The Investigator - GCAA

VOLUME 4. ISSUE 20

DECEMBER 2024

AIR ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION SECTOR – UAE GENERAL CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY

FUTURE FORESIGHT IN AVIATION ALSO INSIDE: AVIATION LEARNING & DEVELOPMENT

BUILDING

TAKES A BIG LEAP

FUTURE-PROOF AIRPORTS 1 DECEMBER 2024

KEY DRIVERS OF

SUSTAINABLE AVIATION

IACT Annual Training Plan 2025 Name of the training

Date

Name of the training

Date

1

COVAL Certification Course - Recurrent, For Dangerous GoodsTraining Instructor

21 - 22 Jan, 2025

4

CAR 66 & CAR 147

16 - 19 June, 2025

2

CAR 145 Training

27 - 28 Jan, 2025

5

COVAL Certification Course - Recurrent, For DangerousGoodsTraining Instructor

17 - 18 June, 2025

3

Root Cause Analysis

03 Feb, 2025

6

Post Holder ANA

23 - 25 June, 2025

4

Airworthiness Review Certificate

03 Feb, 2025

7

Air Legislation Module 10

23 - 25 June, 2025

5

Introduction to CAR ADR PART HVD – Emergency Response Planning

05 - 06 Feb, 2025

1

Human Factors in Aviation for Managers

01 - 03 July, 2025

6

Aviation Safety Oversight Auditing Techniques

10 - 12 Feb, 2025

2

NDT

07 - 09 July, 2025

7

Introduction to CAR ADR PART HVD (Certification, Design, and Operations)

10 - 13 Feb, 2025

3

COVAL Certification Course - Recurrent, For DangerousGoodsTraining Instructor

15 - 16 July, 2025

8

COVAL Certification Course - Recurrent, For Dangerous GoodsTraining Instructor

18 - 19 Feb, 2025

1

COVAL Certification Course - Recurrent, For DangerousGoodsTraining Instructor

12 - 13 Aug, 2025

9

Understanding CAR ADR PART ACM – Aerodrome crisis management, business continuity and emergency planning

18 - 20 Feb, 2025

2

Alcohol & Drug Program in Aviation Workplace

27 Aug, 2025

1

SeptemberAviation Safety Risk Management1

01 - 02 Sep, 2025

2

Post Holder Airworthiness and Flight Operations

08 - 10 Sep, 2025

3

COVAL Certification Course - Recurrent, For DangerousGoodsTraining Instructor

09 - 10 Sep, 2025

4

Aerodrome Accident Investigation Course

15 - 19 Sep, 2025

5

Pilot Examiner Initial

15 - 17 Sep, 2025

6

Pilot Examiner Refresher

7

Flight Operation Inspectors’ Training (7 DAYS)

22 - 30 Sep, 2025

8

Integrated PBN Implementation and GNSS Support for En-route Environment

22 - 23 Sep, 2025

9

Effective Operational Letters of Agreement (LoAs)Drafting for Air Navigation Services Providers (ANSPs)

24 - 25 Sep, 2025

10

Introduction to CAR ADR PART HVD – Rescue and Firefighting Services

25 - 27 Feb, 2025

11

Competency Validation - Initial for Dangerous Goods Post Holder

25 - 27 Feb, 2025

12

Alcohol & Drug Program in Aviation Workplace

1

Theory of Flights - Virtual

05-07 Mar, 2025

2

Foundations of Assistance to Aircraft Accident Victims and their Families - Virtual

10-11 Mar, 2025

3

Aircraft Registration of Civil Aircraft - Virtual

13-14 Mar, 2025

26 Feb, 2025

18 Sep, 2025

4

Introduction to SMS - Virtual

5

Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme Continuous Monitoring Approach Fundamentals - Virtual

17 - 19 Mar, 2025

6

General Security Awareness - Virtual

24 - 25 Mar, 2025

1

LSA (Light Sport Aviation Activities) Awareness and Post Holder

07 - 08 Apr, 2025

10

Introduction to Airside Safety

29 - 30 Sep, 2025

2

Post Holder Airworthiness and Flight Operations

07 - 09 Apr, 2025

1

UAE Air Accident Investigation System

01 - 02 Oct, 2025

3

COVAL Certification Course - Recurrent, For DangerousGoodsTraining Instructor

08 - 09 Apr, 2025

2

Airworthiness Inspectors’ (9 DAYS)

06 - 16 Oct, 2025

4

Post Holder ATO

14 - 16 Apr, 2025

3

07 - 08 Oct, 2025

5

Aircraft Maintenance Planning & Reliability Management

14 - 16 Apr, 2025

COVAL Certification Course - Recurrent, For Dangerous Goods Training Instructor

6

Quality Assurance adapted to Aerodromes

17 - 18 Apr, 2025

4

Root Cause Analysis

5

Aviation Auditing Techniques

13 - 14 Oct, 2025

6

COVAL Certification Course - Initial, For Dangerous Goods Training Instructor

14 - 16 Oct, 2025

7

MORC Recurrent

8

CAR M

9

Airworthiness Review Certificate (ARC)

10

Aviation Medicine (13 DAYS)

1

Safety Management System (SMS)

03 - 05 Nov, 2025

2

COVAL Certification Course - Recurrent, For DangerousGoodsTraining Instructor

04 - 05 Nov, 2025

3

MORC (Maintenance Organization Review Certificate)

4

CAR 145

10 - 11 Nov, 2025

12 Mar, 2025

09 Oct, 2025

7

UAE Air Accident Investigation System

21 - 22 Apr, 2025

8

Train the Trainer

28 - 29 Apr, 2025

9

COVAL Certification Course - Recurrent, For DangerousGoodsTraining Instructor

29 - 30 Apr, 2025

10

Cyber Security in Aviation

1

Introduction to International Air Law - Virtual1Aircraft

2

Aircraft Accident Investigation5

05 - 09 May, 2025

3

Safety Management System (SMS)

12 - 14 May, 2025

4

Aviation Auditing Techniques

15 - 16 May, 2025

5

COVAL Certification Course - Recurrent, For DangerousGoodsTraining Instructor

20 - 21 May, 2025

6

Understanding CAR ADR PART ACM – Aerodrome rescue and firefighting and fire prevention

22 - 24 May, 2025

7

CAR 21

26 - 28 May, 2025

5

Train the Trainer

10 - 11 Nov, 2025

8

COVAL Certification Course - Initial, For Dangerous GoodsTraining Instructor

27 - 29 May, 2025

6

Competency Validation - Initial for Dangerous GoodsPost Holder

11 - 13 Nov, 2025

9

Alcohol & Drug Program in Aviation Workplace

28 May, 2025

7

Advanced CAR AIR OPS

25 - 27 Nov, 2025

10 - 11 June, 2025

1

Post Holder Airworthiness and Flight Operations

08 - 10 Dec, 2025

COVAL Certification Course - Recurrent, For Dangerous GoodsTraining Instructor

09 - 10 Dec, 2025

Alcohol & Drug Program in Aviation Workplace

1

Introduction to CAR ADR (Aerodromes)

30 Apr - 02 May, 2025 1 May, 2025

2

Competency Validation - Initial for Dangerous GoodsPost Holder

10 - 12 June, 2025

2

3

Post Holder Airworthiness and Flight Operations

16 - 18 June, 2025

3

15 Oct, 2025 20 - 22 Oct, 2025 23 Oct, 2025 29 Oct - 12 Nov, 2025

06 Nov, 2025

10 Dec, 2025

CONTENTS ADG FOREWORD

05

NAVIGATING NEW FRONTIERS:

06

ENSURING SAFETY IN THE AGE OF AUTONOMOUS AND URBAN AIR MOBILITY

CAPTAIN AYSHA MOHAMMED AL HAMILI Managing Editor

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DETECTING

12

INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS AND

18

SPACE DEBRIS AND AVIATION SAFETY:

24

TRAUMA, MENTAL HEALTH AND MORAL INJURY:

28

UNMANNED INNOVATIONS

34

KEY DRIVERS OF

41

GOING BIG ON

46

BUILDING

52

BLIND SPOTS IN INVESTIGATIONS BIAS DURING VISUAL SCAN CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUPPORT IN AVIATION

HOW DRONES ARE REVOLUTIONISING AIR ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS SUSTAINABLE AVIATION AVIATION SAFETY AND INVESTIGATION FUTURE-PROOF AIRPORTS

IBRAHIM AHMED ADDASI Associate Editor

MUNA ALDEWANI

Content & Publications Officer

@airaccidentinveistgation The Investigator Magazine / www.theinvestigation.ae

AVIATION LEARNING & DEVELOPMENT (L&D)

TAKES A BIG LEAP

UAE SPOTLIGHTS ADVANCEMENTS IN

AVIATION SAFETY AND AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS IN KEY CONFERENCES

58

Designed for and on behalf of General Civil Aviation Authority by

62 motivatemedia.com

The Investigator is a non-profit GCAA publication and is published solely in the interest of Aviation Safety. Nothing in this publication supersedes or amends GCAA, manufacturer, operator or industry service provider policies or requirements.

3 DECEMBER 2024

To be a part of our esteemed publication, reach out to Muna Al Dewani at mdewani@gcaa.gov.ae. Let your ideas take flight and become a 4 valuable voice in the exciting world of aviation!

DECEMBER 2024

FORE WORD

Captain Aysha Mohammed Al Hamili Assistant Director General Air Accident Investigation Sector Welcome to the 20th edition of The Investigator, where we explore key topics shaping the future of aviation safety and investigation. As aviation advances, so must our efforts to address emerging challenges and leverage new technologies to enhance industry safety. This edition features thoughtprovoking articles on subjects ranging from the psychological aspects of aviation safety to the role of artificial intelligence and unmanned systems in accident investigations.

We explore the use of artificial intelligence to identify blind spots in investigations, marking a transformative shift in investigative practices. Additionally, we examine the future of aviation, focusing on safety in the age of autonomous systems and urban air mobility. We also discuss the challenges posed by space debris, and the role drones play in revolutionising air accident investigations.

One of the articles addresses critical issues like trauma, mental health, and moral injury within aviation, highlighting the need for comprehensive support systems. Another is dedicated to highlighting human factors, such as inattentional blindness and bias during visual scans, as it continues to challenge operational safety.

