1at he may observe' the SUll at its due meridian,wl1ich is the most beautiful part of tIle day,to call the men frOln labour to refresl1ment, and froln refreshlnellt to labour, that pleasure and profit may be the mutual result ;w}lile the Senior 'VVardentakes his station in the 'Vest, that at the setting of the Sun he lnay dismiss tIle nlen from their labours, to renew their strength by rest, and close his lodge by -cOll1mand of the Worship.. ful l\faster, after seeing that every brother has had li'js due. Th,e duty of the Senior 'Varden, lil{e that of theM~ ter, is indicated by his J e"\;vel of office, which is a symbol of equality, and instructs 11im that the duties of 'his situation ought to be execllted ,vitIl strict ilnpartiality, and withol.lt respect of persolls. Reglllarity of attelldaIlce is an esselltial part of this office, becallse if tIle l\rIaster should die, or be l"erlloved., or be rendered inca11able of discharging tIle duties of his office, th:e Senior Warden must supply llis place until the Ilext election of officers; and even, ShOl.lld tIle 1vfaster necessarily be absent •from any single lodge, the Senior "'Varden rnust rule the-lodge, if no forlner Inaster be present. The J'ullior 1lvardell is also an important officer. The Jewel by Wllicll he is distinguished, is an en1hlenl of upriglltIless, and l'loiIlts out tIle just and uprigllt conduct which -he is bOUIld to pursue, in conjunction "\vitil the Master and his brotller 'Varden, in ruling and governing the brethren of the lodge' according to the constit'tltions of the Order; and Inore particularly bya due attentiol1 to caution and security in the .examination- of strange visitors. _ Lest _by llis neglect any unqualified l)erson sllonld be enabled to irnpose lIpan the lodge, al1d the bretl1ren be tllUS iIlIlocently led to forfeit their obligation. rI'lle Jc\v'els to which reference has been 11ere rnade, are terlned l\Iovable Jewels, hecause they hang l)el1.c1ant friom the collars of the three chief o,ffieers of tIle lodge, and are transferahle to their Sllccessors at I)1"o!)cr times ands;easons. The lodges in tile early part of tllO last crentury were wo:ked by tllree pr~ncipal officers only; and the present aSSIstant officers were then unknown. In fact, the oflice of a Deacon does not· appear ofa.ny great importal1ce in

76 the busil1ess of masol1ry; and I suspect tllat it was not introduced till l1ear the expiration of the celltury. I am not prepared to nalne the exact date, because I have not conveniellt·access to any Lodge l\fi1111te Books which are earlier tl1an the commencement of the present celltury; but I allall apprOXi111ate very l1early to it if I state it to be betweell the years 1785, and 1790. In the prill1itive lodges the W orshipflll lVIaster stood in tIle East, and both the vVardel1s ,vere placed in the "Vest. This disposition of the cIlief officers is evident fronl every copy of the Lectures do\vn to tile year 1784; and the old masonic s'n~, which is still used, proclaims the fact. In the West see the Wardens submissively stand, The Master to aid, ana obey his command; The intent of his sigt?al we perfectly know, And we ne'ertake offence when he gives us a blow.

A COl1tinental writer of the period says to the same effect. Lorsqu'on se l11et a table, Ie Vel1erable s'assied Ie prelllier en haut du cote de l'Orient. Le 1)rel11ier et second Surveillans se l)lacent vis-a-vis Ie ellerable it. l'Occident. 1'be station in tl1e south was occupied by tIle Sellior Entered Apprentice, and Ilis business \yas" to obey the instructions of the lVlaster,· and to ,velCOllle tIle visiting brethren, after due l)roof~ first 11ad and obtained, that they were luaSOllS." This .latter duty vvas transferred to tIle Junior Warden ,vllell he vvas placed in the Soutll on tlle appointluellt of Deacons, as attel1dants on tIle two chief officers; an<l in a copy of the Lectures vlllicil were used about the close of the 18th century, the Junior Warden's office,an10ngst other important matters, is said to include "the examination of visitors." '\Vhile in the same Lect1.1reS, tIle office of tIle Deacons is simply explained. to be, the one" to carry Inessages from the Master to the Senior Warden ;"and tIle other, '" to c.arry nl€Ssages from the .,Senior to theJ unior Warden, that they 111ay be regularly disp'ers,ed round the lodge." The Junior Entered Apprentice wasp~aeed in the North "to prevent the intrusion of cowarlS . andeavesdroPl1ers ;"aIld his duty, at tIle above period, ",ras transferred to the 'l'yler. It will also be renlenlbered that fronl the revival of Inasonry in 1717,110 lodge vvas C0111petellt to confer Inore

.,r

than Olle degree; and tIle Entered Apl)rentice ,vas 611titled to vote 011 all questions, even in the Grand Lodge. The Sellior Elltered ApI)rentice ,vas therefore all iU11)ortant personage, and qualified for tIle office of a vVarden; but he C011ld not be elected to the Cllair of t.heLodge until he 11(;1c1 beeIl passed to tIle degree ofa Fellow Craft in Grand Lodge. In some lodges,down to the year 1780, the above two officers vvere denominated Se11ior and JUllior Stewards. III 1745, the officers of the lodges on the Continent are thus described. "Every private lodge possesses the p0)yer of c}lusing its ~faster (Venerable) fi路o111 its own members, by a plurality of voices. In France, llowever, this ,vas frequently a life office~ There ,vere also t\VO other principal officers appointed by the lVIaster, Ulld called Wardens (Sul"Yeilla.ns.) It "vas tl1eir dllty to see that the regtllations of tIle Order ,vere observed by tIle lllembers; to superinten(l the cerenlonies and lectures under the directions of th.e Master. Each lodge had also a r,rreasurer to wbomwere eIltrusted路 tIle funds of th,elodge, of which he was obliged to render an account to the bretllren in an especial lodge holden for the purpose on tIle first Sunday in every montll. It llad also a Secretary to record the deliberations of the lodge, of \Vllicll lIe V\"as obliged to make a report l)eriodically to the G"rulld Secretary. The office of a Deacoll is 110t nan1ec1. There is no .111ention of Deacons in any of the early Constitutions of Masonry; \Vlletheredited by I-Illnter, Senex,路and IIooke,(172;3);. ditto Anderson, (1725, 1738); Cole, (1728, 1751); Watts, (1730); Spratt, (1751); Entick, (1756, 1767); Kearsley, (1769); Dermott, (1766, 1778); or Noorthouck, (1784).路 In the year 1731, it was declared in Grand I..Jodge, that the Grand Master, his Del)tlty, and the Wardens, "Tere tIle only GraIld Officers; and in 1768 a func1 being I-aised. towards building a Freelllason's IralI, each Grand Officer ,vas subjected to an annual paynlent ill 11roportiol1 to the digrlity of Ilis office. Amongist these offices tIle Deacons are Ilot registered, iLlthongh tIle list extends dO\V11 to tIle Grand Sword Bearer; nor are tlley . !. nentioned in it at all.. In the details of tIle Procession which took place at tIle dedication of tIle above IIal1,although NoortIlouek llas particularized the situation of e-very officer who was

present on the occasion, dovvn to the Tyler, 110 Deacons occur. It is clear therefore,' that in 1776, Deacons were unkrlowll as masonic ofn.ce bearers. Again, ill the Edition of Preston's Illustrations elated 1781, where 118 gives directions for the illvestiture of tIle several officers of a lodge in his description of the cerenl011Y of installation, 110 mention is ll1ade of the Deacons, \vllile we find tl1em introduced into a subseqtlent editioll of the same work. In the :Thfasonic MiscellaIlies of Stel)}len JOlles (1797), he describes'the ahove ceremony; and also inserts the order of a procession at funerals, ill neither of \Vllicll is the office of a D,ea'con to be found. These repeated examples cannot fail to prove satisfactorily th~t Deacons were not considered necessary ~n working the business of a lodge before the very latter end of the 1Stll century. At this period tIle number "of.'masolls llad increased considerabl y, and some additional officers appeared to, be necessary to assist in the goverlln1ent of the lodges. The office of a Deacoll was therefore instittlted; uind as there were tvYO 'Vardens, tIle saIne llU111ber of Deacons ,vere appointed as their linl111ediate depllties anel assistants, al1d tIle representatives of all absent craftslnen. The Ste"rards are now considered as assistants to the Deacons,aIld the representatives of all absel1t Entered Apprel1tices. The duties attacl1ed to tIle office of a Deacol1 are, "to convey Inessages, to obey cOll1mal1ds, and to assist at initiatiol1S, and in the general practice of tIle rites allc1 cerelnonies of the Order." The Jewel of their office is a dove, as an emblelnof peace, and characteristic of tlleir duties; and their badges are t,vOCOlU111IlS, which are el1trusted to them at their investiture; and wIlen the vvork of nlasoIlry in the lodge is carrying on, the Senior Deacon's ,column is raised; and when tIle lodge is called fronl labour to refreshment, tllat of the Junior Deacon is raised, and the other lo\vered. 'In the old lodges these badges '\vere eall~d ~4 Trunclleons;" alld an InventoryQf the furniture belongmgtoQrlodgeat Chester, tak.nin the year 1761, mentions amop.g Qtherthings, "two Truncheons for the Wardens." At the present day Deacons areunkno\vn 011 tIle Continel1t.. The Freeluason's Lexicon, a G-ernlun publication, thus nanles the existing officers of a, lodge." Every lodge has officers, viz. 1. 1V. }\tI.; 2. S. 3.J. W.;

yv.;

