FCE GOLD - Grammar - Phrasal Verbs - Vocabulary - Units 1 to 6

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First‌‌Certificate‌‌in‌‌English‌ ‌

First-Term‌‌Booklet‌ ‌ Units‌‌1‌‌to‌‌6 ‌ ‌ ‌

‌ Introduction‌ ‌ This‌‌booklet‌‌contains‌‌the‌‌grammar‌‌points‌‌seen‌‌in‌‌Units‌‌1‌‌to‌‌6.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌intended‌‌to‌‌revise‌‌

and‌‌consolidate‌‌some‌‌grammar‌‌points‌‌and‌‌vocabulary‌‌at‌‌the‌‌level‌‌of‌‌Cambridge‌‌ESOL‌‌

First‌‌Certificate.‌ ‌ The‌‌grammatical‌‌information‌‌included‌‌can‌‌be‌‌used‌‌for‌‌reference‌‌when‌‌needed,‌‌and‌‌

mainly‌‌when‌‌studying‌‌for‌‌the‌‌exam.‌ ‌

Contents‌ ‌ ‌ ●

Tenses‌ ‌

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Comparison‌ ‌

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Verb‌‌patterns‌‌(ing‌‌-‌‌infinitive)‌ ‌

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Articles‌ ‌

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Adverbs‌ ‌

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Countable‌‌and‌‌Uncountable‌‌nouns‌ ‌

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Adjective‌‌ending‌‌in‌‌-ing‌‌/‌‌-ed‌ ‌

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Expressions‌‌of‌‌quantity‌ ‌

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as‌‌/‌‌like‌ ‌

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Passive‌‌Voice‌ ‌

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would‌‌/‌‌used‌‌to‌‌ ‌

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Phrasal‌‌Verbs/Prepositions/expression‌‌

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Tenses‌ ‌ Present‌‌Simple‌ ‌

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2‌ ‌

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‌ ‌ Present‌‌Continuous‌ ‌

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‌ Present‌‌Perfect‌‌Simple‌ ‌

‌ The‌p ‌ resent‌‌perfect‌‌simple‌‌t‌ ense‌r‌ efers‌‌to‌‌an‌‌action‌‌or‌‌state‌‌that:‌ ‌ ‌ 1. either‌‌occurred‌‌at‌‌an‌‌indefinite‌‌time‌‌in‌‌the‌‌past‌‌(e.g.,‌‌we‌‌have‌‌talked‌‌before)‌‌or‌‌ ‌ 2. began‌‌in‌‌the‌‌past‌‌and‌‌continued‌‌to‌‌the‌‌present‌‌time‌‌(e.g.,‌‌he‌‌has‌‌grown‌‌

impatient‌‌over‌‌the‌‌last‌‌hour).‌‌ ‌

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‌ Present‌‌Perfect‌‌Continuous‌ ‌

‌ The‌p ‌ resent‌‌perfect‌‌continuous‌‌tense‌(‌ also‌‌known‌‌as‌‌the‌p ‌ resent‌‌perfect‌‌

progressive‌‌tense‌)‌‌shows‌‌that:‌‌ ‌ ‌ 1. something‌‌started‌‌in‌‌the‌‌past‌‌and‌‌is‌‌continuing‌‌at‌‌the‌‌present‌‌time.‌‌ ‌ 2. it‌‌emphasizes‌‌the‌‌continuity‌‌of‌‌the‌‌action.‌ ‌ ‌ 5‌ ‌

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‌ Simple‌‌Past‌ ‌

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‌ Past‌‌Continuous‌ ‌

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‌ Past‌‌Perfect‌ ‌

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‌ Past‌‌Perfect‌‌Continuous‌ ‌

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‌ Future‌‌Simple‌ ‌

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10‌ ‌

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‌ Future‌‌Continuous‌ ‌

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‌ Future‌‌Perfect‌‌Simple‌ ‌

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‌ Future‌‌Perfect‌‌Continuous‌ ‌

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‌ Verb‌‌Pattern‌‌(ing‌‌/‌‌to‌‌infinitive)‌ ‌

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‌ Adverbs‌ ‌ ‌

Adverbs‌‌often‌‌modify‌v ‌ erbs.‌T ‌ his‌‌means‌‌that‌‌they‌‌describe‌‌the‌‌way‌‌an‌‌action‌‌is‌‌

happening.‌ ‌ Phillip‌‌sings‌l‌ oudly‌‌‌in‌‌the‌‌shower.‌ ‌ My‌‌cat‌‌waits‌i‌ mpatiently‌‌‌for‌‌his‌‌food.‌ ‌ I‌‌will‌s‌ eriously‌‌‌consider‌‌your‌‌suggestion.‌

The‌‌adverbs‌‌in‌‌each‌‌of‌‌the‌‌sentences‌‌above‌‌answer‌‌the‌‌question‌i‌ n‌‌what‌‌manner‌? ‌‌ ‌ ●

How‌‌does‌‌Phillip‌‌sing?‌‌Loudly.‌‌ ‌

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How‌‌does‌‌my‌‌cat‌‌wait?‌‌Impatiently.‌‌ ‌

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How‌‌will‌‌I‌‌consider‌‌your‌‌suggestion?‌‌Seriously.‌‌

‌ Adverbs‌‌can‌‌answer‌‌other‌‌types‌‌of‌‌questions‌‌about‌‌how‌‌an‌‌action‌‌was‌‌performed.‌‌They‌‌

can‌‌also‌‌tell‌‌you‌w ‌ hen‌‌‌(We‌‌arrived‌e ‌ arly‌)‌‌and‌w ‌ here‌‌‌(Turn‌h ‌ ere‌).‌ ‌ ‌ In‌‌most‌‌cases,‌‌to‌‌create‌‌an‌a ‌ dverb‌‌‌we‌‌simply‌‌add‌‌‌–l‌ y‌‌t‌ o‌‌the‌‌adjective:‌ ‌ Quick‌‌‌becomes‌q ‌ uickly‌,‌s‌ low‌‌‌becomes‌s‌ lowly‌,‌‌etc.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌

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Some‌‌adverbs‌‌are‌‌irregular,‌‌however.‌‌Here’s‌‌a‌‌list‌‌of‌‌common‌‌irregular‌‌adverbs‌‌in‌ English:‌ ‌

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‌ Negative‌‌Adverbs‌‌at‌‌the‌‌beginning‌‌of‌‌the‌‌sentence‌ ‌

‌ Negative‌‌adverbs:‌h ‌ ardly,‌‌seldom‌,‌h ‌ ardly‌,‌l‌ittle‌,‌n ‌ ever‌,‌o ‌ nly‌,‌s‌ carcely,‌a ‌ nd‌s‌ eldom‌‌‌have‌‌a ‌‌ negative‌‌meaning.‌ ‌ When‌‌we‌‌use‌‌these‌‌at‌‌the‌‌beginning‌‌of‌‌the‌‌clause‌‌(for‌‌emphasis),‌‌we‌‌invert‌‌the‌‌subject‌‌

and‌‌verb:‌ ‌ Hardly‌‌had‌‌we‌‌left‌‌the‌‌hotel‌‌when‌‌it‌‌started‌‌to‌‌pour‌‌with‌‌rain.‌‌N ‌ ot:‌‌Hardly‌‌we‌‌had‌‌left‌‌

the‌‌hotel‌‌...‌ ‌ Little‌d ‌ id‌‌‌we‌‌‌know‌t‌ hat‌‌we‌‌would‌‌never‌‌meet‌‌again.‌ ‌ Only‌‌in‌‌spring‌d ‌ o‌‌‌we‌s‌ ee‌‌‌these‌‌lovely‌‌little‌‌flowers.‌ ‌ ‌ We‌‌also‌‌invert‌‌the‌‌subject‌‌and‌‌verb‌‌after‌n ‌ ot‌: ‌ ‌ Not‌‌for‌‌a‌‌moment‌d ‌ id‌‌I‌‌think‌‌‌I‌‌would‌‌be‌‌offered‌‌the‌‌job,‌‌so‌‌I‌‌was‌‌amazed‌‌when‌‌I‌‌got‌‌it.‌‌ ‌ Not‌‌till‌‌I‌‌got‌‌home‌d ‌ id‌‌I‌ ‌r‌ ealize‌‌‌my‌‌wallet‌‌was‌‌missing.‌‌ ‌ ‌

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‌ Adjectives‌‌ed‌‌/‌‌ing‌ ‌ Participle‌‌Adjectives‌‌Short‌‌List‌‌ ‌ ‌ -ing‌‌adjectives‌‌ ‌

-ed‌‌adjectives‌‌ ‌

alarming‌ ‌ ‌

alarmed‌ ‌ ‌

What‌‌an‌‌alarming‌‌noise!‌‌ ‌

I‌‌was‌‌alarmed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌loud‌‌bang.‌‌ ‌

