Master Thesis - Architecture and Urban Planning / Monika Woźniak by Monika Woźniak

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YI N

POZNAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY / FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE

E G

Y O F

MOBILE URBANISM

ENT

M O B I L E

A OF W

L I N E A R

POZNAN 2017

C I T Y

POZNAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY / FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE

MOBILE URBANISM

PENINSULA GARBARY IN POZNAN STRATEGY OF WARTA DEVELOPMENT ON A GLOBAL SCALE

AUTHOR: MONIKA WOZNIAK SUPERVISOR: ARCH. K. BOROWSKI, PhD, Eng. POZNAN 2017

ABSTRACT Thesis topic is seeking connections between local urban and architectural problems and global development. The design is based in the search for universal principles and assumptions analyzed in the global scale, next in the scale of city and river, finally crowned with development of the space constituting expression of thought process. Conducted analysis aims to prove the possibility of translating theoretical urban and architectural deliberations to spatial real situation, by creating the comprehensive development plan. The main issue addressed in the work is visible loss of river potential, in the context of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s global and local impact. An important element of the project has become the outline of development direction of the city and presentation of real possibilities to translate the process/idea on existing area of river bank. The conclusion of the thesis through fundamental project propositions, which in the future could be elaborated as a global and urban design.

fig. 1 / Powerhouse Garbary around 1924.

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LIST OF CONTENTS

ABSTRAKT .......................................................... 05

4.4. Poznań Fortress .........................................109 4.5. Electrical Power and Heating Plant .......111 4.6. City context ...............................................113 4.7.a. Context analysis .....................................114 4.7.b. Greenery analysis ................................116 4.7.c. Communication analysis .....................118 4.8. The Site ....................................................121 4.9. Idea River / Peninsula scale ......................124 4.10. Spatial archetype .................................... 127 4.11. Water Storage – Mobile Urbanism ........... 129 4.12. Urban planning outline ..........................131 4.13. Urban interior .........................................133 4.14. Basic site division ................................... 137

1. FROM OCEAN TO THE RIVER ................... 08 1.1. Inevitable scenario .................................... 11 1.2. Urban Spine ............................................... 13 1.3. Unused potential ....................................... 15 1.4. Natural highway ....................................... 17 1.5. Linear utopia ............................................. 19 1.6. Mobile Linear City .................................... 21 1.7. Rivers „polycentrism” incontext of the universal nature of architecture .................... 25 1.8. Negative City ........................................... 26 1.9. Smart City Solutions ............................... 28 1.10. Site and water development plan ......... 30

4.15.a. Peninsula plan I ...................................142 4.15.b. Peninsula plan II ..................................144 4.15.c. Peninsula plan - information ..............146 4.16. Building plans .........................................148 4.17. Spatial organization ................................ 153 4.18. Functions ................................................155 4.19. Development Center of Warta ................163 4.20. Peninsula axonometry ............................164 4.21. Facades ...................................................166 4.22. Buildings / park facades ..........................170 4.23. From architecture to the nature ...........175 4.24. Ponds .......................................................183 4.25. Seasonality and regulation of the water 189 4.26. Stream.....................................................193 4.27. Line ..........................................................197

2. CITY CONTEXT ........................................... 36 2.1. Poznań Venice ........................................... 39 2.2. Lost identity ............................................... 41 2.3. City which turned its back to the river ...... 43 2.4.a. Rivers and lakes analysis ......................... 44 2.4.b. Flood threat ............................................ 45 2.4.c. Greenery analysis .................................. 46 2.4.d. Communication analysis...................... 47 2.4.e. Functional analysis ................................ 48 2.5. Two faces of the Warta .............................. 49 3. ACTIVATION OF A RIVER AREA .......... 54 3.1. New city binder .......................................... 57 3.2. Nature of the river ..................................... 58 3.3. Return to the Archipelago ....................... 62 3.4. Water transport ......................................... 65 3.5. Activation points ...................................... 69 3.6. Architecture Puzzles ................................ 71 3.7. Urban animation ....................................... 75 3.8. Strategy of Warta development .............. 77 3.9. Architecture of the river bank ................. 81

5. SUMMARY/ CONCLUSIONS ....................... 202 5.1. New direction of development ..................205 5.2. Urban experiment ....................................207 5.3. Design path ..............................................209 5.4. Objective – Synergy ...................................215 5.5. Phasing .....................................................217 5.6. Pointless utopia .........................................219 5.7. Local plan of river development ................221 5.8. Effective temporariness ...........................223 5.9. Conclusions ..............................................225

4. ARCHETYPE................................................ 100 4.1. River’s outline .......................................... 103 4.2. Direction of the narration ................... 105 4.3. Mysterious peninsula............................... 107

Bibliography...................................................... 226

FROM OCEAN TO THE RIVER GLOBAL NATURE OF WATER in urban and architecture context.

Inevitable scenario?

Current ecological forecasts leave no doubts as to the effects of global warming, which are irreversible. Climate changes resulting from negative effects of the civilization development are felt today and over the years their severity will increase significantly. Pollution caused by industrialization and urbanization are the main cause of the process of raising the air temperature. Reduced number of natural areas and increase in the production of CO2 leads to disappearance of the ozone layer protecting the Earth. This process contributes to constant increase in the global temperature. One of the main effects of this action is gradual disappearance of icebergs. Noticeable result of the process of global warming is the raise of water level in water tanks and hence reduction of the land surface. The awareness of existing process raises not only questions about stopping and possible reversing the catastrophic scenario. This also creates a need to seek solutions and directions of action, which will be a signpost for future steps. Some of the fields that clearly show the effects of global warming are architecture and urban planning. Seeking environmentally friendly solutions and prevention of the negative effects of climate change for years are taken into account in the design process. Increasing water level is one of the most noticeable effects of global warming. These process in directly affects the urban shaping of cities. Atmospheric hesitations directly are translated into flood problems posing a challenge for the architects, designers and urban planners. After analyzing effects and predicted ecological forecasts, there is clearly noticeable the importance and need of greater concentration on river areas. Undoubtedly, the development of watercourses both at the current situation and possible future scenarios is a certain investment, which development to a large extent will be transferred into improvement in the life of residents.

fig. 2 / Scheme of global warming effects - rising level of sea water. fig. 3 / Process leading to glacier melting.

Urban Spine

A significant role of the river can be seen in development of the city-forming. It the river basin just gave birth new civilizations, which along with the progress of urbanization turned small settlements into huge metropolitan areas. Watercourses for centuries were the source of food, water, enabled the development of agriculture and trade. Location of the city by the river was also particularly important for defensive and communications reasons. Multiplicity of positive aspects providing great possibilities of the economic development and economic settlements/cities considerably supported selection of river basins as the place of settlement. The role of river in shaping the urban structure changes along with the development stage of the city. As a result of still increasing population, originally urbanized areas become insufficient, followed by slow growth of urban fabric. Cities at first located on one of river banks are getting, through bridges, connected with the second edge. A result of this process is expansion of the urban structure concentrating around the river, which at the same time becomes its centre point. Observation resulting from analysis of the historical development of riverside settlements shows the significant effect of watercourse on the growth of urban cities. Through the initial nature of river, exactly in this area are located important historically urban areas. This space creates a natural corridor, which crosses the entire city connecting areas of different spatial nature. This communication thread constitutes a great potential for the development of cities and available concepts of interactions with distant urban areas.

fig. 4 / Scheme of historical growth of cities in a context of river location.

Unused potential

Ecological forecasts, as well as strong relations between the location of cities and rivers provide grounds to state that watercourses and water reservoirs are increasingly important in the future urban development of existing cities. Historical significance of rivers in the urban fabric and ecological analyses are the basis to create plans of exploiting the potential of areas. Inshore areas are offering great development potentialities, at the same time providing a huge threat for residents and buildings development. An attempt to control the natural elements and transformations of inshore areas is a big challenge, which can bring huge benefits to cities. Reservoirs represent 71% of the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface. The largest cities of the world are located by rivers/seas. The global reach of water and transport possibilities shows great potential of watercourses constituting the natural link of the largest cities in the world. Philosophical and public changes, as well as constant globalization reflect the needs of both the exchange of information and physical goods. The idea focused on mobility and versatility may be a new direction for development of urban spaces. Analysis of the location of cities and water bodies clearly shows the relation between the choice of location of settlements and watercourses. Natural water thread can in the future turn out to be the easiest way of communication between areas.

fig. 5 / A) Map of the biggest cities/metropolis in the world, B) Map of the biggest rivers, and water resource, C) Connection between location of the cities and rivers.

Natural highway The past and future of cities, associated with water resources, clearly shows the strong role of this natural element and its threats. An important advantage is the enormous potential resulting from the location of river, as well as the function and history of nearby buildings. Riverside cities along with the urban development in a natural way adapted rivers and lakes. Most importantly, exactly rivers are here a natural link between historical centers of cities. Incredible potential from the natural and non-collision connection between culturally and historically significant urban areas is a subject worth considering. Thanks to this Natural Highway, there is possible exchange and cooperation between areas. With the shape and selected urban functions it is possible to compare the river to the road. At the same time, the river just constitutes original â&#x20AC;&#x153;undeniableâ&#x20AC;? natural layout. Roads/ motorways it is possible to treat as the secondary structure, which developed along with the growth of cities, while the river is its eternal integrity, which from the very beginning have shaped the layout and development of the area. Watercourses in the global context constitute the shortest connection between nature and centers of cities. Using this connection in communication between historical urban areas gives the possibility of simultaneous development of many cities thanks to the river connection. Focusing on the river development and using the possibility to create mobile structures can improve operation of the chain of cities connected with one watercourse.

fig. 6 / Scheme of Natural Highway - connection between rivers and cities.