4. Secretary ; 5. Lecttirer; 6. l\Iaster of the Ceremonies ; 7. Two Stewards ; 8. Treasurer~ In 1110st lodges there are, besides these, a Past Master, a Preparer, an AllTIOner, a Hospitalier, and a Decorator. .Many of the first officers llave their deputies or substitutes; and the first tllreeare of great inlportance to a lodge, especially if they llave another and it . better motive for ~ceepting office than merely tOvvear a decoratioll. It is their duty topropagate ",Visdom,. Strength, and Beauty; and like the Sun and Moon, to lighten the . paths of. tIle brethren ; ... but they will not befit to. do this, nor togaill tIle love and respect of the members, if they are 110t endowed with a zeal for the real objects of the society, and well acquainted witll the means of accomplislling those objects. TIley . sllould also diligently strive to obtaill a tllorol1g11 l\.llOWledge of the 111elltal capacities of all tIle bretllrell of tlleir lodge, in order that tIley. nlay l~l1o\v hovv, witll greater certainty and security, to illstruct and ill1prove them in masonry." At the conclusion of this cllapter, a few words on the duties of the members may not be unacceptable; and they may be cOlnprised within a very narro'V,r compass. As ","'e are none of us free from faults, it is tIle duty of every brotller to bear \vitll the infirnlities, to I)ardoll the errors and to be kind and considerate toVY"ards those vvith whom he is so intinlately connected. 1'}lere are few tempers路 so depraved but a sincere endeavour to please will excite in their bosoms, a corresponding sentitnent of love and gratitude. Weare under l)eculiar obligations,and it is eq'ually our duty and our interest to discharge them faithfully, and to the letter. Amidst the various dispositions of mankind, \ve nlust not expect to 111eet \vitl1 allvtecould vvish in every brother vvho is linked \vith us in the indissoluble chaill of masonry; but if \ve resolve to do unto others as ,\ve '~~lOlllc1 have thenl do unto lIS, our llappiness and rnental satisfaction ",rill usually路 be Ul11ply gratified.. Every relativoand social duty is founded 011 rnutual oblig[Ltions; and \vhere tIle seeds of 10\re ul1dfriendship are Il0t sown; or where that whichsprings'up fronl thenl is not cultivated and improved, .it路 will be bIlt "as the grass grovving 011 the housetop, 'W楼llcrewith," as the glorious luuguage of the Psallnist expresses it," the mower filletll Ilot his hand, neither he that bindeth the sheaves, his bosom."

80 A kind and courteous behaviour, tnerefore, to those amopgstwhom we live, is what I should recorhlnend and enforce as a branch of nlasonic duty; because- if we hope to be happy in our several stations and professions, and amidst all the misfortunes and calanlities wl1ich are incident to our present state of existence, we must practisethe masonic virtues, not only of Faith, Hope, and Charity; but also of Temperance, Fortitude, Prudence, and Justice. And above all we must be humane, charitable, and benevolent; knowing that whatever tends to ensure the felicity of our felloyv creatures will be pleasing in the sight of God; and COlltribute, in its degree, to advance our perfection in this world, and ultimately to exalt us to "a building not made with hands, eternal in the heavens '

CHAP.

THE TRACING BOARD OF AN E. A. P.

'.~

Hail, Masonry! to thee we raise The song of triumph, and of praise. The SUll .which shines supreme on high, The Stars that glisten in the sky, The ~foon that yields her silver light, And vivifies the lonely night Must by the course of nature fade away, And all the Earth alike in time decay; But while. they last shall Masonry endure, Buil t on such Pillars solid and secure; And at the last triumphantly shall rise In brotherly affection to the skies. MA.SONIC ODE.

A CHAPTER on this subject may appearsuperfIuous after the copious ilustratiol1s of the 'l'racing Boards ,,"'hich Inay he found in the Historical Lalldmarks of FreemasOIlry,Lect. iv.,. \T~, xvi., and xxvi.; but ill a Book which treats professedly on the Lodge and its workings, a few additional observations nlay with strict propriety be offered to render it complete;l and particularly as our indefatigable. Bro. Harris llas just published a l1ew and improved edition of the Tracing Boards, whicll does him infinite credit, and cannot fail to be of essential service 路to the Masters of Lodges, in the instruotion which is periodically given to the brethren on tl1esymbolical machinery of tIle order. In the tracing Board before us, theca.ndidate's progress ill lnasonry bears a great resemblance to that of tIle baptizedChristian on his road to heaven, according to the system recou1111ended and practised in the earliest ages 1 A路 Pamphlet has been recently published by the G'rand Lodges of the United States, called "the ~fasonic 1'restle. Board for the use of Lodges and brethren.." It ...CIllbraces the illuitrationsof the three degrees of Ancient Craft ~IasoIlrY', arranged . ,and adApted to the nationalSIstem of Work or Lectures,] as reconunended by the National Convention,路 and adopted by 1.11 the. Grand Lodges in the

States..

82 of Christianity. He enters into Covenant at the Font, which is placed at the West end of the Church, w路here, .by his sponsors, 118 makes profession of his fai~h, receives tIle 0 B,and becomes entitled to the whIte robe as a catechumen, in ilnitation probably of the Levites who were selected by king Solomon to carry the Ark of the Covenant into the l'emple at Jerusalem. The white garment was delivered" wit11' a solemn charge in this forlu. "Receive the white and immaculate garment, which thou mayest bring forth without spot before the tribunal of, our Lord Jesus Christ, that thou n1ayest have eternal life/' Such is the commencement of his career in the Church militant;' wllere, if he contend faithfully to the end, he will attain the Church triuluphant in heaven. In like manner the, candidate formas<rnry, being duly prepared, is introduced into the lodge at the West end, and having ll1ade profession of his faith,by the assistance of his 'guide, he receiv~s the 0 B; light dawns UpOll his darl{ened Inind, and he is invested by the officer in the West with a white or lanlbskin a11ron, which he is told is more ancient than the Golden ]"leece or Roman Eagle:: more honourable than the Star and Garter" or any other order under the sun Wllicll could be conferred upon him at that time or any other, by king, prince, or potentate, excellt he be a mason. If his lnasonic course, thus commenced in order, be conducted Wit}l decency, it a:ffords a rational prospect of being clos~d' with decorum, and tenninating in the Grand Lodge above. The catechumen, having been thus introduced into Christianity, was then placed in all inferior rank in the Cllurch, with a lighted taper in his hand, that he might be instructed in the mysteries of his religion. He is stationed before the altar as an emblem of that glory w&~chis to come ; the taper is a symb'ol of the light of fait,h路 ~b~"ewith bright and virgin' souls go rfarth to lneet tIle bndBgJeom. The candidate, for masonry, having been obligated and invested, is placed at the' NQrlh'East angle of the, Lodge, near the p..e destalor altar of masonry, with the lights burning before' him, to receive instruction; and the Tracing Board being spread abroad for that purpose, the, W. M. points out in succession the grouna, situation,

extent, support, and covering of the lodge, all of which are explained in detail. To ensure his serious. attention to tIle. business in hand, he is told that the lodge is situated on 1101y ground,. for which assertion three cogent reasons are assigned, either of whicll would be sufficient to convince him that any kind, of levity would be unsuitable to the place, and subject the offender to very severe reprehension. The form and dimensions of the lodge are first pointed out and explained. It is an oblong square, extending from north to south, fi路onl east to west, from. the surface to thf) centre, and from the earth to the heavens. This boundless extent refers to the tlniversality of masonry, and the influence of its principles and laws overy every clime and country of the habitable globe. In the language of the Grand Lodge of Hamburgh, "the Freel1luson is t~Ug}lt by the IJrinciples of his Covenullt to love a foreigIl brother \VhOlU he has never seell before, and with hand in hand to form the brother-chain '\Ivithout regarding his dress or his p,rofessioll; so too, according to our old Landmarks, the Mosleln, the Jew, and the Christian, aTe received witll the Sa111e affection, anclthe gate of the ll1asonic telnple is open for all . alike."

The situatiollof a lodge is due east and west, because all places of divine \vorship, and regularlJ.constituted lodges are constructed in that direction for three l"easons. 1. '1'he sun, whicll is the glory of the creation, rises in the east and sets in the west. 2. Learning and science originted i l l the east, and afterwards spread to the ,vest-ern parts of the \vorld.. And the third reason refers to the construction of the tabernacle of 11oses. rr11e Inost prominent objects in the Tracing Board before us, are three great !'illars, ill the East, West, and Sou tIl; one aeh of Wllich is IJlaceda dignified YllUSOIlic character; and all are still repl"eSellted in every regular lodge througllout tIle universe. The one in. tIle l~ust is king Solomo'l1, wllostands on the pillar of "'\VisdoIll, to intim&te that without wisdoln to-contrive, no nrcllitectural work call be expiected to tLrrive at ~1 satisfactory conclusion. The mouarch WI10 oecll!)ies tllC pillar 路irl the West, is Hiram king of Tyre, allelnblem of Strength, because witllout Ilia prompt ~sistaneein providing materials and

men for the Telnple at Jerusalem, that magnificent edifice WOL11d never have beell completed in so perfect a lllanner as to l11ake it surpass every otller building ill tIle world for riches and glory. Al1d vvitl10Ut strengtll to support, no work, 110W gorgeous and l11ussive soever it 111igllt be, could expect to be perulanellt. The third is Jliram Abiff; the cIlief arcllitect at the erection of tIle Tenlple. He is placed on the pillar of Beauty, because it was owing to his COnSU111nlate skill and genius tllat it attained perfection; for withollt beauty to adorn, a building would be deficient in splendour of el1richlnent alld l11agnificence of display. It will be seen tllat tllese Pillars represellt the Doric, the Ionic, alld the Corillthiall, vVIlich are tIle only three original orders ill architecture. TIle candidate is then desired to remark that tIle floor of the lodge is cllequered with hlacl{ and white luarble, or Inosaic vvork., the 11101路al signification of vvhicl1 is beautifully illustrated.. It l11ay he observed here that the tesselated paVCInellts of tIle ROll1aIlS, being' \vorkec1 in a regulur Ulld 111ecllUnical Illunner, \vere ,called 0lJUS 1TtUsiVlun, .olJe1YJ, qu(ead (tJnussilllt facta'! sunt. lIenee tIle Italiall :Alttsctico, fronl \VhellCe is路 derived our appellatioll of l\Iosaic; but, like Illost of our other ternlS of art, tllrough tIle channel of tIle French, .L"losa'ique.. And Dr. l)arl" says, as we are assured, by Roscoe, ill his Notes to the Life of Lorenzo de :TIvledici," the ter1l1 l\Iusiva. "vus rnore peculiarlyapplicable to tll'is ltincl of v~rork ,vIlell used in decorating ,valls and ceilings; Litltostra.ta and 'l~esscllallL being the l1an1e of the ,,"'orlt, 'Vhe!l execu.ted on the floor; but as the !)rocess in botllcases ,vas the Sa111e, "\eve, in com111011 \vith other \vriters, have not 11esitatecl to apply tIle saUle terln to both, l\Iusiva, ~IllSet1, or l\tfusia." The \vorlting tools strcvved abOtlt the floor are then brougllt under tIle CtlIldidate's notice, a~nd 118 is tol(l that tIle square, level, and plU111b, althougll toolltward a!)l)ear<1nce theylI路e notlling lllore thaI1 COlnmon il1strnnlellts of 111echunical lab,()ur, yet astlley are used b.y Freelnasons to express certain moral virtues, they are as llighly esteenled as if they were je",rels of all inestirnahle value; and on this a.ccount are al)propriated to certaiuofl:icers of the lodge, as indications not oully of their oflicinJ rank, but also of tlleir respective duties.