amusing‌ ‌ ‌

amused‌ ‌ ‌

That‌‌TV‌‌program‌‌is‌‌really‌‌amusing.‌‌ ‌

He‌‌was‌‌amused‌‌to‌‌hear‌‌his‌‌little‌‌son‌‌

singing‌‌in‌‌the‌‌bath.‌‌ ‌

boring‌ ‌ ‌

bored‌ ‌ ‌

I’ve‌‌never‌‌seen‌‌such‌‌a‌‌boring‌‌film!‌‌ ‌

The‌‌students‌‌looked‌‌bored‌‌as‌‌the‌‌

teacher‌‌talked‌‌and‌‌talked.‌‌ ‌

confusing‌ ‌ ‌

confused‌ ‌ ‌

I‌‌find‌‌these‌‌instructions‌‌very‌‌

I‌‌was‌‌confused‌‌because‌‌I‌‌asked‌‌two‌‌

confusing!‌ ‌Could‌‌you‌‌come‌‌and‌‌

people‌‌and‌‌they‌‌told‌‌me‌‌two‌‌different‌‌

help‌‌me?‌‌ ‌

things.‌‌ ‌

depressing‌ ‌ ‌

depressed‌ ‌ ‌

This‌‌weather‌‌is‌‌depressing!‌‌Is‌‌it‌‌ever‌‌

I‌‌was‌‌feeling‌‌depressed,‌‌so‌‌I‌‌stayed‌‌at‌‌

going‌‌to‌‌stop‌‌raining?‌‌ ‌

home‌‌with‌‌hot‌‌chocolate‌‌and‌‌a‌‌good‌‌

book.‌‌ ‌

embarrassing‌ ‌ ‌

embarrassed‌ ‌ ‌

That‌‌is‌‌the‌‌most‌‌embarrassing‌‌

John‌‌was‌‌really‌‌embarrassed‌‌when‌‌

photo!‌‌I‌‌look‌‌terrible!‌‌ ‌

he‌‌fell‌‌over‌‌in‌‌front‌‌of‌‌his‌‌new‌‌

girlfriend.‌ ‌

exciting‌ ‌ ‌

excited‌ ‌ ‌

It’s‌‌a‌‌really‌‌exciting‌‌book.‌‌I‌‌couldn’t‌‌

I’m‌‌so‌‌excited!‌‌I’m‌‌going‌‌on‌‌

wait‌‌to‌‌find‌‌out‌‌what‌‌happened‌‌at‌‌

holiday‌‌tomorrow!‌‌ ‌

the‌‌end.‌‌ ‌ exhausting‌ ‌ ‌ I‌‌hate‌‌doing‌‌housework!‌‌It’s‌‌

exhausting!‌‌ ‌

exhausted‌ ‌ ‌ Julie‌‌was‌‌so‌‌exhausted‌‌after‌‌her‌‌exams,‌‌

she‌‌spent‌‌the‌‌next‌‌three‌‌days‌‌sleeping.‌‌ ‌ ‌

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‌ fascinating‌ ‌ ‌

fascinated‌ ‌ ‌

The‌‌brain‌‌is‌‌fascinating,‌‌isn’t‌‌it?‌‌

Joan‌‌was‌‌fascinated‌‌by‌‌her‌‌

It’s‌‌amazing‌‌how‌‌much‌‌it‌‌can‌‌

grandmother's‌‌stories‌‌of‌‌life‌‌in‌‌the‌‌

do.‌‌ ‌

1920s.‌‌ ‌

frightening‌ ‌

frightened‌ ‌ ‌

What‌‌a‌‌frightening‌‌film!‌‌I‌‌don’t‌‌

I‌‌was‌‌really‌‌frightened‌‌of‌‌bees‌‌when‌‌I ‌‌

want‌‌to‌‌walk‌‌home‌‌on‌‌my‌‌own‌‌

was‌‌little,‌‌but‌‌I‌‌don’t‌‌mind‌‌them‌‌now.‌‌ ‌

now!‌‌ ‌ frustrating‌ ‌ ‌

frustrated‌ ‌ ‌

It’s‌‌frustrating‌‌when‌‌you‌‌want‌‌to‌‌

I‌‌tried‌‌all‌‌morning‌‌to‌‌send‌‌an‌‌email,‌‌

say‌‌something‌‌in‌‌another‌‌

but‌‌it‌‌wouldn’t‌‌work.‌‌I‌‌was‌‌so‌‌

language,‌‌and‌‌you‌‌don’t‌‌know‌‌the‌‌

frustrated!‌‌ ‌

word.‌‌ ‌ interesting‌ ‌ ‌

interested‌ ‌ ‌

That‌‌was‌‌a‌‌very‌‌interesting‌‌book.‌‌ ‌

She’s‌‌interested‌‌in‌‌animals,‌‌so‌‌

she’s‌‌thinking‌‌of‌‌becoming‌‌a‌‌vet.‌‌ ‌

overwhelming‌ ‌ ‌

overwhelmed‌ ‌

I‌‌find‌‌London‌‌a‌‌bit‌‌overwhelming.‌‌

Julie‌‌felt‌‌overwhelmed.‌‌She’d‌‌moved‌‌

It’s‌‌so‌‌busy‌‌and‌‌noisy.‌‌ ‌

house,‌ ‌got‌‌a‌‌new‌‌job,‌‌and‌‌was‌‌learning‌‌

to‌‌drive,‌‌all‌‌at‌‌the‌‌same‌‌time.‌‌ ‌

relaxing‌ ‌ ‌

relaxed‌ ‌ ‌

A‌‌nice‌‌hot‌‌bath‌‌is‌‌so‌‌relaxing‌‌after‌‌a ‌‌

She‌‌was‌‌so‌‌relaxed,‌‌sitting‌‌in‌‌front‌‌of‌‌

long‌‌day.‌‌ ‌

the‌‌fire,‌‌that‌‌she‌‌didn’t‌‌want‌‌to‌‌move.‌‌ ‌

satisfying‌ ‌ ‌

satisfied‌ ‌ ‌

John‌‌loves‌‌his‌‌new‌‌job‌‌as‌‌a‌‌teacher.‌‌

I’m‌‌very‌‌satisfied‌‌that‌‌I‌‌managed‌‌to‌‌

He‌‌says‌‌it’s‌‌very‌‌satisfying‌‌when‌‌he‌‌

order‌‌the‌‌meal‌‌in‌‌French.‌‌ ‌

makes‌‌a‌ ‌student‌‌understand.‌‌ ‌ shocking‌‌ ‌

shocked‌‌ ‌

What‌‌a‌‌shocking‌‌crime!‌‌It’s‌‌terrible.‌ ‌

I‌‌was‌‌shocked‌‌when‌‌my‌‌co-worker‌‌

admitted‌‌to‌‌stealing‌‌some‌‌money.‌ ‌

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‌ surprising‌‌ ‌

surprised‌ ‌ ‌

It’s‌‌surprising‌‌how‌‌many‌‌people‌‌

She‌‌was‌‌surprised‌‌when‌‌she‌‌arrived‌‌at‌‌

want‌‌to‌‌travel‌‌to‌‌another‌‌country.‌ ‌

her‌‌class‌‌and‌‌found‌‌the‌‌other‌‌students‌‌

doing‌‌an‌‌exam.‌‌She’d‌‌thought‌‌it‌‌was‌‌a ‌‌ normal‌‌lesson.‌‌ ‌

‌ terrifying‌ ‌ ‌

terrified‌ ‌ ‌

What‌‌a‌‌terrifying‌‌dog!‌‌It’s‌‌huge!‌‌ ‌

My‌‌little‌‌son‌‌is‌‌terrified‌‌of‌‌the‌‌dark.‌‌We‌‌

always‌‌leave‌‌a‌‌light‌‌on‌‌in‌‌his‌‌room‌‌at‌‌

night.‌‌ ‌

thrilling‌ ‌ ‌

thrilled‌ ‌ ‌

What‌‌thrilling‌‌music!‌‌It’s‌‌some‌‌of‌‌

I‌‌was‌‌thrilled‌‌to‌‌win‌‌first‌‌prize‌‌in‌‌

the‌‌most‌‌beautiful‌‌I’ve‌‌ever‌‌

the‌‌competition.‌‌ ‌

heard.‌‌ ‌ tiring‌ ‌ ‌

tired‌ ‌ ‌

My‌‌job‌‌is‌‌really‌‌tiring.‌‌I‌‌often‌‌don’t‌‌

David’s‌‌too‌‌tired‌‌to‌‌come‌‌to‌‌the‌‌

get‌‌home‌‌until‌‌10‌‌pm.‌‌ ‌

cinema‌‌tonight.‌‌He’s‌‌going‌‌to‌‌go‌‌to‌‌

bed‌‌early.‌‌ ‌

‌ Prepositions:‌ ‌ ‌ interested‌i‌ n‌ ‌ frightened‌o ‌ f‌ ‌ worried‌a ‌ bout‌ ‌ annoyed‌b ‌ y‌ ‌ embarrassed‌b ‌ y‌ ‌ excited‌a ‌ bout‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌

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‌ LIKE‌‌-‌‌AS‌ ‌ ‌

‌ When‌‌to‌‌Use‌‌“Like”‌ ‌ ‌ ● like‌‌‌compares‌‌two‌‌things‌ ‌ ‌ “He‌‌speaks‌l‌ ike‌‌‌a‌‌native‌‌speaker.”‌ ‌ “She‌‌looks‌l‌ ike‌‌‌a‌‌model.”‌ ‌

When‌‌to‌‌Use‌‌“As”‌ ‌ ‌ ● as‌‌‌means‌i‌n‌‌the‌‌same‌‌way‌ ‌ ‌ “Nobody‌‌sings‌a ‌ s‌‌‌she‌‌does.”‌ ‌ ‌ ● when‌‌we‌‌refer‌‌to‌‌a‌‌role‌ ‌ ‌ “He‌‌started‌‌work‌a ‌ s‌‌‌a‌‌carpenter.”‌ ‌ ‌

‌ ‌ LIKE‌‌vs‌‌AS‌ ‌ ‌ As‌y ‌ our‌‌father,‌‌I‌‌must‌‌warn‌‌you‌‌to‌‌be‌‌careful.‌‌(I‌‌am‌‌your‌‌father)‌ ‌ Like‌y ‌ our‌‌father,‌‌I‌‌must‌‌warn‌‌you‌‌to‌‌be‌‌careful.‌‌(I‌‌feel‌‌as‌‌if‌‌I‌‌were‌‌your‌‌father)‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ WOULD‌‌-‌‌USED‌‌TO‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Would‌ ‌

Used‌‌to‌ ‌ ‌

only‌‌for‌a ‌ ctions‌‌‌that‌‌were‌‌repeated‌‌

many‌‌times‌ ‌

for‌a ‌ ctions‌‌‌or‌s‌ ituations‌‌‌that‌‌

continued‌‌for‌‌a‌‌period‌‌of‌‌time‌ ‌

ACTIONS‌ ‌ When‌‌he‌‌was‌‌at‌‌school,‌‌he‌w ‌ ould‌‌play‌‌

football‌‌every‌‌Saturday‌ ‌

When‌‌he‌‌was‌‌at‌‌school,‌‌he‌u ‌ sed‌‌to‌‌play‌‌

football‌‌every‌‌Saturday‌ ‌

SITUATIONS‌ ‌ ---------‌ ‌

I‌u ‌ sed‌‌to‌‌l‌ ive‌‌‌in‌‌Manchester,‌‌but‌‌I‌‌moved‌‌

to‌‌London‌‌last‌‌year‌ ‌ ‌

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She‌u ‌ sed‌‌to‌‌h ‌ ate‌‌‌her‌‌job‌‌until‌‌she‌‌got‌‌a ‌‌ promotion‌ ‌

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‌ ‌ Comparison‌ ‌

There‌‌are‌‌several‌‌different‌‌ways‌‌to‌‌compare‌‌things‌‌in‌‌English.‌‌We‌‌can‌‌also‌‌modify‌‌

comparisons‌‌to‌‌show‌b ‌ ig‌‌or‌‌small‌‌differences.‌ ‌ ‌ Comparing‌ ‌ We‌‌can‌‌use‌‌comparative‌‌adjectives‌‌to‌‌compare‌‌different‌‌things.‌ ‌

Max‌‌is‌t‌ aller‌‌than‌‌‌Judy.‌ ‌

You're‌m ‌ ore‌‌patient‌‌than‌‌‌I‌‌am.‌ ‌

His‌‌first‌‌book‌‌is‌l‌ ess‌‌interesting‌‌than‌‌‌his‌‌second.‌ ‌

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The‌‌adjectives‌g ‌ ood‌,‌b ‌ ad,‌‌‌and‌f‌ ar‌‌‌have‌‌irregular‌‌comparatives‌‌and‌‌superlatives‌ ‌

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We‌‌can‌‌use‌a ‌ s‌‌…‌‌as‌‌‌with‌‌an‌a ‌ djective‌t‌ o‌‌say‌‌that‌‌two‌‌things‌‌are‌‌the‌‌same,‌‌or‌n ‌ ot‌‌as‌‌… ‌‌ as‌‌t‌ o‌‌say‌‌that‌‌one‌‌thing‌‌is‌‌less‌‌than‌‌another.‌ ‌

Her‌‌hair‌‌is‌a ‌ s‌‌long‌‌as‌‌‌mine.‌‌//‌‌Her‌‌hair‌‌is‌‌‌not‌‌as‌‌long‌‌as‌‌‌mine.‌ ‌

