Spring 2021
The UMEC Report The newsletter for the Urban Mobility & Equity Center, a Tier 1 University Transportation Center led by Morgan State University
Research spotlight COVID-19 creates unique research opportunity
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hen COVID-19 upended daily routines, UMEC researchers quickly designed projects for this rare chance to study drastic changes in both road and transit use. Dr. Jianhe Du, senior research associate at Virginia Tech, noted that in 2019, the 276 million registered vehicles in the U.S. Traffic on I-66 in Virginia in 2019 accounted for 28.2% of the U.S.’ total energy consumption and to take a look at this seriously,” Dr. emissions. Researchers had studied Du said. improving the efficiency of both She presented her findings in a the transportation system and the webinar on Feb. 26, “COVID-19 vehicles themselves, “but these only Pandemic Impacts on Traffic Sysscratched the surface of the probtem Delay, Fuel Consumption and lem,” she said. Emissions,” which is available on One method never before invesYouTube. tigated was decreasing the overall Dr. Du and her team examined demand of the system –what if seven testbeds – five in Los Angeeveryone who could stayed home. les, one in Doha, Qatar, and an“When COVID-19 hit, it actually other for I-66 in northern Virginia generated a great opportunity for us Director’s Message 2
Research
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– all areas notorious for traffic congestion. The researchers used two major models: QUEENSOD software to estimate linked travel volume, and INTEGRATION, which uses travel demand and the embedded VT-Micro to estimate fuel consumption and greenhouse gases based on instantaneous speed, acceleration and deceleration of vehicles. In the first Los Angeles testbed, they found that a 10% reduction in demand reduced delays by 20%, but when the demand fell by 45%, delays were reduced by 90%, “which is really impressive,” Dr. Du said. Emissions didn’t drop quite as much as congestion, but they still were reduced by 65% to 75%, and the results were consistent across the other Los Angeles testbeds. Continued on page 2 Research Projects
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Director’s Message Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani
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hat a difference a year makes! After the terrifying months of COVID-19, and unimaginable levels of heartbreak for so many, we finally have a vaccine. Actually, we have a couple of them, and so we ask friends and family, "Which one did you get?" The vaccine has given us hope that we can, if not exactly return to normal, regain the ability to do the things we do so well here, like conducting research in our labs, teaching in person, and hosting compelling events on campus. We are also quite excited about the proposed infrastructure bill, which, like our center, addresses equity. The plan focuses not just on the physical infrastructure of roads and bridges but also on the social infrastructure. Modernizing public transit is critical for low-income communities and captive riders – roughly a third of people in Baltimore do not have access to cars. A modernized transit system will better connect people with jobs. Improved transit and other modes of transportation, like biking and electric vehicles, also create opportunities for all of us to reduce our carbon footprint. Whether it's electric, connected or autonomous vehicles we are actively researching how these developments will affect the transportation system as a whole and us as daily users. Finally, the events of the past year have led to long overdue realizations and conversations about race, equity and equality. Morgan State will expand its outreach to underrepresented communities for education, research, and workforce development. It will also expand its efforts to coordinate and communicate with and engage community-based organizations and civil rights organizations. Thanks for your support in all of our efforts.