Linear utopia

The idea of Linear City (Ciudad Lineal) was initiated by the Spanish urban planner, Arturo Soriay Mata, in 1883. The vision of linear urban layout was based on combination of the peripheral district of Madrid with the city. The project was based on an idea to conduct building development along railway track lines, linking road arteries in addition. The plan to build narrow bands of building development created by communications routes had to be controlled, which leads to an orderly, linear system of the city development. The idea was to build the technical infrastructure on a length of about 48 km. Finally it was managed to carry out only 5 km from the original plan. In order to fulfil his vision, Soria bought the cheapest areas, on which he began the agreement. However, the fast development of Madrid caused “absorption” of urban project through constantly growing city. Another, mature version of the linear system is the concept of N. A. Milutin, who proposed expansion of Stalingrad along the river. The plan assumed division of the area according to band function located parallel to the river. Closest to the water is situated recreational space, then residential and industry space. The road artery and railway line were located outside the industrial zone. Polish example of attempts to implement the linear system of cities is Oskar Hansen’s project – Linear Continuous System. The architect proposed a visionary idea assuming the linear urbanization of the area of entire Poland. Outlining the North-South axis, he divided the country into 4 bands: Eastern, Mazowiecki, West I and West II. A central element of this layout was supposed to be Fast Urban Railway, accompanied by two circular communication routes. Municipal routes were supposed in their structure to draw about 10-15 mln of residents and the spacing between bands were supposed to be 100-150 km. The areas located between the linear buildings are designed under the recreational, agricultural and forests functions. Ultimately, the only completion of proposed idea is the Lublin housing estate of Juliusz Słowacki.

fig. 7 / A) B) C) Ciudad Lineal - Arturo Soria y Mata.

Mobile Linear City MLC

An interesting analogy for the river system it is possible to find in earlier quoted ideas of Linear Cities. Considering the river as a Mobile Linear City (MLC), which elements are forming free movable systems, can become an important factor that improves the urban structure. The plan of such functioning urban fabric would be based on real needs of the dynamically changing society. Unrestricted city would face new needs, hence providing constant development possibilities. The structure of Mobile Linear City would be closely connected to the inshore space, for which mobile urban functions would constitute this supplement. The main advantage is a line connection of city centers, offering great developmental potential. Mobile Linear City can be considered as â&#x20AC;&#x153;supplementingâ&#x20AC;? city. Functions located by the river bank along with functions in the area of watercourse can complement each other or create new spatial advantages. Properties located on the water provide huge arrangement prospects with a possibility to create settlements on the river (thus can be used as a completely independent urban system). The Mobile Linear City creates a smooth form, for which the need and context of surroundings defines the plan. The future and development of such comprehended city can considerably contribute for great improvement of the riverine development.

fig. 8 / Analogy between Linear City idea and linear character of the river fig. 9 / Mobile Linear City. Mobile river urbanism.

Rivers â&#x20AC;&#x17E;polycentrismâ&#x20AC;? in context of the universal nature of architecture

The concept of Mobile Linear City raises questions about properties and functions that can be placed on the river. The basic idea is to launch all possible/needed urban functions to the watercourse. Due to the nature of river relative to its location, it is necessary to appoint fully free spaces in the arrangement and area, which enable to introduce only functions that support the development of area. The location of properties on the river placed by very centre should provide supplementing advantages, giving development potentialities and revitalize the area. Universal nature of the architecture is created by potential of cultural, scientific and artistic revival in central urban areas. Polycentric nature of the river reveals in its historically conditioned location in the city, forming the Natural Highway bonding central spaces of cities distant from each other. Such reversed situation shows the river as an area, which is a space that creates a chain of central urban layouts. A strong advantage of this connector is the ability to create global facilities, providing greater possibility to use. Thanks to appropriate organization, the group of facilities is able easily to support cities in the channel of the same river. Such an approach to architecture and urban planning shows great developmental potential both in sphere of spatial planning and economics of urban riverine.

fig. 10 / Mobile urban elements - creating a new spatial quality of the river areas.

CONTEXT OF A RIVER CITY MODEL I: Traditional urban structure ≈ 80 - 100% CITY MODEL II (MLC): Mobile urban structure ≈ 10 - 20% x n = 80 - 100%

Negative City

CONTEXT OF A CITY CITY MODEL I: Traditional urban structure ≈ 80 - 100% CITY MODEL II (MLC): Mobile urban structure ≈ 10 - 20%

Architecture on the water - efficient way of living, new way of developing public function and spaces.

Removable energy - widely available source of removable energy - water.

Efficiency of architecture and urban planning - one building can be use over a distance of all river.

Smart City Solutions Mobile Linear City

New stronger tendencies in society - seasonal migrations, changing of work place, school etc.

Linear nature of the river - development of water transport and communication.

Reduction of heavy transportation on the roads building / objects as an vehicle.

Site and water development plan

fig. 11 / A). Connection: complementary urban structures / city center - public mobile function / activation of chosen areas. fig. 11 / B). Connection: independent urban structures / nature - city / mobile city on the river. fig. 11 / C). Connection: supporting urban structures / town - selected mobile elements on the river / exchange of services, goods etc.

Independent river city structures Mobile Liner City (MLC).

Independent floating objects, city on the land as a supporting structure.

Objects as a complementary facilities for city public functions.

Objects as a independent, temporary structures activation points for the city.

CITY CONTEXT ANALYZE OF WARTA IN POZNAÅ&#x192;.

Poznań Venice

The history of Poznań location is closely connected with a route of Warta and Cybina rivers. The origins of the city date back to the 11th century, when Piast dynasty on one of “Warta Islands” formed a guard castle. With time this island received the name of Ostrów Tumski and currently it is the only existing Warta Island in Poznań. Since the times of Piast dynasty, the river underwent numerous regulations, which were aimed to prevent the flood threat and support defensive system of the polygonal stronghold. Over the centuries, numerous plans of regulation of the Warta channel were developed, however from political/historical causes not all could be carried out. The greatest changes took place along with the beginning of the 19th century: elimination of the Warta river branch (Struga Karmelicka), removal of the water moat around medieval fortifications, “Rotten Warta/Zgniła Warta” was covered (overflowing the Grobla Island, its old channel is today the Mostowa Street). During the development of fortification of the 19th century (Poznań Stronghold) the water system was applied as fortification element (Warta, Cybina, Bogdanka, Wierzbak). Drainage plan of Warta in the interwar period was not implemented. Poznań authorities had to focus on effects of floods from 1924, which resulted in damage, contributing to elimination of Tumski Bridge and later construction of Chrobry Bridge. The final plan of the regulation of Poznań Rivers followed after the World War II. In the 1960s, already earlier planned changes were implemented, the Ulga channel was expanded (used originally for regulation of water) to which the mainstream was directed. The regulation of Warta was complemented by filling the river bends withing Chwaliszewski district. This state continued to this day. Regulations of the Warta in different periods assumed different character; on the one hand, attempts to improve the operation of Poznań Stronghold, on the other, fight against flooding threats. The final shape of canalized Warta bears no resemblance to the original state. The areas resulting from the regulation of river remained almost completely undeveloped. The current state is largely devastated buildings, wild parking spaces and freely developing green spaces. From the old nature of the space did not remain much. The situation of degraded area does not improve, in spite of so important culturally and historically location in the city. The area after the Warta riverbed has a limited capacity, thus it is much more difficult to build permanent facilities, by which up to this day this space is not filled by any building (only Nowa Gazownia Pavilion).

obr. 12 / A) Poznań 1617 r., B) Old riverbed of Warta with tenement houses on Czartoria street, C) Chwaliszewo and Ostrów Tumski during flood in 1924, D) Ostrów Tumski. Chrobry Bridge, Psałteria, Saint Mary the Virgin Church and Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul in 1938, E) View from Szelągowska street.

Lost identity

The current state of Poznań Warta leaves no illusions. The past of this place, its rich history, strong relation with the beginnings of the city and Poland becomes more blurred. The area of Warta Islands of Poznań stopped between the memory of the past and many plans for the future. A lack of concrete actions and factors activating the riverside area brings this area to greater negligence and devastation. Former character of the space seems to be entirely lost. An interest in areas of Warta is visible in discussions and numerous created projects. This gives constant hope for a change in the current situation – recovering character of former “Venice” and development of riverside recreation ground. More often is also spoken on digging out the former Warta riverbed. Fragmentary remains of the former magnificence of this place are visible only in few badly preserved architectural objects and the fragment of old riverbed. Knowing the past and historical legacy of Ostrów Tumski, it is necessary to give some thought to possibilities, which the future is carrying. The return to former character of the place is still possible and probable. Over the years, there was not build any persistent object and the area is not developed. Chwaliszewski district is an important area “on the map of Poznań, connecting the areas of Ostrów Tumski with the old town”. RoyalImperial route running through it gives this space even higher rank of both the historical and tourist dimension.

obr. 13 / A), B) Current pictures of Chwaliszewo.