This edition contains a summary about the UAE-hosted Aviation Safety and Aircraft Accident Symposium, the Sixth MENA Aircraft Accident Investigation Regional Cooperation Mechanism Meeting, and the Fourth Regional Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation Organization Cooperative Platform Meeting, which aim to enhance cooperation in accident investigations.

I would like to take this opportunity to sincerely thank our contributors, readers, and the dedicated professionals who passionately work in aviation safety. Together, we are moving toward a safer, more technologically advanced, and promising future for the aviation industry.

5 DECEMBER 2024

6 DECEMBER 2024

NAVIGATING NEW FRONTIERS:

ENSURING SAFETY IN THE AGE OF AUTONOMOUS AND URBAN AIR MOBILITY The aviation landscape is undergoing rapid transformation, with autonomous and urban air mobility set to revolutionise how people and goods travel through the skies.

MEERA ALNEYADI Meera AlNeyadi is a Senior Specialist in Accident Prevention and Safety Recommendations. She oversees the Flight Data Recording Laboratory and leads investigations into aviation safety technology. AlNeyadi has a Master’s degree in Aviation Security from Buckinghamshire New University, alongside a Master of Arts in International and Civil Security from Khalifa University. She also holds certifications in Aircraft Accident Investigation, Aviation Safety Management, and ICAO Airworthiness Inspection.

Her career includes significant stints with GAL/AMMROC, Etihad Engineering, Boeing, and Lockheed Martin.

7 DECEMBER 2024

NAVIGATING NEW FRONTIERS: ENSURING SAFETY IN THE AGE OF AUTONOMOUS AND URBAN AIR MOBILITY

Urban Air Mobility (UAM), which envisions fleets of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft buzzing over cityscapes, offers a promising solution to traffic congestion and limited transportation options. At the same time, autonomous technologies aim to reduce operational costs and improve safety in both commercial aviation and UAM. However, as these innovations progress, there is a pressing need for a corresponding evolution in aviation safety and accident investigation methods and techniques to ensure these advancements are supported by robust standards and preparedness.

The emergence of autonomous and UAM technologies marks an exciting evolution in aviation, promising greater mobility and efficiency in urban transportation.

Autonomous Flight and UAM: The Future of City Mobility Autonomous flight technology is advancing across several fronts. In traditional commercial aviation, the use of autonomous systems for tasks such as autopilot functions and automated maintenance diagnostics is being explored.

Simultaneously, UAM, supported by advancements in battery technology and electric propulsion, is emerging as a distinct market. UAM envisions the deployment of short-range eVTOL aircraft to transport passengers and cargo within densely populated urban areas.

Several companies are developing pilotless eVTOL prototypes, while others are working on semi-autonomous models that incorporate remote monitoring by a human operator. These systems rely on cutting-edge sensors, real-time data processing, and machine-learning algorithms to operate safely and efficiently in congested airspace. However, implementing these systems on a large scale poses considerable challenges, with one of the main concerns being gaining public trust in their safety.

8 DECEMBER 2024

Safety and the Challenge of Autonomous Airspace Integration A key concern with UAM is integrating these systems into the existing airspace. As autonomous and UAM technologies advance, traditional air traffic management systems must adapt to accommodate an increasing variety of aircraft types and flight patterns. Autonomous systems in eVTOLs will need to navigate complex urban environments, where risks such as high-rise buildings, changing weather patterns, and other aircraft pose potential hazards.

To ensure that autonomous and UAM flights can safely coexist with traditional manned flights, new regulatory frameworks, pilot programs, and collision avoidance systems must be developed. Robust coordination with air traffic control, emergency services, and city planners is essential. Regulators face the challenge of creating standards that maintain rigorous safety protocols while allowing the flexibility necessary to support ongoing innovation.

Rethinking Investigation Techniques for Autonomous Systems The emergence of autonomous systems and UAM introduces a new paradigm for aviation accident investigation. Traditional methods, which heavily rely on analysing human factors and

pilot error, may be less relevant in the context of autonomous flight. Instead, investigators will need to shift their focus on complex software algorithms, data analysis, and the distinct decision-making processes of AI systems.

Investigators must adopt advanced forensic methods to analyse large datasets from onboard sensors, computer logs, and machine learning algorithms, which require specialised technical knowledge. The data collected from autonomous systems is typically vast, with terabytes of real-time information generated during each flight. Interpreting this data demands sophisticated tools and a thorough understanding of machine learning and AI, often necessitating collaboration with software engineers, data scientists, and cybersecurity experts to reconstruct the chain of events.

Building New Frameworks for Accountability and Safety Standards Establishing accountability in autonomous and UAM operations poses distinct challenges. In traditional aviation investigations, the root cause is often traced back to pilot or maintenance crew actions. However, with autonomous systems, accountability may be linked to the design and programming of the software or to the response algorithms activated by particular conditions.

9 DECEMBER 2024

NAVIGATING NEW FRONTIERS: ENSURING SAFETY IN THE AGE OF AUTONOMOUS AND URBAN AIR MOBILITY

Investigation authorities, including the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and various national agencies, are working on developing new regulatory frameworks that assign responsibility throughout the entire development lifecycle, from design and testing to operational deployment. Furthermore, manufacturers and operators of autonomous and UAM systems are urged to incorporate “explainability” into their algorithms, enabling investigators to trace the decision-making logic that preceded an accident.

A Vital Focus for UAM Safety As the dependence on digital systems and autonomous software grows, cybersecurity becomes a crucial component of safety in UAM. Autonomous aircraft and eVTOL systems are interconnected, which exposes them to potential cyber threats.

In the case of an incident, investigators must assess whether a cybersecurity breach was involved and determine if any weaknesses in the system’s digital architecture contributed to the incident.

10 DECEMBER 2024

Investigation agencies are becoming more mindful of this challenge and have begun establishing protocols for digital forensics in the wake of an incident. Cybersecurity specialists are often part of investigation teams to ensure that potential security breaches or software vulnerabilities are thoroughly examined.

The Need for International Cooperation and Standardisation As UAM and autonomous flight technologies become more widespread, the need for international standardisation of investigation methods becomes increasingly important.

A globally consistent approach enables investigators from different countries to exchange insights and best practices, fostering a comprehensive understanding of safety in autonomous aviation. ICAO and other regulatory bodies are

actively working to establish these standardised protocols, prioritising transparency and international collaboration.

Preparing for an Autonomous Future The emergence of autonomous and UAM technologies marks an exciting evolution in aviation, promising greater mobility and efficiency in urban transportation. However, this shift to autonomy introduces new challenges in maintaining safety and accountability. Investigators must adapt their methods to address the complexity of AI-driven systems and cybersecurity threats, while regulators develop frameworks that ensure public confidence in autonomous flight. By investing in advanced investigative capabilities and fostering international collaboration, the aviation industry can ensure the future of flight remains as safe and secure as it has always been.

11 DECEMBER 2024

12 DECEMBER 2024

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DETECTING

BLIND SPOTS IN INVESTIGATIONS

ENGIN YAVUZ Engin Yavuz serves as the Chief of Quality and Document Management at Turkish Airlines Corporate Safety. With nearly 30 years of experience in the aviation industry, he has worked extensively in avionics systems, test and measurement system calibrations, and, over the past decade, has focused on implementing safety management systems, including risk assessment and investigations. He holds a bachelor’s degree in Electronics Engineering and a Master of Business Administration (MBA) and is currently advancing his expertise with a master’s degree in defence technologies.

13 DECEMBER 2024

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DETECTING BLIND SPOTS IN INVESTIGATIONS

Aviation safety is a top priority, yet accident investigations often encounter challenges due to human error, incomplete data, and the overwhelming complexity of aviation systems.

Blind spots (gaps in understanding the causes of an incident) can obstruct efforts to fully determine what went wrong.

However, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in identifying and addressing these blind spots has the potential to greatly enhance the investigation process and analysis techniques, and improve safety outcomes.

AI plays a crucial role in processing large data sets generated by aviation accidents, such as flight data, sensor readings, radar tracks, and maintenance reports. Manually analysing this vast amount of information is time-consuming and increases the risk of missing critical details. AI can efficiently process large volumes of data, detecting anomalies, incomplete data streams, or abnormal sensor readings that warrant closer scrutiny.

This accelerates the identification of blind spots that might, otherwise, go unnoticed.

During investigations, multiple streams of data are analysed concurrently. AI can integrate diverse datasets, suggesting next steps for investigators or highlighting missing information that requires attention. This reduces the likelihood of blind spots and ensures that key decisions are made based on a thorough analysis of available data.

Ongoing studies are exploring different ways AI can support investigations. AI is being used to assist in data analysis, pattern recognition, and anomaly detection, all of which can significantly enhance the accuracy and efficiency of accident reconstructions.

Additionally, machine learning algorithms are being developed to predict maintenance needs or assess the likelihood of human errors, offering additional insights for investigations.

AI-driven image analysis greatly improves accident investigations by examining crash site images to reveal details that might be overlooked by human investigators. For instance, researchers have employed drones equipped with AI cameras to capture accident scenes, aiding in the identification of contributing factors in aviation accidents. Such advanced image processing techniques can detect small structural damages or wear during wreckage analysis, thereby improving the accuracy of investigations. A study from the University of Southern California demonstrated this by utilising computer vision algorithms to analyse images of damaged aircraft, leading to enhanced structural damage detection.

Machine learning enables AI to learn typical flight conditions and swiftly detect deviations from expected parameters.

These deviations assist investigators in pinpointing areas where systems may have operated outside of normal limits, thereby reducing the risk of minor discrepancies evolving into

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AI and machine learning have been successfully employed to analyse flight data recorders in accident investigations, aiding in the identification of critical events.

significant blind spots. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has successfully employed AI and machine learning to analyse flight data recorders in accident investigations, aiding in the identification of critical events. The goal is to identify patterns and trends in the reports, by predicting potential risks or failures in systems. It focuses on natural language processing (NLP) and deep learning models to extract valuable insights from textual data in accident reports, contributing to improved decision-making in aviation safety.

