Digital News Media

News Media & Technology Wikibook ITEC30011

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Contents Articles News media

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Broadcasting

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Convergence (telecommunications)

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Technological convergence

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Online newspaper

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Future of newspapers

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References Article Sources and Contributors

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

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Article Licenses License

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News media

News media The news media are those elements of the mass media that focus on delivering news to the general public or a target public. These include print media (newspapers, newsmagazines), broadcast news (radio and television), and more recently the Internet (online newspapers, news blogs, etc.).

Etymology A medium (plural media) is a carrier of something. Common things carried by media include information, art, or physical objects.

A medium may provide transmission or storage of information or Electronic News Gathering trucks and photojournalists gathered outside the Prudential Financial headquarters in Newark, United States in August 2004 both. The industries which produce news following the announcement of evidence of a terrorist threat to it and to buildings and entertainment content for the mass in New York City. media are often called "the media" (in much the same way the newspaper industry is called "the press"). In the late 20th century it became commonplace for this usage to be construed as singular ("The media is...") rather than as the traditional plural.

Broadcasting Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video signals (programs) to a number of recipients ("listeners" or "viewers") that belong to a large group. This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Thus, an Internet channel may distribute text or music worldwide, while a public address system in (for example) a workplace may broadcast very limited ad hoc soundbites to a small population within its range.

The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule.

Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription-based channels and pay-per-view services.

A broadcasting organization may broadcast several programs at the same time, through several channels (frequencies), for example BBC One and Two. On the other hand, two or more organizations may share a channel and each use it during a fixed part of the day. Digital radio and digital television may also transmit multiplexed programming, with several channels compressed into one ensemble.

When broadcasting is done via the Internet the term webcasting is often used.

Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the mass media.

Broadcasting to a very narrow range of audience is called narrowcasting.

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News media

Television In a broadcast system (television), journalists or reporters are also involved with editing the video material that has been shot alongside their research, and in working on the visual narrative of the story. Broadcast journalists often make an appearance in the news story at the beginning or end of the video clip.

In television or broadcast journalism, news analysts (also called news-casters or news anchors) examine, interpret, and broadcast news received from various sources of information. Anchors present this as news, either videotaped or live, through transmissions from on-the-scene reporters (news correspondents).

News films ("clips") can vary in length; there are some which may be as long as ten minutes, others that need to fit in all the relevant information and material in two or three minutes. News channels these days have also begun to host special documentary films that stretch for much longer durations and are able to explore a news subject or issue in greater detail.

The desk persons categorise news stories with various formats according to the merit of the story. Such formats include AVO, AVO Byte, Pkg, VO SOT, VOX POP, and Ancho Visual.

• The AVO, or Anchor Voice Over, is the short form of news. The story is written in a gist. According to the script visual is edited. The anchor reads the news while the visual is broadcast simultaneously. Generally, the duration of an AVO is 30 to 40 seconds. The script is three to four lines. At first the anchor starts to read the news, and, after reading one or one-and-a-half lines, the visual is aired, overlapping the face of anchor.

• The AVO Byte has two parts: An AVO, and one or more bytes. This is the same as an AVO, except that as soon as the AVO ends, the Byte is aired.

• The Pkg has three parts: Anchor, Voice Over, and Sign Off. At first a Script is written. A voice over anchor reads the anchor or anchor intro part.

Newscasters Newscasters function at large stations and networks that usually specialize in a particular type of news, such as sports or weather. Weathercasters, also called weather reporters, report current and forecast weather conditions. They gather information from national satellite weather services, wire services, and local and regional weather bureaus.

Some weathercasters are trained meteorologists and develop their own weather forecasts. Sportscasters select, write, and deliver sports news. This may include interviews with sports personalities and coverage of games and other sporting events.

Newsmagazines

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News media

3 A newsmagazine, sometimes called news magazine, is a usually weekly magazine featuring articles on current events. News magazines generally go a little more in-depth into stories than newspapers, trying to give the reader an understanding of the context surrounding important events, rather than just the facts.

Cover of 2512, a monthly newsmagazine published in RĂŠunion.

Newspapers A newspaper is a lightweight and disposable publication (more specifically, a periodical), usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or special interest, and may be published daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, or quarterly.

General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current news on a variety of topics. Those can include political events, crime, business, sports, and opinions (either editorials, columns, or political cartoons).

Many also include weather news and forecasts. Newspapers increasingly use photographs to illustrate stories; they also often include comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords.

Reading the newspaper: Brookgreen Gardens in Pawleys Island, South Carolina.

News media

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Print journalism A story is a single article, news item or feature, usually concerning a single event, issue, theme, or profile of a person.

Correspondents report news occurring in the main, locally, from their own country, or from foreign cities where they are stationed.

Most reporters file information or write their stories electronically from remote locations.

In many cases, breaking stories are written by staff members, through information collected and submitted by other reporters who are out on the field gathering information for an event that has just occurred and needs to be broadcast Journalists at work in Montreal in the 1940s instantly. Radio and television reporters often compose stories and report "live" from the scene. Some journalists also interpret the news or offer opinions and analysis to readers, viewers, or listeners. In this role, they are called commentators or columnists.

Reporters take notes and also take photographs or shoot videos, either on their own, or through a photographer or camera person. In the second phase, they organize the material, determine the focus or emphasis (identify the peg), and finally write their stories. The story is then edited by news or copy-editors (US style) or sub-editors in Europe, who function from the news desk. The headline of the story is decided by the news desk, and practically never by the reporter or the writer of the piece. Often, the news desk also heavily re-writes or changes the style and tone of the first draft prepared by the reporter / writer originally. Finally, a collection of stories that have been picked for the newspaper or magazine edition, are laid out on dummy (trial) pages, and after the chief editor has approved the content, style and language in the material, it is sent for publishing. The writer is given a byline for the piece that is published; his or her name appears alongside the article. This process takes place according to the frequency of the publication. News can be published in a variety of formats (broadsheet, tabloid, magazine and periodical publications) as well as periods (daily, weekly, semi-weekly, fortnightly or monthly).

Newsreels A newsreel was a documentary film common in the first half of the 20th century, that regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed news stories.

Created by PathÊ Frères of France in 1908, this form of film was a staple of the typical North American, British, and Commonwealth countries (especially Canada, Australia and New Zealand), and throughout European cinema programming schedule from the silent era until the 1960s when television news broadcasting completely supplanted its role.

PathĂŠ would eventually merge with RKO...

An example of a newsreel story is in the film Citizen Kane (which was prepared by RKO's actual newsreel staff), which includes a fictional newsreel that summarizes the life of the title character.

News media

Online journalism Online journalism is reporting and other journalism produced or distributed via the Internet.

An early leader was The News & Observer in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. Many news organizations based in other media also distribute news online. How much they take advantage of the medium varies. Some news organizations, such as the Gongwer News Service, use the Web only or primarily.

The Internet challenges traditional news organizations in several ways. They may be losing classified ads to Web sites, which are often targeted by interest instead of geography. The advertising on news Web sites is sometimes insufficient to support the investment.

Even before the Internet, technology and perhaps other factors were dividing people's attention, leading to more but narrower media outlets.

Online journalism also leads to the spread of independent online media such as openDemocracy and the UK, Wikinews as well as allowing smaller news organizations to publish to a broad audience, such as mediastrike.

News coverage and new media By covering news, politics, weather, sports, entertainment, and vital events, the daily media shape the dominant cultural, social and political picture of society. Beyond the media networks, independent news sources have evolved to report on events which escape attention or underlie the major stories. In recent years, the blogosphere has taken reporting a step further, mining down to the experiences and perceptions of individual citizens.

An exponentially growing phenomenon, the blogosphere can be abuzz with news that is overlooked by the press and TV networks. Apropos of this was Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s 11,000-word Rolling Stone article [1] apropos of the 2004 United States presidential election, published June 1, 2006. By June 8, there had been no mainstream coverage of the documented allegations by President John F. Kennedy's nephew. On June 9, this sub-story was covered by a Seattle Post-Intelligencer article. [2] Media coverage during the 2008 Mumbai attacks highlighted the use of new media and Internet social networking tools, including Twitter and Flickr, in spreading information about the attacks, observing that Internet coverage was often ahead of more traditional media sources. In response, traditional media outlets included such coverage in their reports.[3] However, several outlets were criticised as they did not check for the reliability and verifiability of the information.[4]

Other journalism Internet The Internet has allowed the formal and informal publication of news stories through mainstream media outlets as well as blogs and other self-published news stories. Journalists working on the Internet have been referred to as J-Bloggers, a term coined by Australian Media Academic Dr Nicola Goc to describe journalists who [blog] and [blog]gers who produce journalism.

Newspaper "gone to the Web" in California "J-Bloggers: Internet bloggers acting in the role of journalists disseminating newsworthy information, who subscribe to the journalistic ideals of an obligation to the truth and the public's right to know" (Media and Journalism: Theory to Practice (2008) Melbourne: OUP, p45) . The World Wide Web has also seen the development of Online Newspapers and Online magazine. E-zines is a result of the new magazine templates used by literature Broadcasting a .com Media, is one example incorporated within its

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Internet eZine "The Reviewer" not found on magazine racks to keep up with the economy and stay solvent in 2009 say Journalist Perry Campanella editor for Literature Broadcasting with Video Book Presentations Filmography, produced by Richard Levine a Worldwide Publishing Corporation incorporating multilinguale features not found on magazine rack placements, at the touch of a button in the 21 Century a News Wire headline.

Newscasters Newscasters function at large stations and networks that usually specialize in a particular type of news, such as sports or weather. Weathercasters, also called weather reporters, report current and forecast weather conditions. They gather information from national satellite weather services, wire services, and local and regional weather bureaus.

Some weathercasters are trained meteorologists and develop their own weather forecasts. Sportscasters select, write, and deliver sports news. This may include interviews with sports personalities and coverage of games and other sporting events.

References [1] http:/ / www. commondreams. org/ views06/ 0601-34. htm [2] Public Interest in News Topics Beyond Control of Mainstream Media (http:/ / www. commondreams. org/ views06/ 0609-29. htm), June 9, 2006.

[3] As it happened: Mumbai attacks 27 Nov (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 7752003. stm), BBC News, November 27, 2008.

[4] Twitter In Controversial Spotlight Amid Mumbai Attacks (http:/ / www. informationweek. com/ blog/ main/ archives/ 2008/ 11/ twitter_in_cont. html), Information Week, November 29, 2008.

Broadcasting Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and video content to a dispersed audience via radio, television, or other.

Receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively large subset of thereof.

The original term broadcast referred to the literal sowing of seeds on farms by scattering them over a wide field.[1] It was first adopted by early radio engineers from the Midwestern United States to refer to the analogous dissemination of radio signals. Broadcasting forms a very large segment of the mass media. Broadcasting to a very narrow range of audience is called narrowcasting.

Forms of electronic broadcasting Historically, there have been several different types of electronic broadcasting media:

Broadcasting antenna in Stuttgart

• Telephone broadcasting (1881–1932): the earliest form of electronic broadcasting (not counting data services offered by stock telegraph companies from 1867, if ticker-tapes are excluded from the definition). Telephone broadcasting began with the advent of Théâtrophone ("Theatre Phone") systems, which were telephone-based distribution systems allowing subscribers to listen to live opera and theatre performances over telephone lines, created by French inventor Clément Ader in 1881. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include telephone newspaper services for news and entertainment programming which were introduced in the 1890s, primarily located in large European cities. These telephone-based subscription services were the first examples of electrical/electronic broadcasting and offered a wide variety of programming .

• Radio broadcasting (experimentally from 1906, commercially from 1920): radio broadcasting is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, broadcast through the air as radio waves from a transmitter to an antenna and, thus, to a

Broadcasting

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receiving device. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast common programming, either in syndication or simulcast or both.