City which turned its back to the river

Warta is an important core of the urban planning of Poznań. It is not only a basic element shaping the urban fabric, but also a space bringing numerous ecological benefits. In spite of enormous possibilities offered by the presence of river in the city, residents of Poznań do not have full possibilities to exploit this potential given by the natural area. After the rich area history and times of the magnificence of Poznań Venice did not remain a lot. However, ideas on the future aren’t missing, but no fundamental actions are being taken. Ignorance of such a strong potential strikes even more when we start to look for similar examples from the country and the world. For years it is possible to observe tendency of stronger returning cities towards rivers. One of many examples of the successful revitalization of river areas is Madrid Rio Park (arch. West 8), where in a place of motorway running along the river was created park of 10 km long. A good example of successful land-river development in Poland is Xawery Dunikowski Boulevard in Wrocław (arch. Piotr Żuraw), which not only significantly improved the quality of public space, but also contributed to the improvement in the safety of flood and protection of nearby building development. Watercourses along with green areas are creating eco-friendly corridors, which positive effects for the climate of the city support natural diversity. They regulate temperature differences and improve air circulation. Thanks to these positive environmental aspects, riverside areas are creating perfect conditions for rest and sports activities, constituting important recreational areas that increase the standard of living in the city.

obr. 14 / Schwarzplan with rivers and lakes.

Rivers and lakes analysis The main river of Poznań is Warta, which enters the city from the South and its valley divides into two areas. Warta tributary in Poznan is Cybina River, which flows from the East. Lakes for the city have a great recreational significance, which numerous occurrences results from Poznań location on the Greater Poland Lakeland. The most important are: Kierskie Lake, Strzeszyńskie Lake and artificial water reservoirs: Malta and Rusałka.

Flood threat Along with climate change, the threat of overflowing river will grow. The city of PoznaĹ&#x201E; has a history of flooding and significantly raising the level of waters in winter periods.

Greenery analysis The main structure of green in PoznaĹ&#x201E; is focused along the North-South and EastWest axis. Natural wedges form a structure of the cross, which centre constitutes the old town. Green areas are located around bodies of water (North-South along rivers, East-West around lakes). In addition, it is possible to distinguish the greenery of historical nature: Rtubben Ring stretching around the old town and the ring of ancient fortifications.

Communication analysis Warta River in PoznaĹ&#x201E; has 9 possible crossings including 6 road bridges (4 of them have tracks), 3 railway bridges. The Cybina River has 2 road bridges and 2 railway bridges.

Functional analysis The areas of Warta and Cybina are coming across practically all possible urban functions. Warta entering PoznaĹ&#x201E; crosses natural industrial and housing areas to reach the old town, where on their way encounters OstrĂłw Tumski. The strong flood threat of Warta significantly impedes the construction possibility of buildings and objects near the river.

Two faces of the Warta Valuable riverside areas / decline of the space

Warta and Cybina river development in Poznań leaves much to be desired. Currently residents of the city around Warta River can find a beach, Kontener ART and green spaces. Among the main attractions associated with the river it is possible to rank canoeing or municipal events, such as the Kupała night, which is held every year. The greater part of riverside areas, unfortunately, does not encourage residents to spend time in this area. In the vicinity of Warta and Cybina are also important buildings and areas for Poznań. As the most important area it is possible to include Ostrów Tumski, which history is closely associated with the river. An important area is also the Poznań University of Technology Campus, which borders directly with riverside area. Newly created Interactive Centre for the History of Ostrów Tumski (ICHOT) connects two Cybina river banks. Ostrów Tumski is the oldest part of Poznań. It is located on the only remaining Warta Island. There is a Gothic metropolitan cathedral of Apostles St Piotr and Paweł and St. Mary’s Church. This area is included in Royal-Imperial Route. Centre for the History of Ostrów Tumski (ICHOT) – the gate of Poznań was located in the place of Tumska Lock. It connects Cybina banks, as well as is included in the RoyalImperial Route. Poznań University of Technology Campus – complex of teaching objects located near Warta. Buildings bordering the river are the Lecture Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering and in the future also Department of Architecture. One of few spaces organized in the area of Warta. It was founded on the initiative of an independent environment artist. Kontener ART is a host of numerous concerts, exhibitions, discussions, workshops and film shows.

obr. 15 / A) Bridge on Cybinie, Wyszyńskiego street, B) Riverbank of Warta, Chwaliszewo district, C) Riverbank of Warta, PP Academic Campus, D) View on St. Rocha Bridge, E) View on Warta, Ostrów Tumski. obr. 16 / A) Night view of Warta, B) Lecture Centre PP, C) ICHOT, D) Ostrów Tumski, E) KontenerArt, F) Kayaking in Poznań, G) Kupała Night.

ACTIVATION OF A RIVER AREAS PROJECT OF WARTA (POZNAÅ&#x192;) DEVELOPMENT ON A GLOBAL SCALE.

New city binder?

In spite of communication connections of Warta banks, river spaces do not constitute the consistent layout bonding the city. Seasonal tendencies of the increase in the level of waters and poor capacity of riverside lands considerably impede to build permanent objects in the area near Warta and in its surrounding. Taken actions should be directed to exposure the natural layout, emphasizing its advantages and seeking new spatial solutions. An important design factor is also the seasonality of many features associated with the river. The issue addressed in the project focuses both on time solutions and permanent functions.

Main assumptions of the spatial development strategy: 1. Development of the riverside recreation. 2. New social initiatives. 3. Organization of the space. 4. City closer the nature. 5. Development of the water transport. 6. Seeking custom solutions â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mobile urban functions. 7. New hiking-cycling connections. 8. New investments â&#x20AC;&#x201C; development of the economy. 9. Return to former nature of islands of the Warta. 10. Seeking new spatial qualities. 11. Development of urban tourism. 12. Analysis of issues of the river in the global scale. 13. Directing the interest of residents and authority to the potential and possibilities in riverside areas.

obr. 17 / Inversion and redefinition of current meaning of rivers in PoznaĹ&#x201E;.

Nature of the river The nature and importance of river in the city is changing along with the change of area functions, which borders watercourse. Most of rivers crossing the city on its way come across of a wide range of different areas, for which the river has individual spatial importance. The main advantage for e.g. residential districts is recreational and sport value. Industrial areas are using the river for transport purposes, while areas near cultural facilities can use natural aesthetic advantages from it. Planned functions by the watercourse are a response to the needs of nearby context and introduce new spatial values.

obr. 18 / Schema of differentiation of character of river surroundings in a context of city. obr. 19 / Warta, Old Town and Cytadela.

obr. 20 / New possible functions/activities of a riverbank, development of an existing functions: walking/cycling paths, parks, and boulevard sport and recreation areas, cafes, restaurants, art pavilions, outdoor cinema, concerts, exhibitions etc. obr. 21 / Changing of river meaning in context of different character of city districts.

Return to the Archipelago The return to former character of the city and restoration of pre-existing river branches; Scheme created based on the strategy Warta 2030 (digging the old Warta riverbed and restoring Warta Islands). The plan assumes creation of new river crossings, activations of degraded today area, rediscovering the potential of this place and development of the area.

obr. 22 / Scheme of possible shape of Warta river (based on Strategy of Warta development Warta 2030). obr. 23 / Warta and PoznaĹ&#x201E; during flood in 2010 (fot. Marek Kaczmarczyk).

Water transport

Warta is the third longest river in Poland, which is the main tributary of Odra River. Its source is in the Cracow-Częstochowa Upland and the river is approx. 808.2 m long. The largest cities through which Warta flows are: Zawiercie, Częstochowa, Konin, Poznań and Gorzów Wielkopolski. The current state of Warta development does not reveal its strong communication potentials. Creation of urban infrastructure on the river to a large extent would facilitate and encouraged to use this area. Such a solution can be a faster and more convenient alternative to the existing public transport. It is also an interesting proposal, which may develop in the directions of recreation and tourist. This communication would connect the city and the natural areas in a fast and accident-free way. The solution of stop locations is carried out by seeking relevant points in terms of urban planning on the map. Water communications stations located on the river at a distance of about 800 m provide the possibility of fast reaching the nearby stop point. This layout facilitates both the use of recreational advantages of the suburban natural areas and to reach the work/education/recreation place from the areas distant from the centre.

obr. 24 / Scheme river stops - water transport system on Warta.

obr. 25 / Scheme river stops - water transport system on Warta - central part of the city. obr. 26 / Scheme of possible shape of Warta river (based on Strategy of Warta development Warta 2030).

Activation points Action-Reaction

The river and inshore areas have their permanent functions. Bank development of the watercourse is created through analysis of the closest context taking into account the proximity of water. Along with the change of season, demand or in the case of organized municipal events, the river space can change its function. Thanks to additional mobile architectural elements, affecting the riverine area, the function of this area can be enriched with new possibilities activating the chosen riverbed area. Division of the area on mobile and permanent provides numerous arrangement and modification possibilities. Creating permanent elements (constant function on the banks) enriched by mobile elements (mobile function on the river) works on the principle of puzzle, where the aim is to get the living tissue of urban planning. Such an approach to designing river area is able to meet the current and future needs of residents. Planning and distribution of mobile elements should be carried out in an organized way, so that the mobile urban fabric could correspond to general urban plan. Both river and land functions constitute independent systems, which through combination activate areas giving the space a new functional meaning. Individual advantages of the space and objects are a great plus of the strategy, which independently used do not lose their values. The sample solution of â&#x20AC;&#x153;architectural puzzleâ&#x20AC;? is the amphitheater and mobile floating pool. In case of separate using these properties, stands can constitute the meeting place, observation of nature/rivers, while the pool can be used in every area of watercourse (during the summer season as a mobile pool, and in the winter period can be transformed into a skating rink). After combining the function (e.g. in case of the need to organize sports events) the pool is located in the area of amphitheater, where users can gather to observe sports competitions. Such arrangement provides possibility of transforming and constant improving the mobile area. The linear layout of the river can be used to exchange architectural elements between cities and with other areas distant from the city centre. Thanks to applying such a strategy, we are able to largely eliminate the risk of not-exploiting the potential of object, which can be used in a different location.

obr. 27 / Scheme of relation between temporary and permanent riverbank functions, mobile objects located on the river, activation of the river area.