TIle following explanation of these cllaracteristic symbols is recolnnlended ill the printed Regulations of the Great l\Iasonic Natio!lal Convention of tile United States, holdell at Baltimore in Maryland, A. D. 1843. "The Square teaclles to regulate Ollr actions by a rule and line, and to llarnlonize our conduct by the principles of morality and virtue. The Leyel demonstrates tllat we are descended from the san1e stock, partake of the san1e l1ature, alid share the sanle 11ope; and thougll distinctions alllong lnen are necessary to preserve subordil1ation, yet no enlinence of station should make us forget that we are br<3.~hren; for he V\TI10 is placed on the lo\vest spoke of fortu"ne's wheel, 111ay be entitled to our regard ; beC~1Use a time will come, 路and the wisest knows not 110"V soon, when all distinctions but that of goodness sllall cease; and . death, the gralld leveller of all hlll11an greatness, reduce lIS to tIle san.le state. TIle Plll111b adlTIOnislles us to \valk uprigllfly in our several stations, to Ilold tIle scale of justice in equal poise, to observe tIle just mediunl betweell il1tclnperance al1d pleasure, and to luake.our passions and l'1'"ejudices coincide "rith the line of duty." 011 the l)e<1estals of the three pillars '\ve find these synlhols repeated, ,vitIl tIle addition路 of otIlers, alnongst \Vllicll '\ve ohserve a svv'orc1 ancl staff in saltire, bound togetllcr ,vitIl a rOlle; all of whicll are satisfactorily exl)lained to tIle candidnte, altl10ugh the illustratioll would 'be inlproper here ;-and a I{ey. N O\V the Key was always esteemed to be all instrument of po,yer and safety; and was formerly used to inaugurate talented individuals into offices of trust. TlrllS tl1ere "vas a custom arnoIlg the ,Jews ill tIle adluission of tlleir doctors, that those to \VhOIll tlley gave authority to interpret the Scriptures had a key delivered to tIlenl vvith certain cere111oIlies. The ste\varcls of a royal 11ousel10ld in SOlne ,vere disting'uisllCd by a goldeI1 ke:y, as tIle synlbol of tlleir office; and llenee the phrase of giving a !JCrSOll a key \vas eqllivalent to investing lliul vvitIl power; and ill .Christial1ity ,"vas al)pliecl to tIle l11inisters as stewards of the nlysteries of G路od. Peter ,vas tIle first that l)reaclled the G'osl)el to i:l1C J C\YS and a'en tiles; and. was therefore said to h&ve o!)ened the kingdom of lleaven to both; ~lhence he is u8u~Llly depicted witll a ~ey in his llana, asa syrnbQlthat he had power to admIt and to 7

exclude; by declaring the conditions of·admission; by the exercise of discipline, and the administration of the sacralnents. Adjoining these \ve see another group of working tools, vvhich are peculiarly designed for the use of the newly. initiated entered apprentice. They COllsist of a rule 24 inches in length, a gavel, and a chisel, togetller with a rough block of ullwrought stone; and are thus explained. "The 24 illCll gauge ,viII enable you to measure and ascertain the size and extent of a work, that you nlav calculate the tlll1e and labour it will take. It teaches you a Illoral lesson that you ought to apportion the 24 hours of a day into 4 parts and devote thenl to prayer, labour, refreshmellt, and rest. The gavel is all iln110rtant instrtln1ent, without the 118e ofwllich no ",Tork that requires manual labour can be cOlnJ)leted; arld it teaches . you the uselessness of skill without· labour; for thoug11 the lleart Inay conceive and the head devise, no design can be exectlted ,vithout due exertiol1. By tlle use of the chisel you rnay rnake un ilnpressiol1 on the llarc1est substances; anc1 though sInall in size it is instrulnelltal ill the erection of the most magnificent edifices. Thus perseverance is necessary to perfectioll; anel it is l)y slow degrees that the rude Tnateriul receives its polisl1; alld that the Inost indefatigal)le exertions are necessary to enligl1tel1 the 11lind, fil'neliornte the l11al1nerS, and illduce a consistent habit of virtue and holiness. '!'llC rougll stone, ·wllicll is called on the Continent Pierl-c Brute, ou chaos, ou illiaste, Oll byl6, is aneulblern of the Inin.<1 of 111an ill its nlost rude and in)l')er:fi~ct state, ,vhich carl only be brougllt into forIn b~y· tIle force of edueationandlIloral culture."

Ina corresponding situation 011 the floor "Wre see a stone perfectly squared and })olished, hanging by a ,vinch, and suspended fi-oln n. Lewis, to sy!nbolize the perfect nlflson

in his old age after he has subdued his passions, and obtained&. vic.. to. ry over the.. three great enemies of 111.-S Christian warfare, the world, tIle :B.esh, and tllC devil . This is all allusion to Rev~jii. 12, where '1' G' AO T U protllises "hhn that overcolueth will I lnake t1 pillar ill the tenlple of 11137' God, and he sltall go no IIlore out; aIld I· will vlrite uI)on hinl the naIne of IllY' G'od, allel tIle name of the city of IllY God, 'Vvhich is new Jer'usalem,

vvhichcometh down out 'of l1eaven from my God; AND I Which Pyle thus paraphrases. "As the pillars of a sumptuous temple arebotll tIle strength路 and ornament of it, so shall all who steadily suffer in my Name, and overcome the lusts and temptations of the world, be esteemed worthy to be nlel11bers of my future church, triumphant and glorious, wherein they路 shall remain in uninterrupted felicity, as they have been the honour and ornaments of it in the present state of trial." . The Lewis which sustains the weight of this perfect ashlar denotes strength; and. consists of路 a certain .iron instrurnent, which bein.g dovetailed into the centre of a stone; forms a cramp which enables the operative mason to raise it, how heavy soever it may be, and fix it with the greatest ease on its proper basis. It syJnbolizes the son of a Master l\Ia.son, whose duty is to. bear the burden and 11eat of tIle day when his aged parents are incapable of labour; to supply their wants and render the latter end of their lives cheerful and happy. Near the centre of the fiooraIldin front of the pedestallies a square board on vvhich the emblems ofa lVIaster are placed, to intimate that it is devoted to the use of the officer wllose. duty it is "to contrive" the most efficient designs, and to arrange the materials of the work,. that it may be brought to a useful and harmonious conclusion. This is called a r:eracingBoard,. and it contains the ground plan of some public building surrouIlded bya portico, .designed in beautiful symmetry and order; and thus becomes a symbol of the great Charter of our Faith and Ifope, the Holy Bible, which is the Spiritual Tracing Board of TG A 0 rr U, for iII that book he llathlaid dO\,tll SllCll a rich series of moral plans and glorious designs, thtlt \vere we conversant tllereiIl and adherent thereto, it ,would bring us to a building not nlade with hands eternal in the heavens. The candidate no\varrives in front of the Pedestal, which the French masons denominate an Altar, in the East, as the catechumen in Christianity, after he has gone tllr(u~gh all the p:e1imi!lary c. eremoniee prescribed by theCh'ftrch, IS admItted Into the Bema,Chancel,or Church triumphant, to partake of tne most solemn xnysteries of religion. On the front face 路of the pedestal WILL WRITE UPON HIM MY NEW. NAME."

88 there is inscribed a circle and central point flanked by two perpendicular parallel"lines, which is one of the most glorious syulbols of FreeInasonry, when clearly understood and properly applied; but the elucidation is too copious for introduction here.2 From this point the Board exhibits a clear alld intelligible view of the progress and end of the Christian system of religion. On the pedestal is the IIolyBible covered with' a square and a pair of compasses. These have a peculiar name alDongst masons which denotes their power' of illuminating the mind with the rays of divine knowledge. The Bible. is the ground of our Faith, .\vhile the square and compasses united serve to regulate our Practice. At the foot of the Pedestal, in the place of Wisdom, and. .imbedded in an effulgence of light, the candidate sees the glorious vision of a Ladder, like that by which Jacob was entranced during his melan'choly journey froll1 Beersheba to PadanaralD, a distant country in the land of Mesopota111ia., vvhen, by the advice of his lTIotller, lIe fled from the wrath of Esau. It is composed of staves or rounds innumerable, on whicl1 are seen angels ascending and descending. This has been usually considered asa symbol of divine providence, vvhich superintends all the works of creatioll,and dispenses grace, mercy, and justice ""Tit}l unerring accuracy amongst the sons of men. The foot of the ladder is placed on tIle earth to denote the sta.. . bility of Providence; and its top reaches the lleavens to show that the designs of Omnipotence are without limit; the innumerable staves or l路ounds on which the angels move point out their ceaseless superintendance over human affairs ; the angels ascending are ministers of Providence going up to the Throne of grace. to make their communications and to receive commands; and路 those descending are charged with commissions to comfort the so.ls of the just. The Theological virtues, Faith, Hope and Charity, 2 rrhe Author .is at presen.t 'en~ged in an investiga.tion of the origin of this. sublime symbol, and of the various interpretations which have been attached to it at different periods as it passed through. the hands of our brethren of' the last century; and the result will shortly be placed before the fraternity..