Accidents often result from a sequence of events rather than a single failure. AI can assist in mapping these complex event chains, clarifying the connections between failures and revealing critical blind spots. By identifying where a series of breakdowns occurred, AI offers a data-driven method for understanding the root causes of accidents. A notable research, Causation Correlation Analysis of Aviation Accidents, conducted by researchers in China, explores the use of data mining and AI techniques to analyse accident data, emphasising the importance of mapping event chains to identify the underlying causes of accidents.

Recent studies indicate that AI systems trained on historical accident data can improve the detection of similar blind spots in future investigations. By recognising patterns from 15 DECEMBER 2024

past incidents, AI can provide early warnings when similar contributing factors are present, ensuring that previously overlooked elements are not missed again. By utilising deep learning algorithms to analyse accident reports and identify contributing factors, these models can classify incidents and provide insights into common causes, thereby improving the efficiency of future investigations.

The increasing use of AI in investigations, along with the growing body of research, has enhanced investigators’ ability to visualise complex datasets, helping them identify risk factors that might have been overlooked. Several studies explore how AI-driven visual analytics can be employed to interpret and visualise aviation safety data, aiding investigators in pinpointing risk factors associated with accidents.

In addition to academic studies, many airlines are now utilising AI to enhance data analysis in Flight Data Monitoring (FDM). In safety event investigations, the data provided by FDM, combined with AI integration, facilitates the optimisation and identification of thresholds, as well as the selection and

evaluation of parameters that may correlate with each other or with safety incidents. AI has demonstrated significant success in these areas.

While AI offers significant advantages, its limitations in understanding context and meaning must be considered. AI typically operates based on patterns and analysing data syntax, but it lacks the semantic comprehension needed to fully grasp the root causes of accidents. Therefore, human oversight remains crucial in validating and interpreting AI-generated findings, especially in complex cases where context plays a critical role.

Additionally, AI models must be carefully adapted to the specific characteristics of aviation data, such as sensor readings, communication logs, and maintenance reports. Generic AI models may not perform effectively unless they are extensively modified to address the unique aspects of aviation accident investigations.

At its present stage, AI is unable to fully comprehend the cultural dynamics that influence human behavior in aviation, such as organisational culture and communication styles.

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Although AI can analyse data and identify patterns, it lacks the contextual understanding necessary to interpret complex human interactions. As a result, human expertise is vital in accident investigations where cultural factors play a key role.

Compliance with civil aviation regulations and legal requirements is also essential when implementing AI technologies in safety investigations. Adherence to these standards safeguards sensitive data and minimises legal risks, allowing investigative bodies to use AI effectively while maintaining integrity and confidentiality.

In conclusion, AI has the potential to revolutionise aviation accident investigations by accelerating data analysis, identifying anomalies, and detecting blind spots more effectively than traditional methods. However, AI should be seen as a supportive tool rather than a replacement. Human expertise is still essential for interpreting AI results, particularly in situations where context and a deep understanding of the circumstances are needed.

The successful integration of AI into investigation processes and its ability to produce reliable results depends not only on the AI’s capabilities but also on the expertise and patience needed for training it. Training AI is a complex task that hinges on asking the right questions to obtain accurate answers.

Therefore, it is important to recognise that trusting AI will take time and necessitate continuous oversight and validation to ensure reliability and effectiveness. This recognition is key to effectively utilising AI in investigative contexts.

By combining the speed and precision of AI with the intuition and experience of investigators, the aviation industry can achieve more thorough and accurate accident investigations.

This collaboration between AI and human expertise offers an effective approach to preventing future accidents and improving aviation safety.

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INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS AND

BIAS DURING VISUAL SCAN

18 DECEMBER 2024

CAPT. AMIT SINGH Capt. Amit Singh is a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society (FRAeS). He has over 35 years of commercial aviation experience and has flown over 18,000 hours on Boeing 777 and Airbus 320 aircraft. Capt. Amit Singh’s previous work experience includes being Chief of Safety at AirAsia, Director of Flight Operations at AirAsia, and Chief Pilot Training at Interglobe Aviation Ltd. Singh also speaks at Training and Safety forums globally. Currently, he flies the A-320 on line in the Middle East.

19 DECEMBER 2024

INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS AND BIAS DURING VISUAL SCAN

The human brain has a limited capacity for attention. This is further severely impacted by fatigue. For instance, 17 hours of wakefulness can impair cognitive function to a degree equivalent to a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.05%.

This diminished capacity for focus can lead to visual illusions, where the brain misinterprets the true nature of objects in its environment. Such illusions can convince us that what we see is an inaccurate representation of reality.

Additionally, cognitive overload can cause a phenomenon known as “inattentional blindness,” where individuals fail to notice objects that are clearly visible in their field of view, a phenomenon often described as “looking without seeing.” This issue has been observed in aviation, marine, and automotive industries, where critical incidents have occurred due to a failure to recognise obvious cues. Previous investigations have often overlooked this cognitive limitation, unfairly attributing the error solely to the operator. Cognitive ease, the brain’s tendency to accept familiar mental patterns, can further exacerbate these issues by promoting a mismatch between realworld and mental images, leading to biases in decision-making.

This article explores these cognitive challenges and their potential to compromise safety during high-stakes maneuvers.

It proposes simple yet effective strategies to enhance awareness and mindfulness, ensuring that even under high workload conditions, the risk of error is minimised.

In any accident or incident, there is rarely a single cause. Rather, there are multiple causes and contributing factors

Notice anything unusual about this lung scan?

Radiologists didn’t notice the gorilla in the top right portion of this image

20 DECEMBER 2024

The saying “seeing is believing” suggests that visible evidence is undeniable. While this is generally true, human psychology warns us that this statement may not hold under a certain set or combination of circumstances. There have been cases in aviation and marine incidents that brought up the question, “Why didn’t the crew see the obvious?”

Focusing intensely on a task can make people effectively “blind”, even to stimuli that normally attract attention (Kahneman, 2011). When engaged in a demanding task, attention can act like a set of “blinders”, making it possible for salient unexpected stimuli to pass unnoticed right in front of our eyes (Neisser & Becklen, 1975).

This phenomenon, known as “sustained inattentional blindness”, was famously demonstrated in Simons and Chabris’ (1999) study, in which observers attend to a ball-passing game while a human in a gorilla suit wanders through the game.

Despite having walked through the centre of the scene, a substantial portion of the observers did not notice the gorilla.

However, in any accident or incident, there is rarely a single cause. Rather, there are multiple causes and contributing factors, which a thorough investigation would typically reveal.

Several investigations serve as examples where one common element is present ―certain aspects of the crew’s behavior were not investigated from human factors or psychological perspectives. The overflight of Air Canada flight 759 at San Francisco International Airport (KSFO) on July 07, 2017, which involved a risk of collision, and the Canadian North B737 flight MPE9131 and Jazz Aviation flight DHC08 on August 4, 2014, are two such instances.

The investigation reports of both incidents shared several similarities. In each case, the Captain was the pilot flying (PF) while the first officer was the pilot monitoring (PM), and a visual approach was conducted. Where there was a parallel runway, it was closed and notified as a notice to airmen (NOTAM). There were parallel taxiways, too. The crewmembers were familiar with the airport, having flown there frequently,

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INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS AND BIAS DURING VISUAL SCAN

and were well-acquainted with its layout and procedures. Both cases demonstrated examples of expectation bias, confirmation bias, sleep deprivation and fatigue, and inattentional blindness.

Let’s take a look at the Air Canada incident in which Flight AC759 was cleared for a visual approach to runway 28R at San Francisco International Airport (SFO), but mistakenly lined up with a parallel taxiway before executing a go-around. AC759 had been cleared for the quiet bridge visual approach runway 28R after completing the standard terminal arrival route (STAR) (NTSB, “Accident Investigations”, 2018). Runway 28L was closed as per NOTAM. The flight’s captain was familiar with SFO’s layout comprising two closely spaced parallel runways. He had been awake for nearly 16 hours, which likely impaired decision-making.

The flight crewmembers also had recent experience flying into SFO at night. The captain flew the STAR and, at the final descent point, transitioned from instrument flight to visual reference while also disengaging the automation. Although a flashing ‘X’ was placed on the closed runway 28L, according to the NTSB, the flashing rate was too slow for the crew to notice.

The crew would have initially sighted the landing runway 28R ahead of them, as its approach lights were illuminated, and then they would have seen the parallel taxiway, which was dimly lit but had similar dimensions to the runway. In his interview, the captain stated that he was aware that runway 28L was closed, as indicated by the NOTAM. Expectation bias likely influenced the pilot’s perception when PAPI lights were sighted on only one runway and its associated approach. The parallel taxiway was also in view, and the lights along it, close to the runway, contributed to an incomplete mental image of the situation. The pilot had expected to see two runways.

Despite a mismatch in the mental and real images, the pilot made two assumptions. First, the now-closed runway 28L was still open, and second, the runway in front of him was 28L. This expectation bias led to confirmation bias. He believed that the lights to the right of the runway lights were those of runway 28R. They were, in fact, the lights of the parallel taxiway ‘C’.

Despite all visual evidence pointing out that the taxiway did not have approach lights, and neither did it have a PAPI for vertical

22 DECEMBER 2024

descent guidance, the pilot aligned the aircraft trajectory with the parallel taxiway ‘C’ instead of the runway 28R. With this assumption and decision, the mental image matched what they saw in their field of vision ahead of them. At the same time, three passenger jets were taxiing on the taxiway, their navigation lights steady and their flashing beacons on top illuminating. The captain and crew did not spot any of the three aircraft.

This oversight can be attributed to inattentional blindness.

With limited cognitive capacity and analytical skills due to fatigue and biases, and further confirmation from the ATC that the runway was clear, the pilots and crew overlooked unexpected objects in their field of vision.

This incident demonstrates the significant role of inattentional blindness and cognitive biases, such as expectation and confirmation bias, in critical aviation situations. The human brain, with its limited capacity for attention, can easily become overwhelmed, particularly in high-stakes environments that demand rapid processing of visual and contextual information.

As seen in these cases, fatigue, reliance on mental shortcuts, and mismatches between expected and actual visual cues all contribute

to a higher risk of error during the transition from instrumentbased to visual flying.