Television broadcasting (telecast), experimentally from 1925, commercially from the 1930s: this video-programming medium was long-awaited by the general public and rapidly rose to compete with its older radio-broadcasting sibling.

Cable radio (also called "cable FM", from 1928) and cable television (from 1932): both via coaxial cable, serving principally as transmission mediums for programming produced at either radio or television stations, with limited production of cable-dedicated programming.

Satellite television (from circa 1974) and satellite radio (from circa 1990): meant for direct-to-home broadcast programming (as opposed to studio network uplinks and downlinks), provides a mix of traditional radio or television broadcast programming, or both, with satellite-dedicated programming.

Webcasting of video/television (from circa 1993) and audio/radio (from circa 1994) streams: offers a mix of traditional radio and television station broadcast programming with internet-dedicated webcast programming.

Economic models Economically there are a few ways in which stations are able to broadcast continually. Each differs in the method by which stations are funded: • • • • • •

in-kind donations of time and skills by volunteers (common with community broadcasters) direct government payments or operation of public broadcasters indirect government payments, such as radio and television licenses grants from foundations or business entities selling advertising or sponsorships public subscription or membership

Broadcasters may rely on a combination of these business models. For example, National Public Radio, a non-commercial network within the U.S., receives grants from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (which, in turn, receives funding from the U.S. government), by public membership and by selling "extended credits" to corporations.

Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts The first regular television broadcasts began in 1937. Broadcasts can be classified as "recorded" or "live". The former allows correcting errors, and removing superfluous or undesired material, rearranging it, applying slow-motion and repetitions, and other techniques to enhance the program.

However, some live events like sports telecasts can include some of the aspects including slow-motion clips of important goals/hits, etc., in between the live telecast.

A television studio control room in Olympia, Washington, August 2008.

Broadcasting American radio-network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s requiring radio programs played for the Eastern and Central time zones to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific time zone. This restriction was dropped for special occasions, as in the case of the German dirigible airship Hindenburg disaster at Lakehurst, New Jersey, in 1937. During World War II, prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondents were allowed on U.S. radio. In addition, American radio programs were recorded for playback by Armed Forces Radio stations around the world.

A disadvantage of recording first is that the public may know the outcome of an event from another source, which may be a "spoiler". In addition, prerecording prevents live announcers from deviating from an officially approved script, as occurred with propaganda broadcasts from Germany in the 1940s and with Radio Moscow in the 1980s.

Many events are advertised as being live, although they are often "recorded live" (sometimes called "live-to-tape").

This is particularly true of performances of musical artists on radio when they visit for an in-studio concert performance. Similar situations have occurred in television ("The Cosby Show is recorded in front of a live studio audience") and news broadcasting.

A broadcast may be distributed through several physical means. If coming directly from the studio at a single radio or television station, it is simply sent through the air chain to the transmitter and thence from the antenna on the tower out to the world. Programming may also come through a communications satellite, played either live or recorded for later transmission. Networks of stations may simulcast the same programming at the same time, originally via microwave link, now usually by satellite.

Distribution to stations or networks may also be through physical media, such as analog or digital videotape, compact disc, DVD, and sometimes other formats. Usually these are included in another broadcast, such as when electronic news gathering returns a story to the station for inclusion on a news programme.

The final leg of broadcast distribution is how the signal gets to the listener or viewer. It may come over the air as with a radio station or television station to an antenna and receiver, or may come through cable television [2] or cable radio (or "wireless cable") via the station or directly from a network. The Internet may also bring either radio or television to the recipient, especially with multicasting allowing the signal and bandwidth to be shared.

The term "broadcast network" is often used to distinguish networks that broadcast an over-the-air television signal that can be received using a television antenna from so-called networks that are broadcast only via cable or satellite television. The term "broadcast television" can refer to the programming of such networks.

Legal definitions United Kingdom The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988 defines a broadcast as "a transmission by wireless telegraphy of visual images, sounds, or other information which is capable of lawful reception by the public or which is made for presentation to the public". Thus, it covers radio, television, teletext and telephones.

Social impact

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Broadcasting

The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule.

As with all technological endeavours, a number of technical terms and slang have developed. A list of these terms can be found at List of broadcasting terms. Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription-based channels and pay-per-view services.

In his essay, John Durham Peters wrote that communication is a tool used for dissemination. Durham stated, “Dissemination is a lens- sometimes a usefully distorting one- that helps us tackle basic issues such as interaction, presence, and space and time…on the agenda of any future communication theory in general” (Durham, 211). Dissemination focuses on the message being relayed from one main source to one large audience without the exchange of dialogue in between. There’s chance for the message to be tweaked or corrupted once the main source releases it. There is really no way to predetermine how the larger population or audience will absorb the message. They can choose to listen, analyze, or simply ignore it. Dissemination in communication is widely used in the world of broadcasting.

Broadcasting focuses on getting one message out and it is up to the general public to do what they wish with it.

Durham also states that broadcasting is used to address an open ended destination (Durham, 212). There are many forms of broadcast, but they all aim to distribute a signal that will reach the target audience. Broadcasting can arrange audiences into entire assemblies (Durham, 213).

In terms of media broadcasting, a radio show can gather a large number of followers who tune in every day to specifically listen to that specific disc jockey. The disc jockey follows the script for his or her radio show and just talks into the microphone. He or she does not expect immediate feedback from any listeners. The message is broadcast across airwaves throughout the community, but there the listeners cannot always respond immediately, especially since many radio shows are recorded prior to the actual air time.

Notes [1] Definition: Broadcast (http:/ / www. thefreedictionary. com/ broadcast), American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 2000, updated 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2009.

[2] http:/ / www. diwaxx. ru/

Bibliography • Carey, James (1989) Communication as Culture, Routledge, New York and London, pp. 201–30 • Kahn, Frank J., ed. Documents of American Broadcasting, fourth edition (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984).

• Lichty Lawrence W., and Topping Malachi C., eds. American Broadcasting: A Source Book on the History of Radio and Television (Hastings House, 1975).

• Meyrowitz, Joshua., Mediating Communication: What Happens? in Downing, J., Mohammadi, A., and Sreberny-Mohammadi, A., (eds) Questioning The Media (Sage, Thousand Oaks, 1995) pp. 39–53 • Peters, John Durham. "Communication as Dissemination." Communication as…Perspectives on Theory.

Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage, 2006. 211-22.

• Thompson, J., The Media and Modernity, in Mackay, H and O'Sullivan , T (eds) The Media Reader: Continuity and Transformation., (Sage, London, 1999) pp. 12–27

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Further reading • Gilbert, Sean; Nelson, John; Jacobs, George, World Radio TV Handbook 2007 (http://books.google.com/ books?id=IBu8NHvC4fMC&printsec=frontcover), Watson-Guptill, 2006. ISBN 0953586499. The 2007 edition of the World Radio TV Handbook.

• Wells, Alan, World Broadcasting: A Comparative View (http://books.google.com/ books?id=3zpeKLHPVBQC&printsec=frontcover), Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996. ISBN 1567502458

External links • Radio Locator (http://www.radio-locator.com), for American radio station with format, power, and coverage information.

• Jim Hawkins' Radio and Broadcast Technology Page (http://www.hawkins.pair.com/radio.html) – History of broadcast transmitter technology

Convergence (telecommunications) Telecommunications convergence, network convergence or simply convergence are broad terms used to describe emerging telecommunications technologies, and network architecture used to migrate multiple communications services into a single network.[1] Specifically this involves the converging of previously distinct media such as telephony and data communications into common interfaces on single devices. It is a concept dating to AT&T in 1928, but has evolved in the 21st century to dominate the market positioning of telecoms operators.

Telecommunication convergence is a disruptive technology.

Communication media including data communications, telecommunications and broadcast originally developed as business operations providing distinct services. Broadcasting, telephony and on-line computer services evolved on different platforms: TV and radio sets, telephones and computer and were managed by different business support systems. Different media were each regulated differently by different regulators. Telecom media convergence is about merging these multiple industries.[2]

History The historical roots of convergence can be traced back to the emergence of mobile telephony and the Internet, although the term properly applies only from the point in marketing history when fixed and mobile telephony began to be offered by operators as joined products. Fixed and mobile operators were, for most of the 1990s, independent companies. Even when the same organization marketed both products, these were sold and serviced independently.

Benefits Enterprises who transition to a converged network often do so to realize savings in information technology (IT) operational costs, and to integrate their business IT systems. Moving voice and data services to a common network allows enterprises to more readily access to data. Data and statistics in a call center utilizing a converged network may now be integrated directly into an enterprise resource planning system.

Many service providers now offer turnkey converged network solutions tailored to the small to medium enterprise market. Such offerings require far less capital expenditure than a comparable separate, legacy voice and data solutions. This recent availability of service, low capital expenditure, and relative easy transition has driven many enterprises to adapt converged network solutions.

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Convergence (telecommunications)

Technology implications Convergent solutions include both fixed-line and mobile technologies. Recent examples of new, convergent services include: • • • • • •

Using the Internet for voice telephony Video on demand Fixed-mobile convergence Mobile-to-mobile convergence Location-based services Integrated products and bundles

Convergent technologies can integrate the fixed-line with mobile to deliver convergent solutions. Convergent technologies include: • • • • •

IP Multimedia Subsystem Session Initiation Protocol IPTV Voice over IP Voice call continuity

• Digital video broadcasting - handheld

Single view of customer Convergent solutions integrate with marketing and customer relationship management in order to target bundled offerings at specific user groups. The integration of multiple services as convergent solutions requires the network operator to examine the interests and the value adding opportunities of extending base products. As convergent solutions involve multiple billing and provisioning systems so too must convergent solutions provide unified and enhanced customer support[3]

Usability and quality of service The maturity of convergent solutions beyond early adoption models depends upon the usability and quality of service provided by convergent solutions. PacketCable Multimedia is an example of an application-independent Quality of Service architecture for real-time IP based services.[4]

Policy based security and authorization Both fixed-line and mobile operators use policy servers as part of a policy-based network that provides authorization services and control of network systems. As part of a convergent single view of customer network policy, servers must control access to content and services delivered by multiple providers.

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Convergence (telecommunications)

Convergence regulation Convergence has also raised several debates about classification of certain telecommunications services. As the lines between data transmission, and voice and media transmission are eroded, regulators are faced with the task of how best to classify the converging segments of the telecommunication sector.

References [1] Network convergence definition (http:/ / searchnetworkingchannel. techtarget. com/ sDefinition/ 0,,sid100_gci1310061,00. html) [2] "TR136, Telecom Media Convergence, Release 1.0" (http:/ / www. tmforum. org/ TechnicalReports/ TR136TelecomMedia/ 33016/ article. html). TMForum. 2007-05-07. . Retrieved 2011-03-29.

[3] "O2 goes IT" (http:/ / management. silicon. com/ itdirector/ 0,39024673,39160234,00. htm). . Retrieved 2011-05-03.

[4] "Packetcable Primer" (http:/ / www. packetcable. com/ primer/ ). . Retrieved 2011-05-03.

External links • http://www.televerge.com • http://www.arissoftware.com

Technological convergence Technological convergence is the tendency for different technological systems to evolve towards performing similar tasks. Convergence can refer to previously separate technologies such as voice (and telephony features), data (and productivity applications), and video that now share resources and interact with each other synergistically.