89 each with its appropriate sYlubol, and the former with her foot upon the Holy Bible, occupy the most promi11ent stations on the ladder, to intimate that the only true road to heaven is througll. three gates, of which they keep tIle keys. No one can ascend even the first step路 without the assistance of Faith; neither can he pass tIle centre of the ladder unless he be supported by Hope. The summit is under the guardianship of Charity, to show, that although .tIle Christian may have passed through the two gates, yet he must possess a still more benignant and efficacious virtue, if he would luaster the steep a~cent, and enter the everlasting lodge above. The mason who is possessed of this latter virtue, may justly be deemed to have attained the summit of his profession; figuratively speaking, an ethereal mansion veiled from mortal eye by the starry firmament; and emblematically depicted in a nlaSOll's lodge by seven stars, without which number of regularly initiated brethren,no lodge can be accounted pelfect, nor any gentleman be legally' admitted into the order. ~

CHAP. XI. THE

TR.AOING'~BOARDS

OF .A FELLOW CRAFT AND A MASTER MASON.

u.A.ndhe with love of sacred wisdom 拢X'd,

The Mighty Prince whose pious hand, To the eternal found of truth and light That holy temple rear'd, The pride and wonder of Judea's landHis great and comprehensive mind, A nohleredifice design'd, That time and envy should defy-Founded on trut.h's etemal base, Vast as the ample bounds of space, And sacred to fraternal :unity." j

RODWELL WRIGHT.

THE Tracing Boards of the second degree are liWO in number. Some little il'nprovement has .been made in the first, which otherwise is essentiall~ the same as ,that which is described in the Historical Landmarks of Maso~ry, Lect. xvi., to which I again refer, as it will beunllecessary to recapitulate the explanations \Vllich . have been made in that comprehensive work, because it is in the hands of every zealous mason tllroughout the universe. It will be seen that the t"vo great Pillars are omitted, and the figure of a man has been added, w 110 appears entering in llaste, to communicate intelligence. to the ancient Junior Warden, who guards the foot of the winding staircase, of the great victory over the Ephraimites, together with some indications of the battle,which are seen in the distance; as for instance, the路 tents of Jeptha,.a;nd the sentinels who have been placed to guard the fords of the river Jordan, where the Ephrainlites, in endeavouring to return .into their OV{U country, were recognized by their inability to pxonounce the password Shibboleth, which the people of Ephrainl, who could not articulate the letter It, called Sibboleth. This word means floods of water; and therefore tIley were mad~ to utter the request, "Let us pass over the vvater."

91 And there fell at that time t"vo "and forty thousand men; whicll was a terrible slaugl1ter for one tribe to make of another; but the Ephraimites appear to have desel"ved the punishment, for their insolence and telnerity in reviling their brethren, threatening to destroy t11e house of Jeptha by fire, and making a hostile invasion of tIle country for that express J)urpose. The reasons for omitting the two Pillars from the first of these Tracing Boards appear to be because the Middle Chamber,with its approaches by the winding staircase, being on the right side of the House adjoining the vyalls of the Temple, these pillars \verenotvisible froln thence, being placed at the entrance of the Porell Wllich opened into the Holy Place. The winding staircase closely tiled remains unaltered. It consists of fifteen steps, \Vllich alone 111ight afford a series of useful and entertaining &peculations to complete our l)rogress along the l11ystical ascent; for having passed over the three, five, and seven steps, when from itssnmmit.we look baclt upon the latter division,路 the creation of the universe is naturally suggested to our l11inds, which "vas effected in six equal portions of time, while the seventll was consecrated to rest and worship.. They also represellt tIle Sephiroth, or n1ysterious ladder of the J e,\vs, consisting of seven 路 steps, crowned by the Sacred Trinity. r!'he winding staircase is fianked by ornan1ented pilasters, against which路 are placed the larger Cherubinl of the Temple, supporting the pentalpha and tIle seal of Solomon. Adjoining these,alld fronting the SU!)POl.. ts of the gallery or lobbywllicllleads to the Middle Chamber, are two arched panels, containing.the working tools of a Fellow craft, viz., tIle .square, the level, and the plU111b. The square is used amongst operative. masons to try and adjust all irregular angles of buildings, and to assist in bringing rude matter into due form; the level is used to lay lines and prove horizoIlta1s; and tIle 111uInb to try and adjust all uprights while fixing on th,cir IH'oI)er bas,is. By speculative Inasons these instrll111ents are applied to the regul,ationofconduct. The square teaohes mOl"ality, the level ,equality, n,nc1 the l)lun1b 'Up'righ'tness . of life and action../ Thus by the moral application of these working tools .:tl).eFellow craft hopes to ascend to the Grand Lodge above.

92 III the secolld Tracing Board we are favoured with a perspective view, lool~ing froll~ between tIle Pillars illtO tIle· Holy Place,· witIl the Sanctum SallctorulU at the fartllestextremity ; and tIle l11eeting of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba with Hiranl ICing of Tyre; which have been introduced as figures that all adequate idea may be forlued of the l11agnitude of tIle· pillars and the dimellsions of the 1\JIost Holy Place. As tIle nalue of tlle Qlleell of Sheba has beell cOl1nec~ed vvitI1 Freemasonry from the ea.rliest tillles, it may not be uninteresting to ascertain who slle \vas. Bruce says that amongst the Arabs l1e1" nanle "vas Belkis; wllile tIle .Abyssinians . called ller Macqueda. Our Saviour denominates her Queell· of the South; and says that slle came from tIle uttermost parts of the earth to hear the wisdoln of Sololnon. It is uncertain whether she were a J ewess or a Pagan; but it is clear that she .visited Sololnon with the intention ofpuzzling hinl by llard and unanswerable questions. 811e appears to have been a persoll of learning; beeause tIle reason 811e {tssignecl for c0111ing to llinl vvas. to try \vlletller fame had notexaggeratec1 the rel)ort of Ilia wisdorn. In this subsidiary Tracing Board we· find· tIle decorations of the Pillars accurately l,ourtrayed with lily-\vork, net-work, and p0111egral1ates, denoting unity, I>eace, and plenty. Their constructioll was the first inlportant "vork · perfOr111ecl by tIle .chief architect Hiran1 Ahifi: Together they were· 35 cubits in··heigllt or 17·~· eu.bits each. Jerel11iah says, their tllickness ,vas four fingers breadth, for they were ·llollow and fOl"lned of cast brass. The cireUlnferellce was 12 c1.1hits, and the diameter 4; and tIle chapiters in all 5 c1.1bits 11igl1.They were surlll0uIlted by spherical bodies on wIlielt were delineated Dlaps of the terrestriaL and celestial globes; instructions in which anciently formed one chief employment of a Fellow craft". Lodge. The hollow space vvithin . th,e .cylinders "vas nSiedliarchives of masonry al1dtQ . hold tIle constitutional recoTas, forwhicll tlley were sufficiently capaCiOllS.

These pillars. are surmounted by . tlle acknowledged synlbol of the Holy Spirit of God, a llovering dove bet,veell two cherubinls in tIle act of ,vorship. rrIle holy place is gOl·geously enriched ,vith eherubilns, to represent the hosts of angels attending to execute the Divine

will and pleasure; and also with paInl trees and \vreaths of flowers. Dr. I{itto justly suspects that these palIn trees fOrllled a sort of pilasters; for certaill1y that seenlS to be the form" in which a palIn tree, caryed in relief, nlight be exllibited to most advantage. The'figllre of the paInl tree v~ras well suited for this PUflJose, or for pillars, or for any form of ornamental exhibition. r~rhe selection of this form corresponded 'Witll one of the ,most pure cllaracteristics of Egyptian taste; as did also the form of the lotus, which was givel1 to the only two pillars, of which we read in the description of the TeInple. We do not. wisll to say that Egypt furnished tIle 1110dels which \vere followed at Jerusalem. We are 111oreinterested in observing, tl1at the earliest u'ritten aCCOullt of a magnificel1t building conCllrs with tIle llloSt ullcient structures tllut still exist, ill testifying tllat tIle Illost ancient Orl1alncnts of arcllitecture were imnlediately derived from the types vVllich nat-lIre offered; viz., the lotus or lily, and the pOluegranate. The Holy Place is li~hted by ten candles, five on each siele, wit11 tIle altar of il1cens-e in the celltre. At the west end the Holy ofllolies appears througll a slight l)artitioll betv~teen the two curtains whicIlare 111ade to constitute the veil of the rrelTIple. Now the tabernacle of J\tIoses llad t\VO veils; the exterior one was placed at tIle entrance of the Ifoly Place, \Vllich Solomoll superseded by tIle erection of the Porch;. and tIle other was the real veil of the Temple which excluded tl1e Sallctum Sallctoruln from public view. This "vas rent at the crucifixionofChrist, to Sl10\V tl1at the most secret mysteries of religioIl were now unveiled, Ulld the schen:le of salvation fully 'laid open to Jew and Gentile alike, when Christ l)l'"onounced tIle potent vvords-" IT IS FINISHED." 'l'RA.CING BOARD OF THE TIIIRD DEGREE.