To address these challenges, it is crucial to implement training programmes that emphasise the importance of recognising and mitigating cognitive biases. Scenario-based training that replicates high-stress environments can help pilots practice identifying and overcoming biases in realtime. Additionally, adopting strategies such as mindfulness and cognitive load management can enhance a pilot’s ability to maintain focus and reduce the likelihood of inattentional blindness. Crew resource management (CRM) is also essential in this context, as effective communication and cross-checking among crew members can help identify potential errors before they lead to unsafe situations.

Ultimately, understanding the impact of cognitive biases and inattentional blindness on pilot performance is key to improving aviation safety. Through targeted training, awareness-building, and the adoption of practical strategies, the aviation industry can better equip pilots to handle the complex and dynamic nature of flight operations, reducing the risk of incidents and enhancing overall safety outcomes.

23 DECEMBER 2024

24 DECEMBER 2024

SPACE DEBRIS AND AVIATION SAFETY:

CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES As humanity ventures further into space, the boundaries between space operations and aviation have become increasingly blurred.

MUBARAK AL AHBABI Mubarak Al Ahbabi is a Senior Engineer in Space Systems Standards and Quality at the UAE Space Agency. He specializes in space mission operations, system standards, and quality assurance. Mubarak has played a key role in major projects such as the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) and the Emirates Mission to Explore the Asteroid Belt (EMA).

He also actively contributes to space debris management initiatives. With extensive experience in developing ground segment systems, Mubarak collaborates closely with international space agencies, including NASA and ESA. 25 DECEMBER 2024

SPACE DEBRIS AND AVIATION SAFETY: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

In recent years, the world has witnessed a significant increase in the number of spacecraft orbiting in low Earth orbit. This rapid expansion is driven by advancements in technology, and the ambitions of countries and private companies to explore space and utilise its resources. However, this tremendous growth in space activities has led to an increased risk of spacecraft parts falling due to collisions or technical malfunctions. These developments pose new threats that require special preparations to be addressed effectively.

While the probability of falling space debris impacting aircraft is minimal, the potential consequences could be severe. Understanding these risks and implementing effective measures is crucial as we navigate these emerging challenges.

This article explores the challenges posed by space debris, reviews historical incidents, and outlines strategies for mitigating these risks to ensure both space missions and air travel remain safe.

Space debris, also known as space junk, comprises derelict satellites, spent rocket stages, and fragments from past collisions. As space activities have expanded, so too has the amount of debris orbiting Earth. According to recent estimates, there are thousands of pieces of space debris large enough to be tracked, with countless smaller fragments that are difficult to monitor. This growing cloud of debris poses a significant risk not only to active space missions but also to critical satellites supporting vital aviation operations, such as navigation and communication.

Several incidents highlight the potential dangers associated with space debris. For instance, on February 10, 2009, the active Iridium 33 and derelict Cosmos 2251 satellites collided at high speed, creating thousands of debris fragments. This first hypervelocity collision between satellites significantly increased space debris, prompting enhanced monitoring and discussions on improving debris management. Occasionally, derelict satellites re-enter Earth’s atmosphere, with some parts reaching the surface. These rare events highlight the importance of tracking and managing space debris to prevent potential hazards.

Currently, several measures are in place to safeguard aviation from the threat of space debris. Agencies like NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) use advanced tracking systems to monitor space debris. This data helps predict potential collisions and manage space traffic. For example, the tracking of space debris from the Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 collision 26 DECEMBER 2024

has provided valuable insights into managing and mitigating future risks. Another approach is predictive modeling where authorities analyse debris trajectories to estimate when and where debris might re-enter the atmosphere.

Despite these efforts, challenges remain. Accurately predicting the re-entry of debris is complex due to the numerous variables involved. This limitation complicates efforts to prevent potential collisions. Additionally, effective debris management requires coordination between space agencies, aviation authorities, and international organisations.

This can be challenging due to differing priorities and resources among nations.

To address the increasing risks associated with space debris, several strategic preparations are essential. There is a need for improved tracking systems and data sharing between space and aviation sectors. This can enhance predictions and management of debris-related risks. It is also crucial to have international collaboration on these efforts for effective global management.

Innovations in debris mitigation, such as active removal technologies (e.g., robotic and laser systems) and improved shielding for spacecraft, are essential too. Recent projects, such as the development of laser systems for debris removal, show promise in reducing the risks associated with space debris.

In the long term, updating policies and regulations to address the growing problem of space debris is of vital importance. This includes developing international agreements on space traffic management and debris mitigation strategies.

The future of space debris management appears promising with ongoing advancements in technology and increased

The future of space debris management appears promising with ongoing advancements in technology and increased international collaboration.

international collaboration. Emerging technologies, such as advanced laser systems and improved tracking algorithms, hold the potential to significantly enhance our ability to manage and mitigate space debris risks. Continued international cooperation and innovation will be vital in addressing these challenges and ensuring the safety of both space and aviation operations.

The increasing presence of space debris presents a significant challenge to both space missions and aviation safety.

By understanding the risks and implementing robust measures, we can better prepare for and mitigate these threats. Continued innovation, collaboration, and vigilance will be essential in ensuring that our skies remain safe as we navigate the future of space and aviation.

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TRAUMA, MENTAL HEALTH AND MORAL INJURY:

CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUPPORT IN AVIATION

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DR MIKE RENNIE Dr Mike Rennie is a Chartered Psychologist and Fellow of the British Psychological Society. He currently works for Kenyon Emergency Services as the Humanitarian Services Manager.

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TRAUMA, MENTAL HEALTH AND MORAL INJURY: CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUPPORT IN AVIATION

Over the last two decades, the public awareness of mental health has increased. Organisations are much more aware of mental health problems that may be faced by their staff. This was made even more apparent in the post-covid environment.

Individuals are aware of their own welfare and mental health needs thanks to publicity campaigns by health services and related academic societies such as the British Psychological Society and the American Psychological Association. With the return-to-work post furlough, people have dealt with issues of isolation, loss, and personal and societal trauma.

The psychological impact on the population is well-reported, although the long-term impact on mental health outcomes is still to be fully understood.

Even before the pandemic though, and specific to the aviation industry, the mental health of pilots was thrown into stark relief by the Germanwings incident on March 24, 2015. The subsequent work mainly focused on pilot mental health with random mental health tests for pilots among the responses being considered. In 2018, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) published new safety rules including provisions for improved support for the mental health of air crew. This included “all pilots working for European airlines will have

All pilots working for European airlines will have access to a support programme that will assist and support pilots in recognising, coping with, and overcoming problems which might negatively affect their ability to safely exercise the privileges of their licence.

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access to a support programme that will assist and support pilots in recognising, coping with, and overcoming problems which might negatively affect their ability to safely exercise the privileges of their licence.” Along with this, “European airlines will perform a psychological assessment of their pilots before the start of employment”. It is interesting that the focus is on pilots, and seems to ignore the safety-critical role played by cabin crew and other staff.

Against this backdrop, Kenyon Emergency Services provides a Mental Health Support service, where our clients’ staff can access initial advice and support from mental health professionals. We have seen an increase in referrals to our service from aviation staff after minor incidents. Minor incidents are classified as events such as passenger death on board, near misses, severe turbulence, especially if it leads to injury, and staff bereavements.

Although referred to as “minor” these are serious incidents and are not to be trivialised. Often the effect on the crew and staff is traumatic and long-term. When I joined Kenyon as a team member, I often responded as a Mental Health Professional (MHP) offering telephone support to such incidents. Usually, the service was activated for pilots after a near miss, or on one occasion, a fire in the cockpit, although there were also cases where cabin crew were injured by severe turbulence. Such incidents are traumatic, but it needs to be remembered that most people soon recover from traumatic occurrences.

When faced with a threat our brains react by activating the amygdala. This in turn activates the fight, fight, or freeze response within the sympathetic nervous system priming our

body to react to the danger it perceives. In the short-term fear, anger and shock are normal responses that for most people fade after the crisis diminishes and the experience becomes something we remember, rather than experience. Practitioners need to be careful not to retraumatise individuals when they are dealing with them and be aware of vicarious trauma where trauma can be activated within individuals who are dealing empathically with victims; this is especially true among MHP’s.

Of course, there are cases when the trauma is deep-rooted and further, long-term, therapeutic support is needed.

As part of The Lived Experience and Wellbeing Project by Trinity College Dublin, 2,000 aviation workers were surveyed, including pilots, cabin crew, and engineers. The findings showed that aviation workers reported more mental health issues than the general population, with 58% of cabin crew reporting moderate depression.

Since joining Kenyon full-time and having management oversight on the mental health support service, I have tracked trends in the cases referred to Kenyon’s Mental Health Professionals.

It has been noticed that many of our aviation industry requests for mental health support are from individuals that have witnessed or attempted to resuscitate passengers who have died in flight. According to some figures, there is an estimated medical emergency of one per 600 flights, equating to 16 medical emergencies per one million passengers. Statistics from a New England Journal of Medicine article from 2013 estimated that 0.3% of in-flight medical emergencies resulted

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TRAUMA, MENTAL HEALTH AND MORAL INJURY: CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUPPORT IN AVIATION

in a death. A study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association estimated 350 cardiac arrests during flight in the United States every year, with 2,000 globally. According to the American Heart Association, there is only a 15% chance of surviving a cardiac arrest on a plane.

For those who deal with such cases, the aftermath of a medical incident can be traumatic enough, but when despite best efforts the outcome is death for the passenger, the impact on the cabin crew involved can be overwhelming. This is when the mental health support offered by employers through employee support programmes and Kenyon’s Mental Health Support Service are important parts of recovery for the individuals involved.

Initial case analyses show that moral injury is often a contributing factor to the staff member requesting support.

Individuals often comment that they “should have done more” or been better at applying cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

There are often feelings expressed indicating that the individual has let down the passenger and their family by not being able to save their life, or that after they died, they should have treated them with more dignity, rather than often just securing them in the seat with a blanket over them.

Victoria Williamson and her colleagues define moral injury as a “strong cognitive and emotional response that can occur 32 DECEMBER 2024

following events that violate a person’s moral or ethical code” (2021). As seen in the examples given, it appears to be a theme in the narrative of the cabin crew who have dealt with a passenger fatality.