COVID-19 Research ... from page 1 For the I-66 corridor, the improvement was even more striking. Delays “practically disappeared, and the whole network was free flow,” Dr. Du said. It was a marked change from a drive that normally averaged a 1.3-minute delay for
Dr. Jianhe Du 2
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Spring 2021
every mile traveled. Results were similar for Doha, the capital of Qatar, where nearly every intersection has a traffic signal, but fuel savings there were even more significant. Just a 10% reduction in traffic resulted in a 30% savings in emissions. That left the researchers wondering: Why did the same reduction in demand generate different results in the test beds? They found two major factors: the original traffic conditions and the network configurations. “We found that if a network is really congested to start with, as was the case in Doha, it will benefit dramatically with the initial reduc-
tion in demand, and this benefit will continue as traffic demand further decreases,” Dr. Du noted. But the biggest question raised by this study has yet to be answered. “We believe reducing traffic demand is a very significant method to deal with our congestion and pollution problems,” Dr. Du said. “Can we continue what we see here? Is this a sustainable solution? Some companies have already said employees can work from home forever. COVID-19 has actually provided us with an opportunity to think about how realistic this situation can be and how our traffic system can benefit.”•
Research
Taking Transit During COVID-19
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r. Mansoureh Jeihani and Dr. Celeste Chavis, researchers at Morgan State University, presented the results to date of the ongoing project “The Effect of COVID-19 on Mobility and Equity: A Case Study on Transit Users in Baltimore, MD” in a webinar on Feb. 26. Dr. Jeihani said then that 80 transit riders had completed the survey, 81% of whom live in Maryland. They were evenly split as to gender, mostly between 25 and 34 years old, well-educated, and 46% had a household income of $100,000 or more. Although 95% had not had a case of COVID-19 in their house, 39% said they were very worried about the virus while 55% were moderately worried. The survey asked them to compare activities before and after COVID-19 and what they expect in the future. Not surprisingly, they reported much less travel, social gathering and going to the movies and much more teleworking and online meetings. Before COVID, 76% commuted every day while just 2% teleworked. Teleworking increased to 70% during the pandemic, and 68% of respondents were employed full time. “They just switched from commuting every day to teleworking, and they kept their jobs,” Dr. Jeihani noted. Respondents indicated that they likely will continue telecommuting and online meetings after COVID-19, and no wonder – before the virus 86% had commutes longer than 40 minutes, but during
COVID 78% commuted zero minutes, thanks to telework. Before COVID, 45% used the bus, 34% the subway and 21% used light rail; after COVID 58% used the bus, 24% the subway and 18% the light rail. After COVID, buses were no longer standing room only and the seats next to the respondents were usually empty; 42.6% maintained a 6-foot distance while using transit. With the help of graduate students Samira Ahangari and Istaik Bhuyan, the study also compared transit agencies in nine peer cities, including Baltimore and Washington, D.C. With February 2020 as base data, they examined unlinked passenger trips. March saw some declines in ridership, but stay-athome orders in April resulted in a deep decline and an accompanying loss of fares. “What is interesting is comparing Washington, D.C., bus ridership to Baltimore,” Dr. Chavis said. “D.C. had a decline of 82% in April 2020 compared to February 2020, but for the same month Baltimore only had a 53% decline.” One reason could be that riders in Baltimore have fewer alternatives. Researchers also looked at the hours that transit vehicles were in service. Dr. Chavis noted that “despite Baltimore having a pretty high bus ridership we were actually fairly
aggressive in our cuts to service. We looked at how different agencies have responded to the challenges posed by the pandemic. How do you balance your budget? D.C. made steep cuts early on and then restored them – Baltimore’s bus cuts have been pretty consistent but other cities like Cleveland haven’t really cut their service despite declines.” The Maryland Transit Administration maintained cuts to service in the Baltimore region but curtailed plans for even deeper cuts. “Initially there were supposed to be more cuts to bus service but the advocacy community really used the fact that Baltimore was pretty resilient when it came to the pandemic compared to other cities as a way to keep the bus service,” Dr. Chavis said. As the study continues, the researchers plan to analyze changes in service using an equity gap framework, knowing that transit agencies will face difficult decisions. Transit riders who would like to participate in this research can access the survey at https://bit.ly/ MSUCovid •
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Noted
National Transportation Center, UMEC win two CUTC awards
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he Council of University Transportation Centers honored the National Transportation Center and UMEC with two awards. The first was for technology transfer, and the second for workforce development. We were so excited and thankful to be honored at the annual -- and this year virtual -- CUTC award banquet! Thanks to Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani, director; UMEC staff, Anita Jones, Nancy Jackson and Sonia McDonald; the Office of Technology Transfer, especially Ray Dizon and Wayne Swann; the Maryland Department of Transportation; and former director Dr. Andrew Farkas, who was instrumental in developing these award-winning initiatives. And thanks to CUTC! This is our one-minute award acceptance video, which replaced the traditional in-person acceptance speech.