We‌‌can‌‌also‌‌use‌‌expressions‌‌like‌d ‌ ifferent‌f‌ rom‌,‌s‌ imilar‌‌t‌ o‌,‌‌and‌t‌ he‌‌same‌a ‌ s‌. ‌ ‌

England‌‌is‌d ‌ ifferent‌‌from‌‌‌the‌‌United‌‌Kingdom.‌ ‌

His‌‌car‌‌is‌s‌ imilar‌‌to‌‌‌mine.‌ ‌

The‌‌results‌‌from‌‌the‌‌first‌‌test‌‌are‌‌the‌s‌ ame‌‌as‌‌‌the‌‌results‌‌from‌‌the‌‌second.‌ ‌

Showing‌‌big‌‌differences‌ ‌ We‌‌can‌‌use‌m ‌ uch‌,‌s‌ o‌‌much‌,‌a ‌ ‌‌lot‌,‌e ‌ ven‌‌o ‌ r‌f‌ ar‌‌‌with‌‌comparative‌‌adjectives.‌ ‌

Sales‌‌in‌‌July‌‌were‌a ‌ ‌‌lot‌‌‌higher‌‌than‌‌‌sales‌‌in‌‌June.‌ ‌

He‌‌was‌f‌ ar‌‌l‌ ess‌‌experienced‌‌than‌‌‌the‌‌other‌‌applicant.‌ ‌

We‌‌can‌‌use‌v ‌ ery‌,‌r‌ eally‌,‌c‌ ompletely‌‌o ‌ r‌‌t‌ otally‌‌‌with‌d ‌ ifferent‌f‌ rom‌. ‌ ‌

They‌‌may‌‌be‌‌twins,‌‌but‌‌they're‌c‌ ompletely‌‌‌different‌‌from‌‌‌each‌‌other.‌ ‌

Showing‌‌small‌‌differences‌ ‌ We‌‌can‌‌use‌s‌ lightly‌,‌a ‌ ‌‌little‌,‌a ‌ ‌‌bit‌,‌a ‌ ‌‌little‌‌bit‌,‌‌or‌n ‌ ot‌‌much‌‌‌with‌‌comparative‌‌adjectives.‌ ‌

The‌‌number‌‌of‌‌registrations‌‌has‌‌been‌s‌ lightly‌‌‌lower‌‌than‌‌‌we‌‌expected.‌ ‌

Houses‌‌in‌‌my‌‌city‌‌are‌‌not‌‌m ‌ uch‌‌‌more‌‌expensive‌‌than‌‌‌flats.‌ ‌

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Showing‌‌there‌‌is‌‌no‌‌difference‌ ‌ We‌‌can‌‌use‌e ‌ xactly‌‌the‌‌same‌‌as‌‌‌or‌j‌ ust‌‌as‌‌…‌‌as‌‌‌to‌‌emphasize‌‌that‌‌there‌‌is‌‌no‌‌

difference.‌ ‌

My‌‌grandma's‌‌cakes‌‌still‌‌taste‌e ‌ xactly‌‌‌the‌‌same‌‌as‌‌‌when‌‌I‌‌was‌‌a‌‌child!‌ ‌

A‌‌new‌‌phone‌‌can‌‌be‌j‌ ust‌‌a ‌ s‌‌expensive‌‌as‌‌‌a‌‌new‌‌computer‌‌these‌‌days.‌ ‌

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‌ ‌ Definite‌‌and‌‌Indefinite‌‌Articles‌ ‌ ‌

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‌ ZERO‌‌Article‌ ‌

Sometimes‌‌it‌‌is‌‌possible‌‌to‌‌have‌‌a‌‌noun‌‌phrase‌‌with‌N ‌ O‌‌article‌—the‌‌so-called‌"‌ ZERO‌‌

article"‌. ‌‌ ‌ I‌‌need‌‌a‌‌bowl‌‌of‌‌rice.‌‌(indefinite‌‌article)‌ ‌ I‌‌like‌‌the‌‌rice‌‌in‌‌this‌‌restaurant.‌‌(definite‌‌article)‌ ‌ I‌‌eat‌‌rice‌‌every‌‌day.‌‌(ZERO‌‌article)‌ ‌ ‌ The‌‌ZERO‌‌article‌‌usually‌‌occurs‌‌in‌‌the‌‌following‌‌cases:‌ ‌ ‌ ZERO‌‌Article‌‌with‌‌Plural‌‌and‌‌Uncountable‌‌Nouns‌ ‌ General‌‌meaning‌ ‌ ●

cars,‌‌people‌ ‌

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life,‌‌water‌ ‌

Abstract‌‌nouns‌ ‌ ●

education,‌‌happiness,‌‌music‌ ‌ ‌ ZERO‌‌Article‌‌with‌‌Singular‌‌Countable‌‌Nouns‌ ‌

Names‌

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People:‌‌Mary,‌‌Bill,‌‌Josef‌ ‌

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Places:‌‌Jupiter,‌‌Russia,‌‌Bangkok,‌‌Heathrow‌‌Airport,‌‌Cambridge‌‌University,‌‌

Waterloo‌‌Station‌‌Streets:‌‌Oxford‌‌Street,‌‌Wall‌‌Street,‌‌Piccadilly‌‌Circus‌ ‌

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Languages:‌‌English,‌‌Russian‌ ‌

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Academic‌‌subjects:‌‌History,‌‌Law,‌‌Physics‌ ‌

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Days,‌‌months:‌‌Monday,‌‌November‌ ‌ ‌

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Games‌‌and‌‌Sports‌

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●‌ ‌football,‌‌chess‌‌ ‌ Meals‌

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●‌ ‌breakfast,‌‌lunch,‌‌dinner‌‌ ‌ Noun‌‌+‌‌Number‌

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●‌ ‌platform‌‌3,‌‌room‌‌7,‌‌page‌‌44‌‌ ‌ Routine‌‌Places‌

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●‌ ‌in‌‌bed,‌‌at‌‌home,‌‌to‌‌school,‌‌to‌‌work‌‌ ‌ Movement‌‌or‌‌Transport‌ ‌ ●

on‌‌foot,‌‌by‌‌car,‌‌by‌‌bus,‌‌by‌‌air‌ ‌

Newspaper‌‌Headlines,‌‌Notices,‌‌User‌‌Guides‌ ‌ ●

Plane‌‌Crashes‌‌On‌‌House,‌‌Keep‌‌Area‌‌Clean,‌‌Insert‌‌battery‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌

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Nouns:‌‌countable‌‌and‌‌uncountable‌ ‌ ‌ Countable‌‌nouns‌ Countable‌‌nouns‌‌are‌‌treated‌‌as‌‌separate‌‌items‌‌which‌‌can‌‌be‌‌counted.‌‌They‌‌can‌‌be‌‌

singular‌‌or‌‌plural.‌‌They‌‌can‌‌be‌‌used‌‌with a/an and‌‌with‌‌numbers‌‌and‌‌many‌‌other‌‌

determiners‌‌(e.g. these,‌‌a‌‌few):‌‌ ‌ ‌ She’s‌‌got ‌two‌ s‌ isters‌ and ‌a ‌y ‌ ounger ‌brother.‌ ‌ Most‌‌people‌‌buy things like ‌cameras ‌and ‌MP3-players‌ online these days.‌ ‌ ‌ Uncountable‌‌nouns‌ ‌ Uncountable‌‌nouns‌‌are‌‌seen‌‌as‌‌a‌‌whole‌‌or‌‌mass.‌‌They‌‌cannot‌‌be‌‌separated‌‌or‌‌counted.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Some‌‌examples‌‌of‌u ‌ ncountable‌‌nouns‌‌‌are:‌ ‌ ‌ Ideas‌‌and‌‌experiences: ‌advice,‌‌information,‌‌progress,‌‌news,‌‌luck,‌‌fun,‌‌work‌ ‌ Materials‌‌and‌‌substances: ‌water,‌‌rice,‌‌cement,‌‌gold,‌‌milk‌ ‌ Weather‌‌words: ‌weather,‌‌thunder,‌‌lightning,‌‌rain,‌‌snow‌ ‌ Names‌‌for‌‌groups‌‌or‌‌collections‌‌of‌‌things: ‌furniture,‌‌equipment,‌‌rubbish,‌‌luggage‌ ‌ Other‌‌common‌‌uncountable‌‌nouns‌‌include: ‌accommodation,‌‌baggage,‌‌homework,‌‌

knowledge,‌‌money,‌‌permission,‌‌research,‌‌traffic,‌‌travel.‌ ‌ ‌ Countable‌‌equivalents‌‌for‌‌uncountable‌‌nouns‌ ‌ ‌ uncountable‌ ‌ countable‌ ‌ accommodation‌ ‌

a‌‌house,‌‌a‌‌flat,‌‌a‌‌place‌‌to‌‌live,‌‌a‌‌place‌‌to‌‌stay‌ ‌

baggage/luggage‌ ‌

a‌‌suitcase,‌‌a‌‌bag,‌‌a‌‌rucksack‌ ‌

bread‌ ‌

a‌‌loaf‌‌(of‌‌bread),‌‌a‌‌(bread)‌‌roll‌ ‌

lightning‌ ‌

a‌‌flash‌‌of‌‌lightning‌ ‌

32‌ ‌

‌

‌

‌

luck‌ ‌

a‌‌stroke‌‌of‌‌luck‌ ‌

money‌ ‌

a‌‌note,‌‌a‌‌coin,‌‌a‌‌sum‌‌of‌‌money,‌‌a‌‌euro,‌‌a‌‌dollar‌ ‌

poetry‌ ‌

a‌‌poem‌ ‌

rain‌ ‌

a‌‌shower,‌‌a‌‌downpour,‌‌a‌‌storm‌ ‌

travel‌ ‌

a‌‌journey,‌‌a‌‌trip‌ ‌

work‌ ‌

a‌‌job,‌‌a‌‌task‌ ‌

‌ Countable‌‌and‌‌uncountable‌‌nouns‌‌with‌‌different‌‌meanings‌ ‌ Some‌‌nouns‌‌can‌‌be‌‌used‌‌either‌‌as‌‌countable‌‌or‌‌uncountable,‌‌but‌‌with‌‌different‌‌

meanings.‌ ‌ ‌ Countable‌‌use‌ ‌

Uncountable‌‌use‌ ‌

We‌‌bought‌ a‌ new ‌iron‌ and‌‌an‌‌

ironing‌‌board.‌ ‌

People‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌ships‌‌made‌‌

of ‌iron‌ would‌‌sink.‌ ‌

I‌‌broke ‌a‌‌glass ‌yesterday.‌ ‌

The‌‌table‌‌was‌‌made‌‌of‌‌

hardened ‌glass.‌ ‌

Would‌‌you like‌‌‌a‌‌chocolate‌? ‌ ‌

Would‌‌you‌‌like some‌c ‌ hocolate‌? ‌ ‌

Let’s‌‌get ‌a‌‌paper‌ and‌‌see‌‌what’s‌‌on‌‌

at‌‌the‌‌cinema.‌ ‌

The‌‌printer‌‌has‌‌run‌‌out‌‌of ‌paper.‌ ‌

‘Hamlet’‌‌is‌‌one‌‌of‌‌Shakespeare’s‌‌

most‌‌famous ‌works.‌ ‌

I‌‌had ‌work‌ to‌‌do‌‌so‌‌I‌‌couldn’t‌‌go‌‌

out.‌ ‌

‌ Abstract‌‌nouns‌ ‌ ‌ Some‌‌abstract‌‌nouns‌‌can‌‌be‌‌used‌‌uncountably‌‌or‌‌countably.‌‌The‌u ‌ ncountable‌‌use‌‌‌has‌‌

