Liberalism

Liberalism & Expansionism of Industrial Society

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The Ottoman Empire

T

he Ottoman state began in july 27 of 1299 as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks.

The early phase of Ottoman expansion took place at the expense of the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, and Serbia.

The Ottoman Empire invasions and conquests in East Europe led this countries in their power: Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Ukraine, half of Slovakia and a very little part at the bottom of Russia.

As well as East Europe, some countries of what is now known as West Asia were in those times part of the Ottoman Empire: the edges of Saudi Arabia, half of Libya, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Azerbaijan, Egypt and Iraq.

In 1908 the Young Turk movement forced the restoration of the constitution of 1876, and in 1909 the parliament deposed the sultan and put Muhammad V on the throne. In the two successive Balkan Wars that were on 1912–

1913, Turkey lost nearly its entire territory in Europe to Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and newly independent Albania.

The outbreak of World War I found Turkey lined up with the Central Powers. Although Turkish troops succeeded against the Allies in the Gallipoli campaign in 1915, Arabia rose against Turkish rule, and British forces occupied in 1917 Baghdad and Jerusalem. An Armenian uprising in Van 1915 survived until relieved by Russian forces. In 1918, Turkish resistance collapsed in Asia and Europe, a truce was concluded in October, and the Ottoman Empire came to an end. The Treaty of Sèvres confirmed its dissolution.

In many ways, the circumstances surrounding the Ottoman Empire's fall were a result of tensions between the Empire's different ethnic groups and the various governments' inability to deal with these tensions. The introduction of increased cultural rights, civil liberties and a parliamentary system during the Tanzimat proved too late to reverse the nationalist and secessionist trends that had already been set in motion since the early 19th century.

Cultural Characteristic: The Islamic Societies were a strong influence for the Ottoman Empire in the aspect of languages and customs. The official language of the Empire was: “Turkish”.

Persian had a significant contribution through the Persianized Seljuq Turks, the Ottomans´ Predecessors.

is greatly misunderstood and misinterpreted in the West.

There are so many facts that are globed with this question: Why does the Ottoman Empire collapse?. The beliefs and religions in those places were strong, dangerous and “toxic”.

Countries around started to invade their churches in order for christianism take place.

Economic Characteristic: Another fact, was that the type of government The economic history falls into two periods. affected countries in their exports and imClassic Era (enlargement) which comprised a ports, which caused other countries lost reclosed agricultural economy, showing region- sources and had economic crisis. After other al distinctions within the empire. wars and invasions, countries of the Ottoman Reformation Era: that comprised state orga- Empire started to dispatch and get their indenized reforms, commencing with administra- pendences. Turkey was the principal country tive and political structures through to state who dispatch and got more popularity. The and public functions.

Ottoman Empire was once a strong place, but that power made people to do wrong things; Political Characteristic: this is why it doesn´t exist anymore.

The Ottoman state, like the Turkish, Mongol, and Mesopotamian states rested on a principle of absolute authority in the monarch.

The nature of Ottoman autocracy, however,

Crimean War

The Crimean War was one of the Russo-Turkish War

Holy Land or Modern Day Israel, between Paris.

Russian Orthodox and French Catholic Leaders. -Russians lost their dominance in the Balkans and agreed to obey the integrity Main Causes: -Ottoman Empire was centered on in -The Sultan ruled in favor of the Catholics. of the Ottoman empire. what is now known as Turkey.

-The deliver by Russia of an ultimatum to -The British and French who were allied, won the war.

-The decaying Ottoman Empire was the Turks was refused. looked at as more land for others to Effects: The 19th century was one of degradation, claim.

-The Black Sea was neutralized and the as the Ottomans struggled to retain -Arguments over religious sites in the Danube river was opened to the shipping control of their empire, in the face of of all nations. external pressure and internal turmoil.

-Disease affected and killed about 250,000.

-The war didn’t settle the matters between the powers in Europe.

Although, the Ottomans occupied a critical position, controlling access to the Black Sea. During the second constitutional period (1908–1918), the Ottoman Empire experienced the -Peace terms were agreed on February most democratic era of its history, with 1, 1856 at Vienna then the final terms a myriad of political parties electing were agreed at the congress of Paris deputies to the Ottoman parliament, on February 28-March 30 1856. which enacted major secular and liberal -Peace terms resulted in the Treaty of reforms.

Capitalism & Ottoman Empire

The major perspective presents capitalism as penetrating the Ottoman Empire, usually during the 19th century as Western industrial centers sought to make the Ottoman Empire a supplier of raw materials and a consumer of manufactured goods.

Map of the Ottoman Empire in its´ peak, the years shown in colors are the expansions the Ottoman Empire had little by little.

This is the actual map of the countries that daily conform the last Ottoman Empire conquests and expansions.

Infographic Main causes of Imperialism in Africa: -Africa’s natural resources like peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil, were an important component in motivating European colonialism.

Effects of Imperialism in Africa: Negative Effects -Africans lost control of their land and independence and were placed under the indirect rule of the British.

-Imperialism in Africa was partly due to rivalries between the different European -Often times the natives fought the British countries involved, with Britain, Germany in battle in order to defend their way of and France the dominant powers. life. Many people were lost to resisting the Europeans.

-European powers were keen to maintain control of specific territories for strategic -Homes and property Were transferred to reasons. the authority of the British and the natives had little or no say in it.

-For the British, South Africa provided a useful stop for ships on their way to India. -Men were forced to leave their villages to support themselves and their family -Another significant part of the British because their were no opportunities for Empire, the Suez Canal in Egypt created high paying jobs because they were filled a much shorter route between the United by the British.

Kingdom and her colonies further east.

African colonies were expected to There was a division of African culture. contribute to Europe’s economy.

Rivals were united while kinship and family members were split because of the artificial

boundaries instated by the British. This caused a great amount of tension within regions.

Positive Effects -European efforts to improve colonies resulted in improved sanitation and education.

-Hospitals, schools, and factories were built creating more jobs for the people of Africa.

-The amount of local warfare was reduced greatly due to control of the African government.

-Economic expansion occurred.

-African products became available to the international market, allowing for colonies to become prosperous.

-British control brought about some political stability and order for many African colonies.

APA Infographic: What Were the Causes of European Imperialism in Africa? | The Classroom | Synonym. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2015, from http://classroom.synonym.com/were-causes-european-imperialism-africa-6607.html Negative Effects of Imperialism. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2015, from https://period6-5imperialism10.wikispaces.com/Negative Effects of Imperialism Positive Effects of Imperialism. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2015, from https://period6-5imperialism10.wikispaces.com/Positive Effects of Imperialism https://prezi.com/f-pu2kgclos2/the-crimean-war/ http://www.historytoday.com/geoffrey-woodward/ottomans-europe#sthash.EXbMnpCF.dpuf http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0611 APA Ottoman Empire: http://alphahistory.com/worldwar1/ottoman-empire/#sthash.c6ykBq3p.dpuf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire#History http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/ottoman-empire-history.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_.281298.E2.80.931453.29 https://www.google.com.mx/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=when%20did%20the%20 ottoman%20empire%20start Culture of the Ottoman Empire. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_ Empire The Ottoman state and government. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2015, from http://www.allaboutturkey.com/ottoman2.htm Economic History of the Ottoman Empire. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2015, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_ of_the_Ottoman_Empire