The rise of digital communication in the late 20th century has made it possible for media organizations (or individuals) to deliver text, audio, and video material over the same wired, wireless, or fiber-optic connections. At the same time, it inspired some media organizations to explore multimedia delivery of information. This digital convergence of news media, in particular, was called "Mediamorphosis" by researcher Roger Fidler[1], in his 1997 book by that name. Today, we are surrounded by a multi-level convergent media world where all modes of communication and information are continually reforming to adapt to the enduring demands of technologies, "changing the way we create, consume, learn and interact with each other".[2] Convergence in this instance is defined as the interlinking of computing and other information technologies, media content, and communication networks that has arisen as the result of the evolution and popularization of the Internet as well as the activities, products and services that have emerged in the digital media space. Many experts view this as simply being the tip of the iceberg, as all facets of institutional activity and social life such as business, government, art, journalism, health, and education are increasingly being carried out in these digital media spaces across a growing network of information and communication technology devices.

Also included in this topic is the basis of computer networks, wherein many different operating systems are able to communicate via different protocols. This could be a prelude to artificial intelligence networks on the Internet eventually leading to a powerful superintelligence[3] via a technological singularity.

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Appliances Some expect we will eventually access all media content through one device, or "black box". As such, media business practice has been to identify the next "black box" to invest in and provide media for. This has caused a number of problems.

Firstly, as "black boxes" are invented and abandoned, the individual is left with numerous devices that can perform the same task, rather than one dedicated for each task. For example, one may own both a computer and a video games console, subsequently owning two DVD players. This is contrary to the streamlined goal of the "black box" theory, and instead creates clutter.[4] Secondly, technological convergence tends to be experimental in nature. This has led to consumers owning technologies with additional functions that are harder, if not impractical, to use rather than one specific device. For example, Intel has created a surfboard with an in-built laptop.[5] Additionally, LG has created a microwave with a television screen.[6] Many people would only watch the TV for the duration of the meal's cooking time, or whilst in the kitchen, but would not use the microwave as the household TV. These examples show that in many cases technological convergence is unnecessary or unneeded.

Furthermore, although consumers primarily use a specialized media device for their needs, other "black box" devices that perform the same task can be used to suit their current situation. As a 2002 Cheskin Research report explained: ...Your email needs and expectations are different whether you're at home, work, school, commuting, the airport, etc., and these different devices are designed to suit your needs for accessing content depending on where you are- your situated context.

Despite the creation of "black boxes", intended to perform all of one's tasks, the trend is to use devices that can suit the consumer's physical position.[7] Due to the variable utility of portable technology, convergence occurs in high end mobile devices. They incorporate multimedia services, GPS, Internet access, and mobile telephony into a single device, heralding the rise of what has been termed the "smart phone," a device designed to remove the need to carry multiple devices.

Convergence of media occurs when multiple products come together to form one product with the advantages of all of them, also known as the black box. This idea of one technology, concocted by Henry Jenkins, has become known more as a fallacy because of the inability to actually put all technical pieces into one. For example, while people can have e-mail and Internet on their phone, they still want full computers with Internet and e-mail in addition.

For example, the Wii is not only a games console, but also a web browser and social networking tool. Mobile phones are another good example, in that they increasingly incorporate digital cameras, mp3 players, camcorders, voice recorders, and other devices. This type of convergence is popular. For the consumer, it means more features in less space; for media conglomerates it means remaining competitive.

However, convergence has a downside. Particularly in initial forms, converged devices are frequently less functional and reliable than their component parts (e.g., a DVD may perform better on a traditional DVD player than on a games console). As the number of functions in a single device escalates, the ability of that device to serve its original function decreases.[8] For example, the iPhone (which by its name implies that its primary function is that of a mobile phone) can perform many different tasks, but does not feature a traditional numerical pad to make phone calls. Instead, the phone features a touchpad, which some users find more troublesome.[9] As Rheingold asserts, technological convergence holds immense potential for the "improvement of life and liberty in some ways and (could) degrade it in others" [10] He believes the same technology has the potential to be "used as both a weapon of social control and a means of resistance"[10] Since technology has evolved in the past ten years or so, companies are beginning to converge technologies to create demand for new products. This would include phone companies integrating 3G on their phones. In the mid 20th century, television converged the technologies of movies and radio, and television is now being converged with the mobile phone industry and the Internet. Phone calls are also being made with the use of personal computers.

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Technological convergence Converging technologies combine multiple technologies into one. Newer mobile phones feature cameras, and can hold images, videos, music, and other media. Manufacturers now integrate more advanced features, such as video recording, GPS receivers, data storage, and security mechanisms into the traditional cellphone.

Internet The Internet is a globalized network and was officially launched in 1969. Since then, its role has changed rapidly from its original use as a communication tool to provide easier and faster access to information for universities and various other educational institutions. In today's world, it is an important tool used to reach various audiences around the world. Its users have strived to create more uses for the Internet than the mere sharing of academic information.

The television, radio and newspapers are the world's main mediums for accessing news and entertainment. Now, all three mediums have converged into one, and people all over the world now can read news on the Internet. They can also watch videos, television shows, listen to music, and download and upload pictures, music and videos. One doesn't have to wait until the next day to hear the latest in news, fashion, and music. The Internet is so easy to access that should anything happen, it would be displayed to the whole world within minutes.[11]

Media Convergence generally means the intersection of old and new media. Jenkins states that convergence is, "the flow of content across multiple media platforms, the cooperation between multiple media industries, and the migratory behaviour of media audiences." [12] Media convergence is not just a technological shift or a technological process, it also includes shifts within the industrial, cultural, and social paradigms that encourage the consumer to seek out new information. Convergence, simply put, is how individual consumers interact with others on a social level and use various media platforms to create new experiences, new forms of media and content that connect us socially, and not just to other consumers, but to the corporate producers of media in ways that have not been as readily accessible in the past.

Advances in technology bring the ability for technological convergence that Rheingold believes can alter the "social-side effects," in that "the virtual, social and physical world are colliding, merging and coordinating."[10] It was predicted in the 1990s that a digital revolution would take place, and that old media would be pushed to one side by new media. Broadcasting is increasingly being replaced by the Internet, enabling consumers all over the world the freedom to access their preferred media content more easily and at a more available rate than ever before.

However, when the dot com bubble of the 1990s suddenly popped, that poured cold water over the talk of such a digital revolution. In today's society, the idea of media convergence has once again emerged as a key point of reference as newer as well as established media companies attempt to visualize the future of the entertainment industry. If this revolutionary digital paradigm shift presumed that old media would be increasingly replaced by new media, the convergence paradigm that is currently emerging suggests that new and old media would interact in more complex ways than previously predicted. The paradigm shift that followed the digital revolution assumed that new media was going to change everything. When the dot com market crashed, there was a tendency to imagine that nothing had changed. The real truth lay somewhere in between as there were so many aspects of the current media environment to take into consideration. Many industry leaders are increasingly reverting to media convergence as a way of making sense in an era of disorientating change. In that respect, media convergence in theory is essentially an old concept taking on a new meaning.

Media convergence, in reality, is more than just a shift in technology. It alters relationships between industries, technologies, audiences, genres and markets. Media convergence changes the rationality media industries operate in, and the way that media consumers process news and entertainment. Media convergence is essentially a process and not an outcome, so no single black box controls the flow of media. With proliferation of different media channels and increasing portability of new telecommunications and computing technologies, we have entered into an era

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Technological convergence where media constantly surrounds us.

Media convergence requires that media companies rethink existing assumptions about media from the consumer's point of view, as these affect marketing and programming decisions. Media producers must respond to newly empowered consumers.

Conversely, it would seem that hardware is instead diverging whilst media content is converging. Media has developed into brands that can offer content in a number of forms. Two examples of this are Star Wars and The Matrix. Both are films, but are also books, video games, cartoons, and action figures. Branding encourages expansion of one concept, rather than the creation of new ideas.[13] In contrast, hardware has diversified to accommodate media convergence. Hardware must be specific to each function.

Fan culture Media scholar Henry Jenkins has described the media convergence with participatory culture as: ...a "catalyst" for amateur digital film-making and what this case study suggests about the future directions popular culture may take. Star Wars fan films represent the intersection of two significant cultural trends—the corporate movement towards media convergence and the unleashing of significant new tools, which enable the grassroots archiving, annotation, appropriation, and recirculation of media content. These fan films build on long-standing practices of the fan community but they also reflect the influence of this changed technological environment that has dramatically lowered the costs of film production and distribution.[14]

Messaging Combination services include those that integrate SMS with voice, such as voice SMS. Providers include Bubble Motion, Jott, Kirusa, and SpinVox. Several operators have launched services that combine SMS with mobile instant messaging (MIM) and presence.

Text-to-landline services also exist, where subscribers can send text messages to any landline phone and are charged at standard rates. This service has been popular in America, where fixed and mobile numbers are similar.

Inbound SMS has been converging to enable reception of different formats (SMS, voice, MMS, etc.). UK companies, including consumer goods companies and media giants, should soon be able to let consumers contact them via voice, SMS, MMS, IVR, or video using one five-digit number or long number. In April 2008, O2 UK launched voice-enabled shortcodes, adding voice functionality to the five-digit codes already used for SMS. This type of convergence is particularly helpful for media companies, broadcasters, enterprises, call centres and help desks who need to develop a consistent contact strategy with the consumer. Because SMS is very popular today, it became relevant to include text messaging as a contact possibility for consumers. To avoid having multiple numbers (one for voice calls, another one for SMS), a simple way is to merge the reception of both formats under one number. This means that a consumer can text or call one number and be sure that the message will be received.

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Technological convergence

Mobile "Mobile service provisions" refers not only to the ability to purchase mobile phone services, but the ability to wirelessly access everything: voice, Internet, audio, and video. Advancements in WiMAX and other leading edge technologies provide the ability to transfer information over a wireless link at a variety of speeds, distances, and non-line-of-sight conditions.

Multi-play Multi-play is a marketing term describing the provision of different telecommunication services, such as Broadband Internet access, television, telephone, and mobile phone service, by organisations that traditionally only offered one or two of these services. Multi-play is a catch-all phrase; usually, the terms triple play (voice, video and data) or quadruple play (voice, video, data and wireless) are used to describe a more specific meaning.

A dual play service is a marketing term for the provisioning of the two services: it can be high-speed Internet (ADSL) and telephone service over a single broadband connection in the case of phone companies, or high-speed Internet (cable modem) and TV service over a single broadband connection in the case of cable TV companies.

The convergence can also concern the underlying communication infrastructure. An example of this is a triple play service, where communication services are packaged allowing consumers to purchase TV, Internet, and telephony in one subscription.

A quadruple play service combines the triple play service of broadband Internet access, television, and telephone with wireless service provisions.[15] This service set is also sometimes humorously referred to as "The Fantastic Four" or "Grand Slam".[16] The broadband cable market is transforming as pay-TV providers move aggressively into what was once considered the telco space. Meanwhile, customer expectations have risen as consumer and business customers alike seek rich content, multi-use devices, networked products and converged services including on-demand video, digital TV, high speed Internet, VoIP, and wireless applications. It's uncharted territory for most broadband companies.

A fundamental aspect of the quadruple play is not only the long awaited broadband convergence but also the players involved. Many of them, from the largest global service providers to whom we connect today via wires and cables to the smallest of startup service providers are interested. Opportunities are attractive: the big three telecom services telephony, cable television, and wireless—could combine their industries.

In the UK, the recent merger of NTL:Telewest and Virgin Mobile resulted in a company offering a quadruple play of cable television, broadband Internet, home telephone, and mobile telephone services.

Home network Early in the 21st century, home LAN convergence so rapidly integrated home routers, wireless access points, and DSL modems that users were hard put to identify the resulting box they used to connect their computers to their Internet service. A general term for such a combined device is a residential gateway.

References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

http:/ / rji. missouri. edu/ staff-and-advisers/ roger-fidler. php (Jenkins, Henry (2006) Convergence Culture, New York University Press, New York.)