a‌‌more‌‌general‌‌meaning.‌‌The‌c ‌ ountable‌‌use‌‌‌has‌‌a‌‌more‌‌particular‌‌meaning.‌ ‌ Nouns‌‌of‌‌this‌‌type‌‌include: ‌education,‌‌experience,‌‌hatred,‌‌help,‌‌knowledge,‌‌life,‌‌love,‌‌sleep,‌‌

time,‌‌understanding.‌ ‌ ‌

33‌ ‌

‌

‌

‌

‌ ‌ uncountable‌‌use‌ ‌

countable‌‌use‌ ‌ The‌‌first‌‌daughter‌‌had ‌a‌‌very‌‌

expensive‌‌education ‌at‌‌a ‌‌ private‌‌school‌‌in‌‌France.‌ ‌

Good ‌education ‌is‌‌the‌‌best‌‌

investment‌‌in‌‌Britain’s‌‌future.‌ ‌ (education‌‌in‌‌general)‌ ‌

(the‌‌time‌‌one‌‌person‌‌spent‌‌at‌‌school)‌ ‌

Love‌ is‌‌like‌‌a‌‌physical‌‌pain‌‌for‌‌some‌‌

people.‌ ‌ (love‌‌in‌‌general/all‌‌love)‌ ‌

(a‌‌specific‌‌liking‌‌for‌‌something)‌ ‌

They‌‌have‌‌a‌‌quiz‌‌every‌‌week,‌‌with‌‌

questions‌‌

about ‌general knowledge‌. ‌ ‌

The‌‌job‌‌requires ‌a‌‌knowledge‌‌of‌‌

statistics‌‌and‌‌basic‌‌computing.‌ ‌ (a‌‌specific‌‌type‌‌of‌‌knowledge)‌ ‌

(all‌‌knowledge/knowledge‌‌in‌‌general)‌ ‌ Time‌ passes‌‌more‌‌and‌‌more‌‌quickly‌‌

as‌‌you‌‌grow‌‌older.‌ ‌ (time‌‌in‌‌general)‌ ‌ ‌

‌

We‌‌had ‌a‌‌great‌‌time‌ in‌‌Ibiza.‌‌We‌‌

didn’t‌‌want‌‌to‌‌come‌‌home.‌ ‌ (a‌‌specific‌‌period‌‌of‌‌time)‌ ‌

‌ Expressions‌‌of‌‌quantity‌‌used‌‌with‌‌countable‌‌and‌‌uncountable‌‌nouns‌ ‌ ‌

‌ ‌

Countable‌‌nouns‌

● ● ●

I’ve‌‌always‌‌had ‌a‌‌love‌‌of‌‌poetry‌, ‌‌ ever‌‌since‌‌I‌‌was‌‌a‌‌child.‌ ‌

‌ (not)‌‌many‌ ‌ (very)‌‌few‌ ‌ a‌‌few‌ ‌

Uncountable‌‌nouns‌ ‌

● ● ● ●

‌ (not)‌‌much‌ ‌ (very)‌‌little‌ ‌ a‌‌little‌ ‌ a‌‌bit‌ ‌

Both‌‌countable‌‌& ‌‌ uncountable‌ ‌ ● ● ● ● ● ●

‌ a‌‌lot‌‌of‌ ‌ lots‌‌of‌ ‌ some‌ ‌ hardly‌‌any‌ ‌ no‌ ‌ not‌‌any‌ ‌ ‌

‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌

34‌ ‌

‌

‌

‌

‌ ‌ Much or Many‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ “Much”‌‌‌and‌“‌ many”‌‌‌are‌‌used‌‌in‌‌negative‌‌sentences‌‌and‌‌questions.‌‌ ‌ ‌ For‌‌example:‌ ‌ ‌ How ‌much‌ money‌‌do‌‌you‌‌have? or ‌‌There‌‌isn’t ‌much‌ money‌‌left.‌ ‌ How ‌many‌ dogs‌‌are‌‌there‌‌in‌‌the‌‌kennel? or There‌‌aren’t ‌many‌ dogs‌‌left‌‌to‌‌be‌‌adopted.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ (Very)‌‌little‌‌–‌‌(Very)‌‌Few‌ ‌-‌ ‌A‌‌little‌‌–‌‌A‌‌few‌ ‌ ‌ “(A) little” ‌and‌‌‌“(a) few” ‌are‌‌quantifiers‌‌meaning‌‌‘some’. ‌‌‌“(Very)‌‌little”‌ and “‌(very)‌‌

few” ‌have‌‌negative‌‌meanings.‌‌We‌‌use‌‌them‌‌to‌‌mean‌‌‘not‌‌as‌‌much‌‌as‌‌may‌‌be‌‌expected‌‌

or‌‌wished‌‌for’.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ All‌‌she‌‌wanted‌‌was ‌a‌‌few ‌moments‌‌on‌‌her‌‌own.‌ ‌

some,‌‌a‌‌small‌‌number‌ ‌

She‌‌had ‌few ‌moments‌‌on‌‌her‌‌own.‌ ‌

not‌‌many/almost‌‌none‌ ‌

She‌‌saves ‌a‌‌little ‌money‌‌every‌‌month.‌ ‌

some,‌‌a‌‌small‌‌amount‌ ‌

They‌‌had ‌little ‌money‌‌to‌‌spend.‌ ‌

not‌‌much/almost‌‌nothing‌ ‌

A:‌‌Have‌‌you‌‌got‌‌any money?‌ ‌ B:‌‌Yes, ‌a‌‌little.‌ ‌ A:‌‌Have‌‌you‌‌got‌‌any money?‌ ‌ B:‌‌No,‌v ‌ ery little.‌ ‌

some,‌‌a‌‌small‌‌amount‌ ‌

not‌‌much/almost‌‌nothing‌ ‌

‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 35‌ ‌

‌

‌

‌

A‌‌lot‌‌of‌‌–‌‌Lots‌‌of‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ “A‌‌lot‌‌of”‌ and “‌lots‌‌of”‌ have‌‌the‌‌same‌‌meaning:‌‌they‌‌both‌‌mean a‌‌large‌‌amount‌‌or‌‌

number‌‌of‌‌people‌‌or‌‌things.‌ ‌ They‌‌are‌‌both‌‌used‌‌before countable‌‌nouns and uncountable‌‌nouns:‌ ‌ ‌ with‌‌countable‌‌nouns:‌ ‌ ‌ A‌‌lot‌‌of‌ people‌‌went‌‌to‌‌the‌‌game.‌ ‌ Lots‌‌of‌ people‌‌went‌‌to‌‌the‌‌game.‌ ‌ ‌ with‌‌uncountable‌‌nouns:‌ ‌ ‌ A‌‌lot‌‌of‌ snow‌‌falls‌‌in‌‌winter.‌ ‌ Lots‌‌of‌ snow‌‌falls‌‌in‌‌winter.‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ 36‌ ‌

‌

‌

‌ Passive‌‌Voice‌ ‌

1.‌‌Passive‌‌–‌‌Use‌ ‌ We‌‌only‌‌use‌‌the‌‌passive‌‌when‌‌we‌‌are‌‌interested‌‌in‌‌the‌o ‌ bject‌‌‌or‌‌when‌‌we‌‌do‌‌not‌‌know‌‌

who‌‌caused‌‌the‌‌action.‌ ‌ Example:‌ Appointments‌‌are‌‌required‌‌in‌‌such‌‌cases.‌ ‌ 2.‌‌Passive‌‌–‌‌Form‌ ‌ to ‌be‌ + ‌past‌‌participle‌ How‌‌to‌‌form‌‌a‌‌passive‌‌sentence‌‌when‌‌an‌‌active‌‌sentence‌‌is‌‌given:‌ ‌ ● object‌ of‌‌the ‌active‌ sentence‌‌becomes ‌subject‌ in‌‌the ‌passive‌ sentence‌ ‌ ● subject‌ of‌‌the ‌active‌ sentence‌‌becomes ‌object‌ in‌‌the ‌passive‌ sentence‌‌(or‌‌is‌‌left‌‌

out)‌ ‌ We‌‌can‌‌only‌‌form‌‌a‌‌passive‌‌sentence‌‌from‌‌an‌‌active‌‌sentence‌‌when‌‌there‌‌is‌‌

an ‌object‌ in‌‌the‌‌active‌‌sentence.‌ ‌ ‌ Type‌‌of‌‌

sentence‌ ‌

Subject‌ ‌

Active‌‌sentence:‌

Peter‌ ‌

Verb‌ ‌

Object‌ ‌

builds‌ ‌ a‌‌house.‌

‌ Passive‌‌sentence:‌ A‌‌house‌ ‌ is‌ b ‌ uilt‌ ‌ by‌‌Peter.‌

‌ 3.‌‌Examples‌ ‌ 3.1.‌‌Simple‌‌Present‌ ‌ ‌ Type‌‌of‌‌

sentence‌ ‌

Subject‌ ‌

Active‌‌sentence:‌

Peter‌ ‌

Verb‌ ‌

Object‌ ‌

builds‌ ‌ a‌‌house.‌

‌ Passive‌‌sentence:‌ A‌‌house‌ ‌ is‌ b ‌ uilt‌ ‌ by‌‌Peter.‌

37‌ ‌

‌

‌

‌

‌ ‌ 3.2.‌‌Simple‌‌Past‌ ‌ ‌ Type‌‌of‌‌sentence‌ Subject‌ Active‌‌sentence:‌ Peter‌ ‌