Although not a mental illness per se, moral injury does seem to lead to the development of mental health problems with an associated heightened risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, it should be noted that most of the research on moral injury has been focused on military populations — it was first reported among Vietnam veterans by psychiatrist Jonathon Shay. Symptoms include complex feelings of guilt, remorse, shame, and anger. It can lead to persistent self-criticism, feelings of unworthiness, thoughts of being unforgivable, and feeling like you are permanently damaged.

It is easy to see that moral injury can add to the complexity of a normal reaction to a traumatic event.

Currently, the focus on the treatment of moral injury is still within the military domain, the US Department of Veteran

Affairs has a number of programmes to help veterans, but they mostly involve long-term therapy and their efficacy for civilians is, probably, not high. Post-Covid, there has been more focus on the incidence of moral injury among healthcare professionals. The Royal College of Nursing in the United Kingdom has called for funding to support medical staff who have developed moral injury. There have been numerous calls in the scientific literature for further research into the impact of moral injury, how it interacts, if at all, with trauma and specifically PTSD, and importantly affects approaches to treatment.

It has been suggested that it is only during discussion with others that we can hear an impartial voice that allows us to make sense of morally distressing and traumatic events.

By engaging with specialist Mental Health Professionals either through a service like Kenyon or a company’s employee support process, staff and crew are supported, and are helped to cope with whatever they are facing after traumatic incidents.

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UNMANNED INNOVATIONS

HOW DRONES ARE REVOLUTIONISING AIR ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS

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FADI ELAMIN Fadi Elamin is the Founder and CEO of MySkies. An expert in UAVs, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain and defence intelligence, he has over a decade’s experience in the UAE and Middle East, along with a proven track record in the defence forces and public sector.

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When it comes to investigating air accidents, speed and accuracy are paramount. Time is of the essence, and understanding the sequence of events that led to a crash can mean the difference between preventing future disasters and remaining in the dark. Enter the age of drones. These versatile, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are transforming the way air accident investigations are conducted with new technology, innovative methods, and state-of-the-art equipment.

Game-Changing Gadgets: Tools and Equipment in Use Modern drones used in air investigations are far from the average off-the-shelf quadcopters. For instance, fixed-wing drones are used for covering large crash sites or areas where the wreckage is scattered. They offer longer flight times and greater range than multi-rotor drones. Quadcopter and

Sky Detectives: The Role of Drones in Air Accident Investigations Traditionally, air accident investigations involved teams on foot, helicopters for aerial views, and time-consuming manual documentation. Now, drones offer investigators a nimble and cost-effective tool that allows them to collect high-quality data, quickly and efficiently.

They can survey areas that may be unsafe or difficult for humans to reach, while offering sweeping aerial views of the wreckage, inspecting hard-to-reach spots, and helping investigators reconstruct the accident site without exposing themselves to potential hazards.

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Drones fitted with multispectral and hyperspectral sensors are being used to detect substances beyond the visible spectrum, such as fuel spillage.

hexacopter drones are highly manoeuvrable, making them ideal for detailed site examinations and accessing confined spaces within the wreckage. Autonomous drones can be programmed to follow specific flight paths and carry out predefined tasks without manual control, reducing human error. Fleets of small drones, also known as swarm drones, working in tandem can quickly map out extensive crash sites, covering more ground faster than a single drone.

Sensors Galore: The Technology Powering Drone Investigations Today, drones are equipped with an array of sensors that gather data that would be challenging or impossible to collect otherwise. These include high-resolution cameras which allow the capture of detailed images and videos of crash sites. Highresolution images can then be analysed to identify initial ground impacts, scatter patterns, and even specific parts of the aircraft.

Drones equipped with LiDAR (light detection and ranging) technology use laser pulses to create 3D maps of the terrain and wreckage. They help in recreating the accident site digitally, aiding investigators in their analysis. Infrared cameras help identify hotspots, which might indicate post-crash fires or heat generated by certain equipment or fuel tanks. Similarly, thermal sensors (particularly crucial in search and rescue operations immediately following an accident) help locate survivors by their heat signatures. Drones fitted with multispectral and hyperspectral sensors are being used to detect substances beyond the visible spectrum, such as fuel spillage.

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UNMANNED INNOVATIONS HOW DRONES ARE REVOLUTIONISING AIR ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS

Data Excellence: Methods and Techniques The integration of drones into air accident investigations isn’t just about gathering data; it’s also about how that data is used. Investigators employ various methods and techniques to interpret and derive actionable insights from the information drones gather. Using photogrammetry, they stitch together multiple images captured from different angles, to create accurate 3D models of crash sites. These models enable detailed analysis from any perspective, effectively reconstructing the event and helping pinpoint causes. Geospatial analysis is used to combine drone-captured data with Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, which in turn allows the overlaying of crash data on terrain maps. This not only helps in visualising the crash site but also in understanding the environment’s influence on the crash.

Live feeds from drones help coordination teams view the crash site in real-time, making quick decisions without waiting for preliminary site surveys. This real-time streaming is invaluable during the initial response phase of an accident.

Advanced algorithms can be used to scan drone-captured data to enable automated pattern recognition such as fracture lines, 38 DECEMBER 2024

explosion signatures, or mechanical damage, speeding up the identification process.

Real life applications To truly appreciate the impact of drones, let’s consider a real-world application. In 2022, an airliner experienced a tragic crash in a remote, forested area. Given the challenging terrain, traditional ground teams would have struggled with access, potentially delaying the investigation.

Instead, a fleet of drones was deployed. High-resolution images and LiDAR data were captured within hours, providing a comprehensive view of the site. The drones’ infrared cameras identified hotspots, aiding in the detection of lingering fires,ensuring that it was safe for human teams to enter.

The real game-changer was the use of photogrammetry.

The detailed 3D model created from drone images allowed investigators to visualise the impact from multiple angles, identifying critical points of failure that were initially overlooked.

Additionally, the combination of hyperspectral sensors revealed that there were traces of a fuel leak, assisting in forming hypotheses about the sequence of events leading to the crash.

Onward and Upward: The Future of Drones in Air Accident Investigations The use of drones in air accident investigations is only scratching the surface of their potential. As technology advances, drones will become smarter, more autonomous, and even more integral to investigative work. Enhanced sensors, improved data processing algorithms, and even collaborative networks of drones are on the horizon.

Moreover, the evolution of machine learning and AI promises that future drones will not just collect data but also analyse it on the fly, alerting investigators to critical findings in real-time.

In the realm of air accident investigations, drones have swiftly moved from being a novel addition to an indispensable tool. Their ability to quickly, safely, and accurately gather and analyse data is revolutionising how investigators approach crash sites. With continuous advancements in technology and techniques, the future is bright—and safer—thanks to these high-flying helpers. So, next time you see a drone buzzing overhead, remember, it’s not just a gadget; it’s a guardian of the skies, ensuring our flights are safer and our skies, a little less mysterious.

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40 DECEMBER 2024

KEY DRIVERS OF

SUSTAINABLE AVIATION Achieving sustainability in aviation requires a multi-faceted approach.

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KEY DRIVERS OF SUSTAINABLE AVIATION

Sustainable Aviation Fuels Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) have become one of the most critical components powering the industry’s green transition.

SAF can reduce lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions by up to 80 per cent compared to traditional jet fuels. It’s no surprise, therefore, that IATA has committed to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Similarly, ICAO has agreed upon a global framework to promote SAF production in all geographies for international aviation to be 5 per cent less carbon-intensive by 2030, through the use of SAF. These commitments ignited a series of SAF production and adoption initiatives globally. For instance, the United States of America launched the US Grand Challenge which aims to produce three billion gallons of SAF per year by 2030. Airlines such as United Airlines, Singapore Airlines, All Nippon Airways, Qantas, Emirates, and Etihad, are investing substantially in SAF research and adoption. Some of these airlines have already added SAF to their fuel mix. As a result of industry-wide

initiatives, SAF production tripled to reach 600 million litres in 2023 from 300 million litres in 2022. Despite the marked jump, SAF accounts for less than 0.2 per cent of total global aviation fuel consumption.

Innovations in Aircraft Tech In addition to transitioning to green fuel, the aviation industry is looking towards improved aircraft design, materials, and propulsion systems that produce more fuel-efficient planes.

Modern aircraft such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A350 offer nearly 25 per cent more fuel efficiency than previous generation models. This is due to the use of lighter composite materials like carbon fibre in manufacturing. Lighter aircraft bodies, coupled with advances in turbofan engines and high-bypass engines, have resulted in higher fuel efficiency and lower carbon dioxide emissions.

Hydrogen-powered aircraft and hybrid electric and fully electric propulsion systems present promising alternatives to airplanes powered by fossil fuels. Under its ZEROe initiative,

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Sustainable aviation fuel production process Household waste Used cooking oil Forestry waste

1

Collection of feedstock household waste

Production journey of sustainable aviation fuel

Transformed fuel is delivered to airport & wings

81% reduction in lifecycle carbon emission

2

4

Blending of traditional jet fuel with sustainable aviation fuel for aircraft

3

Conversion of feedstock into sustainable aviation fuel

Airbus has unveiled plans to introduce hydrogen-powered planes. The company aims to introduce hydrogen-powered commercial aircraft by 2035. In a similar vein, Rolls-Royce is actively researching electric propulsion systems for short-haul flights. If these initiatives are successful, they could be gamechangers for the industry.

Modern aircraft such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A350 offer nearly 25 per cent more fuel efficiency than previous generation models.

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KEY DRIVERS OF SUSTAINABLE AVIATION

Enhancing Operational Efficiencies Although SAF and innovations in aircraft technology promise higher benefits, they will take time to realise. Improving operational efficiencies, such as optimising flight planning, air traffic management, and ground operations, leads to faster reductions in carbon emissions. Operationally, performancebased navigation (PBN) and optimised air traffic management have proved to be the most impactful ways to improve efficiency. PBN uses satellite and onboard systems, rather than traditional ground-based navigation aids, to provide increased flight path flexibility. It enables more direct and shorter routes, aids in avoiding terrain, obstacles, and restricted areas more accurately, and allows for safe access to airports even in adverse weather or challenging terrain. Collectively, these benefits translate to lower fuel consumption and emissions.