Nick Bostrom, 2002 Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence (http:/ / www. nickbostrom. com/ ethics/ ai. html) Jenkins 2006, 15 (http:/ / www. pocket-lint. co. uk/ news/ news. phtml/ 368/ 1392/ view. phtml) "The Microwave television" (http:/ / www. gizmag. com/ go/ 7947/ ). Gizmag. . Retrieved 2011-05-02.

[7] Cheskin Research. "Designing Digital Experiences for Youth", Market Insights Series, Fall 2002 pp. 8-9 [8] Jenkins, H. 2006. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide New York: New York University Press.

[9] http:/ / www. usercentric. com/ about/ news_item. php?m_id=4& s_id=4& id=15

16

Technological convergence [10] Rheingold, Howard (2000) Smart Mobs: the next social revolution, Perseus, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp 157-82 [11] Cunningham and Graeme Turner (eds) The Media and Communications in Australia (second edition), Allen & Unwin, Sydney, pp. 259-78. Flew, Terry (2005) New Media: an Introduction (second edition) [12] jenkins, Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide, pg 2 [13] Jenkins 2006, p101-112 [14] http:/ / web. mit. edu/ cms/ People/ henry3/ starwars. html [15] Integrated Design for VoIP-Enabled Quadruple Play Devices (http:/ / www. d2tech. com/ 4-news/ 2007/ 07-10-29a. htm) [16] Cable consortium mobilizes quad-play with Sprint (http:/ / www. cedmagazine. com/ cable-consortium-mobilizes-quad-play. aspx)

External links • Amdocs MultiPlay Strategy WhitePaper (http://www.amdocs.com/Offerings/CES-Portfolio/ Cable-Satellite-TV/Documents/AmdocsMultiPlayStrategyWhitePaper.pdf) • Technology Convergence Update with Bob Brown - Video (http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=aP_ISOIfwLQ)

Online newspaper An online newspaper, also known as a web newspaper, is a newspaper that exists on the World Wide Web or Internet, either separately or as an online version of a printed periodical.

Going online created more opportunities for newspapers, such as competing with broadcast journalism in presenting breaking news in a more timely manner. The credibility and strong brand recognition of well-established newspapers, and the close relationships they have with advertisers, are also seen by many in the newspaper industry as strengthening their chances of survival.[1] The movement away from the printing process can also help decrease costs.

Professional journalists have some advantages over blogs, as editors are normally aware of the potential for legal problems.[2] Online newspapers are much like hard-copy newspapers and have the same legal boundaries, such as laws regarding libel, privacy and copyright,[3] also apply to online publications in most countries, like in the UK. Also in the UK the Data Protection Act applies to online newspapers and news pages.[4] As well as the PCC rules in the UK. But the distinction was not very clear to the public in the UK as to what was a blog or forum site and what was an online newspaper. In 2007, a ruling was passed to formally regulate UK based online newspapers, news audio, and news video websites covering the responsibilities expected of them and to clear up what is, and what isn't, an online publication.[5] News reporters are being taught to shoot video[6] and to write in the succinct manner necessary for the Internet news pages. Many are learning how to implement blogs and the ruling by the UK's PCC should help this development of the internet.

Journalism students in schools around the world are being taught about the "convergence" of all media and the need to have knowledge and skills involving print, broadcast and web.[7] Some newspapers have attempted to integrate the internet into every aspect of their operations, i.e., reporters writing stories for both print and online, and classified advertisements appearing in both media; others operate websites that are more distinct from the printed newspaper. The Newspaper National Network LP is an online advertising sales partnership of the Newspaper Association of America and 25 major newspaper companies.

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Online newspaper

Introduction In the developing world online publishers are drawing large amounts of traffic and reaping the rewards of online publishing. The Guardian also leads the way with online news with a revolutionary website that trumps many other UK based newspaper websites. The oldest example of an online newspaper or in this case a weekly summary over the weekend's news is The Weekend City Press Review, set up in 1991 this was a pioneer in the online market.

Popular in the city, this subscription based service continues to run today. But they are based on hard copy reports and papers. See 'Hybrid newspapers' section of this page. Truly 'Online Only' newspapers and magazines started much later, with the exception of "News Report", an online newspaper created by Bruce Parrello in 1974 on the PLATO system at the University of Illinois.

Examples of newspaper online It would be difficult to find a daily newspaper in the UK or United States, in fact in the world, in the 21st century, that does not have or share a website.[8] Very few newspapers in 2006 will claim to have made money from their websites, which are mostly free to all viewers. Declining profit margins and declining circulation in daily newspapers have forced executives to contemplate new methods of obtaining revenue from websites, without charging for subscription. This has been difficult. Newspapers with specialized audiences such as The Wall Street Journal or The Chronicle of Higher Education, successfully charge subscription fees. Most newspapers now have an online edition, including, The Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, USA Today, and The New York Times.

The Guardian experimented with new media in 2005, offering a free twelve part weekly podcast series by Ricky Gervais.[9] Another UK daily to go online is The Daily Telegraph.

In India, major newspapers went online to provide latest and most updated news from them Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, Indian Express and The New Indian Express. Some newspapers even provide E-Paper which is regarded as the digital replica of the newspaper.

In Australia, some newspapers corporations offer an online version to let their readers read the news online, such as The Australian, Sydney Morning Herald.

The Santiago Times operates out of Santiago, Chile and is 100% on line, editions are published in English covering Chilean current events daily Monday through Friday..

Online-only newspapers The true online only paper is a paper that does not have any hard copy connections. An example of this is an independent web only newspaper, introduced in the UK in 2000, called the Southport Reporter. It is a weekly regional newspaper that is not produced or run in any format other than 'soft-copy' on the internet by its publishers PCBT Photography. Unlike blog sites and other news websites it is run as a newspaper and is recognized by media groups in the UK, like the NUJ and/or the IFJ. Also they fall under the UK's PCC rules. But even print media is turning to online only publication. As of 2009, the collapse of the traditional business model of print newspapers has led to various attempts to establish local, regional or national online-only newspapers - publications that do original reporting, rather than just commentary or summaries of reporting from other publications. An early major example in the U.S. is the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, which stopped publishing after 149 years in March 2009 and went online only. In Scotland in 2010, Caledonian Mercury was set, as Scotland's first online-only newspaper with the same aims as Southport Reporter, in the UK. In the US, technology news websites such as CNET, TechCrunch, and ZDNet started as web publications and enjoy comparable readership to the conventional newspapers. Also, with the ever-rising popularity of online media, veteran publications like the US News & World Report are abandoning print and going online-only.

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Online newspaper

Hybrid newspapers There are some newspapers which are predominantly an online newspaper, but also provide limited hard copy publishing[10] An example is annarbor.com, which replaced the Ann Arbor News in the summer of 2009. It is primarily an online newspaper, but publishes a hardcopy twice a week.[11] ager

Soft-copy news sheets A news sheet is a paper that is on one or two pages only. Soft-copy sheets are like online newspapers, in that they have to be predominantly news, not advert or gossip based. These sheets can be updated periodically or regularly, unlike a newspaper. They must also like a newspaper be regarded as a news outlet by media groups and governments.[12]

Future The development of electronic newspapers, will very soon be supplementing hard-copy printed papers via electronic paper. In February 2006, the Flemish daily De Tijd of Antwerp announced plans to distribute an electronic-ink version of the paper to selected subscribers. This would have been the first such application of electronic ink to newspaper publishing.

Companies like EzyMedia [13] piece together opensource software like Joomla and Wordpress, enabling anyone to become an online newspaper or magazine publisher.

Fair use In a question and answer session, suggestions that Google and the Internet was eroding the intellectual property rights of newspapers was downplayed.[14]

References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

"Newspapers Recreate Their Medium" eJournal USA, March 2006 LINK (http:/ / usinfo. state. gov/ journals/ itgic/ 0306/ ijge/ steffens. htm) Report on AOP site (http:/ / www. ukaop. org. uk/ cgi-bin/ go. pl/ news/ article. html?uid=1320) UK Copyright Law (http:/ / www. copyrightservice. co. uk/ copyright/ p01_uk_copyright_law) info. website Data Protection Act 1998 (http:/ / www. opsi. gov. uk/ ACTS/ acts1998/ 19980029. htm) See Journalism Mag. (http:/ / www. journalism. co. uk/ news/ story3152. shtml) and also the PCC website (http:/ / www. pcc. org. uk/ news/ index. html?article=NDMyMQ==) AOP (UK Association of Online Publishers) [6] New York Magazine Holdings LLC (http:/ / nymag. com/ news/ imperialcity/ 28152/ index. html) also see Interactive Features of Online Newspapers (http:/ / www. firstmonday. org/ issues/ issue5_1/ kenney/ ) by Keith Kenney, Alexander Gorelik and Sam Mwangi First Monday, volume 5, number 1 (January 2000) and also UK's PCC website press release. (http:/ / www. pcc. org. uk/ news/ index. html?article=NDMyMQ==) [7] Journalism Magazine (http:/ / www. journalism. co. uk/ news/ story3152. shtml) - "The UK PCC (Press Complaints Commission) before 2007 already regulated online editions of UK newspapers" [8] "Newspapers Recreate Their Medium" eJournal USA, March 2006 LINK (http:/ / usinfo. state. gov/ journals/ itgic/ 0306/ ijge/ steffens. htm) [9] Jason Deans, 2005-12-08. " Gervais to host Radio 2 Christmas show (http:/ / media. guardian. co. uk/ broadcast/ story/ 0,,1662771,00. html)."

The Guardian.

[10] AnnArbor.com (http:/ / www. annarbor. com/ news/ geoff-larcom/ ) AnnArbor.com - Geoff Larcom. (retrieved 24 Aug. 2009).

[11] AnnArbor.com (http:/ / www. annarbor. com/ about/ welcome-to-annarborcom-watch-our-tutorial-on-how-to-use-the-site/ ) AnnArbor.com About Us section. (retrieved 24 Aug. 2009).

[12] "newsletter." (http:/ / www. m-w. com/ dictionary/ newsletter) Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. (retrieved 5 Feb. 2007).

[13] http:/ / ezymedia. com [14] Google addresses newspaper woes (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ technology/ 7988561. stm)

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20

Further reading • Herre van Oostendorp and Christof van Nimwegen (September 1998). "Locating Information in an Online Newspaper" (http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol4/issue1/oostendorp.html). Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 4 (1).

• McAdams, Melinda (July 1995). "Inventing an Online Newspaper" (http://www.eric.ed.gov/sitemap/ html_0900000b8001fe35.html) (– Scholar search (http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author:+ intitle:Inventing+an+Online+Newspaper&as_publication=Interpersonal+Computing+and+Technology& as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search)). Interpersonal Computing and Technology 3 (3): 64–90.

• Hsiang Iris Chyi and George Sylvie (1998). "Competing With Whom? Where? And How? A Structural Analysis of the Electronic Newspaper Market". Journal of Media Economics 11 (2): 1–18. doi:10.1207/s15327736me1102_1.

• CARINA IHLSTRÖM, MARIA ÅKESSON, an STIG NORDQVIST (2004-07-07) (PDF). FROM PRINT TO WEB TO E-PAPER — THE CHALLENGE OF DESIGNING THE E-NEWSPAPER (http://diginews.se/files/ 040627_elpub_carina_maria_stig.pdf).

• Hanluain, D. O. (2004-02-13). "Free content becoming thing of the past for UK's online newspaper sites" (http:// www.ojr.org/ojr/business/1067472919.php). Online Journalism Review.

• Hsiang Iris Chyi and Dominic L. Lasorsa (2002). "An Explorative Study on the Market Relation Between Online and Print Newspapers". Journal of Media Economics 15 (2): 91–106. doi:10.1207/S15327736ME1502_2.

