WORK SAMPLES - 2015 - Mohammad Moshfiqul Islam

Work Samples

( Mohammad Moshfiqul Islam - 2015 )

FOREWORD

The dossier contains various projects and research works that I have undertaken during the course of my undergraduate and graduate level education.

The first four are examples of architectural design works that emphasizes on features and concepts pertaining to sustainable design. All the buildings incorporate different design strategies to ensure conservation of energy and resources. These passive design features along with the experimental design methodologies used have been specially highlighted in this document. The projects are exhibited in various phases of transformation and the different environmental simulations used to justify design decisions have also been showcased.

Most of the research works are term projects for graduate level courses. These include both computational and instrumentation based investigations that incorporate data collection and analysis.

The dossier also tries to present the projects and findings in a report format and most of the relevant information is included in the attached text. Because of the special emphasis on a particular design genre other items like design drawings and renderings has been curtailed and hence this document should not be viewed as a conventional portfolio.

Building Science and other related research work

Integrative and Sustainable design work

CONTENT Reevaluation of the High-rise prototype

Arch 304

4-7

High Density High-rise Housing

Arch 404

8-11

CFL Lighting Industry Design

Arch 502

12-13

Media center for East West Media Group

ATE 550

14-16

Passive Design Strategies in Hot Arid climates

ATE 550

17

Design and Build of a Solar Thermal Collector Test Rig

ATE 562

18

Energy Model Calibration of a Commercial Building

ATE 560

19

Analysis of Solar Chimney

ATE 521

19

Optimization of BEPV shading system

ATE 598

20

Calibrated Energy Analysis of an Office Building

ATE 598

21

Memorial and Visitors Center for Sundarban Forest

22

Introduction Project : Reevaluation of the High-rise prototype Studio VI ( Arch 304 )

Duration : 7 weeks

Critics : Dr. Zebun Nasreen Ahmed, Dr. Khandaker Shabbir Ahmed, Md. Mohataz Hossain,

Md. Ruhul Amin

Program: 100000 sqm of Commercial and Mixed use Functions The high-rise is an emerging building typology in the context of Dhaka city. In order to evaluate the future consequences of such types of building activity the project called for a re-examination of the various issues confronting tall buildings located in the midst of dense urban sprawl. The designers then had to select problems of interest and conceptualize a series of proposals that responded and reacted against these issues.

Since an energy crisis has plagued the economic infrastructure of the country for a long time now, the design opts for a direct physical translation of ecological principles into high-rise architecture. The design is conscious of the various technical shortcomings of the local construction industry and hence the solutions provided tries to form a compromise between engineering pragmatism and design innovation.

Site

Transformations The design initially starts with a slab like form ( Phase 1) that is carefully oriented to minimize exposure to the east and west, this orientation also maximizes the scope for cross ventilation . The core is kept at the center to enhance structural stability and the plan is organized so that a high ratio of perimeter envelope to interior space is achieved.

An increased amount of glazing offers excellent views and better daylight factor but at the same time insures large quantities of direct solar heat gain. Products like double and triple glazed windows can curtail this intake but the placement of thermal mass in certain tactical directions is still a potent strategy. In Phase 2, some of the service related functions are shifted form the center to the periphery. The lift shafts remain in the middle providing resistance against wind loads but now the eastern and western facades get adequate protection The shape of the site then provides some resistance to the continuous linear projection of the mass and hence the depth of plan has to be increased.

As a consequence pockets are created in the center where poor lighting level ensues. In Phase 3 a shaft/tunnel is grafted into these vulnerable locations and it ensures the access of the natural elements like wind and light into the buildings interiors. This provision also decreases the usable office are by 15 % but this alteration is still put into effect because of the various benefits it ensures.

In the 4th phase the building is split into 4 vertical components and these are then tilted southwards by about 17 degrees. This ensure that the southern facade, which is also the most exposed of the facades, is inherently shaded form the sun . The tilt doesn’t entirely provide complete protection but requires another overhang type shading device to provide optimum coverage. Due to this change, thermal simulation studies indicate an almost 50% reduction in direct solar heat gain.

The last phase will include further articulation like the provision of effective vertical louvers on exposed areas of the window glazing.

Simultaneously the floor areas that have become exposed due to the titling of the mass will require planter areas. These green zones will provide adequate buffering form the sun. The Roof being the most vulnerable area also needs protection and in this design a secondary roof composed of solar panels is proposed.

These consecutive alterations directly contributes to the augmentation of the building’s environmental performance. Isolated and selective studies are also done to prove the validity of the claims and to ascertain the credibility of prescient ideas.As a result the building undergoes a gradual rehabilitation into a built form that is more adapted to the climatic parameters and is hence more energy efficient

Incerase in

Thermal performance

Incerase in

Incerase in

Daylight performance

Daylight performance

+

+

Ventilation performance

Ventilation performance

+ Thermal performance

Phase 1 Linear North-South Oriented mass

Phase 2 Peripheral core to improve thermal performance

Phase 3 Grafting of wind/light Shaft

Phase 4 The south ward tilting of the mass

Central core

Course/Studio

Title

Design Studio VI (Arch 304)

Re-evaluation of the High-rise

Time Period 2007-2008

Page

4

Daylighting Studies

The coverage and potency of day light zones largely depends on window head height along with variables like glazed area, wall area, the nature of glazing and color and height of ceiling etc. Thumb rules indicate that daylight factor varies from 5% to 2% with in a floor area range of twice the window height. In the chase of the building in phase 1 there are regions in the center of the plan, where the distance from the window exceed 70 feet and hence it can be predicted these regions will have very poor natural lighting levels.