Education coordinator joins UMEC staff
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ueneia Harley-Burkeen, has also served as a Teacher-leader in UMEC’s new education coorBaltimore City and as an adjunct faculty dinator, is ready for the challenge of at the Community College of Baltimore designing the first-ever virtual NationCounty. al Summer Transportation Institute “I am fascinated by technology,” she (NSTI). said. “I’m all about working and living NSTI was canceled last summer due smarter, and I’m always looking for the to the pandemic. Now in its 24th year, next coolest thing that allows us to live NSTI introduces high school students happier, the things that make our lives to opportunities in transportation easier. Transportation and technology and engineering, and this year – for give us much more access to the things the third time – the program includes in our lives that bring us joy and hapmiddle school students. piness, and I am all for people living “I look at computers as a portal – a happier lives.” way to new thinking and learning, and Queneia Harley-Burkeen In addition to her professional exa new way of teaching and engagperience, as a loving wife and devoted ing students,” Harley-Burkeen said, adding that virtual mom of 15-year-old twins and a 10-year-old, she’s learning is not a new concept. “Virtual learning has experienced virtual learning from the perspective of an been in existence for years.” involved parent. A proud native of Aiken, South Carolina, HarleyShe knows the challenges a virtual program presents Burkeen earned an undergraduate degree in English in connecting with the students. “The biggest thing language and literature and African American studies is quality – it has to be a quality program that serves from the University of South Carolina where she also children in a meaningful way, and I think NSTI does completed her master’s in education. just that.” She moved to Baltimore because it was equidistant NSTI takes place from July 1 to 30, and stuto family, and began her career teaching in Baltimore dents can apply online at https://powerforms. County. She stayed in Baltimore because she fell in love docusign.net/5ed8302f-efff-4dfe-bd20-01364ecd with the people and the city life. Teaching, supportb057?env=na2&acct=91e00bed-fb84-48ab-9c47ing and advocating for children and adult learners has f3a2c0621225&accountId=91e00bed-fb84-48ab-9c47been a lifelong passion – and adventure – for her. She f3a2c0621225•
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UMEC names Maha Elouni as Student of the Year
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MEC chose Maha Elouni, a doctoral student at Virginia Tech, as its University Transportation Center Outstanding Student of the Year for 2020. Each year at the annual winter meeting of the Transportation Research Board - a unit of the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine - the most outstanding student from each university transportation center is honored for their achievements and promise of future contributions. Elouni holds two master’s degrees, one from Virginia Tech in math and another in engineering from The National School of Computer Science in her native Tunisia. She is working on a Ph.D. in computer and electrical engineering. “I like this field because it could be applied to solve problems in many other areas like transportation, robotics, biomedical engineering, etc.,” she said. “I am interested in traffic flow control, speed harmonization - which is basically regulating a vehicle’s speed - connected and autonomous vehicles, intelligent transportation systems, and clustering urban networks.” Since 2016 she has been working in the Center for Sustainable Mobility at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, implementing and developing different control methods to control the traffic flow and speed in
Samira Ahangari
an urban network. “The goal of this research is to reduce traffic congestion and fuel consumption,” she said. In addition to journal and conference publications, Elouni has published a book chapter. She also has taught math courses Maha Elouni as a teaching assistant at Virginia Tech, and her computer skills include Matlab, Python, C, C++, Fortran, ArcGIS, Arduino, Java. Along with English, Elouni speaks both French and Arabic and knows a smattering of German. She hopes to continue to pursue her passion for both teaching and research in her career. “I would love to work in a research-related job and see the benefits of the applied developed strategies. I also love teaching and mentoring students. I believe that it is important to transfer knowledge to other persons so that they make their own touch in the future. A job that provides dynamic interaction with people would fit nicely to my career ambitions.”•
Congrats to Samira Ahangari, Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani, Dr. Anam Ardeshiri, Dr. Md Mahmudur Rahman and Dr. Abdollah Dehzangi, whose paper Enhancing Driving Distraction Prediction Model Performance Using Random Forest Classifier has been accepted to the Transportation Research Record. Samira Ahangari also defended her thesis and will graduate with her Ph.D. in May.
Congrats to I-Gap winners Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani, Dr. Kofi Nyarko, Dr. Anam Ardeshiri, and Dr. Eazaz Sadeghvaziri for the project "Integrated Automated Wheelchair and Adapted Automated Vehicle System"
Apply now for the National Summer Transportation Institute! The program for high school and middle school students is offered online in July. The application deadline is May 15, 2021. https://www.morgan.edu/school_ of_engineering/research_centers/ urban_mobility_and_equity_center/ programs/education_initiatives/nsti. html
Congratulations to Amirreza Nickkar, who successfully defended his dissertation and will graduate with his Ph.D. in May.