Verb‌ ‌ built‌ ‌

Object‌ ‌ a‌‌house.‌ ‌

‌ Passive‌‌sentence:‌ A‌‌house‌ was‌ b ‌ uilt‌ by‌‌Peter.‌ ‌

‌ ‌

3.3.‌‌Present‌‌Perfect‌ ‌ ‌ Type‌‌of‌‌

sentence‌ ‌

Subject‌

Active‌‌sentence:‌ Peter‌ ‌

Verb‌ ‌

Object‌ ‌

has‌‌built‌ ‌ a‌‌house.‌

‌ Passive‌‌sentence:‌ A‌‌house‌

‌

has‌‌

by‌‌Peter.‌ been‌ b ‌ uilt‌ ‌

‌ 3.4.‌‌will-future‌ ‌ ‌ Type‌‌of‌‌

sentence‌ ‌

Subject‌

Verb‌ ‌

Object‌ ‌

Active‌‌sentence:‌ Peter‌ ‌ will‌‌build‌ a‌‌house.‌

Passive‌‌sentence:‌ A‌‌house‌ ‌

will‌‌

by‌‌Peter.‌ be‌ b ‌ uilt‌ ‌

‌ ‌

38‌ ‌

‌

‌

‌

3.5.‌‌Modals‌ ‌ ‌ Type‌‌of‌‌

sentence‌ ‌

Subject‌

Verb‌ ‌

Object‌ ‌

Active‌‌sentence:‌ Peter‌ ‌ can‌‌build‌ a‌‌house.‌

Passive‌‌sentence:‌ A‌‌house‌

can‌‌

by‌‌Peter.‌ be‌ b ‌ uilt‌ ‌

‌ Active‌‌sentences‌‌with‌‌two‌‌objects‌‌in‌‌Passive‌ ‌ ‌ Two‌‌objects‌‌in‌‌an‌‌active‌‌sentences‌‌–‌‌two‌‌possible‌‌passive‌‌sentences‌ ‌ When‌‌there‌‌are ‌two‌ objects‌‌in‌‌an‌‌active‌‌sentence,‌‌there‌‌are ‌two‌ possible‌‌active‌‌

sentences‌‌and ‌two‌ possible‌‌passive‌‌sentences.‌ ‌ ● Sentence‌‌1:‌‌The‌‌professor‌‌gave ‌the‌‌students‌ t‌ he‌‌books‌. ‌ ‌ ● Sentence‌‌2:‌‌The‌‌professor‌‌gave ‌the‌‌books‌ t‌ o‌‌the‌‌students‌. ‌ ‌ ‌ There‌‌are‌‌two‌‌objects‌‌in‌‌each‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌sentences:‌ ‌ ● Object‌‌1‌‌=‌‌indirect‌‌object‌→ ‌ ‌‌the‌‌students‌ ‌ ● Object‌‌2‌‌=‌‌direct‌‌object‌‌→‌‌the‌‌books‌ ‌ ‌ An‌‌‌indirect‌‌object‌‌‌is‌‌very‌‌often‌‌a‌p ‌ erson‌,‌‌a‌d ‌ irect‌‌object‌‌‌a‌t‌ hing.‌‌‌When‌‌a‌‌direct‌‌object‌‌

is‌‌followed‌‌by‌‌an‌‌indirect‌‌one,‌‌we‌‌put ‌to‌ in‌‌front‌‌of‌‌the‌‌indirect‌‌object.‌ ‌ ‌ Active‌‌sentence‌‌1 ‌ ‌ Subject‌ ‌ Verb‌

‌

indirect‌‌

Object‌ ‌

The‌‌

gave‌ the‌‌students‌ professor‌ ‌

direct‌‌Object‌ the‌‌books‌. ‌ ‌

Active‌‌sentence‌‌2 ‌ ‌ Subject‌ ‌ Verb‌ direct‌‌Object‌ The‌‌

gave‌ professor‌ ‌

39‌ ‌

the‌‌books‌ ‌

indirect‌‌Object‌‌with‌ to‌ ‌ to‌ t‌ he‌‌students‌. ‌ ‌ ‌

‌

‌

Each‌‌of‌‌the‌‌objects‌‌(books/students)‌‌in‌‌the‌‌active‌‌sentences‌‌can‌‌become‌‌subjects‌‌in‌‌the‌‌

passive‌‌sentence.‌ ‌ ‌ Passive‌‌sentence‌‌1 ‌ ‌ Subject‌ ‌

‌

Verb‌ ‌

The‌‌

were‌ g ‌ iven‌ students‌ ‌

Object‌ ‌

(by-agent)‌ ‌

the‌‌

books‌. ‌ ‌

(by‌‌the‌‌

professor).‌ ‌

Passive‌‌sentence‌‌2 ‌ ‌ Subject‌ ‌ The‌‌books‌

Verb‌ ‌ were‌ g ‌ iven‌

‌ ‌

Object‌ ‌

(by-agent)‌ ‌

to‌ t‌ he‌‌

students‌

(by‌‌the‌‌

professor).‌ ‌

Personal‌‌Passive‌‌–‌‌Impersonal‌‌Passive‌‌– It‌‌is‌‌said‌‌/‌‌thought‌‌/‌‌claimed‌‌/‌‌believed‌ ‌ ‌ 1.‌‌Personal‌‌Passive‌ ‌ When‌‌we‌‌put‌‌an ‌object‌ of‌‌an‌‌active‌‌sentence‌‌into‌‌passive,‌‌it‌‌becomes ‌subject‌ of‌‌the‌‌

passive‌‌sentence.‌ ‌ ● Active‌‌sentence‌→ ‌ ‌‌The‌‌professor‌‌gave ‌the‌‌students‌ the‌‌books.‌ ‌ ● Passive‌‌sentence‌→ ‌ ‌The‌‌students‌ were‌‌given‌‌the‌‌books.‌ ‌ We‌‌sometimes‌‌use‌‌a‌‌pronoun‌‌for ‌the‌‌students‌ or ‌the‌‌books‌ in‌‌its‌‌subject‌‌form‌‌

(here: ‌they‌).‌ ‌ ● Active‌‌sentence‌→ ‌ ‌‌The‌‌professor‌‌gave ‌them‌ the‌‌books.‌ ‌ ● Passive‌‌sentence‌→ ‌ ‌They‌ were‌‌given‌‌the‌‌books.‌ ‌ We‌‌very‌‌often‌‌leave‌‌out‌‌the ‌by‌-agent‌‌in‌‌the‌‌passive‌‌sentence‌‌(here: ‌by‌‌the‌‌professor‌).‌ ‌ ‌ 2.‌‌Impersonal‌‌Passive‌‌– It‌‌is‌‌said‌‌...‌ ‌ The‌‌phrase ‌It‌‌is‌‌said‌‌...‌ is‌‌an‌‌impersonal‌‌passive‌‌construction.‌‌This‌‌construction‌‌is‌‌used‌‌

informally. ‌It‌‌is‌‌said‌‌...‌ is‌‌used‌‌when‌‌one‌‌doesn't‌‌want‌‌to,‌‌or‌‌is‌‌unable‌‌to,‌‌site‌‌legitimate‌‌

sources‌‌for‌‌what‌‌you‌‌are‌‌saying.‌‌It‌‌is,‌‌essentially,‌‌a‌‌way‌‌of‌‌claiming‌‌any‌‌position‌‌without‌‌

justifying‌‌it.‌ ‌ ● Passive‌‌sentence‌‌1‌→ ‌ ‌It‌‌is‌‌said‌ that‌‌children‌‌are‌‌afraid‌‌of‌‌ghosts.‌ ‌ ● Passive‌‌sentence‌‌2‌→ ‌ ‌‌Children‌a ‌ re‌‌said‌‌‌to‌‌be‌‌afraid‌‌of‌‌ghosts.‌ ‌ The‌‌correct‌‌active‌‌sentence‌‌would‌‌be:‌ ‌ ●

40‌ ‌

Active‌‌sentence‌→ ‌ ‌P ‌ eople‌‌say‌‌‌that‌‌children‌‌are‌‌afraid‌‌of‌‌ghosts.‌ ‌ ‌

‌

‌

‌ Examples‌‌for‌‌the ‌by-agent‌ ‌ We‌‌are‌‌normally‌‌not‌‌interested‌‌in‌‌the‌›‌ doer‹‌‌‌of‌‌an‌‌action‌‌in‌‌a‌‌passive‌‌sentence.‌‌When‌‌

we‌‌want‌‌to‌‌mention‌‌the‌‌›doer‹,‌‌we‌‌use‌‌the‌‌preposition ‌by‌.‌‌The‌‌whole‌‌phrase‌‌is‌‌

called ‌by-agent‌ in‌‌English.‌ ‌ ‌

‌

Active‌‌sentence‌ ‌

Passive‌‌sentence‌ ‌

Mr‌‌Brown ‌built‌ the‌‌

house.‌ ‌

The‌‌house ‌was‌‌built‌ b ‌ y‌‌Mr‌‌

Brown‌. ‌ ‌

When‌‌we‌‌do‌‌not‌‌know, ‌who‌ was‌‌the ›‌doer‹‌ of‌‌the‌‌action,‌‌we‌‌

use someone or somebody in‌‌the‌‌active‌‌sentence.‌‌We‌‌leave‌‌out‌‌these‌‌words‌‌in‌‌the‌‌

passive‌‌sentence.‌ ‌ ‌ Active‌‌sentence‌ ‌

Passive‌‌sentence‌

Someone ‌stole‌ my‌‌

bike.‌ ‌

My‌‌bike ‌was‌‌

stolen‌. ‌ ‌

‌ ‌ Watch‌‌out!‌‌ ‌ ‌ 1‌‌Verbs‌‌that‌‌do‌‌not‌‌take‌‌an‌‌object‌‌(e.g.‌‌ache,‌‌arrive,‌‌sit‌‌down)‌d ‌ o‌‌not‌‌have‌‌passive‌‌

forms‌.‌‌It‌‌is‌‌not‌‌possible‌‌to‌‌say‌‌‌I‌‌was‌‌ached.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 2‌‌For‌‌verbs‌‌with‌t‌ wo‌‌objects‌,‌‌one‌‌of‌‌them‌‌a‌‌person,‌‌the‌‌passive‌‌sentence‌‌usually‌‌

begins‌‌with‌‌the‌p ‌ erson‌. ‌‌ ‌ ‌ Someone‌‌gave‌‌Mary‌‌a‌‌present.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Mary‌w ‌ as‌‌given‌‌a‌‌present.‌‌(NOT‌‌A‌‌present‌‌was‌‌given‌‌to‌‌Mary.)‌‌ ‌ ‌ 3‌‌The‌‌verbs‌m ‌ ake,‌‌hear,‌‌see,‌‌help‌‌‌are‌‌followed‌‌by‌‌the‌‌infinitive‌w ‌ ithout‌‌t‌ o‌i‌n‌‌active‌‌

sentences,‌‌but‌‌the‌i‌ nfinitive‌‌with‌‌to‌i‌n‌‌passive‌‌sentences.‌‌ ‌ ‌ They‌m ‌ ade‌‌‌him‌g ‌ o‌‌‌home.‌‌ ‌ He‌‌was‌‌‌made‌‌to‌‌go‌‌‌home.‌‌ ‌ ‌ 4‌L ‌ et‌d ‌ oes‌‌not‌‌have‌‌a‌‌passive‌‌form.‌‌We‌‌use‌‌“b ‌ e‌‌allowed‌‌to”‌i‌n‌‌the‌‌passive.‌‌ ‌ ‌ They‌‌don't‌l‌ et‌‌‌us‌‌talk‌‌in‌‌class.‌‌ ‌ ‌We‌a ‌ re‌‌not‌‌allowed‌‌to‌‌‌talk‌‌in‌‌class.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌

41‌ ‌

‌

‌

‌

Phrasal‌‌Verbs‌‌-‌‌Prepositions‌‌-‌‌Expressions‌ ‌ Prepositions‌o ‌ r‌p ‌ hrasals‌m ‌ ay‌b ‌ e‌r‌ epeated‌i‌n‌t‌ he‌d ‌ ifferent‌u ‌ nits‌ ‌