Poor lighting levels in the central areas is a very common problem in office buildings with deep plans. And as a remedy in phase 3 two light/air shafts measuring 40ft x 40ft is introduced in the central regions of the right and left wing. The shafts are also accompanied by proportional inlet and outlet points that contribute to its efficiency.

This theory is tested via daylight simulation tests on hypothetical models of the proposals. The testing is done via Velux Daylight Visualizer 2 and all the simulations are carried under similar experimental conditions.

The simulation parameters are given below Location : 90.4 deg E, 23.8 deg N Time : 11 the April , 12:30 pm Sky : CIE over cast Design Sky Illuminance : 16,500 lux ( Khan,2005)

Phase 1

Phase 3

Phase 4

Level 10

Level 10

Level 10

Level 5

Level 5

Level 1

lux

Floor To ceiling height : 3.05m Work plane + simulation plane height : 0.75 m Materials used includes white plaster board for false ceiling( reflectance:0.7), White painted walls ( ref:0.7), glazed tiles ( ref:0.6) and single pain glass with reflectance of 0.92

P1 a : View of the southern opening - L 10

P1 d : View of the eastern opening - L 1

P1 b : View of the southern opening from the side - L 5

P1 c : View of the southern opening from the building center - L 5

Level 1

Level 1

lux

lux

The daylight simulations for phases 1 to 4 show a subtle but gradual improvement in the lighting level of the building interior. The Bangladesh National Building Code dictates levels of 300 lux to be appropriate for office work and the simulation scale is set in accordance to this. From phase 1 to 3 we see a discernable reduction in the blue coded or below 100 lux areas. And in Phase 4 the tilting of the mass exposes larger portions of the sky and hence near window lighting conditions are bolstered. There is also more light penetration in the light shafts.

P1 a

P3 a

P4 a

P1 b

P3 b

P4 b

P1 c

P3 c

P4 c

P1 d

Phase 1

Level 5

Course/Studio

Title

Design Studio VI (Arch 304)

Re-evaluation of the High-rise

P3 d

Phase 3

P3 a : View of the northern light shaft opening - L 2 P3 b : View of the northern opening from the core side - L 2

P3 d : View of the light shaft - L 5 P3 c : View of the southern light shaft opening - L 9

P4 d

Phase 4

P4 a : View of the northern opening - L 5

P4 d : View of the southern opening - L 1

P4 b : View of the northern opening from the back - L 2

P4 c : View of the northern opening from the side of the light shaft - L 2

Time Period 2007-2008

Page

5

Thermal and Insolation Studies Phase 1

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 4

In order to validate the changes done in Phase 2 and 3 an thermal study was done in Ecotect 2010. A module of each building was modeled with equal features like double glazed windows, suspended concrete ceilings and cavity walls for the peripheral cores. Each floor was assigned as a separate thermal zone and all settings were kept constant to maintain experimental accuracy. The main intention was to isolate the effect of the introduction of the peripheral cores and the application of the southward tilt in the mass.

Phase 1

Phase 2

With no form of thermal shading the mass in phase 1 records the highest direct solar heat gain values with March and April being the months of greatest input. The average Qg value for April is recorded at 540,000 Watts/hour

Jan

Feb

Mar

Phase 4

Apr

The graphs show the environmental temperature distribution in the thermal zones fo the two buildings over the course of a day. April 11 being the hottest day recorded was selected as the experimental condition. The results indicates that the alterations made between Phase 1 and 4 has caused the temperatures in the thermal zones to drop below the outside temperature during daylight hours assisting in an enhancement of user comfort levels. This drop also indicates a lowering of the energy spent by HVAC systems to maintain feasible internal conditions.

The introduction of the Peripheral cores makes a significant contribution to decreasing the Direct solar heat gain. The effect of the extra thermal mass is specially evident for the months between April to August.

The average Qg value for April is 197,000 Watts/hr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Phase 4

Sep

The tilting of the mass by about 17 degrees adds extra shade from the sun. It also decreases heat gain via incident radiation form the sun. the direct solar heat gain values decreases equally for all the months in comparison to that of phase 2. And the average Qg value for the month of April stands at 95000 Watts/hr which is an almost 50% drop from phase 2.

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phase 2

Phase 4

A comparative insolation study is done for options in Phase 2 and 4. The diagrams show the average insolation values for the 1st day of each month with in the time period of 10 am to 4 pm . These diagrams further explain the findings of the former thermal studies and proves that the south ward tilting of modules play a crucial role in decreasing direct solar heat gain.

Course/Studio

Title

Design Studio VI (Arch 304)

Re-evaluation of the High-rise

Time Period 2007-2008

Page

6

Wind Flow Studies

Phase 3 CFD simulations are difficult to conduct because of the range of data that is required to guarantee valid results. For this projects tests are carried out to predict only the possibilities of wind driven ventilation. A water tight model of phase 3 and 4 is made in Ecotect 2010 and the Cfd calculations are carried out in separate plugin called WinAir 4.

Module

Phase 3-Module Flow Vectors

High pressure Zone

The highest wind velocity range for Dhaka is within 8-10 m/s in the South and South east directions. And combining this with the velocity gained due to height the wind speed for the simulations is kept at 10 m/s

Level 9

The simulation results prove that sufficient wind flow will take place through the shafts.

There is also the possibility of an increase in wind speed due to venturi effect. Its also noted that in high-rise buildings the orientation of wind flow becomes erratic and the shafts are conceived to work for both way flows.