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Istiak Bhuyan is currently interning with the Baltimore Metropolitan Council as a data analyst/planner. He also volunteers on the the advisory board of the Transit Equity & Environmental Health in Baltimore project, led by Johns Hopkins University and the Baltimore Transit Equity Coalition and funded by the Bloomberg American Health Initiative. An article he co-authored is under review by the Transportation Research Record: Chavis, Celeste; Bhuyan, Istiak. A.; 2021. Understanding Access to Grocery Stores: A Data-Driven Food Desert Metric Using CHAID Decision Tree Analysis. Along with Dr. Celest Chavis and Chappelle Branch, he presented Multi-Modal Traffic Flow in Shared Bus-Bike Lanes: A Scoping Literature Review in Comparison with Baltimore SBBL Infrastructure at the Transportation Research Board's 100th Annual Meeting. Along with Christian Emiyah, Dr. Kofi Nyarko and Dr. Celeste Chavis, Bhuyan also presented Extracting Vehicle Track Information from Unstabilized Drone Aerial Videos using YOLOv4 Common Object Detector and Computer Vision. Track: Ambient Intelligence/Intelligent Transportation at the 2021 Computing Conference.
Congratulations to Dr. Paul Schonfeld who has had four articles related to his UMEC research accepted for publication: • Choi, Y. and Schonfeld, P. “A Comparison of Optimized Deliveries by Drones and Trucks,” Transp. Planning & Technology, 44-3, March 2021 pp. 319-336. • Wang, Q., Schonfeld, P. and Deng, L. “Profit Maximization Model with Fare Structures and Subsidy Constraints for Urban Rail Transit, accepted for J. of Advanced Transp. Jan. 23, 2021. • Bayrak, M., Guler, S. I. and Schonfeld, P. “Implementation Sequence Optimization for Dedicated Bus Lane Projects,” accepted for Transportation Research Record, March 18, 2021. • Guo, Q., Sun, Y., Schonfeld, P. and Li, Z. Time-dependent Transit Fare Optimization with Elastic and Spatially Distributed Demand,” accepted for Transp. Research Part A: Policy and Practice”, April 7, 2021.
Congratulations I-Gap, Small Tech Transfer Grant Award Winners
Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani, Ph.D., PTP Professor, Department of Transportation & Urban Infrastucture Studies Interim Director National Transportation Center Urban Mobility & Equity Center Director
Getting EVSmart: How Utilities Like BGE are Driving Equitable Electric Transportation is a free webinar offered on Friday, May 7 at 10 a.m. https://morganstate.zoom.us/j/858915179 86?pwd=NmllY3RTVzhGL2piWFl4dGRI VHlIdz09
Safety and Behavioral Analysis Center
Thanks to the Maryland Department of Transportation Maryland Highway Safety Office ! The MHSO helped spotlight the dangers of distracted driving with a spot on MPT during April, which is Distracted Driving Awareness Month. Nashid K. Khadem Doctoral Student Teaching Assistant, Graduate Research Assistant Department of Transportation and Urban Infrastructure Studies
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Md Muhib Kabir Master's Student Graduate Research Assistant Department of Transportation and Urban Infrastructure Studies
Completed Projects How Mobility and Accessibility Affect Crime Rates: Insights from Mobile Device Location Data Dr. Lei Zhang, University of Maryland; also from University of Maryland: Mofeng Yang, Guangchen Zhao, Aref Darzi, Sepehr Ghader Optimized Development of Urban Transportation Networks 2.0 Dr. Paul Schonfeld, University of Maryland Understanding Access to Grocery Stores in Food Deserts in Baltimore City Dr. Celeste Chavis, Morgan State University; Anita Jones, Morgan State University Equity in Accessibility to Opportunities: Insights, Measures and Solutions based on Mobile Device Location Data Dr. Lei Zhang , University of Maryland; Dr. Hyeon-Shic Shin, Morgan State University; Dr. Sepehr Ghader, Project Manager, University of Maryland; Project Team: Aref Darzi, Guangchen Zhao, Aliakbar Kabiri, University of Maryland A Study of the Impact of Ridesharing on Public Transit Ridership Helena Breuer, Hesham Rakha, Jianhe Du, Virginia Tech Estimating Traffic Stream Density Using Connected Vehicle Data Dr. Mohammad A. Aljamal, Dr. Hesham A. Rakha, Dr. Hossam