‌ Unit‌‌2 ‌ ‌

Phrasal‌v‌ erbs‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Make‌u ‌ p‌f‌ or‌-‌t‌ o‌m ‌ ake‌s‌ omething‌i‌n‌o ‌ rder‌t‌ o‌m ‌ ake‌a‌ ‌b ‌ ad‌t‌ hing‌s‌ eem‌l‌ess‌s‌ erious ‌ ‌ ● It’s‌t‌ oo‌l‌ate‌f‌ or‌h ‌ im‌t‌ o‌m ‌ ake‌u ‌ p‌f‌ or‌h ‌ is‌m ‌ istakes‌ ‌ ‌ Get‌o ‌ n‌w ‌ ith‌‌-‌ have‌a‌ ‌g‌ ood‌r‌ elationship‌w ‌ ith‌s‌ omebody‌ ‌ ● I‌ t's‌q ‌ uite‌h ‌ ard‌t‌ o‌g ‌ et‌o ‌ n‌w ‌ ith‌e‌ veryone‌i‌n‌y‌ our‌f‌ amily.‌ ‌ ‌ Grow‌u ‌ p‌‌-‌ ‌t‌ o gradually‌b ‌ ecome‌a‌ n‌a‌ dult‌ ‌ ● I grew‌u ‌ p‌i‌n Scotland‌(‌ =‌I‌ lived‌t‌ here‌w ‌ hen‌I‌ ‌w ‌ as young).‌ ‌ ‌ Look‌u ‌ p‌t‌ o‌‌–‌ ‌t‌ o admire‌a‌ nd respect‌s‌ omeone‌ ‌ ● He'd‌a ‌ lways‌l‌ooked‌u ‌ p‌t‌ o‌h ‌ is uncle‌ ‌ ‌ Sort‌o ‌ ut‌‌–‌ ‌a‌ n‌o ‌ ccasion‌w ‌ hen‌y‌ ou‌p ‌ ut‌t‌ hings‌i‌n order or‌i‌n their‌c‌ orrect‌p ‌ lace‌ ‌ ● I've sorted‌o ‌ ut‌t‌ he‌c‌ lothes‌I‌ ‌l‌ike‌m ‌ ore‌a ‌ nd‌g ‌ ave‌t‌ he‌r‌ est‌a ‌ way.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Get‌r‌ id‌o ‌ f‌‌–‌ ‌t‌ o‌d ‌ o‌a‌ way‌w ‌ ith‌a‌ n‌u ‌ nwanted‌o ‌ r ‌unpleasant‌ t‌ ask‌, ‌object‌,‌o ‌ r‌p ‌ erson‌‌ ● I‌d ‌ idn't ‌enjoy‌ m ‌ arking‌ those ‌papers‌ and‌I‌ ‌w ‌ as ‌glad‌ to‌b ‌ e‌r‌ id‌o ‌ f‌t‌ hem.‌‌ ‌ 42‌ ‌

‌

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‌

‌ Get‌a‌ way‌‌-‌ ‌t‌ o leave‌ o ‌ r escape‌f‌ rom‌a‌ person‌o ‌ r place‌‌ ‌ ● We walked‌t‌ o‌t‌ he‌n ‌ ext beach‌t‌ o‌g ‌ et‌a ‌ way‌f‌ rom‌t‌ he crowds.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Get‌a‌ way‌f‌ rom‌-‌ ‌t‌ o avoid‌s‌ omething‌t‌ hat‌i‌s difficult‌o ‌ r unpleasant‌f‌ or‌y‌ ou‌‌ ‌ ● I‌n ‌ eeded‌t‌ o‌g ‌ et‌a ‌ way‌f‌ rom‌t‌ he‌p ‌ ressures‌o ‌ f‌w ‌ ork‌‌ ‌ ‌ Run‌a‌ way‌f‌ rom‌-‌ ‌t‌ o‌l‌eave‌a‌ ‌p ‌ lace,‌e‌ specially‌s‌ ecretly,‌i‌n‌o ‌ rder‌t‌ o escape‌f‌ rom‌s‌ omeone‌o ‌ r‌‌ something‌‌ ‌ ● Toby‌‌ r‌ an‌a ‌ way‌f‌ rom‌h ‌ ome‌a ‌ t‌t‌ he‌a ‌ ge‌o ‌ f‌1 ‌ 4.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Turn‌u ‌ p‌‌-‌ ‌t‌ o arrive‌a‌ t‌a‌ ‌p ‌ lace,‌e‌ specially‌i‌n‌a‌ ‌w ‌ ay‌t‌ hat‌i‌s unexpected‌‌ ‌ ● You‌c‌ an’t‌j‌ust‌t‌ urn‌u ‌ p‌a ‌ nd‌e‌ xpect‌a ‌ ‌m ‌ eal‌. ‌‌ ‌ ‌ Find‌o ‌ ut‌-‌ ‌t‌ o‌g‌ et‌i‌nformation,‌a‌ fter‌t‌ rying‌t‌ o discover‌i‌t‌o ‌ r‌b ‌ y chance‌‌ ‌ ● Has‌a ‌ nyone‌b ‌ othered‌t‌ o‌f‌ ind‌o ‌ ut‌h ‌ ow‌m ‌ uch‌a ‌ ll‌t‌ his‌i‌s‌g ‌ oing‌t‌ o‌c‌ ost?‌‌ ‌ ‌ Give‌u ‌ p‌‌-‌ ‌ ‌to‌s‌ top‌d ‌ oing‌s‌ omething,‌e‌ specially‌s‌ omething‌t‌ hat‌y‌ ou‌d ‌ o‌r‌ egularly‌‌ ‌ ● Darren‌h ‌ as‌d ‌ ecided‌t‌ o‌g ‌ ive‌u ‌ p‌f‌ ootball‌a ‌ t‌t‌ he‌e‌ nd‌o ‌ f‌t‌ his‌s‌ eason.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Look‌a‌ fter‌-‌ ‌ ‌to‌t‌ ake care‌o ‌ f‌s‌ omeone‌b ‌ y‌h ‌ elping‌t‌ hem,‌g‌ iving‌t‌ hem‌w ‌ hat‌t‌ hey‌n ‌ eed,‌o ‌ r‌ keeping‌t‌ hem safe‌‌ ‌ ● Don’t‌w ‌ orry,‌I‌ ’ll‌l‌ook‌a ‌ fter‌t‌ he‌k‌ ids‌t‌ omorrow.‌‌ ‌ End‌u ‌ p‌‌-‌ ‌t‌ o ‌ ‌b ‌ e‌i‌n‌a‌ ‌p ‌ articular‌s‌ ituation, state,‌o ‌ r‌p ‌ lace‌a‌ fter‌a‌ series‌o ‌ f events,‌e‌ specially‌‌ when‌y‌ ou‌d ‌ id‌n ‌ ot‌p ‌ lan‌i‌t‌‌ ‌ ● He‌c‌ ame‌r‌ ound‌f‌ or‌a ‌ ‌c‌ offee‌a ‌ nd‌w ‌ e‌e‌ nded‌u ‌ p‌h ‌ aving‌a ‌ ‌m ‌ eal‌t‌ ogether.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Split‌u ‌ p‌-‌ ‌ ‌end‌a‌ marriage‌o ‌ r relationship‌w ‌ ith‌e‌ ach‌o ‌ ther‌‌ ‌ ● Steve’s‌p ‌ arents‌s‌ plit‌u ‌ p‌w ‌ hen‌h ‌ e‌w ‌ as‌f‌ our.‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ Prepositions‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ reliable‌w ‌ ith‌ ‌ divided‌i‌nto‌ ‌ according‌t‌ o‌ ‌ cautious‌‌about‌ ‌ irritated‌o ‌ n ‌ ‌ ‌ 43‌ ‌

depend‌o ‌ n‌ ‌ set‌h ‌ is‌h ‌ eart‌o ‌ n‌ ‌ pleased‌‌w ‌ ith‌ ‌ responsible‌‌for‌ ‌ keen‌‌on‌ ‌ ‌ ‌

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‌ Unit‌‌3 ‌ ‌

Phrasal‌v‌ erbs‌ ‌ ‌ Turn‌u ‌ p‌-‌ ‌ ‌t‌ o ‌ arrive‌a‌ t‌a‌ ‌p ‌ lace,‌e‌ specially‌i‌n‌a‌ ‌w ‌ ay‌t‌ hat‌i‌s unexpected‌ ‌ ● You‌c‌ an’t‌j‌ust‌t‌ urn‌u ‌ p‌a ‌ nd‌e‌ xpect‌a ‌ ‌m ‌ eal.‌‌ ‌ ● Steve‌t‌ urned‌u ‌ p‌l‌ate,‌a ‌ s‌u ‌ sual.‌‌ ‌ End‌u ‌ p‌‌-‌ ‌t‌ o ‌ ‌b ‌ e‌i‌n‌a‌ ‌p ‌ articular‌s‌ ituation, state,‌o ‌ r‌p ‌ lace‌a‌ fter‌a‌ series‌o ‌ f events,‌e‌ specially‌‌ when‌y‌ ou‌d ‌ id‌n ‌ ot‌p ‌ lan‌i‌t‌‌ ‌ ● He‌c‌ ame‌r‌ ound‌f‌ or‌a ‌ ‌c‌ offee‌a ‌ nd‌w ‌ e‌e‌ nded‌u ‌ p‌h ‌ aving‌a ‌ ‌m ‌ eal‌t‌ ogether. ‌ ‌ ● I‌w ‌ ondered‌w ‌ here‌t‌ he‌p ‌ ictures‌w ‌ ould‌e‌ nd‌u ‌ p‌a ‌ fter‌t‌ he‌a ‌ uction.‌ ‌ ● Most‌s‌ limmers‌e‌ nd‌u ‌ p‌p ‌ utting‌w ‌ eight‌b ‌ ack‌o ‌ n.‌ ‌ Let‌s‌ omebody‌d ‌ own‌‌-‌ ‌t‌ o‌n ‌ ot‌d ‌ o‌s‌ omething‌t‌ hat‌s‌ omeone trusts‌o ‌ r expects you‌t‌ o‌d ‌ o‌‌ ‌ ● She‌h ‌ ad‌b ‌ een let‌d ‌ own‌b ‌ adly in‌t‌ he‌p ‌ ast. ‌ ‌ ● The‌w ‌ orst‌f‌ eeling‌i‌s‌h ‌ aving‌l‌et‌o ‌ ur‌f‌ ans‌d ‌ own.‌‌ ‌ Take‌u ‌ p‌‌-‌ ‌t‌ o‌b ‌ ecome‌i‌nterested‌i‌n‌a‌ ‌n ‌ ew activity and‌t‌ o spend‌t‌ ime‌d ‌ oing‌i‌t‌‌ ‌ ● Roger‌t‌ ook‌u ‌ p‌p ‌ ainting‌f‌ or‌a ‌ ‌w ‌ hile,‌b ‌ ut‌s‌ oon‌l‌ost‌i‌nterest.‌‌ ‌ Keep‌u ‌ p‌–‌ ‌t‌ o‌c‌ ontinue doing‌s‌ omething‌‌ ‌ ● I‌d ‌ on’t‌t‌ hink‌I‌ ‌c‌ an‌k‌ eep‌t‌ his‌u ‌ p‌a ‌ ny‌l‌onger.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Prepositions‌ ‌ ‌ interested‌‌in‌ ‌ frightened‌o ‌ f‌ ‌ worried‌a‌ bout‌ ‌ annoyed‌‌by‌ ‌