Level 1

Phase 3-Module Air flow rate

Phase 4

The basic concept of the shaft is that due to gap effect the velocity of wind flow through this tunnel will always be greater than that in the rooms. Hence there will always be a negative pressure zone in the tunnel and this will suction out the residual air form the working zones.

Module

Phase 4-Module Flow Vectors

Low pressure Zone

Level 9

Details For the final touches of articulation a comparative shadow range analysis is conducted for specific times of the year. From such tests it’s deduced that for a complete range of protection an extra layer of shading devices is required for the southern facade. With only projection of around 3 feet this secondary skin in combination with the tilt of the mass can ensure shading for up to 45 degrees. As a result of this no extra shading devices are required and the users can have uninterrupted views. The roof, being the most heated region, is also protected by a suspended layer of solar panels. Because of it’s raised character this secondary roof allows for free flowing breeze which will eventually cool the heater air pocket that will develop here. For the louvers on the Eastern and Western surfaces, light weight ferro cement panels is proposed.

Level 1

Phase 4-Module Air flow rate

Phase 3

Phase 4

Phase 4 Secondary Roof (Solar Panels)

Oct

Full Building

Green Roof (Planters)

Nov Louvers (Ferro cement)

Level 9

Secondary Skin (Solar Panels)

Dec

Level 1

Phase 4Full Building Flow Vectors

Shadow Range Analysis

Course/Studio

Title

Design Studio VI (Arch 304)

Re-evaluation of the High-rise

Axonometric Blow up

Time Period 2007-2008

Page

7

Intoduction

Level 13 Level 11

Title : Vertical voids - High density housing in Uttara Studio VIII ( Arch 404) Duration : 12 weeks Location: Uttara residential area ( third phase) Program: High-rise housing of 450 dwelling units and its associated amenities Critics: Dr. Qazi Azizul Mowla, Dr. Shayer Ghafur, Dr.Nasreen Hossain, Fahmid Ahmed Other team members: Mohaimeen Islam Badhon, Md. Tawhidur Rashid Personal Responsibilities: Concept generation, other works like 3d modeling/rendering and compilation of simulation results.

Level 10 Level 7

Site

Level 6

Design Brief: With rapid and exponential rates of urban migration the densification of Dhaka city is inevitable. The high-rise mass housing projects offer a cost effective solution to the impending housing crisis that the city is facing. This project called for an examination of this crucial building typology in the light of social, functional, environmental and technical issues.

Level 3

Design process The units are compacted into holistic super blocks where all the types of apartments are fused. Such an approach allows for the provision of open spaces and voids, that are essential for reducing the stress of high-rise living, yet at the same time keeping an economic edge in the project. the final master plan consists of two such super blocks, one dedicated for the public sector and the larger one dedicated for the private sector. In each super block community facilities are dispersed evenly throughout all the levels, there are also networks that connect one part of the block with the other. The end result is a projection of unity and a collective spirit which is so essential in high density housings.

Level 2 Level 1

The issues with the housing design forms a web, one problem forms another and the solution of one depends on another. This design tries to approach the web of problems holistically. A process is developed that fragments ad separately focuses on each of the design issues. Various experiments are conducted and scientific inquiries are applied in every step of the design development. The analysis part deals mainly with the climatic issues, these factors being naturally fixed can be predicted by computational techniques; various types of simulations were conducted on models representing the design the design and the best options were selected. The later part deals with functional and cultural conventions; factors that are culturally fixed and require sensitive handling. Concepts like binary oppositions are design norms and all dwelling units are organized according to it; territoriality was also another important issue and altogether the design is conceived as two large blocks with interaction spaces distributed evenly throughout all the levels so that residents can easily form their own territorial markers

Axonometric blow-up All the terraces and rooftop gardens are evenly distributed in the building fabric.The vertical layering also takes into account the recommended walk-up range of five stories

Perspective form field

Design Experiments Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Selection of the basic master plan outline

Selection of a vertical staggering option

Selection of connector distribution logic and void formation

Selection of void distribution system

(Thermal Analysis)

(Wind Analysis)

(Light Analysis)

(Wind Analysis)

Course/Studio

Title

Design Studio VII (Arch 404)

High Density High-rise Housing

Time Period 2008-2009

Page

8

Design Assumptions Cruciform for maximum exposure One of the most common stacking pattern is that of a vertical core serving surrounding apartments. In contrary to the compact square option the cruciform shape allows for the apartments to be exposed to the elements form three sides and hence is considered as the most efficient option

Maximizing Open Areas In many cases designers try to provide each block with its own green areas and the result is a fragmentation of the open space available. Hence the decision was taken to create a large open area/green field so that the inhabitants can pursue a diverse range of activities there.

The Outdoor terraces

The provision of multi-leveled public areas One of the most covered problems of high rise living is the sense of isolation that develops form being disconnected form the public realm. The idea of placing multilevel outdoor public areas is considered as a basic design solution to this problem.

Maintaining North-South Orientation One of the most effective strategies for the climate of this region is to have slender building masses that are oriented towards north and south.

Plus if the blocks are stacked then the mutual shading can reduce thermal heat gain .

View Corridors

Sectional Perspective Shows the interweaving of the voids. This type of distribution helps to improve cross ventilation, provides view corridors and increases the privacy of the inhabitants.

Course/Studio

Title

Design Studio VII (Arch 404)

High Density High-rise Housing

Time Period 2008-2009

Page

9

Step 1

Option A - Hourly temperature Variation

Selection of the basic master plan outline

Option A

Option B

In this step two basic organizational typologies are tested in terms of their thermal performance.Option A constitutes of linear N-S oriented masses that are stacked in a domino pattern on the site and Option B is composed of building blocks positioned around the periphery. The later option would obviously offer certain advantages in terms of lighting and views but would also mean a great amount of solar exposure on the receiving sides.