Architecture Puzzles/ Mobile urbanism

...

... exemplary riverline functions

+ ...

... exemplary river functions

... AREA / BASE FUNCTION

AREA / ACTIVISATION POINTS

obr. 28 / Architecture Puzzles - mobile urbanism.

...

NEW AREA FUNCTION

Architecture Puzzles/ Mobile urbanism

amphitheatre observation point of nature

mobile scene

concerts / theatre / exhibitions

water park connection with water

eshibition pavilions

water art park

river bank of the city

cafes / galleries

city events, activation areas

obr. 29 / Architecture Puzzles - mobile urbanism. obr. 30 / River warehouse impression, storage for mobile urban elements.

Urban Animation/ Mobile urbanism

CAFES RESTAURANTS

PLAYGROUNDS

SPORT AREAS

BEACHES

SCENES BLEACHERS MOBILNE MOBILE PLATFORMY SWIMMING POOL CAFES MOBILE BRIDGES HOUSES/ MOBILNE OFFICES LODOWISKO MULTIFUNCTIONAL PAVILIONS

BLEACHERS PAVILIONS WALKING / CYCLING PATHS

OBSERVATION TOWERS MARINAS PIER / BRIDGES

RIVER TRAMS AND TAXIS

THEATRE

SPORT EVENTS CINEMA

BRIDGES CONCERTS EXHIBITIONS

SHOWS

EDUCATIONAL FUNCTIONS

PICKNICKS ON THE RIVER

CAFES ON THE RIVER OBSERVATION OF NATURE

CITY EVENTS

obr. 31 / Permanent riverbank elements + mobile river elements = new arrangement possibilities. obr. 32 / Mixing of temporary and permanent functions on the river area.

YACHTS/ KAYAKS ETC.

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Green, recreation and resting areas, walking-cycling paths, recreation on the fresh air, picnics, longer wander tours, allotments.

New housing district - open to the river and integrated into new communication paths.

Existing city beach, area connected with islands - consistent recreation area.

Warta’s islands. Convenient communication inbeetwen islands thanks to walking-cycling-bridges, nature observation, closeness to nature.

New cultural-recreation functions, closeness to the river, recreation on the fresh air. Areas are meant to functionally connecting Ostrów Tumski with Old Town.

Marina with pavilion and recreation area.

Development of city beach, river boulevards, creating connections with water.

Walking-cycling paths next to the water, wood bridges (build above flood level) to allow to use river area even when water level is too high, small marinas.

Water park on the island, open lake to use as an bath in the summer and ice rink in the winter. Combining sport function with cultural and restaurant pavilion.

Expansion of walking-cycling paths, new bridge on the river connecting housing district with other river bank, cafe pavilion.

Water amphitheatre destine to organized occasional events (concerts, exhibitions, theatre, art) and everyday recreation (nature observation, meeting place).

Housing district „Portowo”.

Cafe pavilion, observation points, place to organize wonder tour and relax.

Natural Science Museum creating gate/bridge on the river. Space to relax and education, connected to the Debinski forest - natural walking-cycling path. Museum as a part of complex connecting nature and education functions.

Observation towers in Debinski forest, new walking-cycling pats. Appealing landscape, lakes and river areas.

Walking-cycling bridge connecting Debinski forest with Fort I.

obr. 33 / Strategy of Warta development in Poznań.

obr. 34 / Schematic plans: A) Museum of Natural History / art and cafe pavilion / observation points, B) Observation towers - forest, C) Amphitheatre on the water. obr. 35 / New investments / building on the water / area development / new functions of the terrain. 79

obr. 30/ Schematyczny plan A) Muzeum przyrodnicze/pawilon/punkty obserwacyjne, B) Punkty obserwacyjne na ternach lasu, C) Amfiteatr na wodzie.

obr. 36 / Schematic plans: A) Islands on the Warta river, B) Recreation area, C) Beach of Poznan. obr. 37 / Walking paths / pavilions / mobile urbanism / city activities / concerts / exhibitions / boulevards of Warta.

obr. 38 / Walking paths / cafes / restaurants/ pavilions / open space - city activity, events / concerts / picnics / meeting area.

Weekend path.

Area of development of art, culture, education.

Old Town Daily path Lake Malta.

Daily contact with nature (housing districts).

New objects and investitions.

Weekend path -

longer trips.

Direction of Forts.

obr. 39 / Schematic plan of Warta development. obr. 40 / Axonometric views on strategy of Warta development.

Architecture of the river bank mobility and temporality

Future form of the architecture of Warta bank is based on seeking forms and functions, corresponding to conditions and needs of this area. An important matter is to analyze the surroundings and ability to supplement an existing space, or to provide new functions of the space. Communication properties of the river give the opportunity to develop new inshore functions, which scale can extend from affecting the nearby area through the entire city, up to the full length of watercourse. An important element in analyzed spaces is division into basic zones, which predict different dynamics, functionality, availability, nature, etc. After considering various aspects of the area, the space of Warta in PoznaĹ&#x201E; was divided into areas: for pedestrians, meeting space, urban activity, calm space, observation space of the nature, education space, housing and entertainment/ service space. Objects floating on the water, which easily can adapt to the existing environment, also become a significant form of the architecture. On the one hand, these are objects with public functions, on the other, private objects. This full range of applications is able to create both separate settlements on the river and be used as a complement for the existing areas of river basins.

obr. 41 / Development of both permanent and temporary river functions.

obr. 42 / Walking - cycling area / pavilions / small architecture / bridges / boulevards / new investments. / meeting area / city events.

obr. 43 / 44 / Resting area- out of the city / contact with nature / observation towers / bridges / walking - cycling areas .

obr. 45 / 46 / Objects, buildings on the water / new investments / water transport / picnic on the river / cafe / mobile urbanism.

obr. 47 / Social activity area / city beach / pavilions / bridges / ponds / contact with nature / marina / kayaks.

ARCHETYPE

URBAN PROJECT OF PENINSULA GARBARY, BASED ON IDEAS AND RULES DEVELOPED THROUGH ANALYTICAL PROCESS.

Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s outline

An important conclusion from created draft of Warta development strategy is observation of the importance of Green River corridor in the city and the shape of design methodology of the shoreline. The basis for the process is connection of mobility and dynamism of the river, its huge development potentialities, with stability and potential of river banks. Adaptation of shoreline becomes the basis for operation of the system, which is based on a combination of two different spatial layouts â&#x20AC;&#x201C; river and the city. The area of shoreline is not only an area, which itself is supposed to carry the urban value, but above all enables interaction between the river and the city. As a final point of the project it is possible to regard the link between the river and the city i.e. riverine areas. Both the structure of city and river are considered in the category of living organism, which one element is driven by a man and the other by natural factors. Combination of two such strong and different systems requires appropriately planned binder, which in a flexible way will combine the mobility of structures placed on water and lasted nature of urban spaces.

obr. 48 / Scheme of connection between natural and urban areas. City as an living organism, developed by human beings, river as an primary, original structure controlled by nature, riverbank as an area connecting this two independent organisms, allowing to develop and coexist with each other.

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Direction of the narration

Along with development of the project in the conceptual stage, there was visible drawing attention to the multitude of positive aspects from using the water as a field to analysis of the structure and operation of mobile urban planning. The global reach of rivers and strong potential of the future led to clarifying basic directions and principles. On their base is both general strategy and development vision of individual areas. As the main design foundation, on which drawing the analyzed space will relying, it is possible to consider listed points: versatility of solutions, global nature of the reach, mobility of architecture (“Mobile Linear City”), linearity of rivers (“Natural Highway”), shore as a “storing” space (“Water Warehouse”), enabling to give new features and space function (“Architectural Puzzle”), activation of selected areas (“Action-Reaction”), area of the river bank as a binder of the urban and river structure (“River’s Outline”). These factors are supposed to lead to creation of coherent plan, which at every stage of development and in every scale is able to create a network linking areas distant from each other.

obr. 49 / Basic ideas developed through design process.

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Mysterious peninsula

Originally the location of Grabary Electrical Power and Heating Plant constituted the space situated almost on outskirts of the city. Along with development of Poznań and suburban areas, this area began to gain new meaning for the centre. The unique location of Ostrów Tumski creates great potential for possible recovery plan of the area. Located between Ciutadella Park and the historic part of Ostrów Tumski, this area is an important link and a new direction in spatial development. From the moment of making a decision on gradual phasing out from the use of Grabary Electrical Power and Heating Plant, and with time transferring the total electricity production to Karolin Electrical Power and Heating Plant, the area invariably is subject to degradation process. This hardly available mysterious peninsula is currently a space virtually unreachable for the inhabitants of the city. The current owner of this 10 ha area is currently searching for a new investor. The local spatial development plan for the north part of Ostrów Tumski is still in the process of development. Conclusive decision is to preserve on the plot of architecturally valuable parts of the power plant building and the Redoubt of Roon Fort. The fate of Electrical Power and Heating Plant area isn’t settled. Among appearing projects and proposals it is possible to distinguish plans of creating the housing-service space, the space allocated up to cultural functions, as well as recreation and sport. Inconvenient to future investors of the area is a threat of flooding and unstable ground (the existing building of Electrical Power and Heating Plant was built on 2187 stilts). Currently during the flood, underground storeys of buildings and the only entrance to the area are flooded, making impossible to get with footpath or road path to the area of peninsula.

obr. 50 / A) B) C) Grabary Electrical Power and Heating Plant (fot. Andrzej Szozda).