Aircraft weight and load management In addition to reducing the weight of the aircraft itself, airlines are focusing on reducing unnecessary onboard weight such as excess fuel reserves, and adopting more efficient load balancing. Other weight management tools include reducing the weight of interior components such as lighter seats, trolleys, and galley equipment.

Sustainable ground operations & infrastructure Aviation ground operations are also aligning with global efforts for carbon-neutral operations. Focus areas include energy use, airport design and infrastructure, waste management, noise reduction, and water conservation. Most major airports are electrifying their ground support equipment (GSE) such as baggage tractors, pushback tugs, and aircraft stairs. Moreover, they are adopting energy-efficient designs, digitising operations, and implementing waste reduction techniques. Green-building practices, such as LEED-certified materials, solar panels, and energy-efficient HVAC systems are commonplace now. Carbon offsetting programs are on the rise too. The Airport Carbon Accreditation (ACA) Program launched

by Airports Council International (ACI) sets out a roadmap for airports to measure, reduce, and offset their carbon emissions.

Airports can achieve different levels of accreditation, from mapping their carbon footprint (Level 1) to becoming Carbon Neutral (Level 3+), depending on their efforts to offset emissions.

Market-based measures Market-based measures (MBMs) are gaining traction in the aviation industry. By offering financial incentives in return for a reduction in emissions, they incentivise sustainability for airlines and other aviation stakeholders. Current MBMs include carbon offset programs, emission trading systems (ETS), and carbon taxes. In 2016, ICAO implemented its Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA).

This has now become the primary MBM for aviation. CORSIA requires airlines to offset their emissions from international flights that exceed 2020 levels. At present, it is being implemented in phases with voluntary participation. After 2027, CORSIA will become mandatory for all ICAO member states to implement it.

Other MBMs include the Emissions Trading Systems (ETS) and the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).

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Current MBMs include carbon offset programs, emission trading systems (ETS), and carbon taxes.

Under ETS, airlines follow set limits for carbon emissions.

If they exceed the limit, they must buy additional allowances.

EU ETS covers emissions from flights within the European Economic Area (EEA). Under it, airlines must buy or receive emission allowances to cover their CO₂ emissions, with the option to trade unused allowances. By making it more expensive for airlines to emit greenhouse gases, MBMs push airlines to invest in fuel-efficient tech, SAFs, and other sustainable practices.

The road to achieving sustainable aviation is a long one fraught with several challenges including making SAF more viable, scaling new technology, and making infrastructure greener. However, with continued investment, innovation, and policy support, the industry can look forward to a future where flying is efficient, cost-effective also environmentally sustainable.

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GOING BIG ON

AVIATION SAFETY AND INVESTIGATION Big data is revolutionising our approach to aviation safety.

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GOING BIG ON AVIATION SAFETY AND INVESTIGATION

Vast streams of data are generated by the aviation industry every hour. For instance, the Boeing 737 generates 20 terabytes of engine data every hour and the Airbus A350 produces data for up to 400,000 parametres including weather conditions, air traffic, aircraft speed, cabin temperature, and fuel consumption, to name a few. Then there is data from air traffic control, maintenance logs and other operational services. All of these different data types, formats, and structures, collectively known as Big Data, must come together in a meaningful and timely manner to ensure a safe flight environment. Today, aviation operators rely heavily on artificial intelligence (AI) to analyse these staggering volumes of data in real time.

Using AI to analyse Big Data has enabled multilayer network correlation where detailed analyses can be performed at several levels such as the aircraft and its performance, or the aircraft and crew management. Such analysis exerts a multifold impact that addresses not only flight safety but also extends to operational efficiency and sustainability.

Predictive Analytics and Maintenance Safety Related Big Data (SRBD) enables a more predictive approach to aviation safety. Bolstered with AI, predictive analytics is elevated to the position of a critical defence system against the unseen. One of the areas where predictive analytics has had a significant impact is carrier maintenance, empowering a shift from reactive to predictive maintenance.

It anticipates wear and tear on mechanical and electrical parts and can forecast when a component is likely to fail. This allows the airline to take proactive measures, and eliminate safety risks while optimising maintenance costs. Further, analytics can help in optimising fixed inventory and moving towards just-intime spare parts management. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) estimates that predictive maintenance could save airlines up to 5 per cent in maintenance costs and reduce aircraft downtime by up to 30 per cent.

Flight Data and Real-time Incident Monitoring Automated flight data recording and its subsequent analysis

by AI systems not only replaces costly and time-consuming manual systems, but also eliminates the chances of human error. Further, Big Data provides real-time monitoring systems that can detect anomalies as they happen, empowering operators to react faster. For instance, if an aircraft is experiencing difficulties in flight, real-time data can be accessed by engineers or investigators, giving them immediate insights into the situation. British Airways’ new E-Logs system transfers data from the aircraft to ground engineers within seconds and

much before the aircraft lands. This allows the ground staff to arrange any required parts and resolve any other issues faster on the aircraft’s arrival.

Air Traffic Management According to global travel data provider OAG, over 100,000 commercial flights take to the skies each day. Without Big Data analytics and AI, it would be impossible to handle this volume of traffic safely and efficiently. It aids controllers in foreseeing traffic patterns, optimising flight routes, reducing congestion, and enabling clearer communication between aircraft and air traffic control systems. Additionally, real-time monitoring of all aircraft in flight can help to predict and resolve potential conflicts in flight paths. Traffic collision avoidance system is an example of an AIdriven collision avoidance system that monitors aircraft positions in real-time and issues regular alerts to prevent mid-air collisions.

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Enhancing Aviation Investigations

100,000

commercial flights take to the skies each day

Big data analytics is not only preventative but also plays a critical role in investigating aviation incidents and accidents. It helps investigators in collecting and analysing massive data sets from the Flight Data Recorder (FDR) and Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR), as well as radar data, weather reports, maintenance logs, and historical flight information. These assist investigators in reconstructing the events leading to the incident more accurately. This in turn helps conclude the investigations faster, a process that would extend over years previously. Such data analyses also aids authorities and airlines in identifying trends or risks that may indicate deeper systemic or management issues. Driven by Big Data insights, aviation authorities are proactively enhancing safety protocols, leading to an overall improvement in aviation safety.

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GOING BIG ON AVIATION SAFETY AND INVESTIGATION

Challenges and Opportunities There is no doubt that harnessing the capabilities of Big Data and AI has had a significant positive impact on global aviation safety, efficiency, and operational decision-making.

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) reports a steady decline in aviation accidents, attributing much of this to advancements in data-driven safety systems. As per ICAO reports, the global accident rate dropped by 53 per cent between 2012 and 2021, with Big Data analytics playing a significant role in improving predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring, and risk management. Big Data has also resulted in improved response times in the case of aviation incidents.

While SRBD offers significant advantages, its implementation comes with several challenges. For predictive analytics to be effective, it requires access to vast amounts of global data such as incident reports, weather data, air traffic information, and

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The global accident rate dropped by 53 per cent between 2012 and 2021, with Big Data analytics playing a significant role in improving predictive maintenance.

maintenance logs. Airlines and aviation authorities may not want to share this data due to security and privacy concerns.

Additionally, different airlines use different aviation systems and collating their data could lead to integration and interoperability issues. Inconsistencies in data logging may cause gaps in data sets resulting in inaccurate insights.

Moreover, the collection, analysis and interpretation of SRBD is a highly complex process and there are chances of overestimations of risks or missed warnings. The seamless integration of data across different aviation systems will require the implementation of standardised data formats or development of unified data exchange standards across the aviation sector. SRBD also requires the continuous refinement of algorithms and machine learning models to improve prediction accuracy. In addition to being scalable, SRBD solutions will also have to be cost-effective so that

can be adopted by both large and small players. All stakeholders will have to undergo comprehensive training to fully understand the benefits of SRBD tech. Finally, there is a need for industrywide initiatives, such as extensive training of all stakeholders and implementation of universal data privacy and security protocols to fully extract the benefits of SRBD. While SRBD holds great potential to revolutionise aviation safety and efficiency, its full adoption is still a work in progress. Overcoming the challenges associated with it will require significant investment in infrastructure, data storage, processing power, and AI technologies. However, with continued advancements, AI and Big Data will undoubtedly play an even larger role in preventing accidents and ensuring swift, accurate investigations, ultimately saving lives and improving the overall safety of air travel.

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BUILDING

FUTURE-PROOF AIRPORTS As aviation undergoes massive transformation, airport spaces, and services must find ways to become resilient and future-proof.

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BUILDING FUTURE-PROOF AIRPORTS

International management consulting firm Oliver Wyman expects the global commercial fleet to expand by 33 per cent by 2033. In the meantime, passenger traffic is expected to surge by 5.8 per cent between 2022 and 2040 predicts Airports Council International (ACI) World. As the first and last points of contact for aerial passengers and cargo, airport spaces and services need to keep up with this boom while maintaining seamless operations and zero service disruptions. Modern airports recognise that future-proofing can be accomplished only by demonstrating a high degree of physical and digital agility. They are undertaking several initiatives to ensure that they can adapt to changing technologies and processes with ease.

Modern airports recognise that future-proofing can be accomplished only by demonstrating a high degree of physical and digital agility.

Repurposing Fixed Assets Building a modern airport requires massive investment in fixed assets such as terminals, runways, taxiways, car parks, intermodal connectivity points, and offices. Until now, these have been purpose-built with fixed lifespans. Airport authorities are now exploring ways to repurpose these assets so they can be modified to meet changing operational preferences. For instance, there is a need for current airport infrastructure to make arrangements for new mobility technologies such as

hydrogen-powered aircraft and electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicles. Although airports have been utilising the DfMA (Design for Manufacture and Assembly) philosophy for quite some time, now they must look at incorporating preassembled modules in airport design. These pre-assembled modules should be able to undergo multiple reconfigurations to

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cater to constantly evolving spatial requirements. They should also aid the implementation of a decentralised terminal model where multiple, smaller, and flexible terminals are connected by automated systems. Such modular layouts can reduce congestion and minimise passenger walking distances creating a more positive passenger experience. By adopting modular layouts, future airports can expand or reconfigure terminal spaces in sync with changing passenger volumes.