Option B - Hourly temperature Variation

Two hypothetical models of the options are created in Ecotect and a thermal study is done for the month of January, a period with moderate outdoor temperatures.

The tests reveal that due to the combined mutual shading provided by the stacked masses Option A outperforms Option B. The thermal zones in A record temperatures below the typical where as for B the various zones show erratic results.

This discrepancy a huge amount of selected. Due to levels and views

Stacking Patterns The optimum gap between towers is 2H and the minimum is o.5H. Initial investigations revealed that , to achieve the required density all the tower blocks did not have to reach the maximum height of 150 feet. Consecutive alterations of height will reduce the wind shadow. But if this variation is re-applied again onto the linear masses, a more efficient arrangement can be achieved. This idea is further evaluated in Step 2

when equated in realistic terms would indicate a wastage of energy in terms of cooling load and hence Option A is the issue of close proximity problems like poor lighting do come up and further solutions are provided in Step 4

Step 2

Option A - Flow Vectors

Selection of a vertical staggering option

Option A

Option B - Flow Vectors

Option B

After providing a minimum gap of 0.5H, the site provisions allows for four separate bocks. Since the height restriction was 150 feet, there was an option of varying the building height.

Option A is a basic staggering arrangement with the low height buildings sequentially being placed on the souther sides. Option B is a more fragmented volume where the rectangular masses are transformed into L shaped forms.

Wind flow across the site is simulated via Ecotect and WinAir 4 and a wind velocity of 10 m/s is specifically used to accentuate and highlight the air flow patterns across both the options.

For Option A wind simulations confirm improved wind flow trough the center, but over the buildings themselves momentum is lost due to abrupt impacts with the taller masses. In these area the wind loses velocity on impact and is forced to move along the east west direction.

On the other hand multiple staggering in Option B allows the wind to flow unhindered and the overall wind movement across the site is enhanced. This also indicates that this option will contribute to greater ventilation rates in the various apartments.Hence option B is selected

Course/Studio

Title

Design Studio VII (Arch 404)

High Density High-rise Housing

Time Period 2008-2009

Page

10

Step 3

Step 4

Selection of connector distribution logic and void formation

The gaps in between the masses ensures adequate light and wind flow, but economically they represent huge sacrifices. Even if certain percentages of these spaces can be utilized then it will make this project more economically feasible.

The possibility of this scope is tested via simulation daylight levels inside the gaps between the masses. From the results Options B and C is found to have adequate lighting provisions.

Selection of void distribution system

Step 3 results in the completion of the connectivity of the masses and the initial idea of the super block is achieved. But this arrangement still contain areas that foster unfavorable condition. Though the units located on the periphery posses adequate daylight provisions and good views the ones located in the center are not so well endowed. And predictably due to these discrepancies these inner units will be very unfavorable with the tenets.

The solution offered comes in the form of voids. These omissions in the building mass will not only insure ventilation and daylighting in the interior zones but at the same time will act as areas of social interaction. And in Step 4 various trials are carried out to create a viable distribution order.

Unfavorable pocket formation

Various void distribution prototypes

The final selection uses a simultaneous additive and subtractive process to logically distribute the voids and connectors. Each connector is assigned a void and the system alternatively repeats itself throughout the mass. The result is a fine mesh like interweaving of these two elements.

Wind simulations were carried out in Ecotect/WinAir 4 and the results point to adequate wind flow in most parts of the interiors

Double connectors that offer very little gaps. This represents an extreme scenario and the lighting levels inside the court is poor

Option A Flow Vectors- Section A-A’

Schematic diagram of the final distribution logic Flow Vectors- Section B-B’ The number of connectors are halved and adequate lighting levels are achieved

The number of connectors are further reduced with a reciprocal increase in lighting levels inside the court.

Because of lack of unit requirements this option is selected, though Option B was equally favorable

Option B

Option C Flow Vectors- Level 2

Course/Studio

Title

Design Studio VII (Arch 404)

High Density High-rise Housing

Flow Vectors- Level 5

Flow Vectors- Level 9

Flow Vectors- Level 11

Time Period 2008-2009

Page

11

Design Brief Site and building Layout

Due to an increase in the popularity of Compact fluorescent lamps many local entrepreneurs have taken the objective of establishing CFL production units in the country. It is also predicted that these types of medium scale factories along with the already established RMG industry can form the backbone of the country’s drive for industrialization and economic growth.

The brief calls for an evaluation of the specific processes involved in the production of CFL bulbs and then provide solutions that are pragmatic and contributes towards increasing the efficiency of the work environment. Special emphasis was placed on increasing the energy efficiency of the factories. Daylight penetration and the provision of natural ventilation was idealized. The design was also required to have options for future expansion and change and hence a flexible structural arrangement was required.

Intoduction The industrial process Title : C.F.L Lighting Industry Design Studio IX ( Arch 502) Duration : 8 weeks Location: Ashulia Industrial Area Program: A Medium Scale industrial complex accommodating upto 500 workers Critics: Khandaker Shabbir Ahmed, Dr. Shayer Ghafur, Amreen Shajahan, Fahmid Ahmed The burner

The balast

Base

The production process was analyzed via field surveys, since many of the local industries are in a state of infancy information was gathered from web based sources to ascertain the optimal requirements. The data collection process revealed that the total workflow can be broadly divided into two parts namely Manufacturing and Assembly. The Manufacturing process seeks to produce the basic components like the burner, balast and base from raw materials like glass tubes and plastic sheets.