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Poznań Fortress

The area of Electrical Power and Heating Plant also has important historically object, constituting the part of the 19th century fortification of the city of Poznań. The Roon Fort is a bridgehead used once to protect the great water-gate. This object comes from 1832, created while building the Citadel. In the past surrounded with 12 meter long moat underwent reconstructions and war damage. Currently, the fort is one of few preserved objects of the polygonal Poznań stronghold. At present, by virtue of inaccessible location, touring the Redoubt of Roon Fort is usually impossible; visiting the inside is available only during special occasions (e.g. Days of the Poznań Stronghold).

obr. 51 / A)Second iron bridge on Śródecki (Cybiński) Bridge during flood 1924, B) Chwaliszewo district at the beginning of XX century, C) Railway bridge on Grobla and powerhouse building (1927), D) Roch Bridge 1915. obr. 52 / Axonometric view on weir on Warta - Wielka Śluza.

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Grabary Electrical Power and Heating Plant

The first Poznań power station was built at Grobla Street in 1904. Along with increase in demand of electricity, a need arose to seek new investment site. After over 20 years from construction of the first power plant, began the construction of new building complex on the Garbary areas in Poznan. The process commenced in 1925 and the areas of former Czecha Fort were given up to the investment. The plot has provided convenient transport conditions (proximity of Worth and railroad tracks), which greatly facilitated the transport of coal. The decision to select the location in forts resulted in his liquidation, raising the level of terrain and covering the moat. Architectural design of new plant was created by the architect Stefan Cybichowski, and the works were begun in 1927. The project assumed staging of construction, and the concept assumed possibility of future expansion of the complex. The first objects (boiler plant, engine plant, switchgear plant and cooling water treatment plant) were opened in 1929. In order to facilitate the transport of coal, it was decided to build the bridge on Warta and Cybina revers, as well as railway siding was built. Buildings created in accordance with the first stage of plan were supposed to meet the need of electricity up to 1939. However, the city planner’s estimation turned out to be incorrect and the power station was twice enlarged already before the war. In 1954, after the decision to shut down the power plant on Grobla, the Garbary power station has become the only supplier of electricity in Poznań. Reconstruction of the object to the Electrical Power and Heating Plant took place in the 1960s of the 20th century. Since the creation of new plant on Karolina, the building complex on Garbary gradually lost its importance. In 1974, there has been a takeover by Karolina of thermal energy production, and in 1984 also electric energy production. The old Electrical Power and Heating Plant, in case of significant drop in temperature, up to 2016 constituted the support for the Karolin Electrical Power and Heating Plant. The last heating season of Garbary complex took place in 2015/16.

obr. 53 / A) B) Grabary Electrical Powerhouse in 1930, C) Machine-room, D) Grabary Electrical Powerhouse in 1939-1942.

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City context

The area of peninsula of the Grabary Electrical Power and Heating Plant is located in the very heart of the city. The space is surrounded with Citadel Park from one side, created on the site of former Winiary Fort, with area of the old town (Market located in straight lines, 1 km from the thermal power plant) and with Ostrów Tumski areas, one of the most important areas in the history of Poland. The peninsula historically was strongly associated with the Winiary Fort, through the Roon Fort, which created the crossing through Warta. North-East area currently is intended up to industrial lands and areas of home-grown gardens. The area (in South-East direction) is located in a short distance from the Poznań University of Technology Campus and Maltański Lake, which through the tributary connects to Cybina River. Southern part of the “island”, separated from the area of Grabary Electrical Power and Heating Plant with railway track lines, is developed by ENEA buildings. In a distance of about 400 m to the west is located Garbary Polish Railway Station. .

obr. 54 / Urban context of peninsula Garbary (1. Green Belts, 2. Old Town, 3. Cytadela Park, 4. Ostrów Tumski, Poznań University of Technology Campus, 6. Malta Lake).

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Context analysis

Single-family housing

Multi-family housing with service function in the ground floor

Buildings with cultural value

Current direction of development

Industrial buildings

Alternative direction of development

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Greenery analysis

Parks

Naturalistic greenery

Street greenery

Parcel gardens

Lawns and flower beds

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Communication analysis

Public roads

Pavements

Internal roads

Railways

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6 1

The Site

Currently on the peninsula is located complex of the Grabary Electrical Power and Heating Plant, which ended its activity in 2016. The arrangement of buildings is concentrated around the main object, which was built in the area as first. Over time additional objects were built creating the shape of complex existing until today. The north part of the plot is a flood danger zone, which along with the change of seasons is flooded by Warta waters. For reasons of flood threat on this part of the area none bigger architectural objects were built. To the plot leads one entry located from the southern side, built under railway track lines. Currently the area of Electrical Power and Heating Plant is protected against free entry. Greenery is growing in an uncontrolled way, mainly by the river banks. There are small areas with developed greenery, located between buildings of Electrical Power and Heating Plant. The largest volume building is the object with engine room, boiler room and offices. The peninsula is cut off from the southern part with railway track lines, which constitute the crossing on Warta River.

obr. 55 / 1. Portiernia, biura. 2. Oczyszczalnia wody. 3. Rozdzielnia 6kV. 4. Maszynownia, kotłownia, biura. 5. Budynek KP-21. 6. Pompownia. 7. Kocioł PTWM 50. 8. Składowisko węgla. 9. Magazyn soli. 10. Zmiękczalnia. 11. Schron OC. 12. Budynek magazynów i warsztatów. 13. Budynek socjalny. 14. Budynek transportu i garaży. 15. Rozdzielnia 110 kV. 16. Rozdzielnia 30 kV. 17. Magazyn stali, tarcicy, mat. budowlanych i ogrodniczych. 18. Warsztat mechaniczny (w tym a) stolarnia, b) biochemia). 19. Magazyn i biura.

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obr. 56 / A) B) C) Current view on the site.

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obr. 57 / A) B) C) Current view on the site.

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River scale

pict. 58 /Basic design assumptions resulting from the location on the river: 1. Garbary Peninsula as a “radiating” space, point activating other river areas. 2. Seeking connections between other relevant spaces/cities located on the river – exchange and cooperation. 3. Creating the new spatial quality thanks to development of the areas of river bank boulevards adapted to needs of the mobile urban planning. 4. North part of the Garbary Peninsula – Water Warehouse of the development center of “mobile urban planning” of the river. 124

Peninsula scale

obr. 59 / Basic design assumptions resulting from general analyses and place context: 1. Integration of the basic functions of riverside areas and urban areas (building development, green belt, urban squares, river space). 2. Bringing people close to the river, integration in the space of stream of water square. 3. Seeking new opportunities/new archetype solutions of the space of municipal boulevards.

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Spatial archetype

The spatial layout is divided in four basic levels: water, boulevards, urban square and block of building development. The gradual transition from natural zone to newly formed urban plan is aimed to become a part of direction formed in the phase of drawing up of development strategy of the Warta River. The spatial archetype is designed to comply with the basic rules: to constitute the element of Mobile Linear City, to demonstrate flexibility and mobility of the form, to perform â&#x20AC;&#x153;stockâ&#x20AC;? functions, in a consistent way to combine static urban character with natural area, to demonstrate adaptability, as well as development potentialities through the interaction with other river areas. Geometrical and simple layout of buildings in the square is divided into two. From one side, there is a dense block of objects standing in the line of Electrical Power and Heating Plant; on the other side are free lumps of smaller volume architectural elements, located on the western part of the plot. Buildings from the eastern side are designed to focus most of planned basic functions for the peninsula, constituting the geometrical sequence, which reflects the direction of space development. The western side is a combination of the square with complementary functions; it provides flexible space for use, adapted to outdoor events. A water stream is spatial binder breaking the geometry of urban layout â&#x20AC;&#x201C; connecting ponds with the area of square. The green part of peninsula constitutes the park space, which main element is water body. This area is the most important functional binder between the peninsula and river area, which task is storage and use of mobile architectural elements.

obr. 60 / Scheme of a basic division of area functions.

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Water Warehouse â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Mobile Urbanism

Mobile urban planning is one of keynotes managing project development. Its word in the spatial concept is also shown in the rule of operation of the water park. The north space of the plot, as a flood danger zone, automatically was allocated up to park function. Its seasonal changeability, conditioning to the nature and gradual unpredictability stands in a big contrast to the geometrically developed urban area. This layout is designed to be used as the Water Warehouse. This is a space, in which mobile river objects have its base location. In the park sheltered they assume different character, thanks to which users can discover both new advantages of the garden space and floating objects. On such designed space it is possible to create among other: cameral concerts, exhibitions, performances, picnics on the water or use water Cafe, etc. This is the area, which fully movable urban layout depends on the regulation of water and available elements. In addition to ponds and park, there are hiking-cycling tracks, seat and small pavilions.

obr. 61 / Scheme describing simplified principles of Water Warehouse, based on a Central Processing Unit and water landing places located along the river.