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embarrassed‌b ‌ y‌ ‌ excited‌a‌ bout‌ ‌ bored‌w ‌ ith‌ ‌ confused‌w ‌ ith‌ ‌ ‌

absorbed‌b ‌ y‌ ‌ care‌a‌ bout‌ ‌ associated‌w ‌ ith‌ ‌ involved‌‌i‌n‌ ‌ ‌ ‌

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‌ Vocabulary‌ ‌ worth‌t‌ he‌m ‌ oney‌ ‌ good‌v‌ alue‌f‌ or‌m ‌ oney‌ ‌ a‌w ‌ aste‌o ‌ f‌m ‌ oney‌ ‌ He's‌g‌ ot‌m ‌ ore‌m ‌ oney‌t‌ han‌s‌ ense‌ ‌ Put‌y‌ our‌m ‌ oney‌w ‌ here‌y‌ our‌m ‌ outh‌i‌s‌‌ ‌ I'm‌a‌ ‌b ‌ it‌s‌ hort‌o ‌ f‌m ‌ oney‌ ‌ Money´s‌a‌ ‌b ‌ it‌t‌ ight‌a‌ t‌t‌ he‌m ‌ oment‌‌ ‌ She's‌g‌ ot‌m ‌ oney‌t‌ o‌b ‌ urn‌ ‌ He's‌w ‌ orth‌a‌ ‌f‌ ortune‌–‌ ‌t‌ o‌b ‌ e‌r‌ ich‌ ‌ My‌m ‌ um‌a‌ lways‌s‌ ays‌s‌ he's‌n ‌ ot‌m ‌ ade‌o ‌ f‌m ‌ oney‌ ‌ It's‌s‌ ometimes‌h ‌ ard‌t‌ o‌m ‌ ake‌e‌ nds‌m ‌ eet‌ ‌ to‌l‌ive‌w ‌ ithin‌y‌ our‌m ‌ eans‌ ‌ to‌b ‌ e‌i‌n‌d ‌ ebt‌ ‌ to‌l‌ive‌o ‌ n‌a‌ ‌t‌ ight‌b ‌ udget‌ ‌ give‌y‌ our‌m ‌ oney‌a‌ way‌ ‌ lend‌y‌ our‌c‌ redit‌c‌ ard‌t‌ o‌s‌ omebody‌ ‌ to‌h ‌ ave‌a‌ ‌h ‌ igh‌s‌ tandard‌o ‌ f‌l‌iving‌ ‌ to‌m ‌ ake‌a‌ ‌f‌ ortune‌ ‌ to‌s‌ pend‌m ‌ oney‌o ‌ n‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌4 ‌ ‌ ‌ Vocabulary‌ ‌ I‌ dioms‌w ‌ ith‌‌the‌b ‌ ody‌ ‌ ‌ 1.‌‌Get‌t‌ heir‌h ‌ eads‌a‌ round.‌ ‌ Understand/accept‌a‌ n‌i‌dea‌‌ ‌ 2.‌‌Come‌f‌ ace‌t‌ o‌f‌ ace.‌ ‌ Very‌c‌ lose‌t‌ o‌‌ ‌ 3.‌‌Put‌o ‌ ne's‌f‌ oot‌i‌nto‌i‌t.‌ ‌ S‌ ay‌t‌ he‌w ‌ rong‌t‌ hing‌ ‌ 4.‌‌See‌e ‌ ye‌t‌ o‌e ‌ ye.‌ ‌ Get‌o ‌ n‌w ‌ ith‌e‌ ach‌o ‌ ther‌ ‌

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5.‌‌Catch‌o ‌ ne‌'‌s‌e ‌ ye.‌ Attract‌y‌ our‌a‌ ttention‌ ‌ 6.‌‌Keep‌a‌ n‌e ‌ ye‌o ‌ n.‌ ‌ P ‌ ay‌a‌ ttention‌t‌ o‌ ‌ 7.‌‌Keep‌a‌ ‌s‌ traight‌f‌ ace.‌ ‌ Look‌s‌ erious‌ ‌ 8.‌‌G ‌ et‌c‌ old‌f‌ eet.‌ ‌ C ‌ hange‌y‌ our‌m ‌ ind‌ ‌ 9.‌‌Can't‌f‌ ace.‌ ‌ F‌ eel‌u ‌ nable‌t‌ o‌ ‌ 10.‌P ‌ ut‌y‌ our‌f‌ oot‌d ‌ own.‌ ‌ S‌ ay‌n ‌ o‌t‌ o‌s‌ omething‌ ‌ ‌ Idioms‌a‌ nd‌c‌ ollocations‌w ‌ ith‌w ‌ eather‌ ‌ ‌ freezing‌c‌ old‌:‌ ‌‌extremely‌c‌ old‌ ‌ boiling‌h ‌ ot‌:‌ ‌e‌ xtremely‌h ‌ ot‌ ‌ soaking‌w ‌ et:‌t‌ o‌b ‌ e‌t‌ horoughly wet‌‌ ‌ pitch‌b ‌ lack/‌d ‌ arkness‌:‌ ‌e‌ xtremely‌d ‌ ark‌ ‌ absolutely‌f‌ rozen‌:‌ ‌c‌ ompletely‌f‌ rozen‌ ‌ thick/dense‌f‌ og‌:‌ ‌v‌ ery‌f‌ oggy‌ ‌ torrential/heavy‌r‌ ain‌:‌ ‌‌raining‌v‌ ery‌h ‌ eavily‌ ‌ strong‌w ‌ ind/sun‌:‌ ‌i‌ntense‌c‌ urrent‌o ‌ f‌a‌ ir‌ ‌ a‌r‌ ough‌s‌ ea‌:‌ ‌w ‌ ith‌b ‌ ig‌w ‌ aves‌ a‌ h ‌ ard‌f‌ rost‌:‌ ‌a‌ ‌t‌ hick‌l‌ayer‌o ‌ f‌i‌ce‌ ‌ Expressions‌ ‌ ‌ to‌b ‌ e‌o ‌ ver‌t‌ he‌m ‌ oon‌:‌ ‌e‌ xtremely‌h ‌ appy‌ ‌ pitch‌d ‌ arkness‌:‌ ‌e‌ xtreme‌d ‌ arkness‌ ‌ to‌b ‌ e‌o ‌ ut‌o ‌ f‌y‌ our‌m ‌ ind‌:‌ ‌h ‌ aving‌l‌ost‌c‌ ontrol‌o ‌ f‌o ‌ ne's‌m ‌ ental‌f‌ aculties.‌‌ ‌

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to‌b ‌ e‌u ‌ pside‌d ‌ own‌:‌ ‌i‌n‌o ‌ r‌i‌nto‌a‌ n‌i‌nverted‌p ‌ osition.‌‌ ‌ to‌h ‌ old‌y‌ our‌b ‌ reath‌:‌ ‌b ‌ e‌i‌n‌a‌ ‌s‌ tate‌o ‌ f‌s‌ uspense‌o ‌ r‌a‌ nticipation.‌‌ ‌ to‌k‌ eep‌y‌ our‌m ‌ ind‌o ‌ ff‌:‌ ‌‌stop‌t‌ hinking‌a‌ bout‌‌ ‌ to‌f‌ eel‌d ‌ isconnected‌f‌ rom‌:‌ ‌‌separate‌f‌ rom‌s‌ omeone‌o ‌ r‌s‌ omething‌e‌ lse‌‌ ‌ to‌b ‌ e‌f‌ ace-down‌:‌ ‌w ‌ ith‌t‌ he‌f‌ ace‌o ‌ r‌s‌ urface‌t‌ urned‌t‌ owards‌t‌ he‌g‌ round.‌‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌5 ‌ ‌ ‌ Phrasal‌v‌ erbs‌ ‌ ‌ Turn‌a‌ way‌–‌ ‌R ‌ efuse‌s‌ omeone‌p ‌ ermission‌t‌ o‌e‌ nter‌a‌ ‌p ‌ lace‌ ‌ ‌ ● The‌d ‌ oorman‌t‌ urned‌‌h ‌ im‌a ‌ way‌f‌ rom‌t‌ he‌n ‌ ightclub‌b ‌ ecause‌h ‌ e‌w ‌ as‌w ‌ earing‌‌ trainers‌. ‌ ‌ Turn‌d ‌ own‌‌-‌ ‌R ‌ eject‌a‌ n‌o ‌ ffer,‌i‌nvitation,‌e‌ tc./Reduce‌v‌ olume,‌t‌ emperature,‌e‌ tc. ‌ ‌ ● They‌o ‌ ffered‌h ‌ er‌t‌ he‌j‌ob,‌b ‌ ut‌s‌ he‌t‌ urned‌‌i‌t‌d ‌ own.‌‌ ‌ ● The‌r‌ oom‌w ‌ as‌t‌ oo‌h ‌ ot,‌s‌ o‌s‌ he‌t‌ urned‌‌t‌ he‌h ‌ eating‌d ‌ own.‌ ‌ Turn‌o ‌ n‌–‌ ‌A ‌ ttack/Start‌a‌ ‌m ‌ achine‌ ‌ ● The‌n ‌ eighbour's‌d ‌ og‌t‌ urned‌o ‌ n‌‌m ‌ e‌w ‌ hen‌I‌ ‌t‌ ried‌t‌ o‌s‌ troke‌i‌t.‌‌ ‌ ● I‌t‌ urned‌‌t‌ he‌r‌ adio‌o ‌ n‌‌t‌ o‌g ‌ et‌t‌ he‌w ‌ eather‌f‌ orecast.‌ ‌ Turn‌o ‌ ut‌-‌ ‌P ‌ roduce‌a‌ n‌u ‌ nexpected‌r‌ esult/Produce‌ ‌ ● It‌l‌ooked‌a ‌ s‌i‌f‌w ‌ e‌w ‌ ere‌g ‌ oing‌t‌ o‌f‌ ail,‌b ‌ ut‌i‌t‌t‌ urned‌o ‌ ut‌w ‌ ell‌i‌n‌t‌ he‌e‌ nd.‌‌ ‌ ● The‌f‌ actory‌t‌ urns‌o ‌ ut‌‌t‌ hree‌t‌ housand‌u ‌ nits‌a ‌ ‌d ‌ ay.‌ ‌ Turn‌u ‌ p‌‌–‌ ‌A ‌ ppear/‌I‌ncrease‌v‌ olume,‌t‌ emperature,‌e‌ tc.‌ ‌ ● She‌d ‌ idn't‌t‌ urn‌u ‌ p‌‌f‌ or‌a ‌ ‌c‌ lass‌t‌ oday.‌ ‌ ● I‌t‌ urned‌‌t‌ he‌m ‌ usic‌u ‌ p‌‌f‌ ull‌b ‌ last.‌‌ ‌ Turn‌o ‌ ff‌-‌ ‌C ‌ a‌ use‌s‌ omeone‌t‌ o‌d ‌ islike‌ ‌ ● I‌t‌ hought‌t‌ he‌s‌ ubject‌w ‌ ould‌b ‌ e‌i‌nteresting,‌b ‌ ut‌t‌ he‌p ‌ rofessor's‌b ‌ oring‌l‌ectures‌r‌ eally‌‌ turned‌m ‌ e‌o ‌ ff.‌ ‌