Implementing Common-use Solutions In places where it isn’t possible to expand the physical footprint of the airport, authorities will have to explore the potential of common-use solutions. Instead of reserving dedicated spaces for different airlines, common-use solutions allow airports to optimise their existing resources and space by sharing them between airlines. Common-use equipment includes check-in desks, passenger self-service kiosks, bag tag printers, self-service check-in, and payment devices, to name a few. Optimising these passenger processing tools will allow airports to accommodate more airlines, improve their processes and, most importantly, reduce costs for new airlines to commence operations.

Digital Transformation However, relying only on physical agility isn’t sufficient in the current scenario. It takes months, if not years, to complete changes to physical infrastructure and realise the benefits of such changes. Physical infrastructural improvements must be coupled with robust digital transformation to build airports that are future-proof. One example where digital tech can maximise the potential of an airport’s infrastructure is cloud-native gate management platforms. Leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, such platforms can centralise airport data, predict passenger flow, automate tasks, and provide accurate real-time flight information enabling airport operations teams to manage ground and airside operations and allocations more efficiently. This in turn enables airports to increase their passenger processing capacity without actually expanding their physical footprint.

Additionally, extended use of biometrics, AI, machine learning, 3D printings, and automation presents the potential to phase out traditional airport operating processes and systems. These include paper-based passports, boarding passes, visas and other travel documents. Industry insiders expect that by 2030, paper baggage tags will be replaced by reusable electronic tags that

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BUILDING FUTURE-PROOF AIRPORTS

can be updated with a passenger’s journey details and tracked on a smart phone. Similarly, the use of AI and Internet of Things (IoT) technology will become a core feature of airports of the future where digital twins of airports will be used for the simulation of hypothetical situations.

The digitisation of passenger operations will influence airport design and layout too. For instance, reduced check-in counters and security screening queues will free up space for more retail and leisure spaces. Embracing digitisation across all areas of operations, including cargo and passenger operations, will necessitate close collaboration between all industry stakeholders and regulators. Here, data sharing will become a crucial factor for success. There is a need for regulations and processes that enable seamless data sharing across multiple stakeholders, without compromising privacy and security regulations.

Intermodal Connectivity Expanding beyond their role as aerial connectivity hubs, next-gen airports will have to offer intermodal connectivity to facilitate the seamless movement of people and goods. Future airport spaces must give travellers access to connection points for electric vehicles, Urban Air Mobility (UAM) concepts, and ultra-high-speed rail networks.

Revolutionising Passenger Experience Finally, airports of the future will have to find innovative ways to deliver more personalised and intuitive passenger services. These could include baggage drop-off and pick-up options from travelers’ homes, F&B delivery at the airport, and the ability to deliver duty-free shopping at the destination.

Leveraging AI and Big Data, future airports can offer travellers

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hyper-personalised communication and real-time updates.

These could include notifications about gate changes, security wait times, or information about baggage collection on their smart devices. Messages can be tailored to individual needs and preferences, such as priority boarding alerts for VIP passengers and directions to family-friendly amenities across the airport for families.

In conclusion, airports of the future will need to strike a careful balance between physical infrastructure upgrades and

cutting-edge technological innovations to remain resilient and future-proof. As global passenger traffic continues to grow and aviation technology evolves, airports must embrace modular layouts, common-use solutions, and digital transformation to optimise operations and enhance passenger experiences.

From seamless intermodal connectivity to hyper-personalised services, the future airport will be defined by its ability to adapt rapidly to new mobility trends, data-driven decision-making, and customer expectations.

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AVIATION LEARNING & DEVELOPMENT

TAKES A BIG LEAP

Here’s a look at how Big Data and AI are reshaping the future of L&D in aviation.

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AVIATION LEARNING & DEVELOPMENT TAKES A BIG LEAP

In recent years, AI and Big Data have permeated every aspect of aviation, ushering in advancements at breakneck speed. The industry’s learning and development (L&D) personnel have to keep abreast of these changes in order to ensure the safe and efficient functioning of the sector.

Ironically, aviation L&D is looking to integrate AI-powered solutions and Big Data-driven insights to deliver more effective and personalised training solutions.

Personalisation of Training Traditionally, aviation training programmes have followed a one-size-fits-all approach where staff undergoes standardised training modules. Through the use of AI and Big Data, trainers now have the opportunity to tailor L&D programmes to meet individual learning needs. AI systems can be used to analyse data such as previous training performance, on-job performance, operational logs, and simulation outcomes. Upon the identification of skill gaps, they can create personalised learning pathways.

Predictive Analytics for Skill Gap Identification Big Data provides the aviation industry with massive amounts of operational, performance, and maintenance data. By applying AI-driven predictive analytics to this data, airlines and aviation organisations can predict potential skill gaps. L&D experts

can then leverage this information to design programmes that proactively address any latent deficiencies in critical skills before they become operational risks. This information can also be used to predict areas where staff need additional training or retraining. Such an approach is particularly useful in pilot training where AI models are used to analyse patterns from flight logs, simulator sessions, and incidents to predict when pilots need refresher training or targeted training for specific weather conditions or manoeuvres.

Real-Time Feedback and Adaptive Learning Big Data can be used to monitor ongoing performance and provide real-time insights into employee learning progress. The information can then be used to make immediate adjustments to the training content. This ensures that learners receive training that is most relevant to them, increasing their retention and subsequent application in real-world situations. Additionally, adaptive learning algorithms can be used to adjust the difficulty level of content and training exercises based on the learner’s progress.

Using Data-Driven Insights to Reduce Human Error Human error remains a leading cause of aviation accidents.

One of the primary goals of aviation’s L&D sector is to reduce the incidence of human error. By analysing vast amounts of

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historical and real-time data from various aviation incidents, Big Data can help experts identify the most common human factors that contribute to operational errors. This information can be used to refine L&D programs by focusing on areas where mistakes are most likely to occur.

Regulatory Compliance and Administrative Efficiency AI is also playing an important role in expediting and streamlining tedious administrative processes such as scheduling, tracking progress and certification. It helps administrators keep pace with the industry’s evolving regulatory landscape by automating compliance tracking and ensuring that training programs stay aligned with evolving standards.

Recently, several aviation training platforms have emerged that incorporate AI to monitor employees’ training progress, track certification renewals, and automatically schedule necessary refresher courses. In addition to keeping staff updated with the latest industry standards, the automation of such tasks helps airlines avoid costly non-compliance issues.

that L&D programmes remain relevant and effective in the face of evolving challenges in the aviation industry. It also fosters a culture of lifelong learning, where employees are encouraged to continuously improve their skills.

From personalised learning experiences to predictive analytics and real-time feedback, Big Data and AI are enhancing the precision, effectiveness, and efficiency of training in one of the most complex and safety-critical industries. The potential of these technologies to reduce human error, streamline administrative tasks, and foster continuous learning underscores their critical importance in the ongoing development of the aviation workforce. As aviation continues to evolve, the role of Big Data and AI in shaping the future of L&D programmes will only grow, leading to safer skies and more proficient aviation personnel.

Continuous Self-Improvement When Big Data and AI come together to fulfill all the abovementioned benefits, they automatically contribute towards the continuous improvement of L&D programmes. Based on data-driven insights, organisations can measure the impact of their training programmes on actual operational outcomes. This data can then again be used to identify areas for improvement, allowing L&D departments to refine and enhance their training programmes. Such a continuous improvement model ensures 61 DECEMBER 2024

Through the use of AI and Big Data, trainers now have the opportunity to tailor L&D programmes to meet individual learning needs.

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UAE SPOTLIGHTS ADVANCEMENTS IN

AVIATION SAFETY AND AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS IN KEY CONFERENCES 63 DECEMBER 2024

UAE SPOTLIGHTS ADVANCEMENTS IN AVIATION SAFETY AND AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS IN KEY CONFERENCES

In 2024, the UAE hosted three key conferences spotlighting regional and global advancements in aviation safety and aircraft accident investigation. These included the Aviation Safety and Aircraft Accident and Incident Symposium, the 6th Middle East and North Africa Aircraft Accident Investigation Regional Cooperation Mechanism Meeting, and the 4th Regional Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation Organization Cooperative Platform Meeting.

These conferences brought together key aviation experts, specialists, officials at ministerial levels, and prominent industry players, including representatives from Airbus, Embraer, General Electric, and Pratt & Whitney, all of whom have significant shares in airframe and engine manufacturing.

Attendees also included representatives from air operators, air navigation service providers, airports, and local civil aviation departments from across the UAE. Here’s a short review of the events.

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These conferences brought together key aviation experts, specialists, officials at ministerial levels, and prominent industry players.

MENA ARCM: A Key Mechanism for Regional Aviation Safety Collaboration The MENA ARCM, established in 2020, is a vital platform for fostering cooperation among aviation safety authorities and accident investigation bodies in the Middle East and North Africa. The initiative brings together 16 states from the region to share knowledge, standardise practices, and collaborate on improving aviation safety and accident investigation capabilities.

At the 6th MENA ARCM meeting, held on November 19, 2024, Qatar officially signed its enrollment as the 16th state, further strengthening the collaborative spirit of the group.

During this meeting, nine of the 16 member states were represented, with delegates exchanging valuable insights into the progress made since the previous gatherings. A primary focus was the sharing of regional successes in collaboration and advancing investigative techniques. Notably, Morocco shared its experiences with the challenges of aircraft accident investigation in the region, highlighting the importance of continuous improvement and innovation in tackling complex incidents.

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The UAE showcased its recent developments in aviation safety, particularly the Aviation Pathology Protocol for aircraft accident investigations.

The UAE also showcased its recent developments in aviation safety, particularly the Aviation Pathology Protocol for aircraft accident investigations. This groundbreaking initiative aims to improve investigations by providing a systematic approach to understanding human factors, such as medical conditions and psychological states, that may contribute to accidents. The protocol emphasises the importance of understanding human factors in accident investigations and aims at identifying key elements such as the state of the crew before the accident, pre-existing medical conditions, and the cause of death. This detailed examination of human factors helps investigators understand the broader context of an accident, ensuring that all possible factors are considered. The protocol was developed through a multidisciplinary approach, involving forensic pathologists, toxicologists, psychologists, and aviation specialists, and is poised to be endorsed by the Chairman of the General Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) Board of Directors.