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Urban planning outline

Development of the peninsula fully expresses and reflects the principles, which clarified during the development of design process. This is an area that can be interpreted as a part of “river’s outline” along with internally growing urban structure. At this stage an important was attempt to translate the theoretical assumptions on the architectural and urban language. Outside part of the plot – River Boulevard – is designed to provide transition/link between the urban interior, created in the central part of the area, and surrounding it river. Urban mobility and flexibility are visible in the entire green area, which is densely covered with internal ponds. From one side, they have retention function, on the other are intended to store floating architectural elements. This area constitutes the Water Warehouse; it is a focal point in the distribution process of water objects. The main urban area is a reflection of the urban square. It is designed to create a seamless extension of the park, in harmony with natural shapes of greenery surrounding it. Clear and neutral materials reflect the surroundings, blending both in existing building development and variable space of natural areas. Symbolic connection of the nature and urban space takes place by breaking the surface of the square by water flow. The river stream flows out of the areas of ponds, runs along the main area freely meandering in the central space, to finally reach the Warta River. Architectural heart of the peninsula is compact layout of buildings, becoming part of composition of the existing Electrical Power and Heating Plant objects. Simple and clear plan is in harmony with square areas, creating a smooth and free connection of the boulevards with buildings. Geometrical layout objects, standing in opposition to the natural area, from one side shows an interesting contrast between free plant forms and geometrical layout of lumps, on the other harmonious and balanced dialogue with nature and architecture.

obr. 62 / Scheme of a basic functional and urban division .

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Urban interior

One of urban planning assumptions, regarding the internal space of peninsula, is to create a plan through the contrast of nature with architecture. Smooth bionic shapes of greenery surrounding the geometrical area of the plot are aimed to create an impression of natural walls, surrounding the heart of complex of the former Electrical Power and Heating Plant, complemented by newly designed objects. The wall of trees surrounding urban area is a living organism, which along with the change of season gives a new character of the space. Greenery has the task to form the outline of internal plot enabling natural transition between the urban quarter and river. Seasonal variations have a strong effect on the perception of complex, in a radical way uncovering the new faces of this space. Natural internal elevation, from one side can entirely hide the interior of peninsula in greenery, on the other (by dropping leaves) discover and open the space to the city. Such created plant layout, limited by the regular form, in spite of its organic character gains geometrical expression. The element of contradiction creates contrasting space, which complement is cuboidal structure. The spatial solution of peninsula gives an impression of movement between areas placed in the shape of puzzle, where each part represents different spatial advantages. This way formed plan creates a feeling of exploring/crossing the threshold of next interior. After crossing the neighboring lines, the recipient automatically moves into the space, which is an expression of individual character, corresponding to the area function.

obr. 63 / Axonometric scheme of Garbary Peninsula, describing balance between green and urban areas.

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obr. 64 / A) Current state of Garbary Peninsula, B) Removal of buildings with no architecture, historical and cultural value, maintenance of main Powerhouse building and Redoubt Roon.

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obr. 65 / Urban interior in a center of the â&#x20AC;&#x17E;forestâ&#x20AC;?. Site arrangement creates green wall that surrounds main plaza.

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Water park. Green boulevard with two main elements - ponds and park area. Basic functions of the area: sport, recreation, rest on a fresh air as well as storage of a mobile urban elements.

Park area is created on two levels, first is a level of ponds with little paths while second one is design to be main path lifted up above ponds. Wood structure allowing to use park area even in case of possible floods.

Marina on Warta allowing for easier access to the peninsula from the rest of the river.

Complex of Educational and Scientific quarter contains: lab workshops, lecture rooms, education center, hotel, restaurant, cafe, resting area etc.

Fort Roon. Building of an old city fortification that was partially destroyed during war. Bridge inspired by an original project, connecting Cytadela Park with Peninsula Garbary. New function of the building is to create PoznaĹ&#x201E; Fortress memorial by forming a space for exhibition of PoznaĹ&#x201E; Stronghold history.

Grabary Electrical Power and Heating Plant with main functions of Museum of Electricity, hotel and restaurant.

Main plaza containing small pavilions, cafe, restaurant as well as open area with symbolic stream connecting all functions on the left part of the peninsula. Main plaza is devoted to organize city events such as concerts, shows, outdoor cinema, theatre etc.

New Art Gallery building incorporating old powerhouse chimney (transformed into observation tower).

Car parking located next to the main entry to the peninsula with new road.

obr. 66 / Initial site plan of peninsula Garbary.

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obr. 67 / A) Basic space division - urban area - park, B) Water facilities - ponds, stream.

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obr. 68 / A) Urban plan - building, plazas, paths, B) Fnal plan.

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obr. 69 / Powerhouse.

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obr. 70 / Art gallery and observation tower.

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obr. 71 / Restaurant / Cafe / Water Pavilion.

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obr. 72 / North Quarter.

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Spatial organization

The main division of functions is divided into three basic levels: park, urban square, building development. Each area is characterized by different functional, spatial and visual character. Park space is the main link between the river and area of building development, surrounding area of the entire peninsula. Ponds are its main element, which regulation can take place both by natural and artificial water levels. Recreation and sport are basic functions of the area, and a complement, resulting from the overall development plan of Warta River, is â&#x20AC;&#x153;warehouseâ&#x20AC;? providing possibility of storing and using architectural elements floating on the water. The space of building development, which the main element is building of former Electrical Power and Heating Plant, is characterized by a compact and geometrical plan. North area, bordering with the park, is a quarter with education spaces, research workrooms, lecture halls, hotel and the cafe/restaurant located in the central point of internal square. In the main building of former Electrical Power and Heating Plant is the Museum of Electricity, in which exhibited are numerous preserved equipment used in the production of electricity and heat. In the smaller building is hotel. The multi-storey building located on the southern part of this area is used as the art gallery connected with observation tower. The main square is an open space, which key element is water stream breaking the surface pad. In this area are located restaurant/bar with the Water Pavilion, the Redoubt of Roon Fort dedicated to tell the history of polygonal stronghold (this building at the same time constitutes the gate of peninsula from the western side), as well as small pavilions located in green areas. This space is intended to organize both mass events and everyday urban activities.

obr. 73 /Peninsula plan with basic functional division.

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Functions

Basic functions localized on the plot are focused around the Center of Electrical Power and Heating Plant â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Museum of Electricity, which constitutes a central object, i.e. starting point for formed composition. By virtue of the area history, and its importance for development of the city, the adaptation proposal of existing object to introduce technological production process of electricity and heat is a proposal offering great potential for development both in the scale of the city and the entire country. This object would be able to attract large group of tourists and city dwellers, which would increase the importance of the entire space. The north quarter is an area concentrating scientific functions, which constitute adapted space both to organization of scientific fairs, research conferences/events, conventions, as well as to daily work. Significant for the area is location of the object used as the Development Center of Warta. By virtue of the primary role of this archetype, it is important to create the unit responsible for logistics of arranging water mobile elements. The aim of this unit is responsibility for development of the mobile urban planning, which dynamic nature requires appropriate control and layout. By virtue of creation of radiating function on a larger scale on the peninsula, there were also planned supporting objects such as hotels and cafes/ restaurants. Important in urban system is observation tower, which grows out of the art gallery located in the ground floor. The chimney after the existing Electrical Power and Heating Plant constitutes the core of tower, in addition being a dominant feature to the scale of the city, strongly indicating the existence of Garbary peninsula.

obr. 74 / Schematic axonomety of building located on the peninsula Garbary.

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Development Center of Warta

An important in the development process of mobile urban planning is to create planning unit, which task would be supervising and managing distribution and use of water architectural elements. The logistics associated with urban shaping the river is a brand new task; its main challenge will be to meet the current spatial demand, in the context of local urban plan. It is a continuous logistic process, which would enable to increase the use of water objects and generation of activation perspectives of the riverine space. The main functions of the Development Center of Warta: development of mobile urban planning, establishing communication between cities/institutions, etc., creating urban plans of the river, supervision and distribution of mobile water objects, improvement and meeting spatial and social new needs, seeking innovative solutions and ways to use the space, raising attraction of river areas. Ultimately, each city or region would have own unit, which would aim to seek local development potentialities of the river, as well as to establish cooperation in order to extend the reach of system influence. Development Center of Warta is a key institution of the experimental approach towards spatial development of watercourses, which would constitute the archetype for other rivers and water bodies.

obr. 75 / Development Center of Warta. Peninsula as a space generating possibilities of river development.

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From architecture to the nature – spatial collage Colour and shape means

A key aspect in the area perception is spatial experience, which different nature is perceptible in the movement within peninsula. The objective of action is to present the space in such a way to stimulate different reactions of recipients, triggered during the walk through peninsula. Intention of so formed area is creation of diversified nature of the terrain, obtained by artistic measures based on the statement of different colors, materials and forms, giving the final impression of spatial collage. Expression of the area role becomes, on the one hand, e.g. light reflecting material of the square, which task is integration of the entire space (material reflects the color of surrounding area so it blends into the background), on the other, vegetation of the park, which with its variability and unique perfectly integrates and reflects the function of “Water Warehouse”, which layout of mobile objects is unique and variable in time.

obr. 76 / From architecture to nature (buildings, plazas, ponds, river). obr. 77 / A) Plan of the stream / main plaza, B) Plan of connection between two functional areas: building quarter and plaza, C) Plan of the North Quarter, D) Plan of connection between buildings and green area, E) Ponds / Park plan, F) Plan of connection between green area and river.

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Ponds

The northern part of the plot, as flood danger zone, was enriched with the system of water bodies. From the functional side, they are elements becoming a part of previously formulated design principles, while from the natural point of view they are designed to protect the area against flooding. Water bodies can be regulated both naturally and artificially, thanks to easily are adapted to seasonal variability of the river and functional needs. The basic principle of reservoirs, in the context of mobile architecture, is based on mechanical water level regulation (in case of low water levels in the reservoirs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in order to transfer mobile river objects, the water must temporarily raise its level). Thanks to elevated platforms, constituting hiking-cycling tracks, movement all over the area is possible even by the very high level of waters. The green belt has the task to create water park, which integral elements are objects floating on the water. Thanks to this storage system, they can be used in the area of peninsula, where they enrich the area function. Stored architectural objects can be used to create small events in the sheltered place of park, in which perception of the same objects radically differs from those created on the opened area.

obr. 78 / A) Axonometric view on the ponds arrangement / schematic section through park area.