External links • List of most important online newspapers by country (http://www.newspaperindex.com) • Online newspaper and magazine database with RSS feeds (http://www.easynewspapers.com)

Future of newspapers The future of newspapers has been widely debated as the industry has faced down soaring newsprint prices, slumping ad sales, the loss of much classified advertising and precipitous drops in circulation. In recent years the number of newspapers slated for closure, bankruptcy or severe cutbacks has risen—especially in the United States, where the industry has shed a fifth of its journalists since 2001.[1] Revenue has plunged while competition from internet media has squeezed older print publishers.[1] [2] The debate has become more urgent lately, as a deepening recession has cut profits,[3] and as once-explosive growth in newspaper web revenues has leveled off, forestalling what the industry hoped would become an important source of revenue.[4] One issue is whether the newspaper industry is being hit by a cyclical trough, or whether new technology has rendered newspapers obsolete in their traditional format. To survive, newspapers are considering combining and other options,[5] although the outcome of such partnerships has been criticised.[6]

Recent events in the newspaper market

Newspapers: a global industry in transition

Future of newspapers

In the United States Since the beginning of 2009, the United States has seen a number of major metropolitan dailies shuttered or drastically pruned after no buyers emerged, including The Rocky Mountain News, closed in February, and The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, reduced to a bare-bones internet operation.[7] The San Francisco Chronicle narrowly averted closure when employees made steep concessions.[8] In Detroit, both newspapers, The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News, slashed home delivery to three days–a–week, while prodding readers to visit the newspapers' internet sites on other days.[9] In Tucson, Arizona, the state's oldest newspaper, the Tucson Citizen, said it would cease publishing on March 21, 2009, when parent Gannett Company failed to find a buyer.[10] A number of other large, financially troubled newspapers are seeking buyers.[11] One of the few large dailies finding a buyer is The San Diego Union-Tribune, which agreed to be sold to a private equity firm for what The Wall Street Journal called "a rock-bottom price" of less than $50 million – essentially a real estate purchase.[12] (The newspaper was estimated to have been worth roughly $1 billion as recently as 2004.)[13] The Sun Times Media Group, publisher of the eponymous bankrupt newspaper, fielded a meager $5 million cash bid, plus assumption of debt, for assets last claimed worth $310 million.

Large newspaper chains filing bankruptcy since December 2008 include the Tribune Company, the Journal Register Company, the Minneapolis Star Tribune, Philadelphia Newspapers LLC, Sun-Times Media Group and Freedom Communications.[14] Some newspaper chains that have purchased other papers have seen stock values plummet.[15] The McClatchy Company, the nation's third–largest newspaper company, was the only bidder on the Knight-Ridder chain of newspapers in 2005. Since its $6.5 billion Knight-Ridder purchase, McClatchy's stock has lost more than 98% of its value.[16] McClatchy subsequently announced large layoffs and executive pay cuts, as its shares fell into penny stock territory.[17] (Although McClatchy faced delisting from the New York Stock Exchange for having a share price below $1, in September 2009, it was able to overcome this threat.[18] Others have not been so lucky. In 2008 and 2009, three other U.S. newspaper chains have seen their shares delisted by the NYSE.[19] ) Other newspaper company valuations have been similarly punished: the stocks of Gannett Company, Lee Enterprises and Media General traded at less than $2–a–share by March 2009, with The Washington Post Company's stock faring better than most, thanks to diversification into educational training programs – and away from publishing.[20] Similarly, UK-based Pearson PLC, owner of The Financial Times, increased earnings in 2008 despite a drop in newspaper profits, thanks to diversification away from publishing.[21] The New York Times Company, hard-pressed for cash as its shares slid below $5–per–share, suspended its dividend, sold and leased back part of its headquarters, and sold preferred shares to Mexican businessman Carlos Slim in return for a cash infusion. But the credit rating agencies still cut the rating on Times Company's debt to junk status, and the cash crunch at The Times prompted it to threaten to shutter its Boston Globe unless workers made deep concessions.[22] Even News Corp., the diversified media holding company overseen by Rupert Murdoch, was hit, forced to write down much of the value of newspaper publisher Dow Jones & Co. that it purchased for $5 billion in 2007.[23] [24] Apparently shelved are plans announced by Murdoch at the time of the acquisition to expand The Wall Street Journal's newsroom.

The deterioration in the United States newspaper market led one senator to introduce a bill in March 2009 allowing newspaper companies to restructure as non-profit corporations with an array of tax breaks.[25] The Newspaper Revitalization Act would allow newspapers to operate as nonprofits similar to public broadcasting companies, barring them from making political endorsements.[26] [27]

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Future of newspapers

22

In the United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, newspaper publishers have been similarly hit. In late 2008 The Independent announced job cuts. In January the chain Associated Newspapers sold a controlling stake in the London Evening Standard as it announced a 24% decline in 2008 ad revenues. In March 2009 parent company Daily Mail and General Trust said job cuts would be deeper than expected, spanning its newspapers, which include the Leicester Mercury, the Bristol Evening Post and the Derby Telegraph.[28] One industry report predicts that 1 in 10 UK print publications will cut its frequency of publication in half, go online only or shut in 2009.[29]

The newspaper market in history The newspaper industry has always been cyclical, and the industry has weathered previous troughs. But while television's arrival in the 1950s presaged the decline of newspapers' importance as most people's source of daily news, the explosion of the internet in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century increased the panoply of media choices available to the average reader while further cutting into newspapers' hegemony as the source of news.

Both television and the Internet bring news to the consumer faster and in a more visual style than newspapers, which are constrained by their physical Newsroom of The New York Times, 1942 form and the need to be physically manufactured and distributed. The competing mediums also offer advertisers the opportunity to use moving images and sound. And the internet's search function allows advertisers to tailor their pitch to readers who have revealed what information they're seeking – an enormous advantage.[30] The Internet has also gone a step further than television in eroding the advertising income of newspapers, as – unlike broadcast media – it proves a convenient vehicle for classified advertising, particularly in categories such as jobs, vehicles, and real estate. Free services like Craigslist have decimated the classified advertising departments of many newspapers, some of which depended on classifieds for 70% of their ad revenue.[31] At the same time, newspapers have been pinched by consolidation of large department stores, which once accounted for substantial advertising sums.

Press baron Rupert Murdoch once described the profits flowing from his stable of newspapers as "rivers of gold."

But, said Murdoch several years later, "sometimes rivers dry up."[32] "Simply put," wrote Buffalo News owner Warren Buffett, "if cable and satellite broadcasting, as well as the internet, had come along first, newspapers as we know them probably would never have existed."[33] As their revenues have been squeezed, newspapers have also been increasingly assailed by other media taking away not only their readers, but their principal sources of profit. Many of these 'new media' are not saddled with expensive union contracts, printing presses, delivery fleets and overhead built over decades. Many of these competitors are simply 'aggregators' of news, often derived from print sources, but without print media's capital-intensive overhead.[34] Some estimates put the percentage of online news derived from newspapers at 80%.[35] "Newspapers are doing the reporting in this country," observed John S. Carroll, editor of The Los Angeles Times for five years. "Google and Yahoo aren't those people putting reporters on the street in any number. Blogs cannot afford it."[36] (Editor Carroll resigned from The Times in 2005 in the face of parent Tribune Company's demands that he slash newsroom staff.[37] )

Future of newspapers Many newspapers also suffer from the broad trend toward “fragmentation” of all media – in which small numbers of large media outlets attempting to serve substantial portions of the population are replaced by an abundance of smaller and more specialized organizations, often aiming only to serve specific interest groups. So-called narrowcasting has splintered audiences into smaller and smaller slivers. But newspapers have not been alone in this: the rise of cable television and satellite television at the expense of network television in countries such as the United States and United Kingdom is another example of this fragmentation.

Technological change comes to newspapers The increasing use of the internet's search function, primarily through large engines such as Google, has also changed the habits of readers.[38] Instead of perusing general interest publications, such as newspapers, readers are more likely to seek particular writers, blogs or sources of information through targeted searches, rendering the agglomeration of newspapers increasingly irrelevant. "Power is shifting to the individual journalist from the news outlet with more people seeking out names through search, e-mail, blogs and social media," the industry publication Editor & Publisher noted in summarizing a recent study from the Project for Excellence in Journalism foundation.[1] "When we go online," writes columnist Nicholas Kristof of The New York Times, "each of us is our own editor, our own gatekeeper."[39] Where once the ability to disseminate information was restricted to those with printing presses or broadcast mechanisms, the internet has enabled thousands of individual commentators to communicate directly with others through blogs or instant message services.[40] Even open journalism projects like wikipedia have contributed to the reordering of the media landscape, as readers are no longer restricted to established print organs for information.[41] But the search engine experience has left some newspaper proprietors cold. "The aggregators and plagiarists will soon have to pay a price for the co-opting of our content," Rupert Murdoch told the World Media Summit in Beijing, China. "If we do not take advantage of the current movement toward paid content, it will be the content creators – the people in this hall – who will pay the ultimate price and the content kleptomaniacs who triumph."[42] Critics of the newspaper as a medium also argue that while today's newspapers may appear visually different from their predecessors a century ago, in many respects they have changed little and have failed to keep pace with changes in society. The technology revolution has meant that readers accustomed to waiting for a daily newspaper can now receive up-to-the-minute updates from web portals, bloggers and new services such as Twitter.[43] The expanding reach of broadband internet access means such updates have become commonplace for many users, especially the more affluent, an audience cultivated by advertisers.[44] The gloomy outlook is not universal. In some countries, such as India, the newspaper remains more popular than internet and broadcast media. Even where the problems are felt most keenly, in North America and Europe, there have been recent success stories, such as the dramatic rise of free daily newspapers, like those of Sweden's Metro International,[45] as well as papers targeted towards the Hispanic market, local weekly shoppers,[46] and so-called hyperlocal news.[47] But these new revenue streams, such as that from newspapers' proprietary web sites, are often a fraction of the sums generated by the previous advertisement- and circulation-driven revenue streams, and so newspapers have been forced to curtail their overhead while simultaneously trying to entice new users.[48] With revenues plummeting, many newspapers have slashed news bureaus and journalists, while still attempting to publish compelling content – much of it more interactive,[49] more lifestyle-driven and more celebrity-conscious.

In response to falling ad revenues and plunging circulation, many newspapers have cut staff as well as editorial content, and in a vicious cycle, those cuts often spur more and deeper circulation declines—triggering more loss of ad revenues. "No industry can cut its way to future success," says industry analyst John Morton. "At some point the business must improve."[33]

23

Future of newspapers Overall, in the United States, average operating profit margins for newspapers remain at 11%.[50] But that figure is falling rapidly, and in many cases is inadequate to service the debt that some newspaper companies took on during better times.[1] And while circulation has dropped 2% annually for years, that decline has accelerated.[51] The circulation decline, coupled with a 23% drop in 2008 newspaper ad revenues, have proven a double whammy for some newspaper chains.[31] Combined with the current recession, the cloudy outlook for future profits has meant that many newspapers put on the block have been unable to find buyers, who remain concerned with increasing competition, dwindling profits and a business model that seems increasingly antiquated.[52] "As succeeding generations grow up with the Web and lose the habit of reading print," noted The Columbia Journalism Review in 2007, "it seems improbable that newspapers can survive with a cost structure at least 50% higher than their nimbler and cheaper Internet competitors."[53] The problem facing newspapers is generational: while in 2005 an estimated 70% of older Americans read a newspaper daily, fewer than 20% of younger Americans did.[54] "It is the fundamental problem facing the industry," writes newspaper analyst Morton. "It's probably not going away.