Where as in the Assembly process these components are manually assembled on production chains and simultaneously tested and packeted.

Manufacturing of components

Assembly and Packaging of Bulbs

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

P9

P10

P11

Glass Tube Cutting and bending

Coating and baking the tube

Connecting components

Tube Pinching Sealing

Cement Filling

Capping and Basing

Cutting and trimming

Pin punching

Balast and Cap assembly

Testing and ageing

Stamping and Packing

Requirements

. The manufacturing process is more mechanized and requires up to 15 sets of machines. Where as the assembly and packaging process is more labor intensive and requires triple the number of people

. Some of the manufacturing components along with their controllers weight up to 8 tons and hence it is preferable to locate these on the ground floor.

. In order to achieve a production capacity of 30000 bulbs/day, 15000 sft of area is required for the manufacturing zone and 10000 sft for the Assembly zone. The production process also requires an associated Storage areas of 8000 sft.

. The total number of workers involved range from 300-400. The assembling process would require the highest share of 200-250 individuals, the manufacturing chain requires 75-90 and the other components like store operations and the administration requires 50-60 individuals

.

For a variety of reasons the production chain was divided into three parts with a 10000 bulb/day capacity each; and the final design sought to organize them in a manner so that each can operate independent from one another.

Work flow readjustments

Transition Zone The circulation pathways leading to the production units are envisioned as areas of social interaction. These spaces are adequately shaded and landscaped and will give the workers the opportunity to recuperate and socialize with others during their breaks

Course/Studio

Title

Design Studio IX (Arch 502)

CFL Lighting Industry Design

The production flow was recalibrated so that a minimal ground coverage and circulation is used. The manufacturing floor is kept on the ground level and the assembly is shifted to second level. The raw and finished goods are supplied from one common circulation.

Time Period 2009-2010

Page

12

Transformations

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

The various functions are initially jumbled into one unit. The administration and amenities building is positioned at the entry and the production floors are sandwiched between the Storage and circulation areas In step two, gaps are introduced between the various building masses in order to increase the options of daylight provisions and ventilation. These voids can also used for the purpose of circulation.

The Assembly unit is stretched and reshaped so that an inherent expansion potential is created.

The additional area recovered becomes a part of the internal court

Level 1 1.5 m

Western Inlets

Level 2 11.5 m

In order to facilitate wind flow with in the site, inlets and outlets are incorporated into the building masses. Apart from the main inlet on the south, two apertures are created on the western side to facilitate cross ventilation across the production floors

Southern Inlets

The wind analysis is done at wind speeds of 5m/s and the results reveal that the wind channels are effective at generating convective currents that suctions in winds form all sides and increases the potential of cross ventilation in the various masses.

Daylight simulations are also carried out to determine whether the gaps are sufficient for daylight penetration. The assembly process involves work that requires a high intensity of light ( upto 500 lux) and the study reveals increased levels of efficiency across most of the working zone. The study was conducted under moderate sky cover and sky illumination levels of 16500 lux

The Screening System The fenestration of the production floors are designed as a combination of operable glazing and louvers. Full height glazing is considered and for all the production areas; these panels can also incorporate industrial fans for extra ventilation

Green roof

Solar panels are arranged to create a secondary roof that protects the masses form massive intakes of solar heat gain

Roof plantation areas protects the roof of the Office and canteen building

Circulation as thermal mass

The logic of the gaps The gaps between the production units do more than bring in daylight. In the case of fires these gaps can easily funnel excess fumes and provides sufficient evacuation times. They double up as sound barriers, ventilation outlets and at the time as plantation areas.

The Secondary Roof

extra out also same

Services like toilets, staircases and circulation areas are zoned on the western side to create a layer fo thermal mass that protects the internal environment

Section A-A’

Flexible Screening The southern and eastern facades are protected by a flexible louvered screen that can be moved during expansion

Course/Studio

Title

Design Studio IX (Arch 502)

CFL Lighting Industry Design

Axonometric Blow up

Time Period 2009-2010

Page

13

Intoduction Title : Headquarters and Media center for East West Media group Studio X ( L5/T2) Duration : 6 months Location: Block J, Basundhara Resiential Area Critics: Dr. Faruque Ahmad Ullah Khan, Shamim Ara Hassan, Patrick D' Rozario, Md. Ruhul Amin, Fahmid Ahmed

The program for this project included a Tv station equipped with 4 studios, the office spaces of three separate newspapers along with a fully functioning printing press and a separate tower block housing the headquarters of East West group.

The main design challenge was the sheer technical complexity of the separate functions and the dialectic challenge of creating a balance between public permeability and controlling physical accessibility.

Program Break down

Axonometric Blowup

Flexibility, energy efficiency and construction efficiency was primarily given preference.

Perspective

Project Organogram Course/Studio

Title

Design Studio X

Media center

Time Period 2011-2012

Page

14

Term project (ATE 550) Title: Passive Design Strategies in Hot Arid climates Course: ATE 550 Passive Heating and Cooling Duration: 3 Weeks Location: Phoenix, Arizona Program: Kindergarten School (approx 100 students) Instructor: Dr Harvey J Bryan

The climate of phoenix is atypical to any other hot and dry desert zones. The temperature shows daily extremes because the atmosphere contains little humidity to block the Sun's rays. Desert surfaces receive a little more than twice the solar radiation received by humid regions and lose almost twice as much heat at night. Passive design strategies in such condition usually includes dense organization, minimal use of openings, heavy and protective external mass etc.