M. Abdelghaffar, Virginia Tech Energy Efficient Transportation Modeling Dr. Hesham Rakha, Virginia Tech Improving Public School Bus Operations: Boston Case Study Dr. Jianhe Du, Virginia Tech; Dr. Youssef Bichiou, Virginia Tech; Dr. Young-Jae Lee, Morgan State University; Dr. Hesham Rakha, Virginia Tech; Amirreza Nickkar, Morgan State University; William Eger, Boston Public Schools Developing an Eco-Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control System for Electric Vehicles Dr. Hao Chen, Virginia Tech; Dr. Hesha Rakha, Virginia Tech; Javier Bas Vicente, University of Maryland; Dr. Cinzia Cirillo, University of Maryland; José L. Zofío, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Developing and Testing an ECO-Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control System for Buses Dr. Hesham Rakha, Virginia Tech; Dr. Hao Chen, Virginia Tech; Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani, Morgan State University
Developing a Connected Vehicle Transit Signal Priority System Dr. Kyoungho Ahn, Dr. Hesham Rakha, Dr. Hossam Abdelghaffar, Virginia Tech Developing and Testing an Advanced Hybrid Electric Vehicle Eco-Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control System at Multiple Signalized Intersections Dr. Hao Chen, Virginia Tech; Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani, Morgan State University; Dr. Hesham Rakha, Virginia Tech; Samira Ahangari, Morgan State University Development of Multimodal Traffic Signal Control Dr. Hesham Rakha, Dr. Kyoungho Ahn, Virginia Tech Driver’s Interactions with Advanced Vehicles in Various Traffic Mixes and Flows (connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) electric vehicles (EVs), V2X, trucks, bicycles and pedestrians) - Phase I: Driver Behavior Study and Parameters Estimation Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani, Morgan State University; also from Morgan State University: Dr. Snehanshu Banerjee, Md. Muhib Kabir, Nashid K. Khadem Dynamic (Time Dependent) Green Vehicle Routing Problem Dr. Ali Haghani, University of Maryland E3: Evaluating Equity in Evacuation: A Practical Tool and A Case Study (Collaborative Project) Dr. Cinzia Cirillo, University of Maryland; Dr. Celeste Chavis, Morgan State University Evaluating Equity Issues for Managed Lanes: Methods for Analysis and Empirical Results Dr. Cinzia Cirillo, Dr. Dr. Javier Bas Vicente, University of Maryland Innovative Methods for Delivering Fresh Foods to Underserved Populations Dr. Hyeon-Shic Shin, Morgan State University; Dr. Young-Jae Lee, Morgan State University; Dr. Paul Schonfeld, University of Maryland Investigating the Impact of Distracted Driving among Different Socio-Demographic Groups Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani, Morgan State University; also from Morgan State University: Samira Ahangari; Arsalan Hassan Pour; Nashid Khadem; Snehanshu Banerjee
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Completed Projects Managing the Impacts of Different CV/AV Penetration Rates on Recurrent Freeway Congestion From the Perspective of Traffic Management: A Case Study of MD-100 Dr. Gang-Len Chang, University of Maryland Optimal Automated Demand Responsive Feeder Transit Operation and Its Impact Dr. Young-Jae Lee, Amirreza Nickkar, Morgan State University Optimization of Emergency Traffic Patrols (ETP) Operations Ali Haghani, University of Maryland; Farzad Daneshgar, University of Maryland; Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani, Morgan State University; Samira Ahangari, Morgan State University; Moschoula Pternea, University of Maryland Optimized Development Of Urban Transportation Networks Dr. Paul Schonfeld, University of Maryland Sustainable Design of Concrete Bus Pads to Improve Mobility in Baltimore City Dr. Kadir Aslan, Dr. Mehdi Shokouhian, Morgan State
University Traffic State Prediction: A Traveler Equity and Multi-model Perspective Dr. Hesham A. Rakha, Virginia Tech
Good news for UMEC! The federal funding for the university transportation centers program has been extended to September 2023; orginally the grant that funds UMEC would have ended in September 2022. We are looking forward to a sixth year of research.