And no one has figured a way out."[54]

Financial strategies for an industry While newspaper companies continue to produce much of the award-winning journalism, consumers of that journalism are less willing to pay for it in a world where information on the web is plentiful and free. Plans for web-based subscription services have largely faltered, with the exception of financial outlets like The Wall Street Journal, which have been able to generate substantial revenues from subscribers whose subscriptions are often underwritten by corporate employers. (Subscriptions to the Journal's paid website were up 7% in 2008.) Some general-interest newspapers, even high-profile papers like The New York Times, have been forced to drop paid internet subscription services. Times Select, the Times's pay service, lasted for exactly two years before the company abandoned it.[55] Within the industry, there is little consensus on the best strategy for survival. Some pin their hopes on new technologies such as e-paper or radical revisions of the newspaper such as the Daily Me;[56] others, like a recent cover story in Time magazine, have advocated a system that includes both subscriptions as well as micro-payments for individual stories.[57] [58] In crafting a strategy in the era of burgeoning sources of information, some newspaper analysts believe the wisest move is embracing the Internet, and exploiting the considerable brand value and consumer trust that newspapers have built over decades. But revenues from online editions have come nowhere near matching previous print income from circulation and advertising sales, and many newspapers struggle to maintain their previous levels of reporting amidst eroding profits[59] (Newspapers get only about one-tenth to one-twentieth the revenue for a web reader that they do for a print reader).[60] ) With profits falling, many newspapers have cut back on their most expensive reporting projects – overseas bureaus and investigative journalism.[61] Some investigative projects often take months, with their payoff uncertain. In the past, larger newspapers often devoted a portion of their editorial budget to such efforts, but with ad dollars drying up, many papers are looking closer at the productivity of individual reporters, and judging speculative investments in investigative reports as non-essential.[62] Some advocates have suggested that instead of investigative reports funded by newspapers, that non-profit foundations pick up the slack. The new non-profit ProPublica, a $10–million–a–year foundation devoted solely to investigative reporting and overseen by former Wall Street Journal editor Paul Steiger, for instance, hopes that its 18 reporters will be able to release their investigative reports free, courtesy of partnerships with such outlets as The New York Times, The Atlantic and 60 Minutes. The Huffington Post also announced that it would set aside funds for investigative reporting.[63] Other industry observers are now clamoring for government subsidies to the newspaper

24

Future of newspapers industry.[64] But investigative reports aside, what troubles some observers is that the reliability and accountability of newspapers is being replaced by a sea of anonymous bloggers, many with uncertain credentials and points of view. Where once the reader of a daily newspaper might consume reporting, for instance, by an established Cairo bureau chief for a major newspaper, today that same reader might be directed by a search engine to an anonymous blogger with cloudy allegiances, training or ability.[65]

An industry in crisis Ironically, these dilemmas facing the newspaper industry come as its product has never been more sought-after. "The peculiar fact about the current crisis," writes The New Yorker's economics writer James Surowiecki, "is that even as big papers have become less profitable they've arguably become more popular."[66] As the demand for news has exploded, so have consumers of the output of newspapers. (Both nytimes.com and washingtonpost.com, for instance, rank among the top 20 global news sites.[54] But those consumers are now reading newspapers online for free, and although newspapers have been able to convert some of that viewership into ad dollars, it is a trickle compared to previous sources. At most newspapers, web advertising accounts for only 10–15% of revenues.[31] Some observers have compared the dilemma to that faced by the music industry. "What's going on in the news business is a lot like what's happening with music," said editor Paul Steiger, a 43–year journalism veteran. Free distribution of content through the internet has caused "a total collapse of the business model."[62] The revenue streams that newspapers counted on to subsidize their product have changed irrevocably: in 2008, according to a study by the Pew Research Center, more people in the United States got their news for free on the internet than paid for it by buying a newspaper or magazine. "With newspapers entering bankruptcy even as their audience grows, the threat is not just to the companies that own them, but also the news itself," observed writer David Carr of The New York Times in a January 2009 column.[67]

Newspaper markets across the world The challenges facing the industry are not limited to the United States, or even English-speaking markets.

Newspapers in Switzerland and the Netherlands, for instance, have lost half of their classified advertising to the internet.[68] At its annual convention[69] slated for May, 2009, in Barcelona, Spain, the World Association of Newspapers has titled the convention's subject "Newspapers Focus on Print & Advertising Revenues in Difficult Times."[70] In September 2008, the World Association of Newspapers called for regulators to block a proposed Google–Yahoo advertising partnership, calling it a threat to newspaper industry revenues worldwide.[71] The WAN painted a stark picture of the threat posed to newspapers by the search engine giants. "Perhaps never in the history of newspaper publishing has a single, commercial entity threatened to exert this much control over the destiny of the press," said the Paris-based global newspaper organization of the proposed pact.[72] But there are bright spots in the world market for newspapers. At its 2008 convention, held in Gothenburg, Sweden, the World Association of Newspapers released figures showing newspaper circulations and advertising had actually climbed in the previous year. Newspaper sales were up nearly 2.6% the previous year, and up 9.4% over the past five years. Free daily newspapers, noted the WAN, accounted for nearly 7% of all global newspaper circulation – and a whopping 23% of European newspaper circulation.[73] Of the world's 100 best–selling daily newspapers, 74 are published in Asia – with China, Japan and India accounting for 62 of those.

Sales of newspapers rose in Latin America, Asia and the Middle East, but fell in other regions of the world, including Western Europe, where the proliferation of free dailies helped bolster overall circulation figures. While internet revenues are rising for the industry, the bulk of its web revenues come from a few areas, with most revenue

25

Future of newspapers generated in the United States, western Europe and Asia–Pacific region.[73]

Outlook for the future Ultimately, the newspaper of the future may bear little resemblance to the newsprint edition familiar to older readers.[74] It may become a hybrid, part-print and part-internet, or perhaps eventually, as has happened with several newspapers, including the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, the Christian Science Monitor and the Ann Arbor News, internet only.[75] [76] In the meantime, the transition from the printed page to whatever comes next will likely be fraught with challenges, both for the newspaper industry and for its consumers.

"My expectation," wrote executive editor Bill Keller of The New York Times in January 2009, "is that for the foreseeable future our business will continue to be a mix of print and online journalism, with the growth online offsetting the (gradual, we hope) decline of print."[77] The paper in newspaper may go away, insist industry stalwarts, but the news will remain. "Paper is dying," said Nick Bilton, a technologist for The Times, "but it's just a device.

Replacing it with pixels is a better experience."[78] On September 8, 2010, Arthur Sulzberger Jr., Chairman and Publisher of The New York Times, told an International Newsroom Summit in London that "We will stop printing the New York Times sometime in the future, date TBD."[79] But even as pixels replace print, and as newspapers undergo wrenching surgery, necessitating deep cutbacks, reallocation of remaining reporters, and the slashing of decades-old overhead, some observers remain optimistic.[80] What emerges may be 'newspapers' unrecognizable to older readers, but which may be more timely, more topical and more flexible.

"Journalistic outlets will discover," wrote Michael Hirschorn in The Atlantic, "that the Web allows (okay, forces) them to concentrate on developing expertise in a narrower set of issues and interests, while helping journalists from other places and publications find new audiences."[59] The 'newspaper' of the future, say Hirschorn and others, may resemble The Huffington Post more than anything flung at today's stoops and driveways.[81] [82] Much of that experimentation may happen in the world's fastest-growing newspaper markets. "The number of newspapers and their circulation has declined the world over except in India and China," according to former CEO Olivier Fleurot of The Financial Times. "The world is becoming more digital but technology has helped newspapers as much as the Internet."[83] Making those technological changes work for them, instead of against them, will decide whether newspapers remain vital – or roadkill on the information superhighway.[84]

Journalism schools in the US The US journalism schools are also pressured to adapt to the changing landscape. At the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication, part of Arizona State University, a course on “The Business of Journalism” was retitled "“The Business and Future of Journalism” [85] Introductory level courses at the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University include “Multimedia Storytelling” and “Introduction to 21st-Century Media.”[85] As print journalism wanes, journalism schools are focusing on the internet as a distribution medium, and are recalibrating courses to hone skills needed for jobs in the 21st century. Schools now include classes on computer programming as well as entrepreneurship. Rich Beckman, a professor at the University of Miami, said “There were deans all over the country saying, ‘We’re never going to teach computer programming in J-school.’ Well, now they are.”[85] Centers for teaching new media innovation are being created at Columbia University and the City University of New York.[85] Although newspapers are struggling, and journalism jobs being eliminated, applications at the nation's journalism schools are increasing. The Columbia Journalism School reports a 44% jump from 2008, and the Annenberg School for Communication reports a 20% increase. Other schools report similar increases.[86]

26

Future of newspapers

References [1] Saba, Jennifer (March 16, 2009). "Specifics on Newspapers from 'State of News Media' Report" (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/ eandp/ news/ article_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1003951616). Editor & Publisher. . Retrieved 2009-03-17.

[2] "Newspaper Overview" (http:/ / platform. idiomag. com/ use-cases/ newspapers/ ). idio. June 28, 2009. . Retrieved 2009-07-14.

[3] Newspapers' ad revenue for 2008 fell 23%, according to the Newspaper Association of America. (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/ eandp/ columns/ newspaperbeat_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1003952561) [4] Clifford, Stephanie (October 12, 2008). "Newspapers' Web Revenue is Stalling" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 10/ 13/ business/ media/ 13adco. html?src=linkedin). The New York Times. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[5] "Newspaper Execs Treading Carefully on Anti-trust Laws" (http:/ / www. niemanlab. org/ 2009/ 05/ newspaper-execs-treading-carefully-on-antitrust-laws/ ). Nieman Labs. May 28, 2009. . Retrieved 2009-07-14.

[6] "The Newspaper Economic Action Plan: A sense check" (http:/ / platform. idiomag. com/ 2009/ 06/ the-newspaper-economic-action-plan-a-sense-check/ ). idio. June 4, 2009. . Retrieved 2009-07-14.

[7] "Seattle Post-Intelligencer to Go Online Only" (http:/ / newsblogs. chicagotribune. com/ towerticker/ 2009/ 03/ seattle-postintelligencer-to-go-online-only-rocky-mountain-news-alumni-seek-to-launch-own-denver-sit. html). The Chicago Tribune. March 16, 2009. .

[8] Rogers, Paul (March 14, 2009). "Workers OK Deal in Effort to Save San Francisco Chronicle" (http:/ / www. mercurynews. com/ topstories/ ci_11914475). Silicon Valley MercuryNews.com. .

[9] Lieberman, David (March 17, 2009). "Newspaper Closings Raise Fears About Industry" (http:/ / www. usatoday. com/ money/ media/ 2009-03-17-newspapers-downturn_N. htm). USA Today. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[10] Rotstein, Arthur H. (March 16, 2009). "Tucson Citizen to Close March 21" (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 29720824/ ). Associated Press, MSNBC. .

[11] Some estimate that of the 50 largest daily newspaper in America, 19 are operating in the red. (http:/ / venturebeat. com/ 2008/ 06/ 26/ slow-death-of-newspapers-continues-19-of-top-50-us-newspapers-in-the-red/ ) [12] But despite the purchase of the San Diego newspaper, the deal is unlikely to stoke much private equity interest in the industry, according to The Wall Street Journal, "as the downward trends the industry faces are too challenging for most firms to want to take on." While there are a large number of newspapers for sale, "most of them have more liabilities – union contracts, for instance – than worthwhile assets," notes The Journal. (http:/ / blogs. wsj. com/ privateequity/ 2009/ 03/ 19/ platinums-newspaper-deal-not-a-trend/ ) [13] Ovide, Shira; Adams, Russell (March 19, 2009). "San Diego Paper Lands Fire-Sale Buyer" (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ article/ SB123740304667774721. html). The Wall Street Journal. .