On a ,..-iew of this Tracing Board \ve are strllck 'V'''ith awe and veneration. The enlblems of nlortality~ and the resurrection are calc1.llated to extort fronl 118 '"'that .h91y exclamation of Grarid l\Iaster David, "Lord, so teacb. us to,nl1mb,'erour days, thatvvenlay a11ply our hearts unto \visdom." In this doclllnent tIle veil of separation bet\vee!l. J c\v&nd Gentile is wholly withdrawn,and tIle Illysteriol1S contents of. the Most Holy Place displayed to public view. Th"0se ,were the Ark of the Covenant

94 with the Propitiatory or:Th1ercy Seat, overslladowed by the divine Shekinah, \vhicl1 SODle think was nothing luore than the Sacred N aUle' or ord. Landseer· conj ectures that the Asherirn of the I-Iebrews'vvere surrounded by the Name of the Lord J ehOYi111 expressed ill IIebre\v cllaracters. This he den0111inates a lVIystery; and adds, "let the reader refer to those passages in tIle Lall1el1tations of the Hebrew. poets vvI1ere the })hrase,the N a.1ne of the L01"d occurs, and let hiln observe the l11ingled sentil~lent of woe and detestation tIl at is felt by the author of SOUle of the psaluls, when tIle Babyloniall invaders had violated the sanctuary, and cast tIle NAME of the Lord to tlle ground." The Cherubim, according to. the opinion of tIle Rabbi Solomon,. were pictured inl;lulnall shape, in the form of young· 'nlen; because the angels .appeared in that form to.Abraham, Lot, and others; .·and··they were made witll vvings, because when the angels '~"rere despatched on allY divine c01l11nission, theyvvere said to fly. 1'he description of those Wl1ich 80101):1011 Il1ade states tllat they stood upright llpon tlleir feet; and were intended to 1"epresellt the glory of God. Dr.vVillet, in 11is lIexapla, institutes a curious comparison betvveell the Chcl"ubiln of Moses and those added by Solomon. He says "tlley differed in the matter,. one being all of gold, and tIle other of olive tree overlaid witll gold. They differed also in magnitude. Their wings were spread all one way, and they stood together; ",ritll one wing they touched one another, and with the other tIley touched the vvalls on each side; '\vhile' theCherubilns of l\foses stood at the two ends of the Mercy Seat. 80101110n'8 Cherubims looked botll towards the east, wllile those of Moses looked north and south. III the Holy of ITolies of the tao,srnacle tllere were only two Cher1.1biIns, wllile int'he Temple four." n.··:08!1~iiQ'!~~~ms of mortality which c1eCt9fste the COffil1, are tlrusee• •ente!d on in the 11las·€>l1io fUllcrtll service. "What are all the externals of majesty, the I"Hide of wealth, or charms of' beautY1 wIlen Nature claims her just debt? Let us support with propriet}r the character of our profession, advert to the nature of our solemn engagemellts, and sllP11licate the Divine grace to enable us to pursue with unvvearied assiduity the sacred tenets

of our Order. TIllis shall we secure tIle favour of that eternal Being wllose goodness and power call know 110 bOlllld; and !)rosecute our journey witl10Ut dread or apprehension, to a far distallt country wllellce 110 traveller returns. By the light of the Divine countenallce we shall pass without. trembling through tllose gloolny mountains when all things are forgotten, and at ··that great and tremendous day, vvhenarraignedat the bar of Divine justice, jlldglnent shall be pronounced in our favour, we shall receive tIle reward of· our virtue, by acquiring.- the possessioll of all iU1nlortal inlleritallce, where joy flows in onecontinuedstrean1, audIlo mound can check its course." Anl0ngst the most relnarkable Syll1bols 011 this Tracing Board, that of tIle central cavity, ,\;vllere tIle lost \vas found, is 1110st consl)icuous. By tllis enlblell1 \ve rel)resent tIle beginning of lile,alld tIle eirclc\ve run until tIle mOlncnt when 'Vve arrive at tIle end, alld at our eternal,destina;tion. The working tools. ofa. Master Mason consist of a pair of compasses, a skirret, and a pencil. The skirret acting 011 a centre I)in, is tlsed to mark out the ground of a ncwbuilding; \vith tIle pencil tIle l\Iastel" c1ra'\vs 11is plans for tIle direction of the worklnen; and by tlle use of the C0111paSSes he ascertains . their limits and proportions ,vith accuracy and truth. 'I'hese tools, as in·both the [orIner cases, are n.lade subservient tot.lle purpo.ses. Qf morality. Thus as the skirret has a chalked line attached to it, it points out tIle straight line of duty chalked out in th.e sacred \Vord of G·od; ·tne pencil teaclles that our words and actions are recorded in tIle book of God's relnembrance to be brought against us at tIle day of judgment. The cornpasses are all embleulof Divine justice, Wl1ich llas given us a law, and left us free to choose or refuse .\vhether we will obey it or 110t, \vitll tIle certainty of revv'nrd or puuishnlellt according to our "h-rorks. If "ye attend to tIle teaellingof thesewerkil1g tools,and perfornl the d'uties \vhich they prescribe, we lnay live in 110l)es, throllgl1 t}lem~ti..s of the Alnlig: Architect of the Universe, of aaoeIlcdil1g to the G'rand·•• >,•• Qdgeabove, v.lllere peace,· order, and harmonyeternally preside. The ornaments.11 ~M,&s:ter M818Qn'S lodge depicted on l

the Tracing Board, are the porch, the dormer, and the stone pavement. The porcll is tIle Entrance to the Holy of Holies ; the dormer is the window which gives light to the same; and the stone pavement is for the high priest to walk on; and his office is to burn incense to the honour and glory of tIle Most High, p;nd fervently to pray for the continuance of prosperity and peace. In the open air, above the coffin, a sprig or branch of a tree is depicted, in conformity with the custom of ancient times, when the people of all nations entertained a sacred feeling on the subject of decking the graves of their honouted dead with plants and flowers. It was used to a great extent in tbis country a century ago, and the disuse of so beautiful a custoln is much to be regretted. In the East the graves of deceased persons are still planted with odoriferous herbs and flowers, which are .tended weekly by the female members of their respe,ctive families. For a nlore copious explallatioll of tIle synlbols before lIS, I must refer TI1Y brethren to the IIistorical Lalldnlarks of l\fasonry, vol. ii., Leet. xxvi.; recolnlnend.ing theln to reflect seriously on the uncertainty oftlleir lives, which luay be cut off'at a moment's notice; and never to forget that this life will be followed by another whicl1 wilillever have an end. The Tracing ~oard points路 out the resurrection of the dead, and a future state of rewards and punishments, to be distributed according to the measure of our faith and practice; and its silent emblen1s eloquently exhort us to pass through things temporal, that we may not finally lose the things that are eternal. If we live righteously, the way to heaven is open to us. If we wipe away the tear from the orphaJ.l's clleek,and bring him路 up to virtu~and to Go.d;-if we make the :widow's heart to sing for joy;-if we cheer o~worthy, aged,~~ infirm Brother In his downwardpssisage to the grave,w."'~~~l~havecauseto rejoice in the testilnonyof Ollr consei~D~~,~~h:atin all simplicity all'n godly sincerity "ve have had our "ioon.versation in the world. These are the 路prop'er pursuits of Speculative Masonry; and if it be practisea with a view of increasing the Faith,. and Hope, and Charity of its professors; and of producing a luxunant 11arvest of Tenlperance, Fortitude, Prudence,

and Justice, Brotherly Love, ~Relief, and Truth, it will show forth its good works to the glory of our Father which is in heaven. And tllen . At thy shrine, 0 Masonry, Shall admiring nations bend; In future times thy sons shall see 'fhy fame from pole to pole路 extend. To worlds unknown thy heav'n-born light dispense, And systems own thy sacred influence.

CHAP. XII. LABOUR AND REFRESHMENT.

" Aftyr mete they v,"ent to play, Aile the folk as I you say, Some to chambre and some to bowere, And some to the hie towre, And some in the halle stode." METRICAL ROMANCE. H Alexander subdued the world, Cesar his enemies, Hercules nlonsters, but he that overcomes himself is the true valiant captain."-

, HOWELL.

OUR brethren of the last century, "vitIl a vie\v to the more c0111plete aecol11modation of tIle ll1el11bers, had their lodges furnished \vith a long table extending froll1 east to west down tIle centre of the rOOln; and ill eases \vhere the lodge "vas I1U111erOUS, tvv路o, flanked by bencl1es with backs-leaving a cOlumodious passage at "eaell end for uses which every brother is acquainted with; and in the latter case, the Senior 'Varden occupied the 11orth-~"rest, and the Junior Warden the south-west end. On these tables were disposed a pair of IS-ill. globes; the perfect ashlar suspended from a Le\vis, and affixed to a winch; and sOlnetimes all air pump, an arlnillary sphere, and a s111all philosopl1ical apparatus, as well as the uSllal ornaments, furniture, and jewels. The effect was in11)Osing; and I think. \ve have gained 110thing by its sacrifice. I confess I prefer this disposition of a lodge for many reasons. It prevents that illdiscriminate arrangement of the members whicll occasionally creates much confusion, by placing the brethren more completely under the lVIaster's eye, and consequently 11nder his command; for in tIle present arrangement of the lodge room, opportunities are o'flerec1 for private conventions and conversations, which are the bane of societiesconstitllted on tIle plan of Inasonry, and a violatioll of tIle ancient charges of the Order, which positively: forbid theln "to hold private

committees or separate COllversatioll, \vitllout leave from the Master; not to talk of any thing impertinently or unseeluly, nor' interrupt tIle l\Iaster or War,dens, 01" any brother speakil1g to the Master." Such conduct is sure to proV"e ~ll obstacle to the good governluent ofthe lodge, on whicll tllestability and success of the institlltion in a great n1easure depend. Besides, tIle table was a gel1uineFloor Cloth, or great Tracing Boal~d, not 111e1"e1y affording an opportunity for every brother to reflect on the use arid application of the various ~"sYlnbols which l1e. has continually before his eyes, tIlat point the way to a series of illvaluable conclusions, each of ","'11ic11 enforces SOlTIe virtue, or inculcates some . Inoral trutl1 that Inay be brougl1t il1tO beneficial practice during his commerce with the world; but also giving an illcreasec1 facility of reference to tIle Worshipful l\faster in the chair; und Inalting a 1110re per111anent inlpression on tIle 111ind of a newly initiated CUlldidate, by a sight of the SY111bols brought visibly under his 11otice, than by nlerely nanling tlle111 with the custo111uryexplanations. Nothing fixes all object so firmly in tIle recollectioll as to have it disl)layed before .the eye; and therefore it "vas tIle laudable cnstolu of S0111e 'Vvorth:y l\Iasters of that 11eriod, to point out \\ritll a ,vand to tIle Rougll Stone in tIle north-east angle of tIle lodg~, the various en1blelns disposed before 11inl0n t'he table, \VIliell were tllUS luore appropriately illu.str.ated, and more readily comp reheI.lded. The wisdonl \Vllicll was illlparted b}T tl1is sirnple process W0111d be esteelned of greater value, beCatlSe the cal'ldidate plainly saw that it was practical; alld the explanations \vo11ld have IJ10re "\veigl1t,. because they would be understood to be reasonable and just; and he vvould depart 11101"e I)erfectly satisfied tllat tIle institution into \Vllicll he lUld just been adulitted was \vorthy of cOlnlnendatiol1 and apI)}"oval. The reJ110val of the tables at the Unioll in 1813, was intended to supersede tIle ellstonl of tal{ing refi~eshnlent during lodge llours, for \\.lJ.iell they afI'<Jrded the requisite conveIlience; as if 1110derate refi"eshnleIlt \vere inoonsistent witll tIle solernn bushless of the lodge,. The Author of Ollr being has better llnderstood the nature of mall. lIe has assigned hours for labour and Jlours for refresllment; and he 1188 appointed certain l,h)7"sical ap-