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obr. 79 / Basic project assumption as a result of river location. Peninsula Garbary Water Warehouse.

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obr. 80 / Schematic composition of mobile elements on the river.

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Seasonality and regulation of the water park

Reservoirs were created on the model of naturalistically formed extensive ponds, in which the circulation of water is ensured by the current of Warta. Natural filters in a form of plants were applied in order to clean overflowed water from the river, which properties allow for: filtration, oxygenation and treatment (plants: hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum), milfoil (Myriophyllum), Elodea Canadensis, lemna, Glyceria Maxima). Ponds located on the northern part of peninsula are connected by channels, which combination depends on the level of water (reservoirs forming a single flow or separate layouts). The bottom and shores of ponds are built from sands and gravels, which constitute the water-bearing stratum. High level of groundwater causes connection with surface waters creating one hydraulic system. Everyday regulation and circulation of water on the area of ponds occurs in an extensive way, depending on the current season. There is a need to temporarily raise the water in selected channels in order to transfer floating objects between reservoirs (stock function). In order to enable such action, in reservoirs are installed pumping devices, providing possibility of temporary pumping the water that transports river objects. Water ponds may occur in four basic stages: entirely deprived of water, low water level (where the greater part of the area are green areas), high water level (water areas outweigh green areas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ponds still constitute separated water bodies), the highest water level (ponds are combining, thus there is a possibility to transport elements between separate reservoirs).

obr. 81 / A) Combining ponds, B) High water level, C) Low water level, D) Drained ponds.

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Stream

A symbolic spatial treatment has become breaking the square plate by stream water, flowing out from green areas of ponds. This action is intended to reduce the distance between userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s space and water. Integration of the river stream into the surface of square gives a new value of the space. Waterline symbolically combines the geometry of formed architectural layout with surrounding it nature. Variable spatial advantage of the river is visible in its course through the designed area. The stream comes out from the green spaces of ponds, flows through pavilions and small green areas, curves in the central square, and then flows inside the Water Pavilion, after building green boulevards it swims into the Warta River. The function of central water square is variable depending on the season and demand. During the winter period can transform into the urban skating rink and in summer period constitute a cool place on hot days, in transitional seasons to turn into meeting place or space to create mass events, artistic performances, and so on. An important for the control of stream in the central square, which on one hand can be completely flooded by the water, on the other remain only a bored stream in the circuit of the square.

obr. 82 / Central water plaza with stream running through square.

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Line

One of dominating design motives has become application of strong functional divisions expressed by the use of line. Depending on point of view, on the one hand, it performs the guide role, on the other spatial cutoff. Division of plains, which is noticeable both in the plan, space and idea, shapes the land on the basis of contrast. Strong differentiation of the surface distinguishes areas allocated up to the park function and urban areas as a priority (from which we can single out the space of squares and buildings development). Functional divisions are visible through different expression of used materials, geometry and layouts. The block of buildings written down into the layout of existing Electrical Power and Heating Plant is characterized by selection of used materials and raw character referring to the industrial past of the peninsula. Bright and reflecting square is intended to neutralize the adjacent spaces of building development and park. This is the mirror plane, which reflects surrounding merging it into one cohesive system. In opposition to the geometry and orthogonality of urban area is park. After crossing the line of greenery, the recipient has a sense of entering into a completely different space, which from a perspective of the square gives impression of closed nature in the geometrical form.

obr. 83 / Line as a symbol of division of a spaces and functions. Line as and direction and boundary.

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SUMMARY / CONCLUSIONS ANALYZE OF DESIGN PROCESS, SUMMARY OF IDEAS.

New direction of development

The basis of design process was to develop a strategy for development of the city, which is an experimental field for development of the idea focusing on mobile advantages of the river. The project constitutes attempt to integrate new urban structures in the urban space, through the use of existing corridor. This principle of operation gives possibility of fresh approach to the existing urban layout that strictly is integrated with crossing it river. A glance at the city from a perspective of watercourse creates the possibility of redefining adopted principles, and to create new water structures, harmonizing with any type of urban space. Elaborated concept is based on design foundation (based on global principles), gradually turning into the development strategy of river (considered in the scale of the country) in order to finally assume the form of urban plan, drawn up on the example of selected fragment of the city. Fundamental assumption of adopted design path was simultaneous alternating of gradually addressed issues with the attempt to formulate conclusions and answers. Conceptual reflections from universal notions, often utopian, were transformed into new principles and ideas shaping the process.

obr. 84 / Scheme of river areas created as a space adapted to mobile urbanism.

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Urban experiment

The project to a large extent performs the role of urban planning experiment, which analyzes the possibility of existence and development of Mobile Linear City (MLC). Project activities are based on formulation of the idea, illustrated by transformation of model riverine areas. Development of the concept is carried out alongside with the progress of design process, and therefore pre-made theses and ideas are analyzed directly at each stage of the progress. Design narration is based on the study of Mobile Linear City development possibilities, drawing conclusions and creating new principles based on earlier observation. The final model of action is supposed to have metaphorical role, showing the possibility of cooperation between regions/cities/institutions to improve and revitalize the areas of riverbed. The process also shows possible direction of development of the watercourse boulevards, which ultimately already at the planning stage should consider the prospect of using elements of the mobile urban planning. This direction has great potential for the future, which may prove to be an important trend of development of both architecture and urban planning.

obr. 85 / Shifting of selected city functions on the river.

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Design path 1. Mobile urbanism - using river as a „Natural Highway” intended to transport elements of mobile architecture, located on the water. 2. Mobile Linear City (MLC) - mobile objects on the water create possibilities to arrange independents city structure. 3. Activation points - terrain animation, activating selected river areas. 4. Architecture Puzzles - creating new permanent object/areas intended to be a base river bank element of „Activation points” system. 5. Spatial Archetype - based on developed functional division of the terrain. 6. Water Warehouse - Center of Warta Development.

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Objective â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Synergy Effective architecture

The subject of project is to draw attention to possibilities and potential of cooperation between regions/cities/institutions, etc. By virtue of its conditioning, the river connects areas distant from each other, which in case of cities to a large extent constitute their central areas. The premise is to create a network of superior units located on different lengths of the river, which would be able, through cooperation, to exchange and supervise objects located on the water. Possibility to create effective/economical architecture is a strong side of such directed urban planning development. Thanks to the prospect of function development on the river, there is a chance to transfer rarely used urban objects to the channel of watercourse. As a result of proposed solution, the floating structures can be used on a rotation basis, among larger number of areas. An example of such formulated strategy can be a small art gallery located on the water, in which placed installations and exhibitions would remain in one building that along with the need of city/region change would move between areas. This way solved situation shows huge economic value of the adopted concept. Effectiveness of the architecture is obtained thanks to full operation of buildings, as well as elimination of the work and costs invested in the transfer operation, reinstallation and reduction in the risk of damaging the exhibition. Illustrated design scheme can be easily adapted to different architectural functions.

obr. 86 / Cooperation inbetween cities connected by the same river.

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Phasing

Mobile and flexible nature of the project assumes starting from creation of the central focusing point, which would perform spatial activator functions. This system is based on a point development of the riverine space, which thanks to activating areas will gain new social meaning. The established plan assumes placement of mobile architectural elements on areas indicating developmental potential, thanks to more likely would be to take actions from the bank of river. Such a procedure, on the one hand, would give the possibility of testing potential area function, on the other would constitute a hotspot to development of the area. This concept is partly based on a reversal of standard action (infrastructure -> function, function -> infrastructure), which in case of success would force to develop the infrastructure and basic adaption of the area. Showing the possibility and potential of river coasts is able to facilitate and accelerate taking decision on the development of boulevard areas. A big plus of the mobile architecture system is possibility of free using objects throughout the riverbed, thanks to its coverage is much wider than e.g. temporary pavilions. In case of failure, with easily the object location can be changed. The development plan of Warta River does not assume specific areas, from which it is necessary to begin the revitalization of coasts. The advantage of developed strategy is to show the schema of action, which duplicated in an appropriately large amount of space is able to create a network of cooperating areas (focal point e.g. for the area of city, and points that are â&#x20AC;&#x153;stopsâ&#x20AC;? for space activators). This way directed development has great potential, which value we would be able to appreciate today, and the development in the future would offer immeasurable number of possible transformations.

obr. 87 / Spaces/elements interacting with chosen river areas.

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Pointless utopia? Possibilities of realization

Both the development strategy of Warta and developed fragment of the area have the task to perform the role of mental archetypes, which in a metaphorical way shows development importance of the river in the city. The project has indicator function designating different path of boulevards development, considered from a perspective of the river. Current discussions on the state of Warta in PoznaĹ&#x201E; and future development plans of the bank area show an increase in desire to improve the existing situation and awareness of the problem of not-using possibilities in river areas. The idea of strategy is to undertake discussions on wasted potential of the river and to show the possible new direction of action. An aim of the project is not to create a strict and unquestioned action plan. The priority is to outline the methodology of procedure, which thanks to its versatility and multi-dimensionality can be interpreted on many different levels. The concept is intended to stimulate searching for unconventional solutions, and identify new opportunities to create the space of river. The idea of system is archetypal model, utopian, which despite its realistic technological possibilities of materialization, is unexplored step on the plane of progress of the urban river. The main ambition of strategy is to pay attention on the possibility of adopting development perspective, significantly far reaching into the future, and at the same time becoming a part of the present time. Created project is a set of models, principles and reflections on the river, which can be adapted to different spatial situations with diversified measures and needs.

obr. 88 / Possibilities of realization.