[14] "More Newspaper Shake-ups Loom with Chapter 11" (http:/ / www. google. com/ hostednews/ ap/ article/ ALeqM5i-ngA_SO-9eGzrcFJmJEV0fUA8mwD96HM8AO0). Associated Press. February 23, 2009. . "Freedom Communications Files for Bankruptcy Protection" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 09/ 02/ business/ media/ 02freedom. html). The New York Times. September 9, 2009. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[15] While newspapers earnings have suffered, the value of newspaper franchises has suffered more. Because the equity markets attempt to price future earnings, newspaper share values have swooned because of the uncertainty of their future revenue streams.

[16] Alterman, Eric (March 31, 2008). "Out of Print" (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ reporting/ 2008/ 03/ 31/ 080331fa_fact_alterman?currentPage=all). The New Yorker. .

[17] Hennelly, William. "Newspaper Winners and Losers: McClatchy" (http:/ / www. thestreet. com/ story/ 10469372/ 1/ newspaper-winners-and-losers-mcclatchy. html?cm_ven=GOOGLEFI). TheStreet.com. .

[18] "McClatchy Receives Compliance Notice From NYSE" (http:/ / www. mcclatchy. com/ pressreleases/ story/ 2279. html). McClatchy press release. September 4, 2009. .

[19] With three large newspaper chains having been booted out of the New York Stock Exchange, the figure would be higher except that the Exchange eased its listing requirements temporarily because of the global financial crisis. (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/ eandp/ columns/ newspaperbeat_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1003952561) [20] Financial returns on newspaper stocks have been dismal for a decade. An investor who put $100 into the Standard and Poor's 500 Index would have had $89 by December 2008 – a similar investment of $100 in group of the largest newspaper company stocks would have yielded just $18 by year end 2008. (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/ eandp/ columns/ newspaperbeat_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1003952561) [21] "Pearson 2008 Profit Up – No Thanks to 'Financial Times'" (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/ eandp/ news/ article_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1003946613). Editor & Publisher. March 2, 2009. .

[22] "Times Co. Threatens to Shut Down Globe" (http:/ / www. boston. com/ business/ ticker/ 2009/ 04/ times_co_threat. html). The Boston Globe. April 3, 2009. .

[23] Arango, Tim (February 5, 2009). "News Corp. Loss Shows Trouble at Dow Jones" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 02/ 06/ business/ media/ 06news. html). The New York Times. .

[24] Lemann, Nicholas (April 13, 2009). "Paper Tigers: What media moguls make" (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ arts/ critics/ books/ 2009/ 04/ 13/ 090413crbo_books_lemann?currentPage=4). The New Yorker. .

[25] Fitzgerald, Mark (March 24, 2009). "Senate Bill Would Allow Tax-Exempt Status for Newspapers" (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/ eandp/ news/ article_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1003954802). Editor & Publisher. .

27

Future of newspapers [26] The bill would exempt from taxes newspapers income from advertising and subscriptions. and money spent on news gathering would be tax deductible. So far the bill has only Senator Ben Cardin as sponsor. (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ politicsNews/ idUSTRE52N67F20090324) [27] Edmonds, Rick. "A Morning-After Take on the Nonprofit Newspaper Bill" (http:/ / www. poynter. org/ column. asp?id=123& aid=160721).

PoynterOnline. The Poynter Institute. .

[28] "Daily Mail Group to Cut 1,000 Jobs" (http:/ / www. breitbart. com/ article. php?id=CNG. 382ffc23908206338768812be3b3f99e. 7e1& show_article=1). Agence France Presse, Breitbart. March 23, 2009. .

[29] "Journalism Job Losses: Tracking Cuts Across the Industry" (http:/ / www. journalism. co. uk/ 5/ articles/ 533044. php). journalism.co.uk. .

[30] Walker, Leslie (October 30, 2003). "To Place Ads, Google Searches for Best Bidders" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ articles/ A38472-2003Oct29. html). The Washington Post. .

[31] Fitzgerald, Mark (March 18, 2009). "How Did Newspapers Get In This Pickle?" (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/ eandp/ columns/ newspaperbeat_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1003952561). Editor & Publisher. .

[32] Plunkett, John (November 24, 2005). "Murdoch Predicts Gloomy Future for Press" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ media/ 2005/ nov/ 24/ pressandpublishing. business1). London: The Guardian. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[33] Morton, John (October–November, 2007). "Buffeted: Newspapers Are Paying the Price for Shortsighted Thinking" (http:/ / www. ajr. org/ Article. asp?id=4416). American Journalism Review. .

[34] Alterman, Eric (March 31, 2008). "Out of Print: The Death and Life of the American Newspaper" (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ reporting/ 2008/ 03/ 31/ 080331fa_fact_alterman). The New Yorker. .

[35] Baker, Russell (August 16, 2007). "Goodbye to Newspapers?" (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ 20471). The New York Review of Books. .

[36] Media and Culture with 2009 Update (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Qg_RyIDuQuwC& pg=PA307& lpg=PA307& dq="what+ will+ become+ of+ newspapers"+ john+ carroll& source=bl& ots=Bvt4X013GA& sig=anc0VLOJCdLdgt7woGSa9SWXG-Q& hl=en& ei=mjvDSfbiLomMsAPAtOHlBg& sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=6& ct=result). Macmillan. 2008. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-312-47824-7. .

Retrieved March 27, 2009.

[37] "Editor at Los Angeles Times Steps Down After 5 Years, Katharine Q. Seelye" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2005/ 07/ 21/ business/ media/ 21paper. html). The New York Times. July 21, 2005. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[38] Google's CEO Eric Schmidt recently revealed that the company had considered, but then abandoned, the thought of purchasing a newspaper itself or using its charitable arm to support news businesses seeking non-profit status. (http:/ / www. ft. com/ cms/ s/ 0/ 2252e92c-4569-11de-b6c8-00144feabdc0. html?nclick_check=1) [39] "The Daily Me, Nicholas Kristof" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 03/ 19/ opinion/ 19kristof. html?ref=opinion). The New York Times.

March 18, 2009. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[40] "Not Just Another Column About Blogging: What Newspaper History Says About Newspaper Future, Jack Shafer, Salon, January 26, 2006, salon.com" (http:/ / www. slate. com/ id/ 2134918/ ). .

[41] Ratner, Andrew (March 17, 2009). "'Wikipedia Revolution' United Users on Internet" (http:/ / www. baltimoresun. com/ entertainment/ bal-to. ratner17mar17,0,1115467. column). The Baltimore Sun. .

[42] "Murdoch Blasts Search Engine 'Kleptomaniacs', Alistair Dawber, The Independent, October 10, 2009, independent.co.uk" (http:/ / www. independent. co. uk/ news/ media/ online/ murdoch-blasts-search-engine-kleptomaniacs-1800569. html). London. October 10, 2009. .

Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[43] Terdiman, Daniel (March 13, 2009). "News Has a Bright Future, Author Says" (http:/ / news. cnet. com/ 8301-1023_3-10196386-93. html).

CNET News, cnet.com. .

[44] "Abandoning the News, Carnegie Reporter, Carnegie Corporation of New York, carnegie.org" (http:/ / www. carnegie. org/ reporter/ 10/ news/ ). .

[45] "Net to Newspapers: Drop Dead" (http:/ / www. businessweek. com/ magazine/ content/ 05_27/ b3941024. htm). Business Week. July 4, 2005. .

[46] Myers, Jack (October 27, 2008). "Is There a Future for Newspapers?" (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ jack-myers/ is-there-a-future-for-new_b_138043. html). The Huffington Post. .

[47] Mullaney, Tim (March 10, 2009). "Google Executive, N.Y. Times Wrestle in New Jersey for Local Ads" (http:/ / www. bloomberg. com/ apps/ news?pid=20601109& refer=home& sid=a0Pd70fy5qXE). Bloomberg.com. .

[48] "Economy 'Threatens' News Accuracy" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ uk_news/ 7878090. stm). BBC News. February 9, 2009. .

[49] Ahrens, Frank (December 4, 2006). "A Newspaper Chain Sees Its Future, And It's Online and Hyper-Local" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2006/ 12/ 03/ AR2006120301037. html). The Washington Post. .

[50] The troubles in the U.S. newspaper market, while acute, aren't universal. Large newspapers are suffering more than small. "The great majority of America's 1200 daily newspapers are doing pretty well," notes Editor & Publisher editor Mark Fitzgerald. "Even some of the big papers in the most troubled chains are still churning out profit margins in the high teens. That's three or four times the margins of Exxon Mobil. (http:/ / www. editorandpublisher. com/ eandp/ columns/ newspaperbeat_display. jsp?vnu_content_id=1003952561) [51] Perez-Pena, Richard (October 27, 2008). "Newspaper Circulation Continues to Decline Rapidly" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 10/ 28/ business/ media/ 28circ. html). The New York Times. .

[52] Gunther, Marc (July 26, 2007). "Can the Washington Post Survive?" (http:/ / money. cnn. com/ magazines/ fortune/ fortune_archive/ 2007/ 08/ 06/ 100141340/ ). Fortune Magazine, money.cnn.com. .

28

Future of newspapers [53] Kuttner, Robert (March–April, 2007). "The Race" (http:/ / www. cjr. org/ cover_story/ the_race. php). Columbia Journalism Review. .

[54] Massing, Michael (December 1, 2005). "The End of News?" (http:/ / www. nybooks. com/ articles/ 18516). The New York Review of Books. .

[55] Perez-Pena, Richard (September 18, 2007). "Times to Stop Charging for Parts of Its Web Site" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2007/ 09/ 18/ business/ media/ 18times. html). The New York Times. . Retrieved 2009-03-18.

[56] Kristof, Nicholas D. (March 18, 2009). "The Daily Me" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 03/ 19/ opinion/ 19kristof. html?_r=1). The New York Times. .

[57] Isaacson, Walter (February 5, 2009). "How to Save Your Newspaper" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ business/ article/ 0,8599,1877191,00. html). Time. . Retrieved 2009-03-18.

[58] Thomas, Owen (February 5, 2009). "How Not to Save Newspapers" (http:/ / gawker. com/ 5147184/ how-not-to-save-newspapers).

ValleyWag, Gawker.com. .

[59] Hirschorn, Michael (January–February, 2009). "End Times" (http:/ / www. theatlantic. com/ doc/ 200901/ new-york-times). The Atlantic. .

[60] Shafer, Jack (November 30, 2006). "Chronicle of the Newspaper Death Foretold" (http:/ / www. slate. com/ id/ 2154678/ ). Slate. .

[61] Hunt, Albert R. (March 22, 2009). "Letter from Washington: A Vibrant Democracy Requires Newspapers" (http:/ / www. iht. com/ articles/ 2009/ 03/ 22/ america/ letter. php). Bloomberg News, The International Herald Tribune. .

[62] Cruz, Gilbert (July 9, 2008). "The Nightly News, Not for Profit" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ business/ article/ 0,8599,1821376,00. html).

Time magazine. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[63] Huffington Plans Investigative Journalism Venture, David Bauder, The Washington Post, March 29, 2009 (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2009/ 03/ 29/ AR2009032901097. html?hpid=moreheadlines) [64] Nichols, John; Robert W. McChensey (March 18, 2009). "The Death and Life of Great American Newspapers" (http:/ / www. thenation. com/ doc/ 20090406/ nichols_mcchesney/ 4). The Nation. .