100 pearances, to determine beyond the possibility of mistake, the recurrel1ce of those stated periods oftirne. The SU11 rises in the East, and calls l1im to labor; it gains its meridian ill the South, and summons hil11 to refreshment; and it sets at length in tIle West, to remind Jli111 that repose is necessary to restore llis exhausted strellgtll for another day of toil. all this prillciple Freelnasonry "vas originally founded; and 110 squealuish taste, or fastidious opinion ought to induce us to abandon it. TIle practice has received the sanction of all antiquity, and forms one of the 'unchangeable landmarks of the order. Besides, its disuse precludes the duty of one of the three Pillars of tIle lodge, the Pillar of Beauty, and virtually annuls his office; and 110W can a lodge be supported If one of its 111ain Pillars be l"elnoved? This officer proclaims aloud at the opening of every lodge, tllat llis duty 1S "to call tl1e Ine11 from labour to refreslllllent, and from l"efresl1111ent to labour, that ·pleasure and profit may be tl1e 111utual result ;"-bllt in practice he never discharges any suell duty, and tllerefore beCOlues liable to tIle ill1pUtation of negligence, and his office of inutility. Ilovv does tllisagree vvith tl1e ancient clutrge vvhiell directs the Wardens to be true to tIle l\faster and Fello\vs, tal{ing care of all things botll"vithill and vvithout the lodge, that tl1e Lord's \vorl~ be not retarded? But the Jl111ior Warden, by our present customs, has no OptiOll but to lleglect 11is outy, b~y vVllich therefore tIle Lord's V\iork is retarded, and he beCOll1€S aUlellable to tIle 11el1alty of disobedience. I alll not ashan1ed to aCkl10\vledge that I like the good old cllstonl of 1110derate refresll111ent during lodge 11ours, because, under 1,rolJel" restrictions, I anl l)ersuaded that

it is consonant "vith ancient usage.

TIle following are the routine cerenl0nies 'vllicll vvere used on suell occasions by our bretllren of tIle last century. At a certain llour of tbe evening, and hy certaill eerelnonies, the Jodge \vas called from labour to refi"eshln,ent; when the brethren .... enjoyed themselves \\tith decentnlerrinlent," and the song, and the toast, prevailed for a brief period. TIle songs "vere 11sually on masonic subjects, as l)linted ill the old Books of Constitutions, and other V\torks; and although the poetry" is sonletinles not of the clloicest kind, yet several of tl1enl llla}"r class aUlongst the best

101 compositions of the day. Each song had its appropriate toast; and thus tIle brethren were furnished with the lnaterials for passing a soci-al hour. And I can say from experience, tl1at the time of refreshnlent in a luasonic lodge, 路as i~ was conducted up to .the Unioll in 1813, was a period of unalloyed happiness and .rational enjoyment. All was peace, hannony, and brotherly love. The song appeared to have more zest than in .a private company; tIle toast thrillecl more vividly upon the recollection; and the small modicum of punch, with which it was honoured, retained a higher flavour than the same potation if produced.at a private board. With what a profound expression of pleasure have I often seen. this characteristic toast received:To hun that all things understood, To him that found the stone and wood, To hiul that hapless lost his blood, In aoing ofhis duty. To that blest age, and that blest morn, Whereon those three great Inen were horn, Our noble science to路 adorn, With Wisdom, Strength, and.Beaut.y..

Alas! Inost of tIle brethren of the times I speak of, have gOlle to tlleir long hallIe; and all bllt myself have bid adieu to masonry for ever! During these happy monlents, tIle l)retllren entered with much unction upon their refreshlnents; Wllich were generally conducted with great decorulll in obedience to tIle old Gotllic Constitutions, Wllich direct the brethren to" enjoy tl1emselves with innocent 111irth, treating one anotller according to ability,but avoiding all excess; llot forcing any brotllcr to eat or drink beyond his own inclination, according to tIle old Reglllt1tion of King AIIRsuerus; 110r l1inderillg hiln from going 110111e when he pleases, lest tIle blall1e of their excess be unjtlstly thrown upon tIle fraternity. No private pi('!1]es, no quarreIsabout 11atiollS, fallliliee, l"eligions, or })oIitics,must be brought.witllill tIle door of tIle loc1ge; for, as.masons, \,~e are of the ol(lest Catllolic lleligioll, and of all nations 1.1pOn the Square, Level, and Pltllnb; and like our predecessors in all ages, '\ve are resolved against political disputes, as contrary to the peac. e and welf:.are of the lodge." Occasionally, it is admitted, the masons might 8

102 and' did, tral1sgress after the. Jodge was closed;1 for, in the language 'ofa writer ,in Blackwood's Magazine,2 "what says the poet, ill oneol those inspired strains by which the gifted' .song of song, :f:1.inging the touch ,of genius ,aiound theIn, and therewitllilluminatingalld revealing .the sudden 111ysteries ,of 'nature, occa~ionally announce sublinle truths to the world? Punch curesthe gout, the colic and the phthisic, And is of all things the very best·of physic.

Now although this isa poetical exaggeratioll, yet it'is to· be. presll111edthat tIle inost captious teetotaller will scarcely find any thing reprehensible, alnongst tll0se who do not enlbrace his opinions, if they sllould ilnbibe, in the course of an ,evening, ,so ,~nucll as two or three glasses not muchlarg~r thana t~il()r'sthimble. And it is a vvell .attested fact, tllat the, Freemaso11s' Lodges, even in those times of universal ebriet}'/", ,vera less liable to exceptioll than any otl1er associatiol1sof the tinle, notwithstallding the authority of .IIogal·th's libellous portrait of Sir rrl10111as de Veill, in his picture of Nigl1t, whicll is a \vretched and defaulatory caricature, uI1\vorthy of its ul1thor, although in k.eepingwith tIle current' slanders circulated to the prejudice of the craft ; for a striking excellellce of the Inasollic. systenl is, its· (lissuasives frolll intemperance; 011 \vhich,as we have just seen,the ancient· cllarges are' very pointed. Indeed . Telllperance, as one .of the .cardinal virtues, is held ill tIle 11igllest estimation, in the systelTI of nlusonry. . Wilen'I was the vVorshipful }rfaster of·a lodge, the refresl1ments'1t~ereabsteluious and 111oderate.The an10ullt for eacll brother \vas strictly limited to three sInall glasses I find inaprintocl Letter, dated" 9th Noy., in tIle vulgar year the follo,ving passage on the above subject.. ·'Some ooIuplahithat tho masons cbntinue too long in the lodge, spendingtht)ir money to the, hurt of their families, und COIue hOlue too late, nay·som.eti.mesinwxicated with.·liquOT!" But they have no occasion to drink m.uch in lodge hours; and when the lodge is closed (always in gooc1 tiIne}anybrotherma.ygo horne 'when he pleases; so tbat if any stay longer andgetinto:ricated, it is at their O\VIl cost, not as masons, but as other imprudent nlen nul.Y do, for 1vhich the fraternity is not accotUltable; and the 'expense of a lodge is not so great as that of many a privllte club.. " 2 Vol. xlviii., p. 216. 1

m~onry5738,1'

103 of punch, and this v~ras seldom exceeaed, except at tht annual fes~ival, vvhen a pint of "vine "vas allowed; and 1 anl aI)prehensive that a sinlilar regulation \vas adopted by 1110st other lodges ; ,at least I never n1et with an excel,tiOll 011 ordinary occasions. Under SUCll restrictiol1S, masonry \vas, not likely to be charged wi tIl intenlperance and excess. I t is 110t to be denied but there "vere 80111e bret.hrel1 who displayed all allxiety to have the allowance increased; but the character of luasonry prevented theln fronl persisting ill tlleirdelnands ;. and I should think. an instafice of a lodge, ill these days, addicted to intemperance, was not to be found. It would have beella Tara avis in terris, nigroque silnillima cygno. 'l'he I11frS0l1 of the last century, I am afraid, was 110t constitutionally ten11)erate; bllt the fault "vas 110t in tIle S}~steln, it "vas in tIle tenlper of tIle tilues. No p"llblic literary or sciell- . tifie l)"llrsuit ,vas earried on \'vitllOllt being \vashed c10,\Vll b;t l1U111eroUS 110tations; ,Ind it is sootll to say that lllost of the private students of the tinlC ,\vere addicted to the sarne IJractice. The present age has revel"secl the

CustOl11, and fhllen into an extreule equally reprellensible, and at variance \vitll scripture and reason. 'fhe principle is earried to suell an extent by SOUle of tIle Gral1d Lodges ill tIle UIlited States of Alllel-ict1:, that they have enjoined total ahstinence on tIle bretllrell as [L rnatter of c1ut:r- In tIle anrrual Re110rt of the C0I11111ittee of Foreign (~orrespol1d足 ence,aI)pointed by tIle Cirand Lodge of N e\v Yor!(, ill the )rear 1842, \vefind tIle follo\ving passage :-" Let us C01111nend and congratulate our beloved bretl1ren of Ohio, for having grnl1pled ,,"it}l HIld subd 11Cc1 a 1110re i:orrnic1able eneIrrv thall even that of rebel1ion-IN'I:IE~IPERANCE. rfhe ;tiitcntion of tIle Grand Lodge of this State \vas directed. to trl:is cnornlOUS eyillnallY years ago.. In J line, 181G, the follo\ving 1"eSOl1.1tioll \vas adol)ted, a,nc1 is still one of tIle 11egnlations of tllis Grand IJodge.-' The use of distilled sl)irits in Lodge }{.00111S, at the 111eetings of tl1e lodges, is of evil exarnple, and may b(~ rrrodnctive of pernicious effects, and the saUle is therefore eXl)1"essly forbidden ullder any pretence \,\rhatever.' l:ro the fraternity in ()hio, we are indebted i:or tlletlrst bold stand in (1 subordinate lodge itl ft:tvollr of total abstinellee fj:om intoxicating drinks; and while it appears to be l111iver-