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Local plan of river development Spatial planning

An aim of the project is to show the future potential of water, which in the concept was elaborated mainly in the context of urban public functions. Presented design program is an exploration of Mobile Linear City concept considered on the activation level of cities through floating elements. However, this is only a part of complete idea assuming full development of water areas. An important point is to draw attention to other urban functions, which the mobility significantly would change the face of urban planning of watercourse shores. In order to widen the reach and possibilities of floating objects, it is important to draw up local plans of developing riverbeds, which thanks for the unit of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Development Center of the Riverâ&#x20AC;? would be able to monitor the order of such dynamic environment. Outlining water areas up to specific functions would constitute preliminary direction taken by planners, which on the next stage, in an individual way, would treat both objects and context of the area. The main functions considered as an element of local development plans would include: housing function, cultural function, catering function, educational function, recreational function, transport, small trade and service function. This way developed in the future concept would provide success of the strategy, which approach to the urban layout differs significantly from traditional urban structures.

obr. 89 / Spatial planning on the river area.

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Effective temporariness

Over the years, an important trend became the need of temporary space for both the city and undeveloped areas. Numerous concerts, sporting events, seasonal pavilions, exhibitions, etc. show the need for temporary transformation of the space. In case of traditional methods (e.g. building pavilions) there is a need for cyclical disassembly and re-construction, which also includes required transport of objects. The entire action generates an increase of expenses, as well as loss of the quality and durability of building construction. In case of using mobile properties of water, this significantly reduces the time and effort associated with transport and assembly. Considering possible situations of using temporary objects (e.g. in case of several-day sports competitions, concerts, etc.) we are able to easily observe the positive effects of proposed system. Thanks to the mobility of rivers and lakes we can easily expand e.g. the sports town, creating both residential area and supplementing the missing recreational objects. Different variations of using floating structures cause that this system is much simpler and more effective than traditional structures.

obr. 90 / Elements of mobile architecture and water park - Architecture Puzzles.

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Conclusions

The design process was intended to draw attention to the importance and stimulated the use of water areas in the local and global context. The design road to a large extent was focused on searching for uncharted still points of reference that in a new version enabled to show possibilities offered by the development of rivers and their banks. Both running out in the future and considering the issue of water in a wide scale, directed the development of process, which main conclusion is undoubted need to turning to return to the river/water bodies and to use its potential. Currently numerous tendencies of the development floating buildings are showing existing opportunities of the extensive use of water bodies. This occurrence clearly illustrates ambitions of technological and social progress, which in the future can lead to significant dissemination of water architectural objects. This strongly explored current, in the future can become as common as traditional construction, and thanks continuous technological development can turn out to be not only more effective and functional, but also cheaper in construction and operation. The water is undeniably one of the most exploration fields, which in spite of its unbridled nature carries immeasurable benefits. On the one hand, expressive and plastic visual expression, on the other strong functional, economic and transport advantages cause that this living organism is able to stimulate and inspire to search for new spatial solutions. Such a mixture of elusiveness and pragmatic functionality, with appropriate strategy and approach, is able to positively change the image of cities and to enrich natural areas. Reservoirs and watercourses undoubtedly will become a strong course, developed over the years, giving in addition the field for exploration and search for solutions to improve and enrich the space.

obr. 91 / Main plaza with Water Pavilion and restaurant.

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Bibliography /

Literature: 1). „Chwaliszewo - Poznańska Wenecja”, author Jan Kaczmarek, 2). „750 lat poznańskich mostów”, author Andrzej Ryżyński, Publisher Politechnka Poznańska, Poznań 2003, Edition I, 3). „Twierdza Poznań”, authors J.Biesiadka, A.Gawlak, Sz.Kucharski, M.Wojciechowski, Publisher Rawelin, Poznań 2006, 4). „Sensitive approach to water in urban enviroment”, author Anna Januchta-Szostak, Publisher Politechnka Poznańska, Poznań 2011, Edition I, 5). „Elementy kompozycji urbanistycznej”, author Kazimierz Wejchert, Publisher Arkady, Warszawa 1974. 6). „Strategia rozwoju Warty w Poznaniu”, Grudzień 2012.

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Images: fig. 1 baza http://epoznan.pl/gallery2/25394/x3qs49v3j6ctbnf934253z5wyw5yvp4w_gallery.jpg?1455012906 fig. 4baza http://www.janmcz.zgora-gorzow.opoka.org.pl/images/images_historia/plan_miasta_ok_XVIw.jpg fig. 4 baza http://www.zamki.pl/xz/r_wroclawc4.jpg fig. 7A http://inzyniermocno.tumblr.com/post/89248823545/teoretyczne-modele-miast-idealnych-prze%C5%82omu-xix-i fig. 7B http://gustavovieites.cmact.com/fuencarral/imagenesfuencarral/as-2.jpg

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fig. 7C http://image.slidesharecdn.com/arquitecturayurbanismoenelsigloxix-100802143114-phpapp01/95/arquitectura-y-urbanismo-en-el-siglo-xix-22-728.jpg?cb=1280759586 fig. 12A https://poznanwzywadotcom.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/rzeka_poznan_1.jpg fig. 12B http://poznanmojemiasto.com/galeria-wszystkie-stare/chwaliszewo-dawniej/ fig. 12C http://poznanmojemiasto.com/galeria-wszystkie-stare/chwaliszewo-dawniej/ fig. 12D http://www.wieczorkiewicz.org/obraz/239/ostrow-tumski-1938-001 fig. 12E http://poznanmojemiasto.com/galeria-wszystkie-stare/winogrady-dawniej/ fig. 13A http://poznanmojemiasto.com/spacerem-po-poznaniu/chwaliszewo/ fig. 13B http://www.wiadomosci24.pl/artykul/czartoria_5_zabytek_w_centrum_poznania_56248.html fig. 15A http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/22236276.jpg fig. 15B http://ocdn.eu/images/pulscms/NDQ7MDA_/67e2350f70b8ee560f8ef7757b6608bb.jpg fig. 15C http://www.poznan.pl/mim/info/pictures/nabrzeze-warty,pic1,1016,93348,138007,show2.jpg fig. 15D http://www.leszcz.pl/lowisko.php?lo=9 fig. 15E http://www.lepszypoznan.pl/2015/12/24/liczenie-kanalow-i-rur-w-warcie.html fig. 16A http://plfoto.com/zdjecie,krajobraz,rzeka-warta-poznania,2144534.html fig. 16B http://www.studiofikus.pl/wp-content/gallery/centrum-wykladowe-pp/02-cw_.jpg fig. 16C http://www.swannlighting.com/ii/1500/1500/upload/realizations/140739463653e3234c2a468.jpeg fig. 16D http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/123378747.jpg fig. 16E http://d-nm.ppstatic.pl/k/r//70/62/4c12037ca4824_o.jpg?1420066800 fig. 16F http://poznan.naszemiasto.pl/artykul/zdjecia/splywy-kajakowe-poznan-z-biegiem-rzeki-miasto-z,2369074,gal, 10061292,t,id,tm,zid.html fig. 16G http://poznan.naszemiasto.pl/artykul/zdjecia/splywy-kajakowe-poznan-z-biegiem-rzeki-miasto-z,2369074,gal ,10061292,t,id,tm,zid.html fig. 16H http://d-nm.ppstatic.pl/k/r//c5/1e/4f5a04a6885da_o.jpg?1420066800 fig. 19 http://cyryl.poznan.pl/katalog.php?wyn_na_str=20&lay_przeg=A&kier=&baza=obiekty&sort_obiekty=6&id_ obiektu=&id_kolekcji_ob=557&szukaj_obiektu=&tytul_obiektu=&opis_fizyczny_obiektu=&data_obiektu=&data_ obiektu_do=&miejsce_obiektu=&autor_obiektu=&wlasciciel_obiektu=&wydawca_obiektu=&id_partnera_ob=&od=60 fig. 23http://www.codziennypoznan.pl/artykul/2016-08-25/skapana-w-sloncu-katedra-mgla-nad-mostem-izasniezony-brzeg-warta-z-lotu-ptaka# fig. 42 baza http://www.arquitectes.cat/iframes/paisatge/cat/mostrar_projecte.php?id_projecte=9996&lan=es fig. 50A/B/C http://www.gloswielkopolski.pl/artykul/3743797,elektrocieplownia-garbary-opuszcza-ostrow-tumskipowstanie-tam-nowa-dzielnica-mieszkaniowa,id,t.html fig. 51A http://fort.mariwoj.pl/tp_ms.htm fig. 51B http://epoznan.pl/news-news-27891-Poznan_stracil_swoja_Wenecje fig. 51C http://poznan.wikia.com/wiki/Elektrownia_miejska_na_Grobli fig. 51D http://fort.mariwoj.pl/tp_mrch.htm fig. 52 „750 lat poznańskich mostów”, autor Andrzej Ryżyński, Wydawnictwo Politechnki Poznańskiej, Poznań 2003, Wydanie I fig. 53A http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=614893&page=78 fig. 53B http://poznan.wyborcza.pl/poznan/1,109268,20710970,od-koszulki-auera-do-elektrowni-garbary-krotkahistoria-pradu.html fig. 53C http://poznan.wikia.com/wiki/Elektrownia_miejska_na_Grobli fig. 53D http://poznan.fotopolska.eu/463306,foto.html fig. 56 A-C, fig. 57 A-C http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=136754&page=615

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