In order to highlight some of the strategies that can be implemented, a hypothetical kindergarten school is designed incorporating many of the know techniques. The assumptions are later validated via computational means Climate Analysis (Phoenix, Arizona)

1. Class Rooms 2. Shaded Play Area 3. Outdoor Play Area 4. Reception and waiting 5. Office and Teachers Lounge 6. Multipurpose 7. Cafeteria

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

3

3

4

6

5

Derivation of the basic classroom cluster

7

Alternative Modular Arrangements

Isometric View - Site Plan

Sectional Perspective

Course/Studio

Title

Passive Heating and Cooling (ATE 550)

Passive Design Strategies in Hot Arid climates

Time Period 2013-2014

Page

15

Natural ventilation and Passive Cooling

Radiant Cooling Panels

Though natural ventilation is not a valid strategy between the months of July and September, it can be effectively used in other times when temperature remain between 75-80 degrees. The windows in the classrooms are located on adjacent walls such so that there is better mixing of air inside. The inlet to out let ratio is maintained at a ratio of 1:1.25. Tests have shown that this ratio increases air velocity inside occupied zones. Horizontal windows are used on the external windward walls as horizontal openings are more receptive to different directional wind flow. Center hung windows are also used in external facades so that the entire window aperture can be used to facilitate ventilation. Cfd tests are conducted to verify some of the assumptions.

Passive Downdraft Cooling tower

Wind movement on the working plane

Downdraft cooling towers possess the capacity to cool outdoor air by up to five degrees thus allowing passive cooling to be effective well into the month of June.

Apart from the circulation pump the cooling towers are totally devoid of mechanisms and hence require very little power. The design uses a single cooling tower to condition two classrooms at a time. It is assumed that the combination fo radiant cooling panels and this passive ventilation system would be sufficient to provide comfortable conditions for most parts fo the year.

Cooling by Radiation and Convection

Energy Model in ModelIT

Conventional Prototype

350

280 260

300

240 220

250

200 180 160

Power (kBtu/h)

Diagonal Window Placement

Power (kBtu/h)

Cross Ventilation

The hypothetical building is equipped with radiant cooling panels. Such systems are quiet suitable for arid climates. Even with a supporting auxiliary DOAS ventilation unit radiant cooling options can lower the peak power demand by upto 30%. Since water is a far efficient medium for the storage and transfer of heat, radiant cooling panels only use 20% of the transportation energy of an all air system.

140 120

200

150

100

100

80 60

50

40 20 0 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

0 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Date: Wed 01/Jan to Wed 31/Dec

Date: Wed 01/Jan to Wed 31/Dec

Total system energy: (sk3.aps)

Total system energy: (sk3.aps)

Power (kBtu/h)- Constant Volume OA Total System Energy (Mbtu)

Cfd simulations are conducted by using MicroFlo (IES VE) to understand the impact of the cluster arrangement on wind movement. Acceptable wind velocities (above 3 m/s) were recorded inside wind shadow zones.

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Power (kBtu/h)-Radiant Cooled Ceilings

30 25

A portion of the building is subjected to a simulated energy analysis in ApacheSim (IES VE). The first series of runs were conducted by using a Constant Volume OA system. During the second run, the primary system was replaced by radiant cooled ceilings. The results show reduction ranging from 30% to even 60% during certain months.

20 15 10 5 0

Date

Wind Flow Direction- South East

Wind Flow Direction- South

Wind Flow Direction- South West

Course/Studio

Title

Passive Heating and Cooling (ATE 550)

Passive Design Strategies in Hot Arid climates

Time Period 2013-2014

Page

16

Thermal Mass and Shading

The building incorporated two techniques.

First it’s sunken into ground to utilize the inherent capacity of earth as a heat sink. Second porous concrete blocks are used to form a protective layer in vulnerable areas. The perforations in the structure doesn’t affect ventilation rates . Further the wall being detached from the light weight frame structure prevents thermal bridging. Hence this extra structure doubles as a shading device reducing solar gains through glazing surfaces and also reduces conductive heat gain through the exterior enclosure walls.

Sunken Mass

Protective walls

Selective use of block construction decreases cost.

Low cost frame structure

Unshaded Model

Shaded Model

Daylighting

Thermal mass like adobe has the capacity to offset heat gain into the interior. The diurnal air temperature variation in air climate is considerable in arid climates and hence the heat retained in the day can be lost to the surrounding easily later in the night. Thermal mass mainly helps to offset heat transfer to the interior during occupied hours.

The effectiveness of the added thermal mass wall is verified by conducting energy simulations (via ApacheSim) on two models.

SunCast was to calculate direct and diffused shading factors. The model with out protection registered annual solar gains of around 23966 kBtus; on the shaded model the protective walls succeeded in reducing annual solar gains by 40% (13941 kBtu).

Simulation Parameters External Wall: 8” Frame Construction (R=20) External Window: Double Glazing (Trans=0.71, R=5) Roof: 12” Frame Construction (R=30) Floor: 12” Chipboard Flooring with reinforced concrete.

4000

Illuminance Simulation - Working Plane

An abundance of natural daylight is known to augment the learning process. All the class rooms have clerestory windows that increases the probability of light penetration into the class rooms. The central court also incorporates a pergola type roof covering that filters the sunlight and is a source for diffused lighting.

The advantage of having clerestory openings was validated by conducting daylight simulations on two distinct models by using the Radiance module inside IES VE. The room having clerestory openings only had 10% area where daylight factor was less than 2. Where as 40% of the flat roofed room had a daylight factor that was below 2.