The full reports for all completed projects can be found on our website, www.morgan.edu/umec
Collaborative Projects E-Bikes’ Effect On Mode And Route Choice: A Case Study Of Richmond, VA, Bikeshare Dr. Celeste Chavis, Morgan State University; Dr. Vanessa Frias-Martinez, University of Maryland Investigating the Effect of Connected Vehicles (CV) Route Guidance on Mobility and Equity Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani, Morgan State University; Dr. Ali Haghani, University of Maryland Shared Bus/Bike Lane Safety Analysis: Assessing Multimodal Access and Conflicts Dr. Celeste Chavis, Morgan State University; Dr. Cinzia Cirillo, University of Maryland The Effect of COVID-19 on Mobility and Equity: A Case Study on Transit Users in Baltimore, MD Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani, Dr. Celeste Chavis, Morgan State University
Dr. Celeste Chavis, Kofi Nyarko, Morgan State University; Dr. Cinzia Cirillo, University of Maryland Bicyclist Longitudinal Motion Modeling Dr. Hesham Rakha, Karim Fadhioun, Virginia Tech; Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani, Morgan State University Integrated Optimization of Vehicle Speed Control and Traffic Signal Timing: System Development and Testing Dr. Hao Chen, Hesham Rakha, Virginia Tech; Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani, Morgan State University EQUITABLE COMPLETE STREETS: Data and Methods for Optimal Design Implementation Dr. Cinzia Cirillo, Dr. Paul Schonfeld, University of Maryland; Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani, Morgan State University
A Comparative Study of Pedestrian Crossing Behavior and Safety in Baltimore and Washington, D.C., Using Video Surveillance
The UMEC Report is published annually. ©Morgan State University. For permission to reproduce this content, contact nancy.jackson@morgan.edu 8 The UMEC Report
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Core Projects
Multi-depot and Multi-school bus Scheduling Problem with School Bell Time Optimization Dr. Ali Haghani, University of Maryland
Impact of COVID-19 on Ridehailing and Other Modes of Transportation Dr. Jianhe Du, Dr. Hesham Rakha
Adoption and Diffusion of Electric Vehicles in Maryland Dr. Cinzia Cirillo, University of Maryland
Integrated Optimal Transit Network Design with MaaS Implementation Dr. Young-Jae Lee
Developing Optimal Peer-to-Peer Ridesharing Strategies Dr. Young-Jae Lee, Morgan State University; Amirreza Nickkar, Morgan State University Energy Efficient Transportation Modeling Dr. Hesham Rakha, Virginia Tech Developing an Intelligent Connected Vehicle based Traffic State Estimator Dr. Hesham Rakha, Dr. Ahmed Abdelrahman, Dr. Hossam Abdelghaffar
Did you know that webinars about the results of our research are available on YouTube? https://www.youtube.com/channel/ UCQ4GSAlNdKTKz6qhWqH1hQA
Estimating switching times of Actuated Coordinated Traffic Signals: A deep learning approach Dr. Hesham Rakha, Seifeldeen Eteifa
The Urban Mobility & Equity Center is a federally funded Tier 1 University Transportation Center led by Morgan State University in partnership with the University of Maryland and Virginia Tech. UMEC focuses on research to improve the mobility of people and goods in an environmentally sustainable and equitable manner. UMEC Morgan State University CBEIS 327 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane Baltimore, MD 21251 443-885-3666 Social Media www.morgan.edu/umec www.facebook.com/ urbanmobilityandequitycenter www.twitter.com/UMECresearch Instragram: ntcumec
Director Dr. Mansoureh Jeihani Phone: 443-885-1873 Email: mansoureh.jeihani@ morgan.edu Associate Directors Dr. Cinzia Cirillo Email: ccirillo@umd.edu Phone: 301-405-6864 Dr. Hesham Rakha Phone: 540-231-1505 Email: hrakha@vtti.vt.edu