[65] In response to charges of lack of credentials or unverified reporting, bloggers often point to their role in examining the reporting of New York Times reporter Judith Miller, whose early reporting on the events leading to the war in Iraq went largely unchallenged in mainstream media. "In the run up to the Iraq war," says Arianna Huffington of the eponymous The Huffington Post, "many in the mainstream media , including The New York Times, lost their veneer of unassailable trustworthiness for many readers and viewers, and it became clear that new media sources could be trusted – and indeed are often much quicker a correcting mistakes than old media sources." (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ reporting/ 2008/ 03/ 31/ 080331fa_fact_alterman?currentPage=all) [66] Surowiecki, James (December 22, 2008). "News You Can Lose" (http:/ / www. newyorker. com/ talk/ financial/ 2008/ 12/ 22/ 081222ta_talk_surowiecki). The New Yorker. .

[67] Isaacson, Walter (February 5, 2009). "How to Save Your Newspaper" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ business/ article/ 0,8599,1877191-4,00. html). Time magazine. .

[68] "Who Killed the Newspaper?" (http:/ / www. economist. com/ opinion/ displayStory. cfm?Story_ID=7830218). The Economist. April 24, 2006. .

[69] In the United States in February 2009, the annual American Society of Newspaper Editors announced they were cancelling their annual convention due to the industry meltdown. In making the announcement, ASNE President Charlotte Hall, editor of The Orlando Sentinel said, "this is an industry in crisis." The only previous cancellation of an ASNE annual convention since the group's creation in 1923 was in 1945.

Since 1945 the industry has weathered 10 national economic recessions. (http:/ / www. asne. org/ index. cfm?id=7268) (http:/ / www. newsweek. com/ id/ 186885) [70] "Newspapers Focus on Print & Advertising Revenue in Difficult Times" (http:/ / www. wan-press. org/ print. php3?id_article=18041). Paris, France: World Association of Newspapers. February 2009. .

[71] In an interesting twist, the Newspaper Association of America, a member of the World Association of Newspapers but representing 90% of American newspaper publishers, declined to endorse the WAN objections to the Google-Yahoo pact.

[72] Helft, Miguel (September 15, 2008). "Newspapers Worldwide (Minus U.S.) Oppose Google-Yahoo Deal" (http:/ / bits. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 09/ 15/ newspapers-worldwide-minus-us-oppose-google-yahoo-deal/ ). The New York Times. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[73] "Newspapers see sales and ad revenue climb" (http:/ / www. thelocal. se/ 12180/ 20080602/ ). The Local, Sweden's News in English. June 2, 2008. .

[74] Nordenson, Bree (November–December, 2008). "Overload!, Journalism's Battle for Relevance in an Age of Too Much Information" (http:/ / www. cjr. org/ feature/ overload_1. php?page=all). Columbia Journalism Review. .

[75] "Seattle P-I to Publish Last Edition Tuesday" (http:/ / www. seattlepi. com/ business/ 403793_piclosure17. html). Seattle Post-Intelligencer.

March 17, 2009. .

[76] Perez-Pena, Richard (March 23, 2009). "4 Michigan Markets Will Lose Daily Newspapers, As Ailing Industry Tries to Cope" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 03/ 24/ business/ media/ 24paper. html?ref=business). The New York Times. .

[77] "Talk to the Newsroom: Executive Editor" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 01/ 30/ business/ media/ 02askthetimes. html?hp=& pagewanted=all). The New York Times. January 28, 2009. . Retrieved May 3, 2010.

[78] "Times Techie Envisions The Future of News" (http:/ / blog. wired. com/ business/ 2009/ 03/ the-future-of-n. html). Wired Magazine, blog.wired.com. .

[79] "Arthur Sulzberger: 'We Will Stop Printing The New York Times Sometime In The Future'" (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ 2010/ 09/ 09/ arthur-sulzberger-we-will_n_710251. html). Huffington Post. September 10, 2010. . Retrieved 2010-09-10.

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Future of newspapers [80] Even as large newspapers for sale in the United States have been unable to find buyers, the market for smaller community newspapers, which have faced less online competition, has held up better. (http:/ / www. forbes. com/ 2008/ 04/ 07/ newspapers-advertising-biz-media-cx_lh_0407papers. html) In general, smaller newspapers are worth more in relative terms than large papers.

"A newspaper in small– to medium– market tends to be worth more on a relative basis than a big–city paper," notes longtime newspaper analyst John Morton. "Big cities tend to have more media outlets competing for advertising, and big–city newspapers are more likely to have onerous union contracts." (http:/ / www. ajr. org/ Article. asp?id=128) [81] "Minnpost.com" (http:/ / www. minnpost. com/ ). .

[82] Jensen, Elizabeth (March 22, 2009). "A Web Site's For-Profit Approach to World News" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 03/ 23/ business/ media/ 23global. html?hp). The New York Times. .

[83] "'Newspapers have bright future'" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 1061803. cms). The Times of India. March 24, 2005. .

[84] Kamiya, Gary (February 17, 2009). "The Death of the News" (http:/ / www. salon. com/ opinion/ kamiya/ 2009/ 02/ 17/ newspapers/ ).

Salon. .

[85] Stelter, Brian (April 19, 2009). "J-Schools Play Catchup" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 04/ 19/ education/ edlife/ journ-t. html). The New York Times. . Retrieved 2009-04-19.

[86] Rainey, James (April 17, 2009). "As newspapers decline, journalism schools thrive" (http:/ / www. latimes. com/ news/ local/ la-et-onthemedia17-2009apr17,0,7925317. column). LA Times. . Retrieved 2009-04-19.

External links • Edgecliffe-Johnson, Andrew (May 17, 2009). "Media's Want to Break Free" (http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ d0960f18-4303-11de-b793-00144feabdc0.html). The Financial Times. Retrieved 2009-05-17.

• Perez-Pena, Richard (March 12, 2009). "As Cities Go From Two Papers to One, Talk of Zero" (http://www. nytimes.com/2009/03/12/business/media/12papers.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-17.

• Kamiya, Gary (February 17, 2009). "The death of the news" (http://www.salon.com/opinion/kamiya/2009/ 02/17/newspapers/). Salon.com. Retrieved 2009-03-17.

• Alterman, Eric (February 11, 2009). "Save the News, Not the Newspaper" (http://www.thenation.com/doc/ 20090302/alterman). The Nation. Retrieved 2009-03-17.

• Future of Newspapers, Walter Isaacson, Mort Zuckerman, Robert Thomson, Charlie Rose Show, charlierose.com (http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/10075) • A Web Site's For-Profit Approach to World News, The New York Times, March 22, 2009 (http://www.nytimes. com/2009/03/23/business/media/23global.html?hp) • Dynamic World of Print Media (http://acgmedia.blogspot.com/) Tracks newspaper closings, openings, mergers, format changes • Newspaper Death Watch, newspaperdeathwatch.com (http://www.newspaperdeathwatch.com/) • Pfanner, Eric (August 16, 2009). "The Paper that doesn't want to be free" (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/ 17/business/media/17ft.html?_r=1&hpw). The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-19.

• Evans, Sir Harold (August 20, 2009). "The Daily Show" (http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/23/books/ review/Evans-t.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-21.

• Paper Cuts (http://graphicdesignr.net/papercuts/), tracks layoffs and buyouts at U.S. newspapers

Further reading • Ken Auletta. Googled: The End of the World As We Know It, (2009) ISBN 1594202354 • Alex Jones. Losing the News: The Future of the News That Feeds Democracy, Oxford University Press, New York, 2009 • Giles Robert H. "New economic models for U.S. journalism" Daedalus Spring 2010, Vol. 139, No. 2, Pages 26-38; funding from foundations, government grants, individual donations, and corporate contributions. Ganter emphasizes the rigor of Circle online (http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/daed.2010.139.2.26)

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Article Sources and Contributors

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Woohookitty, Wp, Wysprgr2005, Xtzou, Yanksox, Yansa, Yarnalgo, Zealotgi, Zoicon5, Zondor, ‫ملاع بوبحم‬, 288 anonymous edits Convergence (telecommunications) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=427280126 Contributors: Abesford, DanielDeibler, Edtealdi, IgnominiousJoe, Jevansen, Jim.henderson, Kvng, Loodog, Manuelamsp, Michaelm 22, Mustnotgrumble, Mwarf, Oli Filth, Phlegm Rooster, Piano non troppo, R'n'B, RTG, Robina Fox, Shanedbetz, Skomorokh, TakuyaMurata, The way, the truth, and the light, Wetken, 22 anonymous edits Technological convergence Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=428992773 Contributors: AIMSzpc, AVand, Abesford, Abu ari, Ahoerstemeier, Andrewpmk, Angelo23, Avicennasis, Ayoub229, Barrink, Benstown, Biggubeaa, Bikenyakr, Bowmanmas229, BrainyBabe, Bryan Derksen, Camilo Sanchez, CardinalDan, Charles Matthews, Chocoforfriends, Chris200088, Christoicon, Correogsk, Crikeymiles, Crowdsourced, Dancter, Denots, Dittaeva, Diza, Djk3, Dmunger, Dwonak, ESkog, Edward, Eleassar, Fgouget, Flod logic, FunkeyMunkey101, Giftlite, GoingBatty, Gomm, Good Olfactory, Grendelkhan, Hairy Dude, Harryzilber, HeiRenXuesheng, Henrik, HereToHelp, Husond, Igoldste, Ilya, JLRedperson, Jagarib, Jasca Ducato, Jhsounds, Jim.henderson, Jmgonzalez, Jordanp, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jusdafax, K3lw3ll, Keallan, Kgfleischmann, Khalid hassani, Kineto ss, Kintetsubuffalo, Kipholbeck, Kozuch, Kvng, Kwiki, Lisatwo, Loremaster, Manuelamsp, Marc Lacoste, Martarius, Mathiastck, Maurreen, Michael Hardy, MichaelStanford, Mlaffs, Mlewis000, Modulatum, MrOllie, Mtevfrog, Mugunth Kumar, Nbarth, Nelson50, Ninghui48, Nording (usurped), PallasRaven, Paul A, Philip Trueman, R'n'B, RandomStringOfCharacters, Ratmangxa, Reagle, Rexy, Rishimittal, Robertvan1, Rror, Rupert baines, Sepia tone, Sjjupadhyay, Smilesunshinefun, Spin IT, Supadupawannabe, Surat123, Sycamore8, Themfromspace, Titototito, Tommy2010, Trainthh, Vegaswikian, VerticalDrop, Victor falk, Vzbs34, Warren, 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Puffin, Thegrapevine, Thejoftoday, Theniek, TonyBorelli, TreasuryTag, Uncle G, Utcursch, Vamshi 12345, Vicenarian, Vinhtantran, Voyage2mail, Web499, Zzyzx11, 123 anonymous edits Future of newspapers Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=424675759 Contributors: 122589423KM, B. 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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors Image:Newark-prudential-terrorist-threat-media-2004.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Newark-prudential-terrorist-threat-media-2004.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: User:Tysto Image:Couverture-3-magazine-2512.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Couverture-3-magazine-2512.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Cookie, Diwas, Rjd0060, Thierry Caro Image:Brookgreen reading 9739.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Brookgreen_reading_9739.JPG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:Pollinator File:CBC journalists in Montreal.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CBC_journalists_in_Montreal.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Conrad Poirier File:Newspapers-20101122.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Newspapers-20101122.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:SusanLesch Image:Broadcasting.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Broadcasting.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: creator-bz Image:TV Station Control Room.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TV_Station_Control_Room.JPG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Bluedisk (talk). Original uploader was Bluedisk at en.wikipedia File:WTUL Microphone.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WTUL_Microphone.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Tulane Public Relations File:IMG 5509.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IMG_5509.jpg License: unknown Contributors: File:The New York Times newsroom 1942.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_New_York_Times_newsroom_1942.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Marjory Collins

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License

License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/

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