Simulation Parameters

Reflectance Values

Time : 1st December , 12:30 pm Sky : Standard CIE over cast

Ceiling(ref:0.8), Internal walls (ref:0.7), Wooden Floor (ref:0.4), Window: Double Glazing (Trans=0.71)

Areas in green register daylight factor below 2

Solar Gain (kbtu)

3500 3000 2500 2000

Shaded

1500

Unshaded

1000 500 0 Jan 0131

Feb 0128

Mar 0131

Apr 0130

May 0131

Jun 0130

Jul 0131

Aug 0131

Sep 0130

Oct 0131

Course/Studio

Title

Passive Heating and Cooling (ATE 550)

Passive Design Strategies in Hot Arid climates

Nov 0130

Dec 0131

Building with Clerestory Openings

Flat roof Building

Time Period 2013-2014

Page

17

Term project (ATE 562) Title: Design and Build of a Solar Thermal Collector Test Rig Course: ATE 562 Experimental Evaluation Duration: 6 Weeks Team: Mrigesh Roy, Ambalika Dalvi Instructors: Muthukumar Ramalingam, Marcus Myers

P1

P3

A test rig was constructed to assess the thermal performance or "instantaneous" efficiency of solar collectors over a wide range of operating temperatures. Collected energy was determined by the product of fluid mass flow, specific heat and integrated temperature gain across the collector. An array of sensors ranging from T-type thermocouples, Rtds (PT-1000), Pyranometers (Licor) and flow meters (GWF Unico2) etc are used to gather data about the various parameters.

P2

P4

P1

Flat plate thermal collectors are used for the experiment.

P2

Thermocouples are fitted to various regions of the collector.

P3

A copper pipe network is constructed.

P4

Water storage tanks and pumping mechanisms are installed

P5

The Rtds and Flow meters are connected to a data logger

P5

h A

Efficiency Expression

Series Connection

The Test rig was designed in accordance to the standards established in ISO 9806.

Four data points are taken at each of four different inlet fluid temperatures.

Collectors are normally tested over a range of inlet fluid temperatures from near ambient to approximately 70째C (126째F) above ambient temperature.

Parallel Connection

Schematic Layout Course/Studio

Title

Experimental Evaluation (ATE 562)

Design and Build of a Solar Thermal Collector Test Rig

Time Period 2013-2014

Page

18

Term Project (ATE 560)

Term Project (ATE 521)

Title : Energy Model Calibration of a Commercial Building.

Course : ATE 560 Building Energy Evaluation 1 Duration : 3 weeks Location : Phoenix, Arizona Instructor: Marlin Addison

Title: Analysis of Solar Chimney performance under varying design conditions.

Course : ATE 521 Building Environmental Science Duration : 6 weeks Location : Phoenix, Arizona Instructor: Dr. Agami T Reddy

‘Known’ Building Data Building Typology: Combined Office/Retail Building.

Building Area: Floor 1-2 (Office/Retail110,000 sft), Floor 3-27 (Office Tower-440,000 sft).

Vintage: HVAC, controls, shell-1989, Lighting renovations-2006.

HVAC System Type: Secondary-Retail (WSHP), Tower (CHW VAV). Primary-Two 450 water cooled centrifugal chillers and two natural draft HW boilers.

Energy Model in Equest

Section

Thermal Network Diagram

The numerical approach of Ong and Chow (2003) was followed and a mathematical model of the experimental set-up was developed for estimating the performance of the solar chimney under different design conditions.

‘Assumed’ Building Data

Bird’s Eye View

Plan

Building Operations: 8:00a–6:00p (Mon–Fri), 8:00a–1:00p Saturdays plus3 hours HVAC operation before & after occupancy(~3,500 HVAC hours/year).

Lighting Loads: 0.9 to 1.1 W/sf, start with 1.0 W/sf (ofc),1.5 W/sf (retail).

Equipment Loads: 1.0 to 2.0 W/sf, start with 1.5 W/sf (ofc),0.75 W/sf (retail).

Primary Equipment: 20 year old centrifugal chiller, 0.6 to 1.0 kW/ton.

Window Properties: 50% WWR (Tinted SHGC=0.50)

Solar-induced ventilation can be an effective source for passive cooling in certain climates. Solar chimneys which can also double as Trombe walls can become an useful contraption for maintaining thermal comfort throughout the year. The project aims at an analysis of such kinds of solar chimney designs.

Data input page

Analysis Page

Multiple iterations

Guidelines The project was an exercise in an industrially acceptable format of energy model calibration.

Real utility data was collected for a test case; and an energy model was developed in eQuest.

Some of the data were readily available whereas others had to be extrapolated. The utility data was used to develop a spreadsheet program that allowed for easy comparisons and provided insight for adjustments. The program also had provisions for uncertainty and showed both the total and peak load demands.

Process

Feedback Loop

Existing correlations are used to calculate various heat transfer coefficients from the steady state equations.Initial values are selected for the temperature of glass glazing, heat absorbing wall and also the temperature and velocity of induced air flow in the chimney. A number of iterations are carried out till constant values for all those three temperatures were received.

Multiple simulation runs were made and various changes were made to the assumed data set like lighting loads and HVAC operational hours etc.

The final settings registered a difference of around 3-4% from the collected utility data.

Relationship between Airflow rate, Incident radiation and Chimney Depth

Relationship between Airflow rate, Incident radiation and Stack Height

Course/Studio

Title

Course/Studio

Title

Building Energy Evaluation 1 (ATE 560)

Energy Model Calibration of a Commercial Building.

Building Environmental Science (ATE 521)

Analysis of Solar Chimney performance under varying design conditions.