The UAE also introduced the UAE Aircraft Accident Investigation Management Software (AIMS). AIMS automates over 90% of air accident and incident investigation procedures, thereby, enhancing work efficiency and improving investigation quality. The system’s architecture includes e-forms and algorithms that cover all stages of the investigation process, from the initial notification of the incident to the duty investigator, to pre-departure preparations, on-site investigation, report writing, and managing safety recommendations. UAE AIMS also features performance reports and dashboards that provide data on performance, resource allocation, time metrics, and real-time reporting.

The software is hybrid and includes a mobile application.

Additionally, the UAE presented its project to develop a new Master’s Programme in Aviation Safety and Aircraft Accident Investigation. This innovative programme addresses gaps in traditional aviation training and prepares future investigators

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to handle both current and emerging challenges in aviation safety. The programme is designed to cover not only accident investigation but also compliance, quality, and safety management. It integrates academic theory and industry practice, preparing professionals to address safety challenges through critical thinking and innovation.

By focusing on core competencies like investigation techniques, data analysis, and the use of advanced technologies such as AI and Big Data, the programme equips graduates to contribute to proactive safety measures and effective accident investigations across aviation sectors.

Additionally, it emphasises global relevance, alignment with international standards, and the development of leadership skills, improving career opportunities in aviation management and regulatory roles.

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UAE AIMS features performance reports and dashboards that provide data on performance, resource allocation, time metrics, and real-time reporting.

UAE SPOTLIGHTS ADVANCEMENTS IN AVIATION SAFETY AND AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS IN KEY CONFERENCES

Fourth Regional Aircraft Accident and Investigation Organization Cooperative Platform Meeting: Enhancing International Collaboration and Innovation ICAO’s Regional Aircraft Accident and Investigation Organization Cooperative Platform (RAIO CP) is a collaborative arrangement to help strengthen existing RAIOs or Investigation Cooperative Mechanisms (ICMs) and assist in the establishment of any new RAIO or ICM so they can be more effective and efficient in supporting their member states. The platform facilitates the sharing of experiences and best practices between existing RAIOs or Investigation Cooperative Mechanisms (ICMs), and their interfacing with ICAO. Currently, RAIO CP encompasses two Accident Investigation Regional Organizations (RAIOs), namely the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC), and Banjul Accord Group Accident Investigation Agency (BAGAIA), in addition to four regional

cooperation mechanisms namely the South America AIG Regional Cooperation Mechanism (SAM ARCM), Central America Regional Group for Air Accidents Investigation (GRIAA), Middle East and North Africa (MENA), and European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities (ENCASIA). Other regional cooperation mechanisms are still under establishment and will enroll the RAIO CP later..

The fourth RAIO CP meeting, held on November 19, 2024, focused on strengthening regional collaboration mechanisms, with representatives from various ICAO regions presenting their activities. Discussions at the meeting also centered on how innovation in collaboration mechanisms could further enhance regional cooperation. The importance of sharing data, harmonising safety recommendations, and leveraging technological advancements were key themes explored during the meeting. The RAIO CP remains a critical forum for discussing the future of regional cooperation and the continued development of aviation safety standards across ICAO regions.

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Aviation Safety and Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation Symposium: Shaping the Future of Global Aviation Safety The General Civil Aviation Authority, represented by the Air Accident Investigation Sector, successfully hosted the Aviation Safety and Aircraft Accident and Incident Symposium in Abu Dhabi from November 20 – 21 2024, in collaboration with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The two-day symposium, held after the MENA ARM and RAIO CP meetings, served as a platform for professionals from around the world to share insights, discuss the future of aviation safety, and collaborate on overcoming challenges facing aircraft accident and incident investigation. With over 185 participants, the event emphasised the role of regional cooperation in strengthening investigative capabilities for individual states.

In a significant announcement, the UAE revealed that it will host the 2026 International Society of Air Safety Investigators (ISASI) conference in Dubai, reinforcing the country’s commitment to advancing global aviation safety standards.

The event opened with speeches from prominent aviation leaders, including Omar Bin Ghalib, Deputy Director General of the General Civil Aviation Authority of the UAE, Capt. Aysha Mohammed Al Hamili, Assistant Director General of the Air Accident Investigation Sector, and Saulo da Silva, Acting Deputy Director of ICAO’s Monitoring, Analysis, and Coordination (MAC) unit.

Each speaker underscored the importance of collaboration in shaping the future of aviation safety. They acknowledged the rapid technological advancements in the sector, such as

unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and urban air mobility, which bring both exciting opportunities and new safety challenges. The role of ICAO in setting global standards, the UAE’s commitment to advancing aviation safety, and the importance of working together to address emerging safety issues were central themes throughout the symposium.

The symposium included seven expert panel discussions that provided in-depth insight on various aspects of aviation safety and accident investigations. These included:

Panel 1 – Setting the Stage: Annual Safety Reports This panel provided participants with the latest annual safety reports, focusing on accident and incident data. Moderated

by Haaba Baldeh, Technical Officer at ICAO Regional Safety Cooperation Unit (RSCU), panelists included Mohamed Chakib, Regional Officer for Safety Implementation at ICAO MID Regional Office, Henry Gourdji, Director of Safety Strategy and Policy at the Flight Safety Foundation, and Martin Puggaard, Director of ENCASIA, Danish Safety Investigation Authority, and Chief Investigator at AIB Denmark.

Panel 2 – Cooperation and Harmonisation of Safety Recommendations This panel discussed strategies for coordinating and harmonising safety recommendations issued by states as part of their investigation reports. It was moderated by Ibrahim Ahmed Addasi, Senior Specialist at GCAA UAE. Panelists included Vittorio Borsi, Air Safety Investigator at ENCASIA and Italian Safety Investigation Authority (ANSV), Olivier Ferrante,

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UAE SPOTLIGHTS ADVANCEMENTS IN AVIATION SAFETY AND AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS IN KEY CONFERENCES

Panel 5 – ICAO USOAP Activities on AIG This session offered an overview of USOAP AIG findings and guidance for RAIOs/ICMs to comply with ICAO SARPs. Panelists were Saulo da Silva, Acting Deputy Director at ICAO, and Thormodsson.

The UAE reiterated its commitment to leading the charge in promoting aviation safety and improving accident investigation methods.

Panel 6 – Supporting Member States: Benefits and Challenges of RAIOs/ICMs In this panel, RAIOs/ICMs shared their experiences in supporting member states, discussing the challenges, benefits, and the future of regional cooperation. This panel was moderated by Dawn Flanagan, Chief of RSCU at ICAO. Panelists included Sergey Zayko, Deputy Chairman of the Interstate Aviation Committee, Martin Puggaard, Ziyana Ali Saud Al Said, Head of Air Accident Investigation at MENA ARCM/OTSB, and Charles Irikefe Erhueh, BAGAIA Commissioner.

Secretary General of Bureau d’Enquêtes et d’Analyses and AIG Panel Chairperson, Ammar Al Mazrouei, Senior Director Policies, Regulations, and Planning, GCAA, and Mohammad Kushan, Senior Representative for MENA at the FAA.

Panel 3 – Industry Perspective and Working with RAIOs/ICMs This panel explored the importance of coordinating safety data, industry collaboration with RAIOs/ICMs, and the mutual benefits. It was moderated by Vittorio Borsi, with panelists Albert Urdiroz, Accident/Incident Investigator at Airbus, Paulo Soares Oliveira Filho, Senior Safety Investigations Specialist at Embraer, Douglas Zabawa, Senior Technical Fellow at Pratt & Whitney, and Sujan Lingala, Flight Safety Lead at GE Aerospace.

Panel 4 – AIG Panel and Working Group 23 Work Progress This panel provided updates on the ICAO AIG Panel’s work and the role of its working group in supporting regional cooperation mechanisms. It was moderated by Thormodur Thormodsson, Technical Officer at ICAO, with Olivier Ferrante as the panelist.

Panel 7 – Completed Accident and Incident Investigation This panel discussed how successful accident and incident investigations were conducted, sharing key lessons learned.

The moderator was Mohammad Kushan, with panelists Olivier Ferrante, Marcelo Moreno, President of CNPAA and Head of CENIPA, Angus Mitchell, Chief Commissioner of the Australian Transport Safety Bureau, and Amdye Ayalew Fanta, Director of the Ethiopian Aircraft Accident/Incident Investigation Bureau.

The symposium concluded with closing remarks from Capt.

Aysha Mohammed Al Hamili, who expressed gratitude to all participants and emphasised the importance of continued dialogue in advancing global aviation safety. The symposium was co-sponsored by Etihad Airways, Emirates, flydubai, and the Abu Dhabi Conference and Exhibition Bureau. Their remarkable contributions and continued collaboration played a key role in the success of this event.

As the event wrapped up, the UAE reiterated its commitment to leading the charge in promoting aviation safety and improving accident investigation methods.

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UAE TO HOST ISASI 2026 SEMINAR The Air Accident Investigation Sector (AAIS), in partnership with MENASASI, is proud to announce that Dubai has won the prestigious bid to host the International Society of Air Safety Investigators (ISASI) 2026 seminar, following a successful presentation at the ISASI 2024 meeting in Lisbon on 30 September 2024. This landmark event will bring together global experts in air safety investigation and aviation safety to Dubai for a dynamic exchange of knowledge, ideas, and best practices aimed at enhancing aviation safety worldwide.

Captain Aysha Al Hamili, Assistant Director General of the Air Accident Investigation Sector (AAIS), commented, “We are incredibly honored to have been selected to host ISASI 2026 in Dubai. This is not just a victory for the UAE but for the entire Middle East region, as it provides an excellent platform to showcase our advancements in aviation safety, while contributing to the global dialogue on aviation accident investigation and prevention.”

The event is expected to bring together more than 300 participants, including air safety investigators, government representatives, and aviation industry stakeholders. It will feature expert panels, technical workshops, and keynotes from leading figures in aviation safety.

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