104 sally approved, they condelnll any illllovatioll U11011 tile ancient Landmarks; referring the calIse to the great alld aJl powerful test of tIle sublin1e l)rinciples of our Order, \vhich disqualify tIle inebriate fro111 a }1articipatio,l1 ill our rites, and by enforcing \vhicll, inte111perance Illust soon ~l{ulk from our borders, and be a nall1e l(l1o\vn only to be abllorred by every 111elnber of tIle fraternity.. Let none be initiated "\7\-""ho have tIle least bias to\vards intelIlperance, and let the initiated "Tho 路are its victin1S, be udrnonished, and "''"8 shall S0011 be clear of this blot upon our escutcheon." vVe are unable, 110\VeVer, to give this regulation a decided approval, \vithol1t first kllo'Vving tIle cirCUlllstullces 1111der which tIle injunctioll11as been issued. It appears more reasonable to believe tl1Ut total abstinellce is con.trary .to our nature, alld at variance ~7Jtll tIle Divine

intention in placing l11an on earth. It is contrary to the nature of l11al1 to drhlk, \-yater only, because, in 1110st cases, the elen1ent is i1l1pUre und l)erniclous. J>rofessor Olark, in his lectllre in the theatre of the Royal Polytechnic Institution, on tIle subject of the impurities existing in water, stated that "serious fears ought to .be entertai1led of tIle consequences of swallowing the lI+yriads of anhllulculre of the Illost disgusting fOfIns, and of horribly voracious and nill1hle habits, \vhicll abound in \vhat is called tIle l)ure beverage of thestreanl." And he further stated that "notwithstanding all the IJurification, l)y filtratioll UIld other\-vise, of tIle forty luilliol1s of gallons of \vater \Vllicll are daily supplied to tile inllabitants of tile l\fetropolis, there \verestill held in sollltion, ill all irlvisible forn1, no less than about t\venty-four tons of earbonate of linle ;or in other \vords, of that perilous stuif Wllicl1 COIlstitutes the hasis of the. calculi that, ulider tlle various ter111S of chalk f()'rmatiol1s, cOllcretions, &c., tornlent the lluman fra.Il1e, ~.tlld bl:ing it to I)renlature decay." r.I'heBishOI) of Norwich, speaking of tIle .11rofessors of total abstinen~e,.says, "they路 are tempera.te, eertninly, hut it is a 路l)hysical kincl of temperance. 'l'el11!)erance does not consist ill lllere abstinence fronl \vine or fro III spirit.s,. but in abstiIlence .also froln anytIling that' C011duces to unhinge th.e nlind, and to llnfit it for the society j!) '~Thieh it nl()Ve~. This is too Tlluch tobe seeninteeto-

105 talists; they· are characterized by a sort of moral intoxication, if '\ve nlay so call it; when once their passi.ons are excited, tl1ey !(110W no bOUllds ; .they irritate, oppose, and denounce; whicll is all foreigll to the precepts al1d princil,>les of the Gospel. Again, tllereare certain fallacies in tlleir argun1ents which~ ougllt to be exposed. . TIley object to anything COl1tainingalcohoL rrhen why do not tlley object to sugar? Their COlumon sense is at fault as "rell as tlleir Ohenlistry. III order to explain tIle nlention of ""vine in Scri11ture, tl1ey try to malte out that it i.s unfernlented wille, instead of perceiving that the great principle of Scripture is, (as lllight be >'illus'.~ trated by passages innllmel~able,) tllat it -is tlle abl1se, not the use of· a thing in Wlli.ch tIle sin lies. I think teetotalers are, in some sort, 1110rally intoxicated llpon this point; and judgillg froln tIleir eOIldl1ct uI)on too Ina11Y occasions, I 111igllt alillost say tllCY were labouring llnder a species of deliriul11 trenlens." 'rhis:reasoning is consonant with religion. WIlen the Almighty intended to bestow. the greatest earthly bless~ ings on 11is. favoured peo,ple, he pronlised to give them for tl1eir inheritaIlce, "a land of oil alld wine, of fields alld vineyards;"3 because ",ville maketl1 glad tIle heart of l11un, and oil giveth 111n1 a clleerful countenallce."'1 AndevC!l tll1der the present comparative neglect of the vine in P!11estine, it is allo\ved that grapes and clusters of Inost extraordinary size are COlumOIl. DOl1bdan, in traversing tllecount'rya1)out Bethlellem, found a ll10st deliglltful v~alley planted wi tIl vines, \Vllich appeared to lliIn of tIle clloicest kind. He was not there in proper time to nlake allY observations on the size . of ··theclustel"s; but he was assured by the monks, that they still founel SOUle, evell ill the· 11resellt neglected state of· tIle country, 'iYeighing ten or tvvelve pounds. Reland also sfi,ys that a .111ercllal1t, \vho Ilacl resided several years at Ranlu]l in this neigl1bourllood, assured llinl tllat lIe had tllere seeIl bunclles of gral)es weigl1ing tell 1101.1Uc1s· each. Forster 111elltions that lIe klle\X,r a 11lonl{. vVl10 lInd spent eight years in 11ltllestine, HIld had l>ecll at llebron in tlle :3 8<:c Nurnb.. xvi. 14. Deut. vi.. it vii. 13.. :xi. 14. xii.. 17. xiv. 23. xxviii. 51. 1 Chron. ix.. 29, et passim• .,( Pa. civ. 15.

106 same district, where he saw clusters as large as two men COllld conveniently c a r r y . 5 . . . Can the advocates of total abstinence suppose that all the abundance of rich fruit vvhich Palestine produced was consumed in its crude state? Do they forget the wine presses \vhich were subject~d to tithe fi'Olll their great value? 6 Do they forget the wine fats l11elltioned by Isaiah,7 or the wine cellars of David? 8 Do tIley forget that when the Israelites were threatened with plagues, 011e of the severest was, an abstinence from vvine,-"thou shalt plant vineyards, but thou shalt not drink of the wine, nor gather the grapes, for the "varms shall eat them?" 9 Do they forget that vvhell tIle prophet reproved the hypocrisy of the Je\vs, he called that hypocrisy a luoral drunkenne'ss,-" tlley are drunlien, but not with .wine," lO-intinlating tllat the forlller ,"vas the nlost debasing vice? They must have overlool{ed these, and Inany otller sCl'iptural facts connected \vitll the use of \vine, before they could ll1al\.e up tlleir Ininds to advocate, under whatever cirCtl111stances, tIle doctrine of total abstinence. While we contend, hovveve'r, that the fruits of the earth were vouchsafed by the Divine G"oodness to be fused hy 111 a 11, let it not be understood tllat ~'fe have the slightest intention of路 vindicating the abuse of then1, which, on the contrary, we consider to be a violatioll of God's gracious design. St... Paulrebulies the COl"inthiansU for being drunken at their feasts;路 but in the very same chapter,. to show tllenl the difference bet,:veen ten1perance and total abstinence, lle takes \vine hiulself, and celebrates the Lord's Supper. Those, therefore, who would abolish wine because it intoxicates vvllen taken to excess, and would .substitutesonle other beverage of their own invelltion, even at the holy .sacrament, are evidently overlool{ing the sanction, and yiolating the com111and, both of Christ and 11isApostles. .But St. Paul, iu.his exhortations to tenJperance, includes ll1eats as "''rell as drinks; total abstinence therefore, to be consistent, should do the same ; for路 in the Scri!)tures, See more of this in the Pictorial Bible under Numb. :xiii. 23. Numb. xviii. 27.. 7 Isai.. lxiii. 2. 8 1 Chron.. xxvii. 27.. 9 D out. xxviii. 39.. 10 Isai. xxix.. 9.. 11 IOor. xi.. .1)

107 gluttony is always "classed with drunl\.enness, and they

are equally condemlled.

But vvhile I filld the Saviour of manl\.ind recommending "llew wine to be put into new bottles; 1.2_ when he denominates Judea, whicll ,vas the finest country upon earth, "the Lord's vineyard" by way of excellence ; 13-w hen I find him drinking it himself,and encouraging others to do the same, by filling six water pots each containing two or three flrkinsapiece, with wine, at the conclusion of a feast "when men had well drunk ;"14-:-when I see him introducing it as one of the eleUlents of the most sacred rite of his religion, and declaring not only that it shall be used to the end of the world, but that it is also drank in tIle kingdolTI of GOd,l5 I cannot do otherwise than conclude that the syst~m of total abstinence is a direct insult to the Saviour of mankind, by a violation of his cOlulnands, a renunciation of his example, and setting up our own vvisdom in opposition to his most holy decision. 12 14

Matt. ix. 19. John it 2, 10

IS 15

Mark xii. 1. }Iark xiv. 25.

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'rESTIMONIALS OF THE PRESS. U The pure spirit of Hutchinson would have rejoiced in the probability that ina. future age, his works should be immortalized in the annals of Masonry by the powerful pen of

its historian. Dr. Oliver."

I' The reader of this edition of the 'Spirit of 'Masonry' will :Ond. that Dr. Oliver has done ample justice to the subject; his notes are critical and expla.na.tory. Nothing of Hutchinson>s spirit has been lost; on the contrary, it is re-animated with aU the truthfulness of Masonic investigation, and appears adorned with all the explanation of the gifted editor, who advocatee, with a. disregard to 'special pleadin(,' the propriet.y of im.. proving the mind by the pu.blication .0拢 a.ll useful w. orks on MasonIc subjects. We could almost wish that every Masonic work wa.s out of print, provided they co uld, like the one before us, pass through Dr. Oliver's alembio. and become thereby fresh, as from" }lastures new/ .As a :rrfasonic work,. Hutohinson and Oliver, uni ted, are beyond the reVIewer's pgwer-all is thought and bright ima.ginings.. Let the aged Mason read and ponder; let tlie tyro drink deep of the precious waters tha.t sparkle with the lustre of Iife/'"Freemasons' Quarterly Review.