Time Period 2013-2014

Page

19

Building Data

Term Project (ATE 598)

Name: Lattie H. Coore Hall Gross Area: 260291 sft Built: 2003 Location: Tempe, Arizona

Title : Optimization of BEPV shading system via the used of simulation tools Course : ATE 598 Renewable Energy Systems Duration : 3 weeks Location : Phoenix, Arizona Instructor: Harvey J. Bryan

Reasons for requiring retrofit options

Findings The experiment allowed us to quantify the entire range of savings that PV shading systems can generate

?

The building has large expanses

of unprotected south, east and west facing glazed surfaces. ?

Glazing is also used to cover the opaque walls and result in the creation of warm air pockets that compromises the wall’s resistance to heat gain. ?

Wall Insulation was also found to be missing in many exterior zones, this increase heat intake via thermal bridging.

Model Generated in Skelion

Energy Generation (kWh)

Energy Generation (kWh)

The probable annual energy generation capacity of the PV installation is found to be 132686 kWh At the same time the BIPV system also acts as a shading component and produces energy savings of 74089 kWh.

Methodology

Work Flow Infograph

During the Level 1 and 2 analysis phase, the study selects a basic polycrystalline PV module and then tries to optimize the orientation and tilt in the context of it's placement and location. Other types of photovoltaic modules like monocrystalline and thin film types were not analyzed. The study also assumed that there will be no tracking involved and hence all findings only correspond to fixed systems. In the last phase a rapid energy model of the Latte Coor building was developed in eQuest from the collected architectural drawings. But the actual occupancy schedules, load profiles, zoning hierarchies and HVAC system of the building was not modeled due to a limitation in time and data. Hence the simulated energy savings will only act as a ball park estimate to verify known thumb rules of shading system performance.

Course/Studio

Title

Renewable Energy System (ATE 598)

Optimization of BEPV shading system via the used of simulation tools

Time Period 2014-2015

Page

20

Term Project (ATE 598) Title : Calibrated Energy Analysis of an Office Building Course : ATE 598 Energy Analysis II Duration : 6 weeks Location : Phoenix, Arizona Instructor: Marlin Addison Building Information

Building Model in eQuest

Calibration

Energy Efficiency Measure Analysis

The office building that is used in this analysis is an existing two story small sized office building (17,000sft) located in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Executive Summary During the initial phase of the study a representative energy model was created in eQuest. This model was then calibrated against real utility data to produce a “Building as Operated” that accurately mimics the actual buildings energy use profile. Several operational defects were identified during the a brief commissioning process and these issues were corrected in a series of runs termed as “Operation Efficiency Measures (OEM)”.The end result of this phase is called the “Design Case” .

In the second phase of the analysis a target was set to reduce the energy use to below 30% of the ASHRAE 90.1-2001 baseline case.

Thirteen “Energy Efficiency Measures (EEM)” were identified and then applied to the Design Case to ascertain their energy savings potential. The “Design case” case is found to reach 27% ($3,730) savings from the ASHRAE 90.1 (2001) baseline within the 11th EEM. Further runs achieved 59% savings on the total “Design Case” utility cost. Additionally the analysis also looked one energy generation measure and a 60kW P.V system was added to the roof.

Course/Studio

Title

Building Energy Analysis II (ATE 598)

Calibrated Energy Analysis of an Office Building

Time Period 2014-2015

Page

21

Intoduction Title : Memorial and Visitors Center for Sundarban Forests CAA Student Competion Cycle 8, 2010 Brief: 'A Memorial to a Memorable Event�

Competitors were invited to make proposals for a memorial commemorating a significant past event in their own country

Viewing Deck

Gallery

Award: Commendation Award ( one star) The memorial was conceived to commemorate the awarding of the Sundarban Forest Range as a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Instead of proposing a built/permanent structure the memorial was conceptualized as a ritual that every visitor can perform before entering the forest area. This performance eventually edified the virtues of proper waste disposal and recycling.

Other team members : Md. Fuad Abdul Quaium, Amitava Debnath, Md. Mizanaur Rahman

Information Center

Personal responsibilities : Initial concept generation, various illustration work, final presentation formation

Since tourist boats are essential for travel inside the forest, these vessels are transformed into information centers. The passageways between cabins are converted into galleries and the decks are transformed into audio visual display rooms. Hence by the means of alternative use resources are conserved.

Collecting Clearing Management

Non-Degradable Litters Recycling Plant The Sundarbans is the world’s largest mangrove forest range comprising of over 6000 sq kms of unbroken ecosystem.

But constant population pressure and climate change has been highly detrimental to the well being of the habitats; and if current trends continue then very soon the delicate ecological balance of the forest will be in danger.

Hence the memorial tries to propagate this message and tries to instill a sense of responsibility in the common man

Memorial

Information Center Symbol

Tourist boats Garbage depots

In order to eliminate the need for built structures the function of the memorial is separated. The boats bringing the tourists are converted into information centers and the garbage collection point is converted into a symbol

Local Community Engagement

FOREST DEPARTMENT

Memorial addressing sustainable issues The ritual Rituals and participatory acts have an event. Every person entering the responsibility of not littering the termination of an oath. The garbage

Multiple deposit sites

The flexible symbol

Monetary Return

a deep impact on the psyche of people, hence the memorial tries to develop such forest is provided with a collection bag and asked to take up the grounds. At the end of the journey the bags are symbolically returned as a is then disposed off and recycled by the forest department.

Personal collection bag

The collection depots are located at the forest ranger stations where every tourist boat generally stops. Since there are multiple entries in the forest range, multiple depots are envisioned. Every individual is then supplied with individual collection bags where they can collect their own trash.

Course/Studio

Title

Competition Entry

Memorial and Visitors Center for Sundarban Forest

Time Period 2009-2010

Page

22