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‌ Go‌t‌ hrough‌:‌u ‌ ndergo‌a‌ ‌d ‌ ifficult‌p ‌ eriod‌o ‌ r‌e‌ xperience.‌ ‌ ● The‌c‌ ountry‌i‌s‌g ‌ oing‌t‌ hrough‌a ‌ ‌p ‌ eriod‌o ‌ f‌e‌ conomic‌i‌nstability.‌ ‌ ‌ Strike‌u ‌ p‌:‌t‌ o start‌t‌ o play or sing something‌ ‌ ● When‌t‌ he applause had died‌d ‌ own,‌a ‌ band‌s‌ truck‌u ‌ p‌t‌ he national‌a ‌ nthem.‌ ‌ Bring‌a‌ long‌:‌t‌ o‌t‌ ake‌s‌ omeone‌o ‌ r‌s‌ omething‌w ‌ ith‌y‌ ou‌ ‌ ● Can‌I‌ ‌b ‌ ring‌a ‌ ‌f‌ riend‌a ‌ long‌t‌ o‌t‌ he‌p ‌ arty?‌ ‌ Grow‌u ‌ p‌:‌t‌ o gradually‌b ‌ ecome‌a‌ n‌a‌ dult‌ ‌ ● I grew‌u ‌ p‌i‌n‌S‌ cotland‌(‌ =‌I‌ lived there‌w ‌ hen‌I‌ ‌w ‌ as young).‌ ‌ ● Taking responsibility‌f‌ or‌y‌ ourself‌i‌s part‌o ‌ f‌t‌ he process of growing up.‌ ‌ ‌ Blow‌o ‌ ff‌:‌i‌f‌s‌ omething ‌blows‌ off‌o ‌ r‌i‌s ‌blown‌ off,‌t‌ he ‌wind‌ m ‌ akes‌ it‌c‌ ome‌o ‌ ff‌ ‌ ● The ‌roof‌ b ‌ lew‌ off‌i‌n‌t‌ he ‌storm‌. ‌ ‌ ● A ‌gust‌ of ‌wind‌ b ‌ lew‌ her‌h ‌ at‌o ‌ ff.‌ ‌ Get‌o ‌ n‌:‌H ‌ ave‌a‌ ‌g‌ ood‌r‌ elationship‌ ‌ ● My ‌parents‌ and‌I‌ ‌d ‌ on’t‌g ‌ et‌o ‌ n.‌ ‌ ● I ‌think‌ you‌t‌ wo‌w ‌ ould‌g ‌ et‌o ‌ n‌w ‌ ell.‌ ‌ Get‌o ‌ n‌w ‌ ith‌: ‌Have‌a‌ ‌g‌ ood‌r‌ elationship‌w ‌ ith‌s‌ omebody‌ ‌ ● She‌s‌ eems‌t‌ o‌g ‌ et‌o ‌ n‌w ‌ ith ‌everybody‌. ‌ ‌ Break‌d ‌ own‌:‌i‌f‌a‌ ‌machine‌ or ‌vehicle‌ b ‌ reaks‌ down,‌i‌t ‌stops‌ w ‌ orking‌ ‌ ● The car‌b ‌ roke‌d ‌ own just‌o ‌ utside‌W ‌ inchester.‌ ‌ Take‌o ‌ ver‌:‌t‌ o begin‌t‌ o‌d ‌ o‌s‌ omething‌t‌ hat‌s‌ omeone‌e‌ lse‌w ‌ as doing‌ ‌ ● Can‌y‌ ou‌t‌ ake‌o ‌ ver‌t‌ he cooking while‌I‌ walk the dog?‌ ‌ Take‌(‌ something)‌o ‌ ver‌f‌ rom‌s‌ omeone‌: ‌ ‌ ● I’ll‌t‌ ake‌o ‌ ver‌f‌ rom‌y‌ ou‌f‌ or‌a ‌ moment.‌ ‌

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Take‌o ‌ ver‌a‌ s‌s‌ omething‌: ‌ ‌ ● Jane took‌o ‌ ver‌a ‌ s director after‌R ‌ ichard‌r‌ etired.‌ ‌ Take‌a‌ fter‌:‌t‌ o‌l‌ook or behave‌l‌ike‌a‌ n‌o ‌ lder‌r‌ elative‌ ‌ ● In appearance,‌s‌ he takes‌a ‌ fter‌h ‌ er father.‌ ‌ ‌ Prepositions‌ ‌ ‌ for‌t‌ he‌s‌ ake‌‌o ‌ f‌ ‌

give‌o ‌ ne's‌o ‌ pinion‌‌o ‌ n‌ ‌

known‌‌f‌ or‌ ‌

consist‌‌o ‌ f‌ ‌

appreciate‌‌a‌ bout‌ ‌

frightened‌‌b ‌ y‌ ‌

result‌i‌n‌ ‌

lack‌o ‌ f‌ ‌

in‌t‌ ouch‌‌w ‌ ith‌ ‌

provided‌‌b ‌ y‌ ‌

fascinated‌‌b ‌ y‌ ‌

annoyed‌‌b ‌ y‌ ‌

come‌‌f‌ rom‌ ‌

within‌o ‌ ne's‌b ‌ udget‌ ‌

bound‌t‌ o‌ ‌

attracted‌‌b ‌ y‌ ‌

impressed‌‌b ‌ y‌ ‌

arrive‌‌at/in‌ ‌

on‌h ‌ is‌‌o ‌ wn‌ ‌

insist‌‌o ‌ n‌ ‌

keen‌‌o ‌ n‌ ‌

worried‌‌a‌ bout‌ ‌

booked‌‌u ‌ p‌ ‌

lead‌t‌ o‌ ‌

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interested‌‌i‌n‌ ‌

‌ ‌ Vocabulary‌ ‌ ‌ a‌h ‌ igh-fat‌d ‌ iet‌‌:‌ ‌A ‌ diet rich‌i‌n fats‌‌ ‌ a‌s‌ trict‌v‌ egetarian‌d ‌ iet‌‌:‌ ‌ ‌only‌v‌ egetables,‌f‌ ruits,‌n ‌ uts,‌a‌ nd‌g‌ rains‌a‌ re‌e‌ aten.‌‌ ‌ a‌d ‌ iet‌r‌ ich‌i‌n‌v‌ itamin‌s‌:‌ ‌c‌ ontaining‌a‌ ‌l‌ot‌o ‌ f vitamins or‌a‌ ‌l‌ot‌o ‌ f‌a‌ ‌p ‌ articular vitamin.‌‌ ‌ a‌w ‌ ell-balanced‌d ‌ iet‌‌:‌ ‌T‌ his means‌e‌ ating a‌w ‌ ide‌v‌ ariety‌o ‌ f foods in‌t‌ he‌r‌ ight‌p ‌ roportions,‌a‌ nd‌‌ consuming‌t‌ he‌r‌ ight‌a‌ mount‌o ‌ f‌f‌ ood‌a‌ nd‌d ‌ rink‌t‌ o‌a‌ chieve‌a‌ nd‌m ‌ aintain a‌h ‌ ealthy body‌‌ weight.‌‌ ‌ a‌l‌ow-salt‌d ‌ iet‌‌:‌ ‌ ‌a‌ diet that‌i‌ncludes very‌l‌ittle sodium per‌d ‌ ay.‌‌ ‌ a‌d ‌ airy‌f‌ ree‌d ‌ iet‌‌:‌ ‌i‌t‌e‌ liminates‌o ‌ r‌r‌ estricts lactose‌‌ ‌ boiling‌h ‌ ot‌t‌ ea‌:‌v‌ ery‌h ‌ ot‌t‌ ea‌ ‌ addictive‌q ‌ ualities‌:‌t‌ hat‌y‌ ou‌c‌ annot stop taking once you‌h ‌ ave started‌ ‌

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health‌b ‌ enefits‌‌:‌ ‌f‌ ood,‌s‌ ubstance‌o ‌ r‌a‌ ctivity‌t‌ hat‌i‌mproves health‌‌ ‌ artichoke‌‌:‌ ‌r‌ ound green‌v‌ egetables‌t‌ hat‌h ‌ ave‌f‌ leshy‌l‌eaves‌a‌ rranged‌l‌ike‌t‌ he petals‌o ‌ f‌a‌ ‌‌ flower.‌‌ ‌ noodles‌‌:‌ ‌‌a‌v‌ ery‌t‌ hin,‌l‌ong‌s‌ trip‌o ‌ f‌p ‌ asta‌o ‌ r‌a‌ ‌s‌ imilar‌f‌ lour‌p ‌ aste,‌e‌ aten‌w ‌ ith‌a‌ ‌s‌ auce‌o ‌ r‌i‌n‌a‌ ‌‌ soup.‌ ‌ ‌ Unit‌6 ‌ ‌ ‌ Phrasal‌v‌ erbs‌ ‌ Pick‌s‌ omebody‌u ‌ p‌:‌t‌ o collect‌s‌ omeone‌w ‌ ho‌i‌s waiting for‌y‌ ou,‌o ‌ r‌t‌ o collect something‌t‌ hat‌‌ you‌h ‌ ave left‌s‌ omewhere‌ ‌ ● Can‌y‌ ou pick me‌u ‌ p‌f‌ rom‌t‌ he airport?‌ ‌ ● I've‌g ‌ ot‌t‌ o pick‌u ‌ p‌t‌ hose books I ordered.‌ ‌ ‌ Look‌a‌ fter‌:‌t‌ o‌t‌ ake care‌o ‌ f‌s‌ omeone‌o ‌ r‌s‌ omething‌b ‌ y‌k‌ eeping them healthy or‌i‌n‌a‌ ‌‌ good condition‌ ‌ ● Could‌y‌ ou look after‌t‌ he children‌w ‌ hile‌I‌ 'm‌o ‌ ut?‌ ‌ ‌ Close‌d ‌ own‌:‌I‌f‌a‌ business‌c‌ loses down,‌i‌t stops‌o ‌ perating.‌‌ ‌ ● Due‌t‌ o‌t‌ he‌e‌ conomic‌r‌ ecession,‌m ‌ any‌s‌ tores‌h ‌ ave‌c‌ losed‌d ‌ own.‌ ‌ Set‌u ‌ p‌:‌e‌ stablish‌a‌ ‌b ‌ usiness,‌i‌nstitution,‌o ‌ r‌o ‌ ther‌o ‌ rganization.‌ ‌ ● She‌s‌ et‌u ‌ p‌t‌ he‌b ‌ usiness‌w ‌ ith‌a ‌ ‌£ ‌ 4,000‌b ‌ ank‌l‌oan‌ ‌ Go‌a‌ head‌:‌p ‌ rocede.‌ ● The‌p ‌ roject‌w ‌ ill‌g ‌ o‌a ‌ head,‌n ‌ o‌m ‌ atter‌w ‌ hat‌t‌ he‌b ‌ oard‌o ‌ f‌d ‌ irectors‌t‌ hinks.‌ ‌ ‌ Prepositions‌ ‌ on‌t‌ he‌o ‌ ne‌h ‌ and‌ ‌

on‌d ‌ isplay‌ ‌

on‌d ‌ uty‌ ‌

on‌t‌ he‌o ‌ ther‌h ‌ and‌ ‌

talk‌‌about‌ ‌

interested‌‌i‌n‌ ‌

on‌t‌ elevision‌‌ ‌

invest‌‌i‌n‌ ‌

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