*' This Sanction is undated, but the above G"rand Officers路 were appointed :May 2, 1774; and the First Edition, penes me, is dated 1175.-EDITOR.

MASONIC READING ROOM AND

LIBRARY, 383 BROAD'WAY, NEW- YORK

Brothers IN'O. W. LEONARD & Co. have much pleasure in informing tho Craft that they have opened, in connection withtlleirGeneral Dusiness and Publication Rooms, 383 Broadway, a comfortable

~tMASONIC

READING ROOM: AND LIBRARY,

where the Craft from all parts of the country will find all the Masonic Books that can be obtained in tbis country and Europe-tbe cnrrent 1'tlasonic Periodicals ()f both countries,-the newspapers of the day,-Blackwc.od's Magazinet-Harper's and Putnam's Monthlies, Household Words, and every thing else that can tend to elevate the intellectual character of our Brethren. The Masonic Reading Room occupies the front ha.lf of our second scory, and is distinct a.nd separate from our other warerooms; indeed, it may be entitled our SANOTUM; and we have spared no pains to make it combine the utile cum dulce, for it is both ornamental and useful. It is also

FREE OF CHARGE, and our Brethren coming from the country are fratcrnal1y' in\'itcd to como and pass an evening with us, amI they will find that on all subjects-whether 011 Masonic or general basiness~-we are able and willing to give them the information they require. Our Reading Room. is open e\Tery evening until 10 o'clook, alld Brother LmoN.!BI> will be found present, either to have a. friendly Ma.sonio chat or to give them what infor~ ma.tioD. tneyma.y need in reference to the Oraft. The walls of our Reading Room are ornamented by Fifty Portraits of distinguished European and American Masons. Among the form.er arothose of the following Grand. Masters of Engiand: GIU,~:J) IU.S'rllLS 1:.'(

King Alfred ~- ~_ ..__ Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury Marquis of Pembroke -_ - ---- ..--.. ---.. ---. Ca.rdinal Wolsey ---.. --.....- - - .._-.. ---.. ---- --_.. Fra.ncis Russel, Earl of Bedford. ---.. ---.. ---George Villiers, Duke of :Buckingham Duke of Norfolk -..-.. ---- ....-....-..- .....- ---- ---00 Henry, Duke of :Beaufort ---- ~--- ---- ---- ---Prederick, Duke of Cumberland ..--.. ---- ....-oo

-- •• --- ---

- - - .. _ - -

A.D.

872 951 1135 1515 1567 1674 1129 1767 1782

Earl of .Zet18,nd, ·Present Gtand Ma.ster. FREDERIOK:, ICing· of Prussia, ,\VILLIAM CAItIt BER~JSFORD, Lord CO:M.BERMERE, Doctor OI~IV,I;Jn., Duke of ,A.TIIOL, our lamcntecl Brother the la.te Sir JOlIN' FRANKLIN, and, though Inst, not least, Brother ROBEltT BURNS, tc The Bard that's far awa'.."

Also,

Our Anlerican Portraits embrace iVASHING'fOX, FHANKLIX, CLAY, DE "VVITT Cr..l~TON, J OSBPB: R.. CIIL~DLER, PIKE, BIRltCE t TYI~ER, A:\-{ES, STEW.A.R'r, IlcunA.RD, Fln~~CIt, :M0RRIS, MOOU.E., EYJ.NS, ~IACOY, etc., etc., etc. We a.re making fl"Qsh additions to our IAbrary and Portrait Gallery a~ o!}porhnuty offers-and from any Brother who has & spare OQPYo! any Masonic: Book, I)atnt)hl~tl or Periodical-~lso Portraits of diRtinguished Masons, we will IHly thl!lU if they will be sold-or thankfully recciyc them if they are donated to our Library. Look up old books for us, Brethren, and send them alotlg-wluLt SOU consider little va-lue, we xna.y prize highly in connection with othel" 'works we have. Ther.$ is one work we wa.nt to own u. copy of-and if any Brother has it. and will part with it, we wish he we. uld write us, saying ou what terms IHc!l will dispose of it. We mean U Andorson'sOonstitutions," first edition, pubUshcdin London 1723.

Very Respectfully a.ndFratoroa1l1,

JNO. '\-V. LEONAI{D & CO.

mASONIC SYMBOLIC OHART AND

CRAFTSMAN'S PRACTICAL TRESTLE BOARD. Just publi8hed, :tt the American Masonic Agency, 383 Droadway. New York, beautifully colored, and mounted on cauyas, with rollers, in map form, the Masonic Symbolic Chart and Orciftsman's P7'atical Trestle Board. .. The size of this chart is 24x30 inches. It is a. lithograph of .A. Weingartner, Esq., a.nd is the master-piece of that master-workman. The style is the Ancient Egyptian, so justly and unh~ersally celebrated for the eloquence of its symbolism. It is divided into three compartments, each distinct from the others, and complete in the s.rmbology of the degree to which it is devoted. To the first compartment-the degree of Entered Apprentice-is allotted a space of twenty inches deep by eight inches wide, supported by two beautifully executed columns of the Ionic order of architecture, adorned by the emblem oithe "oath and that ancient and significant symbol the Winged Serpent and Globe• . It is subdivided into two sections, the first representing the emblem of Innocence, the Great Lights, the Lesser Light and their Representatives. the Working Tools, and tha.t noblest Masonic virtue ". Charity," while in the left hand corner stands that significanbbrazen pillar that 'Was set up at the entrance afthe porch of the Temple. Here, a.lso, are to be tound the Slippers which sj~rnbolize a renunciation of self-will and an unshaken confidence in the subhme "tru.ths of our hea,,'enwborn Institution; the Ca.ble Tow-a symbol (If obliga.tion, and th~ Wooden M.auls, so suggestive of Peace and Harmony. The second section represents the grou'nd floor of King Solomon's Temple, the movable and immovable Jc\vels, the support of a Lodge, ita form. covering. furniture. etc. ; while :in the back-ground are to be seen the bearers of tho burden at 'Work ill the quarries" lJreaking off the rough corners and fitting the blocks for further developmont ana beauty. Oll!"

principal tenets, Brotherly Love, Relief and Truth, ha'Q'c a prominent place in this

sectiOtl; while the cardinal virtues (If our Order-Temperance, Fortitude, Prud.ence, and

Justice-the distinguishing characteristics of Freemasons-form the centre of the CanoPJ. and we are finally reminded of our duties by tho ancient and suggestive symbols of Chalk, Charcoal and Claj1". The coloring of this section is strikingly beautiful. "UnivcrsalDene\~olence"being the prevailing tint, while all others that CH.n add significant elegance are harmoniously 1Ilended in. Admitting, as rational Inen and Masons, that there is no peifect specimen of humn.n production, we nre candid in saying this il!$ the best, most comprehensive, a.nd accurate delineation of tho E. A. P.dcgree we havoevol." seen. 'Vo noW' pass on the second comp~rtmcnt-the Fellow Craft's degree, which, in dimensions and otberexternals, resembles the first, is on the right side of' the Chart. This, also. is divided into tw'o sections. On the,first we have the Goddess of IIopewith her distinguishirJgembh~m,the .Anchor; the Greater and Lesser Lights, and the Working Tools, all arranged in such a manner as to make the labors of the lecturer easy, and the stUdy of the young Mason agreenble and interesting. lIere, a.lso, in the right eorner you. will find a.nother brazen pillar to establish. the importance of this arrangement. •

Section second ghres the Molten' Pillars•. their chapiters, ornaments and globes; the ,'winding staircase, the flvQ orders of Architecture, the Arta and Sc.iences, Geometry? the foundation of Masonry; Unity, Peace, Plenty, and the grea.test reverence due to God! TlImTlIIRD or Mast.er's compartment. which is 12 inches by 21 deep. is divide-d. into three parts;. on the first of which are the Grea.ter and Lesser Lights, the Trowel, & 'View of aproceasion fr(Jm the brow of a hill towards the Temple: five-pointed 8ta.r~ ete. The $eeond. section displ.aye the Goddess "Faith," the Weeping Virgin, the Broken Column, \,~ime, .• Rou.rwglass, ,and the usual emblems of mortality _d immortalityCassia.-suggestiYe ,of solemn thought, but encou:raging to evel?" ~;odMason. The third section repres;ents fhe interior of I.. :M:as~e:rts~odg>$~ with the illustrious Washington as Worshipful Ma:ater, in the insignia ()f~i&.o:fl1ce. This complets our

:Masonic description of the Chart, a.n,dif, o1;lr.relVl~rs ~ iJll1agine all these emblems engora-v.ed.· in the best style of the lith. o~r.aph.i,()a:t'.; .., .' fft....X6.d to can\~as, bea.u.tifully colored

and varnished, and mountetl on rollers lik&t~ 'fln(lst description of maps, and bound with a blue silk ribbon, they will have some ide a. of tho Masonic Symbolic Ohart. Priee $250 each; or in clubs of 12 or more, $18 a. dozen.

I3Gr Sent free by ma.ilto any pa.rt of' the United States) on receipt of $2 50 current.

MASONIC

AGENCY.,

383 13RO.A.DWAY, NEW YORK,

BROTHERS JNO. W. LEONARD & CO., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

DE..:-\.LERS IN EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

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CLOTI-3:ING

ROBES, BA..'N'NERS, CAPS, JEWELS, JEWELRY, lfARKS,

BRE.A..STPINS, SE.A.LS, BOOKS, CHARTS, CARPETS, 짜ASONIC BLANKS,

DIPLOMAS, DE~IITS,

WORKING TOOLS, G,A.VEIJS, COI1U~fNS,

S'VORDS~

BELTS, &0., &b ORDERS filled \vith the utmost degree of punctuality. In all cases CASH must acconlpany the order, antI all lettera '.J\c.illtt

be plainly addressed to JNO. 1V. LEONARD & Co. t

383 Broadway, Nc,v York